Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
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8
1. 5054 w16 22 Q2.
(a) The skateboarder moves off and she descends vertically through 1.8 m. The gravitational
field strength g is 10 N / kg.
(ii) State the name of two forms of energy that increase as she descends.
1. ......................................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) At the lowest point on the ramp, the skateboarder is travelling at a constant speed along a
path which is part of a vertical circle.
State
(i) the direction of the resultant force on the skateboarder at this point,
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) how the weight of the skateboarder compares with the upward force that the ramp exerts
on her.
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(ii) it / weight less (than normal contact force) or upward force greater B1 [6]
(b)(i) This was rarely correct and the answers forwards or even downwards were given very
commonly.
(ii) Even the candidates who obtained full credit in many other parts of the paper were tempted to give
the erroneous answer They are equal here. Only a small minority realised that the question
related to the centripetal acceleration of the skateboarder.
(a) State the name of the form of energy stored in the oil before it is burnt.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i) State and explain whether oil is a renewable or a non-renewable energy source.
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.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Describe one environmental issue caused by burning oil to generate electricity in a
power station.
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.......................................................................................................................................[1]
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.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The efficiency of the power station is 0.38 (38%). Its electrical power output is 1.9 109 W.
Calculate
1. the input power to the power station,
input power = .........................................................[2]
2. the energy wasted in 2.0 hours.
(b) (i) non-renewable and oil / it is not replaced / will run out B1
(ii) acid rain or produces CO2 or warms lakes / rivers / sea or global warming
or greenhouse effect B1
(c) (i) useful energy output / (total) energy input or power for energy twice B1
(ii) 1 1.9 x109/0.38 or 1.9 x109 x100/38 C1
5.0 x109W A1
2 (E = )Pt or 0.62 x5.0 x109 x2.0 (x3600) or (5.0 1.9) x109 etc. C1
2.2 x1013J A1 [8]
Examiners Report of C.I.E.
Question 3
(a) Chemical energy was almost always correctly given as the form of energy stored in the oil.
(b) (i) Most candidates knew that oil is a non-renewable energy source, but many struggled to explain
what this meant.
(ii) Nearly all candidates were able to name one relevant environmental issue associated with the
burning of oil in electrical power generation.
(c) The majority of candidates did not know the definition for efficiency. Answers were often very
general with no mention of energy, work or power. The term useful energy output was hardly ever
seen. A very common incorrect answer was the efficiency was equal to output divided by input.
The load, of weight 5.0 N, is raised through a vertical height of 3.5 m at a constant speed.
The efficiency of the electric motor is 0.65 (65%).
(b) (i) State the formula that relates efficiency, energy input and useful energy output.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Suggest one reason why the efficiency of the motor is less than 1.0 (100%).
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Answers showed good understanding of why the motor efficiency was less than 100%,
although
some statements were not specific enough, for example energy is lost which did not
indicate
where or how the energy is lost.
Answer: (a) 17(.5) J (b)(ii) 27 J
4
3 A lorry of mass 4.4 10 kg travels along a straight, horizontal road at 20 m / s.
(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the lorry.
(b) The lorry driver sees an obstruction ahead and applies the brakes. The lorry slows down
and
stops. The lorry stops a distance of 40 m from where the driver first applies the brakes.
As it slows down, the kinetic energy of the lorry decreases to zero. The kinetic energy
decreases as work is done by the braking force exerted on the lorry.
(i) State the formula that relates the work done to the braking force.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) The formula relating the work done to the braking force was well known.
(ii) Most candidates were able to use the hint given in part (i) to enable them to calculate
the size of
the braking force.
The combined mass of the tractor and the tank is 4100 kg when the tank is empty and 6500 kg
when the tank is full of water.
3
(a) The density of water is 1000 kg / m .
Calculate the volume of water in the tank when it is full.
(b) At the start of the journey, the tractor and tank accelerate from rest along a straight,
horizontal road. As their speed increases, one form of energy is decreasing.
(i) State the name of the form of energy that is decreasing.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
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(c) The village is located on a mountain at a vertical height of 850 m above the water supply.
The gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg.
Calculate the gravitational potential energy gained by the water as it is transported from the
supply to the village.
(b) (i) The correct answer here was fairly uncommon, with rather more candidates
suggesting
gravitational potential energy or occasionally kinetic energy.
(ii) Again, it was only a minority of candidates who obtained full credit. Whilst many
candidates gave
one or other of the correct answers, giving both was uncommon.
