Nativos Digitales y Geografia

1DWLYRVGLJLWDOHV\JHRJUDItD
HQHOVLJOR;;,
(GXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFD\
VLVWHPDVGHDSUHQGL]DMH
1$7,926',*,7$/(6<*(2*5$)$(1(/6,*/2;;,
('8&$&,1*(2*5),&$<6,67(0$6'($35(1',=$-(
&225',1$'25(6
$ODQtV)DODQWHV/
$OPXHGR3DOPD-
'H2OLYHLUD1HYHV*
,JOHVLDV3DVFXDO5
3HGUHJDO0DWHRV%
,6%1

'2,
10.14198/2016-nativos-digitales-y-geografia

'(36,72/(*$/
0
GHOD(GLFLyQGrupo de didctica de la Geografa de la Asociacin de Gegrafos Espaoles, Universidad Pablo

de Olavide y Universidad de Alicante
GHORV7H[WRV/RVDXWRUHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV
Nativos digitales y Geografa en el siglo XXI: educacin geogrfica y estilos de aprendizaje
1',&(
35(6(17$&,1
, 35,0(5$3$57( - INVESTIGACIN EN LA ENSEANZA DE LA

GEOGRAFA
3(16$0,(172(63$&,$/<&212&,0,(172*(2*5),&2(1/2618(926(67,/26
'($35(1',=$-(
Rafael de Miguel Gonzlez
/$0(6$'2&(17('(*(2*5$)$'(/$32%/$&,18102'(/2'(
,17(5&$0%,2'((;3(5,(1&,$6','&7,&$6
Arlinda Garca Coll y Pedro Reques Velasco
/$)8(17(25$/(1/$(16(f$1=$</$,19(67,*$&,1*(2*5),&$65(726<
2325781,'$'(6
Jos Ramn Valero Escandell
/$,19(67,*$&,1&8$/,7$7,9$</$,1129$&,1','&7,&$(1*(2*5$)$EL
TRABAJO CUALITATIVO COMO RECURSO DIDCTICO EN GEOGRAFA
Xos Manuel Souto Gonzlez
,, 6(*81'$3$57((67,/26<02'(/26'($35(1',=$-(
/267(0$6$0%,(17$/(6(1/26/,%526','&7,&26'(*(2*5$)$$1/,6,6'(
/$0(72'2/2*$'(02'(/$'2*5),&2
Magno Emerson Barbosa
81$3/$1,),&$&,1(1*(2*5$)$48(0(-25((/'(6$552//2&203(7(1&,$/
'(/$/801$'2
Sara Bastante Valero y M ngeles Rodrguez Domenech
,1752'8&&,1$/$&$572*5$)$&2/$%25$7,9$(1('8&$&,16(&81'$5,$
Isaac Buzo Snchez
(16(f$1=$'(,7,1(5$5,26*(2*5),&263$5$(678',$17(6'(0$*,67(5,2
35238(67$6'($35(1',=$-($871202(1(/$8/$81,9(56,7$5,$<(1(/
*(2)252,%(52$0(5,&$12
Benito Campo Pas, Liliana Anglica Rodrguez Pizzinato y Juan Carlos Colomer Rubio
0,60263$,6$-(618(9$60,5$'$6(;3(5,(1&,$'()/,33('&/$665220&21
$/801$'2'('((62
Mara Casas Jeric y Luis Erneta Altarriba
(//,%52'(7(;720(',$1'2/$&216758&&,1'(/&212&,0,(172(1/$
)250$&,1&21718$'(/352)(625'(*(2*5$)$
Hugo Gabriel da Silva Mota y Denis Richter
/26*(2%/2*6(1(/352&(62'((16(f$1=$$35(1',=$-('(/$*(2*5$)$
(1/$('8&$&,12%/,*$725,$
Carolina Del Valle Ramos
81$18(9$)250$'((9$/8$5/26(671'$5(6'($35(1',=$-((1/$
0$7(5,$'(*(2*5$)$
Mara Delgado Martn y M ngeles Rodrguez Domenech

(16$<263$5$/$35202&,1'(/$/(&785$(,17(535(7$&,1'(0$3$6$
75$9e6'(/7(0$75),&2'(08-(5(6<1,f$63$5$/$(;3/27$&,16(;8$/
&21),1(6&20(5&,$/(69(56$'2(1(/&2/e*,2(67$7$/'(387$'20$12(/
129$(65(726<326,%,/,'$'(648(2)5(&(3,%,'*(2*5$)$8)%$
Jilvana Ferreira da Silva Souza
/$(16(f$1=$'(/$*(2*5$)$(1/$('8&$&,181,9(56,7$5,$$&,(5726<
'(6$&,(5726
Loyda Fonseca Cuadrado
+$&,$/$&219(5*(1&,$"$1/,6,6'(/$6&203(7(1&,$6*(2'(02*5),&$6
'(/26*5$'26'(*(2*5$)$685*,'26(1(/&217(;72'(/(((6
Arlinda Garca Coll, Ral Lardis Bosque y Beln Pedregal Mateos
$35(1',(1'2&21&$572*5$)$+,675,&$&,8'$'+(5('$'$<
75$16)250$&,185%$1$'(6(9,//$(1(/3/$127232*5),&2'(2/$9,'(
Miguel Garca Martn y Arsenio Villar Lama
/$23,1,1'(/26(678',$17(6'(0$*,67(5,262%5(/26&217(1,'26'(
*(2*5$)$(1('8&$&,135,0$5,$
scar Jerez Garca y Jonathan Montero Pozo
$3/,&$&,1'(/$35(1',=$-(6(59,&,2(1(/0%,72'(/$*(2*5$)$/$
/$*81$'(/$%$55(5$0/$*$
Manuel Francisco Lara Luque y Jos Jess Delgado Pea
/$(92/8&,1$/$+25$'(5(35(6(17$5(,17(535(7$5(/(63$&,2&(5&$12
'(/$/801$'2(1)250$&,1'(('8&$&,135,0$5,$
Jos Antonio Lpez Fernndez y Ramn Martnez Medina
(63$&,26'(35&7,&$<5()/(;,1'(',&$1'2$/*81$60,5$'$6$/$6
35&7,&$6'2&(17(6&855,&8/$5(6(1/26&85626'(*(2*5$)$(1%5$6,/
Daniel Mallmann Vallerius y Erika Gonalves Pires
75$7$0,(172'(&217(1,'26*(2*5),&26&21(678',$17(6'(/$(62$
3$57,5'()5$*0(1726'(/48,-27(81$35238(67$','&7,&$
Mara Jess Marrn Gaite
/$75$',&,125$/&2025(&8562(1/$(16(f$1=$<$35(1',=$-('(/
7,(032<(/&/,0$35238(67$','&7,&$3$5$(/&/,0$0(',7(551(2'(
/$3(1168/$,%e5,&$
Emilio Martnez Ibarra, Jonatan Arias Garca y Jos Gmez Zotano
(/3$,6$-((1/260$18$/(6(6&2/$5(6'(&,(1&,$662&,$/(681$
(16(f$1=$(1)2&$'$$(67$1'$5(6'($35(1',=$-((9$/8$%/(6"
Ramn Martnez Medina y Jos Antonio Lpez Fernndez
'(6$552//2'(/$&203(7(1&,$(63$&,$/$75$9e6'(/$6$3/,&$&,21(6'(
*22*/(($57+<0$36(1*(2*5$)$85%$1$81$(;3(5,(1&,$'($8/$(1
(62
Francisco Jos Morales Yago
/$(16(f$1=$'(12&,21(6*(2*5),&$6$75$9e6'(/$1$55$7,9$'(-8/,2
9(51(<*22*/(($57+
Mara del Carmen Morn Monge
(/(678',2'(02*5),&2/2&$/81&2167$17(<&203(7(1&,$/5(&8562
','&7,&2
Jos R. Pedraza Serrano

48e38('($3257$5/$*(2*5$)$/$+,6725,$</$6'(06&,(1&,$6
62&,$/(6$18(67526-9(1(6(678',$17(6'((62"81$(;3(5,(1&,$(1(/
&$1$/'(/2635(626
Jos Antonio Pineda-Alfonso
,1129$&,1'2&(17(<029,/,'$'85%$1$6267(1,%/(&216758<(1'20$3$6
3($721$/(6
Julio Plaza Tabasco y Hctor S. Martnez Snchez-Mateos
,II7(5&(5$3$57((/(172512</$,19(67,*$&,1&202
5(&85626('8&$7,926
/263$6(26(6&2/$5(6(1/$6(6&8(/$66(9,//$1$6$35,1&,3,26'(/;;$/*2
0648(81,17(172'(,1129$&,1','&7,&$
Jos Almuedo Palma
/$,17(535(7$&,1'(/3$,6$-('(/26+80('$/(6&2025(&8562','&7,&2
3$5$/$*(2*5$)$
Jonatan Arias Garca, Jos Gmez Zotano y Emilio Martnez Ibarra
/$$*(1&,$78567,&2086,&$/81352<(&72'($35(1',=$-(3$5$/$
','&7,&$'(/$*(2*5$)$(1('8&$&,135,0$5,$
Ana Mara Barranco Domnguez
/26(1725126)/89,$/(685%$126$352;,0$&,21(6$68327(1&,$/&202
(63$&,26'($35(1',=$-(
Agustn Cuello Gijn
(/(678',2'(/(63$&,2*(2*5),&2&(5&$12(1('8&$&,1,1)$17,/
,7,1(5$5,2','&7,&23$5$(/&212&,0,(172'(/$&,8'$''(9$//$'2/,'
Julio Fernndez Portela
*(23+2723(',$815(326,725,2'(/,%5($&&(62'()272*5$)$6'(/
7(55,725,2
Pablo Fraile Jurado
9,$-$026$/21'5(681$35238(67$','&7,&$3$5$75$%$-$5/$
*(2*5$)$'(6'(('8&$&,1,1)$17,/
Cristina Isabel Gallego Garca y Mara del Mar Gallego Garca
+,6725,$6(1(/3$,6$-('(/$6(55$1,$'($7,(1=$
Alfonso Garca de la Vega, Daniela Derosas Contreras, Ana Snchez Ric,o Marcos Chica Diaz y
Thiara Vichiato Breda
3(5&(3&,1'(/$&,8'$''($/%$&(7($75$9e6'(683/$12'(0(752
&$572*5$)$6873,&$6
Juan Antonio Garca Gonzlez
&8/785$2/,9$5(5$&210,5$'$'(*e1(52$/*81$635238(67$6
','&7,&$6
Antonia Garca Luque y Carmen Rueda Parras
/$6,03/,&$&,21(6','&7,&$6'(/26(67(5(27,326<3(5&(3&,21(6'(/
(63$&,2*(2*5),&2
Diego Garca Monteagudo
/266,*(1/$'2&(1&,$(,19(67,*$&,1
Mara Jess Gonzlez Gonzlez e Irene Pereira Garca

*(2*5$)$'(/$3(5&(3&,181(-(5&,&,235&7,&2'(6'(/$(16(f$1=$'(
/$*(2*5$)$(1/$('8&$&,10(',$
Laura Daniela Hernndez
/$3(5&(3&,1'(/(63$&,2*(2*5),&2(1('8&$&,1,1)$17,/(678',2'(
&$62
Francisco Javier Jaraz Cabanillas, Ana Mara Hernndez Carretero y Amanda Hernndez Soto
/$6$/,'$,7,1(5$17('(*(2*5$)$
Joaqun Mrquez Prez, Pablo Fraile Jurado, Arsenio Villar Lama, Miguel Garca Martn, Noela
Snchez Carnero, Natalia Limones Rodrguez, Inmaculada Martnez Alba y Lara Rodrguez Romero
/$'521(*(2*5$)$
Juan Martn Martn y M Luisa Vzquez Snchez
'(3(1'((/)87852'(/3$,6$-(<(/0(',2$0%,(17('(/26)878526
0$(67526"0$126$/$2%5$
Elena Mara Muoz Espinosa
(/12'2&2025(&8562','&7,&2(1*(2*5$)$81$1/,6,6'(/26
6(&725(6352'8&7,926'(6'((/3/$1-$e1
Matilde Peinado Rodrguez
,17(*5$&,1'(/266,67(0$6'(,1)250$&,1*(2*5),&$(1/26(678',26
'(%$&+,//(5$72(/&$62'(81$&20$5&$585$//(21(6$%$%,$
Ignacio Prieto Sarro
*(2*5$)$<&$/(1'$5,2(6&2/$581$35238(67$'((1&8(17523$5$'(
(62
Snia Ruiz Conesa
(/3$,6$-(&2025(&8562','&7,&2(;3(5,(1&,$6(1/$',5(&&,1'(
75$%$-26)1'(*5$'2(1('8&$&,135,0$5,$(,1)$17,/
David Sampedro Snchez y David Snchez Bentez
,19(67,*$&,162%5(0(',2$0%,(17(<('8&$&,1/$9,6,1*(2*5),&$
'(/527$-2(1(678',$17(6'(*5$'2'(0$(67526(1('8&$&,135,0$5,$
Gema Snchez Emeterio, Beatriz Garca Fernndez y David Snchez Ramos
(9$/8$&,1'(5(&85626','&7,&267,&/(&&,21(6'(25,(17$&,1
(63$&,$/(1MI AMIGA LA TIERRA,167,7872*(2*5),&21$&,21$/(63$f$
Rafael Sebasti Alcaraz y Emilia Mara Tonda Monllor
(/3$548(1$785$/'(/$6(55$1$'(&8(1&$&202(172512','&7,&2
scar Serrano Gil y Mara Cristina Fernndez Fernndez
I9 CUARTA PARTE - DE LA TEORA A LA PRCTICA DE LA

ENSEANZA DE LA GEOGRAFA
*(2/2&$/=$7(<3$57,&,3$81$0$33,1*3$57<-89(1,/(16(9,//$
Jose Antonio Nieto Calmaestra, M Victoria Segura Raya, Moiss Arcos Santiago y Susana
Mara Becerra Vega
/$&203(7(1&,$',*,7$/(1/2675$%$-26'(&$032'(*(2*5$)$
35238(67$6'(02'(/26,17(5$&7,926$8/$(172512
Manuel Antonio Serrano de la Cruz Santos-Olmo y scar Jerez Garca

35(6(17$&,1
En las sociedades desarrolladas de inicios del siglo XXI, caracterizadas por el creciente flujo
informativo y meditico, cada vez adquiere una mayor importancia los problemas de
saturacin e inmediatez informativa entre los ciudadanos. Del mismo modo, esta
sobreinformacin se plasma en los futuros ciudadanos, el alumnado de los diferentes niveles
educativos, en una dificultad para procesar y/o comprender toda la informacin de la que
dispone. Estos casos se pueden ejemplificar en aquel alumnado que, a pesar de saber utilizar
los rudimentos bsicos de software y hardware, sin embargo presenta serias las dificultades
para trabajar y encontrar informacin en formato de textual e hipertexto, diferenciar entre lo
principal y accesorio en el abordaje de la informacin, dificultad y superficialidad a la hora de
elaborar conclusiones o la tendencia a utilizar exclusivamente las primeras referencias que
ofrecen los buscadores sin plantearse la idoneidad de dicha informacin.
Este problema, realidad observada diariamente en las aulas de las etapas de Primaria,
Secundaria y de Bachillerato, reseable tambin en la etapa universitaria, se acenta
especialmente en aquellas disciplinas como la Geografa que presentan un elevado nivel de
abstraccin y carga terica. Sin embargo el carcter holstico e integrador del pensamiento y
anlisis geogrfico, convierte a nuestra disciplina en un magnfico mbito para orientar al
alumnado en este nuevo entorno digital, donde cada vez adquiere una mayor importancia el
anlisis de la informacin, su interrelacin y posibilidad de extraer conclusiones. Elementos
todos ellos fundamentales para que los futuros miembros de la sociedad puedan ejercer una
ciudadana crtica y activa.
Esto nos ha llevado a plantear la pertinencia de iniciar un debate sobre cmo construyen su
conocimiento los nuevos nativos digitales y como afecta a esto especialmente a la Geografa y
a su Didctica. En este contexto, hemos propuesto iniciar una reflexin abierta y plural, desde
diferentes niveles educativos sobre los efectos que dichos cambios tienen sobre los estilos de
aprendizajes y en la didctica de la Geografa. Por otro lado planteamos la necesidad tanto de
explorar nuevos instrumentos y recursos didcticos, como de reorientar y mantener los
tradicionales con el objeto de educar y formar ciudadanos desde la Geografa en un entorno
digital caracterizado por la saturacin e inmediatez informativa. Con esta propuesta se
propone analizar como determinados aspectos relacionados con el uso de las TIC estn
cambiando los modelos de aprendizaje tanto al interactuar con la informacin mediante la
tecnologa como al abordar su tratamiento en el formato textual clsico. Por ltimo se busca
desarrollar orientaciones metodolgicas en el aula que desde la competencia digital y la
Geografa sirva para orientar a los docentes sobre como plantear estrategias didcticas diarias
en el aula.
5LFDUGR,JOHVLDV3DVFXDO

, 35,0(5$3$57(
INVESTIGACIN EN LA
ENSEANZA DE LA
GEOGRAFA

3(16$0,(172(63$&,$/<&212&,0,(172*(2*5),&2(1
/2618(926(67,/26'($35(1',=$-(
5DIDHOGH0LJXHO*RQ]iOH]
Universidad de Zaragoza VicePresidente de EUROGEO
rafaelmg@unizar.es
,1752'8&&,1
/D JHRJUDItD FRPR GLVFLSOLQD HVFRODU HVWi GH PRGD \ FRQVWLWX\H XQD GH ODV PDWHULDV PiV
GHPDQGDGDV H LQWHUHVDQWHV HQ UHODFLyQ D OD IRUPDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD \ D OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO
PXQGRDFWXDOFRPSOHMRJOREDO\FRQWUDGLFWRULRSDUDORVDOXPQRVTXHVHUiQORVDGXOWRVGHOD
SULPHUD PLWDG GHO VLJOR YHLQWLXQR (VWD DILUPDFLyQ SXHGH SDUHFHU XQ SRFR XWySLFD HQ HO
FRQWH[WRHVSDxROGHSHUPDQHQWHUHYLVLyQOHJLVODWLYD\FXUULFXODUHQHOTXHODJHRJUDItDKDLGR
SHUGLHQGR LQWHUpV \ DOJR GH SUHVHQFLD KRUDULD HQ ORV WUHV SULPHURV FXUVRV GH OD (62 HQ
EHQHILFLR GH OD KLVWRULD \ HQ HO TXH ORV SURFHVRV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ S~EOLFD VREUH HO FXUUtFXOR
HVFRODUKDQGHVSUHFLDGRYDOLRVDVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHV\VXJHUHQFLDV'HOJDGR\%X]RTXH
WHQtDQ FRPR REMHWLYR GRWDU D OD JHRJUDItD GH XQ PD\RU UHFRQRFLPLHQWR DFRUGH FRQ ODV
ILQDOLGDGHV GH OD HGXFDFLyQ FtYLFD UHFRJLGDV UHLWHUDGDV HQ OD VXFHVLyQ GH OH\HV HGXFDWLYDV
DSUREDGDVHQORV~OWLPRVYHLQWLFLQFRDxRV
(Q OD HVFDOD LQWHUQDFLRQDO OD VLWXDFLyQ HV GLIHUHQWH HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ ORV SDtVHV GH iPELWR
DQJORVDMyQ(QHO5HLQR8QLGRHOFXUVRODJHRJUDItDIXHODDVLJQDWXUDFRQPD\RU
FUHFLPLHQWRGHOLEUHHOHFFLyQSDUDORVH[iPHQHVGHDFFHVRDOD8QLYHUVLGDGA-levelGHELGRD
VX QDWXUDOH]D LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU HQWUH ODV FLHQFLDV H[SHULPHQWDOHV \ ODV VRFLDOHV R D VX
FRPSRQHQWH GH DQiOLVLV VLJQLILFDWLYR GH GDWRV (Q (VWDGRV 8QLGRV XQR GH ORV DXWRUHV PiV
UHFRQRFLGRV H LQIOX\HQWHV VREUH HO SHQVDPLHQWR DFWXDO .DSODQ KD UHFRUGDGR OD
LPSRUWDQFLDGHODJHRJUDItDSDUDGHVDUUROODUHOVHQWLGRFRP~QHQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHO PXQGR
FRQWHPSRUiQHR\VXVFRQIOLFWRVSROtWLFRV
3RURWUDSDUWHODJHRJUDItDVHKDUHLQYHQWDGRFRPRFDPSRGHFRQRFLPLHQWRWUDVODLUUXSFLyQGH
XQ QXHYR SDUDGLJPD GHQRPLQDGR QHRJHRJUDItD &DSHO TXH LPSOLFD XQD QXHYD
GLPHQVLyQPiVLQIRUPDOFRODERUDWLYD\SDUWLFLSDWLYDGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRGHELGRDOD
IDFLOLGDG\GLVSRQLELOLGDGGHDFFHVR\WUDWDPLHQWRGHODLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDDWUDYpVGHODV
QXHYDV WHFQRORJtDV \ GLVSRVLWLYRV /D QHRJHRJUDItD WDPELpQ VXSRQH TXH H[LVWH XQD
DEUXPDGRUD GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH UHFXUVRV JHRJUiILFRV \ FDUWRJUiILFRV HQ OD ZHE SDUD VHU
XWLOL]DGRV FRPR UHFXUVRV GLGiFWLFRV HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D \ HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH OD *HRJUDItD HQ OD
HGXFDFLyQSULPDULD\VHFXQGDULD(OULHVJRGHHVWDSRSXODUL]DFLyQHQHODFFHVR\SURGXFFLyQD
ODFDUWRJUDItDGLJLWDOFRQVLVWHHQXWLOL]DUODJHRJUDItDFRPRXQLQVWUXPHQWRSDUDODDGTXLVLFLyQ
GH XQ SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO DQDOtWLFR R PDWHPiWLFR LQFLGLHQGR PiV HQ OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH
FRPSHWHQFLDV WHFQROyJLFDV \ SURIHVLRQDOHV geospatial technology competence model, GIS
science, geo-enablement, geo-awareness) TXH HQ OD SURSLD GLPHQVLyQ GH OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GHO
FRQRFLPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR KROtVWLFR FRPR FLHQFLD LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU GH UHODFLyQ HQWUH ORV
IHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHV\ODRUJDQL]DFLyQVRFLDOHQHOWHUULWRULR.

KWWSVZZZWKHJXDUGLDQFRPFRPPHQWLVIUHHDXJWKHJXDUGLDQYLHZRQJHRJUDSK\LWVWKHPXVWKDYHDOHYHO
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

5HVXOWDLQGLVFXWLEOHTXHOD*HRJUDItDKDHYROXFLRQDGRPX\UiSLGDPHQWHHQORV~OWLPRVDxRV
GHELGRDODVSURSLDVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHOVLVWHPD PXQGR\HVLQQHJDEOHTXHOD*HRJUDItD
VHDSUREDEOHPHQWHODGLVFLSOLQDHVFRODUTXHPD\RULPSDFWRKDUHFLELGRSRUSDUWHGHODV
QXHYDV WHFQRORJtDV HVSHFLDOPHQWH GH ODV QXHYDV WHFQRORJtDV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD
JORERV YLUWXDOHV \ VLVWHPDV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD HQ OD UHG +DQ FDPELDGR ORV
FRQWHQLGRV\KDQFDPELDGRORVSURFHGLPLHQWRVSHURQRVLHPSUHKDFDPELDGRDOPLVPRULWPR
QLFRQODPLVPDIRUWXQDODHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFDQLORVHVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMHFRPRWtWXORGHO
SUHVHQWHFRQJUHVR&RPRKHPRVVHxDODGRSUHYLDPHQWH'H0LJXHO'H0LJXHO
ODV UXWLQDV \ ODV WUDGLFLRQHV HVFRODUHV VRQ HQ RFDVLRQHV GLItFLOHV GH PRGLILFDU FXDQGR QL ODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO PXQGR DFWXDO QL ODV GH OD VRFLHGDG QL ODV GH ORV DOXPQRV VRQ LJXDOHV DO
FRQWH[WRHQTXHDWtWXORGHHMHPSORVHSURFHGLyDLPSODQWDUOD/2*6(HQORVLQLFLRVGHORV
DxRVQRYHQWD
(VWDSRQHQFLDWUDWDGHEXVFDUXQGREOHHTXLOLEULRHQHVDGREOHGLV\XQWLYDTXHVHSODQWHDXQD
HGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFDTXHDSURYHFKHODVYHQWDMDVGHODVQXHYDVKHUUDPLHQWDVDQDOtWLFDV
JHRPpWULFDVVLQDEDQGRQDUORVIXQGDPHQWRVWHRUpWLFRVGHXQDGLVFLSOLQDFLHQWtILFDHVWR
HVLQWHJUDQGRSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO\FRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR\XQDHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
TXHDSURYHFKHORVQXHYRVHVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMH\ODVPRGDVSHGDJyJLFDVVLQDEDQGRQDU
HO ULJRU GHO GLVHxR FXUULFXODU HVR HV LQWHJUDQGR LQQRYDFLyQ FRQ FRQVROLGDFLyQ GLVFLSOLQDU
GHODGLGiFWLFDGHODJHRJUDItD3DUDHOORVHXWLOL]DFRPRHMHPSORGHVWDFDGRHO$WODV'LJLWDO
(VFRODU \ VH GHWDOODQ GLYHUVDV IRUPDV GH DERUGDU OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD *HRJUDItD D WUDYpV GHO
PLVPR GHVGH ORV QXHYRV HVWLORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH GHVGH OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR
JHRJUiILFR VLVWHPiWLFR VLJXLHQGR ODV UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV GH OD QXHYD 'HFODUDFLyQ
,QWHUQDFLRQDOVREUH(GXFDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDUHFLHQWHPHQWHDSUREDGD
/$ 1(&(6$5,$ 6,0%,26,6 (175( 3(16$0,(172 (63$&,$/ <

&212&,0,(172*(2*5),&2
(Q SULPHU OXJDU HV SUHFLVR GLVFHUQLU HQWUH HO QXHYR HQIRTXH JHRHVSDFLDO \ OD UHQRYDFLyQ
HSLVWHPROyJLFDOLJDGDDODDGTXLVLFLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR3HQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO\
SHQVDPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR QR VRQ VLQyQLPRV VLQR FRQFHSWRV FRPSOHPHQWDULRV XQR PiV
OLJDGR D SURFHVRV FRJQLWLYRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD LQWHOLJHQFLD HVSDFLDO \ HO RWUR PXFKR PiV
YLQFXODGRFRQODSURSLDGLVFLSOLQDJHRJUiILFD(OSULPHURGHHOORVKDDGTXLULGRUHFLHQWHPHQWH
XQD JUDQ GLIXVLyQ D WUDYpV GH OLEURV \ DUWtFXORV GHELGR D GRV UD]RQHV OD LUUXSFLyQ GH ODV
QXHYDVWHFQRORJtDVSDUDODLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD\ODPD\RUDWHQFLyQKDFLDSRVWXODGRVVREUH
HODSUHQGL]DMHTXHLQFLGHQHQODLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULHGDGHVSHFLDOPHQWHODWHRUtDGHLQWHOLJHQFLDV
P~OWLSOHV GH *DUGQHU 2WURV DXWRUHV 8KOHQZLQNHO VHxDODQ QR REVWDQWH TXH OD
GLIHUHQFLDHQWUHDPERVFRQFHSWRVHVGHWUDGLFLyQHVFRODUHOSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDOFRQVWLWX\H
XQHMHFHQWUDOGHOFXUUtFXORHVWDGRXQLGHQVHPLHQWUDVTXHHOSHQVDPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRFRQVWLWX\H
XQ FRQFHSWR FHQWUDO GHO GHEDWH HQ OD HGXFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD EULWiQLFD 3RU RWUD SDUWH HO
SHQVDPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRVHIXQGDPHQWDQRWDQWRHQUHODFLRQHVWRSROyJLFDVVLQRHQORVDWULEXWRV
SURSLRV GHO DQiOLVLV GHO HVSDFLR OXHJR GHWDOODGRV GHVGH HO HQIRTXH GH OD *HRJUDItD FRPR
GLVFLSOLQD FLHQWtILFD TXH SHUPLWHQ DSUHQGHU XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR VLVWHPDWL]DGR HVWR HV HO
FRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR
6LQ HPEDUJR H[LVWH XQD OLPLWDGD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HPStULFD VREUH VX DSOLFDFLyQ UHDO DO DXOD
GHELGR D TXH HO HQIRTXH HVSDFLDO QR VLHPSUH HQFXHQWUD XQ PDUFR HVFRODU \ FXUULFXODU
DGHFXDGR HQ DVLJQDWXUDV 67(0 SULQFLSDOPHQWH PDWHPiWLFDV \ WHFQRORJtD %HGQDU] HW DO
.RROYRRUG 3RU HO FRQWUDULR OD *HRJUDItD VHSDUDGD GH OD +LVWRULD FRQWLQXD
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

VLHQGR XQD DVLJQDWXUD IXQGDPHQWDO HQ OD VHFXQGDULD GH GLYHUVRVSDtVHV GH (XURSD H LQFOXVR
FRPR VH KD LQGLFDGR DQWHV HV XQD GH ODV SUHIHULGDV SRU ORV DOXPQRV LQJOHVHV GHO FXUVR
SUHXQLYHUVLWDULR SDUD UHDOL]DU ORV H[iPHQHV $OHYHOV (V SRU HOOR TXH HO SHQVDPLHQWR
JHRJUiILFR UHVXOWD HO PHMRU FDWDOL]DGRU SDUD OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GHO SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO HQ XQD
GLVFLSOLQDHVFRODUGHDPSOLDWUDGLFLyQ\VyOLGDVEDVHVHSLVWHPROyJLFDVSHURWDPELpQDELHUWDD
QXHYRV PRGRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH FRPR OD PHWRGRORJtD DFWLYD 0DUUyQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH
VLJQLILFDWLYR6HEDVWLiRHODSUHQGL]DMHEDVDGRHQSUR\HFWRVGHLQGDJDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
.HUVNL'H0LJXHOE
/D WDEOD DGMXQWD PXHVWUD ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO \ UHODFLRQHV HVSDFLDOHV
HQWUH SHQVDPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR \ FRQRFLPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR /D UHODFLyQ VLVWpPLFD HQWUH HVWRV
HQIRTXHVHVORTXHSHUPLWHREWHQHUXQDVHULHGHLQGLFDGRUHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHVXVFHSWLEOHVGHVHU
XWLOL]DGRV FRPR SDUiPHWURV GH DGTXLVLFLyQ GHO SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO SHUR WDPELpQ GH
DSUHQGL]DMHGHFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRDWUDYpVGHSUR\HFWRVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQXQDIXHQWHGH
LQIRUPDFLyQSDUDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQVREUHODLQQRYDFLyQHQODHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
3HQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO $SWLWXGHV HVSDFLDOHV 5HODFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHV
3HQVDPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR ,QGDJDFLyQJHRJUiILFD &RQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR

)LJXUD9tQFXORVHQWUHHOSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO\HOFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
3HQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO
(O FRQFHSWR GH SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO IXH GHVDUUROODGR HQ XQ GRFXPHQWR GHQRPLQDGR
$SUHQGLHQGRDSHQVDUHVSDFLDOPHQWH15&$SHVDUGHTXHH[LVWtDQWUDEDMRVSUHYLRV
VREUH OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH VLVWHPDV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD \ OD HGXFDFLyQ SULPDULD \
VHFXQGDULDHO&RQVHMRGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ1DFLRQDOGHORV(VWDGRV8QLGRVFUHyXQFRPLWpSDUD
HVWXGLDUKDVWDTXpSXQWRHVEHQHILFLRVRLQFRUSRUDUHOSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDOHQHOFXUUtFXOXPGH
OD HGXFDFLyQ HVFRODU . (VWH WUDEDMR GHWHUPLQy TXH HO SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO SXHGH VHU
DSUHQGLGRGHELGRDORVSURFHVRVGHDGTXLVLFLyQGH
x FRQRFLPLHQWR \ FRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR SRU HMHPSOR HO VLVWHPD GH
FRRUGHQDGDVODQDWXUDOH]DWULGLPHQVLRQDOGHOHVSDFLR
x UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR D WUDYpV GH GLIHUHQWHV SUR\HFFLRQHV SHUVSHFWLYDV
SULQFLSLRV GH GLVHxR JUiILFR HWF TXH SHUPLWHQ FRPXQLFDU LQIRUPDFLyQ HVSDFLDO
HVWUXFWXUDGD
x UD]RQDPLHQWR GHO HVSDFLR SRU HMHPSOR FXUYDV GH QLYHOUHOLHYH GLVWDQFLD PiV
SUy[LPD HQ OtQHD UHFWDGLVWDQFLD D WUDYpV GHXQD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD GHWUDQVSRUWH iUHDV GH
LQIOXHQFLD HWF TXH VLUYHQ SDUD H[SOLFDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ HVSDFLDO SHUR WDPELpQ SDUD OD
WRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVHVSDFLDOHV
8QVHJXQGRDVSHFWRGHOSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDOVRQODVWUHVIXQFLRQHVSDUDODVTXHVLUYH
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

x IXQFLyQGHVFULSWLYDGHODORFDOL]DFLyQGHREMHWRVVREUHHOHVSDFLR\ODVUHODFLRQHV
WRSROyJLFDVHQWUHHOORV
x IXQFLyQDQDOtWLFDTXHSHUPLWHFRPSUHQGHUODVHVWUXFWXUDVHVSDFLDOHV
x IXQFLyQLQIHUHQFLDOTXHGDUHVSXHVWDDODVSUHJXQWDVDFHUFDGHODIXQFLyQGHHVDV
HVWUXFWXUDVDVtFRPRVXHYROXFLyQ
(Q UHVXPHQ HO SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO GHVFULEH QR VyOR OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GH ORV SURFHVRV
HVSDFLDOHV VLQR WDPELpQ LQFOX\H HOHPHQWRV GH FRQFHSWRV HVSDFLDOHV KHUUDPLHQWDV \ PpWRGRV
SDUDODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHVSDFLDODVtFRPRHOSURFHVRGHUD]RQDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO(VWRVYtQFXORV
HQWUHHOHVSDFLRODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ\HOUD]RQDPLHQWRGDQDOSURFHVRGHSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO
ODSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHODVHVWUXFWXUDVHVSDFLDOHVSXHGHQVHUDQDOL]DGDV\WUDQVIRUPDGDV3RUOR
WDQWR HO FRQFHSWR GH SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO UHSUHVHQWD XQ YHKtFXOR SDUD ORV SUREOHPDV GH
HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ OD E~VTXHGD GH UHVSXHVWDV \ VROXFLRQHV TXH H[SUHVDQ ODV FXHVWLRQHV
UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ OD GLVSRVLFLyQ \ HVWUXFWXUD GH ORV REMHWRV VREUH HO HVSDFLR (O SHQVDPLHQWR
HVSDFLDO JXDUGD XQD PD\RU UHODFLyQ FRQ HO FRQFHSWR GH LQWHOLJHQFLD HVSDFLDO \ GHVGH OD
SVLFRORJtD FRJQLWLYD VH GHVDJUHJD HQ DSWLWXGHV R FDSDFLGDGHV HVSDFLDOHVspatial abilities
*ROOHGJH\6WLPVRQ/HH\%HGQDU]S
$SWLWXGHVHVSDFLDOHV\UHODFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHV
$KRUD ELHQ OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GHO SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO VH UHDOL]D D WUDYpV GH GLIHUHQWHV
DFWLYLGDGHV GH JHVWLyQ GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD SRU PHGLR R QR GH 6LVWHPDV GH
,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD TXH SHUPLWHQ GHVDUUROODU DSWLWXGHV SURFHGLPLHQWRV FDSDFLGDGHV R
KDELOLGDGHVHVSDFLDOHVspatial abilitiesVLJXLHQGRHOHVTXHPDGHORVFXDWURDXWRUHVFLWDGRVHQ
HOSiUUDIRDQWHULRU
x YLVXDOL]DFLyQHVSDFLDOFDSDFLGDGSDUDPDQLSXODUURWDUJLUDURLQYHUWLUPHQWDOPHQWH
HVWtPXORVYLVXDOHVELRWULGLPHQVLRQDOHV
x RULHQWDFLyQHVSDFLDOFDSDFLGDGSDUDLPDJLQDUFyPRVHUtDXQDILJXUDGHVGHXQD
RULHQWDFLyQRSHUVSHFWLYDGLIHUHQWH
x UHODFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHV
/DWHUFHUDGHODVFDWHJRUtDVHVODPiVLPSRUWDQWHSRUTXHLPSOLFDODDGTXLVLFLyQ\HOGHVDUUROOR
GH SURFHVRV FRJQLWLYRV HVSDFLDOHV FRPR UHFRQRFHU GLVWULEXFLRQHV HVSDFLDOHV LGHQWLILFDU
SDWURQHV GH RUJDQL]DFLyQ HQ HO HVSDFLR \ MHUDUTXtDV HVSDFLDOHV HVWDEOHFHU DVRFLDFLRQHV \
FRUUHODFLRQHVHQWUHIHQyPHQRVTXHWLHQHQXQDGHWHUPLQDGDGLVWULEXFLyQHVSDFLDOHWF(VWRV\
RWURVSURFHVRVKDQVLGRH[SXHVWRVSRURWURVDXWRUHVFRPR6:%HGQDU]*HUVKPHKO\
*HUVPHKO3DWWHUVRQ*ROOHGJH0DUVK\%DWWHUVE\-DQHOOH\*RRGFKLOG
DVt FRPR -R \ %HGQDU] /D SULPHUD DXWRUD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH UHODFLRQHV
HVSDFLDOHVSRUHMHPSORFRQHFWDUOXJDUHV\SURFHVRVFRJQLWLYRVXVDGRVHQPDSDVUHDOL]DGRV
FRQ6,*SRUHMHPSORDVRFLDUGRVDWULEXWRVHVSDFLDOHV/RVVHJXQGRVVHxDODQRFKRPRGRV
QHXUROyJLFRV GLVWLQWRV GH SHQVDU HVSDFLDOPHQWH FRPSDUDFLyQ ]RQD GH LQIOXHQFLD UHJLyQ
MHUDUTXtD WUDQVLFLyQ DQDORJtD SDWUyQ \ DVRFLDFLyQ (O WHUFHUR GHVDUUROOD XQD VHULH GH
FXHVWLRQHV FODYH D ODV TXH GHEHQ GDU UHVSXHVWD ORV FRPSRQHQWHV GHO SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO
GyQGHHVWi"FyPRVHUHODFLRQDQGRVHVSDFLRV"FXiQWRDOFDQ]DHOiUHDGHLQIOXHQFLDGHXQ
SXQWR HQ HO HVSDFLR" TXp WLSRORJtDVHVWUXFWXUDV GH HVSDFLRV VRQ VHPHMDQWHV \ GyQGH VH
HQFXHQWUDQ" FyPR VH GLIXQGHQ VREUH HO HVSDFLR ORV FDPELRV" (Q (VSDxD OD UHIHUHQFLD
HVHQFLDO HV OD TXH HVWDEOHFH &RPHV FXDQGR HVWDEOHFH WUHV WLSRV GH KDELOLGDGHV
HVSDFLDOHVFRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQHVSDFLDORULHQWDFLyQ\PHGLGDGHOHVSDFLR UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

JUiILFDGHOHVSDFLR(QVtQWHVLV0RKDQ\0RKDQKDQFRPSHQGLDGRHVWDVDSRUWDFLRQHV

HQXQHVTXHPDTXHSHUPLWHFRPSDUDUODVGLIHUHQFLDVFRQFHSWXDOHV7DEOD
*ROOHGJHHWDODGDSWDGRSRU *HUVKPHKO\*HUVPHKO -DQHOOH\*RRGFKLOG
-R\%HGQDU]
5HODFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVSULPLWLYDV /RFDOL]DFLyQ /RFDOL]DFLyQ
x ,GHQWLGDG x &RQGLFLRQHV 'LVWDQFLD
x /RFDOL]DFLyQ x &RQH[LRQHV 5HJLyQ
x 0DJQLWXG 5HG
x 'XUDFLyQ 0RGRVGHSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO 6XSHUSRVLFLyQ
5HODFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVVLPSOHV x &RPSDUDFLyQ (VFDOD
x 'LVWDQFLD x =RQDGHLQIOXHQFLD +HWHURJHQHLGDGHVSDFLDO
x 'LUHFFLyQ x 5HJLyQ 'HSHQGHQFLDHVSDFLDO
x &RQHFWLYLGDG x -HUDUTXtD
x 0RYLPLHQWR x 7UDQVLFLyQ
x 7UDQVLFLyQ x $QDORJtD
x /tPLWHV x 3DWUyQHVSDFLDO
x 5HJLyQ x $VRFLDFLyQ
x )RUPD
x 0DUFRGHUHIHUHQFLD 3HQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLRWHPSRUDO
x 'LVSRVLFLyQ x &DPELR
x &ROLQGDQFLD x 0RYLPLHQWR
x &LHUUH x 'LIXVLyQ
5HODFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVFRPSOHMDV x 0RGHORHVSDFLDO
x 'LVWULEXFLyQ
x 3DWUyQ
x 'LVSHUVLyQFRQFHQWUDFLyQ
x 'HQVLGDG
x 'LIXVLyQ
x 3UHGRPLQLR
x -HUDUTXtDUHG
x $VVRFLDFLyQ
x 6XSHUSRVLFLyQ
x *UDGLHQWH
x (VFDOD
x 3UR\HFFLyQ
x =RQDGHLQIOXHQFLD
7DEOD&RQFHSWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO\ODVUHODFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHV)XHQWH0RKDQ\
0RKDQ
3HQVDPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR
/D GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO \ SHQVDPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR VXSRQH OD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ
GHODGLPHQVLyQKXPDQDVRFLDOHFRQyPLFDSROtWLFD\FXOWXUDO+XEEDUGHW DO PiV
DOOiGHORVDVSHFWRVPHUDPHQWHWRSROyJLFRV\TXHVHFRPSUHQGHSHUIHFWDPHQWHFRQ OD
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

GLVWLQFLyQHQWUHHVSDFLR\OXJDU/DDGTXLVLFLyQGHOSHQVDPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRU
FRPSUHQGHU XQD VHULH GH DWULEXWRV SURSLRV GHO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR HVFDOD LQIRUPDFLyQ
JHRJUiILFD JUiILFDWUDEDMR GH FDPSR HVWDGtVWLFD FDUWRJUiILFD SURFHVRV WHUULWRULDOHV
ItVLFRV\KXPDQRVLQWHUDFFLyQVRFLHGDGPHGLRDPELHQWHSDLVDMHVLVWHPDVWHUULWRULDOHV
FDPELR JOREDO GHVDUUROOR VRVWHQLEOH LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLD GLYHUVLGDG (Q $XVWUDOLD KD
KDELGRXQGHEDWHUHFLHQWHVREUHODVXSUHVLyQGHOD*HRJUDItDHQVHFXQGDULD\ILQDOPHQWHVHKD
SXEOLFDGRXQQXHYRFXUUtFXORUHIRU]DGRTXHLQFOX\HPXFKRVGHORVHOHPHQWRVDQWHULRUHVSRU
FRQVLGHUDUORVLPSUHVFLQGLEOHVSDUDHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\ODFRPSUHQVLyQGHOPXQGRDFWXDO
3RUVXSDUWHHOSURFHVRGHUHYLVLyQGHOFXUUtFXORLQJOpVKDVXVFLWDGRXQDDPSOLDUHDFFLyQGHOD
*HRJUDSKLFDO $VVRFLDWLRQ VREUH OD LPSRUWDQFLD GHO SHQVDPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR HQ OD DVLJQDWXUD
HVFRODUGHOD*HRJUDItDDWUDYpVGHWUHVFRQFHSWRVFODYHOXJDUHVSDFLR\PHGLRDPELHQWH
(QRWUDVSDODEUDVTXp*HRJUDItDGHEHVHUHQVHxDGD"/DUHVSXHVWDHQGHHVWDDVRFLDFLyQ
TXHDJUXSDDFLHQWRVGHSURIHVRUHVEULWiQLFRVGHJHRJUDItDHVTXHOXJDUWHUULWRULRV\UHJLRQHV
HVSDFLR SDWURQHV GH GLVWULEXFLyQ \ UHODFLyQ HQWUH OXJDUHV \ PHGLR DPELHQWH LQWHUDFFLyQ
ItVLFD\KXPDQDVRQORVWUHVHMHVFHQWUDOHVGHOSHQVDPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR$ODSUHJXQWDGHOTXp
VH OH VXPD OD GHO FyPR \D TXH HO SHQVDPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR QR SXHGH DGTXLULUVH SRU PHUD
WUDQVPLVLyQVLQRTXHH[LJHXQDSUHQGL]DMHDFWLYRSRUGHVFXEULPLHQWRHQHOTXHORVDOXPQRV
GRPLQHQ ORV SURFHGLPLHQWRV \ KDELOLGDGHV GH LQGDJDFLyQ D WUDYpV GH ODV IXHQWHV GH
LQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDLQFOXLGRVORV6,**36HQWUDEDMRGHFDPSRGHVFULSFLyQDQDOtWLFDGH
OXJDUHVHVWDGtVWLFDVDQiOLVLVHVSDFLDO\SURSXHVWDVGHLQWHUYHQFLyQHWF
(Q (VSDxD OD REUD UHIHUHQWH VREUH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD 6RXWR HVWDEOHFtD XQD
VHULH GH SURFHGLPLHQWRV GLGiFWLFRV TXH SHUPLWHQ VHFXHQFLDU DFWLYLGDGHV GH HQVHxDQ]D
DSUHQGL]DMH \ HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD DGTXLULU HO SHQVDPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR SHUFHSFLyQ HVFDOD
GLVWULEXFLyQ GLVWDQFLD LQWHUDFFLyQ HQWUH PHGLR ItVLFR \ DFFLyQ DQWUySLFD WLHPSR KLVWyULFR \
UHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHVHVWUXFWXUDV\VLVWHPDVWHUULWRULDOHV
,QGDJDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
(Q RWUR WUDEDMR UHIHUHQWH UHODWLYR DO DSUHQGL]DMH GH OD JHRJUDItD SRU LQGDJDFLyQ 5REHUWV
VHH[SOLFDTXHODDGTXLVLFLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRHQORVDOXPQRVGHVHFXQGDULD
GHEH SDUWLU GH FUHDU QHFHVLGDGHV LQWHOHFWXDOHV VHJXLU SRU HO XVR GH GDWRV H LQIRUPDFLyQ
JHRJUiILFD D OD TXH ORV DOXPQRV OH GDQ VHQWLGR SRU PHGLR GH DQiOLVLV \ H[SOLFDFLRQHV
JHRJUiILFDV\FRQFOXLUSRUHYLGHQFLDVGHDSUHQGL]DMHVREUHORVSURFHGLPLHQWRVXWLOL]DGRV(Q
WRGRFDVRODLQGDJDFLyQJHRJUiILFDLPSOLFDODFRQVHFXFLyQGHXQDVHULHGHIDVHVWDUHDVWDO\
FRPRKDQUHFRJLGRGLYHUVDVSURSXHVWDV
(OFXUUtFXORQRUWHDPHULFDQRGH*HRJUDItDSDUDHGXFDFLyQHVFRODU.Geography for Life.
National Geography Standards GHGHILQLyWRPDQGRFRPREDVHODWD[RQRPtDGH%ORRP
XQPRGHORGHDSUHQGL]DMHGHODJHRJUDItDSRUGHVFXEULPLHQWREDVDGRHQFLQFRDFWLYLGDGHV
SUHJXQWDUSRUODLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
DGTXLULULQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
RUJDQL]DULQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
DQDOL]DULQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
UHVSRQGHUFRQLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

(VWHPLVPRHVTXHPDOLJHUDPHQWHPRGLILFDGRHVHOTXHKDVLGRDPSOLDPHQWHGLIXQGLGRSRUHO
HTXLSRGHHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFDGHODFRPSDxtDTXHSURPXHYH$UF*,6\$UF*,6RQOLQHDOD
KRUD GH HVWDEOHFHU XQD SURSXHVWD GLGiFWLFD GH XWLOL]DFLyQ GH OD JHRLQIRUPDFLyQ HQ HO DXOD
HVSHFLDOPHQWHGHODDVLJQDWXUDGH*HRJUDItD(65,.HUVNL
SUHJXQWDUFXHVWLRQHVJHRJUiILFDV
DGTXLULUUHFXUVRVJHRJUiILFRV
H[SORUDUGDWRVJHRJUiILFRV
DQDOL]DULQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
DFWXDUVREUHHOFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR
/D WHVLV GRFWRUDO GH 7LP )DYLHU VH KD UHDOL]DGR VREUH XQ HVTXHPD DPSOLDGR GHO
DQWHULRU
SUHJXQWDUFXHVWLRQHVJHRJUiILFDV
DGTXLULUUHFXUVRVJHRJUiILFRV
YLVXDOL]DUGDWRVJHRJUiILFRV
SURFHVDUGDWRVJHRJUiILFRV
UHVSRQGHUFXHVWLRQHVGHQDWXUDOH]DJHRJUiILFD
SUHVHQWDUORVUHVXOWDGRVGHOSURFHVRGHLQGDJDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
)DELiQ$UD\DKDUHGHILQLGRHVHHVTXHPDUHODFLRQiQGRORFRQHVWUDWHJLDVGRFHQWHVSDUD

HOGHVDUUROORGHKDELOLGDGHVGHSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDOVLVWpPLFRUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOGHVDUUROOR
VRVWHQLEOH
REVHUYDUHOHQWRUQRJHRJUiILFR
FRPSUHQGHUHOHQWRUQRJHRJUiILFR
DQDOL]DUHOHQWRUQRJHRJUiILFR
LQWHUSUHWDUHOHQWRUQRJHRJUiILFR
DFWXDUVREUHHOHQWRUQRJHRJUiILFR
3RUVXSDUWH/XF=ZDUWMHVKDSUHVHQWDGRXQHVTXHPDVLPLODUDODQWHULRUEDVDGRHQHO

FXUUtFXORGH*HRJUDItDHQ)ODQGHV
SHUFLELUHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR
DQDOL]DUHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR
HVWUXFWXUDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR
DSOLFDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

)LQDOPHQWHHOGRFXPHQWRVREUHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFD%HGQDU]HWDO
KDSURSXHVWRXQDVHFXHQFLDTXHWLHQGHDVLPSOLILFDUODVDQWHULRUHV
IRUPXODUSUHJXQWDVJHRJUiILFDV
DGTXLULURUJDQL]DU\DQDOL]DULQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
H[SOLFDU\FRPXQLFDUSURFHVRV\SDWURQHVJHRJUiILFRV
&RQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR
3RU VX SDUWH HO FRQRFLPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR VXSRQH HQ HO DOXPQR GH SULPDULD \ VHFXQGDULD HO
DSUHQGL]DMHGHFRQWHQLGRVFRQFHSWXDOHVDVtFRPRODDGTXLVLFLyQGHSURFHGLPLHQWRVGHWUDEDMR
REWHQFLyQ \ SURFHVDPLHQWR GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD FDUWRJUDItD WUDEDMR GH FDPSR
WpFQLFDV FXDQWLWDWLYDV FXDOLWDWLYDV HWF D PRGR GH VLPXODFLyQ GHO WUDEDMR FLHQWtILFR TXH
UHDOL]DHOJHyJUDIRHQODVLVWHPDWL]DFLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGLVFLSOLQDU(QOtQHDVJHQHUDOHVHO
FRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRUHSURGXFHODHVWUXFWXUDGHODSURSLDFLHQFLDJHRJUiILFD\VXGLYLVLyQ
HQWUH JHRJUDItD ItVLFD UHOLHYH FOLPD YHJHWDFLyQ DJXDV JHRJUDItD KXPDQD SREODFLyQ \
VRFLHGDG DVHQWDPLHQWRV UXUDOHV \ XUEDQRV HFRQRPtD \ JHRJUDItD UHJLRQDO SDLVDMH UHJLyQ
SURGXFWLYDRUJDQL]DFLyQWHUULWRULDOGHVHTXLOLEULRVUHJLyQVLVWHPDTXHYLHQHUHSLWLpQGRVHHQ
FXDOTXLHU PDQXDO X REUD GH UHIHUHQFLD VREUH JHRJUDItD JHQHUDO (VWpEDQH] 9LOi
9DOHQWt2UWHJD2UWHJDDVtFRPRHQFXDOTXLHUDGHORVFXDWURFXUUtFXORV
HVFRODUHV DSUREDGRV HQ (VSDxD GHVGH OD 5HIRUPD 'H 0LJXHO 3DUD HO FDVR GH OD
*HRJUDItD GH VHJXQGR GH %DFKLOOHUDWR HO ~OWLPR GH HOORV KD SURFHGLGR KD UHIRU]DU GLFKD
RUJDQL]DFLyQ GLVFLSOLQDU URPSLHQGR ORVEORTXHV GH FRQWHQLGRV ItVLFD \KXPDQDHQ EORTXHV
WHPiWLFRV PiV GHVDJUHJDGRV UHOLHYH FOLPD FRQ VXV LPSOLFDFLRQHV SRVLWLYDV \ QHJDWLYDV
'H0LJXHOS
(O FRQRFLPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR SXHGH LGHQWLILFDUVH FRPR XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR DFDGpPLFR LQFOXVR
UtJLGR VLHPSUH HPSLH]D FRQ HO UHOLHYH VLHPSUH DFDED FRQ OD JHRJUDItD UHJLRQDO FX\D
YLQFXODFLyQDOFXUUtFXORRILFLDO\VXWUDVODFLyQ\XVRDOOLEURGHWH[WRORVXHOHQFRQYHUWLUHQ
XQFRQRFLPLHQWRFHUUDGR\SRFRDELHUWRDODDXWRQRPtDSHGDJyJLFDGHOSURIHVRUGHJHRJUDItD
'H 0LJXHO HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD PX\ PHPRUtVWLFR \ HVFDVDPHQWH IDYRUHFHGRU GHO
GHVDUUROOR GHO SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO 6LQ HPEDUJR FRQ OD UHYROXFLyQ TXH KDQ VXSXHVWR ODV
WHFQRORJtDV GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD VH KDQ LQFUHPHQWDGR H[SRQHQFLDOPHQWH ODV
SRVLELOLGDGHVGHXQDSUHQGL]DMHEDVDGRHQODLQGDJDFLyQVLHQGRHODOXPQRSURWDJRQLVWDGH
OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH VX SURSLR FRQRFLPLHQWR HQ GHWULPHQWR GH XQ DOXPQR TXH UHFLEH \
UHSURGXFH XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR WUDQVPLWLGR GH IRUPD H[WHULRU D pO 'LVSRQHU GH KHUUDPLHQWDV GH
LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD DO DOFDQFH GH FXDOTXLHU RUGHQDGRU SHUVRQDO R GLVSRVLWLYR PyYLO
VLJQLILFD QDGD PiV \ QDGD PHQRV TXH HO DOXPQR DSUHQGD KDFLHQGR VXV SURSLRV PDSDV
FXDGURVWDEODVHWFHQYH]GHDSUHQGHUOH\HQGRPDSDV\HVTXHPDVFRQFHSWXDOHVDMHQRV3HUR
DGHPiV FRQ HVRV PDSDV D OD YH] TXH DSUHQGH FRQWHQLGRV VREUH OD SREODFLyQ HVWDEOHFH
GLVWULEXFLRQHV MHUDUTXtDV SDWURQHV HVSDFLDOHV HV GHFLU DQDOL]D HO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR \ GD
VLJQLILFDGR D VX DSUHQGL]DMH GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV JHRJUiILFRV SRUTXH VH UHIXHU]DQ FRQ
DFWLYLGDGHVGHSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO\SUiFWLFDVGHUHODFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHV
/D QHFHVDULD LQWHJUDFLyQ HQWUH SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO \ FRQRFLPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR FRQOOHYD
DGLFLRQDOPHQWHHOGHVDUUROORGHXQSHQVDPLHQWRFUtWLFRSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDOFUtWLFR.LP
\ %HGQDU] GH XQD FLXGDGDQtD HVSDFLDO *U\O HW DO HQ GHILQLWLYD GH XQD
HGXFDFLyQ HQ YDORUHV TXH SHUPLWD D ORV DOXPQRV DERUGDU GH XQD IRUPD ULJXURVD SUREOHPDV
WHUULWRULDOHVUHDOHV\EXVFDUUHVSXHVWDVDORVPLVPRV&RQWRGRHOORVHFLHUUDHOWHUFHUYHFWRU
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

HVHQFLDO GH WRGD SURSXHVWD FXUULFXODU HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD JHRJUDItD \D VHD HQ OD
WHUPLQRORJtDGH ORV FXUUtFXORV LQLFLDOHV GH OD /2*6(FRQFHSWRV SURFHGLPLHQWRV DFWLWXGHV
\D HQ HO GRFXPHQWR PDUFR GH UHIHUHQFLD VREUH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV FODYHV SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH
SHUPDQHQWH &RPLVLyQ (XURSHD FRQRFLPLHQWRV KDELOLGDGHV DFWLWXGHV 2 FRPR KD
UHLWHUDGRODSURIHVRUD0DUUyQ*DLWHODQHFHVLGDGGHLQWHJUDUHOVDEHUJHRJUiILFRFRQ
HOVDEHUKDFHUJHRJUDItD\HOVDEHUVHUHVWDUGHPRGRJHRJUiILFR(QHOFDVRGHODHGXFDFLyQ
JHRJUiILFD HO SULPHU YHFWRU VHUtD DQiORJR HQ FLHUWD PHGLGD DO FRQRFLPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR HO
VHJXQGRDOSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDOHOWHUFHURDODFLXGDGDQtDHVSDFLDO
8Q~OWLPRDUJXPHQWRUHIXHU]DODQHFHVLGDGGHLQWHJUDUSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO\FRQRFLPLHQWR
JHRJUiILFR HO FHUHEUR QHFHVLWD HPRFLRQDUVH SDUD DSUHQGHU \ FXDOTXLHU QXHYR HVWLOR GH
DSUHQGL]DMH GHEHUtD VHU PX\ FRQVFLHQWH GH HOOR /D FUHFLHQWH LQIOXHQFLD GH ODV HYLGHQFLDV
HPStULFDV GH QHXURFLHQFLD HQ OD GLGiFWLFD \ OD FRQVLJXLHQWH HPHUJHQFLD DFDGpPLFD \
SURIHVLRQDO GH OD QHXURFLHQFLD HGXFDWLYD \ GH OD LQWHOLJHQFLD HPRFLRQDO VH KD YLVWR
UHIRU]DGD FRQ HO PD\RU UHFRQRFLPLHQWR FLHQWtILFR FRPR KD VLGR OD FRQFHVLyQ GHO 3UHPLR
1REHO GH 0HGLFLQD HQ D -RKQ 2
.HHIH 0D\%ULWW 0RVHU (GYDUG , 0RVHU SRU VXV
GHVFXEULPLHQWRVGHODVFpOXODVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQXQVLVWHPDGHSRVLFLRQDPLHQWRHQHOFHUHEUR
HVHQFLDOPHQWHGRVWLSRVFpOXODVGHSRVLFLyQ\FpOXODVGHUHG/DYLQFXODFLyQGHHVWDVFpOXODV
FRQ OD FRUWH]D HQWRUULQDO DVt FRPR VX YLVXDOL]DFLyQ SRU PHGLR GH OD WpFQLFD GH WRPRJUDItD
FRPSXWDUL]DGD VFDQQHU HVWi IRUWDOHFLHQGR ODV IXQGDPHQWRV GH OD LQWHOLJHQFLD HVSDFLDO 'H
KHFKR\DKD\XQDFRUULHQWHTXHKDEODGHQHXURJHRJUDItD/REEHQHWDO
(OOR KD SHUPLWLGR FRQVROLGDU FLHQWtILFDPHQWH OD WHRUtD GH ODV LQWHOLJHQFLDV P~OWLSOHV GH
*DUGQHU DO PHQRV HQ OR UHIHUHQWH D OD LQWHOLJHQFLD HVSDFLDO (Q RWUDV GLVFLSOLQDV FRPR ODV
PDWHPiWLFDV HV HYLGHQWH HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD LQWHOLJHQFLD OyJLFRPDWHPiWLFD HQ OHQJXD
HVSDxRODROHQJXDVH[WUDQMHUDVHOGHVDUUROORGHODLQWHOLJHQFLDOLQJtVWLFD<FDGDXQDGHHOODV
DSHVDUGHVXUHFRQRFLPLHQWRSHGDJyJLFR\FXUULFXODUKRUDULRFRPRDVLJQDWXUDVHVHQFLDOHV
SRULQVWUXPHQWDOHVSUiFWLFDPHQWHVRORSHUPLWHQGHVDUUROODUXQ~QLFRWLSRGHLQWHOLJHQFLD6LQ
HPEDUJR HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH OD *HRJUDItD VH GHVDUUROODQ D ODYH] DO PHQRV FLQFR GRV FRQ
PHQRU LPSDFWR OD LQWHOLJHQFLD OLQJtVWLFD \ OD LQWHOLJHQFLD OyJLFR PDWHPiWLFD \ WUHV FRQ
HVSHFLDO LQFLGHQFLD OD LQWHOLJHQFLD HVSDFLDO OD LQWHOLJHQFLD QDWXUDOLVWD \ OD LQWHOLJHQFLD
LQWHUSHUVRQDO(QRWUDVSDODEUDVOD*HRJUDItDFRPRFLHQFLDLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\FRPRFLHQFLDGH
VtQWHVLVHVTXL]iVODPDWHULDHVFRODUTXHSHUPLWDHOGHVDUUROORFRPELQDGRGHPiVLQWHOLJHQFLDV
GH IRUPD VLPXOWiQHD DVt FRPR HO PD\RU Q~PHUR GH VLQDSVLV QHXURQDOHV (VWD KLSyWHVLV VH
HULJHHQXQJUDQUHWRFLHQWtILFRTXHWLHQHDQWHVtODQHXURJHRJUDItD\ODQHXURFLHQFLDHGXFDWLYD
0LHQWUDV WDQWR D SDUWLU GH OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD JHRJUDItD TXH SHUPLWH DSUHQGHU FRQFHSWRV
HODERUDU HVWDGtVWLFDV GHVDUUROODU OD LQWHOLJHQFLD HVSDFLDO HVWDEOHFHU UHODFLRQHV HQWUH
IHQyPHQRV ELyWLFRV \ DELyWLFRV \ IRPHQWDU OD HPSDWtD VRFLDO VH GHEHUtD UHSODQWHDU OD
GHILQLFLyQ GH XQ JUDQ WLSR GH LQWHOLJHQFLD FRPELQDGD SURSLD OD LQWHOLJHQFLD JHRJUiILFD R
LQWHOLJHQFLDVRFLRHVSDFLDOEDVDGDHQODFRPSOHPHQWDULHGDGHQWUHSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO\HO
SHQVDPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRHQORVWpUPLQRVH[SUHVDGRVDORODUJRGHHVWHDSDUWDGR
18(926(67,/26'($35(1',=$-(*(2*5),&2
'HVGHOD'LGiFWLFD*HQHUDOHOFRQFHSWRGHHVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMHHVWiVLHQGRDPSOLDPHQWH
DQDOL]DGRHQORVVXFHVLYRV&RQJUHVRV,EHURDPHULFDQRVGH(VWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMHDVtFRPRHQ
OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH PRGHORV WHyULFRV VLHQGR HO GH )HOGHU \ 6LOYHUPDQQ XQR GH ORV PiV
FRQRFLGRVSRUSODQWHDUODVHFXHQFLDGHFDWHJRUtDVGHFRQRFLPLHQWREDVDGDVHQFLQFRWLSRVGH
HVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMHVHQVLWLYRLQWXLWLYRYLVXDOYHUEDOLQGXFWLYRGHGXFWLYRVHFXHQFLDO
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

