GSOE 9141 Introduction To Smart Grids v17.02.28

Faculty of Engineering
School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications
GSOE 9141 Introduction to Smart Grids
0
Outline
1 The Existing Grid
2 Elements of Power Systems
3 Smart Grid: Definitions & Drivers
4 Smart Grid: Conceptual Models

5 Technology Roadmaps
6 Summary of Key Points
GSOE 9141 - Semester 1, 2017

1
Keywords
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Outline
1 The Existing Grid


Electricity Grids: The Past and Current State
Highly centralised
Vertical integration
Social economics (fixed pricing)
Large scale generation
Economic dispatch and optimisation central level
Limited flow of information
No load control

Why now?
Challenges faced by current electricity systems:
Ageing infrastructure
Continued growth in demand
Integration of renewable energy technologies
Electric vehicles
Need to improve security of supply
Lower carbon emissions
Market deregulation
Image: ABB

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SETTLEMENTDATE
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SA
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TAS
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VIC
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QLD
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Total Demand per State
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Diversity of Load Daily Record
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NSW
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Data from AEMO

Day-to-day variation (January 2016)
Source: Nemsight

Yearly variation (March 15 February 16)
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Projected Load Growth
Projections of global load growth made a great case for more investment.
Source: IEA Technology Roadmap for Smart Grids

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Electricity Projections
Source: CSRIO Australian Electricity Market Analysis Report 2020-2030

Were these projections correct?
Source: AER AEMO Data as of January 2017

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Source: AER AEMO - Data as of January 2017

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Source: AER AEMO - Data as of January 2017

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Source: Allen Consulting from CSRIO Australian Electricity Market Analysis

Over the next ten years, however, consumption is projected by AEMO to grow
moderately.
Driven primarily by population growth in the east and southeast of Australia
However:
Reduction of 2.4%
in 2013-2014.
Closure of some major
industrial loads.
Report 2020-2030
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Regional CO2 emissions reduction from Smart
Grids

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Market Deregulation
Source: Enexis, 2010 and IEA Technology Roadmap for Smart Grids
Electricity Grids: Past and Current/Future
Past Current/Future
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Current Grid Future Smart Grid

Limited to power
System Communications Expanded, real-time
companies
Interaction with Energy
Limited to large energy users Extensive two-way communications
Users
Operation & Distributed monitoring and
Manual and dispatching
Source: A. Keyhani, M. Marwali, Smart Power

maintenance diagnostics, predictive
Centralized and distributed,
Generation Centralized substantial renewable resources,
energy storage
Power flow
Limited More extensive
control
Based on static, offline models and Proactive, real-time predictions, more
Reliability
simulations actual system data
Restoration Manual Decentralized control
Topology Mainly radial Network
Grids
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Source: K. Iniewski, Smart Grid

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The Smart Grid
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Workforce Challenges
Significant decline in Power Engineering
throughout the 80s and 90s resulting in
great gap within the workforce of the utilities.
Older staff is reaching the end of their workforce
life requiring a clear substitution program and
sharing experience.
Additionally, new technologies are being
introduced to the industry at an unheard of
rate (Is Power Engineering the same as 20
years ago?)
Early and mid career personnel who are able to

understand how all the new technologies will
fit into the existing systems.
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Outline
1 The Existing Grid

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Elements of an Electrical Distribution System
Substations
Switches
Transformers
Protective devices
Measurement devices
End-use loads
Voltage control devices
Distributed Generation (DG)
Overhead lines
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
Underground cables (SCADA)
Breakers Distribution Management System (DMS)
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Outline
1 The Existing Grid