(c) The formula for gravitational potential energy was well known and many candidates were
able to
use it appropriately and obtain full credit.
9 Aeroplanes fly at high altitudes where the temperature is well below 0 C. Ice that forms on an
aeroplane can fall to earth and strike the ground.
Fig. 9.1 shows a block of ice falling from an aeroplane as it approaches an airport.
The mass of the falling block of ice is 1.2 kg and the gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg.
(a) Calculate the weight of the block of ice.
At first, the acceleration of the block of ice is equal to the acceleration of free-fall. The
acceleration of the block then decreases to zero as the block reaches terminal velocity.
(i) As the block of ice falls, the force F of air resistance acting on the block changes.
1. State the value of F at time = 0.
F = ........................................................ [1]
2. State the value of F at time = 10.0 s.
F = ........................................................ [1]
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....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the energy change that takes place when the block is falling at terminal velocity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Using information from Fig. 9.2, determine the maximum kinetic energy of the block when
it is falling to the ground with terminal velocity.
(c) The block strikes the ground and it stops moving. This impact causes some of the ice to
melt.
(i) The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 330 J / g.
Calculate the maximum possible mass of ice that melts as a result of the impact.
(ii) In practice, the mass of ice that melts on impact is less than the value calculated in (c)(i).
Suggest two reasons for this.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
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2. .......................................................................................................................................
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Marking Scheme of C.I.E.
9 (a) 12 N B1 [1]
2. This was only occasionally correct. The incorrect answer 40 m / s was quite common.
3. Many candidates realised what was expected here and gave a suitable answer.
(ii) Only a few candidates realised that the ice is travelling at a constant speed by this point.
Answers
that involved the term kinetic energy were very common.
(c) (i) This was well answered by many candidates. A common source of inaccuracy was to
omit the
square symbol from either the line where the numerical substitution was made or from the
calculation. Candidates who wrote down the formula first (KE = mv2) almost always
included the
square term.
(ii) This part proved quite testing and whilst some candidates obtained some credit only a
few obtained
full credit.
(d) There were many good answers here with many candidates selecting three credit-worthy
points.
3 Two different kettles are used to heat water, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
Data for the two kettles is shown in Fig. 3.2.
(b) Both kettles contain the same mass of water, at the same initial temperature.
State and explain which kettle brings the water to boiling point first.
...................................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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(c) steam molecules have more potential energy; further apart; smaller force /
bonds
between molecules; have latent heat; more random arrangement B1
(b) Most answers correctly stated that the electric kettle boils the water first, but in the explanation, a
significant number of candidates missed the idea of time by stating that more total energy was
provided or that the electric kettle was more efficient.
(c) This section was well attempted. There were a number of possible sensible differences, with the
majority of answers stating that the steam molecules are further apart. There were, however, a
number of candidates who incorrectly suggested that steam molecules are moving faster than
water molecules at the same temperature.
11 A bungee jumper falls from a bridge above a river, as shown in Fig. 11.1.
The man starts from position A in Fig. 11.1. The elastic cord starts to stretch at position C and
he stops for the first time at position D. He continues to rise and fall.
Fig. 11.2 shows how the velocity of the man varies with time t.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State the difference between a positive velocity and a negative velocity.
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2. Explain, in terms of the forces acting, why the man is accelerating upwards at D.
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.................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Fig. 11.3 shows the values for the gravitational potential energy of the man, the kinetic
energy of the man and the elastic potential energy in the cord at A, C and D.
You may ignore the effect of air resistance in this question.
(i) Complete Fig. 11.3 to show the kinetic energy of the man at C and the elastic potential
energy in the cord at D. [2]
(ii) The man has a mass of 50 kg.
The gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg.
Using values from Fig. 11.3, calculate the vertical distance between A and C.
distance = ........................................................... [2]
(iv) 1 4(.0 s) B1
2 weight or force due to gravity mentioned (at D) B1
mention of B1
upwards force (on man) from cord
tension / elastic force from cord (on man)
force in cord / upward force / tension greater than downwards force B1
or resultant force upwards
(b) The answers showed good general knowledge of the conservation of energy in (i) and of the
formula for gravitational potential energy in (ii). A number of wrong answers suggested that the
kinetic energy at C was equal to gravitational potential energy rather than being equal to the loss in
gravitational potential energy between A and C. A very few candidates attempted to use the kinetic
energy at C to find the distance between A and C, and a few were successful. The most common
answer was to use the difference in gravitational potential energy between A and C. Many answers
found the height of A or C alone.
