The role of Padma Multipurpose Bridge in the national economy after its

completion and inauguration by 2018

The proposed Padma Bridge will be a multipurpose road-rail bridge across the Padma River.
When completed it will be the largest bridge in Bangladesh and the first fixed river-crossing for
road traffic. The under-construction Padma Bridge, due to be opened to traffic by the end of
2018 to serve as gateway between the capital city Dhaka and 21 South-Western districts, is
changing people's mindset with hopes for rapid and vast socio-economic developments.

Economists predict once the bridge becomes operational, it is expected to push growth of the
country's gross domestic product (GDP) up by 1.2 per cent and create employment
opportunities for 10 million people. The Padma Multipurpose Bridge will transform the lives of
nearly 30 million people living in the country's southwest region, promoting industrial and
commercial activities and increasing economic and employment opportunities, according to
various studies and reviews on the major economic impact of the bridge project. At least 30
million people, almost one-fifth of the countrys total population, will directly benefit from the
bridge, according to a study by the World Bank.

In a study, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) said that the construction of the Padma Bridge
would significantly help improve various sectors of the economy nationally and regionally.
"With the bridge, capital inflow will increase, promoting industrial and commercial activity and
increasing economic and employment opportunities for the local population," the ADB said.
Besides, the ADB said that the people of the region would have better access to health-care
facilities available in Dhaka while easier communication would help to expand better education
and training facilities, ensuring the availability of the quality workers required for sustainable
economic growth.

Each taka being invested in the Padma Bridge will produce about Tk 2 worth of social good, says
a research report. A US nonprofit think-tank, Copenhagen Consensus Center came up with this
finding in its research. According to the research calculation: Over the 31 years following
completion of the bridge, overall benefits to road users from these two sources are projected
to be Tk 1.3 trillion (Tk130,000crore).

Financial inclusion (Bangladeshi perspective): Financial inclusion or inclusive financing is the

delivery of financial services at affordable costs to sections of disadvantaged and low-income
segments of society. The term "financial inclusion" has gained importance since the early
2000s, a result of findings about financial exclusion and its direct correlation to poverty.

Bangladesh has made a broad social commitment for inclusive, equitable and environmentally
sustainable socioeconomic growth 'leaving no-one behind', as espoused in the new sustainable

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development goals. The government has accordingly led proactively with the country's progress
in sustainable development, with policy thrusts on massive digitization to support financial
inclusion and inclusive growth. Bangladesh Bank, the country's central bank, is supporting the
government's efforts with its own initiatives by promoting financial inclusion and
environmentally sustainable financing.

Some of the inclusive financial products are -

Ten-taka (12 cents) bank accounts for millions of farmers and social safety net beneficiaries
(The central bank approved a Tk 200 crore refinancing scheme to provide loans to Tk 10
account holders. As of September this year, the number of Tk 10 account holderswho are
mostly farmers, garment workers, city corporation cleaning workers, freedom fighters and
social safety net beneficiariesstood at around 1.87 crore. ) Bank-led mobile banking (Mobile
banking in Bangladesh continues to grow fast, scaling a new height last year with 53 percent
growth year-on-year. In 2015, the industry saw Tk 157,773.31 crore in transactions through
mobile phones the amount being more than half of the country.

Role of remittance inflow and manpower exports in boosting the national

economy.
Recently migration of labor is a burning issue in the country. It is an integral part of today's
global economy. Both sending and receiving states benefit immensely from this trade.
Remittance is the second largest income source of Bangladesh from abroad. Its playing crucial
role in socio- economic development of country.

Bangladeshi workers are working in overseas for earnings foreign currency. We get huge
amount of revenue from RMG sectors which is almost 41.51%. Remittances is one of the most
significant economic indicators of the countries such as balance of payment, foreign reserve,
national savings, reserve money and sources. Almost 6 millions emigrants are staying at abroad
and 162 countries. Fiscal year 2014-2015, Remittances comes in 14.92% and it is using for
balancing exports and imports.

A sizable portion of labor from the country is employed indifferent countries of the world
Manpower export has been increasing every year. Basically Bangladeshi workers are choosing
more Middle East, Malaysia, European countries. Moreover we get the highest amount of
remittances from Saudi Arabia in the outgoing fiscal year. Bangladesh is one of the largest
remittances receivers in the world. It holds the 8th position.

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Government used remittances the different development purpose of the country. Present
growth rate of BD is 7.11 and per capital income is $1465. Besides, many infrastructures are
built by expending these remittances. It can be said that remittances is the mainstream of
Bangladesh economy. On the other hands, it also assist Bangladesh in making the balance of
payment, For instance in 2014, Bangladesh exports $13.97 billion worth of goods and service
and in turn imports $19.59 billion worth of goods and service from foreign. This gave a deficit of
5.62 billion on BDs balance of payment.

By discussing overall situation, RMG, Remittances, Leather and prawn exporting is playing a
tremendous role in Bangladeshi economics among them remittances is superior or highest.

Government should take proper steps for emigrants so that they can contribute more and more
in our country.

How the banks can improve their Cyber-Security (IT risks)

In the era of information technology most of the people are familiar with two words- Internet
and server. Cyber security as well as internet security is very important in today's world
because millions of information that are preserved here. When the hacker fined any flaw in the
system of technological security, they attack it and steal information. Then using the
information, they commit various offences such as Bank heist, ATM forgery, Credit Card fraud
etc. This action is called hacking. So cyber security is very important to the country's banking
sector and any other important sector.

Definition of cyber security: Cyber security is the body of technologies, processes and practices,
designed to protect networks, computers, programs and data from attack, damage or
unauthorized access. In a computing context, security includes both cyber security and physical
security.

Heist in Bangladesh Bank:

The hackers have stolen $101 million (Tk.800 core) foreign exchange reserve from Bangladesh
Bank on February 5, 2016 by a hacker group of china. The gang of hackers hacked the swift
code and moved money to Sri lanka and Philippines. The type of cyber crime using SWIFT code
occurred in Bangladesh for the first time and $ 101 million is the fifth largest amount in the
history of banking fraud. This incident proves that the security in country's banking sector has
to vindicate.

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To ensure Cyber security Governance can be vital steps to confront cyber crimes in financial
sector. For this reason Bangladesh Bank recommending to all Banks and financial institutions to
ensure cyber security governance I.e.:

* To take measures for ascertaining existing technical gap assessment and vulnerability through
a comprehensive cyber security risk study.

*To treat cyber security as a collective responsibility by all financial institutions.

* To install Anti-skimming devices to the ATM booths.

*Use of EMV (Europay, Mastercard & Visa) standard card to avoid skimming.

Above measures were recommended by the Bangladesh bank because such cyber attacks were
seen as being capable of causing financial loss and creating a reputational risk. They should also
emphasize on:

* Provide IT related training for skill development.

* Monitoring over IT related issues.

*Testing hazard incident l.

* Mandatory adoption Of IT related precaution to avoid such incident.

* Creating customer awareness.

We hope authorities will priorities drafting policies that will make it mandatory for financial
institutions to initiate end to end secure and encrypted communication to safeguard clients
information that will foil future malware attacks.

How the banks can improve their Cyber-Security (IT risks) 2

The banking sector has been no stranger to cyber attacks and data breaches since the advent of
the computer and connected systems. Be it those wishing to access account information or
steal money. Today, not only are cyber attacks becoming more frequent, they are becoming
more persistent, targeted and at times sophisticated, often causing widespread impact. While

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most boards and executives of banks have placed cyber security as their number one risk, there
still often lacks a coherent strategy and vision to improve cyber-resilience in the long run.

Banks can take following steps for cyber security:

Actively manage all hardware devices on the network so that only authorized devices
are given access and unauthorized and unmanaged devices are found and prevented
from gaining access.

Actively manage all software on the network so that only authorized software is
installed and can execute, and that unauthorized and unmanaged software is found and
prevented from installation or execution.

Communication by the mobile banking app through the Internet should employ secure
transmission protocols, such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS), which is
more difficult to hack.

PINs required in the mobile application should not be less than 6 characters

Establishing the use of standard secure configurations for your operating systems,
ensuring to remove all unnecessary accounts, and disabling or removing unnecessary
services

As mobile banking grows in popularity, the industry needs to step up its game to secure
applications.

Banks should increase their online vigilance

Bank should have more and qualified IT specialist.

Cyber security breaches not only impact operational processes but also impact bottom line,
brand and reputation as we have seen with recent cyber attacks. Thus, authority of bank should
take proper measure to secure their applications.

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Blue Economy or Marine Resource Utilization (Hydrocarbon exploration in the
Bay of Bengal)

The Blue economy approach emphasized that ideas, principles, norms of Blue Economy lend
significant contribution towards eradication of poverty, contributing to food and nutrition
security, mitigation and adaptation of climate change and generation of sustainable and
inclusive livelihoods. Thus Blue Economy requires a balanced approach between conservation,
development and utilization of marine and coastal eco-systems, all oceanic resources and
services with a view to enhancing their value and generates decent employment, secure
productive marine economy and healthy marine eco-systems.

Maritime trade and shipping

Shipping- International shipping contributes to the three pillars of sustainable development
facilitates global commerce, the creation of wealth and prosperity among nations and peoples,
creating a wide variety of jobs on board ships and ashore, with direct and indirect beneficial
impacts on the livelihoods of others. In comparison to other transport modes, it provides the
most environmentally sound and energy-efficient means of moving huge quantities of cargoes
and people.

Sea ports-Infrastructure like ports can be used by different economic activities and is a fine
example of synergy. It goes without saying that ports are important crystallization points for
maritime economic activities: whether cruise shipping, coastal shipping, international shipping,
passenger ferries, fishing, marine mineral mining, oil drilling, offshore or maritime monitoring,
they all require ports and ports infrastructure. There are strong synergies with international
shipping, which not only provides the overseas cargo, but also shapes the main ports.. Statistics
reveals that economy of Bangladesh is heavily dependent on international trade where
maritime ports play the key role of transporting 94% of our foreign trade. Bangladesh must
enhance the existing handling capacities of ports and develop deep sea ports with more
capabilities and modern handling equipment in Sonadia, Matarbari and Payra to cater for
increased trade and commerce.

Food and livelihood

Fishery- There are about 475 species of fish found in our EEZ compared to 250 species on land.
Fish still provides the much needed protein needs of our people. About 57,000 artisanal
mechanized and non mechanized wooden boats and 200 industrial steel body trawlers are
engaged in fishing in the coastal waters upto 60 km (within 40m depth) from our coastline
having very limited capability in catching pelagic fishing-shoals closer to surface. A considerable
amount of fish are salted and dried, mainly for human consumption. Incidentally, the use of

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dried fish as a source of fishmeal is gradually increasing due to intensification of fish and poultry
farming. Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha)is the larget and single most valuable species with annual
catch of 340,000 MT, and generates employment and income for 2.5 million people valued at
$US 1.3 billion per year (BOBLME 2012, Hossain et al. 2014). At present 50-60% of global hilsa
catch takes place in the coastal and marine waters of Bangladesh, 20-25% in Myanmar, 15-20%
in India and the remaining 5-10% in other countries. A total of 46,568 MT tiger shrimp (Penaeus
monodon) was caught from BoB during 2012-2013 (DoF 2014), most of which directly go to the
processing plant and end up in the markets of USA, EU and Japan. Over the last 10-15 years, live
giant mud crab (Scylla serrata) and estuarine eel (Muraenesox bagio) have been exported to
East Asian countries. Less than 20% exported live crab come from crab fattening by the
marginal farmers of Satkhira, Bagerhat and Coxs Bazar coasts. Moreover, the harvest of young
and undersized sharks and rays are dried, while the large sharks are dumped overboard after
removing their fins and some other body parts. The majority of phaisa (Setipinna phasa) caught
in the coast are used to make fermented fish product.

Energy
Oil and gas- Bangladesh is yet to assess the true potential of its offshore oil and gas prospects.
Some 26 Tcf (trillion cubic feet) gas reserve has so far been discovered in Bangladesh, of which
only about 1 Tcf is located in the offshore areas. Until 2014, 19 exploratory wells were drilled in
the Bay of Bengal, resulting in only two gas discoveries, i.e. the Sangu and the Kutubdia, with
small reserves. The Sangu reserves of 0.8 Tcf have already depleted, whereas the Kutubdia
reserves 0.04 Tcf are yet to be developed.

Tourism
Coastal tourism- Globally, coastal tourism is the largest market segment and represents 5 per
cent of world GDP and contributes to 6-7 per cent of total employment. In 150 countries, it is
one of five top export earners and in 60 it is the first. It is the main source of foreign exchange
for one-half of Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Coastal tourism includes a) beach-based
recreation and tourism, b) tourist activities in proximity to the sea, and c) nautical boating
including yachting and marinas. Sustainable tourism can create new jobs and reduce poverty.
Tourism is human-resource intensive. One job in the core industry creates one and a half
additional jobs in the tourism-related economy.

In conclusion it can be said that the future development potential of a Blue economy strategy
for Bangladesh strongly depends on the ability of the economic actors to find a business model
which fits the developmental stage and the national and global developments. However, once
confidence of the future potential is established, new players can easily enter the business,

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invest, upscale and grow the business. Once risks subside, large industrial players (e.g. from
pharmaceutical, chemical and cosmetics, but also energy, utility and mining companies) are
expected to become interested in the opportunities of Blue economy.

Role of the banking sector in Rural and national Economy

Banks are main stream of the financial system of a country. Banking system must be robust,
resilient and sound for efficient inter-mediation of financial resources. Lack of any one or all
these prerequisites would not bring only disaster for the country also cost the real sector. Our
government has taken various types of reform programs time to time making banking system
more effective so that positive impact of banking system on our everyday life in economic
activities can be more realized.

Contribution of banks in rural and national economy:

Bank have played a vital role in economy by providing credit for performing economic activities
and at the sometime conglomerate the surplus capital from general public through different
types of depository incentives. Hence we discuss the major sectors of economy like agriculture,
industry, business mentioned by Bangladesh Bank and how much wells banks perform these
sectors.

Agriculture Sector: Agriculture is the main sector of our economy. According to the new GDP
measurement system, it provides about 22 percent of our GDP. Though the total amount of
credit increases day by day, the portion of credit has decreased in agriculture, fishery and
forestry sector whether it has reduced into half at percent. The rescue of agriculture revenue is
hearty than others sectors and this credit directly affects the agricultural production. At present
44 private and foreign commercial banks have to continue their activities. They contain
collectively TK 20,365 core as a deposit which is 35 percent of total credit. But unfortunately,
they don't give any single coin to agriculture sector, as a credit.

Industrial sector: Industrial sector acts as a main sector of GDP in the developed countries but
unfortunately, this sector performance is very weak in our country and participation of GDP in
this sector is 17.79 percent. This sector gets the highest credit from commercial banks.

Business Sector: Business sector has become major role playing sector in our economy. Now-a-
days almost 14.47 percent of GDP comes from merchandise sector, which is lucid from different
statistical data. In 1981, one reason of gets more credit in business sector is that the probability
of default loan is comparatively low vis-a-vis other sectors. But now-a-days, default culture has

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also increased in trading sector. Only garments artistry takes on prominent credit is TK 786 core
and TK 878 core respectively provided by private and national commercial banks provide 24
percent of total credit in business sector and it is only 14.31 percent in case of foreign banks.

Poverty alleviation: Bank is one of the main means of government by which government can
implement different types of step for eradicating poverty. As the branches of bank are available
everywhere from downtown area to remotest rural area government uses this channel to
provide any financial benefit quickly. Some projects are run by bank with the help of
government to wipe-out poverty are as follows:

1. Rural poor co-operative project in greater Rajshahi, Kustia and Jessore area with the
help of Sonali Bank.
2. Self-reliance loan project through the self-reliance Bangladesh and financed by Sonali
Bank.
3. Small and landless farmers development project by Janata Bank.
4. Small and marginal farming.

Other Sector: Foreign Commercial Banks have provided 39.9 percent of total credit in other
sectors. In this time National Commercial Banks and PCB's provided 7.15 percent of their total
credit and Private Commercial Banks provided 10.21 percent of total credit in other sectors.
Though banking sector is the life-blood of our financial system, functional arena of bank is
rather narrow than wide range and performance of handsome banks is not quite good.
Bangladesh government has taken different types of reform according to demand of era, but
this types of reform don't make our banking system international standard. But we are not
hopeless rather by taking steps we will reach our ambitious target.

