oe ADA FERRER Insurgent Cuba Race, Nation, and Revolution, 1868-1898 a92.9105 eae “The University of North Carolina res Chapel Hl & London ot ayfoo = Se Pere eo pone under be dep fal Caso fry Ys 99 2S te ndeptence movement pina and elo rede See ed the anneal and atc naa fete eae pd cxaried the ievetion fhe Usted Si By SELLEEN hereto ot repre be aie ade Seca pate heated ye teen of Tete suc in pe andy th caer of rect an indietAetnn eet towed ha alah gl betwee 8h an 58 wes reese toh fut mont fhe pai Aneren Wen npr sa ea ther eraanay scan tbeane on handed es caer om the facilisi 8 te rete) ee poses Natt soups were th cea OnE ae eral connsys dental othe ew Sieg trl a iT eT Ree and cates tobe te dy ca cond te aaa eet nk ewes inte ete an he teenth sa obec plial edt eon tak bout eee fy bout elton goes and pea rn ak is fips to advance pl poston rhe ret ence te psy ne consoed ais the len he pai cl as ed ea of gees pts re se oe or die Sit tur the chance sad complet of ntonaltreoton. The cee etry movement peel he evleney Ewa See eta tana i net aged prota of ee stars snd doy ian li ath sin imperil historiography (despite thir acl diferent plo ntations). Thirty years of conspiracies organised and betzayed, of lances Inade and broke, of eouresaered and modified, became simply an ab- Sract—though admitedly rousing of a People’s struggle fora Nation “Thus the obscuriysround anticalonal insurgency, imposed inially by the contempt and arrogance of empire remainsin many way unchallenged bythe romance and eology of paonalis narratives "fo repeat and reinterpret Cabs ninetenth century revoltion, then, equies anasto both imperial slences and nationalist pretensions. This bookchallengs theater not by qvesioningthelinks baween pli move- mena hundred yeas aparbut by quesioning she very nature ofthe original revoton to which moder revolutionaries lav aid dai. Rather than ¢ hose debunking of national mythology this study hat places the compl- cated nationalist trajectories te constant pl betwee acm and antiracsm, nd the movement defining inconsistencies an contradictions at enter sage ofthe evolutions unfolding and undoing Here, then, the aleratv pole als that appeared within the natonalst movement (uch as annexation to {he United States or home rule under Spain) ae not treated a aberations in the story ofthe quest for nationhood, Eizodes of reonal, das, and acl Avision, likewise, are aot seen deviations along an otherwise stig path but ar consittve of the nationalist project ial fo it was con, not consent, hat defined Cub ninetenth-eatury revolution * Race and Recelessness Of the tensions end contradictions that defined and shaped Coban ns: tional, none seemed as pressing and complied ax thoe that centered sound re. The itonaist movement gave rie to one of he mos power ideas in Cabanhitory-the conception (dominant wo this day) of races tonality In rebel camps and batts well asin newspapers, memoirs, ‘say and speeches, patriot itera (white and nonwhite) made the bold tla tat he struggle gains Spain had produced a new kind of individ tnd a ne kind of colecivity. They argued thatthe experience of war had forever united bac and white and they imagined 2 new kind of mation in vehich equality wasso ingrained that thee existed no need to ientiyor pea of races—a mation in which (to borrow the phrase ofthe muato general ‘Antonio Maceo) there were “no whites nor blacks, bt only Cubaas"® Thus ‘herehel republic defined to record ail eategois ofidentiation on army roses and great many cizensepetely asserted (and today continue to ter) the nonexistence of discrimination and the ilevance of race. This study of antiolnialrevoltion, then, is loa tory ofthe emergence of 2ec ae Ramana aaa patel powerfal cil ieolog. Its the tory ofthe tension and trans atime tat pode that ideology and ofthosethat iin saen,prodaced- re the ideclogy of racks national emerged it dashed with logsand ing stn argmens about the impossibly of Can nationhood ine Hee he eighteenth century, advocates of colonial rein Cubs bed ‘goed that the preponderance of peopl olor andthe soil nnd econo irvine ofslery meant ht Cb cul ot be aman Confonted by mea to ple order they Loved images of race wre ad fre va the ational? desired republic as Hal's sccesor. Such arguments veatbed wel in the Age of Resokton, when Cuban elites died to forge idopendence snd to maintain a prosper bikgly on the fred abo of artes saan These arguments continued to work, node form, een ae af anicoloial insurgency in 1868, when nationalist Ides of ‘he st celion (he Ten Yar? Wa) began to callenge traditional formu casa the imposbity of Oban nationhood. They established reel ‘Susan placed fe poole of oor in pbc oie at the laa er hey roiled enslaved workers and dedared (Catering and ambivalent) the (Gradual sod indemnified) end of saver. Spanish authors andthe ali seers to the clengss by deploying ftir arguments abou the cae angts of ebelion- As cial the references to Hai became ubia ara Bee hey were almost always ref and nbulous—as if merely to spel Trae ncsficed weal wp conte images ofblack supremacy: black en vrneraped white women and Kile their bands end fathers of poli wenharty cred by alfanonted Black emperors of wth and property nila of God and ciation spurned "The movement’ detactoruizd these ages and arguments 37 to ana bene elec during the econd Separatist uprising known # the ak ar" ok pp 80. Colonia offical, however, did more than merely uta ine independence movement back. Tey alo concious aod silly resale fares ofthe rebelion mk here nore corey correspond eats merpetaton, They tampered wih ists featured inuegets omit Soothe ares of white sebels hey made srendring wt surges > ee delrtons repidnting th egy rac pss of ck co-leader aa acter enol fficals made the ebelion sppea the more whit sane srendetes andthe blac thereto became, ano 0 Rac aaa mniguaon by colonial suborts arethereor abo cntzal to aan rcing the its of mula insurgency in te it bal of the atonal pei. roe Madependence cvs prepared to lachlan they boped, succeed ebellon aguas Spin, they faced not only the cheng of wing api e | | | ee siege one or een oeeenes eee eae Cee ee ee a, ea eat ene eee or nanenon rene ae Ce meant neon crue cra emg release eee a Sree ea aeeeenen aera teeter mitceretnateeanrsea cn Secs eee Searels ghee arene ene Se oitoeenarnetep teh faeces ee See ee eee Soe reer renee ore ets i ie rend ea iho Se Coucetacnsctonae oro aoe a Se ea sae noe ccana pense ce atcertin cena Sareneemeeieereer tantra eee epee a ee ioe eae ram Sao eee Ty nd sf fern ay ak ios ed ce ie ace ase Se eosaccess nationality, 4 lnguige of hzmony and integration, became also @ em cand nrc spl ck peal bb wet et epon profane bt te douse and seein Tie maon ead ened aus flr oe nonlin iy ate ao celine snap eo a ni the rng bee ny poet ey ae beer fr nce by seca Ha sin ait dens among res a fe fs of sa cpt acy poe sone wes Sa cee ode ete wan te ie eed with pastor de Bakar oven ogee procter pron ths al he on eo compomatesoc font fi en er Sher tment oft ene ee ron nd commer beech a nin ase a nent rein nd a nr oh tory Oy Paige sos cost aa a cans movenen tte et four aisnton nthe spends (is) wren et a aint oe and (an) BED 2 a an temas deeds rsd aa ea that el Cat te oa dt nl vain re othe ned Ss [Final Note on Language and Race honing guage o ast of ters with which write aout race and alee always df And this book, Hk so many oes writen sain ten or fcen yar, mustncesarily weave bac and forth betwee secing the contact character of what we call ae and then speaking soho did that The tensions Shout lack people who did shisand white people who doen ind of projec ieconclable: forte fc that race not biological wager doen mean tht histori potagoit pak thought nd ected carp coat The conviction that races itricaly and soialy contingent sr ewever ma imperative for historians o vol projecting nto thet other pace. ‘jects categories derived rom oter ies and othe a neve clution of relying on categorie derived fom the peiod der eudy_poses however, additional dfcles when obe fs sal eaepories aeoss national border, and especially when E gl 4 oneiswtingabout ace in Latin America and the Carbean for audiences the United States. Thanscrbing (and ranlating) categories diet rom dae ‘mens tans ung rill ael that havea disonant and ocasonlype- joratv sing inthe Unite States. Mult comes to mind right away—a word ‘wth tl powerfl negative connotations in the United States but that in Cuba as long had ring amos of elebration. Some scholars, faced with sch _qundares, pt to Amercanive their ange sing tem that sound more falar to North American cae: Afo-Caban, Af Braisn ands on This Tanguge, hough smoother in English dhan many ofthe alteratis, crests ther problems Inthe case of Ca, thet "A-Caan” which sounds so ‘extra and natural in American English has its own oc hisry. And within ‘that history he term hastradionly invoked eoticied and racist repeesen- ‘aon of Afcan culture th ent and mid-twensethcenary. the phrase ceses problem within Coben contests, it reites equally dzcouragng ones {in Ameccan contexts, for the label “Afro-Cuban” (like its equivalents Ao Beartian or Afo-Venerclan) erases differences that appear to have been observed by historia protagonist To tranate the terms mato (or prd) snd nay (or morn) simply a8 Afo-Cuban st Bue disinsons elely Arawnat the time the words were wet, spoken, ot heard The tery in eee ‘words creates the mistaken impression tat Latin Amevcan racial deaties ‘Gabe contained thin curren North American rca categories.” For thes reasons, Tha red ke oer recent historians of rac, use catepores and descriptors used by the actors in the story itl. Sometimes these ae self ascribed labels more often (of necessity) they are esteprit twerbed to individuals and groups by others aroma then: colacal buees ts, enemy soldi, judicial interrogators, poll als, or commanding ‘fice, That Ihave wed the bes tha ppear in surviving docament does not make the categories use mor ea than oes, but it does mean that they re categvis that emerge fom within ninetenth- century Cuba. Through ‘out have wed “lack” when the record use neg or moreno, and “mulatto” ‘when the record say mato oF pando have alo sed the sometimes ak: ‘ward phrase “feoloc” to refer to those people enti as eter Hack or st The tem ws used in the sos and 50 by black and mulation ‘ctv who thought that balding Dlack-multo unity would sid polly inthe struggle for cv rights nd national independence. wae used a well by proponents of eoonial ale who fequenty sought to dscredi thee pital ‘sams labeling them all“peope ofcolor” Using aia categories as they appeared in historical docaments does more, however, than observe alisnce sn identifications made more hana centory sp It ak, I hope, monks deer the impo of relying on «single andNE | form stem of aia denssnaton, fori he sources ws oe chris | aa edly high degree of inconsistency in the ways people a= aan ia lel Sometimes people and instons de dsinton be cae acs end mates (sin pod aad moreno) and sometimes they id rare de r-The poiat here not whether obs ke the United tat rane or line (benren black and white) or two (one betwen lack and vas “apaer between mulatto aad white, fr even in casein which Tutt ns existed they were not ava observed. Sometimes Reon) “Er pags drew supe ines, smetines ome end smeimes (mors Sap thay drew none. By eng etegores fom both bral and wii ver fecal exertion 1d nt nove the famias quero host Fae Dero Latin American coo nes tat not my purpore.» But | do peta sng langage for oth nay and trary ail esters sis woes ofthe abate somewbat—Gom structural questions about aes “reser prt questions about the way rt, racial boundari, end ide- fogs of ace are made and remade onthe ground And the acl bls cea Mates strange, it my hope that this strangeness rather than “rein sender wil anton to remind thes, Gt of the nonsaers aoe on hercan understandings and secon, ofthe unnatural cha cero al thes categories. b f |1 Slaves, Insurgents, and Citizens "The Barly Ten Years’ War, 1868-1870 (On October 0186 nthe eastern jurisdiction of Manzanillo, Carls Man ‘vd de sped and is followers staged what came tobe known a the Grito de Yara an seme cll forthe end of Spins rule in Cub. Cpe was 8 prominent sugar planter and savcholer He was alo 2 poct and layer, ‘ducted in Mads and Havana well traveled in rope,» veteran of Speish epublican conspiracies, and the founder and dietr of local pilharmonic sockets. One Spanish dtractor acute hrm hang the “aristocratic” pre: tensions ofa "“creoes nd mesins” cting eter Céspedeshad writen tan authority on noble lineages requesting the coatsofarms fr hls four surnames! ‘Cespedes (Osun), Lape dl Castillo (Canary ands), Luque (Cordoba), and ‘Ramirez de pla (Castile)! Whatever hse about the vites of noble nce, on that morning of October 0, Céspedesatered the elves on his sugar mil La Demsjags, nd granted them thei redom. "You areas fee” he to them, “as Tam.” Then addesing them s“tzns he invited ther to ‘np “conquer herty and independence” for Cuba. Thus bean the ist wae (er Cuba independence? “The Spanish pain general ofthe sland, apprised ofthe unrest astern (Ca, reisuted authors in Madi that he bad “more than enough forces 1 detroy [he rebelion] in 2 mater of days” But ten yeas and twehe general later, Spanish authorities sl found themselves unable to pacity the “san, Peace requied negotiation andthe fl of things open to negotiation tad eadicaly changed a reat of war Over the cours of tn ears of insur gency thousands of slaves accepted Céspede’ invitation to jon the struggle for Coban independence. They abandoned farms and easton insurgent {ores in support oftheir own fed from endaverment as well ¢ Cb’ ‘cedom rom clonal. Inthe, Spanish authorities confronted il ‘antand moblied slaves whom they could not easonaby expect o reealveyet who, if legally feed, would sta dangerous example for saves who bad ‘emuined lay Spin ‘Not ely had the soll and poll context of negotiation changed ver tea yar 30 too had the notin. A peace accord signed by mos ofthe ‘bel leadrahip st Zanjnin February sr acepted the continuation of both Spanish lean acl sve Spain in ear, agred to grant ome political ‘forms and legal feedom to thote slaves who had participated inthe re Talon, Though the Pact of Zann formally ended the wa, itn fact fled to ensue pcication, as a considerable group of rebels decided to eject the treaty and o continue the wr, Spanish fis thus sw themselves forced to bargin gun with he rebel, Only nw they could not bargain with Cspedes, ‘even wth any of his orginal t-conspirator. insted they negotiated with “Antonio Mace, a slf-dseribad man of color from a fal offre small Iolders who in the coure of en years of war had rien tothe rank of general inthe Gun Liberation Army Inst «white sugar planter feed hi wn Saves to help fight wa for ‘Cin independence In seen thousand slaves esved het el re ‘dom for having rebelled aginst Spin anda mult smallholder an peer repudiated the peace without abolition that ha been acepedby lite rebel [eadersat Zanjon The dramaticontast between the begining andthe end of the wat and between the principal peotagonss in exch episode, suggest the profound transformations under way inthe Caan nationals movement ‘Between hand 78. Pom lie society Formed bya fear flve and black ‘eben there emerged a movement that came to atack very andclonal- jam, to mile fee and essed back ad mulatto men, and to enable the riseof nonwhite leaders "Tht Cuban nationals wa transformed in tbe course this ten-year wa {sinlsptable? Bat proces i often as important as outcome, dyoamis 3s revealing as revs. The changes that occurced in the course of anion Ttsurgency-the freeing of saves andthe promotion of nonwhite offices, for cxumple~did not eve smoothly or conscasuall, Neither did they «emergeony or ven principally froma confrontation with Spanish author Sty. Rather these transforations emerged om sustained confit within the separatist moverent. Hete every prodamation, every mere and a prom ising feedom or