JOREDO DFWLYRUHIOH[LYR 3RU VX SDUWH 3R]R KD HVWDEOHFLGR HO PDWL] HQWUH HVWLORV GH
DSUHQGL]DMH \ HVWUDWHJLDV GH DSUHQGL]DMH FRQ VX FOiVLFR HVTXHPD EDVDGR HQ OD GLVWLQFLyQ GH
SURFHVRV DSUHQGL]DMH PHPRUtVWLFRDSUHQGL]DMH VLJQLILFDWLYRUHFXHUGR 8QD WHUFHUD
DSUR[LPDFLyQ FRQFHSWXDO D ORV QXHYRV HVWLORV DSUHQGL]DMH HVWDUtD UHODFLRQDGR FRQ HO GH
LQQRYDFLyQHGXFDWLYDPXFKRPiVSROLVpPLFRSHURTXHHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVVHKDYLQFXODGR
FRQHOUHIXHU]RGHODSRUWHFRQVWUXFWLYLVWDFRQODVPHWRGRORJtDVDFWLYDVDSUHQGL]DMHEDVDGRHQ
SUREOHPDVDSUHQGL]DMHSRUSUR\HFWRVHVWXGLRVGHFDVRFRQHODSUHQGL]DMHFRRSHUDWLYRFRQ
OD PHWDFRJQLFLyQ FRQ HO DSUHQGL]DMHVHUYLFLR FRQ OD FODVH LQYHUWLGD R flipped classroom)
FRQ ODV LQWHOLJHQFLDV P~OWLSOHV FRQ OD LQWHOLJHQFLD HPRFLRQDO SHUR HVSHFLDOPHQWH FRQ OD
UHYROXFLyQGLJLWDOWDO\FRPRUH]DHOWtWXORGHOSUHVHQWHYLQFXODQGRQDWLYRVGLJLWDOHV\QXHYRV
HVWLORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH 'HVGH OD &RPLVLyQ (XURSHD %RFFRQL HW DO VH KDQ YLQFXODGR
DPERV FRQFHSWRV HVWLORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH H LQQRYDFLyQ HGXFDWLYD D XQ WHUFHUR GH QDWXUDOH]D
PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO OD FODVH FUHDWLYD TXH DEDUFD RFKR GLPHQVLRQHV IXQGDPHQWDOHV \
YHLQWLRFKR IDFWRUHV D WHQHU HQ FXHQWD HQ OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH SUiFWLFDV SHGDJyJLFDV
UHDOPHQWHLQQRYDGRUDV
6LQ HPEDUJR OD PD\RU SDUWH GH HVWDV SURSXHVWD VH FHQWUDQ HQ ORV DVSHFWRV GH WLSR
PHWRGROyJLFR \D TXH SRU VX HQIRTXH JHQHUDO QR VRQ FDSDFHV GH GLVFHUQLU ORV SUREOHPDV
SDUWLFXODUHVGHFDGDXQDGHODVGLGiFWLFDVHVSHFtILFDVRGLGiFWLFDVGHiUHD'HVGHOD'LGiFWLFD
GHODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\OD'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD6RXWRVXHOHQLGHQWLILFDUVHGRV
WHQGHQFLDV HQ HO DQiOLVLV GH ORV QXHYRV HVWLORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH \ GH IRUPD JHQpULFD HQ HO
DQiOLVLV GH OD LQQRYDFLyQ HGXFDWLYD OD GH TXLHQHV SRQHQ HO pQIDVLV HQ ORV PHFDQLVPRV GH
DSUHQGL]DMH \ OD GH TXLHQHV SRQHQ HQ SULPHU SODQR ODV ILQDOLGDGHV \ OD QHFHVLGDG GH
VHOHFFLRQDUORVFRQWHQLGRV/ySH])DFDO\9DOOVS(VWRHVORVQXHYRVHVWLORVGH
DSUHQGL]DMH VH SXHGHQ HQIRFDU GHVGH HO FyPR HQVHxDU R GHVGH HO TXp HQVHxDU GHVGH OD
PHWRGRORJtD TXH LQFOX\H ODV HVWUDWHJLDV GH HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH R GHVGH OD VHOHFFLyQ GH
REMHWLYRVFRQWHQLGRVFXUULFXODUHVFRPSHWHQFLDV2FRPRVXFHGHFRQOD~OWLPDOH\HGXFDWLYD
HQ ORV HVWiQGDUHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH (Q WRGR FDVR SDUHFH QHFHVDULD OD LQWHJUDFLyQ GH DPERV
HQIRTXHVGHDVRFLDUQXHYRVHVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMHEDVDGRVHQQXHYRVHQIRTXHVSHGDJyJLFRV
FRQODUHYLVLyQGHORVFRQWHQLGRVGHDSUHQGL]DMHSURSLRVGHQXHVWUDGLVFLSOLQDJHRJUiILFD
+DELWXDOPHQWH ORV HOHPHQWRV HGXFDWLYRV PiV FOiVLFRV R WUDGLFLRQDOHV LQWHJUDQ GH IRUPD
VDWLVIDFWRULD DPERV SUHVXSXHVWRV WDQWR ORV FXUUtFXORV HVFRODUHV FRPR ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR
HVWDEOHFHQ XQD FRQFDWHQDFLyQ EDVWDQWH OyJLFD HQWUH REMHWLYRV FRQWHQLGRV PHWRGRORJtD \
HYDOXDFLyQ /RV SULPHURV SRU VX SURSLD FRQGLFLyQ GH JDUDQWtD MXUtGLFD GHO SURSLR VLVWHPD
HGXFDWLYR (Q HO FDVR GH ORV VHJXQGR ORV PDQXDOHV HVFRODUHV OD FRKHUHQFLD HQWUH HO TXp
HQVHxDU \ HO FyPR HQVHxDU VXHOH VHU PD\RU GHELGR D VX QLYHO GHFRQFUHFLyQ DVt PXFKRV GH
HOORVVXHOHQHVWDUGLYLGLGRVLQFOXVRItVLFDPHQWHSRUSiJLQDVFRORUHVFROXPQDVRVHFFLRQHV
HQWUH OD WHRUtD \ OD SUiFWLFD HQWUH XQ WH[WR FRQWLQXR DFRPSDxDGR GH PDSDV JUiILFDV R
LOXVWUDFLRQHV \ XQD VHFXHQFLD GH DFWLYLGDGHV TXH SHUPLWHQ FRPSUREDU HO DSUHQGL]DMH R
UHIRU]DUODVDFWLYLGDGHV(OOROHVFRQYLHUWHHQLQVWUXPHQWRVPX\~WLOHVSDUDHOSURIHVRU\SDUD
ORV DOXPQRV \ HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD PD\RULWDULDPHQWH XWLOL]DGRV FRPR VH KD GLFKR DQWHV 6LQ
QHJDU ODV YHQWDMDV TXH HVWRV WLHQHQ VLQ HPEDUJR WLHQHQ HO LQFRQYHQLHQWH GH VHU UHFXUVRV
GLGiFWLFRVEDVWDQWHHVWiWLFRVTXHUHSURGXFHQXQPLVPRHVWLORGHDSUHQGL]DMHWUDQVPLVLYR\
SRFRDGDSWDEOHVDORVHVWLORVLQQRYDGRUHVDQWHVFLWDGRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHDOXVRGHODVWHFQRORJtD
GHODLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

(VWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMH\UHQRYDFLyQGHFRQWHQLGRVJHRJUiILFRV
(OKHFKRGHTXHODJHRJUDItD HVWpGH PRGDQR HVVyORXQD FXHVWLyQGH QRWLFLDGHSUHQVDGH
ORJUDU XQ EHVWVHOOHU SRU XQ UHFRQRFLGR DXWRU FRPR .DSODQ R GH TXH LPiJHQHV JHRJUiILFDV
ILJXUHQ HQ OD SiJLQD SULQFLSDO GH OD &DVD %ODQFD /RV JUDQGHV WHPDV JHRJUiILFRV VH KDQ
LQWHJUDGR HQ HO GLVFXUVR SROtWLFR LQWHUQDFLRQDO PiV DFWXDOL]DGR D WtWXOR GH HMHPSOR ORV
LQIRUPHV GHO )RUR (FRQyPLFR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO OD &RQIHUHQFLD GH ODV 3DUWHV VREUH HO &DPELR
&OLPiWLFR $FXHUGR GH 3DUtV ORV 2EMHWLYRV SDUD HO 'HVDUUROOR 6RVWHQLEOH GH ODV 1DFLRQHV
8QLGDVOD1XHYD$JHQGDXUEDQDGHOD,,,&RQIHUHQFLDGH1DFLRQHV8QLGDVVREUH
$VHQWDPLHQWRV 8UEDQRV +DELWDW ,,, HWF /D SUHHPLQHQFLD GH OD GLPHQVLyQ HVSDFLDO HQ OD
DJHQGD SROtWLFD HFRQyPLFD VRFLDO \ FXOWXUDO GHO PXQGR DFWXDO HV OR TXH KD TXHGDGR
HVSHFLDOPHQWH SODVPDGR HQ OD GHFODUDFLyQ GH FRPR $xR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GHO
(QWHQGLPLHQWR *OREDO ,<*8 SRU VXV VLJODV HQ LQJOpV LQLFLDWLYD SURWDJRQLVWD HQ HO
WULJpVLPRWHUFHU&RQJUHVRGHOD8QLyQ*HRJUiILFD,QWHUQDFLRQDOFHOHEUDGRHVWHDxRHQ3HNtQ
TXH KD FRQWDGR FRQ HO UHVSDOGR GH ORV WUHV &RQVHMRV FLHQWtILFRV PXQGLDOHV ,&68 ,66&
&,36+
/DWUDVODFLyQGHHVWDVFXHVWLRQHVDODHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFDKDVLGRHVSHFLDOPHQWHGHVDUUROODGD
SRU0DUJDUHW5REHUWVRQ TXLHQLQFLGHGHVGHHOHQIRTXHGHODJHRJUDItDKXPDQLVWDHQ
ODLPSRUWDQFLDGHODJHRJUDItDYLYHQFLDOHQODVJHRJUDItDSHUVRQDOHVHQTXHODHQVHxDQ]D
GHODJHRJUDItDSDUDODVQXHYDVJHQHUDFLRQHVGHEHEDVDUVHHQDTXHOORVHOHPHQWRVTXHFRQHFWDQ
VX HVSDFLR ORFDO YLYLGR FRQ HO PXQGR JOREDO GHELGR D ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO FRQWH[WR
FRQWHPSRUiQHRORVDOXPQRVGHKR\HQGtDGHVDUUROODQVXVSURFHVRVGHHPSRGHUDPLHQWRSRU
YtDGLJLWDOWLHQHQDVXDOFDQFHLQILQLWDVRSFLRQHV\SRVLELOLGDGHVGHFRQRFLPLHQWR\DGHPiV
YLYHQHQHVSDFLRVPD\RULWDULDPHQWHXUEDQRVFRQGLFLRQDGRVSRUODLGHQWLGDGGHOOXJDUSRUHO
VHQWLGR JOREDO GH OXJDU 0DVVH\ SRU HO HVSDFLR GH IOXMRV HV GHFLU SRU OD
LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLD GHO OXJDU YLYLGR FRQ RWURV OXJDUHV GHO VLVWHPD PXQGR JOREDO (Q
FRQVHFXHQFLD SDUD 5REHUWVRQ ORV JUDQGHV WHPDV GH OD HGXFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD KR\ VHUtDQ ORV
HVSDFLRVGHUHIHUHQFLDGHOHVWLORGHYLGDGHORVMyYHQHVODPRYLOLGDGODVUHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHV
ORVFHQWURVFRPHUFLDOHVORVHVSDFLRVQDWXUDOHVORVHVSDFLRVVHJXURVHWF)LQDOPHQWHGHVWDFD
HOSDSHOGHOWUDEDMRGHFDPSRHQODGLGiFWLFDGHODJHRJUDItDSRUODLPSRUWDQFLDTXHWLHQHOD
GLFRWRPtD HQWUH SDLVDMHV FRQRFLGRV \ SDLVDMHV LPDJLQDGRV WRGR HOOR HQPDUFDGR HQ OD
GHILQLFLyQ GH XQ QXHYR FRQFHSWR un-geography LQJHRJUDItD" HQWHQGLGR FRPR WRGR
HOHPHQWRLQFOXLGRHQXQPDSDTXHQRSXHGHVHUGHVFXELHUWRRH[SORUDGRSRUORVHGXFDQGRV
2WUD DSRUWDFLyQ TXH GHVWDFD OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD IXHQWH VRFLROyJLFD GHO FXUUtFXOXP HV OD
YLQFXODGD DO SUR\HFWR Geocapabilities /DPEHUW HW DO \ OD LPSRUWDQFLD GHO GRFHQWH
FRPR OtGHU GH VX SURSLR FXUUtFXOR SDUD ORJUDU HQ ORV DOXPQRV XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR LQIOX\HQWH
powerful knowledge XQD FRPSUHQVLyQ VLJQLILFDWLYD TXH FRQWULEX\D D GHVDUUROODU HO
SHQVDPLHQWR FUtWLFR (V SRU HOOR TXH /DPEHUW KDFH HVSHFLDO LQFLGHQFLDHQ OD GLVWLQFLyQ HQWUH
FRQFHSWRV JHRJUiILFRV VXVWDQWLYRV FLXGDG FOLPD UtR SHUR LPSXHVWRV DO GRFHQWH \
PHWDFRQFHSWRV FRPR OXJDU HVSDFLR PHGLRDPELHQWH LQWHUFRQH[LyQ GHSHQGHQFLD HWF TXH
SXHGHQ VHU DSOLFDGRV SRU HO DOXPQR D SDUWLU GH VX H[SHULHQFLD GLDULD \ TXH OH SHUPLWHQ
GHVDUUROODUQXHYDVIRUPDVGHSHQVDPLHQWRDFHUFDGHOPXQGRDFWXDO
)LQDOPHQWH HQ OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH HVWRV SODQWHDPLHQWRV DO FDVR HVSDxRO KHPRV VHxDODGR
UHLWHUDGDPHQWHHQDQWHULRUHV&RQJUHVRVGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDODLQVXILFLHQFLDGHORV
FXUUtFXORVGH*HRJUDItDSDUDFRPSUHQGHUORVUHWRVHVSDFLDOHVGHOPXQGRFRQWHPSRUiQHR

5REHUWVRQ0Different realities different lived lives: Geography matters more and more. Ponencia LQYLWDGDDO,*8
*HRJUDSKLFDO(GXFDWLRQ&RPPLVVLRQDQG6($*$,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH6LQJDSXUDJRVWR
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

'H 0LJXHO HQWUH RWURV GHVHTXLOLEULRV WHUULWRULDOHV GHVDUUROOR KXPDQR FRQIOLFWRV
SROtWLFRVORVGHUHFKRVFLYLOHV\ODSD]GLYHUVLGDGFXOWXUDO\UHOLJLRVDLPSDFWRVDPELHQWDOHV
HYROXFLyQ GHO SDLVDMH FDPELR FOLPiWLFR JOREDO GHVDUUROOR XUEDQR \ YLYLHQGD JHVWLyQ GH OD
HQHUJtD SUHVLyQ GHPRJUiILFD \ OD PLJUDFLyQ VXPLQLVWUR GH DJXD \ DOLPHQWRV WUDQVSRUWH
GHVLJXDOGDGHVVRFLDOHVGHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFRORFDO\HPSOHR
(VWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMH\UHYROXFLyQGLJLWDOODWHFQRORJtDJHRHVSDFLDO
.HUVNL OOHYDDxRVVLHQGRXQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVUHIHUHQWHVHQODDSOLFDFLyQGLGiFWLFD
GHODVWHFQRORJtDVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDDODXODGHJHRJUDItDHQHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULD
6LQHPEDUJRODPD\RUSDUWHGHVXVDSRUWDFLRQHVVHFHQWUDQHQTXHHOFDPELRGHKHUUDPLHQWD
HQHVHQFLDORV6LVWHPDVGH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDSURSLFLDXQFDPELRGHPHWRGRORJtDGH
HVWUDWHJLD OD LQGDJDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD DQWHV FLWDGD HQ GHILQLWLYD XQ QXHYR GH HVWLOR GH
DSUHQGL]DMH 5HFLHQWHPHQWH KD FRPSHQGLDGR XQD VHULH GH GLH] WHQGHQFLDV HGXFDWLYDV TXH
HVWiQIRPHQWDQGRHOXVRGHODWHFQRORJtDJHRHVSDFLDOHQODVTXHHVDGLPHQVLyQPHWRGROyJLFD
VH LPSRQH D OD GH FRQWHQLGRV (VWR HV GHELGR DO HQIRTXH LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU ODV WHFQRORJtDV GH
LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD TXH GHMDQ GH VHU H[FOXVLYDV GH QXHVWUD GLVFLSOLQD FLHQWtILFD GH
UHIHUHQFLDSDUDUHIRU]DUVXHQIRTXHLQVWUXPHQWDO HQIRFDGRDODDGTXLVLFLyQGHFRPSHWHQFLDV
WHFQROyJLFDV GH FDUiFWHU SURIHVLRQDO GH WDO PDQHUD TXH HO SURSLR FRQFHSWR GH geography
geography TXHGD GHVYLUWXDGR HQ EHQHILFLR GH RWURV FRPR geo-enablement, geo-awareness,
gis-cienceHWF
)DUJKHU VH KD FHQWUDGR LJXDOPHQWH HQ HO HQIRTXH WHFQROyJLFR GH ODV QXHYDV
KHUUDPLHQWDV GH FDUWRJUDItD GLJLWDO DSOLFDQGR HO PRGHOR 73$&. GH 0LVKUD \ .RHKOHU SDUD
SRGHU DGRSWDU HIHFWLYDPHQWH ODV WHFQRORJtDV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD HQ OD FODVH GH
JHRJUDItDLQWHJUDQGRORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVWHFQROyJLFRSHGDJyJLFR\GHOFRQWHQLGR
(VWD GLPHQVLyQ WHFQROyJLFD KD VLGR LJXDOPHQWH REMHWR GH DWHQFLyQ GH OD &RPLVLyQ GH
(GXFDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDGHOD8QLyQ*HRJUiILFD,QWHUQDFLRQDOTXLHQKDLPSXOVDGRXQOLEURGH
FHQWUDGR HQ ODV FUHFLHQWH UHODFLyQ HQWUH OD HGXFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD *( SRU VXV VLJODV HQ
LQJOpVODWHFQRORJtDJHRHVSDFLDO*67\ODVSUiFWLFDVJHRHVSDFLDOHVHQODHGXFDFLyQ*3
IRUPDO VHFXQGDULD VXSHULRU H LQIRUPDO DVt FRPR VX QHFHVDULD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ HQ OD
IRUPDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGR
(Q(VSDxDODQHFHVLGDGGHLQFUHPHQWDUODDOIDEHWL]DFLyQGLJLWDO\HOXVRGHWHFQRORJtDVGHOD
LQIRUPDFLyQOOHYDVLHQGRREMHWRGHQXPHURVDVSRQHQFLDV\FRPXQLFDFLRQHVHQORVFRQJUHVRV
GHO JUXSR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD R HQ DUWtFXORV GH OD UHYLVWD GHO JUXSR Didctica
Geogrfica 'H/i]DUR'H/i]DUR\*RQ]iOH]'H/i]DUR\*RQ]iOH]
'H0LJXHO%X]R(QHOORVVHGHVFULEHODHQRUPHYDULHGDGGHJORERVYLUWXDOHV
JHRYLVRUHV WHOHGHWHFFLyQ *36 6LVWHPDV GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD HQ HVFULWRULR \ RQ
OLQH ,QIUDHVWUXFWXUDV GH 'DWRV (VSDFLDOHV DSOLFDFLRQHV \ UHFXUVRV ZHE DSOLFDFLRQHV SDUD
GLVSRVLWLYRVPyYLOHVHWFTXHVRQDFFHVLEOHVDORVDOXPQRVKDVWDOOHJDUDDFXxDUHOFRQFHSWR
GHHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFDGLJLWDO'H0LJXHO'H/i]DUR\0DUUyQ(QWRGRVHVWRV
WUDEDMRVVH SODQWHDQODVYHQWDMDVGHORV PDSDVGLJLWDOHVIUHQWH D ODULJLGH]GH ODLQIRUPDFLyQ
JHRJUiILFD HQ PDSDV FRQYHQFLRQDOHV 6LQ HPEDUJR UHFLHQWHPHQWH \D QR VH SODQWHD WDQWR OD
GLFRWRPtD HQWUH XQD FDUWRJUDItD DQDOyJLFD \ XQD GLJLWDO VLQR GHQWUR GH HVWD ~OWLPD OD
WHFQRORJtD GH XVR FRQYHQFLRQDO \ OD FDUWRJUDItD HQ OD QXEH 'H 0LJXHO %X]R \ 'H /i]DUR

Why GIS in education mattersKWWSVHVULDSSER[FRPVHURZSQFOT\NTHDYYWSMSSQPYKHP
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

)LJXUD'HXQPDSDDQDOyJLFRDXQDDSOLFDFLyQGHPDSD:HEFRQSRVLELOLGDGHV6,*)XHQWH(ODERUDGRSRUOD
'UD/i]DUR\SXEOLFDGRHQOD~OWLPDFLWDGHOSiUUDIRDQWHULRU
/D HQRUPH SUROLIHUDFLyQ GH OD SURGXFFLyQ ELEOLRJUiILFD HVSHFLDOL]DGD HQ OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH OD
JHRLQIRUPDFLyQDODHGXFDFLyQSULQFLSDOPHQWHODHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDQRHVREVWiFXORSDUD
WRPDUFRQFLHQFLDGHTXHORVQXHYRVHVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMHHQHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFDQRHVWiQ
H[FOXVLYDPHQWHFRQGLFLRQDGRVSRUODVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDVSDUDODLQIRUPDFLyQJHRHVSDFLDOQL
VLTXLHUD GH ODV QXHYRV IRUPDWRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH TXH SRWHQFLDQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU
GHVFXEULPLHQWRDSHVDUGHHVWDUFRQVWDWDGDODPRWLYDFLyQTXHVXSRQHTXHORVDOXPQRVKDJDQ
VXV SURSLRV PDSDV /D UHQRYDFLyQ GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV \ OD LQQRYDFLyQ FXUULFXODU
WDPELpQ VRQ LPSRUWDQWHV /D LQWHJUDFLyQ HQWUH DPERV HQIRTXHV HO TXp HQVHxDU \ HO FyPR
HQVHxDUKDVLGRVHxDODGDSRUDXWRUHVFRPR'HOD&DOOHDOHVWDEOHFHUODVFRQGLFLRQHVGH
OD LQQRYDFLyQ HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH XQD JHRJUDItD HVFRODU DQWH ORV GHVDItRV DPELHQWDOHV
VRFLDOHV \ WHUULWRULDOHV VRQ QHFHVDULDV ODV 7,* SHUR HV SUHFLVR UHIRU]DU OD HGXFDFLyQ
JHRJUiILFDSDUDHOGHVDUUROORVRVWHQLEOHODHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFDSDUDODFLXGDGDQtD\OD
HGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFDSDUDODJOREDOL]DFLyQ(QRWUDVSDODEUDVORVUHWRVDORVTXHVHHQIUHQWD
OD HGXFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD \ OD UHQRYDFLyQ GH ORV HVWLORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH VRQ GLYHUVRV SHUR
FRPSOHPHQWDULRV\QRH[FOX\HQWHV6HxDODPRVORVTXHQRVSDUHFHQHVHQFLDOHV
x ,QQRYDFLyQ FXUULFXODU FRQWHQLGRV PHWRGRORJtD SURFHVRV FRJQLWLYRV HYDOXDFLyQ
FRPSHWHQFLDVHVSDFLDOHVRUJDQL]DFLyQHVFRODU
x $FWXDOL]DFLyQWHPiWLFDSDUDIDFLOLWDUODFRPSUHQVLyQGHORVUDVJRV\UHWRVHVSDFLDOHV
TXHFDUDFWHUL]DQDOVLVWHPDPXQGRDFWXDO
x 5HIXHU]R GH OD PHWRGRORJtD DFWLYD GH DSUHQGHU KDFLHQGR GH HVWUDWHJLDV YDULDGDV
TXH IRPHQWHQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU GHVFXEULPLHQWR OD LQGDJDFLyQ \ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
HVFRODU SRU OD TXH HO DOXPQR VLPXOH HQ FODVH HO WUDEDMR FLHQWtILFR GHO JHyJUDIR VXV
SURFHGLPLHQWRV\VXWUDWDPLHQWRGHODLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
x $FWXDOL]DFLyQ\IRUPDFLyQSHUPDQHQWHHQODVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ
JHRJUiILFD DVt FRPR HQ VX DGHFXDGR WUDWDPLHQWR GLGiFWLFR SDUD OD DGTXLVLFLyQ HQ
SDUDOHORGHOSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO\GHOFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR
'( /$ 7(25$ $ /$ 35&7,&$ (/ $7/$6 (6&2/$5 ',*,7$/ &202
(-(03/2'(18(92(67,/2'($35(1',=$-(
(O$WODV(VFRODU'LJLWDOHVXQHMHPSORGHODDSOLFDFLyQSUiFWLFDGHHVWDVKLSyWHVLVLQWHJUDFLyQ
GH SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO \ FRQRFLPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR LQWHJUDFLyQ GH QXHYDV PHWRGRORJtDV \
KHUUDPLHQWDV DFWXDOL]DFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGRV SDUD GDU OXJDU D QXHYRV HVWLORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH
'HVDUUROODGR SRU WUHVSURIHVRUHV GH *HRJUDItD GH 6HFXQGDULD \ GRV SURIHVRUHV XQLYHUVLWDULRV
GH IRUPDFLyQ GHO SURIHVRUDGRH[SURIHVRUHV GH VHFXQGDULD KDVLGR XWLOL]DGR SRU FLHQWRV GH
DOXPQRVGHVGHOD(62KDVWDHO%DFKLOOHUDWRGHVGHHOJUDGRGH0DJLVWHULRKDVWDHO0DVWHU GH
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

3URIHVRUDGR GH 6HFXQGDULD (ODERUDGR HQ HO VLVWHPD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD HQ OD QXEH
$UF*LV 2QOLQHHVWiRUJDQL]DGRD PRGRGH DPRGRGHstorymap HQVHLVJUDQGHVVHFFLRQHV
WHPiWLFDV FRQVWD GH PDSDV \ FDSDV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD DELHUWDV \
VXVFHSWLEOHV GH VHU PRGLILFDGDV SRU HO SURIHVRU \ ORV DOXPQRV SRU PHGLR GH XQ WUDEDMR
JHRJUiILFR LQWHUDFWLYR FRODERUDWLYR HQ UHG \ FRQ IXQFLRQDOLGDGHV ZHE6,* 7UDV VX
ODQ]DPLHQWRHQRFWXEUHGHKDWHQLGR PiVGHYLVLWDV FRQYLUWLpQGRVHHQUHFXUVR
FDUWRJUiILFR PiV FRQVXOWDGR HQ HVSDxRO GH ORV TXH WLHQH GLVSRQLEOH HQ OD ZHE OD HPSUHVD
(65,\HOWULJpVLPR D QLYHO PXQGLDO/DFRQFHVLyQGHO3UHPLR*LQHUGH ORV5tRVD OD
PHMRUDGHODFDOLGDGHGXFDWLYDSRUORVWUDEDMRVSUHYLRVTXHFRQGXMHURQDVXHODERUDFLyQDVt
FRPRGHO3UHPLR6,02HQODFDWHJRUtDGHPHMRUUHFXUVRGLJLWDOGHFUHDFLyQHGLWRULDO
KDQ VXSXHVWR XQ UHFRQRFLPLHQWR D HVWH UHFXUVR TXH LPSXOVD XQ GHFLGLGR QXHYR HVWLOR GH
DSUHQGL]DMH
6XV REMHWLYRV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV YHQWDMDV \ FRQWHQLGRV KDQ VLGR SUHYLDPHQWH H[SXHVWRV HQ
&RQJUHVRVGHOJUXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDHQ6LPSRVLRVGH'LGiFWLFDGHODV&LHQFLDV
6RFLDOHV HQ &RQJUHVRV GH OD $*( GH (852*(2 DVt FRPR HQ HO GH OD &RPLVLyQ GH
(GXFDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD GH OD 8QLyQ *HRJUiILFD ,QWHUQDFLRQDO 8QD H[SOLFDFLyQ GHWDOODGD GHO
$WODV 'LJLWDO (VFRODU KD VLGR SXEOLFDGD HQ Ar@cne, Revista electrnica de recursos en
Internet sobre Geografa y Ciencias Sociales 'H0LJXHOHWDO\DHOODQRVUHPLWLPRV
SDUDHYLWDUUHLWHUDFLRQHV6LQHPEDUJRGHVGHODILUPDGHOFRQWUDWRGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDHQWUH(65,
\ OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH =DUDJR]D ORV DXWRUHV GHO $WODV WXYLPRV FRPR REMHWLYR ~OWLPR QR WDQWR
GLVSRQHU GH XQ UHFXUVR LQQRYDGRU TXH SHUPLWLHUD XQ QXHYR HVWLOR GH DSUHQGL]DMH VLQR VX
H[SHULPHQWDFLyQ FRQ pO HQ HO DXOD SDUD SRGHU GHVDUUROODU XQD ULJXURVD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
VREUHHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFDTXHUHVSRQGLHUDDORVUHWRVSODQWHDGRVSRUODSURSLD8*,RSRUOD
KRMDGHUXWDSDUDODHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFDQRUWHDPHULFDQDGHOVLJOR;;,%HGQDU]HWDO
(VWH HV XQ REMHWLYR TXH VH PDUFD LJXDOPHQWH OD SUHVHQWH SRQHQFLD OD PD\RU SDUWH GH ODV
DSRUWDFLRQHVDODUHYLVWDDidctica GeogrficaDODVUHYLVWDVHVSDxRODV-&5FRPRHOBoletn
de la AGE RScripta Nova RDDORV&RQJUHVRV1DFLRQDOHVH,EpULFRVGHO*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFD
GHOD*HRJUDItDVRQDSRUWDFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDSRUDXWRUHVJHQHUDOPHQWHGHPDQHUDDLVODGDTXH
UHVSRQGHQ D XQD WUDGLFLyQ GHVFULSWLYD WHyULFD FXUULFXODU ELEOLRJUiILFD R H[SOLFDWLYD GH
UHFXUVRV GLGiFWLFRV PiV R PHQRV LQQRYDGRUHV -pUH] \ &yUGRED 6HEDVWLi \ 7RQGD
VLHQGR OD PLQRUtD DTXHOORV WUDEDMRV TXH H[SRQHQ FXDQWLWDWLYD \ FXDOLWDWLYDPHQWH ORV
UHVXOWDGRV GH LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV FRPSOHMDV EDVDGDV HQ PHWRGRORJtDV HVSHFtILFDV \ PHQRV
WRGDYtDVL HVDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVFRQOOHYDQXQSURFHVRGHYHULILFDFLyQ HPStULFD HQ HO DXOD (Q
HVWHWH[WRQRVHDSRUWDQWRGDYtDUHVXOWDGRVSXHVWRTXHODLQJHQWHFDQWLGDGGHLQIRUPDFLyQTXH
D~Q HVWiQ SURGXFLHQGR ORV XVXDULRV GHO $WODV 'LJLWDO (VFRODU SURIHVRUHV \ DOXPQRV GH
JHRJUDItD UHTXHULUi GH XQ WUDWDPLHQWR H[KDXVWLYR 7DQ VyOR VH H[SRQHQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ ORV
FXDWURHQIRTXHVPHWRGROyJLFRV\HSLVWHPROyJLFRVEDVDGRVHQRFRRUGLQDGRVFRQSUR\HFWRV
GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV VREUH HGXFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD HQ TXH VH IXQGDPHQWD
FLHQWtILFDPHQWH QXHVWUD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SDUD GDU YDOLGH] D ODV KLSyWHVLV DQWHV GHVFULWDV GH ORV
QXHYRVHVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMHJHRJUiILFR

$FFHVLEOHGHVGHKWWSZZZDWODVGLJLWDOHVFRODUHVRGHVGHKWWSSRUWDOHGXFDWLYRHVULHV
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

*HRSURJUHVLRQHV
/D 8QLYHUVLGDG GHO (VWDGR GH 7H[DV \ OD $VRFLDFLyQ GH *HyJUDIRV $PHULFDQRV $$*
LPSXOVDURQXQDFXHUGRSDUDODFUHDFLyQFRQMXQWDGHO&HQWUR1DFLRQDOSDUDOD,QYHVWLJDFLyQ
HQ (GXFDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD 1&5*( TXH KD DUWLFXODGR XQD 5HG GH ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ
(GXFDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDIRUPDGDSRU8QLYHUVLGDGHVQRUWHDPHULFDQDVDVtFRPRXQDGRFHQD
GHLQVWLWXFLRQHVDFDGpPLFDVH[WUDQMHUDVHQWUHHOODVOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH=DUDJR]D(VWRQRVKD
SHUPLWLGR SDUWLFLSDU HQ XQR GH VXV SUR\HFWRV SULQFLSDOHV /HDUQLQJ SURJUHVVLRQV LQ
*HRJUDSK\R*HRSURJUHVVLRQVILQDQFLDGRSRUODSULQFLSDODJHQFLDIHGHUDOGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
1DWLRQDO6FLHQFH)RXQGDWLRQSDUDGHWHUPLQDUFyPRORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHSULPDULD\VHFXQGDULD
. DSUHQGHQ KHFKRV FRQFHSWRV \ KDELOLGDGHV JHRJUiILFRV SHUR WDPELpQ FyPR ORV
HVWiQGDUHV GHO FXUUtFXOR HVWiQ GLVSXHVWRV FRQIRUPH ORV SULQFLSLRV GH SURJUHVLyQ GHO
DSUHQGL]DMH(OFRQFHSWRGHlearning progresions in geography RSURJUHVRVGHDSUHQGL]DMHHQ
*HRJUDItDSXHGHVHUGHILQLGRFRPRHOFRQMXQWRGHVXFHVLYDVIRUPDVGHDQiOLVLVUHODWLYDVDOD
PDQHUDTXHXQFRQWHQLGRHVDSUHQGLGRSRUORVDOXPQRV'HDFXHUGRD+X\KQHWDOS
OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ JHRSURJUHVLRQHV WLHQH FRPR REMHWLYR PHMRUDU OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO
GHVDUUROOR GHO SHQVDPLHQWR GH ORV DOXPQRV HQ GHWHUPLQDGRV FRQFHSWRV R SURFHGLPLHQWRV
HVSDFLDOHV VLJXLHQGR XQD KLSRWpWLFD WUD\HFWRULD FRQWLQXD GHVGH XQ QLYHO LQIHULRU D RWUR
VXSHULRU 8Q SULPHU HMHPSOR GH HVWR UHODWLYR DO SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO \ D ODV KDELOLGDGHV
FDUWRJUiILFDVIXHODVHFXHQFLDTXHHVWDEOHFLPRVSDUDODSXEOLFDFLyQGHOSUR\HFWR
1LYHO /HHUHLQWHUSUHWDUVtPERORVOH\HQGDHVFDODiUHDVSUR\HFFLyQ
1LYHO $QDOL]DUIRUPDVOtPLWHVUHODFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVVLPSOHVFRQH[LRQHVHVSDFLDOHV
1LYHO (QWHQGHU\H[SOLFDUSDWURQHVGLVWULEXFLRQHViUHDVGHLQIOXHQFLDMHUDUTXtDV
1LYHO 2EWHQHULQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDSDUDLQFUHPHQWDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRDQWHULRU
1LYHO 5HSUHVHQWDULQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDSDUDPHMRUDUODFDUWRJUDItDDQDOL]DUDHQODVIDVHV
SUHYLDV
7DEOD3URJUHVRVHQHODSUHQGL]DMHFDUWRJUiILFR)XHQWH'H0LJXHOS
/RVDXWRUHVGHODFLWDDQWHULRUKDQHVWDEOHFLGRRWUDJUDGDFLyQGHORVDSUHQGL]DMHVJHRJUiILFRV
EDVDGDHQORVHVWiQGDUHVGHOFXUUtFXORQRUWHDPHULFDQRGH*HRJUDItDHQHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULD
HVSHFLDOPHQWHHQHOSULPHURTXHFRUUHVSRQGHDOSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO
1LYHO 1RKD\HYLGHQFLDVGHFRPSUHQVLyQ
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVVRQFDSDFHVGHLGHQWLILFDUSXQWRVGHUHIHUHQFLDGHXQHVSDFLRFRQRFLGRHQXQ
SODQRDJUDQHVFDOD
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVHPSLH]DQDUHFRQRFHUTXHORVPDSDVSXHGHQVHUUHDOHVRLPDJLQDULRV\
FRPSUHQGHQTXHORVPDSDVQRVRQXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQDHVFDOD
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVVRQFDSDFHVGHUHSUHVHQWDUXQDYDULHGDGGHGDWRVHVSDFLDOHVUHFRJLGRVHQHO
WUDEDMRGHFDPSRRSRUIXHQWHVH[WHUQDV
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVFRPSUHQGHQTXHKD\UHODFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVHLQWHUFRQH[LRQHVHQWUHORV
IHQyPHQRVDHVFDODORFDOQDFLRQDO\JOREDO
7DEOD3URJUHVRVHQHODSUHQGL]DMHEDVDGRVHQHO(VWiQGDUGHOGRFXPHQWRGeografa para la vida)XHQWH

6LPSOLILFDGRGH+X\QK6ROHP\%HGQDU]S
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

/RV UHVXOWDGRV GHO SUR\HFWR HQ VX DSOLFDFLyQ HVSDxROD KDQ VLGR SULQFLSDOPHQWH GRV OD
SURJUHVLyQHQFRQWHQLGRV\HVWiQGDUHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHFXUULFXODUHVHPSOHDQGRODWD[RQRPtDGH
%ORRP \ OD SURJUHVLyQ HQ UHVXOWDGRV GH DSUHQGL]DMHV JHRJUiILFRV UHDOHV D SDUWLU GH OD
H[SHULPHQWDFLyQ GHO $WODV 'LJLWDO (VFRODU HPSOHDQGR OD WD[RQRPtD 62/2 GH %LJJV (Q HO
SULPHUR GH ORV FDVRV VH SXGR GHILQLU XQD UHODWLYD JUDGDFLyQ SURJUHVLYD HQ ORV SURFHVRV
FRJQLWLYRVGHORVFRQWHQLGRVFXUULFXODUHVHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQWUHSULPHUR\VHJXQGRGHOD(62
PHQRU HQWUH HO SULPHU \ VHJXQGR FLFOR GH OD (62 \ WRGDYtD PHQRU HQ HO %DFKLOOHUDWR 'H
0LJXHOS/DVHFXHQFLDSURJUHVLYDGHUHFRUGDUHQWHQGHUDSOLFDUDQDOL]DUHYDOXDU
FUHDUQRHVWDQHYLGHQWHFRPRHQRWUDViUHDVSRUHMHPSORPDWHPiWLFDVSDUDVXDSOLFDFLyQHQ
OD SURJUHVLyQ GHO DSUHQGL]DMH JHRJUiILFR GHELGR D OD UXSWXUD GH OD FRQWLQXLGDG OLQHDO
DFXPXODWLYD HQ OD WUDQVSRVLFLyQ GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR TXH VH SURGXFH FRQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH ODV
FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV *RQ]iOH] S 1R REVWDQWH HV SUHFLVR UHFRQRFHU OD VtQWHVLV
UHDOL]DGDKDFHXQWLHPSRSRUGRVUHIHUHQWHVHQ'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDHQHODSUHQGL]DMH
GHO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR &RPHV SS HQ OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH SURFHGLPLHQWRV GH
LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD 6RXWR SS R HQ OD VHFXHQFLDFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGRV
6RXWRSS
3RU HO FRQWUDULR OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO HQIRTXH VREUH ORV SURJUHVRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH HQ SUR\HFWRV
FXUULFXODUHVFRQFUHWRVRHQHYDOXDFLRQHVUHDOHVGHUHVXOWDGRVKDIXQFLRQDGRPHMRU/DWHVLVGH
*DUFtD3pUH]DSOLFyHQFLHUWDPHGLGDHVWDLGHDDOHVWXGLRGHODVLGHDV\FRQFHSFLRQHV
TXH WLHQHQ ORV DOXPQRV GHO HVSDFLR XUEDQR GDQGR FRPR UHVXOWDGR XQD JUDGDFLyQ GHO
FRQRFLPLHQWRHVSDFLDO
1LYHO 3HUFHSFLyQVLQFUpWLFDGHOHVSDFLRXUEDQR
1LYHO 3HUFHSFLyQFXDOLWDWLYDGHOHVSDFLRXUEDQR
1LYHO &RQFHSFLyQDQDOtWLFD\GHVFULSWLYDGHOHVSDFLRXUEDQR
1LYHO &RQFHSFLyQFRPSOHMDGHOHVSDFLRXUEDQR
1LYHO &RQFHSFLyQVLVWpPLFDGHOHVSDFLRXUEDQR
7DEOD3URJUHVRVHQHODSUHQGL]DMHGHOHVSDFLRXUEDQR)XHQWH6LPSOLILFDGRGH*DUFtD3pUH]
(Q VHJXQGR OXJDU XQD H[SHULPHQWDFLyQ SUHYLD GHO $WODV 'LJLWDO (VFRODU UHODWLYD D XQ
SUR\HFWR VREUH OD DSOLFDFLyQ GHO FRQFHSWR GHSmart City D OD FLXGDG GH =DUDJR]D UHDOL]DGD
FRQGRVFLHQWRVDOXPQRVHQODVFODVHVGH*HRJUDItDGHWHUFHURGHOD(62GHORVSURIHVRUHVFR
DXWRUHVGHOSURSLR$WODVKDGDGRFRPRUHVXOWDGRODGHILQLFLyQGHFLQFRQLYHOHVGHSURJUHVLyQ
HQHODSUHQGL]DMHGHKDELOLGDGHVHVSDFLDOHVGHHQWUHODVH[SXHVWDVHQOD7DEOD
1LYHO ORFDOL]DUPHGLUGLVWDQFLDVVXSHUSRQHUFDSDV
1LYHO RFXOWDUFDSDVYLVXDOL]DUFRQHFWDUOXJDUHVHVWDEOHFHUiUHDVGHLQIOXHQFLDPDQLSXODUODHVFDOD
FRPSDUDUPDSDV
1LYHO HVWDEOHFHUVHPHMDQ]DV\GLIHUHQFLDVUHODFLRQDUIHQyPHQRVHVSDFLDOHVHVWDEOHFHUUHJLRQHV
1LYHO HVWDEOHFHUMHUDUTXtDVGHILQLUUHGHVLGHQWLILFDUSDWURQHVHVSDFLDOHVUHFRUGDU\UHSUHVHQWDUGLVHxRV
HYDOXDUUHJXODULGDGUHFRQRFHUGLVWULEXFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVVHxDODUFRQMXQWRVHVSDFLDOHV
1LYHO VHxDODUORFDOL]DFLyQDOHDWRULDGHWHUPLQDUGLVSHUVLyQLGHQWLILFDUGHSHQGHQFLDVHVSDFLDOHVVHxDODU
JUDGLHQWHV
7DEOD3URJUHVRVHQODDGTXLVLFLyQGHKDELOLGDGHVGHSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO(ODERUDFLyQSURSLDSUHVHQWDGRHQ
OD&RPLVLyQGH(GXFDFLyQ*HRJUiILFD&RQIHUHQFLD5HJLRQDOGHOD8*,0RVF~
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

(Q WHUFHU OXJDU OD HYDOXDFLyQ \ FXDQWLILFDFLyQ UHDO GH ORV SURJUHVRV HQ ORV DSUHQGL]DMHV
JHRJUiILFRVHQFXHQWUDHQODFODVLILFDFLyQGH%LJJV6WUXFWXUHRI2EVHUYHG/HDUQLQJ2XWFRPHV
62/2ODPHMRUKHUUDPLHQWDPHWRGROyJLFD:HHGHQ(Q(VSDxD6RXWRHWDO
OD KDQ DGDSWDGR D ORV QLYHOHV SURJUHVLYRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH JHRJUiILFR SDUD DQDOL]DU ORV
UHVXOWDGRVGHOD3$8GH*HRJUDItDGH9DOHQFLDGH
1LYHOHVMHUiUTXLFRV 7DUHDVTXHVXHOHQUHDOL]DUORVDOXPQRV
/RVDOXPQRVUHFXHUGDQ\UHFRQRFHQLQIRUPDFLyQHVSHFtILFDVLQHPEDUJRQR
VDEHQFyPRGHVDUUROODUODSRUORTXHVXHOHQYROFDULQIRUPDFLyQVLQRUJDQL]DFLyQ
3UHHVWUXFWXUDO
VHQWLGR\HVWUXFWXUD1RFRPSUHQGHQORTXHKDQHVWXGLDGR\VHOLPLWDQDYROFDU
LQIRUPDFLyQVLQUHODFLyQQLVHQWLGR
/RVHVWXGLDQWHVVRQFDSDFHVGHFRQHFWDULGHDVVLPSOHV\REYLDVSHURFRQWLQ~DVLQ
FRQRFHUHOVLJQLILFDGR&RPRFDUDFWHUtVWLFDREVHUYDGDHQHVWHQLYHOHVTXHORV
8QLHVWUXFWXUDO
HVWXGLDQWHV\DFRQRFHQODLQIRUPDFLyQ\UHFRQRFHQFRQFHSWRVVLQHPEDUJRQR
VDEHQH[SOLFDUORVELHQSDUDIUDVHDQFRQIXQGHQXQRVFRQWHQLGRVFRQRWURV
3XHGHQUHODFLRQDUFRQFHSWRVGHGLYHUVRViPELWRVJHRJUiILFRVSHUROHVIDOWDOD
FDSDFLGDGGHVtQWHVLV\FRKHVLyQ/DFDUDFWHUtVWLFDFRP~QGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVHQ
0XOWLHVWUXFWXUDO
HVWHQLYHOHVTXHVRQFDSDFHVGHUHVROYHUDSOLFDURFDOFXODUSHURQRGHUHODFLRQDU
3RUHMHPSORVRQFDSDFHVGHUHDOL]DUXQJUiILFRSHURIDOODQHQVXH[SOLFDFLyQ
6RQFDSDFHVGHHODERUDUXQDH[SOLFDFLyQHQODTXHUHODFLRQDQFRQWHQLGRV\ORV
H[SOLFDQHQUHODFLyQFRQORVWHPDVSULQFLSDOHV&RPRFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHHVWHQLYHO
5HODFLRQDO ORVHVWXGLDQWHVVRQFDSDFHVGHFODVLILFDU\VHOHFFLRQDUHOFRQWHQLGRTXHPiVOH
FRQYLHQHFRQXQDJUDQFDSDFLGDGGHVtQWHVLVHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODWHPiWLFD
WUDWDGD
(VFDSD]GHFUHDUSULQFLSLRVHLGHDV\JHQHUDOL]DU'HPXHVWUDTXHVDEHPiVGHOR
TXHOHSLGHHOHQXQFLDGRSRUORTXHXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHHVWHQLYHOHQORV
$EVWUDFWRDPSOLDGR
HVWXGLDQWHVHVTXHWLHQHQJUDQGHVFRQRFLPLHQWRVVREUHODPDWHULDSRUORTXH
WDPELpQVRQFDSDFHVGHHVWDEOHFHUXQDFUtWLFDMX]JDUGLVHxDUPHMRUDUHWF
7DEOD1LYHOHVWD[RQyPLFRVGH62/2DSOLFDGRVDOFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR)XHQWH6RXWR9HUFKHUDQG
5RGUtJXH]S
(VWD WD[RQRPtD KD VHUYLGR GH UHIHUHQFLD D OD KRUD GH HVWDEOHFHU ORV FXHVWLRQDULRV TXH KDQ
UHDOL]DGR ORV DOXPQRV GH *HRJUDItD GH OD (62 \ %DFKLOOHUDWR FXDQGR KHPRV SURFHGLGR D
HYDOXDUKDVWDTXpSXQWRORVQXHYRVHVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMHXWLOL]DGRVHQHO$WODV'LJLWDO(VFRODU
FRQOOHYDQ DSUHQGL]DMHV VLJQLILFDWLYRV \ SURJUHVRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH UHDOHV $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH
H[SRQHQ OD VHFXHQFLD GH SURJUHVRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH HVWDEOHFLGD SDUD FDGD XQR GH ORV FXDWUR
JUDQGHVEORTXHVWHPiWLFRVGHFRQWHQLGRJHRJUiILFRPHGLRItVLFRSREODFLyQ\HVSDFLRXUEDQR
HFRQRPtD GHVHTXLOLEULRV WHUULWRULDOHV HQ TXH VH RUJDQL]D HO $WODV HODERUDGRV WHQLHQGR HQ
FXHQWDODJUDGDFLyQGHOFXDGURDQWHULRU
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVHQWLHQGHQORVFRQFHSWRVEiVLFRVGHOFOLPD
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVLGHQWLILFDQUHJLRQHVFOLPiWLFDV
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVFRPSUHQGHQTXHKD\GLIHUHQWHVIDFWRUHVJHRJUiILFRVTXHLQIOX\HQHQHOFOLPD
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVLGHQWLILFDQFXDOHVVRQORVIDFWRUHVJHRJUiILFRVTXHPD\RULQIOXHQFLDWLHQHQ
SDUDFDGDWLSRGHFOLPD
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVFRPSUHQGHQTXHKD\UHJLRQHVFOLPiWLFDVHQHOPXQGRPiVDIHFWDGDVTXHRWUDV
SRUHOFDPELRFOLPiWLFR
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVHQWLHQGHQORVFRQFHSWRVEiVLFRVGHOHVSDFLRXUEDQR
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVLGHQWLILFDQUHJLRQHVPHWURSROLWDQDVTXHVRQFDSLWDOHVGH(VWDGRVHQHOPXQGR
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVFRPSUHQGHQTXHKD\GLIHUHQWHVQLYHOHVGHXUEDQL]DFLyQHQORVGLIHUHQWHV
SDtVHVGHOSODQHWD
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVLGHQWLILFDQODViUHDVXUEDQDVGHDFXHUGRFRQVXWDPDxR\FRPSOHMLGDG
WHUULWRULDO
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVFRPSUHQGHQTXHODSREODFLyQXUEDQD\ODFRPSOHMLGDGGHODUHGXUEDQD
GHSHQGHGHOGHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFR
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVHQWLHQGHQHOFRQFHSWRGHJOREDOL]DFLyQ
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVLGHQWLILFDQSDtVHVFRQHOHYDGDVWDVDVGHH[SRUWDFLyQ
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVFRPSUHQGHQTXHORVPD\RUHVtQGLFHVGHDFFHVLELOLGDGVHVLW~DQHQODViUHDGH
PD\RUGHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFR
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVLGHQWLILFDQUHODFLRQHVHQWUHDFFHVLELOLGDG\GHQVLGDGGHVLVWHPDVGHWUDQVSRUWH
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVFRPSUHQGHQTXHODFRPSOHMLGDGGHODJOREDOL]DFLyQHVGHELGDDORV
LQWHUFDPELRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVGHELHQHV\VHUYLFLRVSHURWDPELpQGHFDSLWDOHVHLQIRUPDFLyQ
SRODUL]DQGRDVtODLQWHUGHSHQGHQFLDHVSDFLDO
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVHQWLHQGHQHOFRQFHSWRGHFUHFLPLHQWRGHSREODFLyQ
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVLGHQWLILFDQODVUHJLRQHVFRQPD\RUFUHFLPLHQWRGHPRJUiILFR
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVFRPSUHQGHQHOFUHFLPLHQWRHFRQyPLFRHVUHODWLYRSRUHQFLPDGHODPHGLD
SRUGHEDMRGHODPHGLD
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVLGHQWLILFDQODVUHJLRQHVGHDFXHUGRFRQVXFUHFLPLHQWRHFRQyPLFR
GLVWLQJXLHQGRFXDOHVVRQODVPiVGLQiPLFDV\FXDOHVVRQODVPHQRVGLQiPLFDV
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVFRPSUHQGHQODVUHODFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVTXHH[SOLFDQODUHODFLyQHQWUH
FUHFLPLHQWRGHPRJUiILFR\HFRQyPLFR
7DEODDEFG1LYHOHVWD[RQyPLFRVGH62/2SDUDODHYDOXDFLyQGHORVDSUHQGL]DMHVFRQHO$WODV'LJLWDO
(VFRODU)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

$GHPiVGHHVWRVFXDWUREORTXHVGHFRQWHQLGRHO$WODVKDLQFOXLGRXQRDGLFLRQDOHQHOTXHVH
UHFRJHQ ODV GLIHUHQWHV H[SHULHQFLDV HVFRODUHV FRQVLVWHQWHV HQ WUDEDMRV \ PDSDV UHDOL]DGRV
tQWHJUDPHQWH SRU ORV DOXPQRV FRPR HVWXGLRV GH FDVR GH iPELWR JHQHUDOPHQWH ORFDO SDUD
UHVROYHU SUREOHPDV JHRJUiILFRV FRQFUHWRV SREODFLyQ SDLVDMH FRQWDPLQDFLyQ DF~VWLFD
ORFDOL]DFLyQ LQGXVWULDO PRYLOLGDG HWF (Q HVWH FDVR ODUHIHUHQFLD PHWRGROyJLFD QRKD VLGR
LGpQWLFDDODDQWHULRU62/2VLQREDVDGDHQORVFLQFRQLYHOHVGHSURJUHVLyQHQODDGTXLVLFLyQ
GHFRQFHSWRVJHRHVSDFLDOHV*ROOHGJHHWDO
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVHQWLHQGHQFRQFHSWRVHVSDFLDOHVSULPLWLYRVFRPRODVFRRUGHQDGDVJHRJUiILFDV
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVLGHQWLILFDQGLVWULEXFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVFRPRFRQFHSWRHVSDFLDOVLPSOH
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVHVWDEOHFHQUHODFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVHLGHQWLILFDQFRQMXQWRVHQHOPDSDFRPR
FRQFHSWRHVSDFLDOGHUHODWLYDGLILFXOWDG
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVLGHQWLILFDQFRUUHGRUHV\iUHDVGHLQIOXHQFLDHQHOPDSDFRPRFRQFHSWR
HVSDFLDOFRPSOLFDGR
1LYHO /RVHVWXGLDQWHVDGTXLHUHQXQSHQVDPLHQWRPiVDEVWUDFWRSDUDVHUFDSDFHVGHJHQHUDOL]DU
HVWUXFWXUDV\FRQFHSWRVHVSDFLDOHVFRPSOHMRVFRPRMHUDUTXtDVOXJDUHVFHQWUDOHVHWF
7DEOD6HFXHQFLDGHQLYHOHVUHODWLYRVDODSUHQGL]DMHGHFRQFHSWRVUHODWLYRVDOSHQVDPLHQWRJHRVSDFLDO)XHQWH
*ROOHGJH0DUVK\%DWWHUVE\S
$SUHQGL]DMHJHRJUiILFRSRUGHVFXEULPLHQWRgeo-inquiry

(QHODSDUWDGRKHPRVFRPSHQGLDGRDOJXQDVGHODVDSRUWDFLRQHVPiVGHVWDFDGDVUHODWLYDV
DODVHFXHQFLDGLGDFWLFDGHODSUHQGL]DMHJHRJUDILFRSRUGHVFXEULPLHQWR<DODVOODPDGDVFDMDV
D]XOHVGHO0LQLVWHULRGH(GXFDFLyQSRUODVTXHVHGLIXQGLHURQORVSULPHURVFXUUtFXORVGHOD
UHIRUPD HGXFDWLYD GHVWDFDURQ OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH ODV HVWUDWHJLDV GLGiFWLFDV GH LQGDJDFLyQ \
GHQWURGHHVWRVORVSUR\HFWRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ(QHOiUHDGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV*HRJUDItDH
+LVWRULD 0(& S VH SODQWHDED VX LPSRUWDQFLD HGXFDWLYD VX GLYHUVLGDG GH
IRUPDWRV DVt FRPR VX UHODFLyQ FRQ ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH SURFHGLPLHQWR 'HVGH HQWRQFHV OD
SURGXFFLyQ ELEOLRJUiILFD GH OD 'LGiFWLFD GH ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV KD LGR RWRUJDQGR XQD
FUHFLHQWH IXQFLyQ GLGiFWLFD D ODV HVWUDWHJLDV GH HQVHxDQ]D EDVDGDV HQ OD LQGDJDFLyQ HQ HO
DSUHQGL]DMHSRUGHVFXEULPLHQWRRHQHOEDVDGRHQSUREOHPDVHQHOWUDEDMRSRUSUR\HFWRVHQ
ORVHVWXGLRVGHFDVRHWFWDO\FRPRVHGHWDOODUHLWHUDGDPHQWHHQHOPDQXDOGHUHIHUHQFLDGH
IRUPDFLyQ GHO SURIHVRUDGR GH VHFXQGDULD HQ OD HVSHFLDOLGDG GH JHRJUDItD H KLVWRULD 3UDWV
(Q HO FDVR GH OD *HRJUDItD KHPRV DQDOL]DGR SUHYLDPHQWH TXH OD LQGDJDFLyQ VH KD
OOHJDGRDFRQYHUWLUHQHOHMHFHQWUDOGHOFXUUtFXORGHRWURVSDtVHV'H0LJXHOGHELGRD
OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH ORV SURFHGLPLHQWRV SDUD OD REWHQFLyQ WUDWDPLHQWR \ UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH OD
LQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD6RXWR0DUUyQ\0RUHQR2WURVWUDEDMRVKDQLQFLGLGR
LJXDOPHQWHHQHOOR*yPH]5XL]'H0LJXHOE%X]R6HEDVWLi
&RQ OD LUUXSFLyQ GH ODV WHFQRORJtDV SDUD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD ORV JORERV YLUWXDOHV ORV
6,*HQOtQHD\ODFDUWRJUDItDGLJLWDOFRPRHVHOFDVRGHO$WODV'LJLWDO(VFRODUQRHVSUHFLVR
TXHORVDOXPQRVWHQJDQFXDOLGDGHVGHGLEXMRDPDQRDO]DGDFRPRVXFHGtDFRQORVPDSDVHQ
SDSHOQLVLTXLHUDTXHWHQJDQXQDHVSHFLDOGHYRFLyQSRUORVQ~PHURV&RQHOXVRFRPELQDGR
GHKRMDVGHFiOFXORUHFXUVRVFDUWRJUiILFRVHLPiJHQHVGLJLWDOHVHODOXPQRDGHPiVGHHVWDU
PiVPRWLYDGRHVFDSD]GHLUWUDEDMDQGRVXSURSLDLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDHQXQDVHFXHQFLD
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

GH LQGDJDFLyQ TXH OH SHUPLWH HQIUHQWDUVH FRQ SUREOHPDV HVSDFLDOHV UHDOHV GH YDULDEOH
GLILFXOWDG 'H HVWD PDQHUD ORV FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV QR OHV VRQ LPSXHVWRV H[WHULRUPHQWH
VLQRTXHHODOXPQRTXLHQUHRUGHQDUHHODERUD\SURFHVDODLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDHVGHFLUOD
DGDSWDDVXSURSLRHVTXHPDFRJQLWLYR
(QODHPSUHVDSLRQHUDHQ6LVWHPDVGH,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD HODERUyXQ GRFXPHQWR
SXEOLFDGRWUHVDxRVPiVWDUGH(65,GRQGHH[SRQtDODLPSRUWDQFLDGHORVSURFHVRVGH
LQGDJDFLyQ inquiry SDUD OD HGXFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD 1R REVWDQWH XQ OLEUR SRVWHULRU *UHHQ
UHFRJHUHIHUHQFLDVELEOLRJUiILFDVEDVWDQWHDQWHULRUHVGHVGHILQDOHVGHODGpFDGDGHORV
RFKHQWD\HVSHFLDOPHQWHHQHOLQLFLRGHODGpFDGDGHORVQRYHQWDTXHSRVWXODQSRUHOXVRGH
ORV6,*HQHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDSRUIRPHQWDUHOWUDEDMRDXWyQRPRGHODOXPQR(VGHFLUORV
IXQGDPHQWRV WHFQROyJLFRV \ SHGDJyJLFRV \ SRU VXSXHVWR ORV GH FRQRFLPLHQWR VLJXLHQGR HO
PRGHOR 73$&. GDWDQ GH IHFKDV SUHYLDV D OD DSUREDFLyQ GH OD /2*6( H LQFOXVR KDVWD OD
LQYHQFLyQ \ GLIXVLyQ GH ,QWHUQHW /RV QXHYRV HVWLORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH QR VRQ WDQ QXHYRV HQ
FXDQWRDVXRULJHQVLQRHQFXDQWRDVXGLIXVLyQRHQFXDQWRDODPDGXUH]GHODVKHUUDPLHQWDV
FDUWRJUiILFDV GLJLWDOHV 'H 0LJXHO (Q HVWH VHQWLGR VtTXH HV UHODWLYDPHQWH QXHYR HO
VLVWHPDGHVLVWHPDGHLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFRHQODZHEZHEJLVFRQPDSDVDOPDFHQDEOHV\
FRPSDUWLEOHV HQ OD QXEH $UF*LV 2QOLQH GLIXQGLGR D SDUWLU GH HQ HO TXH KHPRV
HODERUDGRHO$WODV'LJLWDO(VFRODUTXHDVXYH]GDWDGHDVtFRPRVXXVRGLGiFWLFRTXH
VH KD FHQWUDGR HQ HO FXUVR VLQ SHUMXLFLR GH TXH ORV DXWRUHV KD\DPRV XWLOL]DGR
$UF*,62QOLQHHQQXHVWUDGRFHQFLDGHFXUVRVDQWHULRUHV
6LJXLHQGR OD VHFXHQFLD H[SXHVWD SRU (65, \ DSOLFDGD DO FDVR GH ODV iUHDV XUEDQDV
QRUWHDPHULFDQDV VH H[SRQH D FRQWLQXDFLyQ XQ HMHPSOR GH QXHYR HVWLOR GH DSUHQGL]DMH GH
LQWHUYHQFLyQGLGiFWLFDRArcLesson DPRGRGHXQLGDGGLGiFWLFDSDUDDSOLFDUFRQHOPDSDGHO
$WODV (VWUXFWXUD XUEDQD GH (VSDxD FRPSOHPHQWDGR FRQ ORV PDSDV (VWUXFWXUD GH OD
SREODFLyQHVSDxROD \GLVWULEXFLyQGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVHQODTXHORVDOXPQRV
VHDQ FDSDFHV GH ORFDOL]DU iUHDV XUEDQDV \ IDFWRUHV GH XUEDQL]DFLyQ \ GH LGHQWLILFDU ODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV\HMHPSORVGHODViUHDVPHWURSROLWDQDVHVSDxRODV
3UHJXQWDUFXHVWLRQHV x &XiOHV VRQ ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV TXH GHILQHQ D XQD FLXGDG" poblacin,
JHRJUiILFDV tamao, administrativa, funcin, heterogeienidad
x &XiO HV OD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH FLXGDG densidad, especializacin \ HVSDFLR
TXpFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV XUEDQRresidencial, industrial, periurbano"
GHILQHQXQDFLXGDG" x &XiOHV VRQ ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH ODV JUDQGHV FLXGDGHV" poblacin que
supere los 250.000 habitantes, edificios y equipamientos simblicos,
servicios avanzados, grandes infraestructuras
$GTXLULUUHFXUVRV x $EULHQGR HO PDSD GH OD HVWUXFWXUD XUEDQD GH (VSDxD DFWLYDQGR OD FDSD
JHRJUiILFRV FLXGDGHVVHJ~QQ~PHURGHKDELWDQWHVFXiOHVVRQODVJUDQGHVFLXGDGHV
HVSDxRODV" FXiOHV VRQ ODV FLXGDGHV PHGLDQDV" FXiOHV VRQ ODV FLXGDGHV
SHTXHxDV"
TXpWLSRVGHFLXGDGHV
HQFXHQWUDV" x $FWLYDQGR OD FDSD GH HMHV XUEDQRV FyPR VH GLVSRQHQ ODV SULQFLSDOHV
FLXGDGHVHVSDxRODV"

KWWSHGXFDWLRQPDSVDUFJLVFRPKRPHLWHPKWPO"LG HFHDDIEIFGDIDI$UF/HVVRQ
KWWSHGXFDWLRQPDSVDUFJLVFRPKRPHZHEPDSYLHZHUKWPO"ZHEPDS HHHFIGFEEDI0DSDurban
areas and edge cities in the U.S.

