UNIVERSITY OF CEBU

LAPU-LAPU AND MANDAUE

A.C. Cortes Ave., Looc, Mandaue City

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ELECTIVE 1
Midterm Project

AC
VOLT
Submitted by:
MET
HILLARY A. BUSQUE BSEcE - 4
ER
RUTCELYN A. CARPIO BSEcE 4
REYNAN CARLO L. RUBLICA BSEcE - 5

Submitted to:

ENGR. JOSEPH MANBERT

MENDEZ
 I. PROJECT SUMMARY
This is a laboratory report on the principles of operation,
construction, calibration and evaluation of a multi-range DC
ammeter. We obtain a single-range meter panel and transform it
into four different current ranges which is determined by the
shunt resistors used.

II. INTRODUCTION
The ammeter is an essential tool for those people specializing in
the field of electronics and dealing with electricity. The main
function of it is to measure current that flows through the circuit
being test. This meter may vary in design that depends on the
likeness of the person making. Such meters will also differ on its
purpose. In our project we consider four parameters of
measurement wherein current is read in milliamperes.

III. OBJECTIVE
We aim to create a multirange DC ammeter having four different
current ranges. Since it is a measuring device, accuracy must be
in 95% above or 100% if possible.

IV. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

R1 R2 R3 R4

When large currents are

to be measured, it is
necessary to bypass a
major part of the current
through a resistance called a shunt. The resistance of shunt can be
calculated using the meter resistance ( Rm ), full scale current ( I fs ), and

total current ( I t ) or the desired current range. The meter to modify has a
 full scale current of 100 microamperes. It is already built in thru the meter
given by the manufacturer. It also has a meter resistance of 2.56 kilohms. We
determined Rm by using digital multitester connected to the terminals of
I fs
the meter.RSince
sh =
the(Rparameters
m)
are set, we use this formula to compute the
I I
shunt resistance in every desired current range.
t fs

For the four different current ranges, here is our calculation:

I t =75 mA
I t =5 mA
6
100 10 ( 2.56 103 )
Rsh 1= 3 6
(5 10 )(100 10 )
100 106
Rsh 3= 3 6
( 2.56 10 3)
(75 10 )(100 10 )
Rsh 1=52.24 Rsh 3=3.42
I t =25 mA I t =100 mA

100 10
6
100 106
Rsh 2= ( 2.56 10 3) Rsh 4 = ( 2.56 103 )
3 6
(25 10 )(100 10 ) (100 103 )(100 106)

Rsh 2=10.28 Rsh 4 =2.56

The current range of our dc ammeter is further extended by a four
shunts, selected by a range switch. Such this meter is considered as a
multirange ammeter as shown in diagram.

The circuit has four shunts R1 , R2 , R3 , and R4 which is placed in

parallel with the movement to give four different current ranges. Switch S is
a multiposition switch .The switch is so designed that when the switch
position is changed, it makes contact with the next terminal (range) before
breaking contact with the previous terminal.
Actual Component Placing
V.
METHODOLOGY
This section states the step by step procedures in making the
project into reality. From planning, to choosing electronic
components, materials and equipment down to testing and
evaluating the meter.

The following are electronic components used in the project

Component Size Quantity

resistor 1 ohm 12
resistor 5 ohms 2
resistor 3.9 ohms 1
resistor 47 ohms 1

Equipment and Materials

Single-range meter Soldering Iron

1 9V Battery Soldering Lead
Project Casing Selector switch
Breadboard

Procedures
The project is accomplished by following these steps. First, we
decide on what specific design of ammeter and measurement
parameters we want to include. We have agreed that our
current ranges are the following: 5 mA, 25 mA, 75 mA and
100 mA. Then we purchase all components and other
materials to be used. On our design we used a universal PCB.
 Thus, theres no need for us to etch already. Next, place the
components on the board. Be cautious in reading the ratings
of each component.
When all the components are placed on the board, a massive
checking of the size of resistor to be rest assured. Then solder
each component properly to the board. Avoid solder bridges
and poor connection between board and component, for these
may result in a shorted circuit or malfunction. Again, check for
any misplaced component before assembling the board to the
project casing.

Actual Project Output

VI. TEST AND EVALUATION

After the project was assembled, initial tests were conducted, like
applying appropriate loads, current, and voltage to each
corresponding range to check whether the meter and each range
works. All four current measurement parameters worked well with
 this test. In the test circuits, the resistance will also vary depending
on the voltage supplied.

Test circuits

Scale Test Circuit Desired Pictures/ Proofs

Value current
For 5 mA
1774 ohms 5 mA

3548 ohms 2.5 mA

For 25 mA

354 ohms 25 mA
 709.6 ohms 12.5

For 75 mA

120 ohms 75 mA
 236.53 ohms 37.5 mA

For 100 mA
88.7 ohms 100 mA
177.4 ohms 50 mA

Accuracy Tests
Since the project is a measuring device, accuracy of the reading must be
given due emphasis. The greater the accuracy the better to use. To
determine the accuracy of the meter we used this kind of formula:

I wm
Accuracy = I wom = 1 = 100 %

where I wm is the current measured using the meter and I wom is the current

without meter or simply the calculated current.

Meter Accuracy: 98%

ACTUAL PROJECT: