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The Battle of Culloden (/kldn/) (Scottish Gaelic: further integrate the comparatively wild Highlands into
Blr Chil Lodair) was the nal confrontation of the the Kingdom of Great Britain; civil penalties were intro-
Jacobite rising of 1745 and part of a religious civil war in duced to weaken Gaelic culture and attack the Scottish
Britain. On 16 April 1746, the Jacobite forces of Charles clan system.
Edward Stuart were decisively defeated by loyalist troops
commanded by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland,
near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. 1 Background
Queen Anne died in 1714, with no living children; she
was the last monarch of the House of Stuart. Under the
terms of the Act of Settlement 1701, she was succeeded
by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover,
who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his mater-
nal grandmother, Elizabeth, a daughter of James VI and
I. The Hanoverian victory at Culloden halted the Jaco-
bite intent to overthrow the House of Hanover and restore
the House of Stuart to the British throne; Charles Stuart
never again tried to challenge Hanoverian power in Great
Britain. The conict was the last pitched battle fought on
British soil.[4]
Charles Stuarts Jacobite army consisted largely of
Catholics and Episcopalians, mainly Scots but with a
small detachment of Englishmen from the Manchester
Regiment. The Jacobites were supported and supplied by Jacobite Banner showing the Latin motto Tandem Triumphans.
(The motto, meaning 'Triumphant at last', was said to have been
the Kingdom of France from Irish and Scots units in the
added after the events at Glennnan).
French service. A composite battalion of infantry ("Irish
Picquets") comprising detachments from each of the reg- Charles Edward Stuart, known as Bonnie Prince Char-
iments of the Irish Brigade plus one squadron of Irish in lie or the Young Pretender, arrived in Scotland in
the French army served at the battle alongside the regi- 1745 to incite a rebellion of Stuart sympathizers against
ment of Royal Scots (Royal Ecossais) raised the previous the House of Hanover. He successfully raised forces,
year to support the Stuart claim.[5] The British Govern- mainly of Scottish Highland clansmen, and slipped past
ment (Hanoverian loyalist) forces were mostly Protestants the Hanoverian stationed in Scotland and defeated a force
English, along with a signicant number of Scottish of militiamen at the Battle of Prestonpans. The city of
Lowlanders and Highlanders, a battalion of Ulstermen Edinburgh was occupied, but the castle held out and most
and some Hessians from Germany[6] and Austrians.[7] of the Scottish population remained hostile to the rebels;
The quick and bloody battle on Culloden Moor was over others, while sympathetic, were reluctant to lend overt
in less than an hour when after an unsuccessful Highland support to a movement whose chances were unproven.
charge against the government lines, the Jacobites were The British government recalled forces from the war with
routed and driven from the eld. France in Flanders to deal with the rebellion.
Between 1,500 and 2,000 Jacobites were killed or After a lengthy wait, Charles persuaded his generals that
wounded in the brief battle. Government losses were English Jacobites would stage an uprising in support of
lighter with 50 dead and 259 wounded although recent his cause. He was convinced that France would launch an
geophysical studies on the government burial pit sug- invasion of England as well. His army of around 5,000
gest the gure for deaths to be nearer 300. The bat- invaded England on 8 November 1745. They advanced
tle and its aftermath continue to arouse strong feelings: through Carlisle and Manchester to Derby and a posi-
the University of Glasgow awarded Cumberland an hon- tion where they appeared to threaten London. It is of-
orary doctorate, but many modern commentators allege ten alleged that King George II made plans to decamp to
that the aftermath of the battle and subsequent crackdown Hanover, but there is no evidence for this and the king is
on Jacobitism were brutal, and earned Cumberland the on record as stating that he would lead the troops against
sobriquet Butcher. Eorts were subsequently taken to the rebels himself if they approached London. (George
1
2 2 OPPOSING FORCES
had experience at the head of an army: in 1743 he had led 2.1 Jacobite army
his soldiers to victory at the Battle of Dettingen, becom-
ing the last British monarch to lead troops into battle.[8] )
The Jacobites met only token resistance. There was, how-
ever, little support from English Jacobites, and the French
invasion eet was still being assembled. The armies of
Field Marshal George Wade and of William Augustus,
Duke of Cumberland, were approaching. In addition to
the militia, London was defended by nearly 6,000 in-
fantry, 700 horse and 33 artillery pieces and the Jaco-
bites received (ctitious) reports of a third army closing
on them. The Jacobite general, Lord George Murray,
and the Council of War insisted on returning to join their
growing force in Scotland. On 6 December 1745, they
withdrew, with Charles Edward Stuart leaving command
to Murray.
On the long march back to Scotland, the Highland Army
wore out its boots and demanded all the boots and shoes
of the townspeople of Dumfries as well as money and hos-
pitality. The Jacobites reached Glasgow on 25 Decem-
ber. There they reprovisioned, having threatened to sack
the city, and were joined by a few thousand additional
men. They then defeated the forces of General Henry
Hawley at the Battle of Falkirk Muir. The Duke of Cum-
berland arrived in Edinburgh on 30 January to take over
command of the government army from General Hawley.
He then marched north along the coast, with the army be-
ing supplied by sea. Six weeks were spent at Aberdeen
training.
The Kings forces continued to pressure Charles. He re- A private and corporal of a Highland regiment, circa 1744. The
tired north, losing men and failing to take Stirling Castle Highland units of the Jacobite army would have worn some-
thing very similar to the private illustrated, particularly the belted
or Fort William. But he invested Fort Augustus and Fort
plaid.[9]
George in Inverness-shire in early April. Charles then
took command again, and insisted on ghting a defensive The bulk of the Jacobite army was made up of High-
action. landers and most of its strength was volunteers. These
Hugh Rose of Kilravock entertained Charles Edward Stu- men made up the gentlemen (ocers), cavalry and Low-
art and the Duke of Cumberland respectively on 14 and land units, and as such did much of the ghting during the
15 April 1746, before the Battle of Culloden. Charles campaign. The clans which supported the Jacobite cause
manners and deportment were described by his host as tended to be Roman Catholic and Scottish Episcopalian,
most engaging. Having walked out with Mr. Rose, be- while clans which tended to be Presbyterian sided more
fore sitting down he watched trees being planted. He re- with the British government.[10] Nearly three-quarters of
marked, How happy, Sir, you must feel, to be thus peace- the Jacobite army was composed of Highland clansmen
ably employed in adorning your mansion, whilst all the who were either Roman Catholic or Episcopalian. The
country round is in such commotion. Kilravock was a Highlanders served in the clan regiments which were re-
rm supporter of the house of Hanover, but his adher- cruited largely from the Highlands of Scotland.[10]
ence was not solicited, nor were his preferences alluded One of the fundamental problems with the Jacobite army
to. The next day, the Duke of Cumberland called at the was the lack of trained ocers. The lack of professional-
castle gate, and when Kilravock went to receive him, he ism and training was readily apparent; even the colonels
bluy observed, So you had my cousin Charles here yes- of the Macdonald regiments of Clanranald and Keppoch
terday. Kilravock replied, What am I to do, I am Scots, considered their men to be uncontrollable.[11][note 1] A
to which Cumberland replied, You did perfectly right. typical clan regiment was made up of a small minor-
ity of gentlemen (tacksmen) who would bear the clan
name, and under them the common soldiers or clans-
men who bore a mixed bag of names.[13] The clan gen-
tlemen formed the front ranks of the unit and were more
2 Opposing forces heavily armed than their impoverished tenants who made
up the bulk of the regiment.[10] Because they served in the
2.2 Government Army 3
front ranks, the gentlemen suered higher proportional 2.2 Government Army
casualties than the common clansman. The gentlemen of
the Appin Regiment suered one quarter of those killed,
and one third of those wounded from their regiment.[13]
The Jacobites started the campaign poorly armed. At the
Battle of Prestonpans, some only had swords, Lochaber
axes, pitchforks and scythes. Although popular imagina-
tion pictures the common highlander as being equipped
with a broadsword, targe and pistol, it was only ocers
or gentlemen who were equipped in this way.[14] Further
illustrating this point, following the conclusion of the bat-
tle, Cumberland reported that there were 2,320 relocks
recovered from the battleeld, but only 190 broadswords.
From this, it can be determined that of the roughly 1,000
Jacobites killed at Culloden, no more than one fth car-
ried a sword.[15] As the campaign progressed, the Ja- Soldiers
cobites improved their equipment considerably. For in- of the 8th and 20th Regiments, circa 1742
stance, 1,5001,600 stack of arms were landed in Octo-
ber. In consequence, by the time of the Battle of Cullo-
den, the Jacobite army was equipped with 0.69 in (17.5 The Kingdom of Great Britain government army at the
mm) calibre French and Spanish relocks.[14] Battle of Culloden was made up of infantry, cavalry, and
artillery. Of the armys 16 infantry battalions present,
During the latter stage of the campaign, the Jacobites four were Scottish units and one was Irish.[18] The ocers
were reinforced with units of French regulars. These of the infantry were from the upper classes and aristoc-
units, like Fitzjames Horse, and the Irish Picquets, were racy, while the rank and le were made up of poor agri-
drawn from the Irish Brigade (Irish units in French ser- cultural workers. On the outbreak of the Jacobite rising,
vice). Another unit was the Royal cossais (Royal extra incentives were given to lure recruits to ll the ranks
Scots), which was a Scottish unit in French service.[16] of depleted units. For instance, on 6 September 1745, ev-
The majority of these troops were Irish born. Lists of ery recruit who joined the Guards before 24 September
prisoners at Marshalsea, Berwick and prison interviews was given 6, and those who joined in the last days of the
conducted by Captain Eyre show some of these men to month were given 4. Regiments were named after their
be English born, claiming to have been press-ganged or Colonel. In theory, an infantry regiment would comprise
seized as prisoners on British ships. Fitzjames Horse was up to ten companies of up to 70 men. They would then be
the only Jacobite cavalry unit to ght the whole battle on 815 strong, including ocers. However, regiments were
horseback.[16] Around 500 Irish Picquets in the French rarely anywhere near this large, and at the Battle of Cul-
army fought in the battle, some of whom were thought to loden, the regiments were not much larger than about 400
have been press-ganged from 6th (Guises) Foot taken at men.[19]
Fort Augustus. The Royal cossais also contained desert-
ers, and the commander, Drummond, attempted to raise a The government cavalry arrived in Scotland in January
second battalion after the unit had arrived in Scotland.[17] 1746. They were not combat experienced, having spent
The Jacobite artillery has been generally regarded as be- the preceding years on anti-smuggling duties. A stan-
ing ineective in the battle. Some modern accounts claim dard cavalryman had a Land Service pistol and a carbine.
that the Jacobite artillery suered from having cannon However, the main weapon used by the British cavalry
with dierent calibres of shot. In fact, all but one of the was a sword with a 35-inch blade.[20]
Jacobite cannon were 3-pounders.[17] The Royal Artillery vastly out-performed their Jacobite
counterparts during the Battle of Culloden. However,
up until this point in the campaign, the government ar-
tillery had performed dismally. The main weapon of the
artillery was the 3-pounder. This weapon had a range of
500 yards (460 m) and red two kinds of shot: round iron
and canister. The other weapon used was the Coehorn
mortar. These had a calibre of 4 2 5 inches (11 cm).[21]
3 Lead up to battle
On 30 January, the Duke of Cumberland arrived in Scot-
land to take command of the government forces after the
4 4 BATTLE ON CULLODEN MOOR
On 15 April, the government army celebrated Cum- Early on a rainy 16 April, the well rested Government
berlands twenty-fth birthday by issuing two gallons of army struck camp and at about 05:00 set o towards
brandy to each regiment.[22] At Murrays suggestion, the the moorland around Culloden and Drummossie. Jaco-
Jacobites tried that evening to repeat the success of Pre- bite pickets rst sighted the Government advance guard
stonpans by carrying out a night attack on the govern- at about 08:00, when the advancing army came within 4
ment encampment. Murray proposed that they set o at miles (6.4 km) of Drummossie. Cumberlands informers
4.2 Highland charge 5
alerted him that the Jacobite army was forming up about of Lord Ogilvys Regiment; the Royal cossais; two bat-
1 mile (1.6 km) from Culloden Houseupon Culloden talions of Lord Lewis Gordon's Regiment. Farther back
Moor.[31][32] At about 11:00 the two armies were within were cavalry units. On the left were: Lord Strathallans
sight of one another with about 2 miles (3.2 km) of open Horse Bagots Hussars and possibly Balmerinos Life-
moorland between them.[31] As the Government forces guards. On the right were Lord Elchos Lifeguards and
steadily advanced across the moor, the driving rain and Fitzjamess Horse. And in the centre was Charles Ed-
sleet blew from the north-east into the faces of the ex- ward Stuarts tiny escort made up of Fitzjamess Horse
hausted Jacobite army. and Lifeguards. When Sullivans redeployment was com-
pleted Perths and Glenbuchats regiments were standing
on the extreme left wing and John Roy Stuart's was stand-
4.1 Opening moves ing beside Ardsheals.[33]
Cumberland brought forward the 13th and 62nd to ex-
The Jacobite army was originally arrayed between the tend his rst and second lines. At the same time, two
corners of Culloden and Culwhiniac parks (from left squadrons of Kingstons Horse were brought forward to
to right): the three Macdonald battalions; a small cover the right ank. These were then joined by two
one of Chisholms; another small one of Macleans and troops of Cobhams 10th Dragoons. While this was tak-
Maclachlans; Lady Mackintosh and Monaltries regi- ing place, Hawley began making his way through the Cul-
ments; Lord Lovats Regiment; Ardsheals Appin Stew- whiniac Parks intending to outank the Jacobite right
arts; Lochiels Regiment; and three battalions of the wing. Anticipating this, the two battalions of Lord Lewis
Atholl Brigade. Murray who commanded the right wing, Gordons regiment had lined the wall. However, since the
however became aware of the Leanach enclosure that lay Government dragoons stayed out of range, and the Jaco-
ahead of him, a wall that would become an obstacle in the bites were partly in dead ground they moved back and
event of a Jacobite advance. Without any consultation he formed up on a re-entrant at Culchunaig, facing south and
then moved the brigade down the moor and formed into covering the armys rear. Once Hawley had led the dra-
three columns. It seems probable that Murray intended to goons through the Parks he deployed them in two lines be-
shift the axis of the Jacobite advance to a more northerly neath the Jacobite guarded re-entrant. By this time the Ja-
direction, thus having the right wing clear the Leanach cobites were guarding the re-entrant from above with four
enclosure and possibly taking advantage of the downward battalions of Lord Lewis Gordons and Lord Ogilvys reg-
slope of the moor to the north.[33] iments, and the combined squadron of Fitzjamess Horse
and Elchos Lifeguards. Unable to see behind the Jaco-
bites above him, Hawley had his men stand and face the
enemy.[33]
Over the next twenty minutes, Cumberlands superior ar-
tillery battered the Jacobite lines, while Charles, moved
for safety out of sight of his own forces, waited for the
Government forces to move. Inexplicably, he left his
forces arrayed under Government re for over half an
hour. Although the marshy terrain minimized casualties,
the morale of the Jacobites began to suer. Several clan
leaders, angry at the lack of action, pressured Charles to
issue the order to charge. The Clan Chattan was rst of
the Jacobite army to receive this order, but an area of
Jacobite front line skews and stretches, Government forces com- boggy ground in front of them forced them to veer right
pensate; others break into and through Culwhiniac enclosure.
so that they obstructed the following regiments and the
attack was pushed towards the wall. The Jacobites ad-
However, the Duke of Perth seems to have misinterpreted vanced on the left ank of the Government troops, but
Murrays actions as only a general advance, and the Mac- were subjected to volleys of musket re and the artillery
donalds on the far left simply ignored him. The result was which had switched from roundshot to grapeshot.
the skewing of the Jacobite front line, with the (left wing)
Macdonalds still rooted on the Culloden Parks wall and
the (right wing) Atholl Brigade halfway down the Cul- 4.2 Highland charge
whiniac Parks wall. In consequence, large gaps imme-
diately appeared in the severely over-stretched Jacobite Despite this many Jacobites reached the government lines
lines. A shocked Sullivan had no choice but to posi- and, for the rst time, a battle was decided by a direct
tion the meagre 'second line' to ll the gaps. This sec- clash between charging highlanders and formed redcoats
ond line was (left to right): the Irish Picquets; the Duke equipped with muskets and socket bayonets. The brunt
of Perths Regiment; Glenbuchats; Lord Kilmarnocks of the Jacobite impact was taken by just two government
Footguards; John Roy Stuart's Regiment; two battalions regimentsBarrells 4th Foot and Dejeans 37th Foot.
6 4 BATTLE ON CULLODEN MOOR
Forest
CUMBERLAND
Swamp
PRINCE
CHARLES
KI
n
air
Ri
ve
rN the targe of Highlanders.[36]
Culloden Park
Forest Forest
units of Chisholms and the combined unit of Macleans
and Maclachlans. Every ocer in the Chisholm unit was
Jacobite front line charges the Government lines. killed or wounded and Col. Lachlan Maclachlan, who
led the combined unit of Macleans and Maclachlans, was
Barrells regiment lost 17 and suered 108 wounded, out gruesomely killed by a cannon shot. As the Macdonalds
of a total of 373 ocers and men. Dejeans lost 14 and suered casualties they began to give way. Immediately
had 68 wounded, with this units left wing taking a dis- Cumberland then pressed the advantage, ordering two
proportionately higher number of casualties. Barrells troops of Cobhams 10th Dragoons to ride them down.