Financial inclusion and inclusive growth

Financial inclusion has emerged as a tool to achieve inclusive growth for poverty reduction
since 2005. Current development theories also suggest that greater financial inclusion can have
a positive impact on the lives of the poor. According to United Nations (2006), financial
inclusion can be defined as access to the range of financial services at a reasonable cost for the
bankable people and farms.

Financial Inclusion is an important tool for attacking poverty. There are three dimensions of
attack on poverty:

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1. Creating opportunities for poor to improve their lives. 2. Empowering the poor to demand
more responsive state and social institutions.

3. Providing the poor security- to cope with risk.

Financial Inclusion is important on all three dimensions- opportunity, empowerment and

security.

Bangladesh has been ranked 16th of 21 countries on its financial and digital inclusion efforts,
according to the 2015 Brookings Financial and Digital Inclusion Project (FDIP) report. While
Bangladesh has demonstrated its commitment to providing access to qualify financial services
for the under-resourced through a responsive regulatory environment and emphasis on digital
financial services, further works remain, said the report. The policies and measures which have
been undertaken so far in Bangladesh in the context of inclusive banking are of course essential
and in the right directions and have already started creating positive impacts. Likewise, volume
of SME financing (as a tool of financial inclusion).Now, SME loans constitute around 30% of
total loans and advances. One Bangladesh Bank study shows that SME loans have a number of
positive impacts on Bangladesh economy in terms of employment creation, improvement of
living standards, women empowerment, and contribution to GDP etc. For coordinating and
reinforcing the financial inclusion efforts, BB has converted the Agricultural Credit Department
into Agricultural Credit and Financial Inclusion Department and created two new departments
namely, SME and special Programs Department and Green Banking and CSR department.
Finally, all these financial inclusion efforts have direct and indirect effects on the promotion of
financial stability of the country. Technology is also a great enabler that has prompted the
governor of BB to adopt strategies and policies on the use of mobile financial services (MFS) for
financial inclusion. There are 25 million mobile bank-account holders (almost one-sixth of the
total population) and the number is increasing every day.

After all these policies, steps and strategies, the problem remains as it is. The challenges and
barriers to the issue are as follows:

1. The inclusive banking measures are bank-led and regulatory driven. These which
sustainability of inclusive banking is not established.

2.In many cases, people may not be aware of the available services or how to access them.

3. The technological and infrastructural weaknesses. 4. Other barriers include lack of proper
documentation, inadequate financial literacy or education, high requirement of minimum
balance, low income, lack of suitable product structure of banks and micro-financial institutions
(MFIs), high cost of product and absence of credit bureau and insurance of MFI borrowers.

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Financial development and economic growth are intimately related with each other (Ghosh &
Mitra, 2014). Financial inclusion creates an environment in which larger section of the society
get the opportunity of access to financial services. However, the banking sector of Bangladesh
has shown considerable progress over the last forty years in terms of deposit mobilization,
growth of asset and expansion of coverage of services. However, a large section of the society
still remains excluded from our banking sector. To ensure a reasonable degree of inclusiveness
in the growth process, the banking sector needs to move to rural and more intensive
agriculture banking for better integration of the economy. Agriculture banking i.e. inclusive
banking is important because it can affect

The pace as well as pattern of the growth process. It is hoped that ongoing effort by the
banking sector to bring all the people under the umbrella of banking services.

Banking as a career

Counting other's money, keeping its record, en-cashing cheques and drafts cannot be an
interesting work, someone may say cynically. There cannot be personal involvement and
originality in doing such a work, others may think. They may consider bank employees to be
computers, adding and subtracting all the time. But this is decidedly a better career.

Bank employees develop the habit of saving something for their difficult times. When they find
that the bank balances of petty shop-keepers are swelling up, they feel the urge to save some
amount of money. This implies that they start spending with extra-caution. They try to get the
maximum return from every penny they spend.

They develop social contacts with a number of businessmen. Some may say that all the public
dealing organizations widen the social circle. But in other offices you may have favor them by
doing some work which may be illegal. In the case banks if a cheque is cleared as soon it is
received the person is quite satisfied. These contacts help in a number of ways.

By working in a bank one becomes quite cautious and scientific in doing one's work. The
scientist's accuracy needed for marking entries become the bent of one's mind. Accurate
working qualifies a person for a better life. It is the slipshod work and haphazard approach that
become hurdles in one's progress.

In banks the work is almost independent. Even officers have not to interfere in the work of their
subordinates. That is why there is not much of bossism in banks. The atmosphere quite cordial
and it becomes homely as soon as the public dealings come to an end.

Above all a career in the banks is quite promising. As compared with other departments a
person can have quicker promotion in the banks. Banks make us materialistic in outlook, which
may be denounced by the spiritualists and other's but which is a fact of the modern life. One

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can find thrill even in the most dull and uninteresting work. If Galileo can be thrilled by looking
at the stars why not a bank employee by finding a mistake in the entries, Life yield charm if we
respond to it favorably.

Rampal power plant project and its impact on our economy

National Committee for Saving the Sunderbans on Saturday demanded that the planned
expensive coal-fired power plant construction Rampal be abandoned. Speaking at a news
conference in the capital, the committee leaders said that the planned project would cause
disastrous both to the environment as well as the economy of Bangladesh. They unveiled a
study by Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, in short IEEFA, an American research group
based in Cleveland.