KWWSDWODVHVFRODUPDSVDUFJLVFRPDSSV9LHZHULQGH[KWPO"DSSLG GIDDDDDEHDFDHIGG

KWWSDWODVHVFRODUPDSVDUFJLVFRPDSSV9LHZHULQGH[KWPO"DSSLG FEDIDGGHEIDG

KWWSDWODVHVFRODUPDSVDUFJLVFRPDSSV9LHZHULQGH[KWPO"DSSLG IEHDDE
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

([SORUDUGDWRV x $EULHQGR HO PDSD GH OD HVWUXFWXUD GH OD SREODFLyQ HVSDxROD DFWLYDQGR OD
JHRJUiILFRV FDSD GH GHQVLGDG GH SREODFLyQ SRU PXQLFLSLR FXiO HV OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH
GHQVLGDGGHSREODFLyQ\JUDQGHVFLXGDGHV"
4XpIDFWRUHVLPSXOVDQ x $FWLYDQGR OD FDSD GH HVWUXFWXUD GH SREODFLyQ SRU &RPXQLGDGHV
HOFUHFLPLHQWR $XWyQRPDV SRU TXp FUHFHQ ODV FLXGDGHV FRQ HVWUXFWXUDV JHRJUiILFDV
GHPRJUiILFR" MyYHQHV"
x $EULHQGRHOPDSDGHGLVWULEXFLyQGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVDFWLYDQGR
OD FDSD GH HVSHFLDOL]DFLyQ HFRQyPLFD SRU PXQLFLSLRV TXp WLSRV GH
DFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVIDYRUHFHQHOFUHFLPLHQWRXUEDQR"
$QDOL]DU x $EULHQGR HO PDSD GH OD HVWUXFWXUD XUEDQD GH (VSDxD DFWLYDQGR OD FDSD
LQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD FLXGDGHV VHJ~Q Q~PHUR GH KDELWDQWHV OD JDOHUtD GH PDSDV EDVH
LPiJHQHV FRQ HWLTXHWDV \ KDFLHQGR ]RRP HQ HO iUHD PHWURSROLWDQD GH
0DGULGFXiOHVVRQORVPXQLFLSLRVGHODSHULIHULDPHWURSROLWDQD"
&yPRODVSHULIHULDV
PHWURSROLWDQDV x +DFLHQGR]RRPHQDOJXQRGHORVPXQLFLSLRVGHOVXUPHWURSROLWDQR&yPR
FDPELDQHOPHGLR HVODWUDPDXUEDQDUHVLGHQFLDO"
ItVLFR\KXPDQR" x +DFLHQGR]RRPHQDOJXQRGHORVPXQLFLSLRVGHORHVWH PHWURSROLWDQR
&yPRHVODWUDPDXUEDQDUHVLGHQFLDO"(VGLIHUHQWHGHOFDVRDQWHULRU"
x +DFLHQGR ]RRP HQ HO iPELWR QRUHVWH PHWURSROLWDQR 4Xp JUDQGHV
LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV\HTXLSDPLHQWRVLGHQWLILFDV"
$FWXDUVREUHHO x $EULHQGR ORV PDSDV HO SURFHVR GH XUEDQL]DFLyQ HQ HO PXQGR H
FRQRFLPLHQWR LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVGHOSURFHVRGHJOREDOL]DFLyQFyPRHVWiFDPELDQGRHO
JHRJUiILFR FUHFLPLHQWRXUEDQRODJHRJUDItDGHOPXQGR"
x $EULHQGRHOPDSDHOFDPELRFOLPiWLFRHPLVLRQHVGH&2FyPRDIHFWD
&XiOHVHOIXWXURGHO HO SURFHVR GH XUEDQL]DFLyQ PXQGLDO DO FDPELR FOLPiWLFR" TXp PHGLGDV
FUHFLPLHQWRXUEDQR" SXHGHQWRPDUVHSDUDPLWLJDUOR"
7DEOD8QLGDGGLGiFWLFDVREUHHOHVSDFLRXUEDQRVLJXLHQGRODHVWUDWHJLDGHLQGDJDFLyQHQHO$WODV'LJLWDO
(VFRODU)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
0RGHORLQVWUXFFLRQDOGHODVFLQFR(geo-instructional

2WURPRGHORSHGDJyJLFRDSOLFDGRDOGHVDUUROORGHO$WODV'LJLWDO(VFRODUHVHOGHQRPLQDGRGH
ODV (V SRU ODV LQLFLDOHV HQ LQJOpV GH ODV IDVHV GH VX VHFXHQFLD LQVWUXFFLRQDO (QJDJH
([SORUH ([SODLQ (ODERUDWH (YDOXDWH ,JXDOPHQWH VXUJLGR GHO iPELWR GH OD HGXFDFLyQ HQ
FLHQFLDV H[SHULPHQWDOHV FRPR JHRSURJUHVLRQHV LJXDOPHQWH LQFDUGLQDGR HQ HO HQIRTXH
FRQVWUXFWLYLVWDFRPRORVGRVDQWHULRUHVIXHGHVDUUROODGRFRQXQREMHWLYRP~OWLSOH%\EHHHW
DO GRPLQLR GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV GLVFLSOLQDUHV GHVDUUROOR GHO UD]RQDPLHQWR FLHQWtILFR
FRPSUHQVLyQGHODFRPSOHMLGDGGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHPStULFDDGTXLVLFLyQGHSURFHGLPLHQWRV\
KDELOLGDGHV SUiFWLFDVIRPHQWRGHOLQWHUpVSRUOD FLHQFLD 7RGRVHVWRVSRVWXODGRVSODQWHDGRV
HQ RULJHQ GHVGH OD GLGiFWLFD GHO PHGLR ELROyJLFR SXHGHQ SHUIHFWDPHQWH DSOLFDUVH D XQ
FRQRFLPLHQWR FLHQWtILFR FRPR HV HO JHRJUiILFR Pi[LPR FXDQGR OD YHJHWDFLyQ QDWXUDO
FRQVWLWX\HXQHOHPHQWRHVHQFLDOGHOPHGLRQDWXUDOGHORVHFRVLVWHPDVGHOSDLVDMHHQPD\RU
R PHQRUJUDGRGHDQWURSL]DFLyQ HQGHILQLWLYDGHO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR (VSRUHOOR TXHHVWH
HQIRTXH KD VLGR LPSODQWiQGRVH HQ ODV $UF/HVVRQ GLVHxDGDV SRU (65, HQ VX DQKHOR GH
IRPHQWDUORVVLVWHPDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDHQODVGHQRPLQDGDVDVLJQDWXUDV67(0RGH
FLHQFLDV1RREVWDQWHGHELGRDODHVWUHFKDUHODFLyQH[LVWHQWHHQWUHODJHRJUDItDItVLFD\RWUDV
GLVFLSOLQDV FLHQWtILFDV FRPR OD ELRORJtD R OD JHRORJtD HQ HO $WODV (VFRODU 'LJLWDO WDPELpQ
KHPRVGLVHxDGRSURSXHVWDVGHLQWHUYHQFLyQGLGiFWLFDQXHYRVHVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMH
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

JHRJUiILFR EDVDGRV HQ HVWD VHFXHQFLD LQVWUXFFLRQDO XQR GH FX\RV HMHPSORV VH PXHVWUD
VHJXLGDPHQWHUHIHULGRDOPDSDGHSODFDVWHFWyQLFDV\YROFDQHV
)LJXUD8QLGDGGLGiFWLFDVREUHHOUHOLHYHVLJXLHQGRHOGLVHxRLQVWUXFFLRQDOGHODVFLQFR()XHQWH$WODV'LJLWDO
(VFRODU(ODERUDFLyQSRU&*XDOODUW
(OSURIHVRUDGRGHJHRJUDItD\HOOLGHUD]JRFXUULFXODUgeo-capabilities

6LQHQWUDUHQHOGHWDOOHGHOSUR\HFWRGeocapabilities SDUWLFLSDGRSRU(852*(2, GHOTXHVH
KD KHFKR PHQFLyQ HQ HO DSDUWDGR WRGRV ORV DXWRUHV GHO $WODV DGHPiV GH PLHPEURV
DFWLYRV GHO JUXSR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD GH OD $*( &RQJUHVRV \ UHYLVWD Didctica
Geogrfica-KHPRVVLGRSURIHVRUHVGH*HRJUDItDHQHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDGHVDUUROODQGRXQD
DFWLYLGDG SDUDOHOD HQ OD UHQRYDFLyQ SHGDJyJLFD GH OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD *HRJUDItD GHVGH OD
HODERUDFLyQGHGLFFLRQDULRVJHRJUiILFRV\WHPDULRVGHUHIHUHQFLDPDQXDOHV\EDQFRV GH
UHFXUVRVGHJHRJUDItDHQIRUPDWRGLJLWDORGLUHFWDPHQWHFRPRDXWRUHVSULQFLSDOHVRPLHPEURV
GH ORV HTXLSRV TXH KDQ UHGDFWDGR OLEURV GH WH[WR GH *HRJUDItD (VWD DPSOLD WUD\HFWRULD
FROHFWLYDGRFHQWHHVODTXHUHVSDOGDHOOLGHUD]JRGHOJUXSRGHQWURGHORVSDUiPHWURV

KWWSDWODVHVFRODUPDSVDUFJLVFRPDSSV9LHZHULQGH[KWPO"DSSLG GFDDFEDGFEDEHD

(O6HPLQDULRGH*HRJUDItDFHOHEUDGRHQHO&35=DUDJR]DGXUDQWHHOFXUVRHQHOTXHSDUWLFLSDPRV-DYLHU
9HOLOOD\5DIDHOGH0LJXHOSURGXMRXQDVHULHGHHVTXHPDVDPRGRGHGHVDUUROORGHFRQWHQLGRVFXUULFXODUHVSDUDODDVLJQDWXUD
GH*HRJUDItDGH(VSDxDGH6HJXQGRGH%DFKLOOHUDWRDVtFRPRODSXEOLFDFLyQGHOVocabulario Bsico de SelectividadTXHIXH
DPSOLDPHQWHXWLOL]DGDSRUDOXPQRV\SURIHVRUHVGH*HRJUDItD(VWRVPDWHULDOHVIXHURQSXEOLFDGRVHQVXFRQMXQWRHQ
GeopressOLEURGLJLWDOHLQWHUDFWLYRSRU-DYLHU9HOLOODFX\DLQLFLDWLYDVHKDSURORQJDGRHQHOWLHPSRGXUDQWHPiVGHGRV
GpFDGDVGHPDQHUDTXHGeopress OOHYD\DWUHVHGLFLRQHV/DZHEGH5HFXUVRVGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV*HRJUDItDH+LVWRULDGH
,VDDF%X]RVHKDFRQYHUWLGRHQHOSULQFLSDOUHIHUHQWHRQOLQHHQPDWHULDGHGLGiFWLFDGHODJHRJUDItD$VLPLVPR0DULD/XLVD
GH/i]DURHVODSULPHUDDXWRUDGHOOLEURGHWH[WRGH*HRJUDItDGHOD(GLWRULDO0F*UDZ+LOOPLHQWUDVTXH,VDDF%X]R\-DYLHU
9HOLOODKDQSDUWLFLSDGRHQORVSUR\HFWRVHGLWRULDOHVGH60\6DQWLOODQDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

SODQWHDGRV HQ HO FLWDGR SUR\HFWR FRPSURPLVR FRQ XQD UHG SURIHVLRQDO DXWRQRPtD
SURIHVLRQDOLQWHUFDPELRHVFRODULGHQWLGDG
$ GLIHUHQFLD GH ORV JUXSRV GH UHQRYDFLyQ SHGDJyJLFD HQ GLGiFWLFD GH ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV
FLWDGRV SRU /ySH] )DFDO \ 9DOOV S DGVFULWRV D XQD FRUULHQWH GH SHQVDPLHQWR
YLQFXODGD FRQ OD GLGiFWLFD FUtWLFD HO JUXSR UHGDFWRU GHO $WODV 'LJLWDO (VFRODU VXUJH GH OD
SURJUHVLYDFRQYHUJHQFLDGHHQIRTXHVLQWHUHVHVSURIHVLRQDOHVHVSHFLDOPHQWHODIRUPDFLyQGHO
IXWXURSURIHVRUDGRGH*HRJUDItDFRPRLQWHUpVSULRULWDULRHLQTXLHWXGHVUHODWLYRVDORVQXHYRV
HVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMHHQ*HRJUDItD
/DFRLQFLGHQFLDGHYDULRVGHVXV PLHPEURVFRPRVRFLRVGH(852*(2FRPRSDUWLFLSDQWHV
HQHOSUR\HFWRdigital-earth.euFRPRPLHPEURVGHOJUXSRGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG&RPSOXWHQVHGH
0DGULG ,QQRYDFLyQ 'LGiFWLFD SDUD OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD JHRJUDItD HQ HO PDUFR GHO (((6
FRPRGRFHQWHVRWXWRUHVGHO0iVWHUGH3URIHVRUDGRHQ(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULDWUHVGHHOORVHQ
UHODFLyQ DO 0iVWHU GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH =DUDJR]D DVt FRPR OD FRLQFLGHQFLD GH TXH HQ HO
&RQJUHVRGHOJUXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDFHOHEUDGRHQ=DUDJR]DHQIXHHOGHOD
SUHVHQWDFLyQS~EOLFDGH$UF*,62QOLQHKDVXSXHVWRXQUHIXHU]RGHOYtQFXORSURIHVLRQDOHQWUH
ORVDXWRUHVGHO$WODVFRQIRUPHDORVSRVWXODGRVGHOSUR\HFWRGeocapabilities
(QFRQFUHWRHVWHSUR\HFWRSURSXJQDTXHORVSURIHVRUHVVHDQOtGHUHVGHVXSURSLRFXUUtFXOXP
UHDOL]DQGR VX SURSLR FXUUtFXOR (Q HO IRQGR KD\ XQD VHQVDFLyQ GH dej vu FXDQGR QRV
UHFXHUGD D OD DXWRQRPtD SHGDJyJLFD GHO GRFHQWH D OD KRUD GH HODERUDU ORV SUR\HFWRV
FXUULFXODUHV WDQ FODUDPHQWH PDQLIHVWDGD HQ HO SULPHU FXUUtFXOR GH OD (62 5HDO 'HFUHWR
DVt FRPR HQ HO 5HJODPHQWR 2UJiQLFR GH ORV ,(6 5HDO 'HFUHWR HQ
HVSHFLDOORVDUWtFXORVDSHURWDQHYLGHQWHPHQWHUHFRUWDGDSRUORVVXFHVLYRVFXUUtFXORV
HVWDWDOHV\DXWRQyPLFRV/RVFLHQWRVGHSiJLQDVGHFXDGURVGHFRPSHWHQFLDV\HVWiQGDUHVGH
DSUHQGL]DMH KDQ LGR MXVWR HQ OD GLUHFFLyQ FRQWUDULD D HVRV IXQGDPHQWRV GHO FLWDGR SUR\HFWR
Geo-capabilities:
x 'DUVH FXHQWD GH OD LPSRUWDQFLD GHO FXUUtFXOXP GLVFLSOLQDU powerful disciplinary
knowledge) \GHVXUHODWLYDDXWRQRPtDUHVSHFWRDOHQIRTXHSHGDJyJLFR
x &RPSUHQGHU OD WDUHD FUHDWLYD \ SUiFWLFD TXH VXSRQH SDUD HO SURIHVRU UHDOL]DU VX
SURSLRFXUUtFXOR
x $SUHFLDUODUHOHYDQFLDGHORVDUWHIDFWRVGHOFXUUtFXOR\HQFRQVHFXHQFLDYLQFXODU
VXGLVHxRHOGLVHxRGHOFXUUtFXORDVXHOHFFLyQ
x (QWHQGHUHOSDSHOTXHVXSRQHHOSURFHVRGHUHDOL]DFLyQGHOFXUUtFXORGHJHRJUDItDQR
GHVGHODUHLWHUDFLyQGHFRQWHQLGRVSUHHVWDEOHFLGRVQLGHVGHVXHOHFFLyQDUELWUDULDVLQR
GHVGH VX VHFXHQFLDFLyQ \ SUHVHQWDFLyQ D ORV DOXPQRV FRPR FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV
EDVDGRVHQVXSURSLRHQWRUQRORFDO\VXSURSLDH[SHULHQFLD
(Q FRQVHFXHQFLD HO $WODV 'LJLWDO FRPR QXHYR HVWLOR GH DSUHQGL]DMH KD GHVDUUROODGR XQ
SUR\HFWRFXUULFXODUSURSLRGHVHFXHQFLDVRXQLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDVHQGHILQLWLYDFDGDXQRGH
ORV PDSDVTXHORFRPSRQHQ\RUJDQL]DQ ODVFDSDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDFDGD
XQRGHHOORVFRQXQDILFKDGLGiFWLFDRSURSXHVWDGHDFWLYLGDGHVGHWDOPDQHUDTXHQRVVLUYDGH
JXtD SDUD QXHVWUD SURSLD SUiFWLFD GRFHQWH SHUR WDPELpQ SDUD DTXHOORV SURIHVRUHV TXH
FRQVXOWHQHO$WODV\SDUDIDFLOLWDUORVDSUHQGL]DMHVGHORVDOXPQRV\REWHQHUHYLGHQFLDVGHORV
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

PLVPRV8QHMHPSORGHHVWDVHVHOTXHUHSURGXFLPRVHQOD)LJXUDHQUHODFLyQDOPDSDGHOD
RUJDQL]DFLyQWHUULWRULDOGH(VWDGRHVSDxRO
ARCLESSON 47
MAPA 57: ORGANIZACIN TERRITORIAL DEL ESTADO ESPAOL
Informacin representada: En este mapa se presenta la organizacin

territorial bsica del Estado Espaol establecida en la Constitucin de
1978. Los ms de 8.100 municipios espaoles tienen su origen, en su
mayora, en la poca medieval, aunque actualmente sigue habiendo
procesos de supresin por fusin o creacin de nuevos por segregacin.
Las 50 provincias espaolas, fueron delimitadas en 1833 por Javier de
Burgos, y constituyeron la base para la creacin de las 17 Comunidades
Autnomas a partir de 1978, junto a las Ciudades Autnomas de Ceuta y
Melilla.
Variables/capas:
- Comunidades Autnomas, con la localizacin de la capital, bandera
y aprobacin del Estatuto de Autonoma.
- Provincias
- Muncipios
Propuestas de trabajo con el mapa:
1. En qu apartados de la Constitucin Espaola de 1978 se establece la

organizacin territorial del Estado?
2. Cules son los niveles territoriales en que se organiza el Estado

espaol?
3. Cundo se constituyeron las Comunidades Autnomas? A qu se debe

que hubiera Comunidades Autnomas de va rpida y otras de va lenta?
Existe algn fundamento histrico para su constitucin?
4. Porqu Navarra, Ceuta y Melilla tienen un rgimen autonmico

excepcional?
5. Qu ciudades ostentan la capitalidad autonmica? Hay alguna que

est situada en un municipio que no es capital de provincia?
6. Cules son los elementos bsicos que debe incluir un Estatuto de

Autonoma?
7. Realiza un cuadro comparativo con el nombre de los rganos ejecutivo,

legislativo y judicial de las Comunidades Autnomas.
7 Investiga por qu hay Comunidades Autnomas que han revisado su

Estatuto de Autonoma y otras no.
)LJXUD$UF/HVVRQGHOPDSDRUJDQL]DFLyQWHUULWRULDOGHO(VWDGRHVSDxRO)XHQWH$WODV'LJLWDO(VFRODU
(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
(3/2*2 /26 18(926 (67,/26 '( $35(1',=$-( < /$ '(&/$5$&,1

,17(51$&,21$/ 62%5( ('8&$&,1 *(2*5),&$ +$&,$ 81 3/$1 '(
$&&,1,17(51$&,21$/
'XUDQWH HO SDVDGR &RQJUHVR GH OD 8QLyQ *HRJUiILFD ,QWHUQDFLRQDO FHOHEUDGR HVWH HQ
3HNtQVHKDDSUREDGRODQXHYD'HFODUDFLyQ,QWHUQDFLRQDOVREUH(GXFDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDTXH
VXVWLWX\HDODDSUREDGDHQDODTXHVXFHGLHURQODVGH\7LHQHFRPR
REMHWLYRSULQFLSDOPHMRUDGHODFDOLGDGGHODHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFD\GHVGHVXVLQLFLRVKDFH

KWWSDWODVHVFRODUPDSVDUFJLVFRPDSSV9LHZHULQGH[KWPO"DSSLG IEIIEHFGEEEH

(VWiWUDGXFLGDDOHVSDxRO\VHHQFXHQWUDGLVSRQLEOHHQODZHEGHOJUXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD\HQKWWSZZZLJX
FJHRUJ&KDUWHUVSGI,*8BBVSDQLVKSGI
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

FRQVWDQWHVUHIHUHQFLDVDODVSUiFWLFDVSHGDJyJLFDV\DORVQXHYRVHVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMHFRPR
HO DSUHQGL]DMH EDVDGR HQ SUREOHPDV ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV GHO VLJOR ;;, FRPSUHQVLyQ JOREDO
VRVWHQLELOLGDG R ODV SRWHQWHV WHFQRORJtDV GLJLWDOHV FRPR ORV 6LVWHPDV GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ
*HRJUiILFD
/D SDUWH PiV QRYHGRVD GH HVWD 'HFODUDFLyQ HVWi FRQVWLWXLGD SRU XQ 3ODQ GH $FFLyQ
,QWHUQDFLRQDO TXH FRQWLHQH UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV D ORV UHVSRQVDEOHV HGXFDWLYRV WDQWR GH OD
DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ FRPR GRFHQWHV $ PRGR GH FRQFOXVLyQ VHxDODPRV DTXHOODV TXH JXDUGDQ
UHODFLyQFRQORVQXHYRVHVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMH\DTXHHQFLHUWDPHGLGDUHIXHU]DQEXHQDSDUWH
GHORVDUJXPHQWRVGHVDUUROODGRVHQHOSUHVHQWHWH[WRHQHOFRQYHQFLPLHQWRGHTXHVXGLIXVLyQ
FRQWUXEXLUi D ORJUDU XQD PHMRU HGXFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD SHQVDPLHQWR FUtWLFR WHFQRORJtD
JHRHVSDFLDO LQQRYDFLyQ HGXFDWLYD R UHGHV GH FRRSHUDFLyQ SURIHVLRQDO SDUD DEULU QXHYRV
KRUL]RQWHVDODHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
%,%/,2*5$)$
$UD\D ) (VWUDWHJLDV GRFHQWHV SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH KDELOLGDGHV GH SHQVDPLHQWR
HVSDFLDOHQ5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQD\&KLOHRevista Geogrfica de ValparaisoSS

%HGQDU] 6 +HIIURQ 6 +X\QW 17 (GV A road map for 21st century geography
education: Geography education research (A report from the Geography Education Research
Committee of the Road Map for 21st Century Geography Education Project) :DVKLQJWRQ
'&$VVRFLDWLRQRI$PHULFDQ*HRJUDSKHUV
%HGQDU] 6 *HRJUDSKLF LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHPV $ WRRO WR VXSSRUW JHRJUDSK\ DQG
HQYLURQPHQWDOHGXFDWLRQ"GeoJournalSS
%RFFRQL 6 .DPS\OLV 3 \ 3XQLH < Innovating Learning: Key Elements for
Developing Creative Classrooms in Europe. /X[HPERXUJ(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ
%X]R,(VWUDWHJLDVGLGiFWLFDVLQQRYDGRUDVSDUDODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDFRQXQD
PHWRGRORJtD DFWLYD (Q 0DUWLQH] 5 \ 7RQGD ( HGV Nuevas perspectivas conceptuales y
metodolgicas para la educacin geogrfica&yUGRED*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD
GHOD$VRFLDFLyQGH*HyJUDIRV(VSDxROHV\8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGREDSS
%\EHH 5 7D\ORU - *DUGQHU $ 6FRWWHU 3 3RZHOO - :HVWEURRN $ DQG /DQGHV 1
The BSCS 5E Instructional Model: Origins, Effectiveness, and Applications&RORUDGR
6SULQJV%LRORJLFDO6FLHQFHV&XUULFXOXP6WXG\
&DSHO+Filosofa y ciencia en la geografa contempornea. Nueva edicin ampliada
%DUFHORQD%DUFDQRYD
&RPHV3(OHVSDFLRHQODGLGiFWLFDGHODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV(Q7UHSDW&\&RPHV
3 El tiempo y el espacio en la didctica de las Ciencias Sociales%DUFHORQD*UDySS

'HOD&DOOH0/DHQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRJUDItDDQWHORVQXHYRVGHVDItRVDPELHQWDOHV\
WHUULWRULDOHV (Q 'H 0LJXHO 5 'H /i]DUR 0/ \ 0DUUyQ 0- HGV La educacin
geogrfica digital =DUDJR]D *UXSR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD GH OD $VRFLDFLyQ GH
*HyJUDIRV(VSDxROHV\8QLYHUVLGDGGH=DUDJR]DSS
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

'H/i]DUR0/1XHYDV7HFQRORJtDVHQODHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHGHOD*HRJUDItDHQ
0DUUyQ 0- 0RUDOHGD & \ 5RGUtJXH] + (GVLa Enseanza de la Geografa ante las
nuevas demandas sociales 7ROHGR *UXSR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD GH OD $*( \
8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKDSS
'H /i]DUR 0/ \ *RQ]iOH] 0- /D XWLOLGDG GH ORV VLVWHPDV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ
JHRJUiILFDSDUDODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDDidctica GeogrficaSS
'H /i]DUR 0/ \ *RQ]iOH] 0- /D XWLOLGDG GH ORV 6,* H[LVWHQWHV HQ ,QWHUQHW SDUD HO
FRQRFLPLHQWR WHUULWRULDO (Q 0DUUyQ 0- \ 6iQFKH] / HGV Cultura geogrfica y
educacin ciudadana$OPDJUR$*(8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DVWLOOD\/D0DQFKDSS
'H 0LJXHO 5 9LVRUHV FDUWRJUiILFRV \ VLVWHPDV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD SDUD OD
HQVHxDQ]D \ HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH OD *HRJUDItD HQ HGXFDFLyQ VHFXQGDULD (Q 'HOJDGR - GH
/i]DUR 0/ \ 0DUUyQ 0- FRRUG Aportaciones de la Geografa en el aprendizaje a lo
largo de la vida0iODJD8QLYHUVLGDGGH0iODJD\*UXSRGH'LGDFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD
$*(SS
'H 0LJXHO 5 $QiOLVLV FRPSDUDWLYR GHO FXUULFXOXP GH *HRJUDItD HQ HGXFDFLyQ
VHFXQGDULDUHYLVLyQ\SURSXHVWDVGLGiFWLFDV(Q'H0LJXHO5'H/i]DUR0/ \0DUUyQ
0-HGVLa educacin geogrfica digital=DUDJR]D*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDGH
OD$VRFLDFLyQGH*HyJUDIRV(VSDxROHV\8QLYHUVLGDGGH=DUDJR]DSS
'H 0LJXHO 5 *HRLQIRUPDFLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ HQ OD HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH GH OD
JHRJUDItDXQUHWRSHQGLHQWHHQORVOLEURVGHWH[WRGHVHFXQGDULDDidctica de las Ciencias
Experimentales y SocialesSS
'H0LJXHO5E$SUHQGL]DMHSRUGHVFXEULPLHQWRHQVHxDQ]DDFWLYD\JHRLQIRUPDFLyQ
KDFLDXQDGLGiFWLFDGHODJHRJUDItDLQQRYDGRUDDidctica GeogrficaSS
'H0LJXHO5&RQFHSFLRQHV\XVRVGHODVWHFQRORJtDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDHQ
ODV DXODV GH FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV 'LDJQyVWLFR VREUH LQQRYDFLyQ HQ GLGiFWLFD GH OD JHRJUDItD HQ
FHQWURV GH VHFXQGDULD GH =DUDJR]D Iber, Didctica de las Ciencias Sociales, Geografa e
HistoriaSS
'H 0LJXHO 5 *HRJUDItD \ FXUUtFXOR HVFRODU HQ OD (62 \ HO %DFKLOOHUDWR FRQ OD
/20&( +LVWRULD GH XQGHVHQFXHQWUR (Q 6HEDVWLi 5\7RQGD ( (GVInvestigar para
innovar en la enseanza de la Geografa. $OLFDQWH*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDGHOD
$VRFLDFLyQGH*HyJUDIRV(VSDxROHVSS
'H0LJXHO5%X]R,\'H/i]DUR0/1HZFKDOOHQJHVIRUJHRJUDSKLFDOHGXFDWLRQ
DQG UHVHDUFK 7KH 'LJLWDO 6FKRRO $WODV (Q $$99 Crisis, globalization and social and
regional imbalances in Spain. 0DGULG6SDQLVK&RPPLWWHH,*8SS
'H0LJXHO5'H/i]DUR0/9HOLOOD-%X]R,\*XDOODUW$WODV'LJLWDO(VFRODU
,QWHUQHWJHRJUDItD\HGXFDFLyQAr@cne. Revista Electrnica de Recursos de Internet sobre
Geografa y Ciencias Sociales &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV >(Q OtQHD@ %DUFHORQD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH
%DUFHORQD QR GH VHSWLHPEUH GH KWWSZZZXEHGXJHRFULWDUDFQHDUDFQH
SGI
'H 0LJXHO 5 6SDLQ /HDUQLQJ 3URJUHVVLRQV )URP &RPSXOVRU\ WR 1RQFRPSXOVRU\
*HRJUDSK\ (GXFDWLRQ (Q 0XxL] 2 6ROHP 0 \ %RHKP 5 Learning progressions in
geography education. International perspectives'RUGUHFKW6SULQJHUSS
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

'HOJDGR & \ %X]R , (O GHVDUUROOR GH OD /20&( \ ORV QXHYRV FXUUtFXORV GH
VHFXQGDULDODVSURSXHVWDVGHOD$VRFLDFLyQGH*HyJUDIRV(VSDxROHVDidctica Geogrfica
SS
(65,GIS in K12 EducationAn ESRI White Paper5HGODQGV(65,
(65, Geographic Inquiry: Thinking Geographically 5HGODQGV (QYLURQPHQWDO
6\VWHPV5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH,QF
(VWpEDQH]-Tendencias y problemtica actual de la Geografa0DGULG&LQFHO
)DUJKHU0*HRJUDSKLF,QIRUPDWLRQ*,"+RZFRXOGLWEHXVHG"(Q/DPEHUW'\
-RQHV0(GVDebates in Geography Education/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJHSS
)DYLHU 7 Geographic Information Systems in inquiry-based secondary geography
education(QVFKHGH1HWKHUODQGV,SVNDPS
)HOGHU 5 0 \ 6LOYHUPDQ / . (VWLORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH \ GH HQVHxDQ]D HQ OD
HGXFDFLyQGHLQJHQLHUtDIng. EducacinSS
*DUFtD 3pUH] ) Las ideas de los alumnos y la enseanza del medio urbano 6HYLOOD
'tDGD(GLWRUD
*HUVPHKO 3 - DQG & $ *HUVPHKO 6SDWLDO WKLQNLQJ E\\RXQJ FKLOGUHQ 1HXURORJLF
HYLGHQFHIRUHDUO\GHYHORSPHQWDQGHGXFDELOLW\Journal of GeographySS

*RQ]iOH],(OFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRHKLVWyULFRHGXFDWLYRVODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQ
VDEHU FLHQWtILFR (Q *RQ]iOH] , (G La geografa y la historia, elementos del medio
0DGULG0LQLVWHULRGH(GXFDFLyQ\&LHQFLDSS
*UHHQ'GIS: A Sourcebook for schools/RQGUHV\1XHYD<RUN7D\ORUDQG)UDQFLV
+XEEDUG3.LWFKLQ5%DUWOH\%\)XOOHU'Thinking Geographically: space, theory
and contemporary human geography/RQGRQ 1HZ<RUN&RQWLQXXP
.DSODQ5The Revenge of Geography: What the Map Tells Us About Coming Conflicts
and the Battle Against Fate. 1HZ<RUN5DQGRP+RXVH
.HUVNL - 7KH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DQG HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI JHRJUDSKLF LQIRUPDWLRQ V\V WHPV
WHFKQRORJ\DQGPHWKRGVLQVHFRQGDU\HGXFDWLRQJournal of GeographySS
.HUVNL - 6OHHSZDONLQJ LQWR WKH )XWXUH 7KH &DVH IRU 6SDWLDO $QDO\VLV 7KURXJKRXW
(GXFDWLRQ (Q -HNHO 7 .ROOHU $ 'RQHUW . \ 9RJOHU 5 HGV Learning with GI 2011
%HUOtQ:LFKPDQQ9HUODJSS
.LP0\%HGQDU]5'HYHORSPHQWRIFULWLFDOVSDWLDOWKLQNLQJWKURXJK*,6OHDUQLQJ
Journal of Geography in Higher Education SS
.ROYRRUG 5 ,QWHJUDWLQJ *HRVSDWLDO 7HFKQRORJLHV DQG 6HFRQGDU\ 6WXGHQW3URMHFWV
7KH*HRVSDWLDO6HPHVWHUDidactica GeograficaSS
*ROOHGJH 5 * 0DUVK 0 \ %DWWHUVE\ 6 0DWFKLQJ JHRVSDWLDO FRQFHSWV ZLWK
JHRJUDSKLFHGXFDWLRQDOQHHGVGeographical ResearchSS
*ROOHGJH 5 * \ 6WLPVRQ 5 - Spatial Behavior: A Geographic Perspective 1HZ
<RUN*XLOIRUG3UHVV
*yPH]5XL]0/El tratamiento de los procedimientos en la Geografa del
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

bachillerato: nuevas propuestas de metodologa activa a partir de la investigacin emprica

7HVLVGRFWRUDO8QLYHUVLGDG&RPSOXWHQVHGH0DGULG
*U\O , -HNHO 7 \ 'RQHUW . *, 6SDWLDO &LWL]HQVKLS (Q -HNHO 7 .ROOHU $
'RQHUW.\9RJOHU5HGLearning with GI V%HUOLQ:LFKPDQQSS
+X\QK 1 6ROHP 0 \ %HGQDU] 6: $ 5RDG 0DS IRU /HDUQLQJ 3URJUHVVLRQV
5HVHDUFKLQ*HRJUDSK\Journal of GeographySS
-DQHOOH ' * DQG *RRGFKLOG 0) /RFDWLRQ DFURVV GLVFLSOLQHV 5HIOHFWLRQ RQ WKH
&6,66 H[SHULHQFH (Q + - 6FKROWHQ 1 YDQ 0DQHQ \ 5 9HOGH (GV Geospatial
Technology and the Role of Location in Science'RUGUHFKW1HWKHUODQGV6SULQJHUSS
-HUH]2\&yUGRED0$/DSURGXFFLyQFLHQWtILFDVREUHGLGiFWLFDGHODJHRJUDItDHQ
(VSDxD \ VX GLIXVLyQ HQ HO VLJOR ;;, (Q 6HEDVWLi 5 \ 7RQGD ( (GV Investigar para
innovar en la enseanza de la Geografa$OLFDQWH*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDGHOD
-R , \ %HGQDU] 6 : (YDOXDWLQJ JHRJUDSK\ WH[WERRN TXHVWLRQV IURP D VSDWLDO
SHUVSHFWLYH 8VLQJ FRQFHSWV RI VSDFH WRROV RI UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ DQG FRJQLWLYH SURFHVVHV WR
HYDOXDWHVSDWLDOLW\Journal of GeographySS
/DPEHUW ' 6ROHP 0 \ 7DQL 6 $FKLHYLQJ KXPDQ SRWHQWLDO WKURXJK JHRJUDSK\
HGXFDWLRQ $ FDSDELOLWLHV DSSURDFK WR FXUULFXOXP PDNLQJ LQ VFKRROV Annals of the
Association of American GeographersSS
/HH - \ %HGQDU] 5 (IIHFW RI *,6 /HDUQLQJ RQ 6SDWLDO 7KLQNLQJ Journal of
Geography in Higher EducationSS
/REEHQ $ /DZUHQFH 0 \ 2OVRQ - I05, DQG +XPDQ 6XEMHFWV 5HVHDUFK LQ
&DUWRJUDSK\ Cartographica. The International Journal for Geographic Information and
GeovisualizationSS
/ySH])DFDO5\9DOOV5&RQVWUXFFLyQGHODGLGiFWLFDGHOD+LVWRULDOD*HRJUDItD\
RWUDV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV (Q 3UDWV - FRRUG Geografa e Historia. Complementos de
formacin disciplinar%DUFHORQD*UDySS
0DUUyQ 0- \ 0RUHQR $ Ensear Geografa: de la teora a la prctica 0DGULG
6tQWHVLV
0DUUyQ 0- (GXFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD \ IRUPDFLyQ GHO SURIHVRUDGR 'HVDItRV \
SHUVSHFWLYDVHQHOQXHYR(VSDFLR(XURSHRGH(GXFDFLyQ6XSHULRUBoletn de la Asociacin
de Gegrafos EspaolesSS
0DVVH\ ' /XJDU LGHQWLGDG \ JHRJUDItDV GH OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG HQ XQ PXQGR HQ
SURFHVRGHJOREDOL]DFLyQTreballs de la Societat Catalana de GeografiaSS

0(& Ciencias Sociales, geografa e historia 0DGULG 0LQLVWHULR GH (GXFDFLyQ \
&LHQFLD
0RKDQ$DQG0RKDQ/Spatial thinking about maps: Development of concepts and
skills across the early school years 5HSRUW SUHSDUHG IRU 1DWLRQDO *HRJUDSKLF (GXFDWLRQ
3URJUDPV
1DWLRQDO5HVHDUFK&RXQFLO15&Learning to think spatially. GIS as a Support System
in the K-12 curriculum:DVKLQJWRQ'&1DWLRQDO$FDGHPLHV3UHVV
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

3DWWHUVRQ 7 *RRJOH (DUWK DV D 1RW -XVW *HRJUDSK\ (GXFDWLRQ 7RRO Journal of
GeographySS
2UWHJD-Los horizontes de la Geografa%DUFHORQD$ULHO
2UWHJD-/D*HRJUDItDSDUDHOVLJOR;;,(Q5RPHUR-FRRUGGeografa Humana
%DUFHORQD$ULHOSS
3R]R-,(VWUDWHJLDVGHDSUHQGL]DMH(Q&ROO&3DODFLRV-\0DUFKHVL$
Desarrollo psicolgico y educacin, II. Psicologa de la Educacin0DGULG$OLDQ]D
3UDWV-(GDidctica de la Geografa y la Historia%DUFHORQD*UDySS
5REHUWV0Geography through Enquiry: approaches to teaching and learning in the
secondary school6KHIILHOG7KH*HRJUDSKLFDO$VVRFLDWLRQ
5REHUWVRQ0.QRZOHGJH&KDQJHDQG(YHU\GD\/LYLQJ(Q5REHUWVRQ0\7VDQJ
( (GV Everyday Knowledge, Education and Sustainable Futures: Transdisciplinary
Approaches in the Asia/Pacific Region'RUGWUHFKW6SULQJHUSS
6HEDVWLi5,GHDVSUHYLDV\DSUHQGL]DMHVLJQLILFDWLYRHQODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItD
(Q 0DUWtQH] 5 \ 7RQGD ( Nuevas perspectivas conceptuales y metodolgicas para la
educacin geogrfica *UXSR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD $*( \ 8QLYHUVLGDG GH
&yUGREDSS
6HEDVWLi 5 \ 7RQGD ( 'LH] DxRV GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD D WUDYpV GH ORV
FRQJUHVRVQDFLRQDOHVGHOJUXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD(Q'H0LJXHO5
'H /i]DUR 0/ \ 0DUUyQ 0- HGV La educacin geogrfica digital =DUDJR]D *UXSR GH
'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD GH OD $VRFLDFLyQ GH *HyJUDIRV (VSDxROHV \ 8QLYHUVLGDG GH
=DUDJR]DSS
6RXWR;0Didctica de la Geografa. Problemas sociales y conocimiento del medio
%DUFHORQD6HUEDO
6RXWR ;0 9HUFKHU 9 DQG 5RGUtJXH] 0 6H SXHGH PHMRUDU HO DSUHQGL]DMH
HVSDFLDO FRQ ODV 3$8" 8Q HVWXGLR GH FDVR OD 3$8 GH *HRJUDItD GH 9DOHQFLD GH
Didctica de las Ciencias Experimentales y SocialesSS
8KOHQZLQNHO$6SDWLDO7KLQNLQJRU7KLQNLQJ*HRJUDSKLFDOO\"2QWKH,PSRUWDQFHRI
$YRLGLQJ 0DSV ZLWKRXW 0HDQLQJ (Q -HNHO 7 &DU $ 6WUREO- *ULHVHEQHU * (GV
GI_Forum 2013. Creating the GISociety%HUOtQ+HUEHUW:LFKPDQQ9HUODJSS

:HHGHQ 3 +RZ GR ZH OLQN DVVHVVPHQW WR PDNLQJ SURJUHVV LQ JHRJUDSK\" (Q
/DPEHUW'DQG-RQHV0(GVDebates in Geography Education. /RQGRQ5RXWOHGJHSS

9LOi9DOHQWt-/RVFRQFHSWRVGH*HRJUDItD \*HRJUDItD*HQHUDO(Q%LHO]D9
Geografa General9RO0DGULG7DXUXV
=ZDUWMHV/7KHQHHGIRUDOHDUQLQJOLQHIRUVSDWLDOWKLQNLQJXVLQJ*,6LQHGXFDWLRQ
(Q 'H 0LJXHO 5 \ 'RQHUW . (GV Innovative Learning Geography. New challenges for
the 21st Century1HZFDVWOHXSRQ7\QH&DPEULGJH6FKRODUV3XEOLVKLQJSS
R.de Miguel Gonzlez

/$0(6$'2&(17('(*(2*5$)$'(/$32%/$&,181
02'(/2'(,17(5&$0%,2'((;3(5,(1&,$6','&7,&$6
$UOLQGD*DUFtD&ROO
3HGUR5HTXHV9HODVFR
1
Departamento de Geografa. Universitat de Barcelona
2
Dep. de Geografa, Urbanismo y Ordenacin del Territorio. Universidad de Cantabria
arlindagarcia@ub.edu; pedro.reques@unican.es
5(680(1
(VWH DUWtFXOR DERUGD OD SXHVWD HQ PDUFKD GH OD 0HVD GRFHQWH GH *HRJUDItD GH OD 3REODFLyQ FRPR PRGHOR GH
LQWHUFDPELR GH H[SHULHQFLDV GLGiFWLFDV HQWUH SURIHVRUHV XQLYHUVLWDULRV GH HVWD PDWHULD (Q pO VH GHVDUUROOD HO
FRQWH[WR TXH MXVWLILFD OD FUHDFLyQ GH HVWD 0HVD DVt FRPR OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH OD PLVPD VXV REMHWLYRV \ VX
IXQFLRQDPLHQWR)LQDOPHQWHDWUDYpVGHXQ'$)2VHUHDOL]DXQDYDORUDFLyQGHHVWDLQLFLDWLYDFRPRH[SHULHQFLD
LGHQWLILFDQGRVXVGHELOLGDGHV\DPHQD]DVDODYH]TXHVXVIRUWDOH]DV\RSRUWXQLGDGHV
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD &RQYHUJHQFLD HXURSHD (VSDFLR (XURSHR GH (GXFDFLyQ 6XSHULRU *HRJUDItD GH OD
3REODFLyQ
,1752'8&&,1
/D UHQRYDFLyQ SHGDJyJLFD OD LQQRYDFLyQ GRFHQWH R OD DFWXDOL]DFLyQ GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV VRQ
REMHWLYRVTXHDFRPSDxDQRHQRFDVLRQHVVHSRGUtDGHFLUTXHLQFOXVRpersiguenDOGRFHQWH
XQLYHUVLWDULRDORODUJRGHVXYLGDSURIHVLRQDO/DLQTXLHWXGSRUHVWRVWHPDVVHWUDGXFHHQXQD
SUHRFXSDFLyQ FRQVWDQWH VREUH TXp HQVHxDU \ FyPR HQVHxDU FRQ HO ILQ GH GDU XQD UHVSXHVWD
H[LWRVD D ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV GH ORV DOXPQRVDV DVt FRPR WDPELpQ SRU VXSXHVWR ORJUDU ORV
REMHWLYRVDXWRHVWDEOHFLGRVFRPRSURIHVRUDUHVSRQVDEOHGHODGRFHQFLD$XQTXHHVWRVWHPDV\
REMHWLYRV QR VRQ QXHYRV OR FLHUWR HV TXH FREUDQ SOHQR VLJQLILFDGR HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D
XQLYHUVLWDULD DFWXDOGH OD*HRJUDItD GHELGR DO F~PXORGH WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV DFRQWHFLGDV HQ OD
GLVFLSOLQD HQ DSHQDV GRV GpFDGDV /D revolucin HQ OD *HRJUDItD XQLYHUVLWDULD HVSDxROD HVWi
VHUYLGD
/DQHFHVLGDGGHSRQHUHQFRP~QFRQWUDVWDUFRODERUDU\GHEDWLUVREUHODVGLVWLQWDVWDUHDVTXH
FRQOOHYD OD GRFHQFLD SUHSDUDFLyQ GH ODV FODVHV \ GH PDWHULDOHV LPSDUWLFLyQ HQ VHVLRQHV
SUiFWLFDVWHyULFDVVDOLGDVGHFDPSRRVHPLQDULRV\ODHYDOXDFLyQGHUHVXOWDGRVHVXQKHFKR
TXHVHDFHQW~DHQXQHVFHQDULRFDPELDQWHHLQFLHUWRFRPRHOTXHVHKDSURGXFLGRHQQXHVWUR
SDtVHQWLHPSRVUHFLHQWHVHQHVSHFLDOGHVGHODLPSODQWDFLyQGHOODPDGR3ODQ%RORQLD$HVWH
WDPELpQ VH VXPDQ RWUDV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV TXH WLHQHQ TXH YHU OD HYROXFLyQ GH OD SURSLD
GLVFLSOLQDFRQODSHQHWUDFLyQGHODVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDHLQFOXVRFRQHOFDPELRHQHOSHUILO
GHOHVWXGLDQWH
A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

&RQ HO ILQ GH SDOLDU HO GpILFLW GH IRURV GRQGH UHDOL]DU HVWH WLSR GH WDUHDV OD &RPLVLyQ
3HUPDQHQWHGHO*UXSRGH3REODFLyQGHOD$*(GHFLGLyRUJDQL]DUODMRUQDGDLa Poblacin en
la Era Bolonia. I Jornada de trabajo de docentes en materia de Poblacin en el marco del
Espacio Europeo de Educacin Superior (EEES) (VWD -RUQDGD FHOHEUDGD HQ %DUFHORQD HQ
HQHUR GH UHXQLy D SURIHVRUHV GH DVLJQDWXUDV GH FRQWHQLGR GHPRJUiILFR GH
XQLYHUVLGDGHV GLVWLQWDV (QWUH ODV ILQDOLGDGHV GH OD -RUQDGD VH HQFRQWUDED HO HYDOXDU ORV
FDPELRV FDXVDGRV SRU HO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GHO (((6 HQ OD GRFHQFLD GH OD *HRJUDItD GH OD
3REODFLyQ DVtFRPR HOFRPSDUWLU UHFXUVRV\ HVWUDWHJLDV GRFHQWHV SDUD OD LPSDUWLFLyQGH HVWH
WLSRGHFRQWHQLGRV6LQHPEDUJRHOREMHWLYRFHQWUDOHUDPXFKRPiVEiVLFRVHWUDWDEDGHXQD
PRGHVWD LQLFLDWLYD TXH EXVFDED IDYRUHFHU XQ HVSDFLR GH HQFXHQWUR HQ HO TXH FRPSDUWLU
LQTXLHWXGHVHQWUHGRFHQWHVHVSHFLDOL]DGRVHQHOFDPSRGHOHVWXGLRJHRJUiILFRGHODSREODFLyQ
3HVHDOEDODQFHSRVLWLYRGHOD-RUQDGDORVP~OWLSOHVWHPDVTXHVHTXHGDURQHQHOWLQWHURSRU
IDOWDGHWLHPSR\ODGHPDQGDGHORVDVLVWHQWHVGHGDUFRQWLQXLGDGDORVWHPDVSHQGLHQWHVHV
GHFLUGHSRGHUVHJXLUKDEODQGRVREUHHOTXHKDFHUGLDULRHQHODXODFRQGXMHURQDODSURSXHVWD
GHFRQVWLWXFLyQGHXQD0HVDGRFHQWHHQ*HRJUDItDGHOD3REODFLyQDGHPiVGHOFRPSURPLVR
GHWUDWDUGHLPSXOVDUHQHOIXWXURXQDV,,-RUQDGDV
(Q HVWH GRFXPHQWR UHYLVDPRV HVWD LQLFLDWLYD FRPR HMHPSOR GH LQWHUFDPELR GH H[SHULHQFLDV
HQWUHGRFHQWHVTXHLPSDUWHQDVLJQDWXUDVFRQOD*HRJUDItDGHOD3REODFLyQFRPREDVHFRP~Q
FRQHOILQGHPRVWUDUVXVYLUWXGHV\WDPELpQDSUHQGHUGHVXVHUURUHV/DYROXQWDGILQDOGHHVWH
WUDEDMRHVURPSHUXQDODQ]DHQIDYRUGHORVEHQHILFLRVUHVXOWDQWHVGHJHQHUDUGLQiPLFDVTXH
SHUPLWDQFRPSDUWLUGHEDWLU\FRQWUDVWDUH[SHULHQFLDVGHKDFHUSRVLEOHXQfeed-back UHFtSURFR
HQWUHSHUVRQDVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQFRQLQTXLHWXGHV\UHDOLGDGHVGRFHQWHVVLPLODUHV
3DUDHOORFRPRSXQWRGHSDUWLGDSUHVHQWDPRVHOFRQWH[WRHQTXHVHLQVHUWDODUHQRYDFLyQGH
ODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDHQODDFWXDOLGDGGHVWDFDQGRDTXHOORVUDVJRVTXHGDQVHQWLGR D
ORV WHPDV TXH VH DERUGDQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ (O UHIHUHQWH SULQFLSDO SDUD HVWH DSDUWDGR HV HO
5HDO 'HFUHWR GH GH RFWXEUH SRU HO TXH VH HVWDEOHFtD OD RUGHQDFLyQ GH ODV
HQVHxDQ]DV XQLYHUVLWDULDV RILFLDOHV DVt FRPR Libro Blanco del Ttulo en Geografa y
Ordenacin del Territorio $1(&$ E, HODERUDGR SRU XQ FRQMXQWR SURIHVRUHV \
SURIHVRUDVGH*HRJUDItDGHGLVWLQWDVXQLYHUVLGDGHVHVSDxRODVMXQWRFRQOD$*(\HO&ROHJLR
GH*HyJUDIRV(VWHDSDUWDGRLQFOX\HXQDEUHYHUHIHUHQFLDDODVLWXDFLyQGHODHQVHxDQ]DGHORV
FRQWHQLGRV JHRGHPRJUiILFRV HQ ORV *UDGRV GH *HRJUDILD \ 2UGHQDFLyQ GHO 7HUULWRULR HQ
WpUPLQRV GH RIHUWD GH DVLJQDWXUDV GH HVWD PDWHULD &RPR VH REVHUYDUi MXQWR FRQ FLHUWDV
VLPLOLWXGHV WDPELpQ VH DSUHFLDQ VLJQLILFDWLYDV GLVFUHSDQFLDV HQWUH XQLYHUVLGDGHV HQFXDQWR D
OD RIHUWD GH DVLJQDWXUDV GH OD WHPiWLFD HQ HVWXGLR ,JXDOPHQWH VH PXHVWUD TXH HO SDVR GH OD
OLFHQFLDWXUDDO*UDGRKDVLJQLILFDGRXQDUHGXFFLyQGHODV\DDQWHULRUPHQWHHVFDVDVDVLJQDWXUDV
HQFDUJDGDV GH GHVDUUROODU HVWRV FRQWHQLGRV DO PLVPR WLHPSR TXH VRQ FRQWDGDV ODV
XQLYHUVLGDGHVGRQGHDSHVDUGHODGHQRPLQDFLyQGHWtWXORKD\XQDDVLJQDWXUDTXHDERUGHHO
SDSHOGHODSREODFLyQHQODRUGHQDFLyQGHOWHUULWRULRRGHWHPDVSXQWHURVFRPRSRUHMHPSOR
ODV PLJUDFLRQHV (Q WHUFHU OXJDU VH SURIXQGL]D HQ OD JpQHVLV GH OD 0HVD TXH FRPR VH KD
FRPHQWDGR IXHURQ ODV -RUQDGDV La Poblacin en la Era Bolonia SDUD D FRQWLQXDFLyQ
GHVFULELU OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ REMHWLYRV \ WUDEDMRV UHDOL]DGRV HQ OD PLVPD 3RU ~OWLPR HQ ODV
FRQFOXVLRQHVVHUHDOL]DUiXQEDODQFHILQDOVREUHODH[SHULHQFLDGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDFUtWLFDD
WUDYpVGHXQ'$)2YDORUDWLYRGHODLQLFLDWLYD
(VWH WUDEDMR HV OD QDUUDFLyQ GH XQD H[SHULHQFLD \ SRU WDQWR GLILHUH GH OR TXH VXHOH VHU
KDELWXDOPHQWHXQDSRQHQFLDHVWiQGDU6LQHPEDUJRFUHHPRVTXHVHWUDWDGHXQDH[SHULHQFLD
VyOLGDPHQWHIXQGDPHQWDGD\TXHDGHPiVSXHGHDSRUWDULGHDVDXQTXHVHDQFUtWLFDVDORVTXH
OHDQHVWDVSiJLQDV'HODH[SHULHQFLDKHPRVREWHQLGRDOJXQDVFRQFOXVLRQHVTXHHVSHUDPRV

VLUYDQSDUDDEULURPHMRUGLFKRFRQWLQXDUHOGHEDWHVREUHODQHFHVLGDGGHJHQHUDUVLQHUJLDV
HQWUHHOFROHFWLYRGHGRFHQWHV\ODVSRVLEOHVIRUPDVGHORJUDUVXIRUPDOL]DFLyQ2MDOiVLUYDQ
HVWDV SiJLQDV SDUD FRQWDJLDU HO HVStULWX FRQ TXH QDFLy HVWD LQLFLDWLYD \ SDUD TXH RWURV VH
LQVSLUHQHQHOOD
/$ 75$16)250$&,1 '( /$ *(2*5$)$ (1 /$ 81,9(56,'$'

(63$f2/$(/18(92(6&(1$5,275$6(/3/$1'(%2/21,$
'HVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD GH OD RIHUWD XQLYHUVLWDULD OD *HRJUDItD XQLYHUVLWDULD KD FRQRFLGR
SURIXQGRVFDPELRVHQVXHWDSDUHFLHQWH(QXQSULPHUPRPHQWROD*HRJUDItDSDVyGHVHUXQD
HVSHFLDOL]DFLyQHQODDQWLJXDOLFHQFLDWXUDGH*HRJUDItDH+LVWRULDGHFXUVRVDFRQYHUWLUVHD
SDUWLU GH HQ XQD OLFHQFLDWXUD HVSHFtILFD FRQ XQD GXUDFLyQ GH DxRV $ QLYHO GH
FRQWHQLGRV HVWH FDPELR FRQOOHYy HO FUHFLPLHQWR GH ODV DVLJQDWXUDV TXH GHVDUUROODEDQ
FRQRFLPLHQWRV GH ODV GLVWLQWDV VXEGLVFLSOLQDV JHRJUiILFDV \D IXHVH SRU PHGLR GH ODV
GHQRPLQDGDV WURQFDOHV FXUUtFXOXP FRP~Q PDUFDGR SRU HO 0LQLVWHULR GH REOLJDWRULDV
ILMDGDVSRUFDGDXQLYHUVLGDGRGHRSWDWLYDV%XUULHOD\E\0pQGH](Q
DTXHO PRPHQWR OD FRQVHFXFLyQ SRU ILQ GH XQD OLFHQFLDWXUD HVSHFtILFD VLJQLILFy XQ
UHODQ]DPLHQWRGHODGLVFLSOLQD=RLGR3HURVLQGXGDODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQPiVSURIXQGD
VHSURGXMRHQDOLPSODQWDUVHHO3ODQGH%RORQLDFX\DIRUPDOL]DFLyQOOHYDDODSURSXHVWD
GH XQ *UDGR GH DxRV TXH ILQDOPHQWH DFDED GHQRPLQiQGRVH HQ OD PD\RUtD GH QXHVWUDV
XQLYHUVLGDGHV FRPR *UDGR HQ *HRJUDItD \ 2UGHQDFLyQ GHO 7HUULWRULR $1(&$ E \
7XOOD/D7DEODPXHVWUDTXHpVWDHVODRSFLyQGHGHODVXQLYHUVLGDGHVGRQGHVH
SRQH HQ PDUFKD HOQXHYRJUDGRHQ *HRJUDItD $pVWDVKD\TXH DxDGLU ODYDULDQWH GHODV WUHV
XQLYHUVLGDGHV DQGDOX]DV TXH SRU REOLJDFLyQ VXEVWLWX\HQ HO WpUPLQR 2UGHQDFLyQ SRU
*HVWLyQ GHO 7HUULWRULR (Q WUHV RFDVLRQHV REVHUYDPRV TXH OD SURSXHVWD TXHGD
H[FOXVLYDPHQWH FRPR JUDGR HQ *HRJUDItD PLHQWUDV TXH HQ GRV RFDVLRQHV VH KDFH PHQFLyQ
H[SUHVDHQHOWtWXORDOPHGLRDPELHQWH
/DHQWUDGDHQIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHO(VSDFLR(XURSHRGH(GXFDFLyQ6XSHULRU(((6HQ(VSDxD
GLRSLHDXQDVHULHGHGHEDWHVGHJUDQFDODGRWDQWRGHIRQGRFRPRGHIRUPD3RUXQODGRVH
FXHVWLRQD HO PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH OD RIHUWD GH XQ *UDGR HQ *HRJUDItD VREUH WRGR HQ DTXHOODV
XQLYHUVLGDGHV FRQ XQ Q~PHUR UHGXFLGR GH HVWXGLDQWHV GH QXHYR LQJUHVR GXUDQWH ORV ~OWLPRV
FXUVRV (Q VHJXQGR OXJDU VH DEUH HO GHEDWH VREUH FXiO KD GH VHU HO QRPEUH GH OD QXHYD
WLWXODFLyQ \ HQ FRQFUHWR VL VH GHEH LQFOXLU 2UGHQDFLyQ GHO 7HUULWRULR HQ RWURV FDVRV
*HVWLyQGHO7HUULWRULRR0HGLRDPELHQWHHQODGHQRPLQDFLyQGHODWLWXODFLyQ3RURWURVLOD
GXUDFLyQGHEtDVHUGHDxRVGDQGRFRQWLQXLGDGDODOLFHQFLDWXUDRELHQSDVDUDDGRSWDQGR
HOPRGHORVHJXLGRSRUODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVJUDGRVHXURSHRV

8QLYHUVLGDG 7tWXORGHO*UDGR 5DPDGHFRQRFLPLHQWR

$OLFDQWH *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
8$%PRGDOLGDGSUHVHQFLDO *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
8$%PRGDOLGDGYLUWXDO *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
$XWyQRPDGH0DGULG *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
%DUFHORQD *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
&DQWDEULD *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR $UWH\+XPDQLGDGHV
&RPSOXWHQVH *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
([WUHPDGXUD *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR $UWH\+XPDQLGDGHV
*LURQD *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR\*HVWLyQGHO0HGLR$PELHQWH &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
*UDQDGD *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\*HVWLyQGHO7HUULWRULR &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
,OOHV%DOHDUV *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
/D/DJXQD *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
/HyQ *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR $UWH\+XPDQLGDGHV
/OHLGD *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR $UWH\+XPDQLGDGHV
0iODJD *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\*HVWLyQGHO7HUULWRULR &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
0XUFLD *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR $UWH\+XPDQLGDGHV
2YLHGR *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR $UWH\+XPDQLGDGHV
3DtV9DVFR *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
/DV3DOPDV *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
5RYLUDL9LUJLOL *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
6DODPDQFD *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD $UWHV\+XPDQLGDGHV
6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
6HYLOOD *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\*HVWLyQGHO7HUULWRULR &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
9DOHQFLD *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\0HGLR$PELHQWH &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
9DOODGROLG *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR $UWHV\+XPDQLGDGHV
=DUDJR]D *UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\-XUtGLFDV
7DEOD2IHUWDDFWXDOGH*UDGRVHQ*HRJUDItDVHJ~QGHQRPLQDFLyQHQ(VSDxD
)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLDDSDUWLUGHZHEVXQLYHUVLGDGHVHVSDxRODV
(O GHEDWH VH FRPSOHWD FRQ ORV UHFHORV SUHVHQWDGRV SRU OD SUHVHQFLD HQ ORV JUDGRV GH OD
formacin bsicaTXHREOLJDDUHVHUYDUFDXWLYRVXQRVFUpGLWRVHVWDEOHFLGRVSRUHOGHFUHWRGHO
0LQLVWHULR (Q SULQFLSLR HVWRV FUpGLWRV WHQtDQ TXH VHU WUDQVYHUVDOHV SDUD ORV HVWXGLRV GH OD
UDPDGHFRQRFLPLHQWRHQODTXHVHLQVHUWDODWLWXODFLyQORTXHHQODSUiFWLFDVLJQLILFDEDOD
UHGXFFLyQGHODVDVLJQDWXUDVSURSLDVGHODGLVFLSOLQD/DSUHVHQFLDGHODIRUPDFLyQEiVLFDQR
VLHPSUHHVELHQUHFLELGDSRUHOFROHFWLYRGHGRFHQWHVGHOD*HRJUDItDXQLYHUVLWDULDHVSDxROD
WDQWR SRUFRQFHELUOD FRPR XQ SHDMHLQGHVHDGR DXQTXH QHFHVDULRSDUD QRSRQHUHQ ULHVJR OD
DSUREDFLyQ GHO WtWXOR FRPR SRU OD GLVPLQXFLyQ GH OD SURJUDPDFLyQ GH FUpGLWRV GH PDWHULDV
SURSLDV GH OD GLVFLSOLQD JHRJUiILFD (VWH UHFKD]R VH HQWLHQGH PHMRU FXDQGR VH REVHUYD OD
WUD\HFWRULDVHJXLGDSRUHOFRQWHQLGRGHODWLWXODFLyQ0pQGH]\DGHILQtDORVSODQHV
GH HVWXGLR GH OD DQWLJXD OLFHQFLDWXUD GH *HRJUDItD FRPR PX\ FHUUDGRV \ DXWRVXILFLHQWHV
%XUULHO E SRU VX SDUWH ORV FDUDFWHUL]DED SRU XQD FDUHQFLD FDVL WRWDO GH H[LJHQFLD GH
FRQRFLPLHQWRV REOLJDGRV GH RWUDV PDWHULDV QR JHRJUiILFDV TXH QR SDUHFHQ HVWLPDUVH
QHFHVDULRVSDUDODIRUPDFLyQEiVLFDGHOJHyJUDIRD(QHVWHFRQWH[WRVHFRPSUHQGHPHMRUHO
GHVDJUDGRFRQTXHVHUHFLEHODSURSXHVWDGHXQJUDGRFRQSUHVHQFLDSUHFLVDPHQWHGHRWUDV
PDWHULDV
2WUD WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GH KRQGR FDODGR VH SURGXFH D SDUWLU GH OD GpFDGD GH ORV GHO VLJOR
SDVDGR \ WLHQH TXH YHU FRQ OD RULHQWDFLyQ SURIHVLRQDO GHO JHyJUDIRD /D *HRJUDItD SDVy GH
WHQHU SUiFWLFDPHQWH FRPR~QLFD VDOLGD ODGRFHQFLD D FRQWDU FRQRSRUWXQLGDGHV SURIHVLRQDOHV
UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ OD FDUWRJUDItD \ ODV WHFQRORJtDV GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ OD SODQLILFDFLyQ
PHGLDPELHQWDOXUEDQD\WHUULWRULDO\ODGLYXOJDFLyQDGHPiVGHODHQVHxDQ]D$*3&\
0RQJLO(VWHSURFHVRGHSURIHVLRQDOL]DFLyQFXOPLQDFRQODDSUREDFLyQGHO&ROHJLRGH
*HyJUDIRVHQHODxRFRPRUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOSDSHOGHORVJHyJUDIRV\JHyJUDIDVHQORV
iPELWRVDSOLFDGRV$SHVDUGHHVWRVORJURVODVWHQVLRQHVQRFHVDQ%XUULHOEKDEODGHOD
HVFDVDRIHUWDHQODOLFHQFLDWXUDGHPDWHULDVRULHQWDGDVKDFLDODFDSDFLWDFLyQSURIHVLRQDOQR

GRFHQWH DXQTXH UHFRQRFH XQD SUHVHQFLD LPSRUWDQWH GH DVLJQDWXUDV GH FDUiFWHU WpFQLFR H
LQVWUXPHQWDO 3RU VX ODGR =RLGR GHILHQGH OD QHFHVLGDG GH DEULU ORV FHQWURV
XQLYHUVLWDULRVDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHSURIHVLRQDOHVTXHFRQHFWHQODXQLYHUVLGDGFRQHOPHUFDGR
ODERUDOFRPR~QLFDIyUPXODGHORJUDUXQDFDSDFLWDFLyQFRPSHWLWLYD1RREVWDQWHHVWDVVDOLGDV
SURIHVLRQDOHV VRQ XWLOL]DGDV SDUD OD GHILQLFLyQ GH OD RULHQWDFLyQ SURIHVLRQDO GHO *UDGR
$1(&$ D \ HQ GHILQLWLYD VRQ XQ SXQWDO EiVLFR HQ OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHO PLVPR /D
HPSOHDELOLGDG GH ORV JUDGXDGRV HQ *HRJUDItD VH FRQYLHUWHQ HQ HO HMH IXQGDPHQWDO GH OD
GHIHQVD GH OD H[LVWHQFLD GHO *UDGR FRPR RIHUWD HVSHFtILFD &LxLpQGRQRV DO REMHWR FHQWUDO GH
HVWHWUDEDMRFDEHUHFRUGDUTXHXQRGHORVSHUILOHVSURIHVLRQDOHVTXHVHUHFRQRFHDO*UDGRHQ
HO Libro Blanco VH UHILHUH GH IRUPD FRQFUHWD DO DQiOLVLV WHUULWRULDO GH OD SREODFLyQ \
GHPRJUDItD$1(&$E
8QHOHPHQWRPiVDDxDGLUDHVWHSDQRUDPDGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQHVODSURJUHVLYDSHQHWUDFLyQHQ
HODXODGHODVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDV(VWHSURFHVRVHLQLFLDWtPLGDPHQWHFRQODLQWURGXFFLyQGHO
XVRGHORUGHQDGRUHQODVFODVHVPiVSUiFWLFDV5XGQLFNLFRLQFLGLHQGRFRQODOOHJDGDGH
ODOLFHQFLDWXUDHQ*HRJUDItD\HFORVLRQDFRQODJHQHUDOL]DFLyQGH,QWHUQHW\ORVUHFXUVRVTXH
OD 5HG SURSRUFLRQD \ FRQ OD H[SDQVLyQ GH OD FDUWRJUDItD DXWRPiWLFD \ ORV 6LVWHPDV GH
,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD 'H VHU XQ HOHPHQWR DX[LOLDU HO XVR GHO RUGHQDGRU SDVD D WHQHU XQ
SDSHOFHQWUDOHQODHQVHxDQ]DFLUFXQVWDQFLDTXHSRFRDSRFRYDPRGLILFDQGRHOTXpHQVHxDU
DO LJXDO TXH HO FyPR HQVHxDU /RV FDPSXV YLUWXDOHV GH ODV DVLJQDWXUDV OD E~VTXHGD GH
LQIRUPDFLyQ HQ IRUPDWR HOHFWUyQLFR \D VHDQ WH[WRV GDWRV ILFKHURV FRQ FDSDV FDUWRJUiILFDV
LPiJHQHV YtGHRV HWF R HO PDQHMR GH XQ SURJUDPDULR HVSHFtILFR SDUD HO WUDWDPLHQWR
HVWDGtVWLFRJUiILFRRFDUWRJUiILFRGHODLQIRUPDFLyQVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQDUHDOLGDGFRWLGLDQDTXH
DFDED HVWDEOHFLHQGR XQ DQWHV \ XQ GHVSXpV HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD *HRJUDItD /D OOHJDGD GHO
*UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULRFXOPLQDHVWHSURFHVRGHSURIHVLRQDOL]DFLyQ\
WHFQLILFDFLyQGHODWLWXODFLyQTXHSDUDDOJXQRVHVDKRUDLQFOXVRH[FHVLYD
)LQDOPHQWHQRSRGHPRVRPLWLUODLPSRUWDQFLDGHGRVHOHPHQWRVPiV(OSULPHURVHUHILHUHDO
FDPELRTXHUHSUHVHQWDHO3ODQGH%RORQLDHQHOSODQWHDPLHQWRGHODHQVHxDQ]DXQLYHUVLWDULD
(OJLURH[SHULPHQWDGRSRUpVWDHVFRQVHFXHQFLDGHXQDIRUPXODFLyQGHODSUHQGL]DMHEDVDGRHQ
ODDGTXLVLFLyQGHFRPSHWHQFLDVTXHDVXYH]VHGHEHDUWLFXODUFRQODVVDOLGDVSURIHVLRQDOHV
SDUDODVTXHFDSDFLWDODWLWXODFLyQ(QHVWHFRQWH[WRORVFRQWHQLGRVGHVFULSWLYRVSLHUGHQYDORU
DO LJXDO TXH HO SDSHO GHO SURIHVRU FRPR WUDQVPLVRU GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV ,JXDOPHQWH OD
FRQFHSFLyQGHODVDVLJQDWXUDVQRVHFHQWUDH[FOXVLYDPHQWHHQKRUDVSUHVHQFLDOHVGHDVLVWHQFLD
DFODVHVLQRTXHHVREOLJDGDODSURJUDPDFLyQGHWDUHDVSHQVDGDVSDUDHODSUHQGL]DMHDXWyQRPR
\GLULJLGR&RPRVHREVHUYDHVWDPRVDQWHVXQFRQMXQWRGHFDPELRVTXHVDFXGHQODHQVHxDQ]D
XQLYHUVLWDULDSRUVXEDVH
(OVHJXQGRKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHOSHUILOGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVXQDYH]OOHJDQD
OD XQLYHUVLGDG ODV JHQHUDFLRQHV GH QDWLYRV GLJLWDOHV /D EXHQD UHFHSFLyQ GH ORV UHFXUVRV
HOHFWUyQLFRV\VXH[FHOHQWHSUHGLVSRVLFLyQDQWH ODVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDV DEUHXQDYHQWDQDTXH
RIUHFHHQRUPHVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHSHURTXHWDPELpQJHQHUDULHVJRVFRPRFRQIXQGLU
LQIRUPDFLyQFRQFRQRFLPLHQWR*DUFtD&ROO\5HTXHV/DUHQRYDFLyQGRFHQWHSDVDHQ
HVWH FDVR SRU HO IRPHQWR GH ODV PHWRGRORJtDV GRFHQWHV SDUWLFLSDWLYDV DVt FRPR SRU OD
GLYHUVLILFDFLyQGHHVWUDWHJLDV\UHFXUVRVSDUDODGRFHQFLDUHGXFLHQGRDOPi[LPRHOSDSHOGH
ODVFODVHVPDJLVWUDOHV%DLQ.
(O SURIHVRU XQLYHUVLWDULR VH KD YLVWR REOLJDGR D KDFHU IUHQWH D HVWH F~PXOR GH FDPELRV D
VRUWHDUORVREVWiFXORVHQFRQWUDGRVSRUHOFDPLQR&RPRKHPRVFRPSUREDGRORVUHWRVTXHVH
KDQVLQWHWL]DGRHQORVSiUUDIRVDQWHULRUHVVRQDGHPiVGHtQGROHGLVWLQWD\HQGHILQLWLYD

UHSUHVHQWDQ XQ FDPELR JOREDO HQ OD GRFHQFLD XQLYHUVLWDULD GH OD *HRJUDItD /D UHQRYDFLyQ
SHGDJyJLFDTXHVHH[LJHDOSURIHVRUGH*HRJUDItDHQHVWDQXHYDHWDSDQRVLHPSUHHQFXHQWUDXQ
DSR\R LQVWLWXFLRQDO VXILFLHQWH SRU SDUWH GH ORV RUJDQLVPRV XQLYHUVLWDULRV FRPSHWHQWHV HQ HO
WHPD0iVELHQDOFRQWUDULRHVWHSURFHVRGHUHQRYDFLyQHVH[LJLGRDOPLVPRWLHPSRTXHVHOH
UHFODPD XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FRPSHWLWLYD \ DOWDPHQWH LQWHUQDFLRQDOL]DGD OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ
SUR\HFWRVRDFWLYLGDGHVTXHVXSRQJDQWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHFRQRFLPLHQWRVDODVRFLHGDGDVtFRPR
XQLQHOXGLEOHFRPSURPLVRHQODJHVWLyQXQLYHUVLWDULDHQVXVGLVWLQWRVQLYHOHV
(QHOHVFHQDULRGHXQDDSUHWDGDDJHQGDGHFRPSURPLVRV\GHXQRUGHQGHOGtDSURIHVLRQDOTXH
VHPRGLILFDFRQH[WUHPDUDSLGH]VXUJHFRPRUHFXUVRHIHFWLYRHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHUHGHVGH
FRODERUDFLyQ D SDUWLU GH OD E~VTXHGD GH FRPSDxHURV \ FRPSDxHUDV LQPHUVRV HQ WDUHDV GH
GRFHQFLD VLPLODUHV 'HVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ ORV FDQDOHV SDUD HVWDEOHFHU
YtQFXORV HVWiQ FODUDPHQWH HVWLSXODGRV UHFRQRFLGRV \ ELHQ YDORUDGRV HTXLSRV GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SUR\HFWRV FRQJUHVRV SXEOLFDFLRQHV HWF 3HUR HQ FDPELR HQ WHPDV GH
FRQWHQLGRGRFHQWHHVWRVYtQFXORVQRVRQVLHPSUHWDQIOXLGRV\ORVFDQDOHVQLVRQWDQFODURVQL
FXHQWDQ FRQ YDORUDFLyQ R UHFRQRFLPLHQWR VLPLODU /D FRQVWLWXFLyQ GH HTXLSRV GRFHQWHV GH
UHGHVRGHJUXSRVGHLQQRYDFLyQGRFHQWHSXHGHQVHUXQDIyUPXODTXHIXQFLRQHSDUDHOORJUR
GHHVRVILQHV3HURQRVLHPSUHHVIiFLOHQFRQWUDUHOPDUFRDGHFXDGRGRQGHUHDOL]DUHVWDVWDUHDV
FXDQGRORVHTXLSRVGRFHQWHVQRH[LVWHQRQRIXQFLRQDQRFXDQGRVHHVHO~QLFRSURIHVRUDTXH
LPSDUWH XQD GHWHUPLQDGD PDWHULD HQ XQD WLWXODFLyQ 7DPSRFR HV IiFLO HQFRQWUDU HO IRUR
DGHFXDGR GRQGH FRQWUDVWDU FXHVWLRQHV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ HO TXHKDFHU GLDULR FRPR VRQ OD
GHILQLFLyQGHWHPDULRVHOGHVDUUROORRHYDOXDFLyQGHXQDGHWHUPLQDGDFRPSHWHQFLDHOWUDEDMR
FRQ U~EULFDV FRPSDUWLU PDWHULDOHV \ UHFXUVRV ORFDOL]DGRV HQ ODUHG\ HYDOXDU VX XVR HWF $
PHQXGRH[LVWHXQDVHQVDFLyQGHVROHGDGGHOSURIHVRUDTXHODVWUD\FRQGLFLRQDVXTXHKDFHU
3RU~OWLPRODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHODRIHUWDHQDVLJQDWXUDVJHRGHPRJUiILFDVFXDQGRVHSURGXFH
HO SDVR GH OD OLFHQFLDWXUD DO JUDGR HV XQ KHFKR D DxDGLU TXH HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV WUDVWRFD VHQ
SURIXQGLGDG OD VLWXDFLyQ 7DEOD \ (Q OD PD\RU SDUWH GH OD XQLYHUVLGDGHV H[LVWH
~QLFDPHQWHXQDDVLJQDWXUDFRQFRQWHQLGRVHVSHFtILFRVGHGLFKDWHPiWLFDJHQHUDOPHQWHFRQHO
QRPEUH GH Geografa de la Poblacin R Geodemografa 6yOR HQ GRV RFDVLRQHV VH SUHILHUH
VXEVWLWXLUORVRODPHQWHSRUDemografa \HQRWUDVGRVVHODXQHFRQOD*HRJUDItD(FRQyPLFD
(OEDODQFHWRWDOGHOFDPELRHQODRIHUWDFRQODOOHJDGDGHORVQXHYRVJUDGRVHVTXHDOJRPiV
GH OD PLWDG GH OD XQLYHUVLGDGHV PDQWLHQHQ LQDOWHUDGD VX RIHUWD PLHQWUDV TXH HQ
FDPELR HQ RFDVLRQHV VH DSUHFLD XQ LQFUHPHQWR GH RIHUWD GH DVLJQDWXUDV HQ HVWD
PDWHULD\HQVHSURGXFHXQGHFUHPHQWR
/D RIHUWD GH DVLJQDWXUDV TXH GD FRQWLQXLGDG D OD LQWURGXFWRULD Geografa de la Poblacin
H[LVWH GH ODV XQLYHUVLGDGHV GRQGH VH SXHGH FXUVDU HO JUDGR /D ~QLFD SHUVSHFWLYD TXH
UH~QHXQFLHUWRDFXHUGRVHUHJLVWUDHQODVDVLJQDWXUDVGHFRUWHPHWRGROyJLFRUHODFLRQDGDVFRQ
HODQiOLVLVJHRGHPRJUiILFR7DQVyORHQGRVRFDVLRQHVVHKDFHPHQFLyQH[SOtFLWDHQHOWtWXOR
GH XQD DVLJQDWXUD DO SDSHO GH OD SREODFLyQ HQ OD SODQLILFDFLyQ WHUULWRULDO HQ VLQWRQtD FRQ HO
QRPEUHGHODWLWXODFLyQ\FRQHOSHUILOSURIHVLRQDOHVSHFtILFRTXHVHUHFRQRFHDHVWDWHPiWLFD
)LQDOPHQWH VH DSUHFLD OD HVFDVH] GH RSWDWLYDV YLQFXODGDV D OD *HRJUDItD GH OD 3REODFLyQ
LQFOXVR HQ HO FDVR GH PDWHULDV GH JUDQ UHOHYDQFLD HQ ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV FRPR VXFHGH FRQ HO
HVWXGLR GH ODV PLJUDFLRQHV (Q HVWH FDVR FRQFUHWR VyOR GRV XQLYHUVLGDGHV RIUHFHQ XQD
DVLJQDWXUDGHHVSHFLDOL]DFLyQHQHOWHPDHQVXODRIHUWDDFWXDO

/,&(1&,$785$ *5$'2(1*(2*5$)$<27
81,9(56,'$'
$6,*1$785$ &$5&7(5 &8562&,&/2 &UpGLWRV $VLJQDWXUD &DUiFWHU &XUVRFLFOR &UpGLWRV
Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
$OLFDQWH G de las migraciones 2SWDWLYD FLFOR Geografa de las migraciones 2SWDWLYD &XUVR
Geografa de la salud (**) 2SWDWLYD FLFOR
Demografa 2EOLJDWRULD HUFLFOR Demografa 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
'HPRJUDItDORFDOLUHJLRQDO 2SWDWLYD HU&XUVR
Migraciones: movilidad, poblamiento y sociedad 2SWDWLYD FLFOR Migracions i Societat 2SWDWLYD HU&XUVR
$XWzQRPD%DUFHORQD
Poblacin Regional I (Poblacin de frica) 2SWDWLYD FLFOR Poblaci regional del mn 2SWDWLYD HU&XUVR
Poblacin Regional II (Poblacin de Catalunya) 2SWDWLYD FLFOR Poblaci de Catalunya i Espanya 2SWDWLYD HU&XUVR
$QjOLVLV'HPRJUjILFD 2SWDWLYD HU&XUVR
$XWyQRPDGH0DGULG Geografa de la salud 2SWDWLYD FLFOR
Problemas Sociales y Dinmicas Urbanas 2SWDWLYD FXUVR
Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD HU&XUVR
%DUFHORQD Demografa 2SWDWLYD FLFOR Anlisi Demogrfica i Poltiques de Poblaci 2SWDWLYD &XUVR
Poblacin Urbana (**) 2SWDWLYD FLFOR
Pases en desarrollo: problemtica poblacional(* 2SWDWLYD FLFOR
&DQWDEULD Geodemografa y Geografa Social 2EOLJDWRULD HUFLFOR Geodemografa 2EOLJDWRULD HU&XUVR
Geografa Humana I 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD
Geografa Humana II 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR Geografa de la Poblacin %iVLFD HUFXUVR
&RPSOXWHQVH Geografa de la salud 2SWDWLYD FLFOR
Dinmicas demogrficas 2SWDWLYD FLFOR
([WUHPDGXUD Geografa humana II 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
Migraciones internacionales 2SWDWLYD FLFOR
Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD HUFLFOR Geografia Econmica i de la Poblaci 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
*LURQD Poblacin Regional 2SWDWLYD FLFOR
Demografa Histrica 2SWDWLYD FLFOR
Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR Geografa humana I: G de la poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
*HRJUDItDKXPDQD,,,*GHORVDVHQWDPLHQWRV 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
*UDQDGD
Anlisis demogrfico 2SWDWLYD HUFXUVR
Teoras de poblacin: pensamiento demogrfico 2SWDWLYD HUFLFOR
7DEOD2IHUWDGHDVLJQDWXUDVGHFRQWHQLGRJHRGHPRJUiILFR&RPSDUDFLyQ/LFHQFLDWXUDHQ*HRJUDItD*UDGRGH*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR
A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco 6

/,&(1&,$785$ *5$'2(1*(2*5$)$<27
81,9(56,'$'
$6,*1$785$ &$5&7(5 &8562&,&/2 &UpGLWRV $VLJQDWXUD &DUiFWHU &XUVRFLFOR &UpGLWRV
,OOHV%DOHDUV Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR Geografia de la Poblaci 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR Geografa de la Poblacin )RUPDFLyQEiV HUFXUVR
/D/DJXQD Anlisis geodemogrfico HU FXUVR
Planificacin geodemogrfica HUFXUVR
3REODFLyQ\7HUULWRULR 2SWDWLYD FXUVR
/HyQ Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
/OHLGD Geografa, Poblacin y Demografa 2SWDWLYD HUFLFOR Geografia de la Poblaci i Demografia 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR
Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR Fundamentos de G Humana I 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
0iODJD G de la poblacin y del sistema urbano en Espaa 2SWDWLYD FXUVR
La poblacin en el anlisis territorial 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR
0XUFLD Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
2YLHGR G de la poblacin de Espaa 2SWDWLYD FXUVR Anlisis y Evaluacin de la Poblacin 2SWDWLYD &XUVR
3DtV9DVFR Poblacin y Territorio 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR Geografia de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
/DV3DOPDV Geodemografa 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR Geodemografa 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR
5RYLUDL9LUJLOL
Geografa humana. Poblaci 2EOLJDWRULD HUFLFOR Geodemografa 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
Geografa humana aplicada. Geodemografa 2EOLJDWRULD FLFOR
6DODPDQFD Problemas demogrficos en el mundo actual 2SWDWLYD HUFLFOR Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR Geodemografa 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
6HYLOOD
Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR Geografa de la Poblacin y de las Ac. Econmi 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
Anlisis demogrfico 2SWDWLYD FLFOR Anlisis y tcnicas geodemogrficas 2SWDWLYD HUFXUVR
Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR
9DOHQFLD Anlisis geodemogrfico 2SWDWLYD FLFOR
9DOODGROLG Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR Demografa 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR

Dinmicas demogrficas 2SWDWLYD FXUVR
=DUDJR]D Geografa de la Poblacin 2SWDWLYD FLFOR Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD FXUVR
7DEOD2IHUWDGHDVLJQDWXUDVGHFRQWHQLGRJHRGHPRJUiILFR&RPSDUDFLyQ/LFHQFLDWXUDHQ*HRJUDItD*UDGRGH*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR
)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLDDSDUWLUGHODFRQVXOWDGHORV3ODQHVGH(VWXGLR&XUVR\HQODVZHEVGHODVXQLYHUVLGDGHV
A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco 7

*5$'2(1*<27 /,&(1&,$785$(1*(2*5$)$ 9DULDFLyQ

8QLYHUVLGDG
2EOLJDWRULDV 2SWDWLYDV 7RWDO 2EOLJDWRULDV 2SWDWLYDV 7RWDO /LFHQFLDWXUD*UDGR
$OLFDQWH
$XWzQRPD%DUFHORQD
$XWyQRPDGH0DGULG
%DUFHORQD
&DQWDEULD
&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD
&RPSOXWHQVH
([WUHPDGXUD
*LURQD
*UDQDGD
,OOHV%DOHDUV
/D/DJXQD
/DV3DOPDV
/HyQ
/OHLGD
0iODJD
0XUFLD
2YLHGR
3DtV9DVFR
5RYLUDL9LUJLOL
6DODPDQFD
6DQWLDJRGH&RPS
6HYLOOD
9DOHQFLD
9DOODGROLG
=DUDJR]D
7DEOD9DULDFLyQGHODRIHUWDGHDVLJQDWXUDVGHFRQWHQLGRJHRGHPRJUiILFRFRQODDSOLFDFLyQGHO3ODQGH
%RORQLD
)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLDDSDUWLUGH7DEOD
(Q GHILQLWLYD XQ SDQRUDPD GH FDPELR HQ IRQGR \ IRUPD TXH FUHDXQD DWPyVIHUD HQUDUHFLGD
TXHQRVLHPSUHSHUPLWHWUDEDMDUDJXVWRDORVGRFHQWHVVREUHORVFXDOHVSLYRWDHVWHHVFHQDULR
FDPELDQWH
/$0(6$'2&(17('(*(2*5$)$'(/$32%/$&,18102'(/2'(
,17(5&$0%,2'((;3(5,(1&,$6','&7,&$6
6LVHUHYLVDHOOLVWDGRGHWHPDVDERUGDGRVHQODVSRQHQFLDVGHORVFRQJUHVRVRUJDQL]DGRV
SRU HO *UXSR GH 3REODFLyQ GH OD $*( TXH FRQVWDQ HQ HO LQIRUPH UHDOL]DGR SRU 'RPtQJXH]
0XMLFD HW DO VH REVHUYD TXH QXQFD KDVWD HO PRPHQWR VH KD GHGLFDGR HQ HOORV XQD
VHVLyQ D OD GLGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD GH OD 3REODFLyQ < HVR TXH HQ ORV DxRV TXH KDQ
WUDQVFXUULGR GHVGH OD FUHDFLyQ GHO *UXSR HQ OD GRFHQFLD GH HVWD PDWHULD KD
H[SHULPHQWDGR XQ YXHOFR QRWDEOH HQ VLQWRQtD FRQ ODV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV FRPHQWDGDV HQ HO
HStJUDIH DQWHULRU GH HVWH DUWtFXOR (VWD DXVHQFLD SXHGH MXVWLILFDUVH SRU OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ HO
*UXSRGHSHUVRQDVGHGLFDGDVH[FOXVLYDPHQWHDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQRDRWURVWUDEDMRVWpFQLFRVODV
FXDOHV VH HQFXHQWUDQ DMHQDV D SUHRFXSDFLRQHV SRU DVSHFWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD GRFHQFLD
MXQWR DO VHQWLPLHQWR GH TXH HVWDV ODERUHV HVWDEDQ VLHQGR ELHQ FXELHUWDV SRU HO *UXSR GH
'LGiFWLFDGHHVWDPLVPD$VRFLDFLyQ&RQHOILQGHVDOGDUHVWDGHXGDDGTXLULGDVHRUJDQL]y
HQHQHURGHOD,-RUQDGDGHWUDEDMRGHGRFHQWHVHQPDWHULDGH3REODFLyQHQHOPDUFRGHO
(VSDFLR(XURSHRGH(GXFDFLyQ6XSHULRUEDMRHOQRPEUHGHLa Poblacin en la Era Bolonia
(VWD-RUQDGDQRVyORIXHHOGHWRQDQWHGHODSRVWHULRUFRQVWLWXFLyQGHOD0HVDGHGRFHQFLDHQ

*HRJUDItD GH OD 3REODFLyQ VLQR TXH FRQWULEX\y GHFLGLGDPHQWH D OD GHILQLFLyQ GH VXV
FRQWHQLGRVEiVLFRV
3RU HVWH PRWLYR D FRQWLQXDFLyQ YDPRV D SUHVHQWDU EUHYHPHQWH HVWD -RUQDGD SRQLHQGR
HVSHFLDO pQIDVLV HQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH OD PLVPD TXH IXHURQ HQ GHILQLWLYD ORV TXH KLFLHURQ
VXUJLUHOHVStULWXTXHGDUtDSLHILQDOPHQWHDODFRQVWLWXFLyQGHOD0HVD
/DQHFHVLGDGGHXQDPHVDGRFHQWHGHGLiORJR
/D QHFHVLGDG GH FRODERUDFLyQ \ GH FRQVWLWXLU IRURV GH LQWHUFDPELR GH H[SHULHQFLDV HQWUH
SURIHVRUHVQRHVXQDGHPDQGDQXHYD3UDWVVHxDODSUHFLVDPHQWHFRPRUHWRVGHIXWXUR
SDUDODGLGiFWLFDGHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVQXHYHSXQWRVHVHQFLDOHVTXHVRQ
)RPHQWDULQVWUXPHQWRVGHLQWHUFDPELR\GLVFXVLyQFLHQWtILFDUHYLVWDVSXEOLFDFLRQHV
HVSHFLDOL]DGDVHQLQYHVWLJDFLyQMRUQDGDVFLHQWtILFDVHWF
(VWDEOHFHU SXQWRV GH GLVFXVLyQ SHUPDQHQWH VREUH ORV SUREOHPDV TXH VH YDQ
FRQILJXUDQGRFRPRPRWLYRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
&RQWUDVWDUFRQODUHDOLGDGHGXFDWLYDODVFRQFOXVLRQHVDODVTXHVHYDQOOHJDQGRIRURV
GHGHEDWHHQWUHSURIHVLRQDOHVGHODHGXFDFLyQHLQYHVWLJDGRUHV
&UHDFLyQ GH JUXSRV HVWDEOHV \ FRQVROLGDGRV TXH WHQJDQ XQD ODERU IXQGDPHQWDO GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQGHIRUPDFLyQGHQXHYRVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV\ODGHGLVFXVLyQDUWLFXODGD
(VWDEOHFHUOtQHDVGHILQDQFLDFLyQSDUDWHPDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQOLFHQFLDVSRUHVWXGLRV
EHFDVSUR\HFWRVHWF
$PSOLDU OD GRFHQFLD HQ GLGiFWLFD GH OD KLVWRULD JHRJUDItD \ RWUDV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV
GHVWLQDGDDODIRUPDFLyQLQLFLDOGHOSURIHVRUDGRGHHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULD
,QLFLDULQYHVWLJDFLRQHVSDUDSRGHUFRQRFHU\JHQHUDUFRQRFLPLHQWRVTXHSHUPLWDQOD
IRUPDFLyQ GLGiFWLFD GHO SURIHVRUDGR XQLYHUVLWDULR GH ODV FDUUHUDV GH *HRJUDItD H
+LVWRULD
(VWDEOHFHUOtQHDVGHWUDEDMRSDUDHVWDUSUHVHQWHVHQWRGRORUHODFLRQDGRFRQORVQXHYRV
FDPLQRVHGXFDWLYRV\GHRFLRFXOWXUDOGHODQXHYDVRFLHGDGGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ
8QDSROtWLFDGHFLGLGDGHSURPRFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGRWLWXODUGHHVFXHODXQLYHUVLWDULD\
ODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHQXHYRVGRFHQWHVGHSUREDGDYDOtDLQYHVWLJDGRUDSURFHGHQWHVGHOD
HGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULD
&RPRVHREVHUYDODVHVWUDWHJLDVLQGLFDGDVSDVDQDPHQXGRSRUUHIRU]DUODFRODERUDFLyQOD
UHIOH[LyQ\HOWUDEDMRFRQMXQWR
/D0HVDGHGRFHQFLDHQ*HRJUDItDGHOD3REODFLyQQDFHHQHOVHQRGHODILORVRItDGHSURPRYHU
HO LQWHUFDPELR GH H[SHULHQFLDV HQWUH SURIHVRUHV \ SURIHVRUDV HQ HVSHFLDO HQ HO FRQWH[WR GH
UHQRYDFLyQ TXH VXSRQH OD LPSODQWDFLyQ GHO 3ODQ GH %RORQLD 2WUDV LQLFLDWLYDV VH KDQ LGR
VXPDQGRHQHVWDPLVPDOtQHDGHWUDEDMR$VtGXUDQWHODVVII Jornadas del Grupo de Trabajo
de Geografa Econmica GHOD$*(FHOHEUDGDVHQ6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHODHQ-XOLRGH
WXYR OXJDU XQD VHVLyQ VREUH ODV JXtDV GRFHQWHV GH OD DVLJQDWXUD *HRJUDItD (FRQyPLFD 'H
IRUPD UHFLHQWH VH KD SXEOLFDGR HO DUWtFXOR GH 5RGUtJXH] (VSLQRVD HW DO WLWXODGR
&RPSHWHQFLDV HQ 7HFQRORJtDV GH OD ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD HQ ORV HVWXGLRV XQLYHUVLWDULRV
UHIOH[LyQ\SURSXHVWDVSDUWLFLSDWLYDVSXEOLFDGRHQCuadernos Geogrficos HQ

(O HPEULyQ GH OD 0HVD OR HQFRQWUDPRV OD MRUQDGD La Poblacin en la Era Bolonia (VWD
-RUQDGDVHRUJDQL]ySRQLHQGRHODFHQWRHQODUHQRYDFLyQFDXVDGDSRUODLPSODQWDFLyQGHO3ODQ
GH%RORQLDHQODXQLYHUVLGDGHVSDxROD(QHOFDVRGHOD*HRJUDItDHVWDUHQRYDFLyQVLJQLILFyHO
SDVR GH XQ HVFHQDULR FRQ XQD RIHUWD ~QLFD GH OLFHQFLDWXUD HQ *HRJUDItD D XQD GLYHUVLILFDGD
RIHUWDGHJUDGRV,JXDOPHQWHOD*HRJUDItDDXPHQWyVXSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQRWURVJUDGRVHQIRUPD
GHDVLJQDWXUDVWUDQVYHUVDOHV3HURVLQGXGDHOWHPDFHQWUDOGHOD-RUQDGDIXHURQORVFDPELRV
HQ ORV SODQWHDPLHQWRV GRFHQWHV GHVHQFDGHQDGRV SRU OD LPSODQWDFLyQ GHO 3ODQ GH %RORQLD HV
GHFLUHOGLVHxRGHFRQWHQLGRVDSDUWLUGHREMHWLYRV\FRPSHWHQFLDVODHYDOXDFLyQFRQWLQXDGDR
HOLQFUHPHQWRGHODYDORUDFLyQGHDFWLYLGDGHVDOPDUJHQGHFODVHVPDJLVWUDOHV7RGRHOORHQXQ
FRQWH[WR GH WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GHO SHUILO GHO DOXPQR FDGD YH] PiV VHQVLEOH D DFWLYLGDGHV
SDUWLFLSDWLYDVGHDXWRDSUHQGL]DMH\DOXVRGHODVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDV
)LJXUD&DUWHOGHODV-RUQDGDV/D3REODFLyQHQOD(UD%RORQLD
(OSULQFLSDOREMHWLYRGHOD-RUQDGDVHJ~QVHGHILQtDHQVXSUHVHQWDFLyQHUDXQLQWHUFDPELRGH
UHFXUVRV \ H[SHULHQFLDV TXH GLHVH OXJDU D VLQHUJLDV HQWUH GRFHQWHV TXH FRPSDUWLHVHQ
LQTXLHWXGHV \ SUREOHPiWLFDV VLPLODUHV /D -RUQDGD LED GHVWLQDGD D ODV SHUVRQDV TXH VH
HQFRQWUDEDQ LPSDUWLHQGR GRFHQFLD HQ JHRGHPRJUDItD \D IXHVH HQ ORV GLVWLQWRV JUDGRV HQ
*HRJUDItD FRPR HQ RWUDV WLWXODFLRQHV 6X REMHWLYR HUD OD UHIOH[LyQ VREUH FRQWHQLGRV \ VX
GLGiFWLFD\HQHVSHFLDOSRQHUVREUHODPHVDXQDSHUVSHFWLYDSUiFWLFDVREUHHOGHVDUUROORGHOD
GRFHQFLD/DLGRQHLGDGGHOPRPHQWRVHIXQGDPHQWDEDDGHPiVHQHOEDJDMHGHODH[SHULHQFLD
ODV SULPHUDV SURPRFLRQHV GH JUDGXDGRV \D HUDQ XQ KHFKR \ HQ ORV UXPRUHV LQVLVWHQWHV HQ
DTXHOPRPHQWRGHXQDLQPLQHQWHPRGLILFDFLyQGHODHVWUXFWXUDGHORVJUDGRV\PiVWHUHVSDUD
LPSODQWDUHOOODPDGRJUDGRVGHDxRV\PiVWHUHVGHUXPRUHVTXHDxRVPiVWDUGH
VLJXHQ PDQWHQLHQGR VX FRQGLFLyQ FRPR WDOHV (UD SRU WDQWR XQ PRPHQWR H[FHOHQWH SDUD
SDUDUPLUDUKDFLDDWUiV\DSUHQGHUGHODH[SHULHQFLDFRQODPLUDGDSXHVWDHQHOIXWXUR

$ OD OODPDGD UHDOL]DGD D WUDYpV GH OD $*( UHVSRQGLHURQ SHUVRQDV GH XQLYHUVLGDGHV
&DEH LQVLVWLU TXH OD FRQYRFDWRULD HVWDED DELHUWD D FXDOTXLHU SHUVRQD LQWHUHVDGD IXHVH R QR
PLHPEURGHOD$*('HKHFKRDOD-RUQDGDLQFOXVRDVLVWLHURQGRVVRFLyORJDVHVSHFLDOL]DGDV
HQ WHPDV GH SREODFLyQ (Q HO HPDLOLQJ SUHYLR D VX FHOHEUDFLyQVH WXYR HVSHFLDO FXLGDGR HQ
LQFOXLUDWRGDVODVSHUVRQDVTXHHQHOFXUVRLPSDUWtDQGRFHQFLDHQODVDVLJQDWXUDVGH
QDWXUDOH]DJHRGHPRJUiILFDHQORV*UDGRVGH*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULRGHODV
XQLYHUVLGDGHVHVSDxRODVEXVFDQGRH[SOtFLWDPHQWHVXSDUWLFLSDFLyQ
/D-RUQDGDVHHVWUXFWXUyHQSDUWHVXQDRUJDQL]DGDHQWUHVSRQHQFLDVHQFDUJDGDVDSHUVRQDV
TXH FRQWDEDQ FRQ EDJDMH HQ HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH FDGD XQR GH ORV WHPDV H[SORUDGRV RWUD
FRQVWUXLGD D SDUWLU GH ODV SUHVHQWDFLRQHV SRU SDUWH GH ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV GH XQD H[SHULHQFLD
GLGiFWLFDSURSLDTXHFRQVLGHUDVHQQRYHGRVDRTXHTXLVLHVHQFRPSDUWLU
(QODSULPHUDSRQHQFLDDe los conceptos del Espacio Europeo de Educacin Superior a la
prctica docente en Geografa 2OJD GH &RV UHDOL]y XQ EDODQFH VREUH ORV FDPELRV TXH OD
DGDSWDFLyQDOVLVWHPD%RORQLDKDEtDVLJQLILFDGRSDUDODGRFHQFLDXQLYHUVLWDULDHQJHQHUDO\HQ
ORVJUDGRVHQ*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULRRVLPLODUHVHQSDUWLFXODU
(Q OD VHJXQGD VHVLyQLos contenidos demogrficos en los nuevos grados de Geografa. Un
balance necesario. Presencias (y ausencias)'RORUHV6iQFKH]$JXLOHUDUHYLVyODSUHVHQFLDGH
OD3REODFLyQHQORVSODQHVGHHVWXGLRGHORVJUDGRVHQ*HRJUDItDGHXQLYHUVLGDGHVHVSDxRODV
DVtFRPRHQRWURVJUDGRV/DLQWHUYHQFLyQILQDOL]yFRQVXSURSXHVWDGHHVWDEOHFHUXQDDJHQGD
SDUDOD*HRJUDItDGHOD3REODFLyQEDVDGDHQWUHVHMHVUHIOH[LyQSURJUDPDFLyQGHVHVLRQHVGH
GHEDWHVREUHWHPDVGRFHQWHVHQORVFRQJUHVRVGHO*UXSRGH3REODFLyQGHOD$*(HODERUDFLyQ
GHXQLQIRUPHLQWHUQRGHO*UXSRDQiOLVLV\GLDJQyVWLFRGHODVLWXDFLyQDQiOLVLVFRPSDUDWLYR
GHDVLJQDWXUDVDQLYHOLQWHUQDFLRQDOVHJXLPLHQWRGHODVDVLJQDWXUDVHQORVJUDGRVGH*HRJUDItD
HVSDxROHV R HVWXGLR GH OD SUHVHQFLD GH OD SREODFLyQ HQ ORV WUDEDMRV ILQDO GH JUDGR \
FRODERUDFLyQLQWHUDFFLyQFRQZHEVJHQHUDOLVWDVFRPRODGHOD$*(
(Q WHUFHU OXJDU 3HGUR 5HTXHV HQ XQD VHVLyQ EDMR HO WtWXOR En-Red-ados con la Poblacin.
Recursos Web para la enseanza de la Geo-demografa en el siglo XXIUHDOL]yXQUHYLVLyQGH
XQD VHOHFFLyQ GH UHFXUVRV ZHE GHVWDFDQGR VX XWLOLGDG HQ OD GLGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD GH OD
3REODFLyQ \ WDPELpQ DOJXQDV GH VXV OLPLWDFLRQHV )LQDOPHQWH OD VHVLyQ Enfoques y
metodologas de trabajo al servicio de la nueva geografa de la poblacin: experiencias
docentes, FRRUGLQDGD SRU -RVHILQD 'RPtQJXH] 0XMLFD FRQWy FRQ OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ GH
H[SHULHQFLDVSRUSDUWHGHFLQFRGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHV/RVWHPDVGHHVWDVSUHVHQWDFLRQHVIXHURQ
HO DSUHQGL]DMH DFWLYR SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH FRPSHWHQFLDV FRPXQLFDWLYDV HQ OD DVLJQDWXUD
3REODFLyQ HQ HO DQiOLVLV WHUULWRULDO SRU SDUWH GH &DUORWD (VFXGHUR OD E~VTXHGD GH GDWRV
GHPRJUiILFRV HQ ODV SULQFLSDOHV EDVHV GH GDWRV GHPRJUiILFDV -RDQ *DQDX HO DQiOLVLV \ OD
REVHUYDFLyQ GH XQ HVSDFLR FRWLGLDQR *ZHQGROLQH 'H 2OLYHLUD HVWUDWHJLDV GRFHQWHV SDUD OD
DVLJQDWXUDPoblacin, recursos y desarrollo GHO*UDGRGH*HRJUDItDH+LVWRULD$PDOLD9DKt
\ODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHOJpQHUR7HUHVD9LFHQWH
(QODFODXVXUDGHOD-RUQDGDHO3UHVLGHQWHGHO*UXSRGH3REODFLyQHQDTXHOPRPHQWR3HGUR
5HTXHV DSXQWy OD QHFHVLGDG GH DEULU IRURV GH GHEDWH VLPLODUHV \D IXHVH HQ &RQJUHVRV GHO
*UXSRGH3REODFLyQRHQFRODERUDFLyQFRQORVGHO*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD$*(DODYH]TXH
LQVLVWLyHQODFRQYHQLHQFLDGHEXVFDUIRUPDVSDUDIDYRUHFHUODFRODERUDFLyQHQWUHORVGRFHQWHV
XQLYHUVLWDULRV HQ PDWHULD GH 3REODFLyQ /D E~VTXHGD GH XQ PtQLPR FRP~Q GLYLVRU HQ
SURJUDPD FRQWHQLGRV UHFXUVRV \ OD SURSXHVWD GH IyUPXODV SDUD DYDQ]DU HQ OD UHIOH[LyQ \
FRODERUDFLyQ IXH SXHVWR HQWRQFHV HQ HO KRUL]RQWH GH ORV JHRGHPyJUDIRV FRPR REMHWLYR D
DOFD]DUHQXQIXWXURLQPHGLDWR

&RPRUHVSXHVWDDHVWHFRPSURPLVRXQRVPHVHVPiVWDUGHVHSURSRQHODFUHDFLyQGHOD0HVD
GH GRFHQFLD HQ *HRJUDItD GH OD 3REODFLyQ (VWD LQLFLDWLYD IXH DSUREDGD HQ OD $VDPEOHD
2UGLQDULDGHO*UXSRGH3REODFLyQFHOHEUDGDHQHO;,9&RQJUHVRGHOPLVPRTXHWXYROXJDUHQ
OD8QLYHUVLGDG3DEOR2ODYLGHGH6HYLOODHQ6HSWLHPEUHGH
3HURKDEtDYHUGDGHUDPHQWHXQDQHFHVLGDGGHXQD0HVDGHGRFHQFLDHQ
*HRJUDItDGHOD3REODFLyQ"
6LGHIRUPDSUHYLDDOLQLFLRGHOD-RUQDGD\DVHFRQWDEDFRQDOJXQRVLQGLFLRVTXHSHUPLWtDQ
LQWXLUHOSRWHQFLDOLQWHUpVGHODH[SHULHQFLDGXUDQWHODFHOHEUDFLyQGHODPLVPDODVHYLGHQFLDV
HQHVWHVHQWLGRDIORUDURQGHIRUPDQRWDEOH
7DO \ FRPR VH KD DQDOL]DGR DQWHULRUPHQWH PiV GH OD PLWDG GH ORV JUDGRV HQ *HRJUDItD \
2UGHQDFLyQ GHO 7HUULWRULR FXHQWDQ ~QLFDPHQWH FRQ XQD DVLJQDWXUD HVSHFLDOL]DGD HQ OD
*HRJUDItDGHOD3REODFLyQ\SRUWDQWRQRRIUHFHQQLQJXQDSRVLELOLGDGGHSURIXQGL]DFLyQHQ
OD PDWHULD (VWD VLWXDFLyQ GHMD OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GH GHVDUUROODU ODV GLVWLQWDV IDFHWDV GH OD
GLVFLSOLQD HV GHFLU FRQFHSWRV EiVLFRV VHQVLELOLGDG SRU OD GLYHUVLGDG GH VLWXDFLRQHV EDVH
PHWRGROyJLFDDSOLFDFLyQSUiFWLFDHQUHODFLyQFRQODSODQLILFDFLyQUHODFLyQSREODFLyQPHGLR
DPELHQWH R FXHVWLRQDPLHQWR GHO WUDWDPLHQWR PHGLiWLFR GH WHPDV FRPR OD EDMD IHFXQGLGDG
PLJUDFLRQHVRHQYHMHFLPLHQWRHQXQD~QLFDDVLJQDWXUD
$XQTXH KD\ XQD HOHYDGD FRLQFLGHQFLD HQ OD RIHUWD GH XQD DVLJQDWXUD EiVLFD GH SULPHU R
VHJXQGR FXUVR FRQ HO QRPEUH GH Geografa de la Poblacin R Geodemografa WDPELpQ VH
GHWHFWDQ DOJXQDV GLVFUHSDQFLDV FRPR \D VH KD KHFKR QRWDU WDQWR HQ HO QRPEUH GH OD
DVLJQDWXUD FRPR HQ HO FXUVR HQ HO TXH VH VLW~DQ /D HVFDVD RIHUWD GH RSWDWLYDV HV WDPELpQ
EDVWDQWHKHWHURJpQHDGRQGHOD~QLFDFRLQFLGHQFLDGHFLHUWDHQWLGDGVHKDOODHQODVDVLJQDWXUDV
GHFRUWHPHWRGROyJLFRRULHQWDGDVKDFLDHODQiOLVLVGHPRJUiILFR
(Q HO WUDQVFXUVR GH OD -RUQDGD VH SXVR HQ HYLGHQFLD OD HQRUPH KHWHURJHQHLGDG HQ WRGRV ORV
DVSHFWRVFRPHQWDGRV(VWDGLYHUVLGDGHVKDVWDFLHUWRSXQWROyJLFDSXHVWRTXHHOGLVHxRGHOD
DVLJQDWXUDQRSXHGHHQWHQGHUVHGHIRUPDDLVODGDVLQRHQHOPDUFRGHOFRQMXQWRGHOJUDGRHQ
HO TXH VH SURJUDPD \ SRU WDQWR GH VXV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV SDUWLFXODUHV 1R REVWDQWH SDUHFH TXH
XQD FLHUWD FRLQFLGHQFLD GHEHUtD SURGXFLUVH VREUH WRGR FXDQGR VH FRPSDUD XQD DVLJQDWXUD
FRQFUHWDGHQDWXUDOH]DWDQVLPLODUFRPRVXFHGHHQODDVLJQDWXUDLQWURGXFWRULDGHGeografa de
la Poblacin R QRPEUH VLPLODU XELFDGD HQ ORV SULPHURV FXUVRV GH OD WLWXODFLyQ (VWD
VLWXDFLyQQRVHSURGXFHRDOPHQRVVHUHJLVWUDFRQPHQRUIUHFXHQFLDGHORTXHFDEUtDHVSHUDU
$OJXQRV HMHPSORV LOXVWUDUiQ HO DOFDQFH GH ODV GLVFUHSDQFLDV D ODV TXH QRV UHIHULPRV 3RU
HMHPSOR HO Q~PHUR GH FRPSHWHQFLDV TXH FRQVWDQ HQ ODV JXtDV GRFHQWHV GH OD DVLJQDWXUD
Geografa de la Poblacin RWtWXORVLPLODUGH(&76RVFLODEDHQWUH\1RKD\QLQJXQD
FRPSHWHQFLD FRP~Q SDUD WRGDV ODV JXtDV ,JXDOPHQWH QR HV SRVLEOH HQFRQWUDU QLQJ~Q OLEUR
FRP~QHQODELEOLRJUDItDEiVLFDFLWDGDHQODVJXtDVGRFHQWHV(OOLEURPiVFLWDGRHOPDQXDOGH
-XOLR 9LQXHVD Demografa. Anlisis y proyecciones HV HO TXH HVWi SUHVHQWH HQ XQ PD\RU
Q~PHURGHRFDVLRQHVHQFRQFUHWRHQXQGHODVJXtDVGRFHQWHVDQDOL]DGDV(QFDPELR
GHFDGDWUDEDMRVFLWDGRVDSDUHFHQXQD~QLFDRFDVLyQ
2WURVGHVDMXVWHVOODPDQWDPELpQODDWHQFLyQ3RUHMHPSORORVWHPDULRVTXHVHLQFOX\HQHQODV
JXtDV GRFHQWHV WLHQHQ PD\RULWDULDPHQWH XQ FRQWHQLGR EDVDGR HQ ORV WHPDV FHQWUDOHV GH OD
*HRJUDItD GH OD 3REODFLyQ IXHQWHV FUHFLPLHQWR PRUWDOLGDG IHFXQGLGDG PLJUDFLRQHV \
HVWUXFWXUD +D\ SRFRV FDVRV GRQGH VH LQFOX\DQ WHPiWLFDV FRPR OD SREODFLyQ DFWLYD R OD
HVWUXFWXUDSRUQLYHOGHLQVWUXFFLyQWHPDVTXHHQFDPELRVRQEiVLFRVHQHOHVWXGLRGHOFDSLWDO

KXPDQR SUHVHQWH KDELWXDOPHQWH HQ LQIRUPHV DVRFLDGRV D OD SODQLILFDFLyQ 7DPELpQ VRQ
H[FHSFLRQDOHV ORV WHPDULRV HQ ORV TXH VH KDFH PHQFLyQ H[SOtFLWD D ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH
SREODFLyQ \ GHVDUUROOR UHFXUVRV R PHGLRDPELHQWH /DV SROtWLFDV GH SREODFLyQ \ ODV
SUR\HFFLRQHVORVWHPDVGHQXSFLOLGDG\IDPLOLDVRQRWURVHMHPSORVGHWHPiWLFDVTXHDSDUHFHQ
GHIRUPD WDQJHQFLDO$SHVDUGHO WtWXORGHOJUDGRSRUHOTXHVHKDRSWDGR PD\RULWDULDPHQWH
VyOR KD\ GRV JXtDV GRQGH DSDUHFH FRPR WHPD HVSHFtILFR D WUDEDMDU ORV YtQFXORV HQWUH
SREODFLyQ\ODRUGHQDFLyQGHO WHUULWRULR\HVWD RULHQWDFLyQQRVHKDFH H[SOtFLWDQLGLUHFWDQL
LQGLUHFWDPHQWHHQODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVWHPDULRV
/DSXHVWDHQPDUFKDGHODHYDOXFLyQFRQWtQXDGDOXJDUDXQDJUDQGLVSHUVLyQGHHVWUDWHJLDVGH
HYDOXDFLyQGRQGHHOQ~PHURGHHYLGHQFLDVHVDPSOLR\HQODVTXHHOSHVRVHKDOODUHSDUWLGR
HQWUH H[DPHQ R H[iPHQHV D YHFHV HQ IRUPDWR GH FXHVWLRQDULR WUDEDMRV SUiFWLFDV \ RWUDV
DFWLYLGDGHV SRWHQFLDOPHQWH FDOLILFDEOHV (VWH IDFWRU VLW~D HQ HO FHQWUR GH OD UHIOH[LyQ OD
VHOHFFLyQ GH SUiFWLFDV D HYDOXDU \ FyPR FDOLILFDUODV 3RU RWUR ODGR HO IRPHQWR GHO XVR GHO
VLVWHPDGHU~EULFDV\VREUHWRGRHOSDVRGHHYDOXDFLyQGHFRQRFLPLHQWRVDODHYDOXDFLyQGH
FRPSHWHQFLDVVLJQLILFDXQDPRGLILFDFLyQHQHOHQIRTXHTXHDSDUWLUGHODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHVH
DSRUWDHQODVJXtDGRFHQWHVQRSDUHFHKDEHUVHLQFRUSRUDGRSOHQDPHQWH
$O PDUJHQ GH ORV DVSHFWRV PiV HVWUHFKDPHQWH UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO FRQWHQLGR GH ODV JXtDV
GRFHQWHV VH GHEH GHVWDFDU SRU LJXDO RWUDV FRQFOXVLRQHV VREUH ODV SUHIHUHQFLDV HQWUH ORV
DVLVWHQWHV VREUH ODV WHPiWLFDV WUDWDGDV (Q HVWD OtQHD UHVDOWD SRU HMHPSOR HO LQWHUpV GH ORV
SDUWLFLSDQWHVSRUFRPSDUWLUELEOLRJUDItDQRYHGRVD\DVHDGLULJLGDDODSUHSDUDFLyQGHFODVHVR
SDUD VHU OHFWXUDV REOLJDWRULDV SDUD ORV HVWXGLDQWHV 3DUDOHODPHQWH VH DSUHFLy XQD H[FHOHQWH
UHFHSFLyQGHPDWHULDOVREUHUHFXUVRVHQ,QWHUQHWGLUHFFLRQHVZHE\VXSRWHQFLDOLGDGSUiFWLFD
SDUD VX XVR WDQWR HQ OD SUHSDUDFLyQ GH PDWHULDOHV FRPR VREUH WRGR HQ OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH
DFWLYLGDGHVHQHODXODTXHFXHQWHQFRQODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHORVDOXPQRV/DJUDQFDQWLGDGGH
UHFXUVRV \ VX FUHFLPLHQWR \ UHQRYDFLyQ FRQVWDQWH RWRUJD JUDQ XWLOLGDG D FXDOTXLHU
RULHQWDFLyQVREUHORVPLVPRVDVDELHQGDVGHTXHODSHUYLYHQFLDGHHVWDVLQGLFDFLRQHVSXHGH
VHUPiVELHQEUHYHFRPRORVRQPXFKRVGHORVPDWHULDOHVH[LVWHQWHVHQODVZHE)LQDOPHQWH
WDPELpQ VH FRQVWDWy XQ HOHYDGR LQWHUpV SRU PHWRGRORJtDV GRFHQWHV DOWHUQDWLYDV D OD FODVH
PDJLVWUDO OR TXH H[SOLFD OD EXHQD DFRJLGD SRU SDUWH GH ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV GH OD VHVLyQ
SURJUDPDGDSDUDODSUHVHQWDFLyQGHH[SHULHQFLDVGRFHQWHV
(QGHILQLWLYDGHOD-RUQDGDVHREWXYRXQFDWiORJRGHWHPDVHQORVTXHSURIXQGL]DUVREUHORV
TXH REWHQHU FRQFOXVLRQHV H LQFOXVRVREUH ORV TXH KDFHU SURSXHVWDV )XHURQ SXHV UHVXOWDGRV
PXFKRPiVULFRVGHORVHVSHUDGRVLQLFLDOPHQWH/DVSHWLFLRQHV\VXJHUHQFLDVGHORVDVLVWHQWHV
DOD-RUQDGDHQUHODFLyQFRQFRQWLQXDUFRQODODERUHPSUHQGLGDKLFLHURQHOUHVWRSDUDWRPDUOD
GHWHUPLQDFLyQGHRUJDQL]DUXQJUXSRGHWUDEDMRHQIRUPDGH0HVDGHGRFHQFLD+DEtDPRWLYR
2UJDQL]DFLyQWHPiWLFDV\REMHWLYRVGHOD0HVD
/D OOXYLD GH LGHDV UHVXOWDQWH GH ODV SRQHQFLDV \ SUHVHQWDFLRQHV TXH WXYLHURQ OXJDU HQ OD
-RUQDGD\HOFRQWDFWRFRQORVDVLVWHQWHVDODPLVPDGLHURQLPSXOVRDODSURSXHVWDGHFUHDFLyQ
GHXQIRURGRQGHVHJXLUWUDEDMDQGRHQORVWHPDVWUDWDGRVLQFLSLHQWHPHQWHHQODVVHVLRQHVGHOD
PLVPD 7UDV OD DSUREDFLyQ GH OD LQLFLDWLYD HQ OD $VDPEOHD GHO *UXSR GH 3REODFLyQ VH
SURFHGLyDUHDOL]DUXQDOODPDGDDELHUWDDIRUPDUSDUWHGHOD0HVDGHGRFHQFLDHQ*HRJUDItDGH
OD3REODFLyQ6HGHFLGLyQRHVWDEOHFHUQLQJ~QUHTXLVLWRSDUDIRUPDUSDUWHGHHOODGHPDQHUD
TXHVHDFHSWyODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHFXDOTXLHUSHUVRQDTXHUHVSRQGLHUDDODOODPDGDIXHVHRQR
PLHPEUR GHO *UXSR GH 3REODFLyQ 'H KHFKR SUHYLDPHQWH \D VDEtDPRV TXH GH ORV
SURIHVRUHVTXHVHHQFRQWUDEDQHQHOFXUVRLPSDUWLHQGRDOJXQDGHODVDVLJQDWXUDV