alluding to equality seme to produce multiple and win tended consequences: outright resistance from some, too eager an embrace from others, and doubts and misgivings even from among the most com ‘ited of naonalists The wa gost the Spanish metopol, then, was only ‘one spec ofthe enioloniallsurgency and the independence movement that began in 868 Another central part of ha insurgeney was the internal ‘conflict and uncertainty over what he new Cabsn ation should be and over the roles dent scl groups woud playin hat nation, This was wana nse, over the boundaries of Coban national. Origins of the War ‘Though the war woud last ten years the rebellion began reluctant onl as ‘he option of politcal reform seemed to disappear, us ew years before the ‘outbreak of inrrecin, expectations of elonal reforms ran high among. (Coan erenes. Since the ate 850, Spanish authorities had pursed a general, ‘sometimes spor, policy of atescton inorder to ensure clonal lyse In, for example, they established the Junta deaformacn de Utama to ‘ouside the question of reform in ares such as labor, tae, and tes; and Tete them to rebellion wou be tried an, found gly, sentenced to death bythe rebel administration "These measures and rewmurances, howere, did not ently work Cé- odes decree did not prevent ll insurgents fom aking devs tothe insur- ‘etion against the wishes of Reto! slaveholders. Aloe the rar outskirts | | | cf Satng, owners who ted to maintain production on their coffee and fs firs sa their efforts thwarted by insurgents who burned their elds tn took thei slaves" In Et Cobre, prosperous rral dsr ast northwest ‘of Santiago andthe home of Cubs patron sin a Caridad del Cab ind- toners fared the actions of rebel forees. They pooled ther sours and hited a man named Jens Peo organize «group of volunteers to protet the estates and their aves fom insurgeat incursions. The andownet ef fonts however, were too aval for insurgents converted Pérez and his seventy raed men 1 thee cause. Pérez joined the rebel in invading are farms, where they tle food and animal and in many instances, confiscated aves {orth insurrection* Simlaractvtes ook place all over the region a5 insur~ pats tacked etatesand farms, and—with or withost he cllaborton ofthe sate overeers and with or without the consent of the saves themselves erste savers that they might in some manne aid he cause of isurec- tion In December 86, 2 group of insurgent stormed the cote farm San Fernando, oubide Guantinamo, and tok 30 able-bodied sas. In January He, insurgent invaded the sugar estate Santsima Trinidad de Gio near EL Cobre, se fe tothe cae Sls and took al 7 saves, Couns others were take athe same manne Ses, however, did nt necessarily require prodding inorder to abandon the frm of their mater they could on their wn rin smal groups, Nee thee farms and voter ther sevice to the rebellion. The slave Peo de a “Tore for esmple, presented himself at rel camp near Holga expresing “his dese wo susan the Holy Cause" Jost Manuel save onthe ctl (calf farm) Belo Desierto near H Care, wet farther, fesing of his own volition to join the insurrection and then sppearing on neighboring farms ‘wth copies of rebel handbils and proclamations of feedom in order “to secu” other aves” “The fore and voluntary induction of lage namber of slaves meant hat leaders could count ona larger poo of recrits ad reap the miitry ada tapes of growing ry. The new recruit, howeve, were ingly proble- ‘ie igures forte rba leadership Were they fee men and women wing © ‘hoote the pth of independence? Or were they ves who could be taken, 2 rable tok ater propery, nd forced to workin butts, a they had ‘tlie ben fred labor in cane and ofc fl? In the uncertainty F868. Sand beyond there was na simple answer to this question. But one et 208 ‘became lear: the growing vit of slave sapportrs began to make ceti ‘questions unswoiable—among them questions aout the balon of avery and about the nature of save? incorporation into the strug for soverigaty ‘and into th ation ise the growing presence of saes made these gues-tions mote and mote pressing, the leaders tennous ideologies alncing ct becume more and more agile And within months ofthe tar ofthe insu tency ice! nds reaiznd tha the rans from svery to freedom could ete postponed unt the end ofthe ebelion as they had fit planned "Thur jos ce months int the war, the leadership modified its origi tal postion on abolition, moving beyond the vague promise of indemnified “Cmuneipaiontogecu afer he victory of the independence struggle The fs onal stp un ae on Decrber 27168 when Céspedes cred that all ‘Snes belonging wo own enemies of hei cans would be considered fee and ‘obonnes aotsbjecto compensation, Saves resented torebel autores by consenting peo-Cuban owners would be dedared fee and thes owner deepened for thir nancial los, epsati saeholers also reserved the tower to lend” theirenlved workers tothe insurgent caus, ad ins ing ‘hey preserved ther ight of ownership ual the rebel epublie decreed fall, “bolton st some later and wnpecifed moment Finally the document stated that ranaway slaves presenting theme to, or captured by, rebel frees ‘would be returned to their owners, provided the owners were supporters of the Cuban ense> The dete thor presented avery limited emancipation tectbe onl oa faton of slaves and, in many cases valid nly with the “onset of tei masters. Ultimately, slavholdrs wh supported the Cuban ‘Ris reserved height to decide, ona cae by-case bass wheter or not they foul fe thc saves Though nvidalconspiators ay have undertaken {he dramatic act offing her oom slvesand addressing them as cizens the orsa poly ofthe revelation in December 1868 encouraged only manumis- ‘Son gua ature of slave society and ts by def, ondoned slavery. “The December 868 dere on ablton-cautious, ambiguous, alteing— tad, however, enormous power to attract enved men and women tothe tase of national independence Bea ths most hesitant of moves produced ong ive rience, who only month ear had had lise prospect of ffeedom, gem excitement ad "indevebube enthusiasm” Asaesa slaves Jouned the Cuban fore wrote Ospedes in anuary 86, bythe thowsnds ‘hey "marched in companies ing xs oflonglve Liberty snd long ive he tes of Cubs, who [only] yesterday had governed them withthe arses of The whip and who today tent thet as brothers and gant them he tle of fice ren” ad Cspedes been abet, he ght hve chosen to top time at hat very ‘momen, give petanent feo that instance of mutual sasfiction and nnn, Bat instead with evry week nd mont that pasted the elation hip beewoe lve and insurgents beeame more and more complex and the arrecions between atseery and antclonalim more and more Cavs Mano de Cspedes (mm ‘Cass Manel de Cspede, sein 3 ‘ey eed by Fernando Poriwoodo and Hotes Paar [Hata Eto Cnc Soles) ‘wine Mode promi frente endom dew neering umber ‘faves he oureson ti papain then puede fo do ‘nore but sbelton Butte the dered ames he erancation of {les the mores joined And the morse joie be move et ed cen they made the eof abolition. Te rel then. wat an anon inte and woo Ciclo sve and ina ints td sponses lengli an flys pester an more thorough anc Seon thnedereenvoned athe oot" nth continual ack nd forth betwen de md nsgetsand een ste nd ede pla concring lion a ted ec end fevremanedin place orlong The comers dere of ech trample wsspersede nonin ebel consttation ied n Satimar in Api 8, Ths conto ete, unequal hat all ints ofthe Repl ner] enti fe Ati 5 rhe seid Sct iti en left tion Army™ He, the, wa pl engin er he tanfrmation of aa ee Thepth ool emanpton nc erty wes howe down inde and jot press fale we col ste tral pro ‘robin, on old produce th oporte recon, ade ‘hic i plan fr «dul and St opervind sain ‘aed te acon and sre proving option of aera sin tes, heledonip cece, th oe feofhe consonant of fied approve thee month eee ile nnd ies Nom ten = ne itr ner he costo eel ht "al dens of te i ee crcesmcding te pn." No ger wal SF rly cqued wp Sve combats Dw thy el See eg nein fh tel epic regu hem wos a TIRES Sana svn te tt se mont ed ie SaaS hogan de Lvrog which rer ceased he em Seas des in he contin of Gaia, By compeling a Hon SRETL Sayin areca componton ie a ecole eur ht abandon he home af hi ore) ee wet ant ttt he een dnd he eee cfeuraetorprinsedl othe Ofer of bros oth seer be signed “ober mer?” whose dehy wee 1 ee ee eos rou outa teeta SER erp peed acest te ie bo and tis RET nant omen Pesca owner ei ese mate Se ac eg ose! br nd wih the ght “eps REF thn when nc longs they do "Eatery Hie el on BE rd ope moe fer ca their ‘SS age te sats niyo le In eect “ry ti eltos onthe random fs ped an Ch ay fo en Ciesla eel he cd bor ‘SFr png hth ty ad ec prepare fo ery in 8h, So tw he pouty our ihre bee tices CORSE ee ety eed no gan te cope inp Scr on ppc honors eon emerge a onda Cera ic et den cumstances wold ed aes alowed 0 See ie jean oven aie je ret co “Pl ine eiy linn ring lon an se pri one pest noes ley aoa eb poe. RAE Son homer ht cnn beunderood oly ring eee ow ety plc ponomconets sd dees fr be aes 2a tnd its he ee exenipreed not ely Fa eehigen ean pla cen They emerge wel 1 mac freed itt ad betwen comand 2 eet camp and bates hl etry. Ts intercon re eine and ll frst he to he mening of he SL SE yore sug by estab te quston ‘howd dione “ ‘Slaves and insurgents ‘When Cépede original defecred the abolition of save he confided in private that he bleed Cun saves were nt ye rained for fedom, The tr hemp, would ave to serve a a dssroom where newly feed saves twosld be "waned to understand the proper meaning af tre bere" Cis pedes choice of words should nt be suprising, for white emanclpators— ‘wheter British policymakers i Jamaica or northem solders inthe US. South—nenl always spoke ofthe transition ftom slavery to freedom with ‘maaphor of earning, hence the name "apprenticeship" to denote the ans- ‘ional period between slave and fe abr inthe British colonies, The eman- sipators tatlge focused customarily on teaching slaves o el he bor to others fora wage But in Cab, in the midst of armed rebellion for national ‘overt and surrounded everyehere by ther on dearations of reedoms ‘nd equity, national leades attempted o modify the eastomary sphere of that ealage They were not quite taining fee laborer, for dere were et rages tobe had in reba eritory and instead onl the satisfaction of having served he rebel cause Rather, lenders saw themselves a taining fe (andi dustrious) czens-In ther flor however, insurgent and republican lenders revealed th extent to which they sought to tings the redom of former sles from their own, They reveled ita we have en, in signing bea to mater, in esblhing ofr osupervie their movement and in wring Tas roan ther to work Thy eval it swell, ia tel dally contact th saeinsurgents Direc contact between saves and insurgents often began at the moment of recruitment ninductng slaves into the movernent, military lender reguty found themselves the poston ofexplining the objectives ofthe rebelion to the new recruits, For example, when insurgents entered ets to mobilize shves they often asembled the dave forces and pre speeches abot the mean ing ofthe insurrection andi relation tothe abolition of saver. Military leaders, initially anxious forthe support of landhldes,aterspted wo exert = ‘moderating ialuence daring these tals. Gen the opportunity, thes, ay represented the revolution and emancipation in ways that would appeal to sve esr for emancipation ye also temper the feedom they promised ‘Thus cul inthe rebelion, leaders Méximo Gémez and Donato Mirmel, in return for the cooperation of savholdrs, promise saves eventual eedom lt alo explained to them the “insirmountable problems tht sudden aol ‘on would cents for them andthe immense benefits hat would come with 2 uial, but prompt sboton—ansbaltion enabled by and ennobling of ‘wrk atgeity, and well-being la eer slaves wih his srt of pre- smb leaders sed slaves for patience in thi dese for fedom, They alsoprovided ohn paral dfiton eda: edo fom very $id notin the eon oot wor nog ld oun Gina wh inane one dav was wm watts heme pp ipo eeu “hnet wi inurpa tht he plored atractsome deve ‘ou Oc nk by omit tet hey [ook pe un Spanthey oul be rn ht rs tht egret hat MepeerRet hence Cac’ pen ade snae tracing ares by TMcsig «common enemy in Spin Moreton, howe he ln tdth ade ofportepng tee brent ibn weld Teil th cers and gant eo all the ses tpt ‘hem meres owed paitoe other. “hr mrecgy ide Gomer and Minos species more than ren etn ered, a wea means flag he ‘Cela anda pte ver ranging newt end les by na ‘Govan sbevnc cles an uc To eet SEES irr cd nouns the nddene and pec of {There sll wa o samp onl and mete he transtion em ery eon haut menage of rata, ran frien hows ee tea dnb te tn at of enunciation nd when ses er ‘sed ese ths By nur! ees, wht speed ips them Sonrwatst eel seta bts promi of freedom, Pubes se gun meh when hypo thats wer ing Trey ‘Siac dom et fms nt wh gue an ens bot wih ec end un" When Zustand former on caso sapere n Tr, salar cca er Seng. rue byte nih he ort hips rane xin head Sterno harm ben en by years ik ie ad many te pre sl, tht he fad mer Sb huge’ ocr as pomp a id eter obeyed iar rata nd wok es wt nen ings ins Alot Tova coh nd ed by pu tod fr perp in he ‘akon seme to rod pons yeaing hy wee en fu il ad under as of den by an af tse? he Seats pl provide tsineoptr both eemingyforbleecon Sronttel howe ta uch ore comple Proce wo fling ‘lca! or punch utes that he been Dnt Mal {ered nis far uber sou ft ofthe males sd mde em Siow toe Cd Care erp sat of Cb) prsamsly to show they andertod tht “ifthe insureson tramphed all theses vould be ie” Afer pledging their vow, “they all followed (he genera to ‘Ssbnila" where the insuigents had assembled about nie thousand people In giving his tsizony, Pil chose to say thatthe aves “went with rather ‘han “were taken by” the rebels and it was the rebel promise of freedom ‘hat precipitated their fight. Though Marmol specie to them tat freedom soul come only wit the triumphant end ofthe insurrection, thi coud be Tle consolation othe slaveholders whose aves had just become insrgents ‘Ths even Marmol one ofthe ofcers wha had promi to encourage for bearance among sae, ws inabl to mite theesenceof the rebel messge ‘hat aniolonil rebellion had suddenly made fedoen fom savey a pal able prospect. Mach the dismay of uncoverted owners other eller were signi any les discreet in how they represented imminent feedom to enaved workers. On the ingni San Le ner Santiago, a smal group of insurgents srrved and, wil the help of the mayoral (overscer), took some ofthe estates saves (neling women and children) tothe insurrection, One ofthese saves, Eduardo, was later caught with “weapons in his hands" Not suprisingly, he testfied-much a Zacaris Pol hadthat the nsargets ad ale hi nd the hes by fore The insurgents, be added, had forced them al to carry ‘weapons “We id no choice but ake them” heinsted explaining thatthe insurgents give each lve one machete, which they were "Wo sharpen every day, as much for working 2 fo ilig the patones” (Paton, Healy "big fet? wasa pejorative label wed by Cabans to describe Spaniards) Thisinser- tent lade defined sive from asthe obligition to lnbor but al a the privilege to make war. Eduardo testified as well hat the rebels od them to “lial the patonsin Cuba, so that [they would ll be fe and then [hey] ‘would no longer have ts i ame orm Ser [ny master or my lod." Rabe promise slaves their sedom and then produced examples ofits y- to-day exercise The slave who described this speech didnot dwell on any appeal for patience and moderation Rather his inepretation ofthe rebels publi statements ed him to believe that sections now, bth in bor and in comb, would produce new condtions—conditios under whic he would no langer have tobe subservient to those men who had fret ued over im. His eosin of the rebel sermon capure perfec the mull nd often contradictory mesages contained in rebels alto arms for Saves: the promis of freedom that would ental the right to fight andthe opportunity to shed some ofthe abit of deference and submission central slave society, ‘uta freedom defined aswel by unemunerated abo.lavetnsurgents ‘Whatever the expectations oferta saves, one they joined the move- ment they served generally inthe most subordinate postions anda thelowest ‘Ehlons ot te new army. For insurgent leaders, military and civilian, the “nncipton ofalaves and thir incorporation int the independence strugle required that sveslabor, proactively and quiet in supportive roles: Labor In tis fashion would teil id the rebelion and also ally the ears of potential supporters wary of toil ares. The tasks given ave men and ‘omen rfl this desire othe prt fasorgent leaders In at, most f the Tver fied fom cof and sug farms by insurgents and who were ter “Gestion by authority, tetfed tha they ha Been pt to work digging trenches cleting paths, ad doing variety of other meni tasks, ew men toned stl combat experince The say year-old and Afican-bora Mar cos, “one-eyed and ol” wr given the jo of peeing platans forthe insur gente! Many other ves functioned as servants, or assets (sistas) ‘Shove primary role was to serve the oes to whom they were signed, “rok thi fds washing tee othes, preparing ther beds ands nin ‘ny ay then the aks of these dave men were not completely unlike the Tasks sgn to lve women in the insurrection. One dfeence, howeves, tees hat men appar to have performed these tas aie eloser othe ont ‘han i the women Tat waste ade preference, ayy. But he fact that women seemed o prefer to fallow harband an sons tothe ron meant that leader found temglres in the svkward postion of tying to convince them to say beind and work. Thur one insurgent ofer dt gater “grand feed saves on the Sela eate to persuade the women to work ‘Jt a we men are risking our iver sn working to achieve ou bereits ‘becoming ruil thatthe females also contribute to the day work in the agendas as fog asthe war conti, Beease if hey will not work 0 provide us with food we wilde of hungse™* ears may hae expected so command obedient and grateful eri, But slovr-avate of rebel procimstons ofabliion-expected to exercise the bepinings of an unprecedented redom. Often they exercised their feeds ‘by embracing the insurgency perhaps more fervently than ther rere ftaginl hey woul, Leder ay hae sen the new recruits alae ending ‘menial servicespowing fod and digging renehes—for the emerging ban Tepuble, butt appear that some of the new libros were beginning 1 ee themucvesas fe persons engaged in an armed politcal rugue. A fed slave panel afer his former owner, aancico Vicente Aguilera, wo os though the ras to become a ietenaa colon for example cary di more than play the partofaservant or duty sabordnate soldier So did the ave fost Manve, who not only joined the movementbut aio recruited other aves tot ‘bypublcing the rebelion’s ideology of antler. Another slave denied ¢ Magn faced disciplinary measures from hs commanding ofcers for at ‘empting to take more poll intative thn leaders wanted to canede 10 slaes. Given the staghtforward assignment of delivering a mesage to an ‘fer a another rebel camp, Min decided to confiscate a hors in order pethap 1 complete his mision more expeditiously. When challenged, he Prodhimed unrepentanly that "he ws eel cit, and tht nobody could Interupt his journey" to Suniag" The fact that he proudly ddaed himself to be asebel Inder with contl over his time and movement, if not that ‘of eters, suger thatthe ineureton we producing new forms of sé idenieation for the peopl tasted At the ery lest the isargency offered agin, Joe Mane, and Agile sn aena in which they could asserts degree ofindependence nd mabiity the could not hve asserted as rural sles Perhaps the most common mans of arming this newt frm of mobility snd independence was Sight Gom the sts where they had been placed to ‘work bythe insurgents, lve women abandoned thei newly signed masters to flow their men to the font and both men and women traveled the ‘ountyside ying to carve outa vsble existence removed fom the authority ‘ofthe rebelion, Spanish authorities and the fering plantation economy. en if they remained in the insurrection, saves aterpted to maneuver 03 tohave more authority over ther own ime and moverent Ths the military ‘ofcerJoagun Ries complained o Juan Cortés, din rel leader neat ‘Santino, tht eight slave had fled to Core amp bce of his epson for leneny. Riera wrote “It isnt advisable tha you be to credlous with that ase of people calle fiber... Theres mo respec, id the thnk they an go wherever they fel He. They know tha there hey can iv easy, and they le from tei workto goto that plac... Mara delos Santosh fe. ‘The cookofthishospial, Antonio Quirogs, has also flan know postnely that he is over thee... Bene nro Gastar, te one [who hanes] the rl, has ed and allo dou, en be found there. You ae knowledgeable ‘enough to understand that the liberi ae corrupted and that if we Listen 10 ‘hem we willbe completely st Insurgent leaders and save recruits clearly disagreed on the boundaries of| ‘he new freedom, and these dferences of opinion made the question of ic- Pline a central concer of rebel practice. The Liberation Army established & Aisiptinary apparatus that mirrored the Spanish system of mia buna Insurgents aught stealing, deserting, or showing diespect other oie ‘were Wied in concorde gure (court-mart), whose sentences appear 10 have een at ea tri those imposed by ther Spanish counterparts ™ee ee sls tough tic sbje hte of cing were sy See et cows ema paleo Sere gue “SES Serer made equ fen eng putin so or ee dt ofc son con Se eri oe BS Melee pan ayn roby ee psig Sng es ed aga mpl fo eee treat nese ceteris enced yoo ied and ie Patni ofl dcine Tasca of iphie,wich poi! de ate 1 iit ooo eine enn ot of ve nfs pods ‘anys Dp meinen yh, Sane topo tupperware sean earn sought yt preci wee oe Set acon Sp mary diners abo the eqn wih sede and ool rap of va moe rp he coma, Teel caper by rent be ly the Sih or seein tour d Spun ope ped up 0 sv om ern Sarre ony i te pense ie etl lsd ce oper om them to Spi ope vo we he in Teeth colon fern i-th apn er SERRE net te coll met inne ase orb se eet uh eta aying oma hat ey eee Syren ss sem Mises wo el om the aren Bower stg co ie ce Spath try cap, ome eid eal carry ioe ee jase pls resiing communis of GRRE inns opis econ fh he esa eT inet he ou aan, indie Caen nuret mene igh he contacts Sees scope avandia ere eM etesrbecener ea scored Geom plein Sez anh gonad ne ihn ote eee, Sr iene commune, eoging end rapcting i BE. weak estan mn pate owes ens tes Ss fg heen sre irre See. “uments wv ening ly itary re et te degenenc meen by hag deta epring ee Seen eae wi other Carbon ns oy roving norton ee elena ofSpaih toop angen Ca Marte eng Bt cane nh eb pln feed i eit of ne ah change. The palongue member, who tented themselves as "Cubans" had testbed thei camp in a ering inthe woods. There they but an ar of| branches n top of which they placed the stud skin ofa gost and ser rounded i with dozens of trinkets: cockfghting acxsri, animal horns, ‘easel and rosie made of seeds, According to Martine, hs goat was the Camp's matind, “te protector pod oftheir campy” and tezeby the foes of Comunity rita Marner described how the members ofthe camp Ged thealtarsnginginan African det, wntlone of the women ofthecamp lta spi sing within her and fl wo the ground sbking. The leader ofthe ulngue then placed his and om her ead and asked her wher the Spaniards tere. She responded, repeting wht the spit had tld er. The insurgents Inho witnessed these ceremonies dds feral bering that the goat skin ‘va spike with human blood and hat it contained resins of dead Span iahsoldies® itary lenders, knoving ofthe exitence ofthe paengues, prefered that the services ofthese groupe id them rather than tel Spanish enemies. They also hoped that by nttng the apalenades ito the independence stage, they would inconporte them a8 wel into the habits ofa republican poli. “Thus insurgents became neeasigl intolerant of what they perceived the prlenue? continued lk of discipline, their apparent ref of ciation. ‘Aconng to ne rebel fcr, the maroons “were more ven to chanting than to fighting and they Became sch + dangerous and ft plague” that insueent leaders were soon forced to ceptare thee leaders an publ and unary ry them in military tual. The ofcer lo sdded hat paengue ‘members “vere hunted energetically to force them to lend services tothe ‘publi, ince rom miserable slaves they had come tobe fe cizens"* ere thie Cuban offcer eprred perfectly the nature ofthe elton ‘between the white separatist and the black slave. The separatist aw himselt proudly at berstoy, who had taken aves and converted them to "iizns, Patios and soldiers of liber. Ye insargen staterents and ations also ‘karly revealed thatthe dave wa 2 spec srt of cizen—one who, in some intances was el object being hunted and in al was stil sabjet the sppropratonofhisor her labor snd mein the servic of naonbod, "li Figured, an insargent leader operating inthe region of Bl Cobre, exemplified many of the contradictions in the relationship between save insurgents and white inuugent eaders Explaining own decison tin the ‘eben, he ced his bee in abolition asthe primary reno, saying he bce "involved in the fis ofthe revotion, becauseit sustained the den offeedam forall the slaves” Like he insurgent lenders, Figured, who had ‘rene one sve prior tothe war, xpreed a profound commitment to abelSeenernrerrnrrrnre rte te ee eee eee tion snd he stterpted to apply tt commitment tothe ily management of the rebel republic In Febrary 286, he wrote to Geer Tali Grave de Presa in Holt, expesing Bs concer that iets, that i, ave women ‘eed by the rebellion were beingneedlesy kept onthe San Fan estat, well ‘in other hacienda inthe ars, He argued that here was no need for thei Secvicesom thes fms ad hat eeping ther there "might make them bleve that hey were sil aves” Figeredo requested permision to move these Tiers four men sillenelaved onthe fam, to snoter cmp, "so thathey rey lone sd "te abit of tying ama (my master]. He worried ‘ot only that they might fly Bleve they were stil erslved ut also dat they were continuing to use the customs of avery. For insurgent leaders He Fgueredo, making save fe, jst aking them ctizens requied man gue ofthe moverent nd babite Even in this case however, iguredo {id lee one slave woman behind to serve the famly who owned the Sen Fan fam “Tt insurgent leaders spre to change the discursive bits of ave re crits sould not be enizlysupesing, forthe als tried to chang those of ee soldier and fellow ofcers. For example, insurgent eer radually “ropped “God?” fom the traditional dosing used in rebel correspondence: God, Country. and Liberty” Chico Valdés «rebel ender in Puerto Pincip, {id even more to eliminate al erdence of religious devotion in rebel di “our allgely deleting “Sin” fom all proper names, thus changing the ‘name of his farm San Jove to José and refering to flow insurgent Flo Samp as“Gul”" But uch atmpts oad the nguitic conventions of teat epubicanism othe speed of Cabanisurgents were inherently dit {Reet fom the attempts tt were made to sod the behavior of slave tenurgent, Both inthe eae ofthe palncades, who were hunted, tied, ad ‘ccasinaly excited and in he ae of saves who were shud around, ered, and punished, insurgents atemped to exerci control oe ther new ‘eric not inthe way they wold exert authority over any ne solder but in| ‘vay tht was pater tothe rionship between master-turned-offcer “Tadao turned ciaen, While leaders expected berated aves to los certain Tits of slavery the practice of saying “oy master” fr example—and, in ome ces, to sbed outta evidence of ian cularl forms they aso ‘pete fed slaves fo eainaher elements of ther subservience, 303 0 Tint hie movement and prevent ther ilenes. In some ways, however, saves cahibited an inverse noon ofthe meaning of reedom. Even a lat 5 73 they continued to ales people a masters, refering. for example, to Carls ‘Manuel de Cspedes a mo dela guerathe mater ofthe wat Meas Ive, when they calenged leader notion f eedom, they did so ria wove ipl to exert contol over thee ine and bodies—feing tir designated Joctions in search of more lenen leaders, following hsbaid or vont the front ar elsewhere, and attempting to escape the rip ofthe army the plants to, othe prefecture ‘The strug beeen slaves and insurgents trying to define the boundaries of limited and ambiguous new freedom therefore represented simulkane ‘ously abate ove the time, mobility. andlor of enslaved persons and acon- ct over the amo of svery freedom, nd nationhood. Fr the dats to wor insurgents spoke of ibery, eom appeared to ean iberation fom the confinement and coercion of slaves Me. or insurgent ders, twas not enough that Hens, now fe, ai the epalicin ams. What leaders expected fd desied as someting much mote complex. They waned hers to ‘seq some habits ofremen nee republic. For Igpaco Agramont and ‘other offices who ist negotiated with and then persecuted eles ual persed Acan and "bartaron” were not inched among thos habits” For insurgent Flic Fgueredo the abel ms ano was Hews insppropriat pindependen republic tthe same time they hoped tha fred and mab line saves would be grate and subservient enough o allay fs of aca snd racial unrest The independence movement thus ofered ss peculiar {hd circumscribed forms of feedom and ciizensip and then expected them tw perform that fieedom and to act ike Cuban citizens Stave-citizons ‘The problem, however, was that there seemed to exis ite consensus be ‘een lives and insrgentsand indeed among fe nsargents thers out the meaning and limits of Cuban czenship. Tem ike "cen and “Coban? were not defined a prio athe, the practic of insurgency began to The wotnen of Camaghey who signed this dedar- tion setae to enter the public pots arena to lepimate those bari. “te nationality they implied ad tobe preserved. Thus they chastised white en fr thestening to indetaine hat matinality by blurring rac ines tat {hey themseies had obierved in their social and sexual conduct. Cian Can audiences then, were nt immune to Spanish allegations about the racial features of the ebelion "More inportan perhap for our purpose, however, ithe fact hat insu ent theses, when placed in the postion of explaining their ows pli holes als charateried the movement slack, And in that blackness they Toctedthe rebellion’ thet to the faze of Caan society In peas the ‘post stzking example of such an explanation, thousands of sureenere i> ‘Suge signed publ denunciation ofthe movement in December 7. In purporting to explain the reso for thir surrender to Spanish authority they ve fae center tage, The dociment state that while the rebelion in wt Puero Principe ha been the most poweefil Fal, counting on between 3.200 and 4.00 armed men and 3,000 to 35000 sympathies in the countryside, the regional insurgent force was now reduced 0300 oF 400 men, “blak in thelemsorgy”Ieconinus: ‘The insurrection no longer exits ssh is politi dea has dapper tobe replaced with the iratonal idea of ertrction; nd ifthe sree is farther prolonged tis with ama and in «frm tit men of heat and oncience cannot accept... The black are psd to take control ofthe _stuaton, if they do not completely dominate it already inthe insurgent ‘amp. Revolutionary thought has degenerated into ruinous thought, and ‘the Cubans who hee subscribe protest one and 2 thousand time against ‘the prolongstion of struggle tht can no longer produce anything bt eis for Cabuand her sons Imp, Cason wee wie ena he “en of ead con snc niin 9 pts new catenin te pot anges of Indeed speed tome on tne chs ning npg es of rice ithe hte ween wo be sec aed oe abandon theo, tha nrg ned thar endine ws conte fotos Sanh Cae tlt os Cab ‘ich ite Cbs wert plc ary nd scl ers aly thy ne toy the elon wos becoming Hacker eso ‘soup fr suredeting Apps cl at an hie asc sou bla ‘aon wee pets nw oe rao than ee ge et ey ee ‘odcinhecotes feeble tobi sand ee peop oes emai urgent onde the ceded erp uc deni cnt rer hbo“ pn Caen Inge rai Mass prominent eal exe omelet ‘member ofan of the eg oa ding ten tal pee tpn othe ert i arya nthe ied tse he chins of sucrendee inne arc sd competion of he be torent hal ot changed The elton be wae, the ane oe af Aes yao the ume ete epi sd the ane ne nk Cabs nependet of Spin a to pe ry oo ek aes Hert te eno wet wiee ense spin Inthe rei pracy of to war dy howe, Mors povided a vey dent iepreaton ofthese as Hee he adele fecttaneted profound tana at xc wine wbee movement Andie the surenderd insurgents he censured he accorded race soar agieanc in txt wanafration According to Mors the “ice Hanae the pcsentatons and dsnffections” had ford the insure va cheng ia] ease! Te perfec spb and symptom of the tans ran ht bad secured in 71 was the sbaquen ands of rary sere Part Priacpe fom go Amon to Mio Ges 7 aoe roe Agamoat sa hero who had “made oles ofthe Cams: ran nig in them the lowe of cine ord nd mori” a amonte bad made he provi eel army the mst organiza and epee trs on the and” Ths abr fle howeve viel ot cerns named ender of Caraga’ eel army. Mara cress his woe Geof Comers eden his eampsign day. He wrote, (mer Te coved the Camagiey division and converted it into ands i Tecaue i ofce corps formed by Agramont stil semember the mass eee tr ol ender, How ring itis tse tda'camps Te noise sre gambng engl he soting oath tangn othe Backs thew errand heh of hese carps war hat thei ede completed aarp a Seto Dongs. Eerhing eves oor pings Freer fon which he comes” Fr Mora he military and mara define se pcahelion was beat exemplified by thelendership of Gomes, foreign ¢ siete who no bad cot of his ave Cage, Heer he ne aoe te farare ofthe Republic itday darker than before is tie more a ascertain, ad lost oe” For hm ths darkening was both is ce teal The sm he continued, “has diminished, and of tho [who “eS more ham tots re lacks fom ole fart and sugar ts a a senge who ve beter ih thé war than in the farms of chet The dine ofthe rbelion for Mora, was best describe in rac me pdpine undermined by acksaage and lenders whoturned and tye to thie angs : ae art another white insurgent who opted 10 tay with the insur am Gay coanracted the crs of 170-71 a8» cital one forthe canoe om. Asin Mods expansion of criss and transformation, Gra vaarmmed ta the numerical preponderance of lack sols was cb aoe aaa and ofa White ole, meanwhile he condemaed or low, tne ak snrndany, Looking bak on the crisis fom the wate pot of ese ins he wot: ‘Dring eid (rl the eokton went trough horse cri he pan pao the wits tandoned win the Cente (Camaghe] ee ois the vanks of te Spais ado pursue without spe the Rasa ee (came! who remained commanding the saws, who opt fo deh rates hn cu ene te aahe ae i Thence fhe rein, eed by te mene ot of he wt a only ened by th adh Such whe ae of thst vic ea ave witout he nor denen opi at cy te pric of ory bk na hod pe the Reon ws marching wv thes wae Bee ym so many generous saris and from the precious bod with which that cuca ven bane et shame and infamy of all the Cubans. eee agate saint gear justi lecision to acc i wspenene, ep pss without cry, witht independ, ‘ohn renting dt rend mn ‘beeline gen ea gee ic di a he helio "ae st kn ior gg he homers aliins traced petal the metal gi Jako ead lat pstin ‘are "es sb set rpd thnne at ete ifingeing reno pvi ofc oi ‘eambing to Spain: They presumed a “Cuban” consensus about ae ‘pen: abl edt orm decd notte {Stn nis Gy ide bar notes sag emp it et at ot sd lon ad onan all i ear of he ack ore Ges he i urge of surrenders and the effective use of the discourse of race war, ‘bat nm incor ph ‘he ‘ey rrr th i noi ofl onion enemy ie mnt ae per ind ‘ereigaty. During a critical moment in the rebellion, they opted for peace = Sonsndeciheutleomcmestmalectanagagy {Tike hn pr et tee Po i icipe, the nsergrcys crisis in that region cannot be seen as me aberration. Controversy and divisi ation and er ea oe tof ale mbit inna em di pen ina rms evn neat en etn de lng mcs se tend Be Cpt pe bo gi wth oy rot ae di nt neig est uito act om his maging. In this case, however, acting on those migvins Tablet Caled not surender but the search fr protection from the United States, ‘Thos Céspedes wrote to separatist coeagues in the United States “ln the Trinds ofthe majority of Cubans... alway fied te idea of annexation [to ‘he United States] asa last tot inorder to avoid the ays of evs into which they say biter war of the aces would ed us” And week ater he desrbed the tat ofthe rebellion ke thi "The blacks in large numbers reiting in fou ranks end] thoe of ws with weapons in eur hands and the people in General ave convinced that ts Becoming necessary to ask for annexation of this nd to those important State" The sarge of renders may have been particule wo Puerto Pile, bt the doubts and worries that motivated them seemed tobe presenti the very center ofthe revolution. Beyond Crisis ‘Thee that bean in Puerto Price ia 870 didnot, however, nd the vwaribre or clcwhere The weakening ofthe rebellion there was undoubt UEny important and reveing but equally revealing was the fact that while Ineurgeney dened there it lied nother aes among thes he suth- tester oust region of Oriente, Whe Camapey was loded with streams St surrenderng insurgent, this region of Oren, comprising the districts ‘Sf Suntago and Goantinasno, was invaded by insurgent colamns who dally ride aes farms and daly confronted Spanish forces (se 4p 1 Te difernce in the progress of the eoltion inthe two distri should come ns ite surprise, for Poet Principe difered radically from Guanti- ftnoand Santingn Puerto Princip, a pasly populated district dependent ‘onomically on eatle ranching, had a ee population that was predomi amy white 619 percent of the total population, compared wih ough 25, tnd 2) percent in Santiago and Guantnamo, respectively. Whereas Puerto Principe wat lately wit, southeastern Oriente was predominantly no0~ ive The number of fee people of color i the former constted 369 [lncat of the otal population in Santiago and Gonstnamo, bowevet they Petounted for sand 28 percent ofthe population, respectively. The number ‘Stenlaved workers in Puerto Principe was ao significantly maim pet ent ax compared with 34 and 445 peeent in Safingo and Guantnamo. In Southeastern Oriente, sve a re people of color were principal proto Its in the iy fe of the region is ways they were not ia many parts of Puerto Princip “These ferencesin population and economy afte the forms insurgency toktin each ofthe two regions In Guantnamo and Setigp where he whit population wsin the mano nd where slavery il eve she backbone Population of Sled fractions of aster and Central Cain 862 Free ‘etl White Colored Stave Population (34) 0) o Gani ‘wet 70 mo MS Satigo oust a4 ws eo Puerto Psncipe ——6a527 3 369 2 Soar Gb, ete de Ein, Naat ei eG ae Imp bins Cpt ee Ca dein ie en oe Percentage my nt tetas pres ae hve tnd Chin nd “otc bres or nna, ot on atari Inch a he furion he popanson oft thee ups ced aed eh Pree oft ppaaion ofthe loa economy landed white sveholdes did ot generally mobilize for insurection. Mos local elites, especially in Guantnamo ale themselves vit Spanish authorities fom the begining, condensing the sureson 9s detrimental to the interests of Cab and asthe prelude o sci politcal, and ‘economic anarchy. The attitude of Guantnamo local elite Becomes evident ‘upon examining the composition ofteba forces inthe area. According oie foe nsargenscompled by Spanish authori in May 16, individuals assed as fcedades (nd owners) o popiarie (propery ons) a counted fr les than 1 perent ofthe insurgents. Meanie, 9 percent of loca nsugents were deserbedas decompo snp rom the countryside) and ‘nother percent aartsans or Inborers In nearby Santo, tof older ‘who attacked and burned several are farms under the command of Antonio Maceo in March 869 eves tht es than # percent ofthe solders were wate allcame rom rural strets in Saatiago, nd none, with the expo ofthe “Mace, appear to have owned any property ‘An examination of the composition ofthe movement in Puerto Peacipe suggests a completly diferent mode! of insurrection. In May 89, before te stat ofthe cris, authorities identified 4 percent floc nrrgets as haen- sados and another x percent as doctors, lawyers, and merchants. Only 23 erent (compared with Guantnamo) were lied de compo. More- ‘over, none ofthe ao insurgents fom Puern Principe were denied 2 of ‘olor; and all were accorded the ile of do, ie of ours tht persons ofor ws ply bed or wing In Gustnamo, emi, oi 2 ae ee ath ieee nC em re led hed ep nd appor hatin Pet Prine ad se elsn pomelin he bepningandhsiantle at 90 afer ee Gin plea postion oa le i Conia the en wn beni the tint Mas aidan bebe ht he ion ae tet be che thee with ite ad blood In 0-7, sever ruler stim under tbe leaderhp of Dominica Min Gimes ce nse eet eS rents en STR frus allows tei ty burned open ad le aE ey ed anes incrorting he and others in ei tem epee hedonic canny a se pecs i er ana alfa et lage coup served aa re ehcna fo the aon of iunnono'ayethio eng a il e tag elgg sles Pangan ison ere Sul fe clon eine. The ct omer who could ek SEEN octet on nro none day ree rea sixes Pe tan sn ones ene day hey wc se td cmc ar es The erotoftngney Coto ene tetanus nthe prt of ergy wre cdo tinge ied ie ttlon and weal wr spt he Spa ry: in Genta cores ner sel propery and ie See ia weed me irecon ans objecties, The coune of n= TOP LS ie acs wo iret hat i er repos encom omen men bed us Capel compan nt te age dnt oe cna big andlongnsugest ind Goa SReTe “Ro conbenel be t oe esipefan women” "Tar of nde dre among th oe deri, wer ve tgltoon fr eenergmce fsa Kind flxdehip—stedenip caer fe tun i Mann and ato Pin Go ee fe tend mos peta ers app ws FOSS RED Sor omionl knw en fen led "India? and [tbe enon oz oanands woman pene es et 2G Randa ad bcns works ont vgo vain Ganda tbe epics Hele Gann not wou belee or ste at ad TENS chnrsepons but fgtve fom he Iafrate the ‘Gppcesng pn el nth res tno rap tig According to lca legends be then A the island, lle (but not key) leading an all-black unit om Ohio daring the U.S, Civil Wa before moving ‘to Ha The outbreak ofthe Ten Yer War found him sin five on (Cabun si In the company of about five follower and his immedi fai, ‘he move furl in an area now to local pearante sth caves of Rustin” He ined he Caban insurrection son ferittaried leading smal group of soldiers. Two white men held captive hy Rs in fay 1869 sid the unit ‘ms composed of fe and enslaved blacks and milatoe. They were all sid his captives “biter enemies ofthe Spanirds, whom they labled pats" Spanish authors, for ther part, ceolatd thee own unipzed ramors shout Roti’ politcal, soci, and sexual ambitions. They side had at- ‘tempted to declare asave emperor and that he hd called for wr on all white ‘men. White women, they fare alleged, would be spar to sere at con bins for black soldiers? Whatever Spanish authorities may have ld (or ‘wanted tsa) abou heir new enemies places ike Manzanil and Bra, itishard eo imagine hem alleging anything ie that about the er tate ‘owners, Fieemasons, and white men who had scared war on thom in Man ‘nilloon October 10 or in Puerto Principe on Noverber 4 “Like Rast there wer others men of humble soil origin who became prominent military leader, especially inthe areas round Suto and Guan ‘natn. Quintin Bandera, the son of fe lack pret, joined the rblion of 1868 8a prtateand was among the ls to surende, ab a general ia 1876. Before de war he madea precarious living sa caer a al dy woke, ‘nd cabin boy and fol stokeron a ship Gailrmo Moncada blac carpenter from Santiago, joined the war effort in November 16a common soldier; by nua 870 he wae a api, When Rasta was seriously injured in December 70, it was Moncada who astumed the comand of his fares ‘Aginst Monesda as oust Rust, enemies ofthe movetnent deployed im sg of ail warfare and among the most erring of those ines was the ‘one of perfil black commanders using thelr power to soll white woman hood, So Mone, most ik Rustin, wi sido have made himself emperor snd to kep a are of white and other women. Such rumors notwthstand ing, Moncada was anang the ltt render ia 178; and during the second separatist uprising in 169, he came to hold the highest-ranking itary ‘fice ofall th rebels then active on thealand™ ‘Alles leaders Rustin, Bander, Moncads) atone tine a nother served ‘under the orders of Antonio Maceo, the mot famous and celebrated ede 0 ‘mee from the rural regons of Santiago. Horn inthe sll ul pao (istrict) of Msjagus, Maceo worked asa mule driver and traveled fen besween his fay’ farm and the province of Santiago. Before theoutbreak of war, Maceo fd never left the island, His ties consisted of family readings after dinner—among them the novels of Alexander Damas tnd bogrphis of Halts Toossint Louverture and South Ameri Sim other He ond the insurrection on Octobe 865 5 an orinary soe, tnd on his Sint aight of war he so impresed his superiors during a bate ait Spanish orcs tha they immediatly promoted him to sergeant. Many ‘ther promotions woul follow. During the Guantnamo campaign, Maceo by hen colonl_e hi troops in almost ly bates guns the Spanish any Thus as thousands of insergets in Puerto Principe nk dows their “tm and offered theirserices to Spain, in Guantnamo and Santiago, Maceo Another leaders waged success war aan slavery and colonial ule Their enon pew and wih thei local llwings and military kil he contrat between the insurgency nthe wo regions during roughly the same moment and with tthe contrast betwee local leadership in the to Setingr-nogests the ways ia which the couse and character of rebellion ‘arid i diferent region. ln Puerto Pxocpe, the eng of elite whit Tendership gave the movement mach ofits power atthe beginning of he revolutions tht Iadersip, however also placed limits on the kind of insur tpney that could develop and thrive ia the epon Is Guanténame, meunhile, the antipathy of local elites pose bares to the emergence of local move seat inthe fst months of war yet once insurgent columns invaded from, ‘elhboring dies, hore same elite were unable to control the practices of urgency tat woud take rot in ther region. Thus asthe elite dicted rebelion Doundeed in Pueto Principe diferent kind of rebellion Nour ished in suthenter Oren would Be inact however, to sugges tat «tanker of power—of| cher eadertip or reglon—had occured The irasion of Gaantinamo, led by Gimer and Maceo, provided a potent model for success insurgency butts one tht ote pions nd lads of the eblion were iotprepared to accept, And when the Hine me to orchestrate a second and more daring Inaurgent ison, rca fee and manipuation—of the Kind witnesed in Pero Pracpein170-72—agtinrevarfaced This time Maco himself ast the center af the contoveray, The invasion ofthe western half f thea had been proposed by several military leaders ofthe movement, sully 1 be ‘jected by eonseratie civilian leaders who argued that such a move would ‘Senate powerfal western planters a well many ofthe elite ele separatists Who chred the hope of returning to Cube and relocating on ther old sats. The rebel general Mimo Gémes was one ofthe principal proposes ofthe irvasion. In November 173, be peioned the govemment for Sve ‘hundred men unde he command of Antonio Maceo tcary othe west tere ete tartar sevcltnaintongetorananes eee ice cra at ong een oft ite clan rebelde. Nowe ie of aes arc ete nea eis norma ‘population fed speculation about Maceo’ role not only in the rebellion but: _ th rep tug cat. Mae, unr had i ng ong igen gates Seep eae menage te ane reached peak ns ands pomptinghin repo ine leer Tomat sethingectanent waters sages ects tee ‘guns is detractors, however, when he discovered that these were none other than fellow insurgents. His etter continued: == | ound out some time ago... hat there exit small ile that an ited tthe Goremmen ta tit aid ot ws to sere une modes case belonged thes [ofc nd eae appt te nd sin toputmen coer one white men” Andsnes] oben tothe cof without th acting me to conser myst worth tan oer men eae toma sot asl shige io an at tan ey formand continue pom. ener proeawial pose iat neither now, nor at; ncofsah hatches no natant a oe conrad {sted mache hor of tie at py ce 2 at, and ot an nig pare of is deere Rep ‘ch a shed oi pti foe ‘ternity, and which does not recognize hierarchies.® ee ere Maco argued ofl et gue ht prion fra ety snd atom demi te andes ‘o the insurrection and to partisarisrgent fgues. Tn con ering thor who rejected him om the ass of race Maceo wa abet dre ‘ona revoonary language of fcedom and equality, He pstione himself ogde aso bri eine, "sano aed he etion weed noe tnt shed Ms bd 0 is out fe sd TRU JON: Proponent tern a ant ened he eon TRIES tebe ey were unabieapece th i corre serine eps nb ao ne paint he ping se conde the er by wn the pren tht he rebd rrr lot qulthe rama: but hip espiaons be woul Sonn atone wed “fun a pie tau moment sie hs fe sean tdhaponens anny sop of epee hal ce tie gen it lg llonng among Cuban fb Fe ole te lard ne tesa ander arte nite Foun ye Meg a he ate eae td Me often elebp ws el wc Deas aaa pla isa cin Maco wagons te ey opponent eons pat snd Seren ts opponent pean of ie tn, De sree te rum cota eid ot le Be ese aa ot fein! Can proponents of race eet ls Cams pre or independence ce Dad ae ater ith popular spor HedanardMace ot fn Sn en iets hte Thuis tonanctani btn festa at shar se al eater Sensh ven cond tht he sr alu ck eof rl reg by od 7 cease hay ecb tra ery ile ind aaa ee eo mltan tod ght nl pro at acaba cry nee cr he poe wag =e Tee lace nando One pn gerd ime ty 35 eae tan ws comput osteo ely Pore ee Me tri tty eather ned tt he cane ee dem ep hing fas thn clon eee Shue ruler mans ot ese cll onan sth on hea sae coeuanrenl recognition of the changes that eee oven ye ny of oil ens mee ny ts ht rue ec nd sabe ie SEE nin coming enn non of be ‘most prominent leaders ofthe insreection, Salvador Cisneros an asocrat snd early conspirator in Puerto Principe, reeled the depths of dsp for ‘any ofthe leaders and insurgents who reine. In Novetber 7 he wee ‘ois nephew and godson o explain his intention of urendering to Spanish suthorites Eich day find mele satis wih the ie of semisvage that T must ‘observe in thse camps, where only desolation and mourning reign you ‘ould scchow much ave changed... Tay lean cons you that Tam tired of this bloody struggle thet as had no resus other tan the eath of thousands of men useful to saci and the destruction ofall the riches that ur country contained. Por Cubans. nnocently we bleed with our misguided patriot that we were working for the happiness of Cubasbut, oh, whata fraud wehave sustained. foal we could prevent the cr fom continuing’ ‘ven Leaders such as Maximo Géme, who chose te sayin the rebeion, cexpresed similar sense of hoplerness and uncertainty during the fn stages ofthe wat. On December 3177 he cone ins diay that on that day ended “one ofthe most ima years ofthe revolution” an that “it would ‘be very dificult to drt the revolution on sre patho victory” He prepared Dhimsel mentally or an end toa war that had brought hin ad thes “so ch disilsion an biternes"* Among the rebel oops, ofices reported the prevalence oflow moraleand ‘pty tension betwen soldiers 2nd ofr, sn alingnes to face he Aangers of bate, “Pani” sid one participant, “bad taken contel ofthe majority Leaders responded by introducing ne egiation making maitary secvce obiatory, but thei efforts met with ove reitnce. Family ment ‘ber petitioned lenders for exemption om service for husband, sos, and brothers, And more soldiers deserted The Coban rebel amy stacked and lefnded tel guint Spanish forces, but also ad to expend mach energy to retain contol over a diminished and warweary Cuba stmy Fuge Soldiers were captured and ted in rebel military tuna for abandoning ‘heir companies Andrés Beit, an unwiling recruit inthe Cat ay was ‘nied in lat 177 for deserting his force. Witnests ttf that Bente had ‘een unabeto stay withthe tops "formore than 20 days tame sd ‘hat afer going through “much eoubl” to pil him up again and aa hey ere unable to prevent is habitual ight He was ale id to hep compen Wit the "bandits ofthe worst reputation in Camaguey” Afr ong i the aba officers sentenced him to death for desertion. Al Bente’ worldly otsssionsinctding tems sch esd cde clothing and an od soleohio ser epi ofwomer’shoes were po irq eure oie (Satoru on Deeb 87H ise! es “sted Oates wee ed of wa and hth ling sls of 68 cmon dic toloatein the inde os thebestof ead port ow mora ong xb oops and ypu hy ae tea Seated he eter coma A= eedag tunes ingen ning in Carey ncn Stn eg he ne ef 285 Sal ta The cangesno [meaty shad sued te rity wa Ti ‘fe rv end nd economies bathe dodanie alee {ye anne in which nrg nds ed ida es. 1edelme rp for camp only oe hindrel ut of moe hn fur ‘oud aun weet undg beh ar Pel hoe ms naa pened inte es fas nd ch ofa remand eared id ree nepal te er dese he els SIGE wen and ce ld ods tt ke hen tnt ‘Srvsovergown cod nyse let lin tres sal fd uling ‘Sherpa eu of wt bene iene nin evar andcape sigs pt ont nnenaners by wines te wa ‘hance be aon sod theo counteie in 7 The atten npn wee sey and economia nnn Peto Pie ‘Sty pts reac afer rn eof The aay had in feu and ev mens ote el gonermarmoved arate gon (Ste Teper stn cry eens sp peti and try poly ae the air ofr CSE enn of St nya Nt ne: amps sso moran nie one ice tistolnonch vigor cmp su herent ang ssp and orn esr lng wh he constant peti of ‘eel nea ponds palo eto wih arene ure ‘erat em pardon nfo shin money xan ei tlre pug he orto eis” 1 So Spr eon eatin nan cr boa egress ‘aecnnmy and wn these warner bh dined eo fo pasta (and in soe ema, ela money) sender ing Se Deer 7, Marine Campo spend oss nd tb sales srl one Pur rnp nrdr ltt neaation fr rs om Bat deve vec icy Os ary Maine Sonate hsasndhment shown ben one orp bY ‘men whom he was certain had opposed concesions to Spain. The nextday (Gmex one ofthe eding military Sgares ofthe insurrection, requested ye, mission to lene the island. On Fury 8, the eel legislature probed from conducting peace negotitons by laws tisha writen, dso its ‘en powers and in age public meting erablshed the Comite ofthe (Center discuss formal the onions for peace with Martinez Campos and hisemisares Th ommitee of seven included a doctor. merchant educted in Europe and the United States, and case soldier educated in Spain's foremost itary seademy® Among the principal Caban architect ofthe ice was also Marcos Garcia the insurgent cite erie who hed larneated the rebelon’s appeal i Cabans of calor and whons Gomez now deserved st ‘the “happiest and most sate withthe moves toward pence™ (On Februcy 10178 the Camagheyan commits accepted Spins pro- pos for peace. The spulstions ofthe Pact of Zanjén as the peace was erally known, ae wel established: concen of edinatetv and pol ‘lights equivalent to those ranted eles to Puerto Rio: pole pardon for insurgents and deserters fom the Spanish army, and lea fexdoms for sloes and Chinese contract workers curently in the insurrection In the ‘manner Puerto Principe’ leadership accepted peace thet granted neither independence nor abolition. On March the rebel orcs of Yara, st ofthe ‘outbreak of war ten yeas eae, laid down ther arms. A few dee late, ‘insurgent in Bayamo and Manzanillo followed suit The principal song. hols of the ey rebelion—rgions fom which the mos prominent comp ‘sor eame—had formally renounced thei cause by early March 78 Antonio Maceo inthe countryside near Sango ened about some of| the early moves toward peace ia Puerto Pratpe in newspaper arles that ‘ere Brought to him by his end Flix igueredo Figucredo ltr recouted that Maceo read the news of impending peace with dele He refected loud, “Allthee people dealing withthe Spaniards when were were fighting th great enthusiasm, when we were sscrifcing ourehes to defeat them! ‘What [would] my subalterns ay now" While vet in Puerto Principe had been moringinsrcably toward peace sce Inte 177, ete in the eastern "epions of Oriente were working fvor ofthe rebels Ia Inuary 87% Mace ‘as granted the rank of major general and pat in command ofthe Bis Divison ofthe Cuban army operating in Oriente. Around Guantnamo and ‘he countiyside surrounding the easter Sierra Meee, Cuban rebel fates stacked the Spaniards with the same vigor and sucess with which Spanish ‘ores attached Can ones Puerto Prine! ‘The Cuban pete committe sent wo dla toformllyapprie Maceo of ‘hesitation and to ty to persunde him to accept the conditions approved bythat commie. When the delegates, acompanie by Maximo Gomer, who twas soon to leave the country, asked Maceo his opinion ofthe peace, he nawered unequivocal that he was no in azeement with the pact signed at “an. early March the remaining rebel leaders ofthe east met neat San ‘ingot discus the events of Pucrto Principe. Maceo ld the meeting exp into the ofcers and soldier gathered the details ofthe peace treaty signed by thee lw relatonsisin Zann. He cased thepenceas“shamefil”the ‘conditions as "dishonorable? and the pet as “homing” He explained the trav ofthe sation, speculating thetrith ace dedared in Perio Pencpe, the Spanish could concentrate thee best, fot all ht, frces in Oriente to ‘oppose them. He then ased them they prefered to accept peace under ‘Spun’ conditions oro continue the war. They opted to continue the wat! He swifly communicate his dsspproval ofthe peace to Spanish author tis, He did relying onthe sme language of hoor and shame he had ed fn communicating opinon to his fellow insurgents. That language, bow: cet acquired a dl fent mennng when addressed tothe representatives of ‘onal power In an eat eter t Martinez Campos Maco informed the feral habe was ware of the peace signed at Zann and that he wished to Schedules meting not to surrender, but ipl o learn what benefits Cubans tuned by accepting peace withoutindependence. He conclded by sying that the decison made by the Camagiyan rebelion, even if seconded by the leaders fro Las Vill, woud not persue him andi low insurgents renounce thei atte of principle” The peace proposed by Spain and teceped by Camagiey, wes an aft 10 his honor andthe Honor of the Tnsurgenty an she ened the Spe general atthe end ofthe ete he ses an “honorable man" fa another leer, ren les than a ont ate, ‘Maceo echoed this satement whe he asked fheoricly: “Do youve that ren who fight fora principle and for maiitary glory and who value their reputation and their hone, cn ell themselves slong as they sl have the hope ofsving their peincpes or ofpershingin tbe rand ..? No, men like sme [who] gh for the hay enose of Liberty wil break thir arms when they See themselves unable to previ rater than sullying themselves" The ands ‘Capa General Joaquin Jovy Sle summarized Mao's position tothe ‘Spanish minister of Ultamar: "Maceo has not accepted the condition of capitation because he considers thm dishonorable" ‘Mace evocation of honor in rejecting the Spanish peace proposals chal- lenge categories xtablsed by Spanish coll discourse. In that sours, Spain wasan honorable ston; and though the Cuban rebellion was character ined se threat to the ategity ofthat ation, colonial authors consistently refused to deal wih the rebels. As one Spanish general ha ear explained During my om i 0 mi 2 roms fy pe wee made we ines ree th porn of he in one nas tie Nowin Mac cloner pny etn ofertas ad wed von mag wthandcneloa treba pee apr pane bey ihn ona thc non ae Maco etl woe apni wh ce ‘ = ‘purl on oor ttn ae ws ep stb ih uric psig feta” ee en tee cory, wong do eco ult caso ton ve hy oh bee nt dagen epee tei "i ams Fs it Mone ens Mates ne ‘wefan epson late ol poem ape Lie tn owe Mate oper gy wad coh padi ogi a art ey 7 Marae Cangr ep me da wt ase wns ‘capt vent “Vln Ma os he pac hr oe tly ot on he genders of Cn as ace qt Bers mth i cnt dren pe ae bing Pe Pincesnin te puof orn nce aheen leche Marner Compo cpced was tdBscpcos e hep degen Cag Sut ey ol ste oa var lot Spt oy Caw fet lp ts Wes Nico opel omer ithe nh ump rts os fb ren mot cone tht cet sured he ee jt dBase tae cot eg el cern aes Seon fe einfach oun rt Caspy ey eh ee oni and mule hs ed ‘spt wu et gan feo al eng Pee ands me oly down teem rer Car moe ed Maco propa rth can wena ayes a en ong ne betel se sre aot? ae om gon tee “Maceo aud his fellow rebels® = : is Cpe tn mate nee ts fii ston with Mir bres iy he meng Marte Canon trie fy erin fi cnc He neared Mrscn den, ity, Upon meting hao Dated im eign: ats ‘ito mayor scones olde yang etove psy met oe ofthe va] mos id combate” He priced Mise reminded him his ple, scotg won eee“ ‘ing tcc Gener ie Caan fn an Ay He ied og Sle thm stn eneny of ql ene aed hs eid ea feo nasa sje Heep tht he ine a aie fo abt jl oer “ied peopl and tote ith Sint march fearon th patho roe ancnton™™ Mace pnde tht singh nd other wee tse Caba nthe pats pce and bapins ews thir ote posse “tn eel fer be com nimi sain of ry He et emphasing on comment withthe ined won oa te can ave tad Cau, Wie eine mpage ht pont of cra” Osh reed the conaed ca in Sp Mace dened the ing power of Spun Con clad ran endothe ree inpoatonot Ans evar an ace pin afd comp wit the hing Mhsrpunct Mar eels sandr clon jseton, Menu the ‘pune pin th oil owe ie Cbs charg send be aed hci powers pil bade the poe of TEnton The Sens ot Aen spec in Ciba a ated ie probly. nth ming et Brg, aco pied Nn an i compe Cts ethe bens nar nd ciation Spin a et eno by ler nd prot slvey Maces ored he Chega afl Secu ht poe Spat ie ond ab ‘tlc That hsineton ae nto fom cabal bjt btm ‘anofnormae elnvetin tht ck oe ta challenge dona Sonus ofbonorandpcins clo eso Tone Spnh t Uhh prea of gal the cond ope act of ewe py ticenfthe meng wht wat ofthe iagenc ad ostoned sell dy on the ue of lon te wat weld Cn od pla peed dere he el en fsa, Wt Mace a he meting er ey te ack nd mato lene who bad en cen sot char Har ei iano Crone Galler onc Quinn Banter, ‘unre er Ts phy or te bing of wou a Cages he otnaton of a a ree ‘sit cot rece onl elon ofthe en exe te teeing an ight nyc re wa decal lowe Cun foe ear th potions re the rep fbr nd ‘then iting began once mote i Oriente, Spanish reports demonstrate that both armies continue their itary stv inthe month tht flowed he protest of Baragud. The remaining Cuban rebel reorganized ther amy and ‘sublshed anew government to replace the one dissolved in Caagdey The form they gave the newly organized instatons wast sigan dicen ffom the ons they replaced: nor was the racial compotion of ether that diferent. The four members ofthe new goverament were white men; id hile the esership ofthe army was significantly black snd mult, Maceo ‘ims assumed only the second postion of command. ‘According to Spanish ficial, Macs in thee fn months wa ussined Principally by his commitment tabolion, which sured him “the afection ofthe blacks nd even of many radical whites™ Otber insurgents emsinel by “Mace sid, they argued, because of faction ad erty felt toward hi "He was ike “un injured tion” making "superhuman efforts to i the pits, nterngever last soldier attack witha energy and efecivcaen worthy of ‘beter casse™ Cuban insurgents mounted impresiv attacks suchas the ‘aids on Dos Caminos and Bl Ces ed by José Maceo with group of res fom the town of Song. Sel, the persecution ofthe Cuban forces bythe Spanish woop was o relents that Maceo coud not et up = scady cao ¥en est caring the nigh, according o one Caan source Despite these efor the main activity ofthe insrgents fer the metigat Baragu appears to have Been surrendering. Among Mace's oops and int tment, presentations gradually incrensed: between the signing Zanjon td the end of March 17, they los 18 ofcer, 1 men, 36 women, and 42, shildeen Maceo himself greed to leave the sland in ealy May, though technically only temporarily and without formally surrendering” Cuban ‘toops molly under the exmmand of other leaders color such the Crom bet brothers, less Rab, Gailermo Moneads, and Quintin Bander remained ctv for shor kme thera But by midJane mos of them had epi ated swell And insurgents moving around the ountrysde changed thle "esponse tothe habitual halt, who goes there from “Cuba to "peace" Conctusion After lost en year of war, thousands of Coban and Spaniards ad lst {heir ives, and much of the eastern countryside ly physically and econo ‘aly devastate. independence bad nt been achiee, yet colonial Cbs wes ‘tansformed, Reforms guranteed by pain at Zann resulted inthe exation ‘of Cuba's st wo politcal partes. Though thee ex colonial partes were ‘lc reformist snd challenged the desist f revolution, thet lege ‘cognition marked the end of an era. Spain had been forced to sationformal discussion of the colonial question by the very colonial subj i sought subdue. ‘The belo failed lo nits tated objetive of achieving abolition. Yet the wu, by feing and mobilizing sve, tered forever the social relations of ‘every. Spnish authorities eecognied that save-insorgents i forced tre turmto their ol farms, were ket "demoralz the save forces and become fagives(cimaroner" They rought wo diminish the problem by teeing onl thos ves who bad served in Uh Coban army. But this pole 3 wel ‘ested profound contradictions. Ae one prominent sugar planter had asked farlir “What loi, what jie ean thee be in having thve [vs] who ‘vere lal to their ners ema in slavery, wile thes malicious compan Tons instead of ceiving the severe punishment that their wiked conduct tdseres, get instead the valuable prize of bert" Despite hese objections, the freedom of rebel aves was enacted by Spin, nd the poly feed some sxeen thousand slaves ™ The proces set in motion by th insurgency andthe peste ety had commited Spinto abolish very sooner athe than ter— {ct that meant that lives could associate emancipation as much wih ne tional insurgeny a with any abalitonst meas ofthe colonial ae And, in fact even afer final emancipation came by aw in 186 former ves were ‘ido proclaim proud tht they were red not by the government's decree ‘femanciaton but by her own partcipstin athe war and by the conven {eeny of 78, which recognized thei Hberty 2 reward for tha participa tion Decades lites, (0 former saves named Gena Lucumt and Irene ‘woul gather eilrea in the eal town of Chirgnain Pinar det Riot tell them tw kinds of storie: abou the end of davery and about Antonio Maceo, shout emancipation and insurgency. And sil oters heard tries about & form dave ho hving 2equted hs freedom, changed his mame to Cab.* Tnaurgene and nationalism bad become central to former save efforts to fre meaning to thei freedom, and the nk betwen anise and enti (nial ws ery etalishe, ‘le the war cle hastened the areal of socal and pola rforms, it eansformed abun socey in other ways as we. The insurrection bad meeged from and erupted nt a coli slave society in which rae and ‘ation had been neptvel ssoatd. The Caan "race question” had been tied fo provide an automatic and negative answer to the Caban “national ‘genion” the numeral significance of the nonwhite population andthe “ronomicsigiicance of very necessitated the contineation of colonial bond with Spain, Cubs, in other words, could nt bea nation, With the ‘outbreak ofthe insutecton in 1868, she lnk beeen race and nation ws thrust tothe foreground, demanding tres resolution. The iistors of the | | ‘ebelion stempted to resolve iby introducing cutious measures fr abli> ‘on. Thete partial measures were soon supereded by the dsy-t-day practice ‘of insurgency, as sae of their own von joined rebel frees an as loca leaders emancipated them without the consent of central ecb authority. The fist reba alo introduced new language of cizenship that accorded the label of ien to Caban save and fee people of color, Tus while ace and nation were irreconcilable categories in prewar colonial discourse, the early ‘ebelon diminished the gulf etween the two, lives ould become cizes, anda sve colony eoald become fie nation. As the reblion progressed, howeve it became eta the rlaonship between ace and mation cold not be wansformed without struggle and di ‘eat. Fn the dsteinaton of « new language of multiracial ciiensip plied for recipients higher degre of pla particpation than originally «avsoned by the initators ofthe rebel. Equal important the inerestng presence ofinsargents of cole gave rie to crs within setrs ofthe indepen dence movement. The response o widespread blickpatcpation and tthe emergence of powerful black and mulatto letdership was, for many white insorgens, withdrawal from and enademnation ofthe rebellion sdstuctve of abs est iterests. Although thse surendered insurgents were stil pr ‘tothe den of Cuban independence, thy rejected the extly movements ‘implications for racial politics in posindépendenc Cabs. They surrendered. in large umes, protesting among othe thingy, the etent and characte of back ivolement in independence, When the prominent civlan and white ‘clement ofthe ebel cause aceped peace at Zab, they defered the bol tion of svery and welomed the ern of busines as ual. By this pint, Ihowores another leadership existed capable of challenging this sector ofthe ‘movement and of repudiating thee peace. This leadership chimed the mem bership of most black and malato senor oficee and wast be most promi- nent in anew nationalist insurrection ye ter,3. Fear and Its Uses, ‘The Little War, 1879-1880 Tepe cain eve it band oe anh alway bad ber ged in erry dye ven ay ‘Metco pub ep cet wi Spade he and sated acm be Carban Cental Ane nd theater sod Se nel Stes Sth fl nd ny Cy te thee delopment ong rar eset ofepredcned Ds ows poe dnt hem long, howe, ae a el ong Sed pee wold nt be gut ot Alt ilar he Ste wr a ics began ing pened gen mamig © ‘hese ot a consi” agit Splat 7 uly pent eames op wl oe onal ape fiom ewarfu end fom ont plod hc ance nin tn ih sing only te opera ee tosis pnt the moter nuty! Caen oie coed oc sentir lor toe te sgh charged” Al ayia baer ‘Spe ron espe a ms th nn rel alco, me” Sal psf wea 1 cteting sete nd some een ned at te ew pe fc tutngs ner apna Spa Tas or Cet sunt eres oe criterion woe "do otknow wit oda ith the pole who at fos pena he aed ue ipa We eng + preos ‘omen Th nd feria 7, no neces vel {orspu Ato so ange ye ty edad consprs ti thaws oe ten cot cer rT vf cil suet: agit ce or cnc he indepen: dee mest ew The mune nich vac nd he trikes oftepeoccih Spin meant ht to dint ances roces had been fens ifn mina moment hat ighghted profound conics within the rebel cause anda post when motion (neny of several possible detions) would be dieu stall eae, achieved inthe summer of 576, tempted oaret the process ‘of slave enancipation at particularly impractical point. The treaty of Zan- J feed only those slaves who had rebelled aginst Spain, ler those vwho had ressned loyal to their masters and the clonal goverameat en slaved The tay then, rather thn relying the ise of emancipation, bad ‘only produced anew and greter incentive for saves to mount sts of open ‘ebalion and to lly with would-be insurgents. With rebellion legally eco za the precursor of eedom, the intermediate emancipation oféed by ‘he colonial government, and accepted by rebel leades st Zan, was not aly coher race cme, a well tan hard moment inthe sree fo pla Power within the independence movement, a two diferent grops-one rosy white and elite nd the he signfcantly (bt not excel) aon. hite—opted for widely divergent paths toward the ishnd’s pole! ture ‘The men a Zann had struck for pesee under Spin over independence and tmancpation;thoseat Bara, under Maceo, ha elle for acomindaton of ‘va util both independence and fll emancipation were cured. Now with ‘Maceo and many of his flow protesters in ele and with peace a hand the seston of who would speak and act forthe Cuban case sumed preing proportions, Who were the rghfl leaders of the movement for Cala ave ‘reign: the men who presumed to have the js power to end the war in "February othe men who presumed to have the mora authority to repadiste "he former’ peace in Marche “Thus although pace had come afte ten costly years of wat twas peace ‘unsatsfactoryon many counts. Fr Spal could ot guarantee the pola loyalty of ts colonial subjects othe cestion of hese and potentially dan (ous conspiraces. For enslaved men and women who sa the promise of tmancipation deferred and the freedom of helio aves pant, cold ‘scarey inpr quiescence. And for the Cuban sees themsle, could not ‘esl internal conics about the exerci of politi leedership. The peace ‘chien, then, was troubled nd in many ways illasry one ‘was abo cemarlably brie. Lit over year afer Maceo’ departire,& ‘ew separatist insrrection erupted in etsten Cab, on Agu 25,179, This fone appeired at's outbreak to be etter orpaized and to ave Broder Popular support than dil the cater ebelion ints fist days. Othe ft day ‘ofthe second wat the rebels had already recruited! moe than four hundred solders, mos of them well armed and mounts within weks they bad ex ‘ended the war all over the astern terry and, by November even int thecave province of Las Vil But despite the rebellions immediate ces, this new was, unlike the previous one, would as estan yee. "The Gur Chigita (or the Litle Wa)~as the new insurrection came to ‘beknown was about at brefsthe peace that preceded it And ik the pee, it was mated by the ste confit and uncertainties about the progres of fancpation and about the exercise of politcal lxdrship. In 179—with ‘live emancipation temporary and awkwardly led and in the wake of public discord year eter between those insurgent leaders who opted for peace and those who opted for isurgency—the new insurgent effort seemed to lack consensus. And fl it eemed, blac combatants and their leaders seed hie own war dine in many ways ftom he war orchestrated by lite Write leaders headquartered in New York. Within the context ofthis "ise tre den, an active seg took pace over the very nature of nationalist insuctecton. This new wa for poliealindependence fom Spin wss—Hke thecaie one war over the roles and statu flav and former des ina tw Cuban republic. But twa lio cetraly abou the execs of black and ‘hula poll power within the nationalist movement andthe republic it ought wo eect. And it was party the aragule over th boundaries ofthat ower hat made the new aterpe again Spain so fel and hor ive, lvotncurdent, Asin Ta dningst tec the Ten Yen! War nd the Gara Cig ia som wy ren abi tint, Cll fr may parican in Shetantmarency Pe of aja on ended he ar Mace Pt ‘ef auegat aed Seis ine of pica and ven afer Mac Seq sve ows denna ofr Ral ret ein cedey Som tir tne andre? Ses npr it deine return oe pevr sa gu Tey Bed the planation wipe umber end many of en oe ee move pit Sus fersome pn aut slo sn independence a 0 Peet {iran orth ea cosy an ingen canine nh cone thts cnytundestand the dn ade by vo Cabana he Gass Cig, ances es Gn and oda Surin, hoped thr ee lie iene een the vo nuretn: ame of he iad may ft ey ins emaned he ne De ue found, he mw wa vn lsd he he ld one. Both wee ucla hichccsof cron ad i clenet fpr speed ‘Serta cman nay solace Sal gous oars towed ou couse hg and eon ine an cabana Spr rent, whe the lol army. tou ee o 3 ‘thousand strong ofen flowed in dose pursuit? Both war, moreover, Were cones marie by the significant paripation of people of color fee and «lve, Less than a month fe the outbreak ofthe new insurrection, Camilo olivia, Spanish governor of theeastem provineof Sentigo reported this superior that “people of aor did] not cee to got the enemy Despite such outward silat of form, the very fc tht it came fer the ist ebelionanditstwety made this wr dferent. tthe end ofthe fst va the clonal government, in an effort to minimize the threat of future nsurections, crete neve setement (poblado) of former insurgents many of them surendeed dave-insurgens, Thee new communities of cris (Ghose feed o pardoned bythe conveno or treaty of Zann) were exempted from local authority and placed under the supervision ofallegedlytrasworthy fone rebel leader. This the Spanish predicted, would win ovr the insur gens Instead the setlements composed of surrendered insurgents bee ‘ready and important enters of nticlonal ctv, where convenes ore sidand supporto insurgent leaders cols including Emiliano Crombet and Jess Rabi. Sometimes enize insurgent bands were denied a originating fom one of the newly formed plas, sich as Bois or Hongolosongo. At fone point aly inthe war the whole obledo of Bote made for the moun- tains to join the insurgency, and Bota residents also ued prominent in ‘conspiracies dicoveredin other neuby ees and towns? Consistent the members ofthe ney formed setdements lent active support tothe new ‘Though many Cubans and Spaniards alte declared the land ed of war and ready for peace, when the new rebelion begin, communities of former Insurgents and former slaves again tok up the banner of independence and ‘emancipation, ths time bringing withthe the experience ofthe war ently ded, Joe. former save-insurget fom Bl Cobre, fo example, prtiipated satiny in the ne sion eventhough head already won his own esd Through the Pat of Zann, In 8, he became an aid recruiter forthe separatist cause, targeting those workers stil enaved, He persisted said of alin “spreading the most harmfil ess" ong local slaves He was of the “worst reputation” avig ile two or thre overseas his ownee® Tithe ney insurection ataced saver who had exter embraced the case of abolition and independence, i ao clesty apple to slaves who had ot taken pat in the fst rebellion. Ther abedience had gone unread, whereas ther partners rebelion had zesuted i ea fiom. ln Oriente, ofici reported that those sill enved "contin to engage a passive ‘esse fo work and refueled] to obey tee mer and eves They anti] thee freedom Hke the conendes” In some sugar regions, hee‘esse was sometimes les pase. They were, for example suid tst feta ‘cane ids, chanting "No fed, no can!” After the sat of the new re tein in August 7, aay of thete slaves welcomed snticolonil insures: son 2 harbinger of thee cwn feedom. Within the first two months ofthe sebelion, Pla estimated, almost ejght hunted lives had abandoned ‘hei plantation join the rebel Spokespertons forthe insarecton, ean we put the numberof igi aves ave thousand" "Though th conten of dave particpaion had changed as rest of then ‘ear’ War and the Pact of Zn, the forms ha particpution tok did nt Aer sigicaniy fom 3868. Insurgent in 7, lke insurgents a decade carl, egal sttakad plantations, incorporating int their ranks a many slaves at thy could. Rebel troops noted area slaves oftheir presence by "ngng certain patterns ofsbos int the ai and on that signal slaves set ies snd attacked plantation authorities. Then when the rebels appeared, many fed sometines with he insurgents, sometimes on tcc ova!" Ain the wat ‘of 86, most ofthe save who swelled rebel ranks served a nonoficers ‘engaged in menial and supportive tasks. Many were used 3b asistans (or servants to rebel officers 2 was the unnamed save of Norma Faustino, who served ata asst to Lieutenant Colonel Quintin Bandera, an important ack oficer inal re wars guns Spun Some were used as messengers ot 26 andes, individuals ett forage fr fod, Few were abet ditnguish therselws a dd one unidentified sve who le a group of hy rebels nan, stuckon sugar mil that fe Spanish volunteer den ‘Asin:86, to slaves could us the cimateofterorand uncertainty erated byinsurecton to ee thr plantations and notin the rebels. Often runaway sles organize themselves nto maroon syle cosines, sometimes pro- ‘ding fod for insurgent amps and sometimes just for ther own subsistence. Spanish military recneds make numerous references to these setlemens December 879, Governor Polavzia reported the existence ofa extensive "zane of elation” inthe mountainous region between Songo and Maya Ajo. Populted by approximately ix hundred five aves formerly or local saga and coffe farm, the zone now conned of smal, independent stance farms), outside the conto of ether ealonial or plantation author\- ‘ie Precily beat this insrzecton flowed long and destructive one, five daves hada gente hance of survival because of the age numberof shandoned farms where saves could fashion ther subsistence. In l Cobre for ‘rample, region where the new isutecton produced massive ave fight 2) far had een abandoned since the beginning ofthe Ten Year? Wa." Tene conditions of wa, andthe new lepacies of peace at Zann, made slave rebelon more appealing to aves colonial auboris dd everytingin 7 , thar power to kep sves laboring on rua estates. Tey place new con strains on ves already circumscribed feo of movertent, Slaves were slepin locked and guarded barraconer during the night ll communication ith outsiders became punishable by aw nd machetes were tobe dtibated ‘0 sies ony when absolutely necessary and tobe returned upon completion oftheirchores.