9 Fig. 9.1 shows the dam and reservoir of a hydroelectric power station.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) When the power station operates at full capacity, the electrical power output is 6.8 109 W.
(i) 1. Calculate the electrical energy output of the power station if it operates at full
capacity for one year.
energy = ...........................................................[1]
2. Suggest why, in practice, the power station does not operate at full capacity
throughout the year.
....................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The water surface in the reservoir that supplies the hydroelectric power station is at a
10
vertical height of 170 m above the turbines. In one hour, 1.6 10 kg of water flows from
the reservoir through the turbines. The gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg.
1. Calculate the gravitational potential energy that is converted into other forms of
energy in one hour.
energy = ...........................................................[2]
2. Calculate the efficiency of the power station when operating at full capacity.
efficiency = ...........................................................[2]
3. Suggest two reasons why the efficiency of the power station is less than 1.0 (100%).
1. ................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Before the electrical energy is transmitted along power lines, the voltage is increased to a
very large value.
(i) State and explain why a very high voltage is used to transmit electrical energy over long
distances.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) State the name of the device that is used to increase the voltage.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Explain why the generators in the power station must be a.c. (alternating current)
generators.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i) 1. 2.1(4) 1017J (allow 2.1(5) 1017J if candidate uses 365.24 / 5) B1
2. any one from: not enough water (to maintain maximum flow); rainfall
varies (during the year); periods of low demand B1
(b) (i) 1 Most candidates were unable to use the given electrical power output of 6.8 109 W to calculate
the energy output per year. The relationship between power and energy was not well known. Many
candidates who knew what to do calculated the number of seconds in a year incorrectly.
2 Only the most able candidates were able to make a sensible suggestion. Few candidates realised
that the amount of water arriving at the power station would vary throughout the year.
(ii) 1 Although most candidates were able to calculate the gravitational potential energy, credit was often
lost for omitting the unit in the answer or giving an incorrect unit often W instead of J.
2 This proved to be very difficult and only the most able candidates were able to answer correctly.
Although many realised that they had to calculate the ratio of the power/energy output to that of the
input, a number did not work with a consistent set of units and attempted to divide power by energy
and vice versa.
3 This was the least well answered question on the paper. Very few candidates could suggest even
one reason. Friction was frequently mentioned but without specifying where the energy loss due to
friction was taking place.
(c) (i) This part of the question was answered well. Candidates were aware that there would be less
energy loss because high voltage transmission of electrical power resulted in lower transmission
currents. Fewer candidates then went on to state that there would, therefore, be less heat
generated in the wires.
(ii) Although many candidates knew that a transformer is used to increase the voltage of transmission
of electrical energy, there was much evidence of guesswork here, with candidates claiming that
diodes, rectifiers and voltmeters could all be used.
(iii) This was very poorly answered, with only a small number of correct explanations seen. The
majority of candidates did not realise that power station generators have to be a.c. generators,
because transformers only work with an a.c. supply.
9 A garden pond contains a small fountain. An electric pump in the water causes the water to
rise above the surface of the pond, as shown in Fig. 9.1.
(a) The pressure of the water in the pond increases with depth.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why the pressure below the surface of the water increases with depth.
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...................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(b) Describe the energy changes that occur within the pump.
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(c) A volume of 0.78 m3 of water passes through the pump in one hour. The density of water is
3
1000 kg / m .
(i) Calculate the mass of water that passes through the pump in one hour.
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...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) find difference in mass of container, with and without water [B1]
measuring cylinder or similar instrument used to find volume and density
checked [B1]
(b) The descriptions of energy changes within an electrical pump needed to be relevant to
what
happens inside the pump. Although the pump was stated as being electrical, and is clearly
producing a fountain of water, many candidates suggested that the water was acting as a
renewable energy source and producing electrical energy from potential energy. Candidates
should try not to write down lists of energies, but state that, for example, electrical energy
changes
to kinetic energy in the moving parts of the pump or in producing the water, and that some
heat is
also produced.
(c) The formulae for density, work and power were well known and it was unusual to find a
candidate
who was not able to calculate the mass of water. Weaker candidates found difficulty in using
the
idea of one hour as the time when finding the power.
(d) Many candidates found it difficult to describe how to measure density. The mass of the
water must
be measured by subtracting two masses or by using the tare function on a balance. Simple
details,
such as the instrument used to measure the volume, were often lacking.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The anchor of a sailing ship has a mass of 350 kg. Six sailors raise the anchor from
the sea-bed by turning a large axle. They push the handles attached to the axle and it
rotates. The anchor is on the end of a chain that winds on to the rotating axle.