RIHUWDGDV FRQ FRQWHQLGR JHRGHPRJUiILFR HQ ORV JUDGRV GH *HRJUDItD \ 2UGHQDFLyQ GHO
7HUULWRULR ~QLFDPHQWH XQ HUDQ PLHPEURV GHO *UXSR GH 3REODFLyQ GH OD $*( HQ
DTXHOORVPRPHQWRV3RUWDQWRpUDPRVFRQVFLHQWHVGHTXHXQDOODPDGDTXHH[FOX\HUDDORVQR
PLHPEURV GHO *UXSR GHELOLWDUtD OD LQLFLDWLYD \ GHMDUtD DO PDUJHQ GH OD PLVPD D XQD EXHQD
SDUWHGHORVTXHWHyULFDPHQWHSRGUtDQHVWDUPiVLQWHUHVDGRV
(O p[LWRGHOD FRQYRFDWRULDVXSHUy WRGDVODV H[SHFWDWLYDVSUHYLVWDV D OD OODPDGDFRQWHVWDURQ
SHUVRQDV GH XQLYHUVLGDGHV \ GHO &6,& (VWH Q~PHUR GH SDUWLFLSDQWHV GRWDED GH XQ
HQRUPH SRWHQFLDO D OD 0HVD SHUR D OD YH] REOLJDED D UHIRUPXODU VX RUJDQL]DFLyQ \
IXQFLRQDPLHQWRHQHVSHFLDOHQXQDLQLFLDWLYDEDVDGDHQHOFRQWDFWRYLUWXDO
8QDYH]FHUUDGRHOSOD]RSDUDVXFRQVWLWXFLyQDWUDYpVGHFRUUHRVHOHFWUyQLFRVGLULJLGRVDOD
WRWDOLGDGGHVXVPLHPEURVVHIXHLQIRUPDQGRDORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVVREUHORVREMHWLYRVFRQFUHWRV
D FRQVHJXLU 6H DEULy XQ SHUtRGR SDUD HQYLDU SURSXHVWDV VREUH WHPDV D DQDOL]DU HQIRTXHV
IXQFLRQDPLHQWRXRWURWLSRGHVXJHUHQFLDV'HHVWDURQGDGHFRQWDFWRVXUJLHURQGRVFXHVWLRQHV
DLQFRUSRUDU3RUXQODGRODSUHVHQFLDHQOD0HVDGHSHUVRQDVTXHLPSDUWtDQGRFHQFLDHQRWURV
JUDGRV KL]R QHFHVDULR XQ WUDWDPLHQWR HVSHFtILFR GH HVWD FDVXtVWLFD SDUWLFXODU 3RU RWUR
GLYHUVRV SDUWLFLSDQWHV LQGLFDURQ HO LQWHUpV SRU LQFRUSRUDU FRPR OtQHD GH WUDEDMR OD
FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD JHRGHPRJUDItD HQ RWURV SDtVHV HXURSHRV WHPiWLFD TXH
SRU VX DPSOLWXG QR VH KDEtD LQLFLDOPHQWH FRQWHPSODGR 2WURV DVSHFWRV GH LQWHUpV IXHURQ
HPHUJLHQGR(QWUHHVWRVVHGHEHGHVWDFDUSRUVXWUDQVFHQGHQFLDODSHWLFLyQH[SUHVDGHTXHORV
REMHWLYRVQRVHTXHGDVHQHQPHUDGHVFULSFLyQ\DQiOLVLVVLQRTXHWUDVHVWDVWDUHDVVHSDVDVHD
XQD IDVH HYDOXDWLYD \ SURSRVLWLYD /D E~VTXHGD GH SRVLEOH ILQDQFLDFLyQ R GH SHWLFLyQ GH
SUR\HFWRVGHLQQRYDFLyQGRFHQWHVHFRQYLUWLHURQHQREMHWLYRVFRPXQHV$pVWRVVHDxDGHOD
UHFRPHQGDFLyQGHTXHHQFXDQWRODGLVSRQLELOLGDGGHUHVXOWDGRVORKLFLHVHSRVLEOHVHSHQVDVH
HQ OD GLIXVLyQ GH UHVXOWDGRV D WUDYpV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV D FRQJUHVRV R LQLFLDWLYDV VLPLODUHV
GRQGHWUDEDMRVGHHVWHWLSRWXYLHVHQFDELGD'HHVWDIRUPDVHSUHWHQGtDYLVLELOL]DUODVWDUHDV
GHORVPLHPEURVGHOD0HVD\ODGLIXVLyQ\FRQWUDVWHGHVXVUHIOH[LRQHVDODYH]TXHREWHQHU
DOJ~QUpGLWRFRQFUHWRHQHOFXUUtFXOXPGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHV
(O LQLFLR GHO WUDEDMR VH UHDOL]y D SDUWLU GH OD SHWLFLyQ D ORV PLHPEURV GH OD 0HVD TXH
SURFHGLHUDQ D UHOOHQDU GRV ILFKDV XQD VREUH OD VLWXDFLyQ GH OD RIHUWD GH OD GRFHQFLD GH OD
SREODFLyQ HQ VX XQLYHUVLGDG HQ HO DTXHO FXUVR )LJXUD \ XQD VHJXQGD VREUH
DVSHFWRV SUiFWLFRV GH OD GRFHQFLD HQ FDGD DVLJQDWXUD \ SURIHVRU )LJXUD (Q FDVR GH TXH
SDUWLFLSDUDQPiVGHXQDSHUVRQDGHXQDPLVPDXQLYHUVLGDGHQOD0HVDVHSURFHGLyDLQYLWDU
DO UHSDUWR GH WDUHDV HQWUH ODV PLVPDV R ELHQ TXH XQD GH HOODV VH KLFLHUD UHVSRQVDEOH GH VX
UHOOHQDGR,JXDOPHQWHVHVROLFLWyDORVPLHPEURVTXHVHRIUHFLHUDQDUHFDEDULQIRUPDFLyQSDUD
UHOOHQDU ODV ILFKDV HQ ODV XQLYHUVLGDGHV HQ ODV TXH QR KDEtD QLQJ~Q UHSUHVHQWDQWH (Q ODV
XQLYHUVLGDGHV SDUD ODV TXH QR VH FRQVLJXLy QLQJXQD SHUVRQD UHVSRQVDEOH SDUD UHOOHQDU ODV
ILFKDV VH SURFHGLy D E~VTXHGD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ D WUDYpV GH OD 5HG DO PHQRV SDUD SRGHU
FXPSOLPHQWDUOD)LFKD

)LJXUD)LFKDGHWUDEDMRQGHOD0HVDGHGRFHQFLDGH*HRJUDItDGHOD3REODFLyQ
)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
)LJXUD)LFKDGHWUDEDMRQGHOD0HVDGHGRFHQFLDGH*HRJUDItDGHOD3REODFLyQ

$OILQDOGHOSURFHVRVHFRQWyFRQOD)LFKDSDUDWRGDVODVXQLYHUVLGDGHV(QFDPELROD)LFKD
VHREWXYRGHIRUPDPXFKRPiVPLQRULWDULD\DSHQDVVHFRQWyFRQODVTXHFRUUHVSRQGtDQD
ODVGHODVDVLJQDWXUDVGHORVPLHPEURVGHOD0HVD$QWHHVWDVLWXDFLyQVHRSWySRUH[SORWDUHQ
SURIXQGLGDGODLQIRUPDFLyQGHOD)LFKDDVtFRPRODFRQWHQLGDHQODVJXtDVGRFHQWHV\GHMDU
HVWDVHJXQGDDSUR[LPDFLyQSDUDSRVWHULRUHVPRPHQWRV
&RQODLQIRUPDFLyQUHFDEDGDIXHSRVLEOHKDFHUXQFHQVRGHODVDVLJQDWXUDVREMHWRGHLQWHUpV\
VXV GRFHQWHV DVt FRPR OD VLWXDFLyQ HQ OD DQWLJXD OLFHQFLDWXUD HQ *HRJUDItD (VWRV GDWRV VH
VLVWHPDWL]DURQHQXQDKRMD([FHO7DQWRODVILFKDVRULJLQDOHVFRPRHOILFKHURGHVtQWHVLV\ORV
GHODVJXtDVGRFHQWHVGHODVDVLJQDWXUDVVHOHFFLRQDGDVFRPRREMHWRGHHVWXGLRIXHURQSXHVWRV
DODOFDQFHGHWRGRVORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQXQDFDUSHWDFRPSDUWLGDGH'URSER[
/DVWDUHDVFRQWLQXDURQGHOLPLWDQGRVXEJUXSRVGHWUDEDMRGHWHPiWLFDDFRWDGD\SLGLHQGRD
ORV PLHPEURV GH OD 0HVD VX DGVFULSFLyQ DO WHPD R WHPDV TXH IXHVHQ REMHWR GH VX LQWHUpV
&RQXQWRWDOGHSHUVRQDVQRSDUHFtDRSHUDWLYRTXHWRGRVORVPLHPEURVWUDEDMDVHQHQWRGRV
ORVWHPDV$GHPiVQRWRGRVORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVPRVWUDEDQLQWHUpVSRUORVPLVPRVDVSHFWRVDVt
TXH SDUHFtD OyJLFR UHGLVWULEXLUVH HQ VXEJUXSRV VHJ~Q DILQLGDG WHPiWLFD (O UHVXOWDGR IXH OD
FRQIHFFLyQ GH HTXLSRV GH WUDEDMR TXH FRQWDEDQ FRQ XQ PtQLPR GH SDUWLFLSDQWHV \ XQ
Pi[LPR GH &RQ HO ILQ GH RSHUDWLYL]DU PHMRU VX IXQFLRQDPLHQWR VH SLGLy D XQR GH ORV
PLHPEURV GH FDGD VXEHTXLSR FRQWDQGR VREUH WRGR FRQ DTXHOODV SHUVRQDV TXH VH KDEtDQ
PRVWUDGR PiV DFWLYDV \ SURSRVLWLYDV KDVWD HO PRPHQWR VH HQFDUJDUD GH ODV WDUHDV GH
FRRUGLQDFLyQGHOVXEHTXLSR\SRUWDQWRVXFRPSURPLVRH[SOtFLWRFRQHOSUR\HFWRHQFXDQWRD
UHVSRQVDEOHGHVXGLQDPL]DFLyQ
$ SDUWLU GH WRGR HVWR VH SODQWHD OD VLJXLHQWH HVWUXFWXUD GH WUDEDMR )LJXUD FRQ OD
SHUVSHFWLYD DFRUGDGD GH UHDOL]DU SDUD HQ FDGD XQD GH HOODV WDUHDV GH DQiOLVLV YDORUDFLyQ \
SURSXHVWDV
)LJXUD2UJDQL]DFLyQWHPiWLFDGHOD0HVDGHGRFHQFLD

/DVVXEPHVDVVHRFXSDQGHORVVLJXLHQWHVWHPDV\FXHQWDQFRPRREMHWLYRVLQLFLDOHVODV
SURSXHVWDVTXHVHLQGLFDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
68%0(6$$QiOLVLVGHODRIHUWDGHOD*HRJUDItDGHODSREODFLyQHQORVJUDGRV
DFWXDOHV
x DQiOLVLVHQSURIXQGLGDGGHODRIHUWDDFWXDOGHODVDVLJQDWXUDVJHRGHPRJUiILFDVHQORV
*UDGRV GH Geografa y Ordenacin del Territorio REOLJDWRULDV \ RSWDWLYDV FXUVR
Q~PHURGHFUpGLWRVHWF
x FRPSDUDFLyQGHODRIHUWDGHDVLJQDWXUDVFRQHVWHFRQWHQLGRHQODDQWLJXD/LFHQFLDWXUD
\HQHODFWXDO*UDGRHQFDGDXQLYHUVLGDG
x HYDOXDFLyQ GH OD RIHUWD GH DVLJQDWXUDV JHRGHPRJUiILFDV HQ RWURV JUDGRV \
DSUR[LPDFLyQ D OD VLWXDFLyQ HQ ORV PiVWHUHV ,GHQWLILFDFLyQ GH SUHVHQFLDV \ SRVLEOHV
DXVHQFLDV
x SURSXHVWDGHDVLJQDWXUDVJHRGHPRJUiILFDVSDUDHOFXUUtFXOXPGHOJUDGXDGRHQ
Geografa y Ordenacin del Territorio
68%0(6$/DV&RPSHWHQFLDVHQODVDVLJQDWXUDVJHRGHPRJUiILFDVHQORV*UDGRVGH
*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR
x HODERUDFLyQGHXQOLVWDGRGHODVFRPSHWHQFLDVUHFRJLGDVHQODVJXtDVGRFHQWHVGHODV
DVLJQDWXUDV HQ *HRJUDItD GH OD 3REODFLyQ REOLJDWRULDV \ RSWDWLYDV HQ HO *UDGR GH
x DQiOLVLVGHODVFRPSHWHQFLDVJHQpULFDV\HVSHFtILFDV\HYDOXDFLyQGHVXXVRQ~PHUR
WLSR\DGHFXDFLyQDODPDWHULD
x FRPSDUDFLyQ HQWUH OD SURSXHVWD FRPSHWHQFLDO GHO Libro Blanco \ OD HPSOHDGD
UHDOPHQWHSRUFDGDXQLYHUVLGDG
x SURSXHVWD GH FRPSHWHQFLDV TXH FRQVWLWX\DQ XQ UHIHUHQWH SDUD HO GLVHxR GH OD
DVLJQDWXUD
68%0(6$$QiOLVLVGHORVWHPDULRVHQIRTXHVSUHVHQFLDVDXVHQFLDV
x DQiOLVLVGHODHVWUXFWXUDFLyQWHPiWLFDGHODDVLJQDWXUD*HRJUDItDGHOD3REODFLyQ
x GHWHUPLQDUVLH[LVWHQGLIHUHQFLDVHQORVWHPDULRVHQIXQFLyQGHOWtWXORGHO*UDGR(Q
FRQFUHWRVHSUHWHQGHLQGDJDUVLODLQFOXVLyQGHOD2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULRHQHOWtWXOR
R HO PHGLR DPELHQWH HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV OOHYD DVRFLDGD GLIHUHQFLDV HQ ODV WHPiWLFDV D
WUDEDMDU
x YDORUDFLyQGHODSUHVHQFLDGHRWURVWHPDVRGHWHPiWLFDVQRYHGRVDV
x SUHVHQFLDGHORVDYDQFHVHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQHOWHPDULRGHODDVLJQDWXUD
x SURSXHVWDGHWHPDULRFRP~QEiVLFRSDUDODDVLJQDWXUD
68%0(6$$QiOLVLVGHODELEOLRJUDItD\ZHEJUDItDUHFRPHQGDGDV
x UHFRSLODFLyQGHODELEOLRJUDItD\ZHEJUDItDHPSOHDGDSRUORVSURIHVRUHVGHOD
DVLJQDWXUD*HRJUDItDGHOD3REODFLyQ

x YDORUDFLyQGHOXVRGHORVUHFXUVRV\VXSRWHQFLDOLGDG
x SURSXHVWDPtQLPDGHELEOLRJUDItD\ZHEJUDItDFRP~QSDUDODDVLJQDWXUD
x SURSXHVWDGHEDQFRGHOHFWXUDVREOLJDWRULDV\RUHFRPHQGDGDVGHLQWHUpVSDUDORV
HVWXGLDQWHV
x HODERUDFLyQGHXQGRFXPHQWRGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVUHFRJLHQGRFyPRWUDEDMDUFRQHOOD
UHFXUVRVHQ,QWHUQHWRDSDUWLUGHELEOLRJUDItD
68%0(6$)RUPDVGHHYDOXDFLyQ
x UHFRSLODFLyQGHOVLVWHPDGHHYLGHQFLDVHYDOXDEOHV
x DQiOLVLVGHODWLSRORJtDGHHYLGHQFLDV\SHVRVHJ~QWLSRORJtDHQODFDOLILFDFLyQ
x XVRGHFXHVWLRQDULRV
x UHIHUHQFLDDODHYDOXDFLyQVHJ~QFRPSHWHQFLDV
x XVRGHU~EULFDVHQODFDOLILFDFLyQ
68%0(6$/DSREODFLyQHQORV*UDGRVGH+LVWRULD+XPDQLGDGHV\$QWURSRORJtD
REMHWLYRVWHPDVUHFXUVRV
x FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHODRIHUWDGHDVLJQDWXUDVJHRGHPRJUiILFDVHQJUDGRVGLVWLQWRVDOGH
x GHOLPLWDFLyQGHREMHWLYRV\FRPSHWHQFLDVVHJ~QGLVFLSOLQDV
x LGHQWLILFDFLyQGHWHPDVDGHFXDGRVDOSHUILOGHOJUDGRHVSHFLILFLGDGHV
x UHFXUVRVSDUDODHQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRGHPRJUDItDSDUDQRJHyJUDIRV
68%0(6$(VWUDWHJLDVGLGiFWLFDVFRQFUHWDVHQHODXOD
x DQiOLVLVGHOWLSR\SDSHOGHODVSUiFWLFDVGHODVVDOLGDVGHFDPSRGHVHPLQDULRV\
RWUDVDFWLYLGDGHV
x HVWUDWHJLDVGLGiFWLFDVHPSOHDGDVHQHODXOD
x SHQHWUDFLyQGHPHWRGRORJtDVGLGiFWLFDVDOWHUQDWLYDVDODFODVHPDJLVWUDO
x XVRGHUHFXUVRVFRPRLQVWUXPHQWRVGLGiFWLFRV
x HODERUDFLyQGHXQEDQFRGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDV
68%0(6$/DJHRJUDItDGHODSREODFLyQHQORVJUDGRVGHJHRJUDItDHXURSHRV
x DQiOLVLV GH OD RIHUWD DVLJQDWXUDV JHRGHPRJUiILFRV HQ ORV SDtVHV HXURSHRV
VHOHFFLRQDGRV
x WHPDV\HQIRTXHVFRQVLGHUDGRV
x SHQHWUDFLyQGHWHPiWLFDVRHQIRTXHVQRYHGRVRV
x YLQFXODFLyQHQWUHQRPEUHGHOJUDGR\FRQWHQLGRV
(OUHVXOWDGRGHODDGVFULSFLyQGHORVPLHPEURVDODVGLVWLQWDVVXEPHVDVSRQHGHUHOLHYHFXiOHV
VRQ ORV WHPDV HQWUH ORV SURSXHVWRV TXH GHVSLHUWDQ PD\RU LQWHUpV IUHQWH DTXHOORV TXH UH~QHQ
PHQRUDWHQFLyQ(QHVWHFDVRODVVXEPHVDVTXHFXHQWDQFRQPD\RUDFHSWDFLyQ\SRUHQGH

FRQPD\RUQ~PHURGHPLHPEURVVRQODVTXHVHRFXSDQGHODVHVWUDWHJLDVGLGiFWLFDVHQHODXOD
6XEPHVDFRQPLHPEURV\ODTXHDQDOL]DODHYDOXDFLyQ6XEPHVDFRQPLHPEURV
(QFDPELRORVWHPDVTXHPHQRUDWUDFWLYRHMHUFHQDMX]JDUSRUODUHVSXHVWDREWHQLGDVRQHO
DQiOLVLV GH ORV WHPDULRV 6XEPHVD \ ORV HVWXGLRV GH SREODFLyQ HQ ORV JUDGRV HXURSHRV
VXEPHVDDPERV~QLFDPHQWHFRQPLHPEURV
3ULPHURVUHVXOWDGRV\YDORUDFLyQGHFRQMXQWR5HIOH[LRQHVSDUDDSUHQGHUGHOD
H[SHULHQFLD
0iVGHXQDxRGHVSXpVGHVXSXHVWDHQPDUFKDORVDYDQFHVGHFDGDXQDGHODVVXEPHVDVKDQ
VLGRPX\GHVLJXDOHV(ODQiOLVLVGHODVFRPSHWHQFLDV\GHODRIHUWDVHHQFXHQWUDHQIDVHPX\
DYDQ]DGDWRGDYH]TXHVHKDUHDOL]DGRODUHFRSLODFLyQ\VLVWHPDWL]DFLyQGHORVGDWRVDGHPiV
GH OD HYDOXDFLyQ \ UHGDFFLyQ GH ORV SULPHURV UHVXOWDGRV (Q HVWH PLVPR FRQJUHVR VH KD
SUHVHQWDGR XQD DSRUWDFLyQ GRQGH VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV SULPHURV UHVXOWDGRV GHO DQiOLVLV GH
FRPSHWHQFLDV UHVXOWDGRV TXH WDPELpQ KDQ VLGR H[SXHVWRV HQ ODV X Jornadas de Innovacin
docente e Investigacin Educativa GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH =DUDJR]D HQ FRQFUHWR HQ OD PHVD
([SHULHQFLDVGHPHMRUDGHODFDOLGDGGHODVWLWXODFLRQHVHOSDVDGRPHVGHVHSWLHPEUH
/DVVXEPHVDVHQFDUJDGDVGHODQiOLVLVGHODVIRUPDVGHHYDOXDFLyQ\GHWHPDULRVKDQUHDOL]DGR
WDUHDV GH UHFRSLODFLyQ GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ EiVLFD DXQTXH WRGDYtD QR KDQ LQLFLDGR OD IDVH GH
DQiOLVLVGHUHVXOWDGRV(QXQHVWDGLRVLPLODUVHHQFXHQWUDODVXEPHVDGHHVWUDWHJLDVGLGiFWLFDV
HQ HO DXOD FRQ OD GLILFXOWDG DxDGLGD HQ HVWH FDVR GH FRQWDU FRQ PX\ SRFD LQIRUPDFLyQ
SURFHGHQWHGHODVJXtDVGRFHQWHVSRUORTXHpVWDGHEHHPSH]DUDFRQVWUXLUVHGHVGHFHUR
(QUHODFLyQ FRQHVWH~OWLPR DVSHFWRXQDSULPHUD FXHVWLyQ DWHQHU HQFXHQWDHVODGLIHUHQFLD
HQWUHODVVXEPHVDVTXHQHFHVLWDQGHLQIRUPDFLyQH[WHUQDSURSRUFLRQDGDGLUHFWDPHQWHSRUORV
SURIHVRUHVDV GH ODV DVLJQDWXUDV REMHWR GH HVWXGLR SDUD VX WUDEDMR GH DTXpOODV TXH SXHGHQ
OOHYDUVH D FDER D SDUWLU GH GDWRV SURFHGHQWHV GH ODV JXtDV GRFHQWHV R GH LQIRUPDFLyQ
GLVSRQLEOHHQODVZHEVGHODVXQLYHUVLGDGHV(VWDGHSHQGHQFLDHQODREWHQFLyQGHLQIRUPDFLyQ
QHFHVDULDSDUDHODQiOLVLVHVVLQGXGDXQLPSRUWDQWHREVWiFXOR\XQHOHPHQWRUDOHQWL]DGRUGHO
SURFHVR7DPELpQHVFLHUWRTXHHQRFDVLRQHVODLQIRUPDFLyQGLVSRQLEOHHQODVJXtDVGRFHQWHV
HV VRODPHQWH SDUFLDO OR TXH SHUPLWH XQ SULPHU DQiOLVLV SHUR QR XQ EDODQFH HQ SURIXQGLGDG
$QWH HVWD VLWXDFLyQ OD HVWUDWHJLD GLVHxDGD GHVGH OD 0HVD IXH HQ SULPHU OXJDU WUDWDU GH
LQYROXFUDUDORVSURSLRVFRPSDxHURVDVGHODPLVPDSXHVWRTXHpVWDFXHQWDFRQXQDQXWULGD
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH ORV SURIHVRUHV GH OD DVLJQDWXUD *HRJUDItD GH OD 3REODFLyQ &RQ OD
SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH pVWRV VH GLVSRQGUtD GH XQD PXHVWUD VXILFLHQWHPHQWH UHSUHVHQWDWLYD GH OD
VLWXDFLyQ HQ ODV GLVWLQWDV UHDOLGDGHV XQLYHUVLWDULDV \ DGHPiV SHUPLWLUtD LGHQWLILFDU TXp
LQIRUPDFLyQ HV DEVROXWDPHQWH QHFHVDULD SDUD SRGHU DYDQ]DU HQ FDGD XQD GH HVWDV WHPiWLFDV
'HIRUPDFRPSOHPHQWDULDODSUHYLVLyQHUDTXHXQDYH]VHGHWHFWDUDQORVDVSHFWRVFRQFUHWRV
VREUHORVTXHVHTXHUtDREWHQHULQIRUPDFLyQVHPDQGDUtDXQIRUPXODULRDORVUHVSRQVDEOHVGH
ODV DVLJQDWXUDV REMHWR GH HVWXGLR VROLFLWDQGR VX FRODERUDFLyQ SURSRUFLRQDQGR ORV GDWRV
UHTXHULGRV/DLGHDHUDFHQWUDOL]DUHQXQ~QLFRIRUPXODULRODVSUHJXQWDVSURFHGHQWHVGHVGHODV
VXEPHVDVTXHQHFHVLWDUDQGHLQIRUPDFLyQH[WHUQDFRQHOREMHWLYRGHQRFDQVDUDORVUHFHSWRUHV
GH ORV PLVPRV FRQ PiV GH XQD FRQVXOWD QL RIUHFHU XQD SRFR GHVHDGD LPDJHQ GH
GHVFRRUGLQDFLyQ6LQHPEDUJRHVWDVLWXDFLyQSRQHHQXQHVWDGRGHGHSHQGHQFLDPXWXDDODV
VXEPHVDVTXHQHFHVLWDQGHLQIRUPDFLyQH[WHUQD\DTXHQRVHSXHGHODQ]DUHOIRUPXODULRKDVWD
GLVSRQHUGHODVGHPDQGDVGHGLYHUVDVVXEPHVDV(VWDSURSXHVWDVHUHVLQWLyGHOGHVLJXDOULWPR
GHDYDQFHGHORVGLVWLQWRVHTXLSRV\HQGHILQLWLYDDFDEyVLJQLILFDQGRTXHQRVHKD\DOOHYDGR
DFDERKDVWDHO PRPHQWR$HVWRVIDFWRUHVKD\TXHDxDGLUODH[LVWHQFLDGHGRVVXEPHVDVGH

HQRUPH DPSOLWXG WHPiWLFD FRPR VRQ ODV TXH EXVFDQ DERUGDU HO HVWXGLR OD RIHUWD HQ
JHRGHPRJUDItD HQ RWURV JUDGRV XQLYHUVLWDULRV HVSDxROHV \ HQ ORV JUDGRV GH *HRJUDItD
HXURSHRV'HIRUPDSUHYLD DVXLQLFLRORV PLHPEURVGHHVWDVVXEPHVDVHVWDEDQREOLJDGRV D
GHILQLUREMHWLYRV\DFRWDU\RUJDQL]DUODVXQLYHUVLGDGHV\JUDGRVREMHWRGHHVWXGLR
(QVHJXQGROXJDUODIUDJPHQWDFLyQGHORVDVSHFWRVDDQDOL]DUVHKL]RDVXPLHQGRHOULHVJRGH
XQD H[FHVLYD IUDJPHQWDFLyQ \ UHFRQRFLHQGR OD H[WUHPD LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLDV HQWUH DOJXQDV GH
HOODVSDUDSRGHUUHDOL]DUXQEDODQFHJOREDO3RUHMHPSORODUHODFLyQHQWUHWHPDULRV\RIHUWDGH
DVLJQDWXUDVRFRPSHWHQFLDV\HYDOXDFLyQVRQYLQFXODFLRQHVUHFRQRFLGDV\DVXPLGDV(OGLVHxR
PHWRGROyJLFRSUHWHQGtDUHDOL]DUXQSULPHUDQiOLVLVVHFFLRQDGRSRUWHPDVSDUDSRVWHULRUPHQWH
UHWRPDU DVSHFWRV \ UHDOL]DU XQ DQiOLVLV WUDQVYHUVDO GH DTXHOORV WHPDV TXH OR UHTXLULHUDQ 6LQ
HPEDUJR HVWH QLYHO GH DQiOLVLV VH HQFXHQWUD HQ HVWRV PRPHQWRV OHMRV GH VHU XQ REMHWLYR D
FRUWRSOD]R
(Q WHUFHU OXJDU OD GHVLJQDFLyQ GH XQD SHUVRQD FRPR UHVSRQVDEOH GH OD GLQDPL]DFLyQ GH OD
VXEPHVD KD GDGR SLH D SUREOHPDV HQ OD HMHFXFLyQ GH ODV WDUHDV GH OD PLVPD &XDQGR HO
FRRUGLQDGRU GH OD VXEPHVD QR KD RUJDQL]DGR \ FRQVHQVXDGR HO UHSDUWR GH WDUHDV QR VH KDQ
SURGXFLGR ORV SURJUHVRV QHFHVDULRV ,JXDOPHQWH VH KDQ SURGXFLGR GLVIXQFLRQHV FXDQGR ORV
PLHPEURV GH OD VXEPHVD QR VH KDQ LQYROXFUDGR GH IRUPD VXILFLHQWH SRU SUREOHPDV GH
GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH WLHPSR TXH GHGLFDUOH FDXVDQGR UHWUDVRV HQ OD FRQVHFXFLyQ GH ORV KLWRV
SHUVHJXLGRV
7RGRHVWHFRQMXQWRGHIDFWRUHVKDGDGROXJDUDXQDHQRUPHKHWHURJHQHLGDGGHODVLWXDFLyQGH
OD 0HVD HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG \ OD QHFHVLGDG HQ HVWRV PRPHQWRV GH UHFRQVLGHUDU FRQWH[WRV \
DGDSWDUORVDODUHDOLGDG(QHOFDStWXORVLJXLHQWHVHFRQFUHWDHOEDODQFHILQDO
9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6$02'2'(&21&/86,21(6
7UDV PiV GH XQ DxR GHVGH OD SXHVWD HQ PDUFKD GH OD 0HVD OD VLWXDFLyQ GH ODV WDUHDV
HQFRPHQGDGDVSRUODPLVPDHVFRPR\DVHKDFRPHQWDGRPX\GHVLJXDO$SHVDUGHWRGRVX
VLPSOHH[LVWHQFLD\DSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUVHFRPRXQYDOLRVRORJURDOFXEULUHOYDFtRTXHH[LVWtD
HQ OD UHIOH[LyQ VREUH OD YHUWLHQWH GLGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD GH OD 3REODFLyQ WUDV ORV ~OWLPRV
FDPELRV VREUHYHQLGRV /D SURSXHVWD OD GHOLPLWDFLyQ GH ORV WHPDV \ OD DSDULFLyQ GH ORV
SULPHURVUHVXOWDGRVVRQDVSHFWRVDYDORUDUPX\SRVLWLYDPHQWH
(OEDODQFHGHODVLWXDFLyQDFWXDOGHOD0HVDORUHDOL]DPRVDSDUWLUGHXQ'$)2TXHSHUPLWH
FRQWUDVWDUGHELOLGDGHV\DPHQD]DVFRQIRUWDOH]DV\RSRUWXQLGDGHV

'HELOLGDGHV )RUWDOH]DV
*UXSR GH WUDEDMR QR IRUPDOL]DGR VLQ ([FHOHQWHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVWHPDVDWUDEDMDUDO

UHFRQRFLPLHQWR QL ILQDQFLDFLyQ 2FXSD XQ OXJDU VHUSDUWHGHVXVDFWLYLGDGHVGRFHQWHV
VHFXQGDULRHQODVDJHQGDVGHORVPLHPEURV
'LVSHUVLyQWHPiWLFD\GHREMHWLYRV ,PSOLFDFLyQSRUSDUWHGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVTXH
([FHVLYDGHSHQGHQFLDGHODILJXUDGHOFRRUGLQDGRU UHVSRQGHQ
GHODVXEPHVD6LpVWHQRGLQDPL]DHOHTXLSRQRVH
SURGXFHQDYDQFHV
$PHQD]DV 2SRUWXQLGDGHV
(VWDQFDPLHQWRHQORVSURJUHVRVHQDTXHOORVWHPDV 2EWHQFLyQGHSULPHURVUHVXOWDGRVSXHGHQDOHQWDUD
TXH QHFHVLWDQ GH LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH QR VH SXHGH FRQWLQXDUODVWDUHDVSHQGLHQWHV
REWHQHUSRUFRQVXOWDGH,QWHUQHW 5HRUJDQL]DFLyQ GHO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR PHQRV
'HVPRWLYDFLyQ SRU GHVDMXVWHV HQ HO REMHWLYRV\VyORPLHPEURVDFWLYRV
IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO JUXSR ELHQ SRU FRRUGLQDGRU (QRUPH SRWHQFLDOGHODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHVH SXHGH
TXHQRGLQDPL]DELHQSRUIDOWDGHUHVSXHVWDGHXQD REWHQHU SRU PHGLR GH ,QWHUQHW \ SRU SDUWH GH ORV
SDUWHGHORVDIHFWDGRV PLHPEURVGHOD0HVD
$EDQGRQRSRUIDOWDGHUHVXOWDGRV
7DEOD'$)20HVDGH'RFHQFLDHQ*HRJUDItDGHOD3REODFLyQ
6L HPSH]DPRV SRU ODV GHELOLGDGHV KHPRV LGHQWLILFDGR KDVWD WUHV IDFWRUHV TXH DFW~DQ FRPR
OLPLWDQWHVGHODDFFLyQ(QSULPHUOXJDUHOKHFKRGHVHUXQJUXSRGHWUDEDMRQRIRUPDOL]DGR
VLQ UHFRQRFLPLHQWR H[WHUQR QL ILQDQFLDFLyQ OLPLWD ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH WUDEDMR 'H OD PLVPD
PDQHUD HVWD FLUFXQVWDQFLD UHEDMD HO QLYHO GH FRPSURPLVR \ H[LJHQFLD HQWUH VXV PLHPEURV
$Vt ORV TXHKDFHUHV GH OD 0HVD VXHOHQ RFXSDU XQ OXJDU VHFXQGDULR HQ ODV DJHQGDV GH ORV
PLHPEURV (VWH HV XQ ULHVJR TXH VH LQWHQWy SDOLDU SRQLHQGR HQ HO KRUL]RQWH FROHFWLYR OD
SRVLELOLGDG GH E~VTXHGD GH ILQDQFLDFLyQ \ GH REWHQHU EHQHILFLRV FXUULFXODUHV HQ IRUPD GH
SUR\HFWRV FRPXQLFDFLRQHV D FRQJUHVRV UHGDFFLyQ GH XQ DUWtFXOR 6LQ HPEDUJR HVWRV
EHQHILFLRV QR VH REWLHQHQ GH IRUPD LQPHGLDWD OR TXH HQ RFDVLRQHV GHVLQFHQWLYD D ORV
SDUWLFLSDQWHV\GHELOLWDVXLPSOLFDFLyQ
(QVHJXQGROXJDUDOGLVSRQHUGHXQQ~PHURDPSOLRGHPLHPEURVORVREMHWLYRVGHOD0HVDVH
PXOWLSOLFDURQDPSOLDQGRHOFDWiORJRGHWDUHDV(VWDPLVPDFLUFXQVWDQFLDREOLJyFRPRVHKD
H[SOLFDGR HQ HO HStJUDIH DQWHULRU D PRGLILFDU OD HVWUDWHJLD GH RUJDQL]DFLyQ \ HO
IXQFLRQDPLHQWRSUHYLVWRLQLFLDOPHQWH(VWHKHFKRVHWUDGXMRHQXQDGLVSHUVLyQWHPiWLFD\GH
REMHWLYRV/RTXHLQLFLDOPHQWHVHSRGtDFRQFHELUFRPRXQSRWHQFLDOGHOD0HVDVHFRQYLUWLy
ILQDOPHQWH HQ XQD GHELOLGDG GH OD PLVPD &RQGLFLRQDGRV SRU HO WDPDxR GH OD 0HVD OD
RUJDQL]DFLyQHQIRUPDWRVXEPHVD\ODGHVLJQDFLyQGHXQFRRUGLQDGRUGHODPLVPDGLRFRPR
UHVXOWDGRXQDHVWUXFWXUDSLUDPLGDOFRQH[FHVLYDGHSHQGHQFLDGHODILJXUDGHOFRRUGLQDGRUGH
OD VXEPHVD (Q ORV FDVRV HQ TXH pVWH QR KD GLQDPL]DGR HO HTXLSR QR VH KDQ SURGXFLGR
DYDQFHV
$ SDUWLU GH HVWDV GHELOLGDGHV HV SRVLEOH GHWHFWDU ODV DPHQD]DV /D PiV IODJUDQWH HV OD
GHVPRWLYDFLyQ\HODEDQGRQRSRUSDUWHGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVGHDTXHOODVVXEPHVDVTXHQRKDQ
IXQFLRQDGR SRU IDOWD GH LPSOLFDFLyQ GHO FRRUGLQDGRU\R GH ORV PLHPEURV(Q RWUR RUGHQ GH
FRVDVDOLQLFLDUODVWDUHDVVHFRPSUREDURQGHSULPHUDPDQRODVGLILFXOWDGHVSDUDDERUGDU

GHWHUPLQDGRV WHPDV HQ HVSHFLDO HQ DTXHOORV FDVRV GRQGH VH QHFHVLWD LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH WLHQH
TXH VHU SURSRUFLRQDGD SRU ORV SURSLRV SURIHVRUHV GH ODV DVLJQDWXUDV R HQ HO GH VXEPHVDV GH
WHPDVPX\DPSOLRV\GHVGLEXMDGRV
(QWUH ODV IRUWDOH]DV HV LQQHJDEOH HO H[FHOHQWH FRQRFLPLHQWR GH ORV WDUHDV D GHVHPSHxDU SRU
SDUWH GH ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV SXHVWR TXH IRUPD SDUWH GH VX DFWLYLGDG SURIHVLRQDO FRWLGLDQD
$GHPiVODPRWLYDFLyQSRUHVWHWLSRGHWHPDV\UHIOH[LRQHVH[LVWHGHVGHHOPRPHQWRHQTXH
GHFLGHQ LPSOLFDUVH HQ OD IRUPDFLyQ GH OD 0HVD (O LQWHUpV H LPSOLFDFLyQ HV HVSHFLDOPHQWH
UHOHYDQWH HQ HO FDVR GH DTXpOORV TXH KDQ UHVSRQGLGR DFWLYDPHQWH D OD FRQYRFDWRULD \ KDQ
GHGLFDGRWLHPSR\HVIXHU]RDODPLVPD
$XQTXHORVORJURVFRQVHJXLGRVQRKDQVLGRORVHVSHUDGRVHQHOPRPHQWRGHFRQVWLWXFLyQGHOD
PLVPD Vt FUHHPRV TXH SRGHPRV LGHQWLILFDU DOJXQDV RSRUWXQLGDGHV GH FDUD DO IXWXUR (Q
SULPHUOXJDUODREWHQFLyQGHORVSULPHURVUHVXOWDGRVSXHGHQDOHQWDUDFRQWLQXDUODVWDUHDV(Q
VHJXQGROXJDUVHKDFRPSUREDGRHOHQRUPHSRWHQFLDOGHODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHVHSXHGHREWHQHU
SRU PHGLR GH ,QWHUQHW VREUH WRGR SDUD GHWHUPLQDGRV WHPDV \ WDPELpQ D SDUWLU GH OD
FRPSOLFLGDGHQWUHORVSURSLRVPLHPEURVGHOD0HVD)LQDOPHQWHDODOX]GHODVGLVIXQFLRQHV
FRPSUREDGDVHVQHFHVDULDXQDUHRUJDQL]DFLyQGHOD0HVD(VWDUHRUJDQL]DFLyQVH IRUPXODD
SDUWLUGHOILQGHODGLVSHUVLyQWHPiWLFD\GHSHUVRQDVSDUDSDVDUDXQDRUGHQDFLyQGHREMHWLYRV
TXHSHUPLWDDJUXSDUDORVPLHPEURVDFWLYRV\URPSHUVXDLVODPLHQWRHQGLVWLQWDVVXEPHVDV
/D FRQVHFXFLyQ GH XQ GHWHUPLQDGR REMHWLYR GDUi SDVR DO LQLFLR GHO VLJXLHQWH (O FULWHULR GH
RUGHQDFLyQVHEDVDUiHQODLPEULFDFLyQGHFDGDXQRGHORVWHPDVFRQHOHMHFHQWUDOGHODQiOLVLV
UHFRQRFLHQGR TXH KD\ WHPiWLFDV PiV DFFHVRULDV \ RWUDV GH PD\RU WUDQVFHQGHQFLD SDUD OD
FRQVHFXFLyQGHORVREMHWLYRVFHQWUDOHVGHOD0HVD
(VWH WUDEDMR KD VHUYLGR SDUD RUGHQDU LGHDV VREUH OD LQLFLDWLYD SDUD SRQHU HQ YDORU XQD
SURSXHVWDTXHHPSH]yVLQH[FHVLYDVSUHWHQVLRQHV\TXHVHKDLGRFRQVWUX\HQGRDPHGLGDTXH
DYDQ]DED /D GHPRVWUDFLyQ GH TXH KD\ XQ WHPD GH LQWHUpV \ GH TXH KD\ FRPSDxHURV \
FRPSDxHUDVPRWLYDGRVDQLPDDFRQWLQXDUHQODVODERUHVSUHYLVWDVDSUHQGLHQGRGHORVHUURUHV
FRPHWLGRV \ EXVFDQGR QXHYDV IRUPDV GH GDU FRQWLQXLGDG D OD SURSXHVWD $ SHVDU GH TXH HO
'$)2TXHKHPRVUHDOL]DGRPXHVWUDXQHTXLOLEULRGHIXHU]DVHQWUHDPHQD]DV\RSRUWXQLGDGHV
VHJXLPRV FRQYHQFLGRV GH OD QHFHVLGDG GH HQFRQWUDU IyUPXODV GH FRODERUDFLyQ \ UHIOH[LyQ
FROHFWLYD 3RU HOOR PHUHFH OD SHQD GHGLFDU HVIXHU]RV D OD E~VTXHGD GH IyUPXODV FyPR
FRQWLQXDU\EXVFDUFDPLQRVSDUDGLIXQGLUORVUHVXOWDGRVORJUDGRV
%,%/,2*5$)$
$*( Anlisis de la estructura de los planes de estudio de los Grados de Geografa
vigentes>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSZZZDJHJHRJUDILDHVVLWHZSFRQWHQWXSORDGV,QIRUPHVREUHOD(VWUXFWXUD
GHORV*UDGRVGH*HRJUDI&$'DSGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRGHDEULOGH@
$*3& 'RVVLHU OHV VRUWLGHV SURIHVVLRQDOV Butllet de lAssociaci de Gegrafs
Professionals de Catalunya >(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSZZZXUYFDWGJHRPHGLDXSORDGDU[LXVHQVHQ\DPHQW$*3&B%XWOOHWLBB'RVVLHU6RUWLG
HV*HRJUDILDSGI>OWLPRDFFHVRGHRFWXEUHGH@

$1(&$DLa integracin del Sistema Universitario Espaol en el espacio europeo de

Enseanza Superior 0DGULG 0LQLVWHULR GH (GXFDFLyQ &XOWXUD \ 'HSRUWH >(Q OtQHD@
'LVSRQLEOHHQKWWSZZZXEHGXFRPLQWSGLGRFVGRFPDUFPHFGSGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRGH
QRYLHPEUHGH@
$1(&$E/LEUR%ODQFRGHOTtulo de Grado en Geografa y Ordenacin del Territorio
0DGULG$1(&$>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
ZZZDQHFDHVPHGLDOLEUREODQFRBMXQBJHRJUDILDSGI! >OWLPR DFFHVR GH
VHSWLHPEUHGH
%DLQ.Lo que hacen los mejores profesores universitarios9DOHQFLD389
%XUULHO GH 2UXHWD ( D /D EDVH IRUPDWLYD FRP~Q HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D XQLYHUVLWDULD GH OD
*HRJUDItDHQ(VSDxD%ROHWtQGHOD$VRFLDFLyQGH*HyJUDIRV(VSDxROHVQ
%XUULHOGH2UXHWD(E/DOLFHQFLDWXUDGH*HRJUDItDHQOD8QLYHUVLGDG(VSDxRODDFWXDO
HQ &RPLWp (VSDxRO GH OD 8*, Aportacin Espaola al XXX Congreso de la Unin
Geogrfica Internacional0DGULG&RPLWpGHOD8*,
'H&RV20HHU'H\5HTXHV3)RUPDFLyQGHJHyJUDIRV\DSUHQGL]DMHEDVDGRHQ
FRPSHWHQFLDV EDODQFH GH XQ SODQ GH LQQRYDFLyQ GRFHQWH Biblio 3W. Revista Bibliogrfica
de Geografa y Ciencias Sociales8QLYHUVLGDGGH%DUFHORQD;9,>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOH
HQKWWSZZZXEHVJHRFULWEZKWP!>OWLPRDFFHVRMXQLRGH@
'H&RV2GH\5HTXHV3(VSDFLR(XURSHRGH(GXFDFLyQ6XSHULRU\*HRJUDItD/D
LPSRUWDQFLDGHODIRUPDFLyQHQFRPSHWHQFLDV\HPSOHDELOLGDGBoletn de la Asociacin de
Gegrafos EspaolesSS
'RPtQJXH] 0XMLFD - 5RGUtJXH] 5RGUtJXH] 9 \ /ySH] +HUQiQGH] ' *UXSR GH
3REODFLyQ ,QIRUPH $*( HQ /DVDQWD 7 \ 0DUWtQ 9LGH - &RRUGV La investigacin
Geogrfica en Espaa (1990-2012) 0DGULG $*( &6,& H ,QVWLWXWR 3LUHQDLFR GH (FRORJtD
&6,&
(VSDUFLD 3pUH] - \ 6iQFKH] $JXLOHUD ' 'H OD WHRUtD D OD SUiFWLFD (O SURFHVR GH
GLVHxRHLPSODQWDFLyQGHORVJUDGRVGH*HRJUDItDHQODVXQLYHUVLGDGHVHVSDxRODVBoletn de
la Asociacin de Gegrafos EspaolesSS
*DUFtD &ROO $ 5HTXHV 3 5RGUtJXH] 5RGUtJXH] 9 \ 6iQFKH] $JXLOHUD '
3RE:HE 5HFXUVRV HQ ,QWHUQHW SDUD *HyJUDIRV GH OD 3REODFLyQ Boletn informativo del
Grupo de Poblacin de la AGE 6HSWLHPEUH
*DUFtD &ROO $ \ 5HTXHV 9HODVFR 3 /RV GHVDItRV IXWXURV GH OD SREODFLyQ PXQGLDO
0DWHULDOHVSDUDVXDQiOLVLV\GLVFXVLyQHQHODXOD/DVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHOD:RUOG:LGH:HE
HQGH0LJXHO5HWDOHGVLa educacin digital=DUDJR]D$*(8QLYHUVLGDGGH=DUDJR]D
>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSZZZDJHGLGDFWLFDJHRJUDILDHVGRFV3XEOLFDFLRQHVB(GXFDFLRQB'LJLWDOSGI
>OWLPRDFFHVRRFWXEUHGH@
*DUFtD&ROO$\5HTXHV3(OXVRGHUHFXUVRVFDUWRJUiILFRVHQOtQHDHQHOGLVHxRGH
DFWLYLGDGHV GRFHQWHV DFWLYDV HO HMHPSOR GH ODV PLJUDFLRQHV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV 3RVLELOLGDGHV \
OLPLWDFLRQHV HQ -XDQ GH OD 5LYD HW DO Anlisis espacial y representacin geogrfica.
Innovacin y aplicacin=DUDJR]D$*(

0pQGH] 5 /D QXHYD OLFHQFLDWXUD HQ *HRJUDItD Boletn de la Asociacin de
Gegrafos EspaolesSS
0LJXHO*RQ]iOH]5GH\/i]DUR7RUUHV0/GH(GXFDWLQJJHRJUDSKHUVLQ6SDLQ
JHRJUDSK\WHDFKLQJUHQHZDOE\LPSOHPHQWLQJWKH(XURSHDQ+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ$UHDJournal
of Geography in Higher Education>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSG[GRLRUJ>OWLPRDFFHVRGHRFWXEUHGH@
0RQJLO ' III Informe Perfiles Profesionales de la Geografa. Alicante, Colegio de
Gegrafos>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSZZZJHRJUDIRVRUJLPDJHVVWRULHVLQWHUHVSHUILOHV,,,B33*SGI >OWLPR DFFHVR GH
RFWXEUHGH@
3UDWV-/D
'LGiFWLFDGHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV
HQOD8QLYHUVLGDGHVSDxRODHVWDGRGHOD
FXHVWLyQRevista de Educacin
5HTXHV HW DO ,QWHUQHW XQ LQVWUXPHQWR SDUD OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD SREODFLyQ Estudios
Geogrficos/;,,
5RGUtJXH] (VSLQRVD 90 &RPSHWHQFLDV HQ 7HFQRORJtDV GH OD ,QIRUPDFLyQ
*HRJUiILFD HQ ORV HVWXGLRV XQLYHUVLWDULRV UHIOH[LyQ \ SURSXHVWDV SDUWLFLSDWLYDV Cuadernos
Geogrficos
5XGQLFNL 5 8VLQJ 6SUHDGVKHHWV LQ 3RSXODWLRQ *HRJUDSK\ &ODVVHV Journal of
Geography
7XOOD$/RVQXHYRVSODQHVGHHVWXGLRGHORVWtWXORVGHJUDGRHQ*HRJUDItDDGDSWDGRV
DO PRGHOR GHO (VSDFLR (XURSHR GH (GXFDFLyQ 6XSHULRU (((6 Estudios Geogrficos
/;;,SS
=RLGR ) 5HODFLRQHV HQWUH IRUPDFLyQ \ GHGLFDFLyQ SURIHVLRQDO HQ OD JHRJUDItD
HVSDxRODDocuments dAnlisi Geogrfica
=~xLJD0\3XH\R$,QQRYDFLRQHVGLGiFWLFDV\PHWRGROyJLFDVSDUDODHQVHxDQ]DGH
OD*HRJUDItDXQLYHUVLWDULDHQ5GH0LJXHOHWDO&RRUGInnovacin en la enseanza de la
geografa antes los desafos sociales y territoriales =DUDJR]D ,QVWLWXFLyQ )HUQDQGR HO
&DWyOLFR

/$)8(17(25$/(1/$(16(f$1=$</$,19(67,*$&,1
*(2*5),&$65(726<2325781,'$'(6
-RVp5DPyQ9DOHUR(VFDQGHOO
'HSDUWDPHQWRGH*HRJUDItD+XPDQD
Universidad de Alicante
jose.valero@ua.es
5(680(1
/DV IXHQWHV RUDOHV VRQ WRGDYtD HVFDVDPHQWH XWLOL]DGDV HQ ORV HVWXGLRV JHRJUiILFRV HQ OD PD\RUtD GH FDVRV
DGHPiV VyOR HMHUFHQ XQ SDSHO VHFXQGDULR PDUJLQDO DQHFGyWLFR &DVL QXQFD VRQ EiVLFDV HQ LQYHVWLJDFLyQ QL
HVWUXFWXUDQ HO SUR\HFWR \ ORV PpWRGRV &UHHPRV TXH VRQ XQD IXHQWH FRQYHQLHQWH FUHtEOH \ HILFD] FDSD] GH
DSRUWDU UHFXUVRV \ PDWLFHV D GLVWLQWRV FDPSRV GH OD *HRJUDItD HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ WHPDV GH SREODFLyQ
HFRQyPLFRV \ FXOWXUDOHV (Q ODV DXODV VXV SRVLELOLGDGHV VRQ QRWDEOHV IiFLO GH XWLOL]DU WUDEDMR HQ HTXLSR
GHVDUUROORGHFDSDFLGDGHV\IRPHQWRGHOVHQWLGRGHSHUWHQHQFLDDODFRPXQLGDG
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
)XHQWHRUDOGHPRJUDItDPLJUDFLRQHVFUtWLFDGHIXHQWHV
(Q ODV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV OD IXHQWH RUDO OD PiV DQWLJXD GH ODV IXHQWHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ SDUD
FXDOTXLHU UDPD GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR KD LGR DEULpQGRVH XQ KXHFR HQ OD JUDQ PD\RUtD GH ODV
FLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVGHVGHOD$QWURSRORJtDDOD6RFLRORJtDHLQFOXVROD(FRQRPtDHQODVTXHKD
DSUHQGLGRDFRQYLYLUHQWUHGLVWLQWRVLQWHUHVHVREMHWRVGHHVWXGLRV\PHWRGRORJtDV
6LQ GXGD GH WRGDV ODVUDPDV GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR VRFLDO KD VLGR HQ OD +LVWRULD GRQGH OD IXHQWH
RUDO KD HQFRQWUDGR XQ PD\RU DFRPRGR LQFOXVR KDVWD HO SXQWR GH TXH VRQ PXFKRV TXLHQHV
KDEODQ GH KLVWRULD RUDO \ GH IXHQWHV RUDOHV FRPR VL IXHVHQ DOJR VLPLODU $GHPiV GH XQD
WUDGLFLyQPXFKRPiVDUUDLJDGD\DQWLJXDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQKLVWyULFDFRQIXHQWHVRUDOHVQRVyOR
DIHFWD D HVWDV FRPR WpFQLFD VLQR WDPELpQ FRPR PHWRGRORJtD \ KDVWD FRPR FRQFHSFLyQ
KLVWRULRJUiILFDHOXVRGHODVIXHQWHVRUDOHVVHKDFHQWUDGRHQLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVELHQGLIHUHQWHVD
ODV TXH HUDQ KDELWXDOHV HQ ORV HVWXGLRV KLVWyULFRV PiV WUDGLFLRQDOHV OLJDGDV D ORV JUDQGHV
DFRQWHFLPLHQWRVDODVpOLWHVGHOSRGHU\DVXVDUFKLYRVDORVJUDQGHVFHQWURVGHGHFLVLyQHQ
EXHQDPHGLGDODUHFLHQWHGHGLFDFLyQGHEXHQDSDUWHGHORVKLVWRULDGRUHVDDVSHFWRVOLJDGRVD
ODPHPRULDKLVWyULFDGHFROHFWLYRV\OXJDUHVKDDFUHFHQWDGRODXWLOL]DFLyQGHXQDIXHQWHFDSD]
GHDFFHGHUDOUHFXHUGRGHORVKHFKRVOLJDGRVDORVFROHFWLYRVPiVGHVIDYRUHFLGRVDORVJUXSRV
DOHMDGRV GHO SRGHU \ VXV iPELWRV D ODV FXHVWLRQHV GH JpQHUR GH H[FOXVLyQ VRFLDO GH
PDUJLQDFLyQ +R\ OD KLVWRULD TXH VH UHFRQRFH GHXGRUD GH SHUVRQDMHV FRPR +HURGRWR \
DOJXQRVRWURVYLDMHURVHVWXGLRVRVGH OD$QWLJHGDG HVFRQVFLHQWHGHTXHUHFXSHUDXQDSDUWH
GHVXVYLHMRVRUtJHQHV
3RU HO FRQWUDULR OD *HRJUDItD TXH HQ EXHQD SDUWH VXUJH GH VLPLODUHV RUtJHQHV \ DVXPH
WDPELpQODFRQWULEXFLyQGHDTXHOORVYLDMHURVDQFHVWUDOHVHVSRVLEOHPHQWHODGLVFLSOLQDVRFLDO
PHQRVGLVSXHVWDDDVXPLUDELHUWDPHQWHODFRQWULEXFLyQGHODVIXHQWHVRUDOHVDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
JHRJUiILFDDXQTXHSRFRDSRFRDFXGDWDPELpQDHVWDWpFQLFDFRPRXQDSRUWHFRPSOHPHQWDULR
GH DOJXQDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ DTXHOODV UHODWLYDV D FXHVWLRQHV GH *HRJUDItD
+XPDQD
J.R.Valero Escandell

/$65$=21(6'(815(75$62
(QOD*HRJUDItD+XPDQDTXHDILUPDHOSDSHOSURWDJRQLVWDGHOKRPEUHHQHOPHGLRTXHKDELWD
\ YDORUD H[FHSFLRQDOPHQWH VX SRVLFLyQ GH SULQFLSDO DJHQWH WUDQVIRUPDGRU WHUULWRULDO H[LVWH
WRGDYtDXQDHYLGHQWHGHVDIHFFLyQKDFLDODVIXHQWHVRUDOHVXQDGHVFRQILDQ]DKDFLDXQDWpFQLFD
D OD TXH QR VH HVWi GLVSXHVWR D RWRUJDU XQ VWDWXV QL GH OHMRV FRPSDUDEOH D RWUDV IRUPDV GH
DFFHVR DO FRQRFLPLHQWR /yJLFDPHQWH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ DFDGpPLFD GH GLFKD WpFQLFD VH UHVLHQWH
FRQ HOOR \ QR KD DOFDQ]DGR XQ GHVDUUROOR FRPSDUDEOH DO DGTXLULGR QR VyOR HQ ODV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHVKLVWyULFDVVLQRWDPELpQHQODVVRFLROyJLFDVDQWURSROyJLFDVHLQFOXVRGHIDFWR
HQQXPHURVRVHVWXGLRVHFRQyPLFRVDFWXDOHV
'H GyQGH SURFHGH HVWD GHVFRQILDQ]D" 4Xp PRWLYRV KDQ LPSHGLGR D ODV IXHQWHV RUDOHV
KDFHUVH XQ KXHFR VLJQLILFDWLYR HQ ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV JHRJUiILFDV LQFOXVR HQ OD SURSLD
GLGiFWLFDHVSHFtILFDGHQXHVWURFDPSRGHHVWXGLR"
(Q SULPHU OXJDU GHO SDSHO FDVL UHYHUHQFLDO TXH OD *HRJUDItD +XPDQD RWRUJD D ODV IXHQWHV
HVWDGtVWLFDV/RVJHyJUDIRVDXQTXHWDPELpQPXFKRVRWURVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVVRFLDOHVDXUHRODPRV
ODHVWDGtVWLFDGHXQDFLHQWLILFLGDGSUiFWLFDPHQWHDEVROXWDPi[LPHFXDQGRODJUDQPD\RUtDKD
VLGR IRUPDGD DFDGpPLFDPHQWH HQ HO iPELWR GH OR TXH SRGUtDPRV GHQRPLQDU VLJXLHQGR
WHUPLQRORJtDV DxHMDV HVWXGLRV de letras $ YHFHV LJQRUDQWHV HQ EXHQD PHGLGD GH FRQFHSWRV
PDWHPiWLFRV PHGLDQDPHQWH FRPSOHMRV SDUHFHPRV GLVIUXWDU FXDQGR DILUPDPRV TXH XQD
GHWHUPLQDGDVLWXDFLyQ DIHFWy DOGHORVVXMHWRVGHO FROHFWLYRTXHDQDOL]DPRVDXQTXH
SXHGDWUDWDUVHGHPHGLDGRFHQDGHSHUVRQDVHVFRPRVLHVRVGHFLPDOHVDGTXLULHUDQXQPDWL]
GHSOHQLWXGGHREMHWLYLGDGGHDUJXPHQWRLUUHIXWDEOHGHSXQWR\ILQDOLQDSHODEOH
6LQHPEDUJRHQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVSRUHMHPSORHQXQFHQVRGHSREODFLyQORVGDWRVTXH
QRV EULQGDQ ORV UHV~PHQHV QXPpULFRV QR VRQ VLQR HO UHVXOWDGR GH PXOWLWXG GH RSLQLRQHV \
DILUPDFLRQHV QR FRQWUDVWDGDV H[SUHVDGDV DO DJHQWH RSLQLRQHV TXH HQ EXHQ RFDVLRQHV
UHVSRQGHQ~QLFDPHQWHRHQJUDQPHGLGDDFULWHULRVSHUVRQDOHVGLItFLOPHQWHFRQILUPDGRVSRU
RWURVPHGLRV%XVFDQGRXQHMHPSORHQORVFHQVRVQRUHODWLYDPHQWHOHMDQRVHQHOWLHPSRTXp
GHILQLPRV SRU HQWHQGHU KDEODU OHHU R HVFULELU FRUUHFWDPHQWH HO YDOHQFLDQR" 4XLpQ OH KD
H[SOLFDGR D OD SHUVRQD FHQVDEOH ORV FULWHULRV HPSOHDGRV SDUD GHWHUPLQDUOR" 4Xp DJHQWH
FHQVDO TXp RILFLQD GHO ,1( R GH FXDOTXLHU D\XQWDPLHQWR KD LQWHQWDGR FRPSUREDU OD
YHUDFLGDG GH ODV DILUPDFLRQHV QR VyOR UHVSHFWR D TXLHQ UHOOHQD HO LPSUHVR VLQR WDPELpQ
UHVSHFWR DO UHVWR GH OD IDPLOLD" 'H YHUGDG ORV YLHMRV FHQVRV VH KDEtDQ UHDOL]DGR FRQ XQD
PXHVWUD DEVROXWDPHQWH XQLYHUVDO WDO FRPR LQGLFDEDQ ORV PDQXDOHV FOiVLFRV" 6H UHDOL]DEDQ
DTXHOORVH[WHQVRVFXHVWLRQDULRVHQORVEDUULRVGHFKDERODVGHDOJXQDVSHULIHULDVXUEDQDVRHQ
DOJXQRVWHUULWRULRVYDVFRVHQORVDxRVGHSORPR"
6RQ VyOR HMHPSORV SHUR QRV VLUYH SDUD LQWURGXFLUQRV HQ XQD IDODFLD FRQVLGHUDGD FRPR XQD
WHQGHQFLD FDVL PDWHPiWLFD HO KHFKR GH TXH ORV SRVLEOHV HUURUHV WLHQGHQ D FRPSHQVDUVH D
HTXLOLEUDUVH FRPR VL OD VXPD GH XQ HOHYDGR Q~PHUR GH VXEMHWLYLGDGHV WHQGLHVH D OD
REMHWLYLGDG FRPR VL HVWXYLpVHPRV HQ XQD VLWXDFLyQ VLPLODU DO GH ODV SUREDELOLGDGHV GH XQ
GDGR DUURMDGR XQ Q~PHUR [ GH YHFHV 1R HV DVt SRU VXSXHVWR SHUR KD\ XQ FLHUWR WHPRU D
FXHVWLRQDUODEDVHHQODTXHSRGHPRVDVHQWDUDOJXQDVDILUPDFLRQHVUD]RQDEOHPHQWHVyOLGDV
3URIXQGL]DQGRHQODVFUtWLFDVDHVWDIXHQWHFDVLH[DFWDQRHVWDUtDGHPiVUHFRUGDUTXHEXHQD
SDUWH GH ORV GDWRV HVWDGtVWLFRV TXH PDQHMDPRV VRQ GH FXPSOLPHQWDFLyQ REOLJDWRULD FRQ ODV
FRQVHFXHQFLDV SRVLWLYDV \ QHJDWLYDV TXH HOOR FRPSRUWD HVSHFLDOPHQWH FXDQGR DOJXQDV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDV DFRQVHMDQ X REOLJDQ D XQD GHWHUPLQDGD FRQWHVWDFLyQ VHDQ FXDOHV VHDQ ODV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDV UHDOHV $Vt HV HYLGHQWH TXH HO Q~PHUR GH HVSDxROHV TXH WUDEDMDQ HQ XQ
GHWHUPLQDGRGtD\KRUDVyORSXHGHVHUXQDFDQWLGDGFRQFUHWDH[DFWDSUHFLVDUHGRQGDVLQ