The study report is entitled Risky and Over-Subsidised: A Financial Analysis of the Rampal
Power Plant. The study report says that financially the Rampal power plant would be risky
proposition for both Bangladesh and India. The study report reveals that it would cost
Bangladesh $3 billion in subsidies by way tax waivers and other heads. Low interest credit
from Indian EXIM bank would also be a subsidy burden on the Indian people, says the report.
Taking various hidden costs into account, IEEFA estimated that the cost of electricity generation
from the Rampal coal-fired power plant would be 62 per cent higher than current average
generation cost in Bangladesh.

Bangladesh-India Friendship Power Company Limited, a 50-50 joint venture between

Bangladesh Power Development Board and Indias National Thermal Power Corporation, is
building the 1,320MW coal-fired power plant near the Sunderbans, the worlds largest
mangrove forest.

Dhaka University economics professor MM Akash read out the summary of the study report.
Quoting the report, he said, that the power plant would be risky and expensive for the nation.
Akash said this power plant would bring no good to the nation. National Committee for Saving
the Sunderbans Sultana Kamal said that the proposed coal-fired power plant would adversely
affect Sunderbans unique biodiversity.

As a result, she said, the Sunderbans will lose its ability to protect the coastal areas from natural
disasters. Jahangirnagar University economics professor Anu Muhammad said that the

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government was hiding the actual cost of the controversial Rampal power plant.

Transparency International Bangladesh executive director ftekharuzzaman said that it was the
constitutional responsibility of the government to keep the nation fully informed about the
proposed power plant. The report said that the Rampal power plant would increase the burden
of power supply subsidy on the people of Bangladesh.

The report says that the power project was designed using obsolete supercritical technology.
BIFPCL managing director Uzzal Chakraborty said that Rampal power plants electricity
generation cost would be much lower than the report projects. According to a 2016 report by
the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, the Rampal power station will
produce electricity that will cost 32% more than the average electricity costs in Bangladesh,
despite multiple subsidies from Bangladesh and India. The financial think tank argues the
project amounts to US$3 billion in public subsidies: "First, a below-market-rate loan by Indian
EXIM Bank represents a US$988m subsidy effectively paid by Indian taxpayers to Bangladeshi
consumers. Second, the Bangladesh government is proposing a 15-year income tax exemption
for the plant, an exemption worth US$936m. Third, Bangladesh would be granting an effective
annual US$26m subsidy by conducting maintenance dredging to assure coal delivery to the
plant."

The role of ICT in Banking Industry

Banking industry is considered as the most sophisticated industry for the growth and overall
financial situation of a country as it deals with the macroeconomic factors directly. Moreover, It
gives the glimpse overall financial strength. In todays ICT era, information and technology
illuminates every sphere of our life: social, economic & cultural. So, banking industry needs to
keep pace with the advanced level of information & technology. The ICT can play multifarious
role in the development of Banking Industry. The roles are depicted as follows:

1. Todays worldwide topic is Financial Inclusion. Officials of different countries want to

involve most of their population in their main economic stream. This can largely be possible
through developing the banking sector in ICT.

2. The operations of banks become easier through the introduction of ICT. EFTN, online fund
transfer, RTGS are the example of that.

3. The transaction of money has become safe, easy, and speedy for the welfare of ICT.

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4. Good governance can be brought in the banking industry with the help of ICT as it brings
information. Already the Customer information bureau has become online which has made
information readily accessible for banks.

5. By ensuring efficiency and effectiveness and by capturing large markets, it improves the
overall profitability of banks.

6. Recently government of Bangladesh has taken the initiative of online land records. This will
help the banks to collect information regarding the borrower and his/her property.

ICT will open up newer and newer window of development for banks. Banking industry should
be brought under the main stream of this development.

Utilization of Resources in the Economic Development of BD

Bangladesh is the lowest riparian of three major river system of South Asia namely the Ganges
Padma, the Brahmaputra, Jamuna and the Meghna-Barak. Land water and gases are the most
important natural resources in Bangladesh. Resources mean supply of raw materials etc. that a
country can use to bring wealth. We have three types of resources as-Natural resources,
Human resources and Production resources or capital.

To achieve an expansion of national output, it is essential to combine these three types of

resources. There no doubt that the process of economic development depends on sustainable
management of favorable natural resources.

Natural Resources

Natural resource determines the course of development and constitutes the challenge which
may or may not be accepted by the human mind, we house the following natural resource as-

Land
Water resources
Fisheries
Forest
Mineral resources
Marine resources
climate
Rainfall
Oil and natural gas
Energy and power resources
Topography.

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For the developing of this countrys economy mineral recourses has unlimited importance but
unfortunately Bangladesh is not rich in mineral resources. Only natural gas can be considered as
the main mineral resources of our country. On the other hand petroleum is also another main
mineral resource of us. Though Silica Sand, White clay, Hard rock are not actually mineral
resources if we consider it as international level. But now these resources are heavily used in
our industrial sector as raw material.

Here some uses of our mineral resources for the development of our economy in industrial
sector are given bellow-

We are using Natural Gas, Silica Sand, white clay as raw material. For these reason Fertilizer,
Cement industry are developing in our country. So we can tell mineral resources helping us to
make our country industrialized. Here some uses of our mineral resources for the development
of our economy in industrial sector are given bellow-

Continues resources

Continues resources include solar energy, wind, gravity, tidal energy, geothermal energy. It
includes clean water, flora, fauna, soil, clean air. Resources (1985) defined renewable resources
as, this capital of natural regeneration into useful products within a time span relevant to
man.