regiment temporarily lost one of its two colours.[note 2] The boggy ground however impeded the cavalry and they
Major-General Huske, who was in command of the gov- turned to engage the Irish Picquets whom Sullivan had
ernments second line, quickly organised the counter brought up in an attempt to stabilise the deteriorating Ja-
attack. Huske ordered forward all of Lord Sempills cobite left ank.[note 4][40]
Fourth Brigade which had a combined total of 1,078 men
(Sempills 25th Foot, Conways 59th Foot, and Wolfes
8th Foot). Also sent forward to plug the gap was Blighs 4.3 Jacobite collapse and rout
20th Foot, which took up position between Sempills 25th
and Dejeans 37th. Huskes counter formed a ve battal- With the collapse of the left wing, Murray brought up the
ion strong horseshoe-shaped formation which trapped the Royal cossais and Kilmarnocks Footguards who were
Jacobite right wing on three sides.[34] still at this time unengaged. However, by the time they
had been brought into position, the Jacobite army was
Poor Barrells regiment were sorely pressed in rout. The Royal cossais exchanged musket re with
by those desperadoes and outanked. One Campbells 21st and commenced an orderly retreat, mov-
stand of their colours was taken; Collonel ing along the Culwhiniac enclosure in order to shield
Riches hand cutt o in their defence ... We themselves from artillery re. Immediately the half bat-
marched up to the enemy, and our left, talion of Highland militia commanded by Captain Colin
outanking them, wheeled in upon them; the Campbell of Ballimore which had stood inside the en-
whole then gave them 5 or 6 res with vast closure ambushed the Royal cossais. Hawley had pre-
execution, while their front had nothing left to viously left this Highland unit behind the enclosure, with
oppose us, but their pistolls and broadswords; orders to avoid contact with the Jacobites, to limit any
and re from their center and rear, (as, by chance of a friendly re incident. In the encounter Camp-
this time, they were 20 or 30 deep) was vastly bell of Ballimore was killed along with ve of his men.
more fatal to themselves, than us. The result was that the Royal cossais and Kilmarnocks
Captain-Lieutenant James Ashe Lee of Footguards were forced out into the open moor and were
Wolfes 8th Foot.[35] rushed at by three squadrons of Kerrs 11th Dragoons.
The eeing Jacobites must have put up a ght for Kerrs
11th recorded at least 16 horses killed during the entirety
Located on the Jacobite extreme left wing were the Mac- of the battle. The Irish picquets bravely covered the High-
donald regiments. Popular legend has it that these reg- landers retreat from the battleeld and prevented a mas-
iments refused to charge when ordered to do so, due to sacre. This action cost half of the 100 casualties suered
the perceived insult of being placed on the left wing.[37] in the battle.[41] The Royal cossais appear to have re-
Even so, due to the skewing of the Jacobite front lines, tired from the eld in two wings. One part of the regi-
the left wing had a further 200 metres (660 ft) of much ment surrendered upon the eld after suering 50 killed
boggier ground to cover than the right.[note 3] When the or wounded, but their colours were not taken and a large
Macdonalds charged, their progress was much slower number retired from the eld with the Jacobite Lowland
than that of the rest of the Jacobite forces. Standing regiments.[42]
on the right of these regiments were the much smaller This stand by the Royal cossais may have given Charles
7
5 Aftermath
up, with men heading for home or attempting to escape 5.2 Repercussions and persecution
abroad.[45]
Some ranking Jacobites made their way to Loch nan
Uamh, where Charles Edward Stuart had rst landed at
the outset of the campaign in 1745. Here on 30 April
they were met by the two French frigatesthe Mars and
Bellone. Two days later the French warships were spot-
ted and attacked by the smaller Royal Navy sloopsthe
Greyhound, Baltimore, and Terror. The result was the
last real battle in the campaign. During the six hours
in which the ferocious sea-battle raged the Jacobites re-
covered cargo on the beach which had been landed by
the French ships. In all 35,000 of gold was recovered
along with supplies.[45] Invigorated by the vast amounts
of loot and visible proof that the French had not deserted
them, the group of Highland chiefs decided to prolong After Culloden: Rebel Hunting by John Seymour Lucas depicts
the campaign. On 8 May, nearby at Murlaggan, Lochiel, the rigorous search for Jacobites in the days that followed Cullo-
Lochgarry, Clanranald and Barisdale all agreed to ren- den.
dezvous at Invermallie on 18 May. The plan was that
there they would be joined by what remained of Kep- The morning following the Battle of Culloden, Cumber-
pochs men and Cluny Macphersons regiment (which land issued a written order reminding his men that the
did not take part in the battle at Culloden). However, public orders of the rebels yesterday was to give us no
things did not go as planned. After about a month of quarter.[note 5] Cumberland alluded to the belief that such
relative inactivity, Cumberland moved his regulars into orders had been found upon the bodies of fallen Jacobites.
the Highlands. On 17 May three battalions of regulars In the days and weeks that followed, versions of the al-
and eight Highland companies reoccupied Fort Augus- leged orders were published in the Newcastle Journal and
tus. The same day the Macphersons surrendered. On the Gentlemans Journal. Today only one copy of the al-
the day of the planned rendezvous, Clanranald never ap- leged order to give no quarter exists.[50] It is however
peared and Lochgarry and Barisdale only showed up with considered to be nothing but a poor attempt at forgery, for
about 300 combined (most of whom immediately dis- it is neither written nor signed by Murray, and it appears
persed in search of food). Lochiel, who commanded on the bottom half of a copy of a declaration published in
possibly the strongest Jacobite unit at Culloden, was only 1745. In any event, Cumberlands order was not carried
able to muster about 300. The following morning Lochiel out for two days, after which contemporary accounts re-
was alerted that a body of Highlanders was approaching. port then that for the next two days the moor was searched
Assuming they were Barisdales Macdonalds, Locheil and all those wounded were put to death. On the other
waited until they were identied as Loudouns by the hand, the orders issued by Lord George Murray for the
red crosses in their bonnets. Locheils men dispersed conduct of the aborted night attack in the early hours of
without ghting. The following week the Government 16 April suggest that it would have been every bit as mer-
launched punitive expeditions into the Highlands which ciless. The instructions were to use only swords, dirks
continued throughout the summer.[45][46] and bayonets, to overturn tents, and subsequently to lo-
cate a swelling or bulge in the fallen tent, there to strike
Following his ight from the battle, Charles Edward Stu- and push vigorously.[50] [note 6] In total, over 20,000 head
art made his way towards the Hebrides with some sup- of livestock, sheep, and goats were driven o and sold at
porters. By 20 April, Stuart had reached Arisaig on Fort Augustus, where the soldiers split the prots.[52]
the west coast of Scotland. After spending a few days
with his close associates, Stuart sailed for the island of While in Inverness, Cumberland emptied the gaols that
Benbecula in the Outer Hebrides. From there he trav- were full of people imprisoned by Jacobite supporters,
[45]
elled to Scalpay, o the east coast of Harris, and from replacing them with Jacobites themselves. Prisoners
there made his way to Stornoway. [47]
For ve months were taken south to England to stand trial for high trea-
Stuart criss-crossed the Hebrides, constantly pursued by son. Many were held on hulks on the Thames or in
Government supporters and under threat from local lairds Tilbury Fort, and executions took place in Carlisle, York
[48]
who were tempted to betray him for the 30,000 upon and Kennington Common. The common Jacobite sup-
his head.[48] During this time he met Flora Macdonald, porters fared better than the ranking individuals. In total,
who famously aided him in a narrow escape to Skye. 120 common men were executed,[48] one third of them being
[note 7]
Finally, on 19 September, Stuart reached Borrodale on deserters from the British Army. The common
Loch nan Uamh in Arisaig, where his party boarded two prisoners drew lots amongst themselves and only one out
small French ships, which ferried them to France. He[47] of twenty actually came to trial. Although most of those
never returned to Scotland. who did stand trial were sentenced to death, almost all
of these had their sentences commuted to penal trans-
9
inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the 7 Order of battle: Culloden, 16
Historic Environment (Amendment) Act 2011.[69]
April 1746
[9] This party of MacGregors were attached to Farquhar- [3] Harrington (1991), p. 83.
son of Monaltries battalion of Lord Lewis Gordons
Regiment. They were commanded by MacGregor of [4] The Making of the Union. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
Inverenzie.[77]
[5] McGarry,Stephen, Irish Brigades Abroad Dublin 2013.
[10] Attached to the MacDonald of Keppochs Regiment was [6] Anderson, Peter (1920). Culloden Moor and story of the
MacDonald of Glencoes Regiment. It joined the Jacobite battle. Oxford: E. Mackay. p. 16.
army on 27 August 1745 and served the rest of the cam-
paign attached to MacDonald of Keppochs Regiment. [7] Pollard, Tony. Culloden: The History and Archaeology
This was a very small unit, of no more than 120 men, and of the last Clan Battle. Published 2009. ISBN 1-84884-
was commanded by Alexander MacDonald of Glencoe. 020-9.
It surrendered to General Campbell on 12 May 1746 and
had suered 52 killed, 36 wounded. Instead of a regimen- [8] Thompson, p. 148; Trench, pp. 217223.
tal standard, the regiment is said to have marched behind
[9] Harrington (1991), p. 53.; also Reid (2997), p. 45.
a bunch of heather attached to a pike.[81]
[10] Barthorp (1982), p. 1718.
[11] MacGregors serving in MacDonald of Keppochs
Regiment were commanded by John MacGregor of [11] Harrington (1991), pp. 3540.
Glengyle.[77]
[12] Reid (2006), pp. 2021.