HPEDUJRWUHVIXHQWHVHVWDGtVWLFDVGLVWLQWDVFRPRVRQOD(QFXHVWDGHOD3REODFLyQ$FWLYDGHO
,1( HO 3DUR 5HJLVWUDGR HQ ODV RILFLQDV GH HPSOHR \ HO Q~PHUR GH DILOLDGRV D OD 6HJXULGDG
6RFLDO RIUHFHQ UHVXOWDGRV PXFKR PiV GLVSDUHV GH ORV TXH FDEUtD HVSHUDU GH ODV PtQLPDV
GLIHUHQFLDV H[LVWHQWHV HQ ODV YDULDEOHV GHILQLWRULDV HPSOHDGDV < OR PLVPR SRGUtDPRV GHFLU
DFHUFD GH ODV FLIUDV VREUH HO Q~PHUR GH LQPLJUDGRV QR VyOR LQH[DFWDV UHVSHFWR D DTXHOORV
SURFHGHQWHVGHHVSDFLRVHPSREUHFLGRVVLQRWDPELpQDTXLHQHVKDQOOHJDGRGHORSXOHQWR1RUWH
XQDVLPSOHGHFODUDFLyQPLQLVWHULDOKDEODQGRGHTXHORVUHVLGHQWHVHQ(VSDxDGHEHUiQGHFODUDU
VXVELHQHVHQHOH[WHULRUSXHGHWHQHUXQHIHFWRSHUYHUVRHQHOHPSDGURQDPLHQWRGHUHVLGHQWHV
OOHJDGRVHQEXVFDGHYHQWDMDVUHVLGHQFLDOHV\QRGHQHFHVLGDGHVODERUDOHV<ORVGDWRVVREUH
Q~PHURGHKRUDVWUDEDMDGDVRGHORVDSDUWDPHQWRVGHDOTXLOHUHQSREODFLRQHVFRVWHUDV"
([LVWHQRQRUD]RQHVSDUDPHQWLU"
$GHPiV TXLHQHV XWLOL]DQ VHULHV WHPSRUDOHV VXILFLHQWHPHQWH GXUDGHUDV GHEHQ WHQHU SUHVHQWH
TXHORV FULWHULRVHPSOHDGRVDODKRUDGHGHILQLUODVYDULDEOHVQRVLHPSUHVRQORV PLVPRVQL
YDUtDQHQODPLVPDGLUHFFLyQDORODUJRGHXQSHUtRGRWDPSRFRH[LVWHVLHPSUHHOPLVPRULJRU
HQODE~VTXHGDGHORVGDWRVHQRFDVLRQHVGHFLVLRQHVSROtWLFDVWUDWDQGHHQFXEULURGHKDFHU
DIORUDU DOJXQDV VLWXDFLRQHV 'H YHUGDG SHQVDPRV TXH XQD FRUSRUDFLyQ PXQLFLSDO DQWH XQD
FLIUD SURYLVLRQDO GH KDELWDQWHV HPSDGURQDGRV YD D FUX]DUVH GH EUD]RV VLQ WUDWDU GH
EXVFDU DXQTXH VHD GHEDMR GH ODV SLHGUDV DTXHOORV UHVLGHQWHV TXH OH IDOWDQ" /R KDUtD FRQ
VLPLODUHPSHxRVLKXELHVHQVLGR"
(VWDV FRQVLGHUDFLRQHVHVFLHUWRUHGXFHQOD DSDUHQWHPHQWH FDVL LQFRQWHVWDEOH FUHGLELOLGDGGH
ODV IXHQWHV HVWDGtVWLFDV +DFH \D WLHPSR VH SRSXODUL]y XQD HVSHFLH GH UHIUiQ GH HMHFXWLYR
HVWDGRXQLGHQVH KD\ PHQWLULMLOODV PHQWLUDV JRUGDV \ HVWDGtVWLFDV SHUR FDVL VLHPSUH VROtD
UHFRUGDUVHFXDQGRODVFRQFOXVLRQHVQRUHVXOWDEDQPX\GHOJXVWRGHTXLHQFLWDEDHOGLFKR$
PtPHJXVWDDXQTXHVyORSDUDFRPSHQVDUDxDGLUWDPELpQXQDVHQWHQFLDTXH\DQRUHFXHUGR
QL GRQGH HVFXFKp ODV HVWDGtVWLFDV VL VH OHV LQWHUURJD FRQYHQLHQWHPHQWH DFDEDQ SRU
FRQIHVDUORWRGR
(Q HO FDPSRGH OD*HRJUDItD DGHPiV VLHPSUH KHPRVSUHVXPLGR GHTXH OD FDUWRJUDItD DItQ
SRU RWUD SDUWH D RWURV FDPSRV GH FRQRFLPLHQWR \ DKRUD FDGD YH] PiV HQ PDQRV GH JUDQGHV
FRPSDxtDV WHFQROyJLFDV HUD DTXHOOD IXHQWH GH LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH PiV QRV GHILQtD FRPR
LQYHVWLJDGRUHV OD TXH QRV GLIHUHQFLDED EiVLFDPHQWH OD TXH FRQFHSWXDOL]DED HO HVSDFLR
DTXHOOD TXH HVWDED HQ HO adn GH QXHVWUD PLVPD GLVFLSOLQD %XHQD SDUWH GH QXHVWURV PDSDV
WHPiWLFRV HVWiQ EDVDGR HVHQFLDOPHQWH HQ GDWRV HVWDGtVWLFRV &XHVWLRQDU VLTXLHUD IXHVH
PtQLPDPHQWHODYHUDFLGDGGHDTXHOORVGDWRVSRQtDHQFXHVWLyQWDPELpQXQDSDUWHHVHQFLDOGH
QXHVWUDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
3RU RWUD SDUWH OD *HRJUDItD HV XQD UDPD GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR TXH ODUJR WLHPSR KD FDPLQDGR
DFDGpPLFDPHQWHGHOEUD]RGHOD+LVWRULD1RVHYHDHVWRFRPRXQDFUtWLFDGLItFLOPHQWHSXHGH
DQDOL]DUVHXQWHUULWRULRRXQFROHFWLYRVLQWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHVLHPSUHHVWDUiGHILQLGRSRUXQD
VRFLHGDGHQXQWLHPSR\XQHVSDFLR3HURHOOROOHYyWDPELpQDVDFUDOL]DUHOGRFXPHQWRHVFULWR
OD HVWDGtVWLFD WDPSRFR GHMD GH VHUOR HQ HVSHFLDO FXDQGR DOJXQRV KLVWRULDGRUHV
VLQJXODUPHQWH ORV SDGUHV GH OD PRGHUQD KLVWRULRJUDItD DOHPDQD OOHJDURQ D LGHDOL]DUOR KDVWD
OtPLWHV LQVRVSHFKDGRV VLHPSUH DPSDUDGRV HQ TXH XQD ULJXURVD FUtWLFD GH IXHQWHV SRGUtD
DEVROYHUOH GH FXDOTXLHU SRVLEOH SHFDGR RULJLQDO GHVGH HQWRQFHV HO SUHVWLJLR GHO GRFXPHQWR
HVFULWR HVSHFLDOPHQWH VL VH WUDWD GH XQR GH FDUiFWHU RILFLDO KD SHUYLYLGR HQ OD WUDGLFLyQ
LQYHVWLJDGRUD GH FXDOTXLHUD GH ODV GLVFLSOLQDV TXH HQJOREDPRV EDMR OD GHQRPLQDFLyQ GH
FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV 6LQ HPEDUJR QL OD DEVROXWDPHQWH LQDSHODEOH MXGLFLDOPHQWH IH QRWDULDO QRV
SRGUtDKDFHUFUHHUDSLHMXQWLOODVODDEVROXWDYHUDFLGDGGHXQDHVFULWXUDGH FRPSUDYHQWD

GH XQ SLVR HQ SRQJDPRV XQ HMHPSOR ELHQ DOHMDGR ORV DxRV VHVHQWD 4XLpQ QR UHFXHUGD ODV
UHXQLRQHV GH XQ FODXVWUR GH SURIHVRUHV XQ SOHQR PXQLFLSDO XQD MXQWD GH FRPXQLGDG GH
YHFLQRV\FRPSUXHEDGHVSXpVHOUHVXOWDGRGHODPLVPDSODVPDGRHQHODFWDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH"
4XpKD\GHYHUGDGTXpGHIDOVR"4XpDQpFGRWDVTXpPDWLFHVTXpGDWRVTXpLPSUHVLRQHV
VHKDQSHUGLGRDOUHIOHMDUVHHQHOSDSHO"+XELpUDPRVKHFKRQRVRWURVXQDGHVFULSFLyQVLPLODU
GH OD UHXQLyQ" < VL GHMDPRV HVWRV PRPHQWRV UXWLQDULRV FRWLGLDQRV YXOJDUHV TXp QRV
GHSDUDQ ORV PRPHQWRV FXOPLQDQWHV GH OD KLVWRULD" $FDVR FRLQFLGHQ OD %LEOLD \ ORV WH[WRV
DVLULRV VREUH HO DVDOWR GH ORV PHVRSRWiPLFRV D OD FLXGDG VDQWD GH -HUXVDOpQ" 4XLpQ QR
UHFXHUGDODVQRWLFLDVRIUHFLGDVSRUHO$%&GH0DGULG\GH6HYLOODVREUHORVGLIHUHQWHVKHFKRV
GHQXHVWUD*XHUUD&LYLO"
$OJ~QJHyJUDIRVHQVDWRGHMDUtDGHXWLOL]DUODVIXHQWHVHVWDGtVWLFDVSDUDWUDWDUGHDSUR[LPDUVH
DODUHDOLGDGGHVXWLHPSRWUDVHVFXFKDUODVFUtWLFDVDQWHULRUHV"3RGUtDVHJXLULQYHVWLJDQGRVL
UHQXQFLDVH D OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO GRFXPHQWR HVFULWR GHELGR D TXH QR VLHPSUH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ
UHFRJLGD HQ pO VHD XQD YHUGDG DEVROXWD" 6HQFLOODPHQWH QR 3RU VXSXHVWR GHEHUtD VLHPSUH
FRQWUDVWDU ODV IXHQWHV GLVSRQLEOHV YDORUDU ORV DVSHFWRV PHWRGROyJLFRV OLJDGRV D HVD
LQIRUPDFLyQ HVWDGtVWLFD TXH PDQHMD UHFXUULU DO PiV ULJXURVR DQiOLVLV FUtWLFR GH ODV PLVPDV
HPSH]DQGR SRU DQDOL]DU OD FRKHUHQFLD LQWHUQD GH ORV PDWHULDOHV XWLOL]DGRV FRPSUREDU HQ
VXPD OD YHUDFLGDG \ ORV OtPLWHV GH ODV LQIRUPDFLRQHV GLVSRQLEOHV 1DGLH OR GXGD 3HUR VH
KDFH"VHKDFHVLHPSUH"ORKDFHQWRGRV"
6L D FXDOTXLHU LQIRUPDFLyQ FRQRFLGD D WUDYpV GH ODV TXH SRGUtDPRV OODPDU DXQTXH GH
IRUPDLQH[DFWDIXHQWHVFRQYHQFLRQDOHVVHOHFRQVLGHUDOHJtWLPDREMHWLYDYHUD]FXDQGRVHOH
VRPHWHDWRGDVODVJDUDQWtDVH[SXHVWDVHQHOSiUUDIRDQWHULRUSRUTXpVHVLJXHPDQWHQLHQGR
WDQWD UHWLFHQFLD D UHFXUULU D OD RUDOLGDG HQ OD PLVPD PHGLGD" SRUTXp FXDQGR VXV
LQIRUPDFLRQHV GHEHQ VHU \ VXHOHQ VHUOR FRQWUDVWDGDV \ FRPSUREDGDV DO PHQRV HQ LJXDO
PHGLGDTXHRWUDVIXHQWHV DOWHUQDWLYDV"
/D IXHQWH RUDO VLTXLHUD VHD SRUTXH HQ RFDVLRQHV FDUHFHPRV GH RWUDV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH
DSUR[LPDUQRV D FLHUWDV UHDOLGDGHV HVSDFLDOHV FRQRFHU ODV SHUFHSFLRQHV TXH H[SOLFDQ ODV
FRQGXFWDV \ UHFXSHUDU LQIRUPDFLRQHV TXH GH RWUD PDQHUD DFDEDUtDQ SRU GHVDSDUHFHUSRVHH
WRGR HO GHUHFKR D FRPSDUWLU FRQ RWUDV IXHQWHV OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR VRFLDO D
LQVLQXDUQXHYRVFDPSRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQDRIUHFHUVXVSRVLELOLGDGHVDQXHYRVHVWXGLRVRV
4XLHQHVLQYHVWLJDQXWLOL]DQGRIXHQWHVRUDOHVVDEHQTXHHODSRUWHGHORVWHVWLPRQLRVSHUVRQDOHV
SXHGH VHU PXFKR PiV HQULTXHFHGRU HQ XQRV WHPDV TXH HQ RWURV (Q DOJXQRV WHPDV RWUDV
IXHQWHVPiVFRQYHQFLRQDOHVHVWDGtVWLFDVLQIRUPHVRILFLDOHVELEOLRJUDItDSXHGDQHQFRQWUDU
EDUUHUDV GLItFLOPHQWH IUDQTXHDEOHV \ DO PHQRV HQ HOORV ORV WHVWLPRQLRV SXHGHQ FRODERUDU
HILFD]PHQWHFRQODVRWUDVIXHQWHVGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR
8QD YHQWDMD GH OD RUDOLGDG HV TXH QRV SHUPLWH D XQ WLHPSR FRQVLGHUDU OR LQYHVWLJDGR FRPR
SDUWH GH QXHVWUD SURSLD H[SHULHQFLD UHVXOWD PX\ GLItFLO SHUPDQHFHU DVpSWLFDPHQWH QHXWUDO
DQWH HO WHVWLPRQLR GH OD JHQWH SHUR REVHUYDUOR GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD H[WHUQD HQ HVH
GLVWDQFLDPLHQWRTXHFUHDODYROXQWDGGHREMHWLYLGDG6LWUDEDMDPRVELHQSRGUHPRVDSRUWDUXQD
YLVLyQ FLHQWtILFD GH OR TXH QRV RFXSD SHUR WDPELpQ HQWUDxDEOH DSUR[LPDGD HQ HO PHMRU
VHQWLGRGHOWpUPLQRLPSUHVLRQLVWD\SUHFLVDFRQXQDVSLQFHODGDVTXHDFHUFDQORVFRQFHSWRV\
FRQXQRVFRQFHSWRVQDFLGRVGHORVFDVRVFRQFUHWRV
$OPDUJHQGHHVWRVDVSHFWRVFRQFUHWRVHQPD\RURPHQRUPHGLGDHOUHFXUVRDODIXHQWHRUDO
VLHPSUH SXHGH D\XGDUQRV $~Q HQ HO FDVR GH QR UHFXUULU D VX XWLOL]DFLyQ VLVWHPiWLFD \
FRQVFLHQWHFDVLVLHPSUHHVODRUDOLGDGTXLHQQRVSRQHVREUHDYLVRGHODH[LVWHQFLDGHSRVLEOHV
WHPDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVHOODTXLHQQRVD\XGDDFRQWDFWDUFRQRWUDVIXHQWHVXRWURVPHGLRV

GHDFFHGHUDODLQIRUPDFLyQEULQGiQGRQRVXQDDSUR[LPDFLyQEiVLFDTXHOXHJRWUDVHODQiOLVLV
HVWDGtVWLFR FDUWRJUiILFR GRFXPHQWDO R GH FXDOTXLHU RWUR WLSR \D QR UHFRUGDPRV QL SRU
VXSXHVWR DJUDGHFHPRV /D IXHQWH RUDO DGHPiV QRV SHUPLWH PDWL]DU ODV DVHYHUDFLRQHV FRQ
YRFDFLyQGHYDOLGH]XQLYHUVDOLQFRQWUDVWDEOHUHVXPHQODSLGDULRGHXQDUHDOLGDGFRQFUHWDORV
LQIRUPDQWHV QRV KDEODQ GH FLUFXQVWDQFLDV GLIHUHQFLDGRUDV FRQ YDORUDFLRQHV GLYHUJHQWHV HQ
IXQFLyQ GH LQWHUHVHV \ PRWLYDFLRQHV /D RUDOLGDG PLUD FDVL VLHPSUH GHWUiV GH ORV GDWRV
RILFLDOHV GH ODV FHUWH]DV DSDUHQWHV \ DEVWUDFWDV SHUPLWLHQGR UHFUHDU ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH HO
KRPEUH \ HO PHGLR PHGLDQWH LPiJHQHV FRQFUHWDV UHDOHV DIHFWLYDV TXH SXHGHQ FRQWHQHU
LQH[DFWLWXGHV PHQRUHV GDWRV \ IHFKDV SRU HMHPSOR FDVL VLHPSUH IiFLOPHQWH VXEVDQDEOHV
TXH HQFLHUUDQ YDORUDFLRQHV \ KXPDQL]DQ OD PiV iULGD GH ODV LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV GH OD UHDOLGDG
VRFLDO0XFKDVYHFHVSHUPLWHLOXPLQDUGHWDOOHVTXHODVHVWDGtVWLFDVRHOGRFXPHQWRGHDUFKLYR
QRVRQFDSDFHVGHDFODUDU\FDVLVLHPSUHSUiFWLFDPHQWHVLHPSUHKDFHPiVDPHQRHOREMHWR
GH HVWXGLR SHUPLWH DO LQYHVWLJDGRU VHQWLU OD VHQVDFLyQ GH TXHVt FRQRFH FRQFUHWDPHQWH FDVL
SHUVRQDOPHQWH VL VH TXLHUH DTXHOOR TXH DQDOL]D HQ RFDVLRQHV QRV SURYRFD DGLFFLyQ QRV
HQJDQFKD\HQYXHOYH
1R HVWi GH PiV UHFRUGDU TXH WRGR DTXHO LQYHVWLJDGRU TXH UHFXUUH D ODV IXHQWHV RUDOHV GHEH
KDEHU DVXPLGR TXH VH WUDWD GH XQD IXHQWH FUHtEOH (VWD LGHD FRPSOHWDPHQWH REYLD SDUD OD
SUiFWLFD WRWDOLGDG GH TXLHQHV OD XWLOL]DQ \ SDUD OD PD\RUtD GH TXLHQHV UHFXUUHQ DO WUDEDMR GH
FDPSRVLJXHVLQVHUDFHSWDGDXQiQLPHPHQWHHQWRGRVORViPELWRVFLHQWtILFRVHQQXHVWURFDVR
SRU XQ HOHYDGtVLPR SRUFHQWDMH GH JHyJUDIRV /D IXHQWH RUDO VLJXH SDUD PXFKRV UHGXFLGD DO
iPELWR GH OD VXEMHWLYLGDG GH IXHQWH PHQRU FDVL GHFRUDWLYD IUHQWH DO SUHVWLJLR GH RWURV
UHFXUVRV SDUD DFFHGHU DO FRQRFLPLHQWR FRPR ODV HVWDGtVWLFDV ORV PDSDV WHPiWLFRV R HO
GRFXPHQWRHVFULWRDQWHHOODVPXFKRVFLHQWtILFRVVRFLDOHVDFW~DQFRQXQUHVSHWRTXH\RSRFR
GDGR D GLVTXLVLFLRQHV WHROyJLFDV QR Vp VL FRQVLGHUDU UHYHUHQFLD YHQHUDFLyQ DGRUDFLyQ R
LGRODWUtD
81$)8(17(0(125"
&XDQGRHOLQYHVWLJDGRUDVXPHTXHODIXHQWHRUDOSXHGHVHUDFHSWDEOHFRPRIRUPDGHDFFHVRDO
FRQRFLPLHQWR VRFLDO WDQ OHJtWLPD \ QHFHVLWDGD GH FRPSUREDFLRQHV \ DQiOLVLV FUtWLFR FRPR
FXDOTXLHU RWUD HVWD DFHSWDFLyQ VXHOH HVWDU DFRPSDxDGD GH XQD FRQGHVFHQGHQFLD KDFLD XQD
IXHQWHPHQRUFRPSOHPHQWDULD
4XLHQHVGHIHQGHPRVWDQWRVXXWLOLGDGFRPRVXXVRQRVyORDFHSWDPRVHOFDOLILFDWLYRGHIXHQWH
FRPSOHPHQWDULDVLQRTXHHVWDPRVPX\RUJXOORVRVGHTXHVHDDVt6HUIXHQWHFRPSOHPHQWDULD
VLJQLILFD DFHSWDU GH EXHQ JUDGR TXH QR VH WUDWD GH XQD IXHQWH ULYDO GH QLQJXQD RWUD QL
UHSUHVHQWDXQPpWRGRGLIHUHQFLDGR\H[FOX\HQWHGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQELHQDOFRQWUDULRVHWUDWDGH
XQDIXHQWHFDSD]GHFRRSHUDUFRQFXDOTXLHURWUDFXDQGRVHWUDWDGHHQFRQWUDUODUHVSXHVWDDODV
KLSyWHVLVSODQWHDGDVGHYHULILFDUODVRGHVHVWLPDUODV1DGLHSUHWHQGHTXHHOXVRGHXQDIXHQWH
GH FRQRFLPLHQWR XQD SUXHED R HYLGHQFLD VHD PHMRU TXH UHFXUULU D WRGDV ODV GLVSRQLEOHV
DXQTXH OD QHFHVDULD HFRQRPtD GH XVR REOLJDUi D SULPDU HQ FDGD PRPHQWR OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH
DTXHOODTXHPHMRUSXHGDD\XGDUQRVDFRQRFHU\FRPSUHQGHUODFXHVWLyQTXHQRVRFXSD
/OHJDGRVDHVWHSXQWRUHVXOWDQHFHVDULRDFODUDUTXHIXHQWHFRPSOHPHQWDULDQRHVHQDEVROXWR
VLQyQLPR GH IXHQWH VHFXQGDULD DXQTXH HQ RFDVLRQHV VH WLHQGD D KDFHU FRQIOXLU DPERV
WpUPLQRV 8QD IXHQWH VHFXQGDULD SRU VXSXHVWR VXHQD D IXHQWH PHQRU RFDVLRQDOPHQWH
VXVWLWXWLYDGHODSULQFLSDODQHFGyWLFDRDSOLFDGDDDVSHFWRVSDUFLDOHVLQFDSD]GHFRQYHUWLUVH
HQFROXPQDYHUWHEUDOGHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQULJXURVD1DGDGHHVRWLHQHSRUTXpVHUFLHUWRDOD
KRUDGHXWLOL]DUHOUHFXUVRTXHQRVRFXSD(OFRQFHSWRGHFRPSOHPHQWDULHGDG GHEHPRV

DVRFLDUOR DTXt D VX VLJQLILFDGR JHRPpWULFR DO UHFXHUGR HVFRODU GH DTXHOORV GRV iQJXORV TXH
MXQWRV VXPDQ XQ iQJXOR UHFWR HV GHFLU HO FRPSOHPHQWDULR GH XQ iQJXOR FHUFDQR D VHUi
PX\ SHTXHxR SHUR HO GH XQ iQJXOR GH VHUi PXFKtVLPR PD\RU &RQ OD PLVPD OyJLFD
FXDQGR ODV IXHQWHV GRFXPHQWDOHV HVWDGtVWLFDV HVFULWDV JUiILFDV HWF SXHGDQ GDU UHVSXHVWD
DGHFXDGD D WRGRV ORV LQWHUURJDQWHV VXUJLGRV YHULILFDU R QR WRGDV ODV KLSyWHVLV SURSXHVWDV
FRPSOHWDU VDWLVIDFWRULDPHQWH ORV DVSHFWRV HVHQFLDOHV GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH XQ WHPD ODV
IXHQWHV RUDOHV VHJXUDPHQWH WHQGUiQ XQD IXQFLyQ PHQRU VHFXQGDULD DQHFGyWLFD FDVL
LQVLJQLILFDQWHPHQWH FRPSOHPHQWDULD 3HUR SRU HO FRQWUDULR FXDQGR OD GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH
PDWHULDO HVWDGtVWLFR GRFXPHQWRV HVFULWRV R LPiJHQHV VREUH XQD FXHVWLyQ VHDQ LQVXILFLHQWHV
PDUFDGDPHQWHLQFRPSOHWRVGXGRVRVRFXHVWLRQDEOHVODVIXHQWHVRUDOHVSXHGHQFRQYHUWLUVHHQ
HMH YHUWHEUDGRU GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ &yPR VL QR YDPRV D LQYHVWLJDU ODV PLJUDFLRQHV
FODQGHVWLQDVRDTXHOORVPRYLPLHQWRVWHPSRUDOHVGHORVTXHDSHQDVH[LVWHFRQVWDQFLDHVFULWDR
VRQWRWDOPHQWHGHVFRQRFLGRVSDUDODSUiFWLFDWRWDOLGDGGHORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVGHODVFXHVWLRQHV
GHPRJUiILFDV" &yPR YDPRV D FRQRFHU ODV LPSUHVLRQHV ORV VHQWLPLHQWRV ORV PRWLYRV
VXEMHWLYRV TXH LQFLWDQ GHWHUPLQDGRV WUDVODGRV GH SREODFLyQ" 6L VRQ PXFKRV ORV LQPLJUDQWHV
TXH YLYHQ SHRU HQ OR TXH OODPDPRV D YHFHV VDUFiVWLFDPHQWH OXJDU GH DFRJLGD TXH HQ VX
SXHEOR GH RULJHQ SRU TXp QR WUDWDQ GH YROYHU \ SUHILHUHQ SHUPDQHFHU DTXt D PHQXGR VLQ
VLTXLHUD HVSHUDQ]DV GH PHMRUD" 4Xp HVWDGtVWLFD QRV OR H[SOLFD" 4Xp OHJLVODFLyQ TXp
GLVFXUVRRILFLDO"$PHQXGRWUDVPXFKRVDxRVGHLQWHUHVDUPHSRUODVFXHVWLRQHVPLJUDWRULDV\
GH KDEHU HVWXGLDGR FHQWHQDUHV GH HVWDGtVWLFDV VREUH HO WHPD WUDWR GH DJUXSDU PLV UHFXHUGRV
VREUHFXDOTXLHUDVSHFWRSDUFLDO6LHPSUHDSDUHFHQQRPEUHV\OXJDUHVELHQFRQFUHWRVDFWXDQGR
FRPRSDUDGLJPDGHODVLGHDVJHQHUDOHVHOp[RGRUXUDOVHPHUHIOHMDHQODJUDQPD\RUtDGHORV
YHFLQRV GHO HGLILFLR GH OD FLXGDG LQGXVWULDO HQ TXH FUHFt ODV PLJUDFLRQHV WHPSRUDOHV ODV
HQWLHQGRDWUDYpVGHORVDTXHOORVVHJDGRUHVWHMHURVKHODGHURVRWXUURQHURVTXHPHFRQWDURQ
VXKLVWRULD\VXVYLDMHVODVJHQWHVH[yWLFDVTXHLPDJLQpGHQLxRHQSDtVHVDOHMDGRVFRPSDUWHQ
KR\ PL WHUULWRULR FRWLGLDQR 4Xp IXHQWH DOWHUQDWLYD SRGUi FRPSHWLU GH LJXDO D LJXDO FRQ OD
RUDOLGDGFXDQGRVHWUDWDGHUHVFDWDUGHOROYLGRORVPRWLYRVGHWDQWDJHQWHFHUFDQDDQRVRWURV"
3XHVELHQHVDVPRWLYDFLRQHVHVDVDFWXDFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHVHVDVFRQFHSFLRQHVGHODYLGDKDQ
PRWLYDGRVXVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVVXWUDEDMRVXVUHODFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHVVXVPRYLPLHQWRV\FRQ
HOORKDQXWLOL]DGRDVXPLGR\PRGLILFDGRHOWHUULWRULRTXHKDELWDQ
3DUD HVWXGLDU OD IRUPDFLyQ GH XQ HVSDFLR HFRQyPLFR SRU HMHPSOR HV VHJXUR TXH SRGHPRV
GLVSRQHU GH GRFXPHQWRV GH SODQHDPLHQWR \ GH GDWRV HVWDGtVWLFRV GH SURGXFFLyQ \ HPSOHR
WDPELpQ GH QXPHURVDV IRWRJUDItDV \ PDWHULDO FDUWRJUiILFR TXH PXHVWUHQ OD HYROXFLyQ GH
SUHQVD \ GH DFWDV PXQLFLSDOHV DFXHUGRV GH HPSUHVD XQ VLQItQ GH IXHQWHV IiFLOPHQWH
DFFHVLEOHVRGHFRPSOLFDGRDFFHVRWDOYH]PXFKDPiVLQIRUPDFLyQGHODTXHSRGDPRVXWLOL]DU
SRUQXHVWUDVSURSLDVOLPLWDFLRQHV4XpSXHGHDSRUWDUDTXtODIXHQWHRUDO"6HUiVLPSOHPHQWH
DOJRUHLWHUDWLYRLQQHFHVDULRUHVSHFWRDODVIXHQWHVDQWHVFLWDGDV"6HUiVHFXQGDULR"3RUHVWH
FDPLQRSRGDPRVFRPHQ]DUDYLVOXPEUDUXQPDUFRGHFRODERUDFLyQSRVLWLYD/RVWHVWLPRQLRV
SHUVRQDOHVSXHGHQDSRUWDUQRVSRUHMHPSORFXiOHVIXHURQODVUD]RQHVSRUODVTXHVHIXQGDURQ
ODVHPSUHVDVXELFDGDVHQHVHHVSDFLRTXpFDOGRGHFXOWLYRDSURSLDGRSHUPLWLyVXGHVDUUROOR
TXp UD]RQHV H[SOLFDQ VXSHUYLYHQFLD HQ OD ]RQD R TXpSUREOHPDVOHV VXSRQH FRQWLQXDU DTXt
4Xp DVSLUDFLRQHV WLHQHQ TXp VROLFLWDQ TXp FRODERUDFLyQ R HQIUHQWDPLHQWRV PDQWLHQHQ FRQ
ODVHPSUHVDVFRPSHWLGRUDVRDX[LOLDUHVFRQODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVSROtWLFDV\VRFLDOHVGHO OXJDU"
&yPRHVODYLGDFRWLGLDQDGHTXLHQHVDOOtWUDEDMDQVXVSUREOHPDV\DVSLUDFLRQHV"4XpKL]R
TXHEUDU D TXLHQHV \D QR HVWiQ" &yPR VH KDQ LGR WUDQVIRUPDQGR FDGD XQD GH ODV TXH
SHUPDQHFHQ" < WRGR HOOR FRQ HVWXGLRV GH FDVR TXH SXHGDQ SHUPLWLUQRV HVWDEOHFHU XQD
WLSRORJtD3RGUtDPRVVHJXLUDSRUWDQGRSRVLELOLGDGHVGXUDQWHPXFKRWLHPSRSHURFUHRTXH\D
UHVXOWDQVXILFLHQWHV

7DPSRFR GHEHPRV FDHU HQ HO SROR RSXHVWR VL OD FRPSOHPHQWDULHGDG GH OD IXHQWH RUDO QR
VLJQLILFDQHFHVDULDPHQWHXQFDUiFWHUDQHFGyWLFR\VHFXQGDULRWDPSRFRSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUVHVX
FDUiFWHU GH IXHQWH DOWHUQDWLYD FRPR VXVWLWXWRULD GH RWURV PHGLRV GLVWLQWRV GH DFFHVR DO
FRQRFLPLHQWR VHDQ R QR PiV FRQYHQFLRQDOHV 5HVXOWD SHQRVR FRPSUREDU FyPR FRQ
IUHFXHQFLDVRQPXFKRVTXLHQHVVHODQ]DQDUHDOL]DUHQWUHYLVWDVVHDFXDOVHDHOWHPDHOHJLGR
VLQODPtQLPDFRQVXOWDSUHYLDDODVRWUDVIXHQWHVGLVSRQLEOHVGHVSUHFLDQGRFyPRGDPHQWHWRGR
FXDQWR SXHGD D\XGDUQRV D HQFXDGUDU HO IHQyPHQR HQ VX iPELWR WHUULWRULDO HQ VXV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDV FRQFUHWDV \ GHILQLWRULDV &RQ HOOR TXHGDQ H[FOXVLYDPHQWH D PHUFHG GH ODV
RSLQLRQHV \ WHVWLPRQLRV FRQFUHWRV GH ORV LQIRUPDQWHV VHOHFFLRQDGRV VLQ PDQHMDU HQ QLQJ~Q
PRPHQWRODVULHQGDVGHQXHVWUDSURSLDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
4XLHQUHFXUUDDODVIXHQWHVRUDOHVGHEHUiSUHYLDPHQWHRFRPSDJLQDQGRDPEDVWDUHDVVHJ~Q
ORVFDVRVDFRPHWHUODPLVPDFRQFLHQ]XGDLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHUHDOL]DUtDFXDOTXLHURWURFROHJD
TXHQRXWLOL]DVHORVWHVWLPRQLRVSHUVRQDOHVHOXVRPiVRPHQRVLQWHQVLYRGHODVIXHQWHVRUDOHV
SDUDYHULILFDURQRVXVKLSyWHVLVGHSHQGHUiSRUWDQWRGHOREMHWRGHHVWXGLRDXQTXHWDPELpQ
GHVXFRQILDQ]DHQHVWHWLSRGHUHFXUVR
(V OtFLWR VXSRQHU TXH KD\D TXLHQ SLHQVH TXHVLOR TXH QRVRWURV KHPRV FDOLILFDGR GH WUDEDMR
SUHYLRORUHDOL]DPRVGHPRGRFRQYHQLHQWH\H[KDXVWLYRUHVXOWDUtDLQQHFHVDULRHOUHFXUVRDODV
IXHQWHVRUDOHVSDUDLQYHVWLJDUXQWHPD3RVLEOHPHQWHVtDOPHQRVHQDOJXQRVDVXQWRV(QWRGR
FDVRGHEHPRVVXSRQHUTXHHODQiOLVLV\ODVFRQFOXVLRQHVTXHSRGUtDPRVHVFULELUHQHVHSXQWR
GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VHUtDQ FXDQWR PHQRV VXVFHSWLEOHV GH VHU PDWL]DGRV R PHMRUDGRV FRQ ORV
DSRUWHV GH OD IXHQWH RUDO 6LQ HPEDUJR VL HO DVXQWR HVFRJLGR FRLQFLGH FRQ DOJXQR GH ORV
FLWDGRV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV WHPSRUDOHV DVSHFWRV GH OD YLGD FRWLGLDQD GH FROHFWLYRV TXH
SHUPDQHFHQHQODPDUJLQDOLGDGRVLPSOHPHQWHODVPRWLYDFLRQHVDVSLUDFLRQHVRFUHHQFLDVTXH
HVWiQ HQ OD UDt] GHORVIHQyPHQRV DQDOL]DGRV ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV SUHYLDVQRV SXHGHQ VHUYLU
FRPR XQ SHUIHFWR SXQWR GH SDUWLGD SDUD HVWDEOHFHU KLSyWHVLV SUHYLDV TXH ODV FRQYHUVDFLRQHV
SRVWHULRUHVSHUPLWLUiQUHIUHQGDUUHIXWDUPRGLILFDURHQULTXHFHU(OREMHWRGHHVWXGLRSXHVVH
DJUDQGDVHKDFHPiVFRPSOHMR\PXOWLIRUPH
(QRFDVLRQHVVHQRVSXHGHDFXVDUGHHVWDUUHFRJLHQGRSXUDV\VLPSOHVDQpFGRWDV(VWDFUtWLFD
\HUUD HO WLUR SRUTXH DSXQWD D XQD YLUWXG OD RUDOLGDG SHUPLWH IUHQWH D RWURV PHGLRV GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQDSURYHFKDUHO HQRUPH SDSHOFODULILFDGRUGHODVDQpFGRWDV (QXQHVWXGLRVREUH
HPLJUDFLyQ FDPSHVLQD D ]RQDV LQGXVWULDOHV IXHURQ YDULRV ORV TXH VH UHILULHURQ D TXH HQ VX
YLDMH QRFWXUQR GHVGH VX DOGHD GHO QRUWH GH *UDQDGD DO LQWHULRUGH $OLFDQWH SDUDURQ DYHU HO
PDU$TXtWHQHPRVGRVSXQWRVDDQDOL]DUXQRSRUTXpYLDMDEDQSRUODQRFKHRWURSRUTXp
SDUDEDQDYHUHOPDU(VWiFODURTXHODLQPHQVDPD\RUtDGHHVDJHQWHQRKDEtDYLVWRMDPiVHO
PDUSHVHDUHVLGLUHQXQDSURYLQFLDPDUtWLPDDXQTXHHQXQDDOGHDVLWXDGDDXQFHQWHQDUGH
NLOyPHWURVGHOPDUVHQRVPXHVWUDFODUtVLPDPHQWHHOUHFXHUGRGHXQDH[SHULHQFLD LQLJXDODEOH
TXHWRGDYtDQRKDEtDQWHQLGRRFDVLyQGHFRQWHPSODUODHPLJUDFLyQFRPRGHVFXEULPLHQWR\
ODFRQVWDWDFLyQPiVFODUDGHTXHFDVLQLQJXQRGHHOORVFRQRFtDPXFKRPiVDOOiGHHVHPXQGR
FHUUDGR TXH KDELWDEDQ (O RWUR GHWDOOH YLDMDU GH QRFKH GHPXHVWUD WDPELpQ SRUTXp VH
DGDSWDEDQDXQKRUDULRHQTXHUHVXOWDEDPiVIiFLOSDVDUGHVDSHUFLELGRVHQTXHWUDQVSRUWLVWDV
QR OHJDOHV SRGtDQ GHVSOD]DU JHQWHV \ HQVHUHV D RWURV OXJDUHV SRU OR WDQWR SRGHPRV UD]RQDU
TXH HUD PXFKR PiV EDUDWD HVD IRUPD GH WUDVODGR $ WUDYpV GH HVWH HMHPSOR HQ GHILQLWLYD
SRGHPRV FRQFLHQFLDUQRV GH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV HQ TXH HPLJUy XQD SDUWH GH OD SREODFLyQ UXUDO
HVSDxROD\FXiOKDEtDVLGRVXHVFDVtVLPDH[SHULHQFLDIXHUDGHVXOXJDUGHUHVLGHQFLD3DUDUGH
QRFKHDYHUHOPDUHVXQDLPDJHQFRQDOWRYDORUSDUDH[SOLFDUQRVFyPRIXHDTXHOp[RGRGHODV
JHQWHVGHEXHQDSDUWHGHODVDOGHDVHVSDxRODVPXFKRPiVFODULILFDGRUDTXHGHFHQDV\GHFHQDV
GHGDWRVHVWDGtVWLFRV

(Q HO PLVPR HVWXGLR RWUD DQpFGRWD D PL HQWHQGHU VXILFLHQWHPHQWH H[SUHVLYD HV OD GH XQD
DQFLDQDTXHUHFRUGDEDFyPRVXSDGUH\DDQWHVGHOD*XHUUD&LYLOOHVFRQWyODQRFKHGHXQ
OXQHV DO YROYHU GHO PHUFDGR GHO SXHEOR FHUFDQR TXH HQ OD EDUEHUtD KDEtD OHtGR HQ XQ
SHULyGLFRTXHHQODVIiEULFDVGH%DUFHORQDQHFHVLWDEDQPXMHUHVSDUDWUDEDMDUHQODVIiEULFDV
(VWHKRPEUHORFRPHQWDEDVRUSUHQGLGRQRKD\TXHROYLGDUTXHYLYtDHQXQD]RQDFHUUDGDTXH
QL HQ HO QRUWH GH *UDQDGD QL HQ PXFKRV NLOyPHWURV DOUHGHGRU HUDQ KDELWXDOHV ODV LQGXVWULDV
PHFDQL]DGDV \ TXH HQ WRGR VX HVSDFLR YLWDO HVWDEDQ WRWDOPHQWH GHOLPLWDGRV ORV SDSHOHV
VRFLDOHVGHKRPEUHV\PXMHUHV(VWHKRPEUHFRPHQWDEDODQRWLFLDDVXHVSRVD\DVXVFXDWUR
KLMDV 1L TXH GHFLU WLHQH TXH HQ XQ DPELHQWH GH PLVHULD HVWD SHUVRQD VDEtD TXH YLYLU HQ XQ
OXJDU GRQGH WUDEDMDEDQ ODV PXMHUHV KXELHUD VXSXHVWR SDUD HOORVXQD WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ DEVROXWD
GHOQLYHOGHYLGD&XDQGRWDQD PHQXGRKDEODPRVGHSRVLELOLGDGHVGHWUDEDMRHQ HOSHRQDMH
LQGXVWULDOQRVLHPSUHVRPRVFRQVFLHQWHVGHODLPSRUWDQFLDTXHWXYRSDUDPXFKRVGHHOORVQR
\D HO FDPELDU GH XQ WUDEDMR D RWUR VLQR HO KHFKR GH FDPELDU HO Q~PHUR GH PLHPEURV
SUHFHSWRUHVGHVDODULRHQHOVHQRGHXQQ~FOHRIDPLOLDU6LQHPEDUJRQRIXHURQD%DUFHORQD
QR DEDQGRQDURQ OD DOGHD QR VRQ ~QLFDPHQWH ORV IDFWRUHV HFRQyPLFRV H[WHUQRV TXLHQHV
H[SOLFDQ ODV PLJUDFLRQHV WDPELpQ H[LVWHQ FLUFXQVWDQFLDV SDUWLFXODUHV GH ORV Q~FOHRV
IDPLOLDUHVWDQSRFRPHQVXUDEOHVFRPRODLQLFLDWLYDSHUVRQDORHOWHPRUDORGHVFRQRFLGRTXH
FRQGLFLRQDQDTXHOODV&yPRODVPLGHQODVHVWDGtVWLFDV"
8QD WHUFHUD DQpFGRWD GHO WUDEDMR VREUH XQ ELOOHWH GH PLO SHVHWDV PH D\XGy D HQWHQGHU
DOJXQDVUD]RQHVTXHKDVWDHQWRQFHVPLOHVGHGDWRVHVWDGtVWLFRVQRPHKDEtDQVDELGRH[SOLFDU
WDQ FODUDPHQWH 0H OD FRQWy XQ DQFLDQR GH DTXHOOD DOGHD DO SRFR GH FRPHQ]DU ODV VDOLGDV
JHQHUDOL]DGDV FXDQGR WRGDYtD UHJUHVDEDQ DOOt ORV SULPHURV HPLJUDGRV SRUTXH FRQVHUYDEDQ
EXHQD SDUWH GH VXV IDPLOLDUHV XQ SDLVDQR HVWDEOHFLGR HQ $OLFDQWH DFXGLy D OD WDEHUQD GH OD
DOGHDGRQGHVHVHJXtDMXJDQGRDODEUHVFD\WRPDQGRYLQRFRPRVLHPSUH$ODKRUDGHSDJDU
FRQYLGyDORVSUHVHQWHV\GHSDVRPRVWUyFRQFLHUWDRVWHQWDFLyQXQELOOHWHGHPLOSHVHWDVGH
ODVGHHQWRQFHV&XDQGRVDOLyDOJXLHQGLMREse no tiene ms billete que el que ha sacado
2WUR WHUFLy Seguro, pero t no tienes ninguno, ni yo tampoco 0iV R PHQRV DVt PH OR
FRQWDURQ(VHDQHFGyWLFR\RVWHQWRVRELOOHWHGHPLOSHVHWDV\DOJXQRVRWURVPiVVLUYLHURQVLQ
GXGDGHEDQGHUtQGHHQJDQFKHSDUDODHPLJUDFLyQGHDTXHOODDOGHDFRPRWDPELpQSXGRVHUYLU
DOJ~QYHVWLGRGHPRGDRWDOYH]XQVHLVFLHQWRVGHVHJXQGDPDQR
/DV WUHV DQpFGRWDV QR GHMDQ GH VHU VLQR XQD VLPSOH FRQILUPDFLyQ GH ORV UHLWHUDGRV IDFWRUHV
HFRQyPLFRVFRQTXHVHH[SOLFDHOp[RGRUXUDOSHURODVIXHQWHVRUDOHVQRVORH[SOLFDQGHVGHOD
LPDJHQFiOLGDHOODGRKXPDQRGHOSUREOHPDODYLVLyQGHODJHQWHVHJXUDPHQWHVLQODIXHU]D
WDMDQWHGHORVQHJURV\EODQFRVSHURFRQWRGDODJOREDOLGDGGLIHUHQFLDOGHODUFRLULV7DOYH]HQ
HVRHVWULEHHOGXHQGHTXHVLQGXGDSRVHHOD RUDOLGDG
3RU VXSXHVWR XQ SUR\HFWR TXH XWLOLFH EiVLFDPHQWH IXHQWHV RUDOHV GHEHUi VHJXLU XQD
PHWRGRORJtD ELHQ SUHFLVD (VWDEOHFLGRV HO REMHWR GH HVWXGLR \ ODV KLSyWHVLV PiV SODXVLEOHV D
YHULILFDUVREUHHOPLVPR\DKHPRVFRPHQWDGRODQHFHVLGDGGHXQDH[KDXVWLYDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
SUHYLDTXHUHFRMDHQORSRVLEOHWRGDODLQIRUPDFLyQDQXHVWURDOFDQFHVREUHODFXHVWLyQTXHQRV
RFXSD VyOR FXDQGR VHDPRV UHDOPHQWH LQWHUORFXWRUHV YiOLGRV HV GHFLU FRQR]FDPRV
VXILFLHQWHPHQWHGHVGHXQSODQRWHyULFRHOWHPDTXHQRVSUHRFXSDHVWDUHPRVHQGLVSRVLFLyQ
GH SRGHU LQLFLDU HO FLFOR GH HQWUHYLVWDV GH IRUPD TXH QRVRWURV SRGDPRV WHQHU XQD YLVLyQ
FHQWUDGD WHyULFD DFDGpPLFD VL VH TXLHUH TXH SXHGD FRPSUHQGHU OD UHDOLGDG FRQFUHWD GH
QXHVWURV WHVWLPRQLRV $QWHV KDEUHPRV WHQLGR TXH HODERUDU XQR R YDULRV FXHVWLRQDULRV
HVWUXFWXUDGRVSHURTXHGHEHUHPRVXWLOL]DUGHPDQHUDIOH[LEOHFRQFDGDLQIRUPDQWHFRPRXQD
JXtD WDPELpQ WHQGUHPRV TXH KDEHU HVWDEOHFLGR XQD PXHVWUD VXILFLHQWHPHQWH FRPSOHWD GH
LQIRUPDQWHVTXHFRQMXQWDPHQWHDERUGHQORVGLVWLQWRVSXQWRVGHYLVWD\ODV GLVWLQWDV

FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGLIHUHQFLDOHVTXHSXHGDQHVWDEOHFHUVHHQHOVHQRGHOFROHFWLYRGHLQIRUPDQWHV
GHIRUPDTXHDERUGHPRVVHJ~QHOWHPDDWUDWDUODYLVLyQGHJpQHURJHQHUDFLRQDOGHFODVH
WHUULWRULDO
< XQD YH] FRQFOXLGR HO SHULRGR GH HQWUHYLVWDV QRV TXHGDUi WRGDYtD XQ WUDEDMR SRVWHULRU HQ
HVHQFLD VLPLODU DO GH FXDOTXLHU RWUR SURFHVR LQYHVWLJDGRU DXQTXH DTXt SRVHD DOJXQDV
VLQJXODULGDGHVODQHFHVLGDGGHWUDQVFULELUORVWHVWLPRQLRVODHODERUDFLyQGHXQFXDGHUQRGH
FDPSRODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHORVPDWHULDOHVVRQRURVRDXGLRYLVXDOHVODUHFRSLODFLyQGHOSRVLEOH
PDWHULDOFRPSOHPHQWDULRIDFLOLWDGRODYXHOWDDODVLQIRUPDFLRQHVREWHQLGDVSUHYLDPHQWHDODV
FRQYHUVDFLRQHV OD SURIXQGL]DFLyQ R UHYLVLyQ D SDUWLU GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SHUVRQDO /D
PHWRGRORJtD GH ODV IXHQWHV RUDOHV LPSUHVFLQGLEOH SDUD DERUGDU FXDOTXLHU SUR\HFWR TXH ODV
XWLOLFHVHDFRPREDVHGHODLQIRUPDFLyQRFRPRFRPSOHPHQWRQRHVHODVXQWREiVLFRGHHVWH
FDStWXOR
81$%$1,&2'(326,%,/,'$'(6(1/$,19(67,*$&,1*(2*5),&$
6RQ\DQXPHURVRVORVHVWXGLRVGH*HRJUDItDTXHKDQXWLOL]DGRGHDOJXQDPDQHUDODVIXHQWHV
RUDOHV FRPR PHGLR GH DFFHVR DO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH IRUPD FRPSOHPHQWDULD FDVL VLHPSUH SHUR
WDPELpQ FRPR HOHPHQWR EiVLFR \ HVHQFLDOGHO SURFHVR /R KDQVLGR WDQWR HQ LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
WHyULFDV FRPR ODV PiV GH ODV YHFHV HQ LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV DSOLFDGDV GRQGH KD VLGR QHFHVDULR
UHFXUULU D LQIRUPDQWHV FXDOLILFDGRV TXH SXGLHVHQ H[SOLFDU R DSRUWDU OX] D GHWHUPLQDGRV
DVSHFWRVFRPSOHMRVGHOHVWXGLRHQEXHQDPHGLGDODPD\RUtDGHORVWDQXWLOL]DGRVDFWXDOPHQWH
FXDGURV '$)2 KDQ REWHQLGR PHGLDQWH FRQYHUVDFLRQHV EXHQD SDUWH GH ODV GHELOLGDGHV
DPHQD]DVIRUWDOH]DV\RSRUWXQLGDGHVTXHGHVFULEHQ
6RQ\DPHQRVORVHVWXGLRVTXHKDQUHFXUULGRDODVIXHQWHVRUDOHVFRPRHOHPHQWRHVWUXFWXUDOGH
XQSURFHVRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQORVTXHQRVyORKDQVHUYLGRFRPRWpFQLFDVLQRWDPELpQFRPR
PHWRGRORJtD EiVLFD D DSOLFDU HV GHFLU FXPSOLHQGR WRGRV DTXHOORV SDVRV TXH GHEH VHJXLU XQ
SURFHVR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ RUJDQL]DGR D SDUWLU GH HOOD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SUHYLD HODERUDFLyQ GH
PXHVWUDV GH SREODFLyQ FXHVWLRQDULRV WUDQVFULSFLRQHV DQiOLVLV HQ SURIXQGLGDG GH GLFKDV
IXHQWHV
6HUiQ PiV VLQ GXGD HQ XQ IXWXUR SRUTXH \D VH HVWiQ FRQYLUWLHQGR HQ DOJR XVXDO HQ ODV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV GH ILQDO GH HVWXGLR GH QXPHURVRV HVWXGLDQWHV < VHUiQ PiV D SHVDU GH TXH
FRPRDOJXQRVDUJXPHQWDEDQHQORVLQLFLRVGHODOODPDGDKLVWRULDRUDOQRWLHQHYLVRVGHGHMDU
GHVHUXQDIXHQWHDGHFXDGDFXDQGRGHMHQGHHVWDUFRQQRVRWURVORVPiVYLHMRVGHOOXJDUORV
PiVDQFLDQRV1RHVVyORXQUHFXUVRSDUDUHFXSHUDUDTXHOODVLQIRUPDFLRQHVVREUHFXHVWLRQHV
TXHSHUPDQHFLHURQGHVDWHQGLGDVGXUDQWHGpFDGDVSRUORVHVWXGLRVDFDGpPLFRVQRHVVyORXQ
UHFXUVRWHPSRUDO+R\FDGDYH]PiVODIXHQWHRUDODFXGHDSHUVRQDOGLUHFWLYRDSHUVRQDVHQ
HGDGODERUDODLQIRUPDQWHVDOWDPHQWHFXDOLILFDGRVHQHOPXQGRGHODSROtWLFDGHODHFRQRPtD
R GHODFXOWXUD
2WUR DVSHFWR GHVWDFDGR HV TXH HO UHFXUVR D OD IXHQWH RUDO IDFLOLWD HQ EXHQD PHGLGD OD
LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULHGDGSXHVWRTXHJHQHUDOPHQWHORVLQIRUPDQWHVQRVXHOHQFHQWUDUVHVRODPHQWH
HQ DVSHFWRV WHUULWRULDOHV GHO REMHWR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VLQR TXH OR DQDOL]D GHVGH SHUVSHFWLYDV
P~OWLSOHV DVSHFWRV WHPSRUDOHV SUREOHPDV VRFLDOHV UHODFLyQ FRQ DVSHFWRV HFRQyPLFRV
$GHPiV HQ QXPHURVDV RFDVLRQHV QR VyOR SHUPLWH DFFHGHU D LQIRUPDFLRQHV QR GLVSRQLEOHV D
WUDYpV GH RWUDV IXHQWHV LQIRUPDWLYDV VLQR WDPELpQ D DOJXQDV DMHQDV PXFKDV YHFHV D ODV
WHPiWLFDVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGHQXHVWUDGLVFLSOLQD


(QHOFDVRGHOD*HRJUDItDUHVXOWDFXULRVRFyPRKDVDELGRKDFHUVHXQKXHFRHQEXHQDSDUWHGH
ODV SUHRFXSDFLRQHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV GH QXHVWUD GLVFLSOLQD HQ OD OODPDGD *HRJUDItD GH OD
SHUFHSFLyQHQODVFRUULHQWHVIHPLQLVWDVUDGLFDOHV\HFROyJLFDVHQORVHVWXGLRVGH*HRJUDItD
VRFLDO R GH JpQHUR 3RU VXSXHVWR HQ ORV HVWXGLRV OLJDGRV D OD SHUFHSFLyQ UHVXOWD XQD IXHQWH
DEVROXWDPHQWH HVHQFLDO XQD WpFQLFD PXFKR PiV DGHFXDGD TXH ODV VLPSOHV HQFXHVWDV D
PHQXGR FHUUDGDV VREUH XQDV FXDQWDV FXHVWLRQHV EiVLFDV SRUTXH SXHGH SURIXQGL]DU HQ
QXPHURVRV DVSHFWRV PDWL]DU ODV LQIRUPDFLRQHV DFFHGHU D FXHVWLRQHV PXFKR PiV FRPSOHMDV
(Q ORV HVWXGLRV VREUH WHPDV OLJDGRV D ODV GLIHUHQFLDV GH JpQHUR R D ORV JUXSRV VRFLDOHV KD
GHPRVWUDGRVHUXQDIXHQWHDGHFXDGDFXDQGRVHWUDWDGHDSUR[LPDUVHDOFRQFHSWRGHOPXQGR\
GHO WHUULWRULR GH TXLHQHV KDQ YLYLGR GXUDQWH GpFDGDV XQD VLWXDFLyQ VRFLDOPHQWH VXEDOWHUQD \
WDOFRPRDSXQWDODVLWXDFLyQDFWXDODOPHQRVHQORTXHDODHVFDODVRFLDOVHUHILHUHORVHJXLUi
VLHQGRGXUDQWHEDVWDQWHWLHPSR
(QHOiPELWRGHOD*HRJUDItDFXOWXUDOQRVSHUPLWHDSUR[LPDUQRVDGHFXDGDPHQWHDODQiOLVLVGH
ODYLGDVRFLDOHQORVGLVWLQWRVHVSDFLRVOLJDGRV DORFLRDOWUDEDMR DOKiELWDW(O DQiOLVLVGHOD
LGHQWLGDGGHORVWHUULWRULRVHOVLJQLILFDGRGHORVOXJDUHVODVOHQJXDV\VXViPELWRVGHUHODFLyQ
ORVOXJDUHVGHODUHOLJLyQODJDVWURQRPtDOLJDGDDORVGLVWLQWRVIDFWRUHVVRFLDOHV\WHUULWRULDOHV
TXHH[SOLFDQODVSHFXOLDULGDGHVGH FDGD OXJDU 3HQVHPRVSRUHMHPSORHQORVHVSDFLRVGHOD
ILHVWD HQ VX GLIHUHQFLD FRQ ORV HVSDFLRV GH WUDEDMR H LQFOXVR GH RFLR HQ ORV GtDV QR
FDUDFWHUtVWLFRVGHOFLFORIHVWLYRHQFDGDOXJDUFXHVWLRQHVFRPRORVFDPELRVYLYLGRVDORODUJR
GHO WLHPSR \ ODV UD]RQHV TXH ORV KDQ SURSLFLDGR GHVGH HO WUDEDMR D OD PRGLILFDFLyQ GH ORV
HVSDFLRVFHQWUDOHVGHFDGDFLXGDGRHOKHFKRGHTXHHQFDVLWRGDVQXHVWUDVSREODFLRQHVVRQ
XQR GH VtPERORV GH OD UHVLVWHQFLD DO DEDQGRQR GH ORV FHQWURV KLVWyULFRV R XQ IUHQR D OD
GHJUDGDFLyQ GH VX SDSHO SURWDJRQLVWD FyPR VH YLYH OD ILHVWD HQ IXQFLyQ GH ODV
GLIHUHQFLDFLRQHV LQWHUQDV GHO FROHFWLYR HGDG VH[R DXWyFWRQR R LQPLJUDGR FODVH VRFLDO
DILFLRQHV R FyPR XQD SDUWH GH OD VRFLHGDG FDVL VLHPSUH OD PHQRV SXGLHQWH DVXPH HVRV
PRPHQWRV GH GLYHUVLyQ JHQHUDOL]DGD FRPR RSRUWXQLGDG ODERUDO 6RQ VyOR HMHPSORV TXH
SHUPLWHQ XQD DSUR[LPDFLyQ DO WHPD HO HVSDFLR IHVWLYR \ VXV UDVJRV FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV GHVGH
ySWLFDVGLIHUHQWHVDODWUDGLFLRQDOPHPRULDFKDXYLQLVWDOLJDGDVLHPSUHDORVQ~FOHRVGHOSRGHU
SROtWLFRRUHOLJLRVRGHFDGDOXJDU\SDUDHOORGHEHPRVSHQVDUVLVHQHFHVLWDQRQRWpFQLFDV\
PpWRGRVGHDQiOLVLVGLIHUHQFLDGRVGHORVWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHXWLOL]DGRV
(Q OD *HRJUDItD (FRQyPLFD XQ FDPSR FODUDPHQWH DERQDGR SDUD OD SULPDFtD DEVROXWD GH OD
LQIRUPDFLyQ HVWDGtVWLFD DXQTXH WDPELpQ SDUD LQIRUPHV HQVD\RV WHyULFRV R SUHQVD HVFULWDO
FDEH SHQVDU TXH WDPELpQ SXHGH H[LVWLU XQ FDPSR GH DFWXDFLyQ SDUD ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV FRQ
IXHQWHVRUDOHVWRWDOPHQWHDOHMDGRGHOHVWHUHRWLSRGHOYLHMRGHOOXJDUFRQWDQGRVXVUHFXHUGRV
OD WRPD GH GHFLVLRQHVORFDOL]DFLyQ GH HPSUHVDV QXHYDV LQYHUVLRQHV GLYHUVLILFDFLyQ
GHVORFDOL]DFLyQODSHUFHSFLyQGHORVSUREOHPDV\IRUWDOH]DVGHOWHUULWRULRHQTXHVHXELFDQODV
HPSUHVDVORVFRQIOLFWRV\ODVUD]RQHVTXHORVH[SOLFDQODVLQWHUUHODFLRQHVHQWUHORVGLVWLQWRV
DJHQWHVHFRQyPLFRV1RVHWUDWDGHDVSHFWRVSVLFROyJLFRVRVRFLROyJLFRVRDOPHQRVQRVH
WUDWDHVHQFLDOPHQWHGHHVRODVSHUFHSFLRQHVGHORVWHUULWRULRVODVYDORUDFLRQHVGHOPLVPROD
DFWXDFLyQGHORVGLVWLQWRVJUXSRVHQXQRVHVSDFLRVFRQFUHWRVUHVXOWDUiQVLQGXGDLQWHUHVDQWHVD
ODKRUDGHHQWHQGHUFDGDWHMLGRHFRQyPLFRFRQFUHWR/RVWHUULWRULRV\ODVLQWHUUHODFLRQHVHQWUH
ORVFROHFWLYRVTXHORVKDELWDQVRQHVHQFLDOHVSDUDFRPSUHQGHUORVSURFHVRVGHLQQRYDFLyQGH
GLIXVLyQ GH ORV QXHYRV DYDQFHV ODVUHODFLRQHV GH FRODERUDFLyQ\FRQIOLFWR ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV
GHGHVDUUROORGHORVGLVWLQWRVJUXSRVGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVGHODVQXHYDVYLVLRQHVGHO
PXQGR QR HV FDVXDO TXH HQ FLHUWRV PRPHQWRV KLVWyULFRV DOJXQDV FLXGDGHV FDVL QXQFD ODV
PD\RUHV GHO SODQHWD KD\DQ FDSLWDOL]DGR ORV QXHYRV FRQRFLPLHQWRV ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV
VRFLRHFRQyPLFDVODVQXHYDVYLVLRQHVGHOPXQGR$WHQDV)ORUHQFLD$PVWHUGDP (GLPEXUJR