Nonrenewable Resource (stock resources)

Nonrenewable resources include mineral, oil and gas and some ground waters. These are
available only in finite quantities, or else the rate of renewal is so slow that they must be
regarded as available only in fixed quantities.

Extrinsic Resources

It include human a skills, institution, management abilities etc adversely effecting various they
can be fickle and prone to breakdown or degradation, jet can continuous resources if well
managed.

Land Resources:

Land is the part of the world not covered by the oceans. Soil is a thin covering aver the land
consisting of a mixture of minerals, organic materials, living organism, an air and water that
together support the growth of plant life.

In Bangladesh our total land in different sector-

Total land area 144000 sq. km.

Agricultural land 122955 sq. km.

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Total forest 16000 sq. km.
Rivers beds 9405.2 sq.km.
Urban 791.3 sq. km.
Homestead 10847.5 sq. km.

Water Resources

Modern agricultural technology can produce higher agricultural yields through increased and
efficient use of water, labor, high yielding seeds fertilizers and pesticides. Science water is one
of the most crucial elements, the important of water resource management for flood control,
drainage and irrigation in the overall development of Bangladesh has been recognized for a
long time

Fisheries Resources

Generally speaking fishery resources of Bangladesh are either inland or marine. The principles
rivers and their tributaries, canal, pond, lakes, reservoirs comprise the inland fisheries. The
marine resources comprise the bay of Bengal under the districts of Coxesbazar, Chittagong,
Khulna, Patuakhali, Bhola etc. about 1.2 million fisherman draw their livelihood from fisheries.

Forest Resources

The forest contributes to economic well being and ecological stability. In addition providing
commercial timber and fuel wood, the forest supports biological diversity by providing habitat
for plants and wildlife, conserve and protect social and water provide raw materials for
different industries offer areas of recreation and tourism and help maintain and project the
national and global environment. Forestry is established to account for about 3% of GPD in
Bangladesh.

Power Resource

Maximum small and large industries are using heat Electricity and natural gas is main element
or key element to produced heat electricity.

Natural Gas.
Coal.
Carosine Oil.
Petroleum etc

Though we have some other power resources which are not coming from mineral those areas-

Wood fuel.

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 Electric power.
Tidal power etc

Immaterial mineral resources: All mineral resources which are not material can be categorized
in this group. We can have some of this resource. Those areas-

Lime stone
Glass sand (silica sand)
China clay (White clay)
Hard Rock
Mineral Sand
Salt
Atomic Sand
Sulfur

Material mineral resources:-

Copper
Iron
Zinc etc

Fuel

Natural gas founded in Bangladesh used as fuel for cooking. For this reason most Bangladeshi
people gets most economic facilities. On other hand gas also used for produce heat in most
fertilized factory.

Our demand of fuel in every year-

No Type of Fuel Demand

01. Petrol 2.35
02. Disel 18
03. Karosine 6.02

Natural Gas

Our natural gas and other resources helping us, it makes our import cost of gas and other
energy very low. All the mineral resources that we have we need not to import those. By this
way they saved a huge amount of foreign currency.

Uses of Gas in different sector-

No Sector Daily Demand

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(Million Cubic Foot)Percentage01.Electricity Production405.0044.00 %02.Fertilizer
Production256.0028.00 %03.Household, Industry, Others254.0028.00 %

Hard Rock and small rock that can be found in our country we use them to make our road
highway and Dam. Our mineral resources especially natural gases help us to produce more
agricultural product indirectly. Natural gas helps to produce fertilizer and fertilizer helps us to
produce more crops.

Mineral and power resources helps to spread our economic activities and solve a portion of
unemployment problem, it helps us to solve unemployment thus this way

a. Many people all over the country works in different places. People work in gas field
Oil field and other places when we find our mineral resource. It creates opportunity for
our people to get works and get new job.

b. For mineral resources many industry are building our country, it also creating many
peoples employment opportunity.

c. A huge number of people involved in working to distribute and transport the raw
material of industry and industrialized product.

d. Mineral resources help to make the agriculture sector more productive. For that
reason our agricultural sector are being able to create more opportunity for those
people who are still unemployment.

Business world have always hunger for the raw materials. Different types of resources are
needed for the different types of industries in the country. We are using Natural Gas, Silica
Sand, white clay as raw material. For these reason Fertilizer, Cement industry are developing in
our country. So we can tell mineral resources helping us to make our country industrialized.

Basically Bangladesh is a agricultural country but it can be told easily that a country can not
improve its economic and other condition till it does not build up as the industrialized country.
As a industrialized country raw material is always needed.

Bangladesh has huge number of human resources and it is very possible that Bangladesh can
improve its condition through developing the human resources. Without utilizing the
indigenous resources of the country no country can develop itself. For the development of the
country the government should spread its hand to utilize the resources that are available inside
the country.

It is not always possible that government will be able to take all the initiatives for the proper
utilization of the indigenous resources. Bangladesh is a mixed economic country for that reason
our different business organization can came aside of the government to make sure that our
indigenous resources are utilizing properly.

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What is the present condition of Netherlands most of their energy comes from utilizing their
resources like wind. We also have the same resources but what are we doing here? Why we can
not use these typed of resources? Both our government and so also our different private
organization should take all the initiatives to use these resources.

It is a very good symbol that the fertilizer factories are using gases and wind to make fertilizer.
But this is not all. We should self dependent in each and every sector. Government can take
some positive approach to motivate those organization those are using the indigenous
resources for making their product. Such as minimize their taxes, loan facilities, adopting extra
taxes on the same types o0f product that are importing intro the country.