Fig. 9.1 shows the sailors lifting the anchor.
Each of the sailors exerts a force of 750 N on his handle at a distance of 1.2 m from
the axis of rotation. The axle rotates through one complete revolution and the anchor is
lifted through a distance of 160 cm.
The gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg.
(i) Calculate
1. the total moment exerted on the axle by the six sailors,
2. the gravitational potential energy gained by the anchor as the axle rotates
through one complete revolution.
energy = .................................................. [3]
(ii) The work done on the axle by the sailors is very much larger than the gravitational
potential energy gained by the anchor.
State and explain how energy is wasted.
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.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Explain why the power produced by the sailors is larger when the anchor is lifted at
a faster rate.
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.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Describe, with the aid of a labelled diagram, how to verify the principle of moments.
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(b) (i) 1. Many candidates calculated this answer correctly and included the correct unit. Some candidates
multiplied both the distance and the force by a factor of six and calculated an answer that was six
times too large. Although the unit joule is dimensionally equivalent to the newton metre, it is not
considered an appropriate unit for moment.
2. The correct answer was very commonly given by candidates.
(ii) To obtain full credit here, candidates were expected to explain how the energy was wasted as well
as stating how it was wasted. Only a minority of candidates, who referred to friction, suggested a
surface or an object upon which it was acting.
(iii) Many candidates stated that the sailors are doing more work when the anchor is being lifted faster.
This is not the case unless it is clear that a constant time interval is being considered.
(c) Many candidates were able to state the principle of moments and to draw a diagram of an
appropriate arrangement of apparatus for its verification, but only a minority obtained full credit for
supplying a full description of the procedure necessary.
The train is initially at rest. The electric motor exerts a constant force and the train accelerates.
Its acceleration decreases until the train reaches a speed of 40 m / s.
The train then continues at this constant speed.
(a) (i) On the axes in Fig. 10.2, sketch a speed-time graph for the train.
(ii) Describe how the speed-time graph for the train is used to determine the distance
travelled by the train when it is accelerating.
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.............................................................................................................................. [2]
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(ii) why the train eventually reaches constant speed.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) (i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the train when it is travelling at a speed of 40 m / s.
kinetic energy = .................................................. [3]
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................[2]
Marking Scheme of C.I.E.
10 (a) (i) start at origin and not horizontal B1
gradient (gradually) decreasing (ignore sudden decrease)
(not if part of curve above horizontal section) B1
final horizontal section ( 1 cm) (not if v is shown as 40 m/s) B1
(ii) area under the graph or count squares under graph M1
between t = 0 and horizontal section or when speed is changing or
calculate equivalent distance to 1 cm 2 (after counting squares) A1 [5]
(b) (i) friction/air resistance increases (as speed increases) B1
resultant force decreases
(not if driving force decreases) B1
(ii) (air resistance increases until) net force becomes zero or forces balance
or air resistance and driving/forward force are in equilibrium/balanced/equal B1 [3]
(c) (i) (KE = ) mv2 C1
5.5 105 402 C1
4.4 108J A1
(ii) (total energy input =) useful energy output efficiency or
efficiency = useful power output/total power input or 4.4 108/0.40 C1
1.1 109J A1
(iii) two valid examples
e.g. furnace/boiler/turbines/generator/coils/cooling water/cooling towers/heat
exchanger/transformer/chimney/waste gases/
transmission cables/lines/wires (ignore power station/all parts of motor) B2 [7]
[Total: 15]
Examiners Report of C.I.E.
Question 10
(a) (i) This graph was frequently well drawn and many candidates scored highly. Some stronger
candidates did not receive full credit here, because the initial section of the curve was straight for
too long.
(ii) Many candidates made a correct reference to the area under the curve, but fewer added that it was
the area beneath the section of the graph for the period when the train was accelerating (not the
total area under the graph) that was the significant area in this case. This is an example of where
careful reading of the question is needed.
(b) (i) Although many candidates stated that this effect was caused by air resistance, a smaller number
explained that it is the increasing air resistance that is significant.
(ii) A considerable number of candidates stated correctly that two forces cancel out, but it was
unfortunate that some of these candidates stated that it was the weight rather than the driving force
that is equal to the air resistance.
(c) (i) Although this is a standard calculation, it is also a somewhat involved one and it is encouraging to
see this part answered so well by so many candidates. It is worth reminding candidates that the
power of two that is included in the formula must not be forgotten when the numbers are
substituted into the formula.