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Smart Grid: Vision & Goals
Intelligent and optimised operation of the entire electricity grid
Highly reliable
Highest quality supply
Security of supply at highest possible level
Increased cleaner/renewable energy generation
Electricity for all but also economically viable
Decarbonised: sustainable and environmentally friendly
Standards of living guaranteed and why not increased
Functionality and customer services increased
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Smart Grid: Opportunities
Energy efficiency
More renewables energy generation
Clean and green economy new jobs
Innovation for other industries
Business transformation
New partnerships, i.e. community based
New export industries
New integration technologies
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Definition - What is Smart Grid?
Smart Grid is:
A marketing and business term
Not a tightly defined technical term
A smorgasbord of technologies and system level integration
A journey
Not a destination
Smart technologies improve the observability and/or the controllability of the power
system.
Smart Grid technologies help to convert the power grid from a static infrastructure to be
operated as designed, to a flexible, living dynamic infrastructure operated
proactively (prediction, forecasting, self-healing. ).
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Smart Grid Utility Impact
Tomorrows Utility
Todays Utility
Energy storage devices
Limited energy storage More on-site power generation
Central power generation Flexible demand response
One-way binary demand response Real-time distribution & customer data
Limited real-time data Real-time price signals
Reactive outage management Smart distribution system and processes
system Better customer information, choice &
tools
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What is Smart Grid?
A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all
users connected to it - generators, consumers and those that do both in order to
efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies.
The European Technology Platform Smart Grids, Strategic Deployment Document, Sept 2008
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What is Smart Grid?
Smart Grid employs innovative products and services together with
intelligent monitoring, control, communication, and self-healing technologies
to:
better facilitate the connection and operation of generators of all sizes and
technologies
allow consumers to play a part in optimizing the operation of the system
provide consumers with greater information and choice of supply
significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole electricity supply system
deliver enhanced levels of reliability and security of supply
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Smart Grid: What is.
Enabling electric vehicles of massive scale.
Allowing seamless integration of renewable energy sources.
Making large-scale energy storage a reality.
Making renewable energy stations as baseload.
Introducing a new era of customer choice.
Exploiting synergies with loads to reduce load demand (essentially coordinating load -
generation).
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Smart Grid Definitions
US Department of Energy
USA DOE NETL has identified the following features:
Self-healing from power disturbance events
Enabling active participation by consumers in demand response
Operating resiliently against physical and cyber attack
Providing power quality for 21st century needs
Accommodating all generation and storage options
Enabling new products, services and markets
Optimizing assets and operating efficiently
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EPRI
The Smart Grid definition is based upon the description found in the Energy
Independence and Security Act of 2007. The term Smart Grid refers to a
modernization of the electricity delivery system so it monitors, protects and
automatically optimizes the operation of its interconnected elements from the central
and distributed generator through the high-voltage network and distribution system, to
industrial users and building automation systems, to energy storage installations and
to end-use consumers including their thermostats, electric vehicles, appliances and
other household devices. The Smart Grid will be characterized by a two-way flow of
electricity and information to create an automated, widely distributed energy delivery
network. It incorporates into the grid the benefits of distributed computing and
communications to deliver real-time information and to enable the near instantaneous
balance of supply and demand at the device level.
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UK DECC
[A smart grid is] an electricity power system that can intelligently integrate the actions
of all users connected to it - generators, consumers and those that do both - in order to
efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies.
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Capgemini
Gather data: Data should be collected from many sources on thegrid.
Analysis/forecasting: The data that is gathered should be analyzed for operational and
business purposes.
Monitor/manage/act: In the operational world, data that comes from the grid hardware
will trigger a predefined process that will inform, log or take action.
Rebuilding the grid to support bi-directional power flow and transfer of power from
substation to substation: This is to enable the information that is collected and analysed
to be acted on.
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IBM
Preparing for an environment in which customers are more active participants.
Capitalizing on new sources of real-time customer and operational information, and
deciding which role(s) to play in the industrys evolving value chain.
Better understanding and serving an increasingly heterogeneous customer base.
The Galvin Initiative

