Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
l-)))
successfully obtain a quantity of energy with a wideband non-uniform static magnetic field, where the coils
electromagnetic energy harvester utilizing a dual-resonator, interact directly.
generating 259.5Vrms [13]. A nonlinear electromagnetic x The orientation of the circuit may be changed, or the
generator with polymeric materials harvests between 0.011 area of the surface in a region with a uniform magnetic
and 0.153 mW [14]. However, a different project refers to a field may be increased or decreased, depending greatly
three-phase, doubly-fed, doubly-salient electromagnetic on the angular velocity.
generator yielding an output voltage with no load of 119.44
and 115.9 V, and a field current of 7A [15]. In each case, an emf is induced in the circuit equal in
magnitude to the rate of change of the magnetic flux
Furthermore, ferromagnetic fluid with a magnetic spring through the device, in accordance with Faradays law. Fig. 4
has been utilized, generating an open-circuit voltage of 10V shows the CAD design, presenting the materials and structure
and 0.26W [16], approximately. Another design employing of the system.
planar inductors obtains between 229 and 265 W [17]. These
projects are a step forward in the development of novel
sustainable energy harvesting systems, which are urgently
required to end the need to extract energy from coal and fossil
fuels. However, the output power achieved in sustainable
systems and the way it is stored are not profitable yet.
and the coils tend to magnetize (loss of volts) and to overheat The time derivative of B:
(excess time functioning), decreasing the efficiency of the
whole system. Thus, it was decided to make an average =
numbers of turns proportional to the magnetic field of the
magnet, which turned out to be 20 coils with 1000 turns each. Faradays law is applied to relate the rate of change of the
This opened up the possibility of harvesting more volts in flux to the emf; the magnitude of the emf in the coil from the
each coil and of course with each spin. current and resistance of the coil is obtained with:
= || = ( . )
( . ) = 1.403
Mathematical calculations are required to test whether the where the integral (v x B) L may have a nonzero value
system would work or not. Faradays law is applied to obtain along the motion of the magnet obtaining
the volts that can be scavenged with each spin depending on
the angular velocity of the flywheels. The increasing magnetic
(v x B) L = =
field resulted from static electric charges and conservative
electric fields. However, the electric field associated with a
changing magnetic field is non-conservative. Thus, an However, the magnetic flux density changes over time
induced emf in a stationary circuit in a changing magnetic with each spin, as follows:
field is [21]
= E L = S + (v x B) L
= = =
The emf induced at 100 rpm is 10.47 rad/s, because
Thus, for the uniform field, the magnetic flux is:
1 = 2 /60 = 0.1047 / (12)
= =
The conversion from angular to linear velocity is
In the experimental system, each coil has 1000 turns N
and a radius r of 1 cm. The experimental results showed a = = (10.47 / )(0.11/2 ) = 0.58 /
current of 63 mA. To obtain the magnitude of the magnetic
field, it is necessary to write the magnetic flux in terms of B, Also, when the magnet passes next to five coils per spin
N and r, solving for B: and the stationary calculation is cancelled, the motional emf is
= = = = ( )
=
= 5[(0.58)(1.403 100)(0.06)] = 24.41 V
The negative sign indicates that the emf is in the negative car. The prototype can be modified to improve efficiency by
tangential direction. The mathematical calculations are made concentrating the magnetic field inside the system, that is to
with 100 rpm as the tests performed with this standard value say, by isolating it from the air environment. In this case, the
verified were with a tachometer. coils are too far apart from each other. The coils should be set
up horizontally instead of vertically to save space and cover
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS more area. A denser magnetic field is needed in the core,
Several tests were run, trying various connections to see perhaps by substituting the permanent magnet with a same-
how to take the best advantage of the design. The first tests size neodymium magnet. However, such magnets are hardly
were conducted only with a rectifier, making it possible to available on the market and are very expensive. This is why
turn on several LEDs. A capacitor (one by one with values neodymium magnets were set up at the top of each coil.
from 1F to 100F) was then connected to maintain a lineal Neodymiumironboron magnets are the strongest
charge, and lastly, a 9V DC motor spinning at 50 rpm. The commercially available permanent magnets, becoming a key
flywheels were induced with a mechanical force. component of the transition toward a low-carbon energy
economy.[23].
The obtained results were: a single coil generates 1.7V at
<60 rpm. A line of 5 coils generates 20V. The whole system TABLE I. SCALAR RESULTS CONSIDERING UP TO 500 RPM UTILIZING
EQUATIONS (1-14)
can harvest 20V with a current of 63 mA at a frequency of 21
Hz, obtaining 1.26 W of power at <100 rpm, as shown in fig. RPM [rad/s] =r [m/s] dB/dt [T/s] Emf [V]
6.
