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The Nervous
System
The Spinal Cord and
Spinal Nerves
Lecture Presentation by
Steven Bassett
Southeast Community College
C1
C2
Cervical spinal C3
nerves C4
C5
C6
Cervical
C7
enlargement
C8
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
Thoracic T8
spinal Posterior
nerves T9 median sulcus
T10
T11 Lumbosacral
enlargement
T12
L1 Conus
medullaris
L2
Lumbar L3 Inferior
spinal tip of
nerves spinal cord
L4
Cauda equina
L5
S1
Sacral spinal
S2
nerves
S3
S4
S5
C1
C2
Cervical spinal C3
nerves C4
C5
C6
Cervical
C7
enlargement
C8
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
Thoracic T8
spinal Posterior
nerves T9 median sulcus
T10
T11 Lumbosacral
enlargement
T12
L1 Conus
medullaris
L2
Lumbar L3 Inferior
spinal tip of
nerves spinal cord
L4
Cauda equina
L5
S1
Sacral spinal
S2
nerves
S3
S4
S5
Central Gray
canal matter
Spinal Ventral
nerve root Anterior median fissure
C3
T3
L1
S2
C1
C2
Cervical spinal C3
nerves C4
C5
C6
Cervical
C7
enlargement
C8
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
Thoracic T8
spinal Posterior
nerves T9 median sulcus
T10
T11 Lumbosacral
enlargement
T12
L1 Conus
medullaris
L2
Lumbar L3 Inferior
spinal tip of
nerves spinal cord
L4
Cauda equina
L5
S1
Sacral spinal
S2
nerves
S3
S4
S5
Central Gray
canal matter
Spinal Ventral
nerve root Anterior median fissure
C3
T3
L1
S2
Anterior median
fissure
Pia mater
Denticulate
ligaments
Arachnoid mater
(reflected)
Dura mater
(reflected)
Spinal blood
vessel
Dorsal root of
sixth cervical
nerve
Ventral root of
sixth cervical
nerve
Gray matter
White matter
Dorsal root
ganglion
Ventral root
Spinal nerve
Dorsal root
Meninges
Pia mater
Arachnoid
mater
Dura mater
Gray Matter
Central canal
Consists of somas (cell bodies) surrounding the
central canal
Consists of glial cells
White Matter
Consists of axons
Nerves are organized into tracts or columns
Located outside the gray matter area
Posterior gray
commissure
Somatic
Sensory
Visceral nuclei
Lateral Visceral
gray horn Motor
nuclei
Anterior Somatic
gray horn
To ventral
Anterior gray root
commissure
Anterior median
fissure
b The left half of this sectional view shows important anatomical landmarks; the right half indicates
the functional organization of the gray matter in the anterior, lateral, and posterior gray horns.
Lateral
white
column
(funiculus) Flexors
Extensors Hand
Forearm
Arm
Shoulder
Trunk
c The left half of this sectional view shows the major columns of white matter. The right half
indicates the anatomical organization of sensory tracts in the posterior white column for
comparison with the organization of motor nuclei in the anterior gray horn. Note that both
sensory and motor components of the spinal cord have a definite regional organization.
C1
C2
Cervical spinal C3
nerves C4
C5
C6
Cervical
C7
enlargement
C8
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
Thoracic T8
spinal Posterior
nerves T9 median sulcus
T10
T11 Lumbosacral
enlargement
T12
L1 Conus
medullaris
L2
Lumbar L3 Inferior
spinal tip of
nerves spinal cord
L4
Cauda equina
L5
S1
Sacral spinal
S2
nerves
S3
S4
S5
Spinal Nerves
Each peripheral nerve consists of:
Epineurium
Outer layerbecomes continuous with the dura
mater
Perineurium
Layer surrounding a fasciclea fascicle is a bundle
of axons
Endoneurium
Layer surrounding a single axon
Blood vessels
Connective Tissue
Layers
Epineurium covering
peripheral nerve
Perineurium (around
one fascicle)
Endoneurium
Schwann
cell
Myelinated
axon
Fascicle
Motor Commands
Dorsal ramus
Ventral ramus
To skeletal
muscles of body
wall, limbs Ventral
root
Postganglionic fibers to
smooth muscles, glands,
etc., of body wall, limbs
Spinal nerve
KEY
Somatic motor Preganglionic fibers to
commands sympathetic ganglia
innervating aboomino-
Visceral motor
commands
pelvic viscera
Sensory Information
Dorsal ramus
Ventral ramus
From exteroceptors,
proprioceptors of
body wall, limbs Dorsal
root
ganglion
From interoceptors
of body wall, limbs
Rami
communicantes
Ventral
KEY root
Somatic
sensations
Visceral From interoceptors
sensations of visceral organs
b A comparable view detailing the distribution of sensory neurons and sensory fibers
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spinal Nerves
Dermatomes
Each pair of spinal nerves monitors specific
surface areas
These are clinically important areas regarding
surgery
C2C3
C2
C3 C3
C4
T2 C4
C5
T1 T3
T4
T2
T5 C5
T3 T6
T4 T7
T5 T8
T6 T9 T2
T2 T7 T10
T8 T11
T9 T12
L1 C6
T10 L2
T11 L4L3 T1
C6 L5 C7
T12
L1
SS
43
L2 S2
C8
L3 C8
T1 L1 S5
C7
S1L5
L4
L2 S2
L5 L3
S1
L4
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
T9 Thoracic nerves
T10
T11
T12
L1 Radial nerve
Lumbar L2
plexus Ulnar nerve
L3
Median nerve
L4
L5
S1 Iliohypogastric
Sacral nerve