Give your argument on Either Our population is an asset or wealth, not a

burden for our country

"POPULATION GROWTH is the most important issue we face. If you can't get your head around
that your words are empty and meaningless!"

Bangladesh needs to revitalize its sloth population management programmes with new
approaches so that they help the country rein in the population boom. As it is one of the
worlds most populous countries, it could reap demographic dividend out of its large working
age and younger generation, making the population an asset, not a burden.

There is no denial of the truth that the country is still not in a position to provide food, health,
education, housing, water and sanitation to the rising population.

Therefore, it would be a great challenge if the government does not act now with new policies
and increase investment, particularly in education and agriculture. In this case, early marriage
(below the age of 18) should be stopped by amending law to this end. At the same time, birth
control policies should be adopted by the people; otherwise the countrys population will
increase. Besides, there should be urban planning to accommodate the rising population. In this
regard, the countrys family planning programmes need revitalization for managing population
growth. It is not about renewing the existing programmes but there should be a target and
reach especially those areas where there is lacking in the programmes.

On the other hand, there should be renewed focus on the countys growing population. It
needs to have a major focus on early marriage. Now, Bangladesh ranks third when it comes to
early marriage. It cannot be middle-income country if half of the countrys girls get married
before the age of 18. So, enforcement of legal marriage is very important.

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Vouching for investing heavily in agriculture to feed the growing population, food production
should be enough for them. So, Bangladesh should have a better urban planning as more and
more people are coming to urban areas. But we see flat urbanization here which eats up
agricultural land and is not sustainable.

Although Bangladesh experienced a slow population growth until the end of World war-II but
the growth rate took a galloping pace afterwards. But, now, each year population increases by
1.8 to 2.0 million. So the demographic structure of countrys population suggests that its
population will continue to grow for decade to come. There are brighter and darker sides of the
countrys population. The brighter side is that the population is young. This young population is
a demographic bonus for the country as it has the strength, energy, vigor, pool of workforce
and potential for future leadership. This demographic bonus could bring huge dividends if
handled properly. In this case we have to bear this in mind that the window of opportunity
opens for a population only once. If we fail to grab this opportunity immediately, this young
population would certainly be a burden. Particularly, the people of reproductive age are more
concerned for Bangladesh.

Henceforth, we have to think about it. It is a matter of great regret that the policy makers of
our country are apparently quiet on the issue. But decision has to be a pro-poor to make
population management a success. As such, the country has to do a lot in the areas of human
resources and education; otherwise we will not be able to turn the young population into an
asset. In our society still there are inequality between men and women even in the households.
Women do not have easy access to contraceptives then unwanted child birth will continue.

It may be mentioned that the country has the infrastructure in rural areas to contain population
growth. We are just not using them. We need to look at our service delivery system. We also
often talk about unskilled workers who are coming from rural areas to urban areas but we have
not taken any step for making family planning available for them. So, we should come up with
doable ideas and action: immediate, medium and long term. We know that the family planning
department lacks manpower and necessary facilities to run its programme efficiently. In this
regard the authorities concerned should take proper measures for it. As population growth in
our country is a major concern, so we have to take up population control as a social movement.
We need to go door to door to start again; otherwise population management initiative will
lose momentum. It is also true that it would not be possible to control things until women are
empowered and provided with proper education. In this case, life-skill education, especially for
the adolescent and reproductive health should be incorporated in school curriculum. In our
country girls have no choice until they are educated, because nobody is going to listen to them.

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However, the population control programme should be activated much more by bringing about
changes particularly in administration and planning. Side by side with effecting broader co-
ordination between the health and the population control programmes, participation in it of
non-government voluntary organizations should be encouraged. As a result, it will be possible
to achieve greater success in fulfilling the programmes physical target and keep present
population within limit. But more hard work is required to attend desired result.

In fine, it can be said that Bangladesh enjoys a very youthful population. If equipped with
knowledge, skills and opportunities necessary to take informed actions at the individuals,
household, community and national levels, the yobangung people of today could spearhead
unprecedented inclusive and sustainable development. So, our population is an asset, not a
burden if it is properly handled.

Brexit and its impact on BD and world economy

Brexit is a word that has become used as a shorthand way of saying the UK leaving the EU -
merging the words Britain and exit to get Brexit, in a same way as a possible Greek exit from the
euro was dubbed Grexit in the past.

Why is Britain leaving the European Union?

A referendum - a vote in which everyone (or nearly everyone) of voting age can take part - was
held on Thursday 23 June, to decide whether the UK should leave or remain in the European
Union. Leave won by 52% to 48%. The referendum turnout was 71.8%, with more than 30
million people voting.

What about the economy?

The UK economy appears to have weathered the initial shock of the Brexit vote, although the
value of the pound remains near a 30-year low, but opinion is sharply divided over the long-
term effects of leaving the EU. Some major firms such as Easy jet and John Lewis have pointed
out that the slump in sterling has increased their costs. Britain also lost its top AAA credit rating,
meaning the cost of government borrowing will be higher. But share prices have recovered
from a dramatic slump in value, with both the FTSE 100 and the broader FTSE 250 index, which
includes more British-based businesses, trading higher than before the referendum. The Bank
of England cut interest rates from 0.5% to 0.25% - a record low and the first cut since 2009 -
after the vote and there has not been the economic slump or recession that some had
predicted. Here is a regularly updated detailed rundown of how Britain's economy is doing.