That is, a consumer-focused electric energy system that never fails. The absolute
quality of this system means that it meets, under all conditions, every consumers
expectations for service confidence, convenience and choice will be met.
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General Electric
For utility executivesGE believes the potential for dramatic energy productivity gains could
improve service, control costs and strengthen reliability.
For operations managersGE anticipates a reduction in the frequency and impact of outages with
improved real-time knowledge of grid status.
For chief information technology officersGE sees the smart grid as based on open-standard
software and communication protocols, easing systems integration and support.
For maintenance and engineering professionals- GE believes more can be done with less, and
focuses resources on improving service, instead of simply maintaining it. Accurate, real-time and
actionable knowledge of grid status enables a shift from time-based to need based maintenance.
It also allows for a more timely response to outages, speeding power restoration.
For customer service (call center) functions Calls can be anticipated when an outage has
occurred, making systems more responsive to customers. Armed with answers, calls can be
resolved faster, allowing delivery of accurate information and a reduction of callbacks, queue times
and staffing levels.
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Smart Grid: A Journey, Not A Destination
Intelligence
Timeline
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Smart Grid: A Journey, Not A Destination
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Attributes of the Smart Grid
It enables demand response and demand side management through the integration of
smart meters, smart appliances and consumer loads, micro-generation, and electricity
storage (electric vehicles) and by providing customers with information related to
energy use and prices. It is anticipated that customers will be provided with
Source: J. Ekanayake, Smart Grid, Technologies and

information and incentives to modify their consumption pattern to overcome some of
the constraints in the power system.
It accommodates and facilitates all renewable energy sources, distributed generation,
residential micro-generation, and storage options, thus reducing the environmental
impact of the whole electricity sector and also provides means of aggregation. It will
provide simplified interconnection similar to plug-and-play.
Application
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It optimises and efficiently operates assets by intelligent operation of the delivery system
(rerouting power, working autonomously) and pursuing efficient asset management.
This includes utilising asserts depending on what is needed and when it is needed.
It assures and improves reliability and the security of supply by being resilient to
disturbances, attacks and natural disasters, anticipating and responding to system
disturbances (predictive maintenance and self-healing), and strengthening the
security of supply through enhanced transfer capabilities.
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It maintains the power quality of the electricity supply to cater for sensitive equipment
that increases with the digital economy.
It opens access to the markets through increased transmission paths, aggregated supply
and demand response initiatives and ancillary service provisions.
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Outline
1 The Existing Grid

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Smart Grid Conceptual Model
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Smart Grid Conceptual Model
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Smart Grid Components
The Smart Grid consists of the following:
Customer
Generation
Bulk
Distributed
Power Grid
Transmission
Distribution
Communication
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Creating a Smart Grid: Consumer Opportunities
2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved

Energy efficiency and demand response is a driver that will greatly accelerate the creation
of. a smart grid
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Customer
Smart Energy Consumption will enable dynamic demand response and lies
IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap, June 2010; Edition 1.0

at the interface between distribution network automation and management
and home/building automation.
Distributed generation is currently not a large component, however it is
gaining momentum and is one key component of the future Smart Grid
requirements.
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Customer
Smart Homes are those which are equipped with a home automation system.

The main benefits will be automation, simplicity, economic, efficient and reliable
operation of home environments and enhanced quality of life and living.
A home automation system interconnects a variety of control products for:
lighting,
shutters and blinds
HVAC
appliances and
other devices
with a common network infrastructure to enable:
energy efficiency
economical and reliable operation of homes
increased comfort.
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Customer
Building Automation and Control System (BACS) is the brain of the
building.