(ii) This calculation caused some problems. Most commonly, the previous answer was multiplied by
the efficiency rather than divided by it. Candidates might be reminded that the definition of
efficiency includes the terms energy or power. The ratio output/input does not, on its own, score
credit.
(iii) This question needed to be read carefully. First, it restricts answers to the stages between the
energy being present as chemical energy and its being transformed into electrical energy.
Secondly, it is concerned with the places where the energy transformations occur. There were
candidates who gave answers which were not relevant because they had not read the question
carefully.
(a) A suitcase of mass 20 kg is lifted from the ground into the aeroplane.
(i) Explain what is meant by mass and by weight.
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(iii) The suitcase takes 12 s to travel 9.0 m along the conveyor belt.
Calculate the kinetic energy of the suitcase.
(iv) The electric motor is powered by an input voltage of 230 V and a current of 1.5 A.
Calculate the electrical energy input to the motor in 12 s.
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.............................................................................................................................. [2]
2. Explain how this principle applies to the lifting of the suitcases into the
aeroplane.
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(b) Some of the electrical energy for the motor comes from renewable energy sources.
(i) Explain what is meant by a renewable energy source.
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.............................................................................................................................. [1]
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................[2]
Marking Scheme of C.I.E.
9 (a) (i) mass is the amount of matter/substance or to resist (change in) motion or
(measurement of)inertia B1
weight is the pull/force of gravity or pull of Earth B1
accept mg where g stated as 10 (N/kg) or grav. field strength or acc. due to
gravity
ignore mg where g is gravity or grav. force or undefined
(ii) mgh algebraic or numerical C1
1200 J A1
(iii) mv2 algebraic or numerical C1
(speed =) 9/12 or 0.75 seen A1
5.6(25) J A1
(iv) (E=) VIt algebraic or numerical C1
4100 J or 4140 J A1
(v) 1. energy can neither be created or destroyed/lost B1
(but) may change form / be transferred B1
2. electrical energy changes to P.E. (and K.E. and heat/work against friction;
ign. mechanical energy) B1 [12]
(b) (i) will not run out or infinite or being replaced (allow does not finish/always
available)
(ign. cannot be reused/recycled) B1
(ii) wind, tidal, solar/Sun, geothermal, hydroelectric, biomass, waves, wood (not
nuclear) B2 [3]
(allow biogas/biofuel e.g. cane into petrol, dung into gas etc.) (ign. tidal
waves)[Total: 15]
Examiners Report of C.I.E.
Question 9
(a) (i) Most candidates accurately explained what is meant by these two terms. Only the most poorly
scoring candidates did not do so.
(ii) The majority of candidates scored both marks here. Of those who did not, many obtained credit for
the formula but used a height of 9.0 m rather than the correct value.
(iii) Many candidates were able to work their way through to the correct numerical answer here. It is a
two-stage calculation and inevitably some candidates who had written mv2 did not then square
the value 0.75 in the next line of the calculation.
(iv) The correct answer was frequently given here.
(v) There were many good answers to 1. with many candidates scoring two marks. In 2., however,
very few candidates made any reference to the electrical energy input and so this mark was scored
only rarely.
(b) (i) Whilst there were many good answers here, a very few candidates gave an answer which was
essentially a re-statement of the question. An example is it is an energy source that can be
renewed.
(ii) There were many good answers here with a significant number of candidates scoring two marks.
Some of the less highly scoring candidates gave the erroneous fossil fuels as an example. The
word water on its own was considered too vague to be credited.
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a man using a chest expander to increase the strength of his arms.
(a) The man increases the force on the spring from 0 to 180 N.
The spring extends by 30 cm and the average force exerted during this process is 90 N.
(i) Calculate the work done on the spring.
work = .................................................. [2]
(i) Calculate the extension of the spring when the force is 800 N.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) (i) This calculation, involving the proportionality between force and extension, was very well done and
it was unusual to find a wrong answer. Some candidates used a spring constant formula and
others merely increased force and extension until they obtained the final answer. The idea of
proportionality was firmly understood by the majority of candidates.
(ii) Correct answers to this question were less common. The idea of a permanent extension was not
often clearly described, and the spring breaking was not accepted. Better answers suggested that
the extension is greater than 10 cm or the total extension was more than 143 cm. A number of
candidates incorrectly stated that there was no further extension after the limit of proportionality.
(i) The gravitational field strength is 10 N / kg. Calculate the change in his gravitational
potential energy as he falls through 20 m.