* Colonial authort temps tokep saves fom cele ‘nd conspirators sometimes requited that autores impinge on the ropety righs ofthe saveholder, as when local offi in the ent attempted 10 prevent aveolders in thir region fom sing slaves to oer grogrepicl yeas sll untouched by insurgency. They sought, they expsined to eur the ‘contagiouses of balion ‘Bat just a they could not keep slaves on plantations and away from the insurgency. neither could they expect that aves who did tay would work as they bad worked before the war, the treaty, and now the ew wa. Sve ‘masters and Spanish authorities ll recognized thatthe renews of neurtes- tion ofered greater possibilities for protest and Might Thos sve acquired smote leverage with which to negotiate grievances, and masters had more economic incetve to acquiesce to lave dead, Slevholdersamsous to ep slaves working on thir plantations, for example, entered into private contracts wth slaves. Fllowing the end ofthe Ten Yu Wat, some owners hd seen themselves forced to pay slaves wage in rd to ensure table and productive abr force Now i the midst of another insect, that wage bucame more generalized, as more saves nepoiated for regular remuneration snd forthe concession of fresiom within thre ears. Though these range ‘ments were made privately between slaves and owners, the eslonial ate wes ‘ot ently absent Masters refsing to pay ives thir new wages were ruse by Spanish oil, who feared that the withholding of wages would encourge slaves to Be and join the rebel.” As the disarray of war speed an the ikeihood of fll mansion in ‘ese, ses were encouraged to mount eter challenges aginst the sve system. One such challenge occured atthe sugar estate of La Experanz, at Guannsio, where saves joined togeer wo demand the dis of an ‘unpopular overseer On October 25,1879, Spanish clone Arlo Agulers rmade a second trp to La Expranzn in an attempt odie srecletrant stove fore. Agulera arrested the ten met troublesome saves and warned the other, He informed thr that hey would be paula isis that thc owner had exercised his "eismat and indapatabe right” by reuining ‘the controversial minstratr, whom they were obliged to epoca obey ‘without exception. “Asif moved by an elec rent, animousy men, women, and chikren broke out in cris of'No no, no! We dot want hin! Hemust leave" Aguile responded prompt reminding them ofthe sgh of theirowner andthe cemency of Spanish authorities. Then afer thestening tenet five ten, twenty-five ofthe] fnecesay” he excsed them om their day work and ordered them back to the aracons. A considerable ruber of them, however, erste politely, unsucesuly requesting fe: dots forthe ten slaves arsed caer. ter Aura recurned to the owner's home, the group grew and sw approached the balding where heen aves vere bring hel, Men and women tantd the solders, provocatively daring them to shoot. The sire cae them back nt the Beracie, but fom there the slanes pelted them with rocks sticks, and botes.Agulere and his ‘men out bck and within ten minster he rugge was ove Agulera then ‘rested the two slaves who had been most att on their companions ‘Geedom and seat the oters back othe els to work as punishment "The incident is eealing in several was. est t provides insight ito the Incretsingy untenable position of davery asa viable frm oflaborin he midst ‘of armed insurrection. Eater laeholdrsin 87 could no longerrelyonthe 5 ‘authority and foree necessary for savery’s smooth functioning. Authoctes | nd slveholders found themes obliged to justify policies to slaves by ap- eaing to notions of "lgkimate and indisputable rights” Skvery had lst at Teast some ofits power when officals found themselves compelled to convince | sles thatthe owners had the ight to act ike owners. Shvery had als lost, such of te frce repulse fd work was meted out as punishment—and. ‘fen compensated with» wage | | "Reba legion and activites in the 8608 and ety tyr had already severly weakened th inition of lever, ot had the colonial state's tempt to win the alleiace of ses with the enactment off womb and sex _agenarian laws, Now with sixteen thousand slave insurgents already fred in | ‘yt and a new alone and independence ebelion underway, slavery a ‘tern Cab wa al but den. Tha een if the outward forme of save pa tipation in rebelion looked he same onthe ground, the immediate past and the conte in which they occurred lent them tat much mere smboic and material power The moment isefbped determine the meaning otha For former saves feed at Zann, and pechaps especially for those tl caslaved an anaious to win thei freedom ike tele predecessors the new Insurrection presented a second chance o ight forthe end of rail later under colonial role For them and fr those who mobilized them, the war 43) ‘continued For others, howe, the war had very clay ended in February rh And they were anything but eager to estar ita year ater ace and the Repudation of War ‘As soon the second isureton began on August 26,3879, members of| the newly formed Conservative and Libera (or Autonom) parties fred thei services to Spain to lp dfet the ner Caban effort. Tat the Conse tie Party, compoted moslyof Spaniards and among whom Sgured "the Insert of propery owners, indstriains, and businessmen” ejected the insarecton shold come a ile surprise! More reveling, howere, was the atid taken by members ofthe Leal (or Autonom) Par They ‘ejected the new insrrecion summarily. As one Liberal newspaper declared just dys after the tart ofthe eebelion: “The Party condemns with enegy ‘ery dturtance against the (publ) order and] every threat to liber” ‘Many Liberal Party members wer, in fat, slusioned insurgents from the first wat wh in 8 commited themes to peace nd reform. Jot Mara Gives, fo example, had been an ea conspirator inthe insurgent effort of 1868, but in ay, a president ofthe heal Party, he denounced the new ‘sbelon a antpatrioic” Herminio Leyray Agullera, also a veteran ofthe “en Yearé War and a member ofthe new party, worked cosy with Spanish ofc to dred the new movement and to persuade unrepentant insur ‘rns to ley down their arms. Though members ofthe former rebel poly they and others ike them rejected insurgency and independence and ale ther ‘Selves wih the forces of colonial rule. Former rebes, now Spanish lies, they made themselves conspicuous their absence? "The withdrawl of elite white support for insurrection, eral in and of| Il became even mor important preily because occurel athe move ents base of apport deepened among other sectors of rural easter society, «specially among saves and ormer slaves impatient to finish the business of ‘emancipation, The rection ofthe new movement by many elite separatists from the fit war, moreover, ocurred alongside the rie of black insurgent leaders, This new ebellon then, watt pt itsimply blacker than the frst ‘one: tan white Liberal veteran of the fist war ejected it publicly aves and ‘orm aves embraced it and black and mulsto ofcers gradually assumed ‘tsmoet prominent military postions. Indeed, asthe war progressed the prin ‘pal military leader ofthe rebelion onthe sland became Fost Mace (he brother of Antonio) and Gaile Moncada (known popularly as Guile ‘in. Bth wee meno land veterans ofthe Ten Year? Wer and Mase's Protest of Baap, "The description ofthe new rebeion as “blacker wef her, pr becaue eflctesomething ofthe practice and proces of insurgency on the pound, But the belie alo more than a simple decriptin. At thetime, was ls an arguments and it s(n surprisingly) the nterpreation of rebellion sdranced byt opponents rom the start ofthe war Spanish ofical insisted,publ nd privately thatthe new aebelion was composed “entitl of people ‘of colors te supporters were “armed back wearing blue ribbons in their tte” According to detractors, the dark color ofits supporter skin rendered transparent the movements politcal goak not the esablishment of an inde pendent repblic bat the formation of an independent black republic. Black ‘support snd leaderip, they implied transformed the struggle oma pla ‘one for national sovereigy to primitive one for racial dominion. The new ‘uprising then, was onl the preude to race wat"™ Inorder'o ensrethata majority of white Cubans accepted theofficial view ofthe insureton as race war, Spanish ofces, however, di more than art callita race war. They ala sought consciously to shape features of the war o ‘make i the label they gave i. For example, authorities consistent ep resented the rebels ar black svages—at “wld animale” who went barefoot nd "naked or alost naked” But then when Spanish forces attacked Coben ‘nes, the ried to tea the rebel thing in at lest one instance making of ‘th Gullerno Moncad’ clothes Ln ths and countes oher way, Spanish leades—pethaps none more than provincial governor Canulo Polavieja~ interpreted the insurrection ae ace war end then di everything ther power ‘to make the rebelion imitate tei iterpretation. “We must remove all white ‘hacer ftom the ebelion and rede tothe colored lemeot” argued Polviias “that way twill count on les support and sympathy” Plas process of removing white elements” was a complespoical state, and ‘nett strates fo historians how the rationship beeen representation and experiences ar from talghforward or wansparen, fo Spanish ties, in aty-to reveal ery an atempt to sage istry, to manipulate experience ‘tel for the purposes of representation. ‘One ofthe enlesttactics for “removing the white element” fom th insu rection was an atempt win the surrender of white insurgent leaders. In December 179 Pola sicosfly gota forthe surrender of the movement’ mos important white oficer then ative on the island, Brigadier Belsrio Grave de Perl, He di wo by stvesing to the Cuban officer what be clled the “ict motives” ofthe insurrections most prominent military leaders, Jue Maceo and Gallermo Moncada Poli’ aces didnot end ther fora a condition for pardon Spanish oficial requred that Peralta and other insurgent leaders surrendering wih him signa declaration affrming ‘hat they ad surrendered becae “of he pretensions ofthe so-called Brig: de Gemini [Saigo de] Cuba tos race wr with which nobody eho was inlined othe happiness ofthe mation could bested” Peat sat ‘ent disown the movement and i lack ederhip was then cele ‘ros the nan and published in Cuban and Spanish newspapers under uch sila , healines a “To Wake fom a Dream Following Pera’ sucendet, Pol vieja could more vigoroasly adrance the cai tht he ladeship ofthe move- nesta black, Hea, fet, eed ake tsa Poavgja also wed eral’ surrender ina temp to obtain the surrender cofanother white insurgent ade, Mariano Torres, wh continued to operate vith the relat leader esis Rab around Jguan near Bayame. Plated. to persuade Pests ims to negotiate Tore? sorenderand the rejcion of his nonwhite companion, IFTcan manage to do [that wrote Pola, "we ‘would leave the insurrection reduced almost etl to people of cols, which ‘would gve as much more support inthe opinion of tbe countey™ In his PatclrinstancePlaiej appears to have fle, for weeks later authors "sported that Torres and Rab were sil evading Spanish ores” "As the war drew tan end in June 8, Polavija continued to employ the same trsegy with significant sucess. As he began to negotiate for thes render of fost Maceo and Gullermo Moncas, the two mos important ad- trv ofthe ovement action theislan, Pola lared ofthe zal ofthe trite general Calisto Gar, Gt, wh had born in New Yrksincethestart ‘ofthe movement, wae the president of th een formed Cuban Revolution ty Commie andthe oficial leader ofthe new epuraist efor. Poavcjia ‘elle t once tit Garis arvalon the sand threatened to undermine the Spanish portrayal of the insrrecion aa race wa. Te coli state stood to lov, wrote, "what ntl now had het age part ofthe people on ouside, ame the ace wr, which whites fared snc al he ede ofthe insure tion ae of coloe™ Thus dutng his negotiations with Maceo and Manca, Polavija sought to hep ffom them any news of Gari’ arial. Poavija suceeded, andthe two lear surrendered apparently without eve lesraiag ‘of Gare presence in Cuba. Spanish fil then wed the surrender ofthe ‘lace oficers on Fane oa further roo thatthe insurecton was ace ‘wa, sgeting tht black nsorgent refused to recoguize the leadership ofthe ‘white Garcia. The Back movement, argued Poluvgja, was a separate one, “wow lenders didnot hed introns from Garcia and other white lesders {lin arma? Without the suppor of Moncada and Mace, Gare expe tion fled tery, and on Augut 3, to, Garcin himsalsereendezed to Spanish fors. “The second insurgent for was ver and its flare de, ano sal part to ‘he Spanish campaign tit had Ibe the insurrection and madeit ppeato bes race war Cabane of oor di apport the new rebelion, and important vite veteran rejected i But if Spanish dains about she lakes of the {ebelgn reveled somthing sbout the organization of rebel force onthe ‘und tov dame were also important and strtegie wexpons of counter = 2.insurgency It not that the movement was significantly white and that Pals. vieja cleelyporteayed i aback Nore that the movement wat mot ‘black and Polavija was hones in his description. Rather, the moveeatap- peared blacker beeste Spanish representations ofthe rebelion a ace wa hped make it backer Bt that representation resonated, and that abel vs posible, only because many of the participants inthe sebelion coud be dented as black. Thus the "badness" ofthe new eeblion was both 3 produc of Polvca rail arguments and a necessary precondition for the ‘succes deployment of those argument 2a mean of counterinsurgency Race andthe Lakewarm Embrace of War Raciized represeniton ofthe new rebelion werent the excasive do- ‘main of colonial personnel, White Cabsne opposed tothe insurrection re sponded in ch the sme manner and employed similar language. The Lib- tral Fart, many of whote members had patipated in the 868 ebeion, condemned the 379 movement arguing thts leaders, en ike Jost Maceo and Gailerme Moncads, wre "men exempt fom any sense of honor and Thumanity? ea "who sein the diurbence of society the messy whichto Sat their own vices and needs” Jose Maia Gave, president ofthe Liberal Pury and former insurgent from the Ten Years’ War, went further, seting thatthe new insurgents “arid a dak ag, sbol ofa race war Ths (Caban Liberal ike Spanish authorities, coninly emphasized the predor nance ofeop- of colin both he ranks nd leadership ofthe movernent and then cast that predominance ea then tothe Cab nation. Paced with uch sccustions, Caan insurgents and conspirators sometimes devise their own ‘sparging characterizutions ofthe Liberal Pry an ts aim open for (Cuban nterss, Jost Romero an fcr fa ocalevelutionry db in Guana bcos explsined that “the Liberals are Cb, but they are supporters of slavery Sima Hor Crombe, an important leader of coor and himsalf {20m family of former savehoders rgd others in the movement to rect, smiabe gestures from Liberal Party members because Cbaa iberal were "all slave ners" Ths some insurgents clasified their Libra Paty detectors 2 perhaps ess Cuban than themseies by vite of continuing and intimate ‘connection tolvery. Te was more dificult, however, for insurgents to respond 0 insinuations shout the rai harscter ofthe movement when they came from within he ‘movement ie. lite white leaders ofthe new movement could vorstimes find themscvesin an ambiguous position. They had to deny the pposito’s