BACS includes:
the instrumentation and sensors
control and management technology for all building structures
plant
outdoor facilities and
other equipment capable of automation.
BACS consists of all the products and services required for:
automatic control including logic functions
Controls
Monitoring
Optimization
Operation
manual intervention and management
for the energy-efficient, economical and reliable operation of buildings.
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Generation
Smart Generation will include:
the increased use of power electronics in order to control harmonics and related issues
Energy generation through energy storage which can be seen as both source and load
by the electricity grid
fault ride-through and fluctuating generation from renewables based on wind and
solar PV
as well as the required increased flexibility of conventional Fossil Power Plants due to
the increased fluctuation of feed from the renewables.
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Power Grid (Transmission & Distribution)
Substation Automation & Protection is the backbone for a secure transmission grid
operation. During recent years serial bus communication has been introduced (IEC
61850). Security is based on protection schemes.
Power Quality and Power Monitoring Systems act in a very similar way to Quality
Management Systems in companies. They are independent from Operation, Control
and Management Systems and supervise all activities and assets/electrical
equipment in a corresponding grid. Therefore such systems can be used as early
warning systems and are a must to analyze faults and to find out the corresponding
reasons.
The Energy Management System (EMS) is the control centre for the Transmission
Grid. Today customers require an open architecture to enable an easy IT integration
and a better support to avoid blackouts (e.g. phasor measurements, visualization of
the grid status, dynamic network stability analysis).
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Decision Support Systems and System Integrity Protection Schemes protect the
power systems from instabilities and black-outs.
System Integrity Protection Schemes will enhance the target of protection devices,
to protect the primary equipment (e.g. transformers) from fatal fault currents in such a
way that uncontrollable chain reactions, initiated by protective actions, are avoided by
limited load shedding actions.
In contrast to traditional protection devices protect the primary equipment (e.g. transformers) from
fatal fault currents.
Power Electronics is among the actuators in the power grid. Systems like High-
Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) and Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System
(FACTS) enable actual control of the power flow and can help to increase transport
capacity without increasing short circuit power.
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Asset Management Systems and Condition Monitoring devices are
promising tools to optimize the OpEx and CapEx spending of utilities.
Condition-based maintenance, for example, allows the reduction of maintenance costs
without sacrificing reliability. Furthermore they may also be used to utilize additional
transport capacity due to better cooling of primary equipment, e.g. transmission lines
on winter days.
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Distribution Automation and Protection: whereas automated operation
and remote control is state of the art for the transmission grid, mass
deployment of Distribution Automation is only recently becoming more
frequent, leading to Smart Grids.
Advanced distribution automation concepts promote automatic self configuration
features, reducing outage times to a minimum (self-healing grids). Another step
further is the use of distributed energy resources to create self-contained cells known
as MicroGrids.
MicroGrids can help to assure energy supply in distribution grids even when the
transmission grid has a blackout.
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Distribution Management System (DMS): is the counterpart to the EMS
and is therefore the control centre for the distribution grid.
In countries where outages are a frequent problem, the Outage Management System
(OMS) is an important component of the DMS.
Other important components are fault location and interfaces to Geographic
Information Systems (GISs).
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Smart Meter is a generic term for electronic meters with a communication
link.
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) allows remote meter configuration, dynamic
tariffs, power quality monitoring and load control.
Advanced systems integrate the metering infrastructure with distribution automation.
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Communication
Communication as a whole is the backbone of the Smart Grid.
By exchanging information on a syntactic and semantic levels can the benefits of
Smart Grid be achieved.
Security of a critical infrastructure has always been an issue.
However Smart Grid solutions will see an enormous increase in the exchange of data
both for observability but also for controllability.
Therefore security of this data exchange and the physical components behind it will
have an increased impact.
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Smart Meter Data
Enables remote meter reading
Identifies nested outages
Reduces OK on Arrival calls
Fewer truck rolls
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Transformer Monitoring
Outage avoidance
Early detection of problems
Shorter, fewer outages if they do occur
Improved maintenance
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Low Voltage Monitoring
Enhanced power quality XCEL005; Screenshot 1
Improved customer service
Better grid efficiency
P roprietary an d Con fiden tial 3 CUR R E NT Group, L L C
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Smart Grid Data Classes
Grid Operational Data data representing electrical behaviour of the grid.
This includes: Voltage and current phase, real and reactive power flows, demand
response capacity, distributed generation capacity and power flows, including
forecasts for any or all of the above.
Non-Operational Data data representing condition or behaviour of assets.
This includes: power quality and reliability data, asset state, utilisation, and telemetry
from instrumentation not directly associated with grid power delivery.
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Smart Grid Data Classes
Meter Usage Data including total usage, average demand, peak demand and
time-of-day or peak demand values.
Event Message Data asynchronous event messages from smart grid field
devices.
This includes: monitoring and diagnostics for loss of voltage/voltage restoration
messages, fault detection event messages, and event outputs from various technical
analytics.
Meta-Data data necessary to organize and interpret any of the above.
This includes: grid connectivity, network addresses, point lists, calibration constants,
normalizing factors, element naming, and network parameters and protocols.
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Outline
1 The Existing Grid