[12] Grant of Glenmoristons Battalion was a very small unit of
abt 80100 men, from Glenmoriston and Glen Urquhart. [13] Reid (1997), p. 58.
The unit was commanded by Maj Patrick Grant of Glen-
[14] Reid (2006), pp. 2022.
moriston and Alexander Grant, younger of Shewglie.
About 30 men from this unit were killed at Culloden, [15] Reid (1997), p. 50.
though both Glenmoriston and Shewglie, younger es-
caped. Almost all of the 87 of the men from this unit [16] Harrington (1991), pp. 4043.
who surrendered on 4 May were transported.[82]
[17] Reid (2006), pp. 2223.
[13] Sometimes referred to as the Strathbogie Battalion of
Lord Lewis Gordons Regiment. Many of the 300 men [18] Reid (2002), p. authors note.
were highlanders, though most feudal levies and merce- [19] Harrington (1991), pp. 2529.
naries not clansmen. An intelligence report of 11 De-
cember 1745 stated that of the 300 men, only 100 have [20] Harrington (1991), pp. 2933.
joined; mostly herds and hiremen from about Strathbogie
and unaquainted with the use of arms; many are pressed [21] Harrington (1991), p. 33.
and intend to desert ....[82]
[22] Harrington (1991), p. 44.
[14] The unit was recruited in Edinburgh, by Stuart who was a
[23] Reid (2002), p. 5156.
captain in the Royal cossais at the time. For a time the
unit included some former members of the British Army. [24] Map of Drummossie. MultiMap.
At the battle it eventually stood in the front, next to the
Stewarts of Appin.[83] [25] Map of Drummossie Moor. MultiMap.
[15] A composite regiment formed in March 1746 by com- [26] Map of Culloden. MultiMap.
bining the dismounted Lord Kilmarnock's Horse, Lord
[27] Get map, UK: Ordnance Survey.
Pisligo's Horse, and James Crichton of Auchingouls
Regiment, as well as forced recruits from Aberdeen- [28] Reid (2002), pp. 5658.
shire courtesy of Lady Erroll (mother-in-law to Lord
Kilmarnock).[84] [29] Britain as a military power 16881815 (1999) Page 32
[16] At least two companies of MacGregors, commanded by [30] Black,Jeremy, Culloden and the '45(1990)
James Mor Drummond, served in the Duke of Perths
Regiment.[77] [31] Harrington (1991), p. 47.
[1] Site Record for Culloden Moor, Battleeld; Culloden Muir; [35] Reid (2002), p. 72.
Culloden Battleeld; Battle Of Culloden. Royal Commis- [36] Reid (1996) British Redcoat 17401793, pp. 9, 5658.
sion on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scot-
land. [37] Roberts (2002), p. 173.
[39] Roberts (2002), p. 173.; also Reid (2002), p. 77. [67] "'The Well of the Dead', Culloden Battleeld. www.
ambaile.org.uk (ambaile.org.uk). Retrieved 9 November
[40] Reid (2002), pp. 7280. 2008.
[41] McGarry, Irish Brigades Abroad p. 122 [68] Cumberland stone. Culloden Battleeld Memorial
[42] Reid (2002), pp.8085. Project. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Re-
trieved 9 November 2008.
[43] Reid (2006), p. 16.
[69] Inventory battleelds. Historic Scotland. Retrieved 12
[44] Reid (2002), p. 93. April 2012.
[45] Reid (2002), pp. 8890. [70] Point of Contact: Archaeology at Culloden. University
of Glasgow Centre for Battleeld Archaeology. Retrieved
[46] Roberts (2002), p. 182183.
6 March 2009.
[47] Harrington (1991), p. 8586.
[71] Reid gives 650 in Reid (2002), p. 26.; however he gives
[48] Prebble (1973), p. 301. about 700 in Reid (2006), p. 16.
[49] Roberts (2002), p. 178. [72] Reid gives 150 in Reid (2002), p. 26.; however he states
The unit was just 250 strong at Culloden in Reid (2006),
[50] Roberts (2002), pp. 17780. p. 25.
[51] Lockhart (1817), p. 508. [73] Reid gives 500 in Reid (2002), p. 26.; he states that
[52] Magnusson (2003), p. 623. Inverallochies battalion that took part in the battle num-
bered about 300.
[53] Harrington (1996), p. 88.
[74] Reid (2006), p. 20.
[54] Monod (1993), p. 340.
[75] Reid gives 500'" in Reid (2002), p. 26.; however gives
[55] An act to prevent the return of such rebels and traitors Some 300 strong at Falkirk, and about 350 strong at Cul-
concerned in the late rebellion, as have been, or shall be loden in Reid (2006), p. 22.
pardoned on condition of transportation; and also to hin-
der their going into the enemies country. [76] Reid (2006), p. 18.