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Problems Bangladesh will have to face

First, low pound rates will make imports expensive to the Great Britain, meaning that we are in
trouble, as we have billion dollar exports with the English. They are likely to shrink imports to
compensate for the money spent on purchasing the now more expensive Taka. However, we
have good news also! We can harness the situation by less expensive imports from them. More
than likely, Britain will be keenly interested in exporting to take advantage of its undervalued
currency and to take control of the situation.

Second, our economy is partly remittance-based. A depressed pound will result in low
remittance sent by our people living in the UK. What is more, immigration status, until the
Brexit negotiations are completed, will be the same as before, but who knows what will
become of our people once the Brexit is officially completed. Thus, the future of our people is
somewhat uncertain.

Third, falling pounds valuation can cause inflation to the UK economy. The bank of England has
a legal obligation to keep the inflation rate as close to 2 percent a year as possible. To this end,
the Bank of England may raise interest rates, making pounds more attractive than before.
Unfortunately, this step will enhance the cost of borrowings also. Thus, as a borrower, this
measure, if adopted, may be a good reason for our headache.

Fourth, aware of the country's future performance, and if the rate for pound continues to fall,
businesses and investors are very likely to move their money out of the UK economy. Under
such circumstances, Britain's economy can enter into a recession, badly affecting the rest of the
world including Bangladesh. The IMF (International Monetary Fund) expects that international
trade and investment globally will shrink in response to the political uncertainty of an exit,
especially one that may throw Britain into a sharp recession.

Last but not least, usually, every year a good number of undergraduate students go to the UK
from our country to pursue better education. But, truth be told, undergraduates in the UK
usually pay the highest tuition fees in the world. In order to avoid huge tuition fees, many
pupils from our country choose to study at some other affordable European college outside the
UK even after their admissions with the British colleges are complete. Up until now, such
students as those are required to fulfill few formalities to this end. However, after Brexit, it is
far from clear, what will happen to any such student. The likelihood is that students will face
great hardship in terms of money and time to get into other European colleges. This can
jeopardise the way to getting higher education for many students of moderate means.

The well known domino effect states that things are interdependent. Great Britain has always
been a proven friend to us for long. So its depressed economy can affect us too. In order to
stimulate its economy the UK may look for low-cost countries like ours to invest in. On the

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other hand, we seek to transform our economy to an industrialised one. So can there be a good
deal for bilateral interest?

PPP (Public-Private-Partnership)

A publicprivate partnership (PPP, 3P or P3) is a cooperative arrangement between one or

more public and private sectors, typically of a long term nature. Governments have used such a
mix of public and private endeavors throughout history.

In August 2010, the Government of Bangladesh issued the Policy and Strategy for Public Private
Partnership (PPP) to facilitate the development of core sector public infrastructure and services
vital for the people of Bangladesh. The PPP program is part of the Government's Vision 2021
goal to ensure a more rapid, inclusive growth trajectory, and to better meet the need for
enhanced, high quality public services in a fiscally sustainable manner.

Under this new national policy, the PPP Authority was established as a separate, autonomous
office under the Prime Minister's Office to support sector line ministries to facilitate
identification, development and tendering of PPP projects to international standards. A PPP
Unit under the Ministry of Finance was established to foster an environment of fiscal
responsibility and sustainability in PPP projects.

As the main portal to information on the national PPP program, this provides details of

New policies and procedures for realizing PPP projects

Institutions supporting the PPP programme

Proposed pilot PPP projects

News on PPP developments in Bangladesh

In the future, this will serve as the main clearinghouse for information on upcoming PPP project
tenders and financing vehicles.

We look forward to working in partnership with the national and international investment
community, financiers, and civil society to realize the needs for a growing and more prosperous
Bangladesh.

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Education system is responsible for the creation of huge unemployment in
Bangladesh. Show your argument in the favor of or against the statement
At present unemployment problem is fatal in Bangladesh. Thousands of people are now out of
work in our country. I do not agree that the education system is only responsible for the
creation of huge unemployment in Bangladesh, but this is one of the major reasons. Many of
the causes are responsible behind this unemployment problem of our young generation.

Firstly, present education system is mainly responsible for this unemployment problem. We just
educate our people in a common sense that is why they are finally educated for certificate
seeking. They do not want to learn but eager to get their certificate to get in a job. They just
memorize the lesson; do not think of the topics why this topic is introduced for the course. It is
not only their mistake but also our education system that is responsible. There is no creativity
in our educational system. The questions are designed with tritely that is traditional. If anyone
can memorize last five years questions he must make a good result. So why he will go to study a
lot in this subject, Is not it?

Otherwise, the attitude of our average student is also responsible for this stupid matter. They
have a false sense of dignity and prestige in being a officer. They think that service is more
honorable than any other works. So most of the student runs behind job after completing their
education life. Make a hazard situation in this sector.

Last but not least, the lake of working place is responsible for the unemployment. Our
government create some working sector, but it is not sufficient to our present educate
population. Present civilization is depends on science. But our education is no more modern
science that runs the civilization.

Science is changing day by day. But there is no change in our educational syllabus. The syllabus
is constant for many years. As example I can say a book published in this year will may not be
change many years. We cannot attract our young student to science, for this day by day the
rate of science student is decreasing in significant rate. As a result, other countries are going
ahead taking advantage of science. But we remain behind for many years.

So, our education system must be changed to make our people employed. We must change our
syllabus system; the session jam should completely vanish. We have to introduce technical
education, we emphasize on the computer sector.

Finally, we can say that, if you can trained our people in various course in computer they will
not be burden to our country, if they do not get job in our country they can work as freelancer
in menu international organization like odesk, freelancer etc. student must change their
attitude and must run to creative learning.

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