plexus S2
S3
S4 Ilioinguinal
nerve
S5
Co1 Genitofemoral
nerve
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve
Superior
Gluteal
Inferior nerves
Pudendal nerve
Sciatic nerve
Saphenous nerve
Tibial nerve
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Radial nerve
Lateral antebrachial
cutaneous nerve
Anterior antebrachial
interosseous nerve
Superficial branch
of radial nerve Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Palmar digital
Anterior interosseous
nerves
nerve
Radial
nerve
Ulnar
nerve
a In this anterior view of the
brachial plexus and upper
limb, the distribution of major Median
peripheral nerves can be seen. nerve
Anterior
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Axillary nerve
Branches of
axillary nerve
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Posterior antebrachial
cutaneous nerve
Deep branch of
radial nerve
Median
nerve
Posterior
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Radial nerve
Lateral antebrachial
cutaneous nerve
Anterior antebrachial
interosseous nerve
Superficial branch
of radial nerve Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Palmar digital
Anterior interosseous
nerves
nerve
Radial
nerve
Ulnar
nerve
a In this anterior view of the
brachial plexus and upper
limb, the distribution of major Median
peripheral nerves can be seen. nerve
Anterior
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
Coracobrachialis
muscle Retractor holding
pectoralis major
muscle (cut and
Skin reflected)
Right brachial
artery
Median
nerve
Nerves Originating
from the Lumbar Subcostal nerve
Plexus
Iliohypogastric nerve Nerves Originating
Illioinguinal nerve from the Sacral Plexus
Superior gluteal nerve
Genitofemoral nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Lateral femoral Posterior femoral
cutaneous nerve cutaneous nerve
Femoral nerve Pudendal nerve
Obturator nerve Sciatic nerve
Saphenous nerve
Common Fibular
Nerve and
Its Branches
Common fibular
nerve
Superficial fibular
nerve
Nerves Originating
from the Sacral Plexus
Superior gluteal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Posterior femoral
cutaneous nerve
Pudendal nerve
Sciatic nerve
Branches of
the Sciatic
Nerve
Tibial nerve
Common fibular
nerve
Medial sural
cutaneous nerve
Lateral sural
cutaneous nerve
Sural nerve
Occipital bone
Spinal cord
emerging from
foramen magnum
Cervical
plexus
(C1C5) Cervical
spinal
nerves
(C1C8)
Brachial
plexus
(C5T1)
Thoracic
spinal
nerves
(T1T12)
Lumbar
plexus Lumbar
(T12L4) spinal
nerves
(L1L5)
Sacral
plexus Sciatic
(L4S4) nerve
Sacral spinal
nerves (S1S5)
Coccygeal nerves emerging from
(Co1) sacral foramina
2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Reflexes
Reflex
An immediate involuntary motor response
Reflex Arc
The neural wiring of a single reflex
Begins at a sensory receptor and ends at a
peripheral receptor
Classification of Reflexes
Reflexes are classified according to:
Their development
Innate or acquired
The site where information is processed
Spinal or cranial (cerebral)
The nature of the resulting motor response
Somatic, visceral, or autonomic
The complexity of the neural circuit
Monosynaptic or polysynaptic
REFLEX
ARC
Receptor
Stimulus
Effector Ventral
3 Information processing
root
in CNS
4 Activation of a
5 Response
motor neuron
by effector KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Excitatory
interneuron
Motor neuron
(stimulated)
Reflexes
can be classified by
Classification of Reflexes
Spinal reflexes can be:
Monosynaptic
Involves a single segment of the spinal cord
Polysynaptic
Integrates motor output from several spinal
segments
CENTRAL NERVOUS
Ganglion
SYSTEM
Sensory
neuron
Circuit 1
Motor
neurons
Sensory
receptor
(muscle
spindle)
Skeletal muscle 1
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle 2
a A monosynaptic reflex circuit involves a peripheral b A polysynaptic reflex circuit involves a sensory neuron,
sensory neuron and a central motor neuron. In this interneurons, and motor neurons. In this example, the
example, stimulation of the receptor will lead to a stimulation of the receptor leads to the coordinated
reflexive contraction in a skeletal muscle. contractions of two different skeletal muscles.
Spinal Reflexes
Stretch reflex
1. Stimulus stretches a muscle
2. Activates a sensory neuron
3. Information is processed in the spinal cord
4. Motor neurons are activated
5. Muscle (effector) contracts
1 Stimulus.
Stretching
of muscle
stimulates
2 Activation of a
muscle
spindles sensory neuron
3 Information
processing at
motor neuron
4 Activation of
motor neuron
5 Response.
Contraction
of muscle
Stimulus
Spinal cord
REFLEX
ARC
KEY
Effector Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Motor neuron
Contraction
(stimulated)