[57] Britain from 1742 to 1754. Encyclopdia Britannica. [78] Reid gives 182 in Reid (2002), p. 26; however states the
Archived from the original on 20 March 2009. Retrieved unit was apparently with a strength of some 200 men in
4 March 2009. Reid (2006), p. 22.
[91] Cairns, Craig (2012). Devine, T M; Wormald, Jenny, eds. Prebble, John (1962). Culloden. Atheneum.
The Literary Tradition. The Oxford handbook of modern
Scottish history. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Prebble, John (1973). The Lion in the North. Pen-
Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-956369-2. guin Books. ISBN 0-14-003652-0.
[92] Colquhoun, Ian (2008). Drummossie Moor Jack Reid, Stuart (1996). British Redcoat 17401793.
Cameron, The Irish Brigade and the Battle of Culloden. Warrior series. 19. London: Osprey Publishing.
Swirl. ISBN 1-84549-281-1. ISBN 1-85532-554-3.
Reid, Stuart (1996). 1745, A Military History of the
11.3 Bibliography Last Jacobite Rising. Sarpedon. ISBN 1-885119-
28-3.
McGarry, Stephen (2013). Irish Brigades Abroad.
The History Press. ISBN 978-1-84588-799-5. Reid, Stuart (1997). Highland Clansman 1689
1746. Warrior series. 21. Osprey Publishing. ISBN
Barthorp, Michael (1982). The Jacobite Rebellions 1-85532-660-4.
16891745. Men-at-arms series. 118. Osprey Pub-
lishing. ISBN 0-85045-432-8. Reid, Stuart (2002). Culloden Moor 1746: The
Death of the Jacobite Cause. Campaign series. 106.
Brown, Stewart J. (1997). William Robertson and Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-412-4.
the Expansion of Empire. Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 0-521-57083-2. Reid, Stuart (2006). The Scottish Jacobite Army
174546. Elite series. 149. Osprey Publishing.
Patterson, Raymond Campbell (1998). A Land Af- ISBN 1-84603-073-0.
icted: Scotland & the Covenanter Wars, 163890.
Roberts, John Leonard (2002). The Jacobite Wars:
Cowan, Ian (1976). The Scottish Covenanters, Scotland and the Military Campaigns of 1715 and
16601688. London. 1745. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
ISBN 1-902930-29-0.
Duy, Christopher (2003). The '45: Bonnie Prince
Charlie and the Untold Story of the Jacobite Rising. Sadler, John (2006). Culloden: The Last Charge of
Cassel. ISBN 0-304-35525-9. the Highland Clans. NPI Media Group. ISBN 0-
7524-3955-3.
Harrington, Peter (1991). Chandler, David G., ed.
Culloden 1746, The Highland Clans Last Charge. Smith, Hannah (2006). Georgian Monarchy: Poli-
Campaign series. 12. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1- tics and Culture. Cambridge University Press.
85532-158-0.
Smurthwaite, David (1984). Ordnance Survey Com-
Gibson, John G. (2002). Old and New World High- plete Guide to the Battleelds of Britain. Webb &
land Bagpiping. McGill-Queens University Press. Bower.
ISBN 0-7735-2291-3.
Thompson, Andrew C. (2011) George II: King and
Harris, Tim (2005). Restoration: Charles II and his Elector. New Haven and London: Yale University
Kingdoms, 16601685. London. Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11892-6
Harris, Tim (2006). Revolution: The Great Crisis of Trench, Charles Chevenix (1975) George II. Lon-
the British Monarchy, 16851720. London. don: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-0481-X
Lockhart, George (1817). The Lockhart papers:
Film and documentaries
containing memoirs and commentaries upon the af-
fairs of Scotland from 1702 to 1715. 2. London.
Watkins, Peter (director/writer) (15 December
Maclean, Fitzroy (1991). Scotland, A Concise His- 1964). Culloden. BBC.
tory. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27706-0.
Culloden: The Jacobites Last Stand. Battleeld
Magnusson, Magnus (2003). Scotland: The Story of Britain. 2004. BBC.
a Nation. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3932-9.
Monod, Paul Kleber (1993). Jacobitism and the 11.4 Further reading
English People, 16881788. Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 0-521-44793-3. Black, Jeremy (April 2002). Culloden and the '45.
Pickering, W. (ed.) (1881). An Old Story Re-told Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5636-2.
From The Newcastle Courant. The Rebellion of The Battle of Culloden (TV Movie, BBC, 1964), http://
1745. www.imdb.com/title/tt0057982/
15
12 External links
Culloden Battleeld Memorial Project
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