(ii) When he is 20 m below the platform, his kinetic energy is equal to the change in his
gravitational potential energy calculated in (i). Calculate his speed at this point.
(b) State the energy changes that take place as he falls from 20 m to 25 m below the
platform. Ignore the effect of air resistance.
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(ii) mv or 75v C1
2 2
v = 20 m / s A1
The total mass of the windsurfer, sail and board is 90 kg. They travel at a constant speed of
5.0 m / s.
(a) Calculate the total kinetic energy of the windsurfer, sail and board.
(i) Explain, in terms of the forces acting, why the board travels at a constant speed.
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..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) The wind does work on the sail. Explain, in terms of the conservation of energy, why the
total kinetic energy does not increase.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
1125 J or 1100 J A1
(b) (i) no resultant force; forwards force = backwards force/drag/friction (ignore air
resistance) B1
(b) (i) There were few correct answers here. Only a few candidates realised that because
the sail and
board are driven forward by the wind, air resistance would not be the most significant
resistive
force. Water resistance was rarely referred to, and even the absence of any resultant force
was
only mentioned by a few candidates.
(ii) Many candidates were able to quote the principle of the conservation of energy but
rather fewer
were able to apply it to this specific example. The candidates who scored credit here were
generally the candidates who realised and stated that the work done by the wind on the sail
would
end up as thermal energy.
(a) Explain why very little work is done by the electric motor when lifting up the empty elevator.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Several people of total weight 4900 N are travelling upwards at constant speed in the
elevator.
They rise through a distance of 24 m in 28 s.
Calculate the minimum power output of the electric motor.
power = ....................................................[3]
(b) The power calculation was well done, with most candidates calculating the total work done and
then finding the work done per second. Occasionally, the time taken and the distance moved were
interchanged in the quoted formulae.
9 Fig. 9.1 is the speed-time graph for a rocket from the moment that the fuel starts to burn at
time t = 0.
(a) State the principal energy changes taking place as the rocket accelerates upwards.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................[4]
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State what happens to the acceleration of the rocket between t = 5 s and t = 80 s.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(v) The total weight of the rocket at t = 80 s is 1.6 107 N. Calculate the upward force on the
rocket at this time, caused by the burning fuel.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain how Newtons third law of motion applies to the upward force on the rocket and
to the force on the hot gas.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) (i) 0 B1
(ii) it increases B1
to constant value B1
(b)(i) The size of the initial acceleration of the rocket was deduced correctly by the majority of
candidates.
(ii) The fact that the acceleration then began to increase was appreciated by many candidates,
but fewer went on to state that it eventually became constant.
(iii) Although a majority of candidates realised that the gradient of the graph was required, far
fewer found the gradient of the linear region of the graph. A very common error was to take
the end-point coordinates of the graph to calculate the gradient, despite the fact that the
initial acceleration was non-uniform.
(iv) The resultant force on the rocket was calculated correctly by a majority of candidates. A
common error was to use the gravitational acceleration at the Earths surface instead of the
actual acceleration of the rocket at t = 80 s.
(v) This more demanding part was answered correctly by a small minority of the most able
candidates. Most candidates subtracted the weight of the rocket from their calculated value
of the resultant force on the rocket, instead of adding the forces together.
(c)(i) The statement of Newtons third law of motion was usually quoted correctly.
(ii) Only the most able candidates could explain unambiguously how Newtons third law applied
to the motion of the rocket, despite the help given in the stem of the question. In most
answers, it was not clear on which body the stated forces were acting.
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a skier of mass 85 kg skiing down a very steep slope.
The skier starts from rest at the top T of the slope. The force of gravity accelerates him down the
slope.
When he reaches the bottom B of the slope, his kinetic energy is 5.5 104 J.
weight = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) the minimum possible difference in height between T and B.
(b) At B, the skier digs his skis into the snow and stops at the point P after travelling 33 m
horizontally.
Calculate the average horizontal force that acts on the skier between B and P.
force = ...........................................................[2]
3 Fig. 3.1 shows part of a small hydroelectric system that generates electricity from moving
water.
(a) Every minute, water with kinetic energy 14 000 J emerges from the pipe. The water turns a
turbine that is connected to the generator.
Half of the kinetic energy of the water is given to the generator.
(ii) Suggest a reason why only some of the kinetic energy of the water is given to the
generator.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b)
(i) There were many good answers here. Explanations that used only terms such as renew,
renewed or even renewable itself, were not credited. Some candidates needed to be aware
that renewable energy is not energy that can be recycled or used again.