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Required Technologies
Information and communications technologies (ICT)
two-way communication technologies to provide connectivity between different
components in the power system and loads;
open architectures for plug-and-play of home appliances; electric vehicles and

microgeneration;
communications, and the necessary software and hardware to provide customers with
greater information, enable customers to trade in energy markets and enable
customers to provide demand-side response;
software to ensure and maintain the security of information and standards to provide
scalability and interoperability of information and communication systems.
Application
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Sensing, measurement, control and automation technologies
Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) to provide advanced protective relaying,
measurements, fault records and event records for the power system;
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) and Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control

(WAMPAC) to ensure the security of the power system;
integrated sensors, measurements, control and automation systems and information
and communication technologies to provide rapid diagnosis and timely response to any
event in different parts of the power system.
smart appliances, communication, controls and monitors to maximise safety, comfort,
convenience, and energy savings of homes;
smart meters, communication, displays and associated software to allow customers to
have greater choice and control over electricity and gas use.
Application
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Power electronics and energy storage: These include:
High Voltage DC (HVDC) transmission and back-to-back schemes and Flexible AC
Transmission Systems (FACTS) to enable long distance transport and integration of DG;
different power electronic interfaces and power electronic supporting devices to

provide efficient connection of DG and energy storage devices;
Series capacitors, Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC) and other FACTS devices to
provide greater control over power flows in the AC grid;
HVDC, FACTS and active filters together with integrated communication and control to
ensure greater system flexibility, supply reliability and power quality;
Power electronic interfaces and integrated communication and control to support
system operations by controlling DG, ES and consumer loads;
ES to facilitate greater flexibility and reliability of the power system.
Application
Also refer to Page 1 of
Supplement
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Smart Grid Technology Areas

Supplement
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77
Source:: J. Momoh, Smart Grid, fundamentals of Design and

Analysis

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Technology Area Maturity Level Development trend
Wide-area monitoring and control Developing Fast

Information and communications technology
Mature Fast
integration

Renewable and distributed generation
Developing Fast
integration
Transmission enhancement applications Mature Moderate
Distribution management Developing Moderate
Advanced metering infrastructure Mature Fast
Electric vehicle charging infrastructure Developing Fast
Customer-side systems Developing Fast
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Is War of the Currents back? DC or AC?
Many new devices require DC voltage
Consumer electronics including
PCs, laptops, tablets etc
Televisions
Phones etc
Multiple conversion stages and accumulated conversion losses

Up to 15-20%
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DC or AC?
Certain renewable energy sources generate DC
PVs
Fuel Cells etc
Storage devices operate with DC

Batteries for distributed and centralised storage
Electric vehicle batteries
Emergence of DC distribution can be expected as part of Smart Grid development

Certain technology breakthroughs are required.

Supplement
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Outline
1 The Existing Grid

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Questions?
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Faculty of Engineering

School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications

GSOE 9141 Introduction to Smart Grids

1 The Existing Grid

2 Elements of Power Systems

3 Smart Grid: Definitions & Drivers

4 Smart Grid: Conceptual Models

GSOE 9141 - Semester 1, 2017

2 GSOE 9141 - Semester 1, 2017

1 The Existing Grid

2 Elements of Power Systems

3 Smart Grid: Definitions & Drivers

4 Smart Grid: Conceptual Models

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GSOE 9141 - Semester 1, 2017

Data from AEMO

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Source: IEA Technology Roadmap for Smart Grids

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Source: CSRIO Australian Electricity Market Analysis Report 2020-2030

Source: AER AEMO Data as of January 2017

Source: AER AEMO - Data as of January 2017

Source: AER AEMO - Data as of January 2017

Source: Allen Consulting from CSRIO Australian Electricity Market Analysis

Source: IEA Technology Roadmap for Smart Grids

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Current Grid Future Smart Grid

Source: A. Keyhani, M. Marwali, Smart Power

Topology Mainly radial Network

Source: K. Iniewski, Smart Grid

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Early and mid career personnel who are able to

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1 The Existing Grid

2 Elements of Power Systems

3 Smart Grid: Definitions & Drivers

4 Smart Grid: Conceptual Models

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1 The Existing Grid

2 Elements of Power Systems

3 Smart Grid: Definitions & Drivers

4 Smart Grid: Conceptual Models

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