10 1.047 0.057585 14.03 0.242375
20 2.094 0.11517 28.06 0.969501
30 3.141 0.172755 42.09 2.181377
40 4.188 0.23034 56.12 3.878004
50 5.235 0.287925 70.15 6.059382
60 6.282 0.34551 84.18 8.72551
70 7.329 0.403095 98.21 11.87639
80 8.376 0.46068 112.24 15.51202
90 9.423 0.518265 126.27 19.6324
100 10.47 0.57585 140.3 24.23753
Fig. 6. A) Graphical scheme of the output voltage.
200 20.94 1.1517 280.6 96.95011
This result is close to that obtained from other experiments 300 31.41 1.72755 420.9 218.1377
using piezoelectric materials [4-7]. Neodymium magnets
located at the top of each coil increased the efficiency of the 400 41.88 2.3034 561.2 387.8004
system due to an increment of attraction forces, yielding more 500 52.35 2.87925 701.5 605.9382
time-varying magnetic field in every spin. The obtained
results are thus scalar, because the more powerful the magnets A second idea of exchanging the permanent magnet for
and the more mechanical force induced in each spin, the more several neodymium magnets gave inconclusive results, as
energy is harvested. Moreover, the calculated results match each magnet has its own north and south pole, which leads to
perfectly if 90 rpm are considered, obtaining 19.63 V, problems when they are installed inside. Thus, one magnet
theoretically. (one north and one south pole) is better than several N-S
poles. Holding the successive division of magnets together
The scalar results are checked in lower revolutions as becomes more and more complex and takes up more space.
shown in table 1. As such, higher experimental revolutions Finally, faster revolutions over a longer time will help to
cannot be obtained because there is not enough mechanical harvest more power, and more power means the possibility of
force to boost the system; nevertheless, they are calculated. developing an autonomous electromagnetic generator capable
Calculations from 10 to 300 rpm match with the experimental of replacing a power supply.
results. From 400 to 500 were not checked, but as 12 out of 12
results matched, one may assume similar matches will be According to the mathematical equations, when one
found for further rpm. The volts obtained from the rectifier substitutes for larger values, voltages increase in an
were measured with an oscilloscope and a final test was made exponential way. An example is a dynamic system like an
connecting a transformer, but the current fell because the automobile, which has an internal combustion engine. If the
transformers became magnetized and all the possible energy developed prototype is set up next to the crankshaft, when the
harvested was lost there. car is in neutral gear, the crankshaft spins at 800 rpm. This
means that the system could harvest 1550V. On the other
A different design combined with denser magnets can hand, if its installed next to the wheels with the specification
open up the possibility of harvesting more energy. More 205/55/R16, assuming that the vehicle moves at 100 km/h, the
powerful magnets and higher revolutions are necessary. system could harvest 2531V from each wheel. This
Dynamic systems can induce many more revolutions, like a
application could be applied to hybrid or electric cars, next to [3] A. Khaligh, P. Zeng, and C. Zheng, "Kinetic energy harvesting using
the wheels of any truck or even inside the turbine of an piezoelectric and electromagnetic technologiesstate of the art,"
Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 57, pp. 850-860,
airplane or the engine of a helicopter. In other words, it 2010.
applies for any dynamic system converting mechanical into [4] Z. Hadas, M. Kluge, V. Singule, and C. Ondrusek, "Electromagnetic
electrical energy. The more the revolutions, the more the vibration power generator," in Diagnostics for Electric Machines,
energy harvested. Power Electronics and Drives, 2007. SDEMPED 2007. IEEE
International Symposium on, 2007, pp. 451-455.
[5] X. Bai, Y. Wen, P. Li, J. Yang, X. Peng, and X. Yue, "Multi-modal
One big advantage of electromagnetic energy generation is vibration energy harvesting utilizing spiral cantilever with magnetic
that there is no friction when scavenging the energy (except coupling," Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol. 209, pp. 78-86,
for the friction in the bearings, and because the system is not 2014.
in an empty environment). This is in contrast with [6] S. Mohammadi and A. Esfandiari, "Magnetostrictive vibration energy
piezoelectric materials, where friction between materials is harvesting using strain energy method," Energy, vol. 81, pp. 519-525,
required to deform them. Thus, there is no weathering of the 2015.
[7] D. Alghisi, S. Dalola, M. Ferrari, and V. Ferrari, "Triaxial ball-impact
pieces (except for the bearings) and maintenance costs are piezoelectric converter for autonomous sensors exploiting energy
very low. Moreover, the cost-benefit depends, on the one harvesting from vibrations and human motion," Sensors and Actuators
hand, on the costs of the copper wire (2 kg.), the A: Physical, vol. 233, pp. 569-581, 2015.
ferromagnetic material (located in the core of each coil), the [8] R. Amirtharajah, J. Wenck, J. Collier, J. Siebert, and B. Zhou,
magnets, and flywheels, vs. the exponential energy harvested "Circuits for energy harvesting sensor signal processing," in
Proceedings of the 43rd annual Design Automation Conference, 2006,
with each spin until the replaceable magnet is demagnetized. pp. 639-644.