(ii) Almost all candidates were able to state an appropriate source of energy here. Candidates
should be aware that burning wood is a process that can be conducted both renewably and
non-renewably; consequently, further details were required when this suggestion was
offered.
7. 5054 s11 22 Q2.
2 Fig. 2.1 illustrates the journey of a cyclist from point A to point B. Points A and B are at the
same height.
The cyclist starts from rest at A and pedals up and over a hill. Near the bottom of the hill, she
starts to brake and comes to rest at B.
(a) Describe the energy changes that take place as she pedals up the hill at constant speed.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Explain how the law of conservation of energy applies to the complete journey from A to B.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) At one point in the journey, the gravitational potential energy of the cyclist has increased by
5400 J. The mass of the cyclist is 60 kg. The gravitational field strength is 10 N / kg.
Calculate the height above A of the cyclist at this point.
(b) energy not created/lost/destroyed // energy only changes form // total energy
constant and at least one attempt to explain a conversion in the journey // all
ends up as heat B1
(b) Many candidates clearly understood the law of conservation of energy but made little
attempt to
apply their knowledge to the whole journey; they merely described again the changes of
energy
that occur, and did not indicate how the law applies. Taking the journey as a whole, all of the
chemical energy becomes thermal energy (heat) because the cyclist stops at the same
height as at
the start. Candidates only needed to explain how the law applied to one energy
transformation at
one particular place. The more able candidates produced logical and clearly explained
answers.
Weaker candidates gave lists of energy changes which did not make clear, for example, that,
when
the cyclist brakes, all of the kinetic energy changes to heat energy.
(c) The formula for potential energy was well known and very few candidates did not score
at least
partial credit in this section. Some answers gave the wrong unit, omitted the unit or gave
the
answer as 9 units, which was not accepted.
8.5054 w10 21 Q3
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a miner using a head torch powered by a battery pack. The battery pack
contains the cells that power the filament lamp in the head torch
(i) State the main energy change that takes place in the cells.
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) State two different forms of energy that are produced in the filament lamp.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................[2]
(c) An identical battery pack powers a different head torch that uses light-emitting diodes
(LEDs) instead of the filament lamp. The two torches are equally bright but the efficiency
of the torch using the LEDs is much higher.
State how the amounts of the different forms of energy produced in the LEDs compare
with the amounts produced in the filament lamp.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) State why the hands become even warmer if they are pressed harder together when
rubbing.
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The average force used to slide one hand along the other is 1.2 N.
In each movement, one hand moves 0.080 m. The other hand remains stationary.
(i) Calculate the number of movements needed for 2.0 J of work to be done.
(ii) Each movement takes 0.20 s. Calculate the average power developed.
Fig. 2.1 shows a motor used to operate a lift (elevator). There is a man in the lift.
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The lift and the man have a total mass of 580 kg. The lift moves up a distance of 12 m
in 15 s.
(i) Calculate the tension in the cable when the lift is moving at constant speed.
(ii) Calculate the increase in potential energy of the lift and man.
3 The efficiency of a motor is measured using the apparatus shown in Fig. 3.1.
When the motor is switched on, the string winds round the pulley and the load is lifted.
Six students measure the time t taken for the load to be lifted a height h of 1.0 m.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Describe one way in which the students can measure h accurately.
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
To move the boat, two men lie on the top of it and push against the tunnel roof with their legs.
They exert a total forwards force of 1680 N on the boat.
(a) The men push the boat 50.0 m to the end of the tunnel. Calculate the work done on the
boat by the men.
(b) Explain why the kinetic energy of the boat at the end of the tunnel is less than the work
done on the boat by the men.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
The cyclist produces the driving force that acts on the back wheel.
In this question, you may ignore any frictional force acting on the front wheel.
(b) The total mass of the bicycle and the cyclist is 75 kg. At one instant, the speed of the
bicycle
is 4.0 m / s, the driving force is 30 N and the air resistance is 20 N.
Calculate
(i) the total kinetic energy of the bicycle and the cyclist, [3]
(ii) the acceleration of the bicycle and the cyclist. [2]
(c) As the bicycle moves, energy is transmitted from the pedals to the back wheel.
Fig. 10.2 shows what happens to the energy input to the pedals.