R DFWXDOPHQWH HO iUHD HQ WRUQR D 6DQ )UDQFLVFR KDQ VDELGR SURWDJRQL]DU EXHQD SDUWH GH ORV
FDPELRVGHXQDpSRFDFRQFUHWD4XpORKDFtDSRVLEOHTXpIRUWDOH]DVWHQtDQTXpUHODFLRQHVVH
JHQHUDEDQ HQ VX VHQR" 3RGHPRV WUDVODGDU DOJ~Q DVSHFWR GH HVWDUHIOH[LyQ DO HVWXGLR GH ORV
WHUULWRULRV HQ ORV TXH GHVDUUROODPRV QXHVWUDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV" 6HUYLUiQ VyOR ORV DQiOLVLV
HVWDGtVWLFRVRORVHVWXGLRVGHODVJUDQGHVFRUSRUDFLRQHV"6HSXHGHDSRUWDUDOJRDSDUWLUGHODV
SHUFHSFLRQHVRSLQLRQHVLQIRUPDFLRQHV\FUHHQFLDVGHLQIRUPDQWHVFXDOLILFDGRV"
8QFDVRHVSHFLDOHVVLQGXGDHOGHOD*HRJUDItDGHOD3REODFLyQ'HXQDSDUWHVyORSRGHPRV
FRQVLGHUDUOD FRPR XQ FDPSR GH HVWXGLRJHRJUiILFR VL OD HQWHQGHPRV FRPR HO HVWXGLR GH ODV
UHODFLRQHVHQWUHHVSDFLR\SREODFLyQDOJRTXHLPSOLFDUtDWDQWRFyPRODSREODFLyQWUDQVIRUPD
ORV WHUULWRULRV SDUD DGDSWDUORV PHMRU D TXLpQHV ORV RFXSDQ FRPR D OD PDQHUD HQ TXH ORV
WHUULWRULRV FRQGLFLRQDQ ODV IRUPDV GH YLGD HO WUDEDMR OD UHSURGXFFLyQ FRPR JUXSR R OD
DSURSLDFLyQGHOHVSDFLRSRUSDUWHGHODVVRFLHGDGHVHVWDEOHFLGDVHQHOORV6LQHPEDUJRHQOD
SUiFWLFDHQODLQPHQVDPD\RUtDGHQXHVWURVHVWXGLRVVyOROHDSOLFDPRVXQD~QLFDFRQFHSFLyQ
OD TXH GHQRPLQDPRV *HRGHPRJUDItD (OOR LPSOLFD XQD GHSHQGHQFLD H[FHVLYD GH OD
'HPRJUDItDXQDUDPDGHOD(VWDGtVWLFDOLJDGDDORVPRYLPLHQWRV\HVWUXFWXUDVGHSREODFLyQ
FRQ HOOR OD *HRJUDItD GH OD 3REODFLyQ GHSHQGD GH IDFWR GH ORV PDWHULDOHV HVWDGtVWLFRV
GLVSRQLEOHV \ HVWRV PDWHULDOHV QR VRQ HQ DEVROXWR QHXWURV HVWiQ OLJDGRV D ORV LQWHUHVHV GHO
SRGHU TXH HV TXLpQ HVWDEOHFH TXp FRQYLHQH FRQWDU GH TXp PRGR FRQ TXp PXHVWUD FRQTXp
SHULRGLFLGDG\FRQHOORFRQGLFLRQDH[WUHPDGDPHQWHQXHVWURVREMHWRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
3RUHMHPSORHOWXULVPRHVXQDDFWLYLGDGHVHQFLDOSDUDODHFRQRPtDHVSDxRODSHURWDPELpQHV
HVHQFLDOFRQRFHUODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGDGHQXHVWURVFLXGDGDQRV6LQHPEDUJRPLHQWUDVTXH
FXDQGRHVFULERHVWDVOtQHDV\DFRQR]FRHOQ~PHURGHWXULVWDVTXHYLVLWDURQQXHVWURSDtVHOPHV
SDVDGR \ PXFKDV RWUDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV WHUULWRULDOHV \ HFRQyPLFDV OLJDGDV D VX HVWDQFLD
LQFOX\HQGRDOJXQRVOXJDUHVFRQFUHWRVHQHOFDVRGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGDODHQFXHVWDTXH
ODV DQDOL]D HV GH SHULRGLFLGDG DQXDO VyOR RIUHFH GDWRV D HVFDOD GH FRPXQLGDG DXWyQRPD QL
VLTXLHUD SURYLQFLDO \ SRVHH XQD PXHVWUD TXH QR SHUPLWH VLTXLHUD JDUDQWL]DU XQD PtQLPD
FUHGLELOLGDGHQODVFRPXQLGDGHVPHQRVSREODGDVRHQODVFLXGDGHVGHOQRUWHGHIULFD3HVHD
HOOR VDEHPRV TXH H[LVWHQ PD\RUHV GLIHUHQFLDV GH FRQGLFLRQHV GH YLGD HQWUH GRV EDUULRV
HFRQyPLFDPHQWH GLVSDUHV GH XQD JUDQ FLXGDG TXH HQWUH ORV KDELWDQWHV GH FODVH PHGLD GH
FXDOTXLHUDGHODVDJORPHUDFLRQHVXUEDQDVGHQXHVWURSDtVSXHVELHQODVHVWDGtVWLFDVRILFLDOHV
QRSDUHFHQFRQVLGHUDUGHLQWHUpVHVWDVIXHUWHVGHVLJXDOGDGHVLQWUDXUEDQDV
2WUR HMHPSOR FODULILFDGRU VHUtD HO OLJDGR D ODV PLJUDFLRQHV WHPSRUDOHV GH QXHVWUR SDtV VL
SUHJXQWDPRVDODPD\RUtDGHQXHVWURVHVWXGLDQWHVVLVHUtDQFDSDFHVGHSRQHUXQHMHPSORGHODV
PLVPDV HV PiV TXH SUREDEOH TXH QRV KDEOHQ GH OD YHQGLPLD IUDQFHVD SHUR QR GH ORV
WHPSRUHURVGHOWXULVPRGHVRO\SOD\DQLGHORVWUDGLFLRQDOHVVHJDGRUHVGHVDSDUHFLGRVHQORV
VHVHQWDQLGHFDVLQLQJXQRGHORVYLHMRV PRYLPLHQWRVDJUDULRVRGHORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVGH
ORV MRUQDOHURV H[WUDQMHURV KDFLD PXFKDV FDPSDxDV DJUDULDV GH WRGR QXHVWUR SDtV 3RU TXp"
3RUTXHODYHQGLPLDIXHGXUDQWH PXFKRWLHPSRODSULQFLSDOGHODV PLJUDFLRQHVWHPSRUDOHVDO
H[WHULRU\HOORLQFOXtDXQSDVRIURQWHUL]R\RWURVFRQWUROHVEXURFUiWLFDVTXHKDFtDPXFKRPiV
IiFLO VX UHFXHQWR \ VX SODVPDFLyQ HQ HVWDGtVWLFDV DXQTXH OD PLQXVYDORUDFLyQ GH ODV FLIUDV
IXHUDXVXDOGHELGRDODVVDOLGDVLUHJXODUHVGHPDQHUDGHVLJXDOHQIXQFLyQGHSURYLQFLDVGH
RULJHQRGHHGDGHV
/DVIXHQWHVRUDOHV\RWUDVPXFKDVPiVGHEHUiQFRPSOHPHQWDUFUHFLHQWHPHQWHODLQIRUPDFLyQ
HVWDGtVWLFDIDFLOLWDGDSRUODVHQWLGDGHVRILFLDOHVVLTXHUHPRVTXHOD*HRJUDItDGHOD3REODFLyQ
VHFHQWUHUHDOPHQWHHQHOTXHGHEHUtDVHUXQREMHWRUHDODEVROXWDPHQWHOLJDGRDGHPiVDO

FRQRFLPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR IiFLOPHQWH GLVWLQJXLEOH GH ODV SUHRFXSDFLRQHV GH RWUDV GLVFLSOLQDV
FRPROD(FRQRPtDROD6RFLRORJtDSRUHMHPSOR
4Xp WHPDV SRGUtDQ DERUGDUVH R FRPSOHPHQWDUVH FRQ ODV IXHQWHVRUDOHV R FRQ RWUDV IXHQWHV
DOWHUQDWLYDV" 3UiFWLFDPHQWH WRGRV ORV DQDOL]DGRV DFWXDOPHQWH \ PXFKRV RWURV $Vt HQ ODV
PLJUDFLRQHVUHVXOWDQHVHQFLDOHVORVPRWLYRVTXHLQGXFHQDPDUFKDURDSHUPDQHFHUHQHOOXJDU
GRQGHVHUHVLGHWDPELpQFyPRVHRUJDQL]DQODVFDGHQDVPLJUDWRULDVRFyPRVHWUDQVIRUPDQ
ORV SDLVDMHV XUEDQRV FRQ VX OOHJDGD &XiOHV VRQ SRU HMHPSOR ORV UDVJRV FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV
GLIHUHQFLDOHV GH ORV OXJDUHV GRQGH VH KD HVWDEOHFLGR XQD DPSOLD FRPXQLGDG PXVXOPDQD" (V
HYLGHQWHTXHODVPH]TXLWDV\RUDWRULRVODVFDUQLFHUtDVKDODODOJXQDVEDUEHUtDVORVORFXWRULRV
JHQHUDOPHQWH DVRFLDGRV FRQ WLHQGDV GH SURGXFWRV WtSLFRV GH ORV OXJDUHV GH RULJHQ OD
SUROLIHUDFLyQ GH ODV SDUDEyOLFDV VRQ R KDQ VLGR KDVWD KDFH SRFRV DxRV DOJXQRV UDVJRV
GLIHUHQFLDOHVGHFLHUWRVEDUULRV4XpKDFHTXHPXFKDJHQWHSUHILHUDVHJXLUPDOYLYLHQGRDTXt
TXHUHJUHVDUDVXSURSLRSDtVFRPRXQSUHVXQWRIUDFDVDGR"&yPRLQIOX\HQORVFKLQRVHQOD
WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GHO FRPHUFLR \ RWUDV DFWLYLGDGHV HQ QXHVWUR SDtV" 3RU TXp ORV UXPDQRV VH
WUDVODGDEDQ PDVLYDPHQWH D QXHVWUR SDtV DWUDYHVDQGR VLQ GHWHQHUVH SDtVHV GRQGH HO QLYHO GH
YLGD HV PiV DOWR \ ODV WDVDV GH SDUR PiV UHGXFLGDV" 4Xp WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV VH HVWiQ
SURGXFLHQGRVLPXOWiQHDPHQWHHQORVSDtVHVGHRULJHQ"&XiQGRVHFRQVLJXHYROYHUHQTXpVH
LQYLHUWHHOGLQHURHQTXpVHJDVWDFyPRIXQFLRQDQODVUHGHVVRFLDOHVWUDQVQDFLRQDOHV"4Xp
UD]RQHVPiVDOOiGHOVRO\SOD\DH[SOLFDQODSUROLIHUDFLyQGHFRORQLDVGHLQPLJUDGRVMXELODGRV
QRUWHXURSHRV HQ YDULDV SURYLQFLDV" &yPR WUDQVIRUPDQ UDGLFDOPHQWH ORV Q~FOHRV HQ TXH VH
DVLHQWDQ"(VHODFFHVRDODQDFLRQDOLGDGXQDIRUPDGHLQWHJUDFLyQRODEDVHQHFHVDULDSDUDHO
UHJUHVRDOSDtVRHOWUDVODGRDRWURGHOD8("6RQVyORDOJXQDGHODVFDVLLQILQLWDVSUHJXQWDV
TXHSRGHPRVSODQWHDUQRVSDUDFRQRFHUPHMRUODLQPLJUDFLyQUHFLHQWH\DFWXDOHQQXHVWURSDtV
6H GLUi TXH ODV PLJUDFLRQHV VRQ FODUDPHQWH XQ REMHWR GH HVWXGLR JHRJUiILFR ORV IOXMRV HO
HVSDFLRUHFRUGDGRODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHORVWHUULWRULRVGHLQVHUFLyQ1RVyORVRQREMHWRGH
LQWHUpV SDUD ORV JHyJUDIRV VLQR WDPELpQ SDUD WRGRV ORV FLHQWtILFRV VRFLDOHV TXH FRPSDUWHQ
DGHPiVODVPLVPDVHVWDGtVWLFDV(QQXHVWURFDVRVHUiODHVSHFLILFLGDGHVSDFLDOODTXHPDUTXH
HODFHQWRGLIHUHQFLDOSHURSDUDHOORKDFHIDOWDUHFXUULUDIXHQWHVFRPSOHPHQWDULDVDOIUtRGDWR
HVWDGtVWLFR
1R VyOR SXHGH LQWHUYHQLU OD IXHQWH RUDO HQ ODV FXHVWLRQHV PLJUDWRULDV VLQR HQ FDVL WRGDV ODV
GHPiV DVt HO HQYHMHFLPLHQWR GH OD SREODFLyQ QR VyOR VH HQWLHQGH SRU ODV HGDGHV PHGLDV HO
GHVFHQVR GH OD IHFXQGLGDG R HO DXPHQWR GH OD HVSHUDQ]D GH YLGD WDPELpQ VXSRQH HO
HQYHMHFLPLHQWR GH ORV OXJDUHV \ VXV FRQVHFXHQFLDV HQ OD YLGD FRWLGLDQD ODVSRVLELOLGDGHV GH
HPSOHRGHQWURGHOHVWDGRGHELHQHVWDUXQDGLIHUHQWHSHUFHSFLyQGHOPXQGR3RUVXSXHVWRHQ
ORUHODWLYRDODGHVLJXDOGDGVRFLDOODIXHQWHRUDOFXHQWD\DFRQXQDWUDGLFLyQGHFRPSURPLVR
FRQ ORV FROHFWLYRV VRFLDOHV PHQRV IDYRUHFLGRV ORV VXEDOWHUQRV IUHQWH D ORV JUXSRV GH SRGHU
DQFLDQRVPXMHUHVPDUJLQDGRVH[FOXLGRV
3DUHFHREYLRUHFRUGDUTXHODIXHQWHRUDOHQWRGRVHVWRVFDVRVQRVyORWUDWDGHHVWDEOHFHUXQ
VXFHGiQHRGHVRQGHRGHRSLQLyQQL SUHWHQGHUHSURGXFLUHO PRGRGHDFFHVRDOFRQRFLPLHQWR
SURSLRGHODHVWDGtVWLFDHQDEVROXWRSXHGHFHQWUDUVHHQODUHVSXHVWDDXQFXHVWLRQDULRFHUUDGR
DOPRGRGHODVHQFXHVWDVWUDGLFLRQDOHV

/$69(17$-$'(/862'(/$)8(17(25$/(1/$6$8/$6
6LHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQODIXHQWHRUDOSXHGHFRODERUDUHQODUHQRYDFLyQPHWRGROyJLFDFXDQGR
QRHQODDPSOLDFLyQGHOREMHWRGHHVWXGLRGHQXHVWUDGLVFLSOLQDVXVYHQWDMDVHQORVSURFHVRVGH
DSUHQGL]DMHUHVXOWDQHYLGHQWHVHQFDVLWRGRVORVQLYHOHVHGXFDWLYRV
6RQ PXFKDV ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV TXH OD IXHQWH RUDO RIUHFH DO WUDEDMR GH ORV GRFHQWHV HQ OD
GLVFLSOLQDJHRJUiILFD\HYLGHQWHPHQWHQRVyORDHOORV
$QWHWRGRIDYRUHFHHOFRQWDFWRFRQHOWHUULWRULRTXHVHHVWXGLD\SHUPLWHHODQiOLVLVJHRJUiILFR
GHOPLVPR/RVDSRUWHVVRQP~OWLSOHV\HYLGHQWHVHVXQDIXHQWHIiFLOGHXWLOL]DUFRPSUHQVLEOH
UiSLGDPHQWHSRUHODOXPQDGRIRPHQWDODFRPSOHPHQWDULHGDGGHGLVWLQWDVIXHQWHVJHRJUiILFDV
SRUTXH D OR ODUJR GHO SURFHVR HQ OD PD\RUtD GH FDVRV OD LQIRUPDFLyQ REWHQLGD PHGLDQWH
HQWUHYLVWDV SXHGH FRPSOHPHQWDUVH FRQ IRWRJUDItDV REMHWRV \ GRFXPHQWRV IDFLOLWDGRV SRU ORV
PLVPRV LQIRUPDQWHV /D RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHO SUR\HFWR GH WUDEDMR \D SHUPLWH UHSURGXFLU ODV
IRUPDVGHDFWXDFLyQGHOPpWRGRFLHQWtILFRFRQXQQLYHOGHFRPSOHMLGDGOyJLFDPHQWHDGDSWDGR
D OD HGDG \ DO QLYHO HGXFDWLYR GH ORV DOXPQRV SRU RWUD SDUWH VL HO SUR\HFWR UHTXLHUH XQ
Q~PHURGHWHUPLQDGRGHHQWUHYLVWDVSDUDHYLWDUFHQWUDUQRVHQODKLVWRULDGHYLGDGHXQDSHUVRQD
FRQFUHWDSDUDSRGHUDGDSWDUORDXQWLHPSRGHWUDEDMRUD]RQDEOHSDUHFHUD]RQDEOHUHDOL]DUHO
WUDEDMR HQ HTXLSR \ HO WUDEDMR HQ FRP~Q SXHGH UHDOL]DUVH IiFLOPHQWH VLQ TXH WRGRV ORV
DOXPQRV UHDOLFHQ HO PLVPR WLSR GH WUDEDMR DXQTXH Vt GHEHQ SDUWLFLSDU FRQMXQWDPHQWH HQ OD
SODQLILFDU GH ORV REMHWLYRV HO FURQRJUDPD \ ODV WDUHDV (O WUDEDMR GH FDPSR WDPELpQ
tQWLPDPHQWHOLJDGRDODWUDGLFLyQJHRJUiILFDSHUPLWHDQDOL]DUORVSUREOHPDVin situ
7DPELpQ QRV DFHUFD D ODV UDtFHV GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ 'H KHFKR VH WUDWD GH OD IXHQWH GH
LQIRUPDFLyQPiVDQWLJXDDXQTXHKR\DSDUH]FDSURIXQGDPHQWHUHQRYDGD<DKHPRVGLFKRTXH
OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHO SUR\HFWR QRV SHUPLWH WUDEDMDU FRPR KDUtD XQ FLHQWtILFR GH IRUPD
VLPSOLILFDGD'H PDQHUDQDWXUDOVHDSUHQGHDIRUPXODUKLSyWHVLVSUHYLDVDGLVHxDU PpWRGRV
GH WUDEDMR D FRPSOHPHQWDU DGHFXDGDPHQWH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FRPR GHVFXEULPLHQWR FRQ RWUDV
ODERUHV PiV UXWLQDULDV WUDQVFULSFLyQ RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH PDWHULDOHV /D FRQIHFFLyQ GHO
FXHVWLRQDULREiVLFR\DREOLJDQDUHIOH[LRQDUVREUHODVIRUPDVGHDFFHVRDOFRQRFLPLHQWRVREUH
ORV DVSHFWRV HVHQFLDOHV TXH VH SUHWHQGHQ FRQRFHU OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH OD PXHVWUD GH
LQIRUPDQWHV D VHOHFFLRQDU VXSRQH OD FRQFHSFLyQ GHO FROHFWLYR LQIRUPDQWH FRPR XQ FRQMXQWR
XQLGRSRUXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDHVHQFLDODOWLHPSRTXHVHWRPDFRQFLHQFLDGHODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV
GLIHUHQFLDGDVGHFDGDXQRGHHOORV\SRUWDQWRGHODFRPSOHMLGDGLQWHUQDGHFXDOTXLHUJUXSR
&RQYHUVDQGRGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQTXLHQHVVXSRQHQVXSULQFLSDOIXHQWHGHLQIRUPDFLyQVHWUDEDMD
HQ SHUPDQHQWH FRQWDFWR FRQ OD UHDOLGDG \ TXLHQHV OD FRQIRUPDQ \ VH UHSURGXFH HO SURFHVR
VHJXLGRSRUORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV
6LUYHSDUDGHVDUUROODUQXPHURVDVFDSDFLGDGHVSHUVRQDOHVGHODOXPQDGR$QWHWRGRHOIRPHQWR
GHO WUDEDMR HQ HTXLSR SRUTXH OD QHFHVLGDG GH UHFXUULU D GLVWLQWRV LQIRUPDQWHV REOLJD D
SURIXQGL]DU FRQMXQWDPHQWH HQ XQ DVXQWR D SODQLILFDU HO FROHFWLYR LQIRUPDQWH D DFRUGDU XQ
FXHVWLRQDULR TXH DERUGH ORV GLVWLQWRV DVSHFWRV D DQDOL]DU DO WLHPSR TXH SXHGD UHVXOWDU
DGHFXDGR SDUD JHQWHV GLIHUHQWHV D SRQHU HQ FRP~Q HO UHVXOWDGR GH VXV HQWUHYLVWDV SDUD
HVWUXFWXUDUODVFRLQFLGHQFLDVREVHUYDGDV\DUHIOH[LRQDUVREUHODVGLVFUHSDQFLDV
6H SURIXQGL]D HQ HO GRPLQLR GH GLIHUHQWHV WpFQLFDV OLQJtVWLFDV \ GH H[SUHVLyQ HQ GLIHUHQWHV
iPELWRV$VtODWUDQVFULSFLyQREOLJDDUHIOH[LRQDUVREUHHOSDSHOGHORVVLJQRVGHSXQWXDFLyQ
TXH SHUPLWLUiQ SODVPDU HQ HO SDSHO LQIRUPDFLRQHV UHFLELGDV RUDOPHQWH WDPELpQ SHUPLWH
DVXPLU HQ IXQFLyQ GH OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OR QDUUDGR VL FRQYLHQH GHFDQWDUVH SRU UHIOHMDU
OLWHUDOPHQWHHOUHVXOWDGRUHVXPLUORVDVSHFWRVHVHQFLDOHVRUHFXUULUDIyUPXODVLQWHUPHGLDV
SRUHMHPSORHOUHVXPHQGHOFRQMXQWR\ODWUDQVFULSFLyQOLWHUDOGHDOJXQRVIUDJPHQWRV

GHVWDFDGRVDGHPiVGHQHFHVLWDUDSOLFDUXQDVSDXWDVEiVLFDV6HDSUHQGHWDPELpQDIRUPXODU
ODVSUHJXQWDVGHIRUPDDGHFXDGDGHEHQVHUQHXWUDVSUHFLVDVQRRULHQWDGRUDVGHODUHVSXHVWD
QRUHLWHUDWLYDVFDSDFHVGHHQJOREDUODFRPSOHMLGDGGHOREMHWRGHVXLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
6HDSUHQGHQQXHYDVWpFQLFDVGHWUDEDMRLQWHOHFWXDO&RQHOPXHVWUHRTXHUDUDYH]VHDMXVWDUi
DOySWLPRFLHQWtILFRHVGHFLUODUHSURGXFFLyQILHOGHODFRPSRVLFLyQUHDOGHOFROHFWLYRREMHWR
GH HVWXGLR HV SRVLEOH TXH VH WHQJD TXH UHFXUULU D OD OODPDGD bola de nieve SDUWLU GH ODV
SHUVRQDV GH QXHVWUR HQWRUQR TXH UHFRQRFHPRV FRPR UHSUHVHQWDWLYRV GHO JUXSR \D SDUWLU GH
GDWRV \ FRQWDFWRV IDFLOLWDGRV SRU HVWRV LU DFFHGLHQGR SDXODWLQDPHQWH D QXHYRV LQIRUPDQWHV
SHUR VLHPSUH VXSRQGUi HQ WRGR FDVR XQD IRUPD GH DSUR[LPDFLyQ D ODV IXHQWHV GH
FRQRFLPLHQWR $O DERUGDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ ELEOLRJUiILFD SUHYLD R ORV UHFXUVRV DFFHVLEOHV HQ
LQWHUQHWVHDVXPHTXHHVWDLQIRUPDFLyQQRHVDOJRDMHQRDQRVRWURVFXULRVLGDGHVDOHMDGDVGH
QXHVWUD YLGD \ QXHVWUDV SUHRFXSDFLRQHV VLQR DOJR TXH UHVXHOYH QXHVWUDV QHFHVLGDGHV GH
FRQRFHU XQ WHPD DO PLVPR WLHPSR YDORUD ODV LQIRUPDFLRQHV WDQJHQFLDOHV QR HVHQFLDOHV
UHVSHFWRDFXDOTXLHUWHPDSRUTXHDYHFHVVRQHVFDVRVORVGDWRVGLUHFWDPHQWHOLJDGRVDORTXH
DQDOL]DPRV /D HODERUDFLyQ GH XQ FXDGHUQR GH FDPSR TXH FRPSOHPHQWH ODV DYHULJXDFLRQHV
RUDOHV FRQVHJXLGDV HQ FDGD FDVR D\XGD D HQWHQGHU TXH GHEHPRV WUDWDU GH FRQVHUYDU WRGD OD
LQIRUPDFLyQ SRVLEOH UHFRJHU DTXHOOD TXH SXHGD VHUYLUQRV HQ XQ PRPHQWR GDGR SDUD
FRPSUHQGHU QXHVWUR SURSLR WUDEDMR VXSRQH XQD UHIOH[LyQ VREUH HO SURSLR SURFHVR GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ$ORODUJRGHOGHVDUUROORGHOSUR\HFWRHVSRVLEOHDSUHQGHUWpFQLFDV\PpWRGRV
DO WLHPSR TXH GLVWLQJXLU OD YLVLyQ JHQHUDO GH XQ DVXQWR GH ORV FDVRV FRQFUHWRV \ ODV
SHUFHSFLRQHVLQGLYLGXDOHV
(OSURFHVRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVFDSD]GHJHQHUDUODSURSLDIXHQWHGHFRQRFLPLHQWR\FRQHOOR
GH LQFUHPHQWDU HO SDWULPRQLR FROHFWLYR /D LQIRUPDFLyQ FRQVHJXLGD QR HVWDED GLVSRQLEOH
SUHYLDPHQWH VH KD FUHDGR D OR ODUJR GH ODV HQWUHYLVWDV UHDOL]DGDV \ QXPHURVDV YHFHV HV
LQFOXVR FDSD] GH DVRFLDUOD D RWUDV IXHQWHV GH FRQRFLPLHQWR IRWRJUDItDV GLDULRV REMHWRV
SHUVRQDOHV &RQ HOOR DGHPiV FRQVLJXH SRQHU D VDOYR OD PHPRULD KLVWyULFD GH PXFKRV
LQIRUPDQWHVVXVUHFXHUGRVVXVDQpFGRWDVGHWUDEDMRGHRFLRGHYLGDFRWLGLDQDLQFOXVRVX
MXVWLILFDFLyQ GH OD SURSLD YLVLyQ GHO PXQGR PXFKDV YHFHV LQWHQWDQGR VLWXDU VXV
DUJXPHQWDFLRQHVDOPDUJHQGHVXSURSLDLPSOLFDFLyQHQORVOXJDUHVDFWLYLGDGHV\VLWXDFLRQHV
TXHGHVFULEH
(OWUDEDMRFRQIXHQWHVRUDOHVD\XGDDGHPRFUDWL]DUODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ3RUXQODGRDSRUWDQGRHO
WHVWLPRQLR GH SHUVRQDV TXH HQ QXPHURVDV RFDVLRQHV KDQ HVWDGR DOHMDGRV GHO SURWDJRQLVPR
VRFLDO VL FRPR WDO HQWHQGHPRV D ORV JUXSRV YLQFXODGRV DO SRGHU DVt VH GD YR] D OD JHQWH
FRUULHQWHDORVPHQRVSULYLOHJLDGRVDORVKDELWDQWHVGHODViUHDVUXUDOHVDODVPLQRUtDVDORV
VLOHQFLDGRV DO PXQGR DMHQR D OD WRPD GH ODV JUDQGHV GHFLVLRQHV DO WUDEDMR LQIRUPDO (Q
EXHQDPHGLGDHVDPLVPDIDOWDGHSURWDJRQLVPRVRFLDO\SRUORWDQWRVXSRVLFLyQDMHQDDODV
SUHRFXSDFLRQHV GH ODV IXHQWHV PiV WUDGLFLRQDOHV OHV KDFH HVHQFLDOHV HQ PXFKDV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
6H WUDWD FDVL VLHPSUH GH HVWXGLRV LPSOLFDGRV SURIXQGDPHQWH HQ OD UHDOLGDG GH FDGD OXJDU D
WUDYpVGHODSURSLDJHQWHTXHORVKDELWD/DPLVPDHODERUDFLyQGHODPXHVWUDGHLQIRUPDQWHV
\DSHUPLWHYDORUDUODFRPSOHMLGDGGHSXQWRVGHYLVWD\GHVLWXDFLRQHVDQWHXQDPLVPDUHDOLGDG
VRFLRHVSDFLDO(VXQDIRUPDGHDFHQWXDUHOSDSHOGHORVP~OWLSOHVFROHFWLYRVLQWHUUHODFLRQDGRV
HQFDGDFRPXQLGDGHVVXPHPRULDGHJUXSRGHFODVHGHJpQHURIUHQWHDODPHPRULDFUHDGD
GHVGH HO SRGHU VXSXHVWDPHQWH LQWHJUDGRUD GH ORV LQWHUHVHV GHO FRQMXQWR GH OD FLXGDGDQtD
FXDQGR HQ OD SUiFWLFD WUDWD GH KRPRJHQHL]DU D WRGRV HOORV EDMR XQ DSDUHQWH LQWHUpV VXSHULRU

TXH UHDOPHQWH QR VLQR HO GH ORV JUXSRV GLULJHQWHV \ VH DMXVWD D ODV FRQYHQLHQFLDV GH HVWRV
RIUHFHSXHVXQDYLVLyQFUtWLFDHQSDUDOHORPXFKDVYHFHVDODUHDOLGDGRILFLDO
$ OR ODUJR GHO GHVDUUROOR GHO SUR\HFWR VH SUDFWLFDQ KiELWRV GHPRFUiWLFDPHQWH VDOXGDEOHV
KiELWRVFRPRHVFXFKDUSUHVWDULQWHUpVDODVUD]RQHVGHORWURHPSDWL]DUFRQpOFRPSURPHWHUVH
FRQODVRFLHGDGHQTXHVHYLYHGHVDUUROODUHOHVStULWXFUtWLFRODVROLGDULGDGODSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQ
ODYLGDGHQXHVWURVOXJDUHV)UHQWHDORVGRJPDWLVPRVVHDSUHQGHDYDORUDUODUHODWLYLGDGGH
ORV KHFKRV D DQDOL]DU OD YLVLyQ GHO RWUR VXV SHUFHSFLRQHV \ VXV DUJXPHQWRV FRPR EDVH GH
DFWXDFLyQDQWHODYLGDORTXHOHVKDFHLQWHUYHQLUFRPRWDOHVHQHOWHUULWRULRTXHKDELWDQ
)RPHQWDSXHVHOVHQWLGRGHSHUWHQHQFLDDODFRPXQLGDG&RQHOORWDPELpQVHDGTXLHUHXQD
YLVLyQ PiV WHPSRUDO GHO WHUULWRULR GHVGH OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GH ORV KHFKRV GHO SDVDGR TXH
FRQILJXUD QXHVWUR WHUULWRULR DFWXDO D ODV SHUFHSFLRQHV TXH D\XGDUiQ D FRQVWUXLU HO WHUULWRULR
IXWXUR(VWHVHQWLGRGHSHUWHQHQFLDD\XGDDFRQVWUXLUXQDLGHQWLGDGYLQFXODGDDORVHVSDFLRVGH
YLGD D FRQVWUXLU XQD LPDJHQ VRFLDO GHO WHUULWRULR D FRQVHUYDU OD PHPRULD FROHFWLYD D
LQWHQVLILFDUODVUHODFLRQHVLQWHUJHQHUDFLRQDOHV
0iV D~Q HVSRVLEOH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ PiV DOOi GHVt PLVPDSRUHMHPSOR OD
HODERUDFLyQGHYLGHRVTXHSXHGDQVHUYLUSDUDUHFRUGDUHOSURFHVRYLYLGRODRUJDQL]DFLyQGH
H[SRVLFLRQHVGHOWUDEDMRUHDOL]DGRRGH PHVDVUHGRQGDVFRQDOJXQRGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVTXH
SHUPLWDQ GLIXQGLU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR FRQVWUXLGR OD SRVLELOLGDG GH FRODERUDFLyQ DFWLYD FRQ ORV
DUFKLYRVORFDOHV
<SRUHQFLPDGHWRGRIUHQWHDRWUDVIRUPDVGHDSUHQGL]DMHDOILQDOGHOSURFHVRWDOYH]VHD
SRVLEOH TXH FRPXQLTXHPRV OR TXH FRQRFHPRV FRQ OD tQWLPD VHQVDFLyQ GH TXH FRQRFHPRV
UHDOPHQWHORTXHFRPXQLFDPRV

/$,19(67,*$&,1&8$/,7$7,9$</$,1129$&,1
','&7,&$(1*(2*5$)$EL TRABAJO CUALITATIVO COMO
RECURSO DIDCTICO EN GEOGRAFA
;RVp0DQXHO6RXWR*RQ]iOH]
Proyecto Gea-Clo y Universitat de Valncia13
(QRWUDVRFDVLRQHVKHPRVGHIHQGLGRTXHODSURIHVLyQGRFHQWHVLPEROL]DXQDVHQGDGHGXGDV
TXH DSDUHFHQ HQ GLVWLQWRV PRPHQWRV GH OD FRWLGLDQLGDG DO DWUDYHVDU HO XPEUDO GH VX FHQWUR
HVFRODUWLHQHGXGDVVREUHVXIXQFLyQVRFLDOFXDQGRSHQHWUDHQVXVFODVHV\VHHQFXHQWUDVXV
DOXPQRV ODV GXGDV DXPHQWDQ TXp YR\ D HQVHxDU FyPR YR\ D RUJDQL]DU ODV DFWLYLGDGHV \
FXDQGROOHJDHOPRPHQWRGHODVFDOLILFDFLRQHVODVLQTXLHWXGHVVHWUDQVIRUPDQHQGXGDVpWLFDV
VREUHODMXVWLFLDVRFLDOGHVXVGHFLVLRQHV6RQDOJXQDVGHODVSUHJXQWDVTXHVXUJHQHQVXPHQWH
HQ XQ SURFHVR FRQVWDQWH GH GXGDV FRPR UHVSXHVWDV D ODV HPRFLRQHV \ VHQWLPLHQWRV TXH VH
GHVDUUROODQSRUVXIXQFLyQGRFHQWHHQHOiPELWRGHODHGXFDFLyQVRFLDO\FLXGDGDQD3RUHVRHV
SUHFLVR DERUGDU OD IXQFLyQ GRFHQWH GHVGH XQ WUDEDMR FROHFWLYR FRPR HO TXH VXUJH HQ XQ
SUR\HFWRFXUULFXODUSXHVHVWHSURFHVRGHFRQYHUJHQFLDGHSUHJXQWDVIRPHQWDODFRQILDQ]DHQ
XQRPLVPR\IRUWDOHFHORVFULWHULRVTXHJXtDQQXHVWUDVGHFLVLRQHV6LQROYLGDUTXHWRGDVHVWDV
LQFHUWLGXPEUHV DSDUHFHQ HQ XQ PDUFR LQVWLWXFLRQDO TXH FRQGLFLRQD ODV UHSXHVWDV SXHV WRGR
GRFHQWHWLHQHFRPRUHIHUHQWHODOHJLVODFLyQFXUULFXODU
2WUD DFWLWXG GLIHUHQWH HV OD TXH VXHOH SRVHHU XQ LQYHVWLJDGRU GH OD GLGiFWLFD GH ODV FLHQFLDV
VRFLDOHV FXDQGR VH DFHUFD D XQ FHQWUR HVFRODU %XVFD SHQHWUDU HQ ODV LGHDV TXH WLHQHQ ODV
SHUVRQDV TXH REVHUYD \ DOFDQ]DU DOJXQRV UHVXOWDGRV GH ODV SUHJXQWDV TXH UHDOL]D ELHQ VHD D
WUDYpV GH FXHVWLRQDULRV HVFULWRV R HQ JUXSRV GH GHEDWH HQ OD FODVH 3HUR HQ DPERV FDVRV KD
GHILQLGR XQ SUREOHPD GH DQiOLVLV FRQ XQ PDUFR WHyULFR \ HO FXHVWLRQDPLHQWR GH OD UHDOLGDG
VRFLDOHQHVSHFLDOHQHVWHPRPHQWRKLVWyULFRGRQGHODEDQDOL]DFLyQGHODLQIRUPDFLyQVXVFLWD
XQD VRVSHFKD GH KLSRFUHVtD VRFLDO 6RXWR /D GLDOpFWLFD HQWUH OD LQQRYDFLyQ \ OD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ HO FDPSR GH OD HGXFDFLyQ QR HV VHQFLOOD GH FRPSOHPHQWDU SXHV H[LVWHQ
QXPHURVRVIDFWRUHVTXHLQWHUILHUHQHQODVH[SHFWDWLYDVGRFHQWHV\GLVFHQWHVHQHVSHFLDOFRPR
FRQVHFXHQFLDGHODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVRFLDOHVGHOVDEHUHVFRODUFRPROXHJRFRPHQWDUHPRV
$VtSXHVODHGXFDFLyQHVXQDDFWLYLGDGTXHHVWiGHWHUPLQDGDSRUXQDSHUFHSFLyQVRFLDOPRUDO
SRU HVD UD]yQ ORV SURIHVRUHV VXHOHQ FRQIXQGLU ODV DFWLWXGHV DQWH HO FRQRFLPLHQWR FRQ HO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRHQODVDXODVHQHVSHFLDOHQHOiUHDGHFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVTXHVHH[SOLFDGHXQD
IRUPDDGHFXDGDHQHOFRQWH[WRGHGLFKDVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVRFLDOHV8QDSHUFHSFLyQVRFLDOGH
ODHGXFDFLyQTXHDYHFHVKDODVWUDGRODVLQQRYDFLRQHVTXHVHKDQSUHYLVWRUHDOL]DUGHVGHORV
JUXSRV PiV LQQRYDGRUHV (Q XQRV FDVRV OD SUHVLyQ GH ODV IDPLOLDV HQ RWURV OD DXVHQFLD GH
IRUPDFLyQ HQ HO SURIHVRUDGR \ HQ OD PD\RUtD GH ODV VLWXDFLRQHV XQD DXVHQFLD GH DXWRQRPtD
FUtWLFDODSUHVLyQPRUDOVREUHHOTXp\HOFyPRHQVHxDUKDGLILFXOWDGRODWDUHDGHORVGRFHQWHV
&RQ HOOR QR TXHUHPRV GHIHQGHU XQD LGHD GH HQWHQGHU TXH ODV LGHDV LQGLYLGXDOHV WHxLGDV GH
HPRFLRQHV VHDQ ODV UHVSRQVDEOHV GH ODV UXWLQDV HVFRODUHV SHUR Vt TXH WLHQHQ XQD JUDQ
LQIOXHQFLD$GHPiVGHHVWRVIDFWRUHVLQGLYLGXDOHVH[LVWHQRWURVFROHFWLYRV\VLVWpPLFRVFRPR

(OSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRIRUPDSDUWHGHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQPiVDPSOLDILQDQFLDGDSRUOD*HQHUDOLWDW9DOHQFLDQD
$,&2HQVXFRQYRFDWRULDGHSUR\HFWRVFRQVROLGDEOHVSDUDHOELHQLR

/DVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVRFLDOHVQRVSHUPLWHQH[SOLFDUHVDVFRQFHSFLRQHVRFXOWDV\SRFRFRQVFLHQWHVGHOSURIHVRUDGRHQHO
PRPHQWRGHVHOHFFLRQDUORVFRQWHQLGRV\RUJDQL]DUODVDFWLYLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDVFRPRPiVWDUGHH[SOLFDUHPRV
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

HVODSURSLHGDGGHORVFHQWURVHVFRODUHV\ODVRSFLRQHVSROtWLFDVHLGHROyJLFDVHQODVHOHFFLyQ
GHO FRQWHQLGR HVFRODU /RV IDFWRUHV VRFLDOHV \ ODV GHFLVLRQHV LQGLYLGXDOHV LQIOX\HQ HQ HO
PRPHQWRGHGHVDUUROODUFXDOTXLHUWDUHDHVFRODUHQHVSHFLDOFXDQGRTXHUHPRVDUJXPHQWDUORV
ILQHV\EXHQRVGHVHRV
/D SRQHQFLD OD GHVDUUROODPRV HQ WUHV SDUWHV TXH VH RUJDQL]DQ EDMR HO KLOR FRQGXFWRU GH OD
FRPSOHPHQWDULHGDG HQWUH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ H LQQRYDFLyQ HQ HO FDPSR GH OD GLGiFWLFD GH ODV
FLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV(QODSULPHUDDERUGDPRVODGLILFXOWDGGHGHOLPLWDUQXHVWURiPELWRGHWUDEDMR
HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ ORV SDUDGLJPDV GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FLHQWtILFD (Q OD VHJXQGD OD SDUWH PiV
VXVWDQFLDO DERUGDPRV ORV HOHPHQWRV GH XQD PHWRGRORJtD TXH IDFLOLWH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ HO
iPELWRHGXFDWLYRGHORVKHFKRVVRFLDOHV3RU~OWLPRLQGLFDPRVDOJXQRVHMHPSORVGHWpFQLFDV
GH WUDEDMRV TXH KHPRV XWLOL]DGR HQ DOJXQRV SURFHVRV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VRFLDO &RQ HOOR
TXHUHPRVHYLGHQFLDUTXHHVSRVLEOHGHVDUUROODUHVWDWUD\HFWRULDSXHVHVWiDYDODGDSRUWUDEDMRV
HPStULFRV
,19(67,*$&,1 ( ,1129$&,1 (1 (/ $35(1',=$-( '( /26 +(&+26

62&,$/(6
+HPRVUHFXUULGRDHVWDVGHVFULSFLRQHVGHVLWXDFLRQHVFRWLGLDQDVTXHDSDUHFHQGHOLPLWDGDVHQ
VXVQRUPDWLYDVOHJDOHV HQYDULRVSDtVHVSRUHQWHQGHUTXHFXDOTXLHU PpWRGRVHRULHQWD DXQD
ILQDOLGDGTXHGHEHHVWDUVXVWHQWDGDHQXQUD]RQDPLHQWRULJXURVR\FUHtEOH6LQRSDUWLPRVGH
VLWXDFLRQHVFRWLGLDQDVFRUUHPRVHOSHOLJURGHUHDOL]DUXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQDLVODGDGHODSUiFWLFD
HVFRODUGHWDOPDQHUDTXHQRVHLQFLGLUiHQODPHMRUDGHODSUD[LVGLGiFWLFDREMHWLYREiVLFRGH
HVWHWLSRGHHVWXGLRV
3RURWUDSDUWHVRPRVFRQVFLHQWHVGHODFRPSOHMLGDGGHDERUGDUXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQHOiPELWR
GHODHQVHxDQ]D\DSUHQGL]DMHGHODJHRJUDItD&RPRKHPRVTXHULGRUHIOHMDUHQODILJXUDORV
HOHPHQWRVTXHSXHGHQFRQIRUPDUXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHVGHODSUiFWLFDVRQQXPHURVRV3RUHVR
HQHVWHWUDEDMRYDPRVDGHVDUUROODUVyORDTXHOORVTXHKDFHQUHIHUHQFLDDODFRPXQLFDFLyQHQHO
DXOD GRQGH OD SURSLD PHWRGRORJtD GLGiFWLFD SXHGH VHU HO REMHWR SUREOHPDWL]DGR SDUD XQD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQHGXFDWLYD
(Q HO FDVR GH ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV HVWH SURFHVR HV SDUWLFXODUPHQWH FRPSOHMR SXHV ODV
HPRFLRQHVLPSOLFDQ HQ JUDQ PHGLGDXQD H[SOLFDFLyQ LQWHQFLRQDO3RUHVRHV WDQ FRPSOLFDGR
H[SOLFDUTXHSDVyRFRPSDUDUODYLGDGHORVSXHEORVHQGLIHUHQWHVWHUULWRULRVSXHVKDFHPRV
XQD HYDOXDFLyQ LQPHGLDWD GHVGH ORV SUHMXLFLRV +DLGW 3RU HVR ODV UHODFLRQHV
FDXVD!KHFKR!FRQVHFXHQFLDV QR VRQ OLQHDOHV QL VHQFLOODV GH H[SOLFDU 1HFHVLWDPRV FRQRFHU
FyPR VH FRQILJXUDQ ORV KHFKRV VRFLDOHV GHVGH ODV HPRFLRQHV TXH D YHFHV DQWLFLSDQ XQD
UHVSXHVWD TXH GHVSXpV VH TXLHUH MXVWLILFDU FRQ XQ UD]RQDPLHQWR OyJLFR < HQ HO FDVR GH OD
HGXFDFLyQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVPXFKRPiVFRPSOHMDSXHVHOLQYHVWLJDGRUTXLHUHSHQHWUDUHQODV
LGHDVGHORVVXMHWRVDOXPQRVGRFHQWHVYHFLQRVIDPLOLDVSDUDHOORGHEHUHDOL]DUXQSURFHVR
GHH[WUDxDPLHQWRGHDOHMDPLHQWRGHODVHPRFLRQHVTXHVXSRQHODHPSDWtDFRQODVSRVLFLRQHV
GHXQRV\QRGHRWURV/DVLQWHQFLRQHVGHULYDGDVGHODVVHQVDFLRQHV\HPRFLRQHVFRQGLFLRQDQ
ODIRUPDFLyQGHODPHQWHFRQVFLHQWH'tD]*yPH]

8QDH[SOLFDFLyQPiVDPSOLDGHORTXHGHFLPRVSXHGHFRQVXOWDUVHHQ/OjFHU5RLJ\6RXWR
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

)LJXUDPELWRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHGXFDWLYDHQUHODFLyQFRQODLQQRYDFLyQGLGiFWLFD
Fuente(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
(VWDUHODFLyQTXHSUHWHQGHPRVHVWDEOHFHUHQWUHLQQRYDFLyQGLGiFWLFDLQYHVWLJDFLyQHGXFDWLYD
\IRUPDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGRWLHQHXQDQWHFHGHQWHHYLGHQWHHQHOWUDEDMRUHDOL]DGRHQHOVHQR
GHOCentro de Profesores de Valencia HQORVDxRVQRYHQWDGHOVLJORSDVDGR$OOtXQJUXSRGH
DVHVRUHVGHO&(3FRQILJXUyXQVHPLQDULRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQSDUDDQDOL]DUODPDQHUDTXHWHQtDQ
ORV GRFHQWHV SDUD RUJDQL]DU VXV LQQRYDFLRQHV GHVGH ORV JUXSRV GH WUDEDMR SHUR DO PLVPR
WLHPSR SDUD VDEHU TXp HVWUDWHJLDV VH SRGtDQ VHJXLU SDUD PHMRUDU OD ODERU DVHVRUD \ IRUPDU
PHMRUDOSURIHVRUDGR'LFKDVILQDOLGDGHVIDFLOLWDURQXQDPHWRGRORJtDLQYHVWLJDWLYDTXHVH
SURORQJy WUHV DxRV GH WUDEDMR 'LFKR SURFHVR PRVWUy ODV GLILFXOWDGHV SURSLDV GH FXDOTXLHU
DQiOLVLVGHODUHDOLGDGVRFLDOSHURVREUHWRGRSXVRGHUHOLHYHODGLILFXOWDGGHFRKHVLRQDUORV
LQWHUHVHV GH OD LQQRYDFLyQ HQ HO DXOD FRQ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH XQ SUR\HFWR GH IRUPDFLyQ
GRFHQWH 8QD SUHRFXSDFLyQ TXH HV FRPSDUWLGD SRU RWURV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV GH GLGiFWLFDV
HVSHFtILFDV *XLVDVROD HW DO 0DUWtQH]&KLFR et al HQ VX UHODFLyQ FRQ OD
IRUPDFLyQGRFHQWH\ODHODERUDFLyQGHJXtDV\PDWHULDOHVSDUDIDYRUHFHUHODSUHQGL]DMH
3RU HVR QHFHVLWDPRV HO DX[LOLR GH OD PHWRGRORJtD SDUD SRGHU LQYHVWLJDU (Q HVWH FDVR HV
SUHFLVRUHFXUULUDILJXUDVSUHVWLJLRVDVFRPR0DULR%XQJH8(FR.3RSSHUR-+DEHUPDV
SDUDSRGHUDVtGHILQLUPHMRUORVFRQFHSWRVTXHXWLOL]DPRV(QHVWHVHQWLGRQRVSDUHFHQ

/DVSXEOLFDFLRQHVGHHVWHJUXSRVHSXHGHQFRQVXOWDUHQODVUHIHUHQFLDVELEOLRJUiILFDV6HPLQDULG,QYHVWLJDFLy\
'LFKRWUDEDMRHUDFRQVHFXHQFLDHQJUDQPHGLGDGHOHVIXHU]RFROHFWLYR\GHOVRSRUWHLQVWLWXFLRQDOGHXQSUR\HFWRGH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQGHO0LQLVWHULRGH(GXFDFLyQHQORVDxRV\
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

RSRUWXQDV ODV UHIOH[LRQHV GH -RDTXtQ 3UDWV UHVSHFWR D OD LGHQWLILFDFLyQ HQWUH LQQRYDFLyQ H
LQYHVWLJDFLyQSDUDDVt
saber cundo estamos elaborando conocimiento cientfico y cundo estamos
realizando una innovacin didctica. Es evidente, como diremos ms adelante, que
lo que distingue una cosa de otra no es la exactitud de los resultados de uno u otro
tipo de conocimiento, sino el camino que se ha seguido para llegar a ellos. (Prats,
2002, 83)
(OFDPLQRQRHVRWURTXHODPHWRGRORJtDTXHVHVLJXHHQHOSURFHVRGHUD]RQDPLHQWRHVRTXH
YXOJDUPHQWHVHKDLGHQWLILFDGRFRQHOFyPRTXHHQWHQGHPRVQXQFDSXHGHLUGHVOLJDGRGHO
TXp (Q HVWD PLVPD OtQHD GH UD]RQDPLHQWR QRV KHPRV RFXSDGR GHO FDVR GH OD JHRJUDItD
XUEDQD GRQGH VH HVWDEOHFtD XQD HVWUHFKD UHODFLyQHQWUH DPEDV LQVWDQFLDVVL ELHQ FRQIRUPDQ
GRViPELWRVGHFRQRFLPLHQWRGLIHUHQWHV
Desde mi posicin, entiendo que la investigacin educativa tiene por objeto mejorar
la enseanza y aprendizaje; y por ello solventar o paliar los dilemas de la
educacin bsica en tres mbitos precisos: las relaciones de aula, las del centro
escolar y las derivadas de la insercin en una comunidad social del barrio o
localidad. Cuando alguien acta desde una perspectiva innovadora suele ofrecer
respuestas a corto plazo, pues procura responder a problemas observables e
inmediatos. Sin embargo, la investigacin permite un cierto alejamiento del
problema para analizarlo, evaluar sus resultados, vislumbrar soluciones y ofrecer
unas conclusiones. Lo que mantenemos como premisa terica es que sin esta
vinculacin las investigaciones se transforman en reflexiones huecas, ms
pendientes del progreso profesional individual que de la aportacin a la mejora
ciudadana. (Souto, 2013).
(VWDVDUJXPHQWDFLRQHVTXHSDUHFHQOyJLFDVGHVGHXQDSRVLFLyQDFDGpPLFDWLHQHQGLILFXOWDGHV
HQ VX GLIXVLyQ HVFRODU SXHV OD PHQWH FRQVFLHQWH GH SURIHVRUHV \ DOXPQRV UHVSRQGH D RWUD
OyJLFD /DV UHIHUHQFLDV D OD KLVWRULD GH OD FLHQFLD D ORV SDUDGLJPDV \ D ODV SHUVSHFWLYDV HQ
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ QRV SDUHFHQ QHFHVDULDV DXQTXH HQ SULQFLSLR SDUHFHQ DOHMDGRV GH OD SUiFWLFD
FRWLGLDQD 3UHFLVDPHQWH HVWH SXQWR PH SDUHFH HVHQFLDO HQ FXDOTXLHU SURSXHVWD GH PpWRGRV
GLGiFWLFRVDEDQGRQDUODVUXWLQDVGHODH[SHULHQFLDSHUFLELGDSDUDDKRQGDUHQXQDDOWHUQDWLYD
TXH HVWp SUHVLGLGD SRU XQ FRQWH[WR WHyULFR SDUD SRGHU OHHU OD SUD[LV GH OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ
HVFRODU(VGHFLULPSXJQDUHOVHQWLGRFRP~QTXHLQYDGHPXFKDVFRQYHUVDFLRQHVGHXQDVDOD
GHSURIHVRUHVRODVRSLQLRQHVYHUWLGDVHQORVPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ
/RVSURIHVRUHV\SURIHVRUDVFRQRFHQELHQODVGLILFXOWDGHVODERUDOHVFRQKRUDULRVOHFWLYRVPX\
H[WHQVRV TXH GLILFXOWDQ XQ WLHPSR GH UDFLRFLQLR FRQ VXV SDXVDV \ UDSLGH] R HVWUpV HQ OD
FRPXQLFDFLyQFRQRWURVFROHJDV7DPELpQVDEHQUHFRQRFHUODVGLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHODVSHUVRQDV
TXH FRQIRUPDQ HO FROHFWLYR GHO DOXPQDGR GH WDO PDQHUD TXH ODV DFWLWXGHV KDELOLGDGHV \
FRQRFLPLHQWRV GLYHUJHQWHV SXHGHQ FRQVWLWXLUVH HQ REVWiFXORV SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH GHVHDGR
3HURHVWDVDELGXUtDHPStULFDVHFRQYHUWLUiHQH[SHULHQFLDGRFHQWHVyORFXDQGRVHDPRVFDSDFHV
GH OHHU OD SUiFWLFD FRPR SUD[LV (OOR QRV SHUPLWH WHRUL]DU DUJXPHQWDU \ FRPXQLFDU QXHVWUD
SHUFHSFLyQ LQGLYLGXDO ,JXDO TXH VXFHGH HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH GHO DOXPQDGR FXDQGR
WUDQVIRUPDPRVQXHVWUDYLVLyQLQGLYLGXDOHQXQDOHFWXUDFROHFWLYDIDYRUHFHPRVHOGHVDUUROORGH
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

FRQMHWXUDV TXH QRV SHUPLWHQ FRQVWUXLU XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR IXQFLRQDO SDUD DVt UHVROYHU ODV
LQFyJQLWDVSODQWHDGDV
(Q HVWH VHQWLGR FRLQFLGLPRV FRQ 2 %DUER]D FXDQGR DILUPD TXH ORV SUREOHPDV GH
DSUHQGL]DMHVXSRQHQXQGHVDItRLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUXQFDPSRFHQWUDOSDUDODSVLFRORJtDVRFLDO\
OD SVLFRORJtD GHO DSUHQGL]DMH VL OR PLUDPRV GHVGH ODV QHFHVLGDGHV GH OD HGXFDFLyQ \ GH ORV
QLxRV \ MyYHQHV SHUR HYLGHQWHPHQWH DVRFLDGDV D OD VRFLRORJtD (V HQ HVWD LQWHUID] HQWUH
VRFLRORJtD\SVLFRORJtDHQWUHFRPSUHQVLyQ\H[SOLFDFLyQHQWUHORFXDOLWDWLYR\FXDQWLWDWLYR\
OR LQGXFWLYR \ GHGXFWLYR GRQGH KHPRV GH SUHFLVDU ODV LQWHQFLRQHV GH OD PHWRGRORJtD GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQHGXFDWLYD
%XVFDPRV HO VHQWLGR \ RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHO VDEHU HVFRODU DQDOL]DQGR ODV LQFRKHUHQFLDV HQWUH OD
IRUPXODFLyQ GH ILQDOLGDGHV \ OD VHOHFFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGRV \ VHFXHQFLD GH DFWLYLGDGHV GH
DSUHQGL]DMHTXHJXDUGDUHODFLyQFRQODDSOLFDFLyQDFUtWLFDTXHVHKDFHGHODVQRUPDVOHJDOHV
$OPLVPRWLHPSRVHKDFHSUHFLVRLPSXJQDUGHVGHODWHRUtDGHODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVRFLDOHVOD
EDQDOL]DFLyQTXHVHUHDOL]DGHODFXOWXUDHVFRODUSXHVpVWDVLQFLGHQHQODGHPRFUDWL]DFLyQGH
ODHQVHxDQ]D+DUEHU0HLJKDQ(OUHGXFFLRQLVPRGHODSUD[LVDQWHODGHPDQGDGHOD
SUiFWLFDREVHUYDGDODLQPHGLDWH]GHODVUHVSXHVWDVIUHQWHHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRSXHGHJHQHUDU
XQDGLVWRUVLyQGHORVILQHVTXHKHPRVGHVHDGR(QODILJXUDPRVWUDPRVFyPRHOFRQWUROGHO
HVSDFLR HVFRODU TXH VH HMHUFH HQ ORV FXHUSRV GH ORV VXMHWRV FRPR HQ ODV PLVPDV UHODFLRQHV
VRFLDOHVVXSRQHXQHOHPHQWREiVLFRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODFRQYLYHQFLD/DVHSDUDFLyQGHODV
SHUVRQDV SRU OD OHQJXD TXH VH XWLOL]D HQ HO PHGLR HVFRODU ODV HGDGHV TXH VH XWLOL]DQ SDUD
FRQVWLWXLUORVJUXSRVRODVFDSDFLGDGHVTXHGDQOXJDUDVHSDUDFLRQHVGHDOXPQRVJHQHUDQ XQD
DFWLWXG KDFLD FRPSDUWLU GLIHUHQFLDV R H[FOXLU D ORV TXH VRQ GLVWLQWRV < HOOR LPSOLFD XQD
PDQHUDGHFRQFHELUODFLXGDGDQtD
)LJXUD(OFRQWUROGHOHVSDFLRHVFRODUFRPRSUREOHPDVRFLDO

1RVUHIHULPRVDOSUyORJRGHOOLEURVREUHPHWRGRORJtDHGXFDWLYD$EHUR/et al.