También podría gustarte

• Conversacion Ruso Español

  

  Documento14 páginas

  Conversacion Ruso Español

  Zabdy Sher

  100% (1)
• Jitorres - Victor Cutter, United Fruit Company 1915

  

  Documento15 páginas

  Jitorres - Victor Cutter, United Fruit Company 1915

  Sebastián Ríos Lozano

  Aún no hay calificaciones
• Perú de 1930 A 1950. Ríos Lozano, Sebastian.

  

  Documento36 páginas

  Perú de 1930 A 1950. Ríos Lozano, Sebastian.

  Sebastián Ríos Lozano

  Aún no hay calificaciones
• • Revistas
  • Podcasts
  • Partituras
• Antonio J. Delgado. Articulo 3 Militarismo PDF

  

  Documento19 páginas

  Antonio J. Delgado. Articulo 3 Militarismo PDF

  Sebastián Ríos Lozano

  Aún no hay calificaciones
• El Modelo Agroexportador

  

  Documento53 páginas

  El Modelo Agroexportador

  Sebastián Ríos Lozano

  100% (1)
• Quintero Sarmiento, Juan Pablo. La Provincia Del Socorro en La Guerra de Los Supremos La Accion Politica y Militar de Manuel Gonzalez

  

  Documento211 páginas

  Quintero Sarmiento, Juan Pablo. La Provincia Del Socorro en La Guerra de Los Supremos La Accion Politica y Militar de Manuel Gonzalez

  Sebastián Ríos Lozano

  Aún no hay calificaciones
• Participación de Los Sectores Populares en El Proceso de Independencia

  

  Documento80 páginas

  Participación de Los Sectores Populares en El Proceso de Independencia

  Sebastián Ríos Lozano

  100% (1)
• Davis. Diane Davis y Anthony Pereira. Irregular Armed Forces and Their Role in Politics PDF

  

  Documento24 páginas

  Davis. Diane Davis y Anthony Pereira. Irregular Armed Forces and Their Role in Politics PDF

  Sebastián Ríos Lozano

  Aún no hay calificaciones
• Becerra Ortiz, Carolina. Guerra Civil de 1859 Durante Confederación Granadina

  

  Documento327 páginas

  Becerra Ortiz, Carolina. Guerra Civil de 1859 Durante Confederación Granadina

  Sebastián Ríos Lozano

  Aún no hay calificaciones
• Recuerdos Necrológicos Del Señor Vicente Villa

  

  Documento19 páginas

  Recuerdos Necrológicos Del Señor Vicente Villa

  Sebastián Ríos Lozano

  Aún no hay calificaciones
• Pensadores y Artífices de La Guerra de Karl Von Clausewitz A Osama Bin Laden, Por Luis Herrera-Laso (

  

  Documento17 páginas

  Pensadores y Artífices de La Guerra de Karl Von Clausewitz A Osama Bin Laden, Por Luis Herrera-Laso (

  Sebastián Ríos Lozano

  Aún no hay calificaciones
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  De Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (895)
• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  De Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (5794)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  De Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (537)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  De Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (588)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  De Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (98)
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  De Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (599)
• Yes Please

  

  De Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (1891)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  De Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Calificación: 3.5 de 5 estrellas

  3.5/5 (400)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  De Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (838)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  De Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (474)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  De Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Calificación: 3.5 de 5 estrellas

  3.5/5 (231)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  De Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Calificación: 3.5 de 5 estrellas

  3.5/5 (137)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  De Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (271)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  De Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Calificación: 3.5 de 5 estrellas

  3.5/5 (738)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  De Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (266)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  De Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (345)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  De Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (74)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  De Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Calificación: 3.5 de 5 estrellas

  3.5/5 (2259)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  De Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (234)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  De Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (45)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  De Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brené Brown

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (1090)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  De Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (440)
• Steve Jobs

  

  De Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (806)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  De Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (1016)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  De Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (1713)
• John Adams

  

  De Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (2409)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  De Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (1839)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  De Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (789)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  De Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Toibin

  Calificación: 3.5 de 5 estrellas

  3.5/5 (1937)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  De Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (121)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  De Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Calificación: 3.5 de 5 estrellas

  3.5/5 (2322)
• Little Women

  

  De Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (104)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  De Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (4609)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  De Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (3811)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  De Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Calificación: 3.5 de 5 estrellas

  3.5/5 (792)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  De Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (2104)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  De Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (4200)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  De Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carré

  Calificación: 3.5 de 5 estrellas

  3.5/5 (104)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  De Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Calificación: 4.5 de 5 estrellas

  4.5/5 (1929)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  De Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (821)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  De Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Calificación: 4 de 5 estrellas

  4/5 (1103)