(i) As energy is transmitted to the back wheel, some is lost. Explain how this happens. [2]
(ii) Calculate the efficiency of the bicycle in transmitting energy from the pedals to the back
wheel. [2]
(d) Some bicycles are made from low density materials. Explain why this is an advantage. [3]
Each of the other three boxes should contain one of the labels from the following list.
generator, motor, transformer, turbine, solar panel
(a) On Fig. 1.1, label the boxes using words from the list. [2]
(b) State one environmental problem caused by burning oil to produce electricity.
.........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(a) (i) State the name of the renewable energy source shown in Fig. 3.1.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State what is meant by a renewable energy source.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) 1000 kg of cold water at a temperature of 20 C is pumped down to the hot rocks. 100 kg
of water returns as steam and 900 kg as hot water, both at a temperature of 100 C.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg C) and the specific latent heat of
vaporisation of water is 2.3 106 J / kg.
Calculate
(i) the energy needed to heat 1000 kg of water from 20 C to 100 C,
(a) State the two main energy changes that take place in this device as water starts to
flow.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
2. ............................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The change in the potential energy of the water every second is 2000 J. The electrical
energy output is 1200 J every second.
Calculate the efficiency of the process.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
2. ............................................................................................................................... [2]
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [3]
(ii) State one precaution he should take to make sure one of his readings is accurate.
.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Write down all of the equations he must use to calculate his power from the readings.
You may use symbols or words in your equations.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) In 30 minutes, the water loses 5.0 109 J of energy and 4.5 109 J of electrical energy
is produced in the turbine house.
(ii) Calculate, in watts, the electrical power output from the turbine house.
(c) Some power stations burn coal to produce the same electrical power output. State one
advantage of the hydroelectric power station.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) State one harmful effect that the hydroelectric power station may have on the
environment.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(a) When the pole-vaulter runs along the track, there is a constant forward force on him of
320N and a backwards resistive force that varies with his speed as shown in Fig. 3.2.
Explain why the maximum speed that he can reach is 8.4 m/s.
.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................[1]
kinetic energy = .
(ii) The pole is used to convert all this kinetic energy into gravitational potential energy.
Calculate the height through which the pole-vaulter rises. Give your answer to an
appropriate number of significant figures. The gravitational field strength is 10 N/kg.
height = .[6]
Marking Scheme of C.I.E.
3 (a) (at 8.4 m/s) resistive force = 320 N/forward force or no resultant or forces
cancel/balance
or if forward force > resistive force then runner accelerates
or if forward force < resistive force then runner decelerates B1
(not resistive force a maximum, accept backwards force = resistive force)
(b) (i) mv2 B1
x 60 x 8.42 C1
2100 J (accept 2120, 2117, 2116.8) A1
(ii) mgh C1
2117/60 x 10 or h = P.E. or K.E./mg e.c.f. (i) C1
3.5 m
(accept 3.50, 3.52, 3.53 i.e. 2 or 3 significant figures only) A1 7
Examiners Report of C.I.E.
Question 3
(a) Many answers showed an understanding that, at the speed quoted, the resistive and
forward
forces were equal. There was, however, a significant proportion of answers where there was
no
clear link between the forward force and the resistive force, or where the runner was stated
to fall
backwards (or even move backwards) if the resistive force was more than 320 N.
(b) The numerical answers to this question were very well produced but marks were often
lost for
failing to square v in the calculation for kinetic energy or for not giving the answer to 2 or
3
significant figures.
Answers: (b)(i) 2100J, (ii) 3.5 m.
(a) (i) Discuss the energy changes that occur in the ride from A to D.
(ii) Calculate the maximum potential energy of the carriage and children.
(iii) Assuming that there is no friction between A and C, determine the kinetic energy of the
carriage and children at C. Show your working.
[9]
(b)
Between D and E, the carriage goes round part of a horizontal circle at constant speed.
During this time the velocity of the carriage changes.
(i) Explain how the carriage can have a constant speed but a changing velocity.
(ii) State the direction of the force that acts on the carriage to make it move round the curve.
[3]
(c) Between E and F, a frictional force of 3000 N acts to slow the carriage. Calculate the
deceleration of the carriage. [3]
Marking Scheme of C.I.E.
11
(a)(i)P.E. decreases (A to B or C to D or downhill or initially)
K.E. gained (P.E. _ K.E.2)
K.E. to P.E. change must be clear and from B to C or uphillB1B1B1
(ii)mgh algebraic form seen
500*10*30
150 000 JC1C1A1
(iii)conservation of energy cited or clear that loss of P.E.
has become K.E.
500*10*20 or 500*10*10 or 50 000 seen
100 000 J (allow g=9.8)C1C1A1