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Type of waves:
3.
(B) Longitudinal wave
12. Calculation:
14. Damping - loss of energy due to dissipative forces/ a situation when the
amplitude of the oscillation decreases.
(a) External: due to air friction
Reflection of waves
1. Characteristic:
2. Submarine
(a) Use ultrasonic waves:
- higher f
- travel long distance & can be reflected
3. V = 2d / t
Refraction of waves
1. Change of direction of waves / bending of light when the waves go from
one medium to another with different density
Diffraction of waves
1. Diffraction of waves - change in direction / spreading of waves as they
pass through a small gap or obstacle, aperture or barrier.
2. Characteristics:
(a) Direction change.
(b) Wavelength constant.
(c) Frequency, f remain same.
(d) Velocity same as velocity of incident waves.
3. Plane waves
a. Narrow aperture (size )
Split waves, takes longer way to combine become plane waves. Blur
diffraction.
4. At the seashore, fisherman build a retaining wall & a new location of
jetty:
(a) Structure of retaining wall
i. Can withstand the impact of wave, not easy to crack
ii. Slopping at the below to decrease water wave as depth decrease
iii. Diffraction will occur; the smaller amplitude of the diffracted wave causes
the sea to be calm
iv. Must be height to ensure no overspill of the waves
Interference of Waves
1. Is the effect of superposition between two coherent waves.
6. When distance between the two coherent sources increases, then the
distance between two consecutive antinodes decrease.
8. Formula:
= ax / D
9. Loud speaker
(a) The distance between two loud speaker increase, the distance between
consecutive loud / soft sound increase.
(b) The f increase, the decrease
10. Interference of light waves can show with Youngs double slit
experiments.
Sound waves
1. Amplitude modulation - amplitude of the carrier wave varies as the
audio frequency signal to be transmitted whiles its frequency a constant.
i. When the prongs of the turning fork move outward, it produce a region of
compression.
ii. When the prongs of the turning fork move inward, it produce a region of
rarefaction.
2. Sound wave is a) longitudinal wave.
b) need medium to travel
c) cannot be polarized
3. Compare:
4. Wave sound
(a) The distance between the two waves sources when loud sound are heard
will decreased.
(b) Increases the frequency of the sound wave, wavelength is reduced.
(c) is directly proportional to x.
Electromagnetic waves
1. Consists of vibrating electric fields and magnetic fields which are
perpendicular to each other and to the direction of travel of the wave.
2. Properties:
(a) undergo reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference.
(b) Travel at the speed of light, c= 3.0 X 108 m s-1 in a vacuum.
(c) Do not need a medium to propagate.
3. Has short wavelength and carry high energy & high frequency.