[9] J. Fahie, "Magnetism, electricity and electromagnetism up to the time
Another advantage is that there is no need for any other of the crowning work of Michael Faraday in 1831: a retrospect,"
source or raw material to generate energy and no pollution is Electrical Engineers, Journal of the Institution of, vol. 69, pp. 1331-
released while the energy is being scavenged. Furthermore, an 1357, 1931.
[10] M. Niroomand and H. R. Foroughi, "A rotary electromagnetic
induced mechanical force in the axis to make the magnet spin microgenerator for energy harvesting from human motions," Journal
is all that is needed to harvest the energy; this can work in any of Applied Research and Technology, vol. 14, pp. 259-267, 2016.
environment. The ideal environment would be a frictionless [11] A. R. M. Siddique, S. Mahmud, and B. Van Heyst, "A comprehensive
vacuum where inertia can do its work. Also, an intercooler review on vibration based micro power generators using
system is needed to maintain efficiency. electromagnetic and piezoelectric transducer mechanisms," Energy
Conversion and Management, vol. 106, pp. 728-747, 2015.
V. CONCLUSION [12] E. Kurt, H. Gr, and U. Dner, "Electromagnetic design of a new
axial and radial flux generator with the rotor back-irons,"
The electromagnetic generator achieves an output power International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 41, pp. 7019-7026,
of 1.26 W with an average angular velocity of 100 rpm. This 2016.
value can be increased with a denser magnetic field in the [13] B. Ooi and J. Gilbert, "Design of wideband vibration-based
electromagnetic generator by means of dual-resonator," Sensors and
core and higher rpms. This system is designed to be part of a Actuators A: Physical, vol. 213, pp. 9-18, 2014.
larger dynamic system, as it requires an external mechanical [14] E. Sardini and M. Serpelloni, "Nonlinear electromagnetic generators
force to scavenge the energy from the magnets. The resulting with polymeric materials for power harvesting from vibrations,"
output power generated depends on the design, the covered Procedia Engineering, vol. 5, pp. 1168-1171, 2010.
area in every spin, and the density of the magnetic core of the [15] Y. Zhao and H. Wang, "Electromagnetic performance of three-phase
doubly fed doubly salient electromagnetic generator," IET Electric
system. The objective is to generate sustainable energy by Power Applications, vol. 10, pp. 161-171, 2016.
converting the mechanical into the electrical, applying [16] S. Wang and D. Li, "Electromagnetic human motion generator with
Faradays law. Moreover, dynamic systems with their own magnetic spring and ferrofluid," Electronics Letters, vol. 51, pp.
electromagnetic power supply, using neither nuclear, coal, nor 1693-1695, 2015.
fossil fuels, can become long-endurance systems lasting many [17] D. Marioli, E. Sardini, and M. Serpelloni, "Electromagnetic
years with very low maintenance and assembly costs. generators employing planar inductors for autonomous sensor
applications," Procedia Chemistry, vol. 1, pp. 469-472, 2009.
[18] Y. Li, J. Yang, and J. Song, "Electromagnetic effects model and
ACKNOWLEDGMENT design of energy systems for lithium batteries with gradient structure
The authors would like to thank the support from grant in sustainable energy electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable
266632 Bi-national Laboratory on Smart Sustainable Energy Energy Reviews, vol. 52, pp. 842-851, 2015.
[19] R. H. Tarkhanyan and D. G. Niarchos, "Re-direction of dc magnetic
Management and Technology Training from CONACYT. flux in magnetically isotropic multilayered structures," Journal of
Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 410, pp. 226-229, 2016.
REFERENCES [20] H. Takezawa, N. Hirakawa, and N. Mohri, "Surface Magnetic Flux
[1] J. Amanor-Boadu, M. Abouzied, S. Carreon-Bautista, R. Ribeiro, X. Density Patterning in EDM of Permanent Magnets," Procedia CIRP,
Liu, and E. Sanchez-Sinencio, "A switched mode Li-ion battery vol. 42, pp. 668-672, 2016.
charger with multiple energy harvesting systems simultaneously used [21] W. H. Hayt and J. A. Buck, Engineering electromagnetics vol. 7:
as input sources," in Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), 2014 IEEE McGraw-Hill New York, 2001.
57th International Midwest Symposium on, 2014, pp. 330-333. [22] D. K. Cheng, Field and wave electromagnetics: Pearson Education
[2] A. El-Azab, M. Garnich, and A. Kapoor, "Modeling of the India, 1989.
electromagnetic forming of sheet metals: state-of-the-art and future [23] A. Rollat, D. Guyonnet, M. Planchon, and J. Tuduri, "Prospective
needs," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 142, pp. analysis of the flows of certain rare earths in Europe at the 2020
744-754, 2003. horizon," Waste Management, vol. 49, pp. 427-436, 2016.