$OJRTXHVHREVHUYDFXDQGRHQFRQYHUVDFLRQHVGHJUXSRVSHGDJyJLFRVVHSXHGHUHIOH[LRQDUVREUHORVPRWLYRVTXHKDQ
FRQGXFLGRDXQDVXRWUDVDFFLRQHVVLHQGRFRQVFLHQWHVHQWRQFHVGHORVIDFWRUHVHPRFLRQDOHVTXHKDQGLVWRUVLRQDGRQXHVWUD
SUD[LV
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

7DOFRPRVXFHGtDHQODRUJDQL]DFLyQHVFRODUORVSUHPLRV\FDVWLJRVFUHDQXQKDELWXVHQORV
HVFRODUHV TXH VH SUR\HFWD HQ VX UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ VRFLDO 1R VH WUDWD GH YDORUDU VL HOOR HV
PRUDOPHQWHUHSUREDEOHRDFHSWDEOHVLQRGHFRQVWDWDUODLQIOXHQFLDTXHHMHUFHHOPHGLRHVFRODU
HQHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRHVSDFLDOGHODOXPQDGR/DVLPSOLFDFLRQHVHQHOHVSDFLRSHUFHSWLYRVRQ
LQFXHVWLRQDEOHV SXHV ODV HPRFLRQHV GH VHQWLUVH VHJUHJDGR R QR GLVWRUVLRQDQ OD LPDJHQ GHO
WHUULWRULRYLYLGR
3/$17($0,(172 0(72'2/*,&2 '( /$ ,19(67,*$&,1 ('8&$7,9$

(1/$','&7,&$'(/$6&,(1&,$662&,$/(6
5HFXUULHQGR D ORV FOiVLFRV GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR SRGHPRV HQFRQWUDU DOJXQDV
SLVWDV TXH RULHQWHQ QXHVWUD PHWRGRORJtD GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ 8PEHUWR (FR
LQGLFDEDFXiOHV HUDQ ODVFXDWUR FRQGLFLRQHVGH ODFLHQWLILFLGDGGHXQD SURSXHVWDLQGDJDWRULD
SDUDHYLWDUODVIDOVDVSROpPLFDVVREUHVLXQD7HVLVGRFWRUDOHUDFLHQWtILFDRSROtWLFD(QSULPHU
OXJDUVHxDODEDODQHFHVLGDGGHSUHFLVDUXQREMHWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHGHEHVHUUHFRQRFLEOH
SRU RWUDV SHUVRQDV (Q VHJXQGR OXJDU OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GHEH GHFLU FRVDV TXH WRGDYtD QR KDQ
VLGRGLFKDVRUHYLVDUFUtWLFDPHQWHODVTXHVHKD\DQHQXQFLDGR$FRQWLQXDFLyQKDFHUHIHUHQFLD
D OD XWLOLGDG VRFLDO GH OD PLVPD HV GHFLU HOOR VXSRQH TXH SXHGD UHVSRQGHU D SUHJXQWDV
UHOHYDQWHV SDUD OD VRFLHGDG < SRU ~OWLPR VXEUD\D TXH GHEH VXPLQLVWUDU HOHPHQWRV SDUD OD
YHULILFDFLyQRUHIXWDFLyQGHODVKLSyWHVLVTXHSUHVHQWD
$OJRSDUHFLGRSUHVHQWD 0DULR%XQJHHQHOHVWXGLRGHO PpWRGRFLHQWtILFRTXH
KD LQVSLUDGR QXPHURVRV PDQXDOHV VREUH HVWD PLVPD FXHVWLyQ (Q HOORV VH VHxDODQ FRPR
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH GLFKD PHWRGRORJtD OD FDSDFLGDG GH HQXQFLDU SUHJXQWDV ELHQ IRUPXODGDV
FRQVWUXLU FRQMHWXUDV SDUD FRQWHVWDU D ODV SUHJXQWDV GHULYDU FRQVHFXHQFLDV OyJLFDV GH GLFKDV
FRQMHWXUDVGHVDUUROODUWpFQLFDVSDUDFRQWUDVWDUODVKLSyWHVLVTXHDVXYH]GHEHQVHUYDOLGDGDV
SDUDPRVWUDUVXUHOHYDQFLDHVWLPDUODSUHWHQVLyQGHYHUGDGGHHVWHSURFHVRFRQ GDWRV
S~EOLFRV LQWHUSUHWDU ORV UHVXOWDGRV \ IRUPXODU XQDV FRQFOXVLRQHV TXH QRV SHUPLWDQ SODQWHDU
QXHYRVSUREOHPDV 8Q SURFHVR GHDUJXPHQWDFLyQ TXH DYHFHV VXSRQH LU FRQWUD HOVHQWLGR
FRP~Q\ODFXOWXUDKHJHPyQLFD
(OORQRVSHUPLWHDOFDQ]DUXQDSULPHUDIDVHHQODPHWRGRORJtDLQYHVWLJDWLYDSDUDIDYRUHFHUOD
LQQRYDFLyQ GLGiFWLFD HQ ODV DXODV (O SUREOHPD GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FRQ XQD SUHJXQWD TXH VHD
UHIOHMR R HVSHMR GH ODV SUHRFXSDFLRQHV HGXFDWLYDV HVFRODUHV GHEH UHIOHMDU XQ REMHWR ELHQ
UHFRQRFLGR 3DUD SRGHU GHVDUUROODU ODV FRQMHWXUDV VHUi SUHFLVR GLVSRQHU GHO XVR GH IXHQWHV
S~EOLFDVTXHSURFHGDQGHODREVHUYDFLyQGHORVDSUHQGL]DMHVHVFRODUHV\GHODVHVWUDWHJLDVGH
HQVHxDQ]D GH ORV GRFHQWHV OR TXH HV VHQFLOOR HQ HO FDVR GH IXHQWHV GRFXPHQWDOHV HVFULWDV
LFyQLFDVRGHDUWHIDFWRVPDWHULDOHVSHURPiVFRPSOHMRFXDQGRODVIXHQWHVVRQRUDOHV(QWRGR
HVWHSURFHVRHVSUHFLVRHQXQFLDUODLPSOLFDFLyQpWLFDGHODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVFRQHOSURIHVRUDGR
TXHFRODERUDGHWDOIRUPDTXHVHOHGHYXHOYDHOSURGXFWRGHOWUDEDMR DORVPLHPEURVGHOD
FRPXQLGDGHVFRODUORTXHVHSXHGHKDFHUHQIRUPDGHDUWtFXORVRLQIRUPHVGHPHMRUDSDUDHO
FHQWURHVFRODU
3RU HVR FRQVLGHUDPRV TXH XQ IRUPDWR GH 7HVLV GHEH FRQFOXLU FRQ HO DQiOLVLV GH ORV
SUREOHPDVGHWHFWDGRV\DEULUDPRGRGHKLSyWHVLVGHSURJUHVLyQHOFDPLQRDXQD LQWHUYHQFLyQ

$HVWHUHVSHFWRQRVSDUHFHPX\SHUWLQHQWHHOWUDEDMRGH&XUU\-$\:HEVWHU3-&OLPDWH6FLHQFHDQGWKH8QFHUWDLQW\
0RQVWHU%$06Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society) 9ROXPH1R'HFHPEHUSiJV

/RTXHVHxDODPRVHVPX\DSOLFDEOHHQORVLQIRUPHVGHOPracticum \HQORVTFG \TFMSXHVORVSURIHVRUHV\SURIHVRUDV
VXHOHQFRODERUDUDSRUWDQGRLQIRUPDFLyQ

(QWHQGHPRVXQD7HVLVFRPRXQIRUPDWRFDQyQLFRGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQDFDGpPLFD
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

SRVLEOH HQ ODV DXODV QXQFD DO PRGR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ H[SHULPHQWDO VLQR HQ IRUPD GH
SRVLELOLGDG TXH HMHFXWDUtDQ HQ XQ FRQWH[WR LQVWLWXFLRQDO \ VRFLDO ORV SURIHVRUHV /D SDUWH
FUtWLFD VXSRQH GLVSRQHU GH KHUUDPLHQWDV FRQFHSWXDOHV DFHUFD GH OD SUiFWLFD WDQWR HQ OD
REVHUYDFLyQGHORFRWLGLDQRFRPR HQODVSURSXHVWDVGH DFFLyQSRVWHULRUHV(QHOFDVRGHODV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV HGXFDWLYDV GH OD HQVHxDQ]D \ DSUHQGL]DMH GHVGHODV PDWHULDV GH *HRJUDItD H
+LVWRULD VH WLHQHQ TXH FRQVLGHUDU DOJXQRV HOHPHQWRV TXH GHILQHQ SUHFLVDPHQWH XQ WUDEDMR
LQGDJDWRULRULJXURVRGHILQLFLyQGHOSUREOHPDSODQWHDPLHQWRGHKLSyWHVLVYHULILFDFLyQGHODV
PLVPDVFRQVXVPpWRGRV\WpFQLFDV\H[SRVLFLyQGHFRQFOXVLRQHVFRQODYDULDEOHTXHKHPRV
FRQVLGHUDGR VREUH VX SRVLEOH DSOLFDFLyQ D OD LQQRYDFLyQ GLGiFWLFD 7RGR HOOR FRQIRUPD OD
PHWRGRORJtD \ QR VyOR ORV PpWRGRV GH YHULILFDFLyQ FRPR KHPRV TXHULGR PRVWUDU HQ HVWD
ILJXUD
)LJXUD/DPHWRGRORJtDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQHOiPELWRGHODGLGiFWLFDGHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV
X.M.Souto Gonzlez


La definicin del problema
&XDOTXLHU LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HVWi FRQGLFLRQDGD SRU ORV LQWHUHVHV SHUVRQDOHV ODV OtQHDV GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GHO HTXLSR \ ODV VLWXDFLRQHV HVFRODUHV GH OD SUiFWLFD 'HEH UHVSRQGHU D ORV
SULQFLSLRVHQXQFLDGRVXQREMHWRUHFRQRFLEOHSRUODFRPXQLGDGDFDGpPLFD\DGHPiVTXHVHD
VRFLDOPHQWH UHOHYDQWH 9HDPRV XQ HMHPSOR HQ HO FDVR FRQFUHWR GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ OD
HQVHxDQ]D\DSUHQGL]DMHGHODJHRJUDItD
(QVHxDU HO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR VXSRQH DSUHQGHU D FRPSUHQGHU FyPR ODV SHUVRQDV YDQ
GHVDUUROODQGR XQD SDUWLFXODU PDQHUD GH DSURSLDUVH GHO WHUULWRULR el espacio vivido SDUD
YDORUDUHOPHGLRel espacio percibido\DVtPRVWUDUXQUD]RQDPLHQWRPiVRPHQRVH[SOtFLWR
VREUH HO RULJHQ \ GHVDUUROOR GH HVWH WHUULWRULR HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV VRFLDOHV
HFRQyPLFDV \ FXOWXUDOHV el espacio concebido ,JXDOPHQWH HQVHxDU \ DSUHQGHU HO WLHPSR
KLVWyULFR VXSRQH UD]RQDU FRQ ORV GDWRV GH QXHVWUD memoria personal \ OD D\XGD GH ORV
UD]RQDPLHQWRV S~EOLFRV SDUD FRPSUHQGHU QXHVWUR SUHVHQWH HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ OD explicacin
histrica GHO SDVDGR (V GHFLU HQVHxDU VXSRQH DSUHQGHU FyPR XQD SHUVRQD JHQHUD XQ
FRQRFLPLHQWR HVSHFtILFR 6RXWR 8Q VDEHU TXH QR HV HO GHO VHQWLGR FRP~Q VLQR TXH
HVWi JHQHUDGR HQ XQ DPELHQWH GLDOyJLFR GRQGH VH FRQWUDSRQHQ IRUPDV GH H[SOLFDU XQ
IHQyPHQR SRU HMHPSOR FyPR QRV DIHFWD YLYLU HQ XQ OXJDU WXUtVWLFR R FyPR SHUFLELPRV OD
GHVWUXFFLyQ GHO PHGLR OLWRUDO SDUD FRQVWUXLU JUDQGHV HGLILFLRV 8QD GLDOpFWLFD HQ OD TXH VH
HQIUHQWDQ ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV YXOJDUHV FRQ VXV WpUPLQRV SROLVpPLFRV \ ODV H[SOLFDFLRQHV
DFDGpPLFDVFRQODSUHFLVLyQFRQFHSWXDOGHVXVWHRUtDV\KHFKRVHPStULFRV
)LJXUD/DWULDOpFWLFDGHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR
Fuente(ODERUDFLyQSURSLDVREUHLGHDGH(6RMD
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

Qu es un problema HQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHGXFDWLYDHQJHRJUDItDHKLVWRULD"'HIRUPDVLQWpWLFD
HQWHQGHPRVSRUWDOXQDVLWXDFLyQHQODTXHVHLQWHQWDDOFDQ]DUXQREMHWLYRSHURVHGHVFRQRFH
HOUHVXOWDGR \HOFDPLQRRHO PHGLR SDUD DOFDQ]DUXQDVROXFLyQVDWLVIDFWRULD(Q HO FDVRTXH
QRV RFXSD XQ SUREOHPD HQ JHRJUDItD VXSRQH FRPR HQIUHQWDUVH D XQD WDUHD SDUD UHVROYHU HO
FRQIOLFWRHQWUHORVVHQWLPLHQWRVGHYLYLUHQXQOXJDU\ODVGHFLVLRQHVHPDQDGDVGHVGHHOSRGHU
SDUDH[SOLFDUODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHOHVSDFLRGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDGHSURGXFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFD
DMHQD D ORV LQWHUHVHV GH ORV PRUDGRUHV 8Q SUREOHPD HQ KLVWRULD VXSRQH FRPSUHQGHU ORV
PRWLYRV SRU ORV FXDOHV XQD VLWXDFLyQ GHO SDVDGR QRV DIHFWD D OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GH QXHVWUD
FRQYLYHQFLD HQ HO SUHVHQWH R QRV ODVWUD ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV GHO IXWXUR 3RU HVR QHFHVLWDPRV
H[SOLFDU GHVGH OD JHRJUDItD \ OD KLVWRULD ORV SUREOHPDV GHO SUHVHQWH SDUD SRGHU FRPSUHQGHU
QXHVWUD SUHVHQFLD HQ XQ OXJDU \ HQ XQ WLHPSR GHWHUPLQDGR TXH GHILQH ODV FRRUGHQDGDV GH
QXHVWURYLYLUFRWLGLDQR
'HVGHOD$QWLJHGDGFOiVLFDORVSUREOHPDVKDQVLGRFRQVLGHUDGRVFRPRSDUWHLQWHJUDQWHGHO
SHQVDPLHQWRTXHQRVFRQGXFHDODE~VTXHGDGHODYHUGDG/DVLGHDVGH$ULVWyWHOHV\GHRWURV
ILOyVRIRVSRVWHULRUHVQRVFRQGXMHURQDHQWHQGHUXQSUREOHPDHQHOFRQWH[WRGHOD)LORVRItDGH
ODFLHQFLDGHWDOPDQHUDTXHODVLGHDVGHOD,OXVWUDFLyQLQFLGLHURQHQODE~VTXHGDGHSUXHEDV
TXH SHUPLWLHUDQ DYDQ]DU HQ HO FRQRFLPLHQWR 3RVWHULRUPHQWH HO JLUR HQ HO DQiOLVLV GHO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR VRFLDO H LQGLYLGXDO KD LQFLGLGR HQ HO HVWXGLR GH ORV IHQyPHQRV PHQWDOHV \
HPRFLRQDOHVTXHLQIOX\HQHQHOPRPHQWRGHH[SOLFDUORVKHFKRVVRFLDOHV
4XLpQGHILQHXQSUREOHPDHQFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\HQODHGXFDFLyQKLVWyULFD\JHRJUiILFD"
&yPR VH DFRWDQ ODV YDULDEOHV TXH GHILQHQ XQ SUREOHPD KLVWyULFR \ JHRJUiILFR" $ HVWH
UHVSHFWRKHPRVGHFRQVLGHUDUODVDSRUWDFLRQHVGHOFRQVWUXFWLYLVPRHQSHGDJRJtD\SVLFRORJtD
'ULYHU \ 2OGKDP &DUU \ .HPPLV 9\JRVWVN\ HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ HO SDSHO
TXH MXHJDQ ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV HVSRQWiQHDV HQ HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR FLXGDGDQR 8Q SURIHVRUDGR
FRQYHQFLGRGHHVWRVSODQWHDPLHQWRVTXHQRVUHPLWHQDODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVGHODQHXURFLHQFLD
'tD] EXVFDUi OD FRPSOLFLGDG GHO DOXPQDGR SDUD GHILQLU HO SUREOHPD TXH VH TXLHUH
WUDEDMDUHQHODXOD%XVFDUiHQWHQGHUHQODVFRQFHSFLRQHVGHOVHQWLGRFRP~QHOUHIOHMRGHOD
LPSRVLFLyQ GH XQD FXOWXUD KHJHPyQLFD TXH VH GLIXQGH D WUDYpV GH ORV PHGLRV GH
FRPXQLFDFLyQ\GHUHGHVVRFLDOHV,PSXJQDUHOVHQWLGRFRP~QHVXQDWDUHDFRPSOHMD\ VXSRQH
LU FRQWUDFRUULHQWH 3RU HVWH PRWLYR OD GHILQLFLyQ GHO SUREOHPD HV XQ DVXQWR GLItFLO FRPR
KHPRVSXHVWRGHPDQLILHVWRHQODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHOSUR\HFWR*HD&OtRORTXHQRVFRUURERUD
TXHODSUD[LVGLGiFWLFDIDFLOLWDODFRKHVLyQHQWUHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\ODLQQRYDFLyQ
3DUDDQDOL]DUXQSUREOHPDKD\TXHVHxDODUGHTXpPDUFRWHyULFRVHSDUWHFyPRVHHQIUHQWDDO
DQiOLVLV GH OD SUiFWLFD \ FyPR VH FRQWH[WXDOL]D HQ HO VLVWHPD HVFRODU 2 VHD QR SRGHPRV
DQDOL]DUXQSUREOHPDJHQpULFRVLQRDOJRFRQFUHWRDXQTXHVHSDPRVTXHHVWiGHWHUPLQDGRSRU
XQ IDFWRU JOREDO (VWH WUDEDMR \D HQWUD GHQWUR GH OD FRQFHSFLyQ PHWRGROyJLFD \ GHEH VHU
GHILQLGR FRPR FRQMHWXUD LQLFLDO TXH VH YD IUDJXDQGR HQ OD DUJDPDVD WHyULFD SDUD FRQIRUPDU
XQD PHWRGRORJtD ULJXURVD /D KLSyWHVLV FHQWUDO VH SXHGH VXEGLYLGLU SHUR QXQFD GH IRUPD
LPSUHFLVD
(VDVtTXHXQDLQWURGXFFLyQGHXQD7HVLVRXQWUDEDMRFLHQWtILFRQRVVXJLHUH
x 8QDSUHJXQWDTXHVHIRUPXODFRPRUHIOHMRRHVSHMRGHODVTXHVHKDQVLGRUHDOL]DGDV
GHVGH ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV HVSRQWiQHDV (V SUHFLVR DQRWDU TXp SUHJXQWDV VH KDQ RtGR \
FyPRVHUHIRUPXODQHQUHODFLyQFRQODVFRQFHSFLRQHVWHyULFDVTXHVHKDQUHYLVDGR SRU

$HVWHUHVSHFWRVHSXHGHFRPSUREDUHQODVHOHFFLyQGHORVSUREOHPDVTXHVHDERUGDURQHQHOSUR\HFWRLQLFLDOORTXH
VXSRQtDXQDHVWUDWHJLDTXHURPStDFRQORVPROGHVGHORVWHPDULRVFRQFHSWXDOHVYLJHQWHVYpDVH3pUH]5DPtUH]\6RXWR
HVSHFLDOPHQWHSiJLQDV
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

HMHPSOR DQDOL]DU ODV FRQIXVLRQHV WHUPLQROyJLFDV HQWUH OXJDU HVSDFLR \ WHUULWRULR HQWUH
PHPRULDSDVDGRHKLVWRULD
x (QHVWHVHQWLGRHVIUHFXHQWHHODEXVRWHUULWRULDOGHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODVSHUVRQDV
ORVUXPDQRVVRQDVtORVFDWDODQHVGHRWUDIRUPDRELHQH[SRQHUTXHKD\SXHEORVTXH
WLHQHQ PXFKD KLVWRULD (VWRV GRV HUURUHV HSLVWpPLFRV HQFLHUUDQ XQD PDOD SUHJXQWD
SRUTXH REHGHFH D FXHVWLRQDPLHQWRV PRUDOHV GH OD UHDOLGDG YLYLGD TXH HVWi LQWHUIHULGD
SRUODPHGLDFLyQGHODFXOWXUDKHJHPyQLFD0RVWUDUORVHUURUHVGHHVWDVIRUPXODFLRQHV\
DYDQ]DU KDFLD XQ FRUUHFWR SODQWHDPLHQWR GHO SUREOHPD HV REMHWR GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
HGXFDWLYDHQJHRJUDItDHKLVWRULD
x 8QDVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHVDFHUFDODUHOHYDQFLDVRFLDOGHOSUREOHPDVHOHFFLRQDGRHVGHFLU
FyPR DIHFWD HVWH SUREOHPD D ODV UHODFLRQHV VRFLDOHV HVFRODUHV D ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV
LPSOtFLWDVGHOSURIHVRUDGRDODVPDQHUDVGHFRQFHELUODSUiFWLFDGHVGHODVSHUVRQDVTXH
FRQYLYHQ FRQ OD HGXFDFLyQ IRUPDO \ QR IRUPDO SRU HMHPSOR OD XWLOLGDG VRFLDO GHO
FRQRFLPLHQWR GH OD JHRJUDItD H KLVWRULD SDUD H[SOLFDU OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ WHUULWRULDO GHO
EDUULR R SXHEOR GRQGH YLYHQ ORV DOXPQRV OD LQIOXHQFLD GHO SDVDGR KLVWyULFR HQ HO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRFXOWXUDOGHODVILHVWDV\WUDGLFLRQHV
x /DPDQHUDGHIXQGDPHQWDUODVFRQFHSFLRQHVWHyULFDVVHSXHGHKDFHUFRQXQDUHYLVLyQ
JHQHUDO HQ ODV SiJLQDV LQLFLDOHV R ELHQ FRPR GLFH %RXUGLHX HQ FDGD XQD GH ODV SDUWHV
OD WHRUtD HVWi HQ QLQJ~Q OXJDU \ HQ WRGDV ODV SDUWHV (Q FXDOTXLHU FDVR OR TXH HV
SUHFLVR PRVWUDU D FXDOTXLHU OHFWRU GH QXHVWUDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV HV OD UHYLVLyQ GH ODV
OHFWXUDVTXHKHPRVUHDOL]DGRSDUDGHILQLUHOREMHWRTXHYDPRVDHVWXGLDUTXpYDPRVD
SRGHU GHFLU QXHYR VREUH OR TXH \D VH KD HVFULWR" SRU TXp LQWHUHVD HVWH REMHWR D OD
FRPXQLGDG DFDGpPLFD" 8Q EXHQ UHFXUVR HV DFXGLU D ORV +DQGERRN GH HGXFDFLyQ
FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV HWF R FXDOTXLHU RWUD UHIHUHQFLD EiVLFD HQ HO PRPHQWR GH LQLFLDU ODV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV SXHV GH HVWD IRUPD QRV VLWXDPRV HQ HO FRQWH[WR DFDGpPLFR GH ODV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHVSUHFHGHQWHV
$Vt SXHV HQ HVWH PRPHQWR HVWDPRV GHILQLHQGR ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV TXH GHILQHQ HO SUREOHPD
HQWUHVXUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVRFLDOHQHOPDUFRLQVWLWXFLRQDO\ODVSRVLFLRQHVLQGLYLGXDOHV(VGHFLU
VDELHQGR HQ WRGR PRPHQWR GLIHUHQFLDU OD YROXQWDG OD DQpFGRWDHO LQWHUpV LQGLYLGXDO GH ODV
SUiFWLFDVVRFLDOHVGHODVQRUPDWLYDVHVFRODUHV\GHODVUHODFLRQHVGHSRGHUTXHVHHVWDEOHFHQ
HQORVGLVFXUVRV3DUDHOORKHPRVGHVHUSUHFDYLGRVFRQODVLQFHULGDGGHHVWDVQDUUDWLYDVSXHV
SXHGHVXFHGHUTXHQRVGLJDQORTXHHVWDPRVHVSHUDQGRSRUODSUHVLyQGHOVXMHWRLQYHVWLJDGRU
3HUR DGHPiV KHPRV GH VDEHU DFRWDU HO FRQWH[WR KLVWyULFR TXH GHWHUPLQD HO ULJRU GHQXHVWUDV
KLSyWHVLVFRPRVHKDVHxDODGR(VWDSUHFDXFLyQQRVyORHVRSRUWXQDHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFRQ
PpWRGRVFXDOLWDWLYRVVLQRWDPELpQHQORVPRPHQWRVGHDQiOLVLVFXDQWLWDWLYRSXHVGHSHQGHGH
FyPRVHKD\DIRUPXODGRODSUHJXQWDSDUDTXHDVtVHDODUHVSXHVWDGHDKtODQHFHVLGDGGH
UHDOL]DUDOJXQRVHQVD\RVSUHYLRV
4XHUHPRV VXEUD\DU TXH XQ SUREOHPD GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VLHPSUH JHQHUD XQD VLWXDFLyQ GH
LQFHUWLGXPEUH QR VyOR SRU HO UHVXOWDGR VLQR WDPELpQ SRU HO SURFHVR SXHV QHFHVLWDPRV XQ
PpWRGRGHSURJUHVRHQUHODFLyQFRQHOREMHWLYRTXHQRVKHPRVSURSXHVWR\DGHPiVPRVWUDU
DOILQDOGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHGLFKRSURFHVRHVWiYDOLGDGRSRUODFRPXQLGDGDFDGpPLFDSXHV
VLJXHHOULJRUH[LJLGR

8QHMHPSORORSRGHPRVYHUHQHOFDVRGH+RXVWRQSDUDODIRUPDFLyQGRFHQWH

1RVyORQRVUHIHULPRVDODPDQHUDVLQWiFWLFD\Op[LFDGHODIRUPXODFLyQGHODVSUHJXQWDVHQXQFXHVWLRQDULRVLQRWDPELpQ
TXLpQSDVDODVSUHJXQWDVHOLQYHVWLJDGRUH[WHUQRHOPLVPRSURIHVRUHQHODXOD\HQTXpPRPHQWRHQHOKRUDULRGHFODVHR
QR
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

(Q HO FDVR GH XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ GLGiFWLFD GH ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV KHPRV GH GHILQLU HO
WLHPSRTXH GHOLPLWDHOSURFHVRTXHYDPRVDDQDOL]DUQRVyOR HO PDUFRFURQROyJLFRVLQROD
FRQFHSFLyQ GHO SHUtRGR KLVWyULFR TXH HQWHQGHPRV PiV SUHFLVR SH SHUtRGR GHO VLVWHPD
HVFRODU HOLWLVWD ,JXDOPHQWH KHPRV GH GHILQLU HO PDUFR HVSDFLDO DXOD FHQWUR FRPXQLGDG
HVFRODUVLVWHPDSROtWLFRTXHGHILQH\GHOLPLWDHOSUREOHPDTXHTXHUHPRVHVWXGLDU6LYDPRV
DSDUWLUGHODSUiFWLFDGHODXODXQDD\XGDPX\YDOLRVDHVODPHWRGRORJtDGHHVWXGLRVGHFDVR
HQWDQWRTXHQRVSHUPLWLUiQDFXPXODUHYLGHQFLDVGHXQDVLWXDFLyQTXHTXHUHPRVJHQHUDOL]DU
$VtSRGHPRVEXVFDURWURVHMHPSORVGHFDVRVVHPHMDQWHV\VLQRORVFRQRFHPRVORVPRWLYRV
SRUORVTXHFUHHPRVTXHVHWUDEDMDQWDQSRFRHVWRVFDVRV'HHVWHPRGRKHPRVGHPRVWUDUFRQ
FODULGDG ORV PpWRGRV GH REVHUYDFLyQ VHOHFFLyQ \ UHFRJLGD GH GDWRV HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ ORV
REMHWLYRVHKLSyWHVLVTXHVHKDQGHILQLGR<HQFDGDVLWXDFLyQXWLOL]DUODVWpFQLFDVSURSLDVGH
FDGDPpWRGRGHDQiOLVLV
Objetivos e hiptesis
(V LPSRUWDQWH GLIHUHQFLDU DPERV WpUPLQRV SDUD PRVWUDU OD HYROXFLyQ GHO PLVPR SURFHVR GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ /D WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GH ODV LQWXLFLRQHV \ FRQMHWXUDV HQ KLSyWHVLV SDUD VHU
YHULILFDGDV QRV PXHVWUDQ OD PDGXUH] GH XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ 3RU RWUD SDUWH ORV REMHWLYRV QRV
PXHVWUDQTXpTXHUHPRVHVWXGLDU\SDUDTXpTXHUHPRVKDFHUGLFKDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
5HVXOWDDVtSUHFLVRMXVWLILFDUHQODVSiJLQDVLQLFLDOHVGHFXDOTXLHULQYHVWLJDFLyQODVILQDOLGDGHV
GHO HVWXGLR(QHOFDVR GHODVHOHFFLyQGHXQSUREOHPDVRFLDOVHUiSUHFLVRIXQGDPHQWDUOR HQ
UHODFLyQ FRQ ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV HVSRQWiQHDV FRPR VH KD VHxDODGR SHUR WDPELpQ FRQ ORV
SULQFLSLRV WHyULFRV TXH VXVWHQWDQ WDQWR OD VHOHFFLyQ GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH HVWXGLR FRPR HO
SURFHVRPHWRGROyJLFRTXHVHVLJXH(OORQRVUHPLWHDXQDMXVWLILFDFLyQGHOHVWDGRGHODV
HVFXHODVRWHQGHQFLDVH[LVWHQWHVHQHOFDPSRGLVFLSOLQDU(VGHFLUUHVXOWDQHFHVDULRDXQTXH
LQVXILFLHQWHODDUJXPHQWDFLyQGLVFLSOLQDUSDUDGHILQLUHOREMHWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ8QDYH]TXH
VDEHPRV TXp TXHUHPRV DQDOL]DU YDPRV D FRQWLQXDU FRQ OD GHVFULSFLyQ GH ORV SDVRV
PHWRGROyJLFRV1HFHVLWDPRVXQDYH]PiVGHILQLUORVFRQFHSWRVTXHXVDPRV
(Q HVWH VHQWLGR HV SUHFLVR HQWHQGHU TXH WRGRV ORV SUREOHPDV TXH LQYHVWLJXHPRV WLHQHQ XQD
SRVLELOLGDG GH VROXFLyQ SXHV HQ FDVR FRQWUDULR QR VRQ WDOHV 3RU HOOR WLHQHQ XQD KLSyWHVLV R
XQD FRQMHWXUD GH UHVROXFLyQ (VWD SXHGH VHU GLIHUHQWH VHJ~Q OD WLSRORJtD GHO SUREOHPD SXHV
SXHGH VHU XQ HVWXGLR HPStULFR SDUD DFXPXODU PiV HYLGHQFLDV GH XQ SURFHVR R XQ HVWXGLR
WHyULFR TXH FRQVLVWH HQIRUPXODU XQ FDPLQR SDUD UHVROXFLyQ GHXQ SUREOHPD TXH SXHGHVHU
XQD DSOLFDFLyQ WpFQLFD R HO SODQWHDPLHQWR GH XQD QXHYD KLSyWHVLV VXSHUDQGR HO QLYHO GH
LQFHUWH]DGHODFRQMHWXUD3RUHVRHVLPSRUWDQWHGHILQLUHVWHFRQFHSWR
&RQMHWXUDVHHQWLHQGHFRPRXQMXLFLRTXHVHIRUPDGHDOJRSRULQGLFLRVXREVHUYDFLRQHV
(VWDPRV DVtDQWHXQD DILUPDFLyQTXHVH FRQVLGHUD FHUWHUDSHURTXHQR KDVLGRYHULILFDGD QL
UHIXWDGD )XQFLRQD D PDQHUD GH LQWXLFLyQ SXHV D YHFHV ORV GDWRV VRQ LQFRPSOHWRV R VyOR
LQGLFLRV (V XQ EXHQ LQLFLR GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SDUD PRWLYDUVH SHUR SUHFLVD GH XQ WUDEDMR
WHyULFRSDUDFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQDKLSyWHVLV(VPX\LPSRUWDQWHQRSHUPDQHFHUHQHOFRQWH[WRGH
XQDFRQMHWXUDSXHVHVRVXSRQHTXHSRGHPRVSHUPDQHFHUHQHOGHQRPLQDGRVHQWLGRFRP~Q
R ELHQTXHIRUPXOHPRVXQDVXSRVLFLyQGHORVKHFKRVGHIRUPDHTXLYRFDGD9HDPRVXQ

8QDPDQHUDVHQFLOODGHGRFXPHQWDUORTXHVHxDODPRVVHHQFXHQWUDHQHOFDVRGHODJHRJUDItDHQODVHOHFFLyQGHFRQWHQLGRV
HVFRODUHVHQUHODFLyQFRQODVHVFXHODVJHRJUiILFDV6RXWRRHQHOFDVRGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHORVFRQWHQLGRV
KLVWyULFRVUHVSHFWRDODPDQHUDGHHQWHQGHUODKLVWRULRJUDItD\ODKLVWRULDVRFLDOGHOFXUULFXOXP9DOOV

6HJXLPRVODGHILQLFLyQGHOD5$(FRPRSXQWRGHSDUWLGD
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

HMHPSOR VH SODQWHD TXH HO DOXPQDGR HVWDUi PiV PiV DWHQWR D ODV H[SOLFDFLRQHV GHO
SURIHVRUDGRHQ ODV FODVHVGH JHRJUDItD H KLVWRULDVLHVWH H[SOLFD ORV FRQWHQLGRV UHODWLYRVD OD
KLVWRULD ORFDO R D OD JHRJUDItD FRPDUFDO SXHV HVR VXSRQH TXH VH DFHUFD DO HVSDFLR PiV
LQPHGLDWR GHO DOXPQDGR 3HUR VL HVWD DILUPDFLyQ OD FRQWUDVWDPRV FRQ ORV GDWRV H
LQIRUPDFLRQHVTXHSRGHPRVFRQVXOWDUHQHOPRPHQWRGHUHDOL]DUXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQSRGUHPRV
HQWHQGHUTXHGLFKDFRQMHWXUDHVWDEDHUUDGDSXHVORVDOXPQRVQRHQWLHQGHQODVH[SOLFDFLRQHV\
VHGHVPRWLYDQ(VQHFHVDULRHQWUDUDGHILQLUORTXHVXSRQHXQDKLSyWHVLV
8QD KLSyWHVLV HV XQD VXSRVLFLyQ TXH VH HVWDEOHFH SURYLVLRQDOPHQWH FRPR EDVH GH XQD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH SXHGH FRQILUPDU R QHJDU OD YDOLGH] GH DTXHOOD /D KLSyWHVLV VH IRUPXOD
FRPRSURSXHVWDGHWUDEDMRXQDYH]TXHVHKDQVHOHFFLRQDGRGDWRVGHODREVHUYDFLyQUHDOL]DGD
H LQIRUPDFLyQ WHyULFD GHULYDGD GH ORV FRQFHSWRV \ VXV UHODFLRQHV TXH VH HVWDEOH]FDQ FRPR
SXQWR GH SDUWLGD SDUD GHILQLU HO SUREOHPD (V GHFLU \D KHPRV REVHUYDGR TXp SDVD HQ FODVH
FXDQGRVHPXGDQORVFRQWHQLGRVIDFWXDOHVGHOXJDUHVOHMDQRVSRURWURVPiVFHUFDQRV
$Vt SXHV VH SXHGH SURSRQHU XQD VROXFLyQ D OD VLWXDFLyQ H[LVWHQWH TXH VH KD GHILQLGR FRPR
SUREOHPDHGXFDWLYRRFRPRREVWiFXORDODSUHQGL]DMHGHORVKHFKRVVRFLDOHVSRUPHGLRGHOD
HQVHxDQ]DWUDGLFLRQDO3DUDHOORHVSUHFLVRGHILQLUFRQFODULGDGTXpHVODHQVHxDQ]DWUDGLFLRQDO
\QRUHPLWLUODDODVHOHFFLyQGHFRQWHQLGRVGHFDUiFWHUWHUULWRULDO(QHOFDVRTXHQRVRFXSDOD
HQVHxDQ]DWUDGLFLRQDOVHGHILQHFRPRDTXHOODVLWXDFLyQHQODFXDOHOSURIHVRUDGRVLQWHWL]DXQ
VDEHU DFDGpPLFR \ OR UHSURGXFH (Q VX ODERU LQVWUXFWLYD \ GH GLIXVLyQ SXHGH XWLOL]DU
HVWUDWHJLDV O~GLFDV \ FUHDWLYDV SHUR QR ORJUD WUDQVIRUPDU OD DFWLWXG GHO DOXPQDGR DQWH HO
FRQRFLPLHQWR SXHV pVWH VLJXH YLHQGR TXH SURFHGH GHO LQWHUpV GHO DGXOWR HQ HVWH FDVR SRU
FRQRFHUVXKLVWRULDORFDO\JHRJUDItDFRPDUFDOSHURQRVHLQWHUURJDFXiOHVVRQORVHVTXHPDV
\FRQFHSFLRQHVTXHWLHQHXQDSHUVRQDTXHVHGHQRPLQDDOXPQR
7DO FRPR VHxDOD 5 9DOOV SDUD HO HVWXGLR GH ORV PDQXDOHV HVFRODUHV FXDOTXLHU
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH VH UHDOLFH VREUH OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD +LVWRULD R GH OD *HRJUDItD GHEH VHU
FRQWH[WXDOL]DGDHQVXPRPHQWRKLVWyULFRHVGHFLUVLQHVWDUFRQWDPLQDGDSRUODVH[SHFWDWLYDV
SUHVHQWHVGHOLQYHVWLJDGRU6LHQVXFDVRLQGLFDEDODQHFHVLGDGGHFRQRFHUODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV
VRFLDOHVTXHGRFHQWHV\DOXPQRV WHQtDQ HQXQGHWHUPLQDGR PRPHQWRGHORV PDQXDOHV LJXDO
VXFHGHFRQODVSHUFHSFLRQHV\YLYHQFLDVTXHWLHQHQODVSHUVRQDVGHODFRPXQLGDGHVFRODUHQ
UHODFLyQFRQHOWHUULWRULRORFDO
$GHPiV FRPR HVWDPRV LQYHVWLJDQGR VREUH OD SUiFWLFD GH SHUVRQDV \ QR FRQ REMHWRV GH
ODERUDWRULRKHPRVGHFRQVLGHUDUODFRPSUHQVLyQGHODVDFFLRQHVGHULYDGDVGHODVLQWHQFLRQHV
\ GHVHRV GH ORV VXMHWRV REVHUYDGRV HQ ODV DXODV (V GHFLU GHEHPRV SUHFLVDU HO VHQWLGR GH
GLFKDVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVTXHSURFHGHQGHXQDFRQFHSFLyQHVSRQWiQHDTXHVHWLxHGHQDWXUDO
FXDQGRHVREYLRTXHODVSHUFHSFLRQHVGHOWLHPSR\GHOHVSDFLRHVWiQPDQLSXODGDVGHVGHRWUDV
LQVWDQFLDVGHVGHODVLQIRUPDFLRQHVTXHUHFLEHGHDPLJRV\IDPLOLDUHVKDVWDORVHVWtPXORVGHOD
SXEOLFLGDGRHOOHQJXDMHVXEOLPLQDOGHODVLQIRUPDFLRQHVGHORVPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ
3RU HVR HV QHFHVDULR UHDOL]DU XQ DQiOLVLV GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD KLVWyULFD DTXt WLHQH PXFKR
LQWHUpV OD SRVLFLyQ GH OD PHWRGRORJtD VRFLRJHQpWLFD %XVFDU ODV WHQGHQFLDV UXWLQDV \
WUDGLFLRQHV$TXtGHEHPRVVHUULJXURVRVSHURDOPLVPRWLHPSRUHVSHWXRVRVFRQRWUDVPDQHUDV
GH SURFHGHU (V GHFLU SRGHPRV FULWLFDU XQD PDQHUD GH HQVHxDU WUDGLFLRQDO SHUR
FRPSUHQGLHQGR ORV PRWLYRV SHUVRQDOHV TXH OOHYDQ D ORV GRFHQWHV D WUDEDMDU GH XQD
GHWHUPLQDGDPDQHUDSRUHMHPSOROHVJXVWDUtDKDFHUH[iPHQHVGHSUHJXQWDVH[WHQVDVSHUROD
IDOWDGH WLHPSR SDUD FRUUHJLUOHVOOHYDDSODQWHDU H[iPHQHV GHSUHJXQWDV FRUWDV 3RUHVR HV

&RPRHQFDVRDQWHULRUXWLOL]DPRVODGHILQLFLyQGHOD5$(
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

LPSRUWDQWHDQDOL]DUODSUiFWLFD\QRODVJUDQGHVWHQGHQFLDVRPRGHORVGHFODVHSXHVVHSXHGH
FDHUIiFLOPHQWHHQTXHUHUGHVFDOLILFDUXQDPDQHUDGHWUDEDMDU\HVRHVXQHQVD\RSHURQRXQD
WHVLV
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHFRQFLEHQ\HQVD\DQSURSXHVWDVGHWUDWDPLHQWRGHORVSUREOHPDVDQDOL]DGRV
TXHVXHOHQGDUOXJDUDUHVXOWDGRVPXFKRPiVSRVLWLYRV+HPRVGHSUHFLVDUTXHODUHVROXFLyQ
GHSUREOHPDVHQLQYHVWLJDFLyQQRHVVHPHMDQWHDODTXHVHSURGXFHHQODLQQRYDFLyQGLGiFWLFD
SXHV HQ HVWH iPELWR LQVWLWXFLRQDO HO SURIHVRUDGR WLHQH XQD LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH ORV SRVLEOHV
UHVXOWDGRVTXHHODOXPQDGRGHVFRQRFHPLHQWUDVTXHHQODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVQRVPRYHPRVHQ
HOWHUUHQRGHODVKLSyWHVLV\GHOULJRUHQORVPpWRGRVGHSURFHVDPLHQWRGHLQIRUPDFLyQ
Metodologa y mtodos
(V SUHFLVR GLIHUHQFLDU OD PHWRGRORJtD GH ORV PpWRGRV \ GH ODV WpFQLFDV GH WUDEDMR HQ XQ
SURFHVR GH VHOHFFLyQ UHFRJLGD \ SURFHVDPLHQWR GH ORV GDWRV S~EOLFRV /DV IXHQWHV VLHPSUH
GHEHQ SHUPLWLU TXH FXDOTXLHU RWUD SHUVRQD FRQ XQ FDPLQR GLYHUJHQWH OOHJXH D FRQFOXVLRQHV
GLIHUHQWHVSDUDSRGHUUHIXWDUQXHVWUDVWHRUtDV$TXtHVWULEDHOFDUiFWHUULJXURVR\FLHQWtILFRGH
QXHVWUD WDUHD (VR VXSRQH TXH QR SRGHPRV KDEODU GH PHWRGRORJtD FXDOLWDWLYD R FXDQWLWDWLYD
SXHV HVR FRUUHVSRQGH D ORV PpWRGRV FRPR FRQMXQWR GH WpFQLFDV /D PHWRGRORJtD GH OD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ HGXFDFLyQ VXSRQH HO FDPLQR TXH SURFHGH GH OD LPSXJQDFLyQ GH OD FXOWXUD
KHJHPyQLFD TXH VH H[SDQGH GH IRUPD QDWXUDO HQ ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV GHO VHQWLGR FRP~Q
KDVWDODFRPXQLFDFLyQUHIOH[LYDGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHOSURFHVRGHDQiOLVLV\YHULILFDFLyQGHODV
KLSyWHVLV
/DPHWRGRORJtDQRVHSXHGHUHGXFLUDXQRVPpWRGRVGHYHULILFDFLyQHPStULFD/DPHWRGRORJtD
FRPLHQ]DFRQODVHOHFFLyQGHOSUREOHPDTXHYDPRVDHVWXGLDU\FRQWLQ~DFRQODIRUPXODFLyQ
GH ODV KLSyWHVLV 3RU HVR HV DEVXUGD OD WD[RQRPtD GH PHWRGRORJtD FXDOLWDWLYD \ FXDQWLWDWLYD
$GHPiV FRPR H[SOLFD . %DUWRQ QXHVWUDV SURSLDV SDODEUDV \D UHYHODQ OD FRPELQDFLyQ GH
DPERVPpWRGRVSXHVFXDQGRGHFLPRVDOJXQRVODPD\RUtDFDVLWRGRVQRVUHIHULPRVD
FDQWLGDGHV SHVH D TXH KDJDPRV XQD GHVFULSFLyQ FRQ WpFQLFDV FXDOLWDWLYDV 3RU RWUD SDUWH
FXDQGRLQWHUSUHWDPRVORVQ~PHURVKDFHPRVUHIHUHQFLDDIDFWRUHVSHUVRQDOHVHQHVSHFLDOSRU
ODVYDULDEOHVGHOFRQWH[WRTXHSXHGHQLQFLGLUHQORVUHVXOWDGRV
(V FLHUWR TXH HO FDPLQR PHWRGROyJLFR VXSRQH XQD VHULH RSHUDFLRQHV FRPR KHPRV YLVWR (O
FRQMXQWR GH RSHUDFLRQHV VH KD VLVWHPDWL]DGR FRPR XQ PRGHOR TXHSRGHPRV GHVLJQDUFRQ HO
WpUPLQRGHPHWRGRORJtDVRFLRFUtWLFDRUHFRQVWUXFWLYD1RREVWDQWHXQDIDVHPX\UHOHYDQWHHV
OD TXH VH FDUDFWHUL]D SRU HO XVR GH XQ FRQMXQWR GH WpFQLFDV GH YHULILFDFLyQ HPStULFD TXH
SRGHPRVFDWHJRUL]DUFRPRPpWRGRVFXDOLWDWLYRV\FXDQWLWDWLYRV<FRPRKHPRVGLFKRDPERV
QR VRQ RSXHVWRV VLQR FRPSOHPHQWDULRV 3RU HVWH PRWLYR SRGHPRV FRQVXOWDU ODV GLIHUHQWHV
WD[RQRPtDVGHPpWRGRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ%LVTXHUUD*DUFtDIHUUDQGRHWDOSHUR
VDELHQGRTXHWRGDFDWHJRUL]DFLyQGHPRGHORVHQFLHUUDPXFKRVPDWLFHV

9HUODLQWURGXFFLyQGHVXPDQXDOVREUHPpWRGRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVHGXFDWLYDV%DUWRQ

8QFDVRVLJQLILFDWLYRVHUiHOTXHSUHVHQWHPRVGHODSHUFHSFLyQGHOPHGLRUXUDOGRQGHVHFRPSDUDQORVGLEXMRV\HVFULWRV
GHDOXPQRVGHGLYHUVRVFHQWURV\GRQGHVHLQWHQWDDJUXSDUFXDQWLWDWLYDPHQWHODVUHVSXHVWDV

8QHMHPSORHYLGHQWHTXHPRVWUDUHPRVHVHOTXHVHUHJLVWUDHQHOPRPHQWRGHKDFHUODV3UXHEDVGH$FFHVRDOD8QLYHUVLGDG
3$8SRUODSUHVLyQHPRFLRQDOTXHURGHDDODFWRGHHODERUDUXQDWDUHDGHFRQRFLPLHQWRKLVWyULFRRGHFXDOTXLHURWUD
PDWHULD
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

(QWLHQGRTXHHVSUHFLVRGHILQLUELHQHOPpWRGRTXHVHJXLPRVSDUDVHOHFFLRQDUODLQIRUPDFLyQ
\SURFHVDUORVGDWRV&RQVLVWHHQXQDIDVHPiVGHOULJRUPHWRGROyJLFR\VREUHWRGRQRQRV
SRGHPRV FHQWUDU HQ XQ GHEDWH WHUPLQROyJLFR 3RQJDPRV XQ HMHPSOR LOXVWUDWLYR OD WHRUtD
IXQGDPHQWDGDRGrounded Theory6HJ~QODUHYLVLyQUHDOL]DGDSRU6WUDXVV\&RUELQ
"La teora fundamentada es una metodologa general para desarrollar una teora
que est fundamentada en la recogida y anlisis sistemticos de datos. La teora se
desarrolla durante la investigacin, y esto se lleva a cabo mediante una continua
interpelacin entre el anlisis y la recogida de datos."31
&RPRSRGHPRVFRPSUREDUGLFKDPHWRGRORJtDQRVUHPLWHDXQDGHILQLFLyQGHORGHILQLGR(Q
WRGR FDVR KD\ DOJ~Q LQYHVWLJDGRU TXH QR DQDOL]D ORV GDWRV FRQ HO ULJRU GH XQD FRQWLQXD
LQWHUSHODFLyQ" &RQ HOOR OR TXH TXLHUR DILUPDU HV TXH HO XVR GH QRPHQFODWXUDV \ WpUPLQRV
FUtSWLFRV SDUD FRQFHSWXDOL]DU ODV WDUHDV PHWRGROyJLFDV PXFKDV YHFHV FUHDQ OD DSDULHQFLD GH
ULJRUFXDQGRHQUHDOLGDGORTXHKDFHQHVFRQIXQGLU(QHVWHVHQWLGRHVSUHFLVRFRQRFHUFyPR
VH RUJDQL]DQ ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV SXHV QRV DGYHUWLUiQ GH SUREOHPDV TXH QRV SRGHPRV
HQFRQWUDUHQHOPRPHQWRGHVHOHFFLRQDUORVGDWRVHLQWHUSUHWDUORVFRPRKHFKRVVRFLDOHV
(QHOFDVRGHODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVHQODHQVHxDQ]DGHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVSDUHFHTXHVRQPX\
SHUWLQHQWHV ORV HVWXGLRV FRQ XQ PpWRGR KLVWyULFR SXHV QRV SHUPLWHQ IRUPXODU ODV FDXVDV R
IDFWRUHV TXH GHWHUPLQDQ HO REMHWR TXH HVWDPRV DQDOL]DQGR 3HUR LJXDOPHQWH KHPRV GH
FRQVLGHUDU HO PpWRGR FUtWLFRUDFLRQDO SDUD LQWHJUDU ODV SHUVSHFWLYDV GHO LQYHVWLJDGRU \ GHO
VXMHWRGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQSXHVHQHGXFDFLyQODVSHUVRQDVDOXPQRV\GRFHQWHVEiVLFDPHQWH
PDQLSXODQHOREMHWRGHDQiOLVLVFRQVXVHPRFLRQHVHLQWHUHVHV
$Vt SRGHPRV XWLOL]DU DOJXQDV WpFQLFDV FRPSOHPHQWDULDV SRU HMHPSOR XQ FXHVWLRQDULR QRV
SHUPLWHFDUWRJUDILDUORVJUDQGHVGDWRVGHOSUREOHPDXQJUXSRGHGLVFXVLyQSURIXQGL]DUHQ
ORVIDFWRUHV\XQDVHQWUHYLVWDVFRPSUHQGHUORVHOHPHQWRV\IDFWRUHVLQGLYLGXDOHVTXHPDWL]DQ
ODVH[SOLFDFLRQHVVRFLDOHV&RPRYHPRVVRQWpFQLFDVGHPpWRGRVFXDOLWDWLYRV\FXDQWLWDWLYRV
TXH VH FRPSOHPHQWDQ GH IRUPD FRKHUHQWH &XiO HV HO FULWHULR TXH QRV SHUPLWH XWLOL]DU XQ
FRQMXQWRGHPpWRGRV\QRRWURV"
(QSULPHUOXJDUHOFDUiFWHUGHORVREMHWLYRVGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\HOiPELWRGHOSUREOHPDTXH
TXHUHPRV DQDOL]DU 8QD SULPHUD DSUR[LPDFLyQ QRV SHUPLWLUi GLVWLQJXLU ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH
GHILQHQQXHVWUDLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQORViPELWRVGHODLQQRYDFLyQ\VREUHWRGR
GHOVHQWLGRFRP~Q(VLPSRUWDQWHVDEHUTXHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQDFDGpPLFD\FLHQWtILFDURPSH
FRQODVUHJODVGHOVHQWLGRFRP~QFRPRSRGHPRVYHUHQHOVLJXLHQWHFXDGUR

5HFRJHPRVHVWDFLWDGHXQPDQXDOGH52'5*8(=*0(='DYLG\9$//'(25,2/$5248(7-RUGL
Metodologa de la Investigacin8QLYHUVLWDW2EHUWDGH&DWDOXQ\D%DUFHORQD)82&SiJLQD
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

Sentido comn Innovacin Investigacin

'HILQLFLyQGHO /RTXHSHQVDPRVTXH /RTXHREVHUYDPRV /RTXHQRV
SUREOHPD SUHRFXSDDOD HQODVDXODVH FXHVWLRQDPRVGHO
VRFLHGDG LQWHUHVHVDOXPQDGR VHQWLGRFRP~Q\
YDORUDPRVGHOLQWHUpV
GHODVDXODV
&RQMHWXUDHKLSyWHVLV ,QWXLFLRQHVEDMROD %~VTXHGDGH 'HILQLUODVKLSyWHVLV
SUHVLyQGHOD VROXFLRQHVSUiFWLFDV FRQWHRUtDVULJXURVDV
LQIRUPDFLyQGHPDVDV SDUDPHMRUDU
DSUHQGL]DMH
0HWRGRORJtD\ 5HVROYHUSUREOHPDV 0HWRGRORJtDDFWLYD ,PSXJQDUHOVHQWLGR
PpWRGRV FRQSUDJPDWLVPR FRQPXFKRV FRP~QFRQ
HMHUFLFLRVHQDXODV DUJXPHQWRV
YHULILFDEOHV
&RQWUDVWHGH %XVFDUODHILFDFLDGH 6DWLVIDFFLyQGHO &RPSDUDUFRQRWURV
UHVXOWDGRV ORVGDWRV DSUHQGL]DMH OXJDUHVSDUD
SUR\HFWDGR JHQHUDOL]DU
&RQFOXVLRQHV 0RVWUDUORTXHVH 8QUHVXOWDGRTXHVH 3URSXHVWDVGHPHMRUD
SHQVDEDDOLQLFLR SXHGHPHGLU HQODHQVHxDQ]D
'LIXVLyQGHORV ,QIRUPHVWpFQLFRV &DPELRVHQOD 3URPRYHUXQPRGHOR
HVWXGLRV SDUDDYDODUSROtWLFDV SURJUDPDFLyQ GHHVSDFLRS~EOLFR
&XDGUR,QYHVWLJDFLyQDFDGpPLFD\VHQWLGRFRP~Q
Fuente: (ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
(QVHJXQGROXJDUHVLPSRUWDQWHH[SOLFDUORVGDWRVHPRFLRQHVGHFLVLRQHVDFWRVTXHYDQD

VHUUHFRJLGRVHQXQFRQWH[WRWHyULFRDGHFXDGRSDUDTXHSXHGDQVHUORVKHFKRVTXHXWLOLFHPRV
HQ XQD DUJXPHQWDFLyQ FLHQWtILFD < FRPR SRGHPRV DSUHFLDU HO ULJRU HQ OD PHWRGRORJtD VH
GHULYDGHOFULWHULRFRQHOFXDOVHOHFFLRQDPRVXQSUREOHPD(QHOFDVRGHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV
HVWH SUREOHPD HVWi FRQWDPLQDGR SRU ODV LQWHQFLRQHV \ FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV SHUVRQDOHV GH
GRFHQWHV\DOXPQRV(QHVWHVHQWLGRHVQHFHVDULRFRQVLGHUDUTXHHVWRVGRVFROHFWLYRVWDPELpQ
WLHQHQ VXV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV TXH GHWHUPLQDQ XQ VHQWLGR FRP~Q GH OD H[SOLFDFLyQ
VRFLDOTXHFRQVWLWX\HXQDFHUWH]DGHFRQRFLPLHQWRSDUDODFRPSUHQVLyQGHO PXQGR3RUHVR
PLVPR OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HGXFDWLYD VXSRQH HQ PiV GH XQD RFDVLyQ OD LPSXJQDFLyQ GH HVDV
UXWLQDV WUDGLFLRQHV \ UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV TXH VRQ DOJR PiV TXH LPiJHQHV X RSLQLRQHV
TXHVHSXHGHQFDPELDU/DVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVHVWiQDQFODGDVHQXQDSHUVSHFWLYDYLWDOHQXQD
FRQFHSFLyQGHOPXQGRTXHWUDVSDVDHOPHURLQWHUFDPELRGHSDUHFHUHVHQXQDXODHVFRODU
$QWH HVWD LQFHUWLGXPEUH HV DFRQVHMDEOH WUDEDMDU FRQ DOJXQRV PRGHORV GH PHWRGRORJtDV
JHQHUDOHVFRPRSRGHPRVYHUHQHOVLJXLHQWHFXDGUR(VGHFLUORVSUREOHPDV\ORVREMHWLYRV
GHWHUPLQDQHQJUDQPHGLGDODVHOHFFLyQGHOPpWRGRTXHYDPRVDXWLOL]DUSDUDVHOHFFLRQDUOD
UHFRJLGDGHGDWRV\VXSRVWHULRULQWHUSUHWDFLyQ&RPRSRGHPRVYHUHQHOFXDGURORVPpWRGRV
HVWiQ GHWHUPLQDGRV SRU XQD SRVLFLyQ GHO VDEHU DQWH OD UHVROXFLyQ GH SUREOHPDV R VHD OD
ILORVRItD GH OD FLHQFLD \ OD HSLVWHPRORJtD VRQ UHIHUHQFLDV EiVLFDV SDUD DGRSWDU XQR X RWUR
PpWRGRHQHOPRPHQWRGHLQLFLDUODVHOHFFLyQGHORVGDWRV
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

Problema Mtodo Finalidad

'HVLQWHUpVGHODOXPQDGRSRUOD &UtWLFRUDFLRQDORVRFLRFUtWLFR $QDOL]DUODVSHUVSHFWLYDVGHO
PDWHULDHVFRODU LQYHVWLJDGRU\GHORVVXMHWRVGHO
HVWXGLR
/LPLWDFLRQHVGHOFRQWH[WR +LVWyULFRVRFLRJHQpWLFR &RQRFHUORVDJHQWHV\ORV
LQVWLWXFLRQDOHQODLQQRYDFLyQ QDUUDWLYR REMHWRVTXHLQWHUILHUHQHQODV
HGXFDWLYD DFFLRQHVGHORVVXMHWRV
(YROXFLyQRSURJUHVRGHO &RPSDUDWLYRVLWXDFLRQDO %XVFDUORVIDFWRUHVTXHH[SOLFDQ
DSUHQGL]DMHGHODOXPQDGR HVWDGtVWLFR XQDPHMRUHILFDFLDGHO
DSUHQGL]DMHSHUVHJXLGR
&XDGUR5HODFLyQHQWUHSUREOHPDVPpWRGRV\REMHWLYRV
(VWD SULPHUD DSUR[LPDFLyQ QRV LQGLFDUi TXp WLSR GH PpWRGRV \ WpFQLFDV VRQ ODV PiV
DSURSLDGDV SDUD QXHVWUD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ (VWDPRV SXHV FRQVLGHUDQGR ORV PpWRGRV FRPR XQ
HOHPHQWRPiVGHODPHWRGRORJtD\QRXQUHIHUHQWH~QLFRTXHQRVYDOLGHHOULJRUGHODPLVPD
8Q HMHPSOR ELHQ HYLGHQWH OR KD FRQVWLWXLGR OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GHQRPLQDGD %26(9$ HQ OD
FXDO VH KD YHULILFDGR TXH ORV SUREOHPDV ORFDOHV WLQHQ XQD SUR\HFFLyQ JOREDO HQ XQD FODUD
VXSHUSRVLFLyQ GH HVFDODV FRPR KDQ PRVWUDGR RWURV FDVRV 6WUDIRULQL 3DUD SRGHU
H[SOLFDUHOHVWXGLRHVFRODUGHODSREODFLyQODERUDO\YHUFyPRFRQGLFLRQDODUHDOLGDGFRWLGLDQD
KDVLGRQHFHVDULRXWLOL]DUXQPpWRGRFRPSDUDWLYRSHURDQWHVIXHSUHFLVR LQWHUFDPELDU
DUJXPHQWRVVREUHODGHILQLFLyQGHOSUREOHPDORTXHVXSXVRXQWLHPSRVXSHULRUDVHLVPHVHV
GHWUDEDMR
/26 0e72'26 < /$6 7e&1,&$6 '(/ 352&(62 '( /$ ,1)250$&,1
$/*8126(-(03/26
&RPR YHQLPRV LQVLVWLHQGR PXFKDV GH ODV SROpPLFDV VREUH OD PHWRGRORJtD HGXFDWLYD VH
HVWUXFWXUDQ VREUH HO SDSHO GH ORV PpWRGRV FXDQWLWDWLYRV \ FXDOLWDWLYRV HQ HO PRPHQWR GH
SURFHVDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ 6H DUJXPHQWD TXH ORV PpWRGRV FXDQWLWDWLYRV IDYRUHFHQ ODV
FRPSDUDFLRQHV \ SRVLEOHV JHQHUDOL]DFLRQHV PLHQWUDV TXH ORV FXDOLWDWLYRV SHUPLWHQ
SURIXQGL]DU HQ DOJXQRV DVSHFWRV TXH VH KDQ GHVFULWR &RPR YHQLPRV LQGLFDQGR HQ HVWD
RSRVLFLyQ GLDOpFWLFD KD\ XQD VLPSOLILFDFLyQ H[DJHUDGD \ XQ HVFDVR UD]RQDPLHQWR
HSLVWHPROyJLFR
(V SUHFLVR FRQRFHU ORV FULWHULRV GH ULJRU TXH GHILQHQ XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HGXFDWLYD $ HVWH
UHVSHFWR SRGHPRV VHxDODU ORV FXDWUR VLJXLHQWHV GRQGH GLIHUHQFLDPRV ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH
DSDUHFHQ HQ ODV GLVWLQWDV PHWRGRORJtDV SRVLWLYLVWDV \ VRFLRFUtWLFDV &RPR VHxDODPRV HQ HO
FXDGURORVFXDWURFULWHULRVTXHGHILQHQHOULJRUGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQVRQLQWHUSUHWDGRVGHVGH
GRV SRVLFLRQHV ILORVyILFDV HQ ORV SURFHGLPLHQWRV FLHQWtILFRV \ SRU WDQWR QR SXHGHQ VHU
HQWHQGLGRVGHVGHXQDFRQFHSFLyQHQVLQJXODUVLQRFRPRXQDDSUR[LPDFLyQTXHVHGHULYDGH
ODSRVLFLyQGHODE~VTXHGDGHODYHUGDGFLHQWtILFD

%DMRHVWRVDFUyQLPRVVHRFXOWDEDHOWUDEDMRFRQMXQWRUHDOL]DGRGHVGH%RJRWi/D6HUHQD\9DOHQFLDUHVSHFWRDODV
FRQGLFLRQHVODERUDOHVGHODVPXMHUHVHQ&RORPELD&KLOH\(VSDxDTXHKDWUDEDMDGRFRQPiVSUHFLVLyQ$QD0DUtD5LEHV
\HQVX7UDEDMR)LQDOGH0iVWHU
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

0HWRGRORJtD Veracidad Aplicabilidad Consistencia Neutralidad

Positivista 5LJRUHQORV 5HOHYDQFLD\ 3RVLELOLGDGGH 2EMHWLYLGDGHQHO
UHVXOWDGRV\HQORV JHQHUDOL]DFLyQHQ UHSHWLFLyQGH SURFHVR
SURFHGLPLHQWRV RWURVFRQWH[WRV UHVXOWDGRV
Sociocrtica 9DOLGH]LQWHUQD\ 9DOLGH]H[WHUQD\ )LDELOLGDGGHO ,QWHUVXEMHWLYLGDGHQ
FUHGLELOLGDG WUDQVIHULELOLGDG SURFHGLPLHQWR HOWUDWDPLHQWRGH
GDWRV
&XDGUR/RVFULWHULRVGHULJRUHQXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQHGXFDWLYD
8QD YH] TXH FRQRFHPRV ORV FULWHULRV TXH GHILQHQ XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HGXFDWLYD HV FXDQGR
SRGHPRVHPSH]DUDSODQWHDUHOXVRGHORVPpWRGRVFXDQWLWDWLYRVRFXDOLWDWLYRVSDUDSURFHVDU
ORV GDWRV TXH VH WUDQVIRUPDUiQ HQ KHFKRV SDUD DUJXPHQWDU ODV WHRUtDV (Q HO FXDGUR
H[SRQHPRVDOJXQRVPpWRGRVFXDQWLWDWLYRVTXHVRQXWLOL]DGRVHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHGXFDWLYD
(;3(5,0(17$/ &8$6,(;3(5,0(17$/ (;B3267)$&72

,QFLGHQFLDGHODVYDULDEOHV 0HGLUODLQFLGHQFLDGHODV 1RKD\FRQWUROGHYDULDEOHV
LQGHSHQGLHQWHVHQODV YDULDEOHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHVHQ LQGHSHQGLHQWHVSRUTXHHO
GHSHQGLHQWHV JUXSRVQRDOHDWRULRV IHQyPHQRKDVXFHGLGR
$VLJQDFLyQDOHDWRULDGHVXMHWRV 6HOHFFLyQLQWHQFLRQDOGHJUXSRV 6XMHWRVQRDOHDWRULRV
SDUDYHUGLIHUHQFLDV ,QWHQFLRQDOLGDGGHODPXHVWUD
5HODFLRQHVFDXVDHIHFWRGH 6LWXDFLRQHVUHDOHVGLItFLOHVGH (VWXGLRVGHGHVDUUROOR
FDUiFWHUOLQHDO FRQWURODU GHVFULSWLYRVHQFXHVWDV
FRPSDUDWLYRVFDXVDOHV\
FRUUHODFLRQDOHV
&XDGUR0pWRGRVFXDQWLWDWLYRVHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHGXFDWLYD
Fuente: (ODERUDFLyQSURSLDDSDUWLUGH%LVTXHUUDHWDO
/RV HVWXGLRV SRVWIDFWR QRV SHUPLWH FRQRFHU ODV WHQGHQFLDV HVWXGLRV ORQJLWXGLQDOHV
WUDQVYHUVDOHVRGHFRKRUWHV3RUHVRODVHVWDGtVWLFDVTXHVHXWLOL]DQHQORVHVWXGLRVSRVWIDFWR
VLUYHQ SDUD MXVWLILFDU ORV DUJXPHQWRV TXH XWLOL]DPRV SDUD JHQHUDOL]DU ORV UHVXOWDGRV D RWURV
FDVRV\ H[SOLFDU GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD KLVWyULFD ORV IDFWRUHV TXHH[SOLFDQ XQD GHWHUPLQDGD
VLWXDFLyQ'RVHMHPSORVPX\FODURVGHHVWDPHWRGRORJtDORVSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUHQOD7HVLV
GRFWRUDO GH &DUORV )XVWHU \ HQ HO HVWXGLR UHDOL]DGR SRU 'LDQD 6DQWDQD HQ
UHODFLyQFRQODSDUWLFLSDFLyQHVFRODUHQXQFDVRFRQVLVWHHQPRVWUDUFXiOHVODPXHVWUDPiV
UHSUHVHQWDWLYD GHO DOXPQDGR TXH DFXGH D ODV 3$8 GH +LVWRULD PLHQWUDV TXH HQ HO RWUR
FRUUHVSRQGHDXQDVHOHFFLyQGHFHQWURVHVFRODUHVUHVSHFWRDVXVSURJUDPDFLRQHVHGXFDWLYRVHQ
UHODFLyQFRQORV3DUTXHV1DWXUDOHV
/RV HVWXGLRV FXDOLWDWLYRV LQFLGHQ PiV HQ HO HVWXGLR GH FDVRV HQ OD SURIXQGLGDG GH XQD
VLWXDFLyQ LQGLYLGXDO SHUR TXH QR HV ~QLFD H LUUHSHWLEOH 3DUD HOOR HV PX\ LPSRUWDQWH VDEHU
GHILQLU HO FRQWH[WR GRQGH VH SURGXFHQ ORV HVWXGLRV GH FDVR TXH VHUiQ DQDOL]DGRV HQ
SURIXQGLGDG8QDYH]GHOLPLWDGRHOFRQWH[WRHVSUHFLVRDERUGDUHOHVWXGLRFRQODVWpFQLFDV

d&D/
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

SUHFLVDV SRU HVR GHEHPRV VDEHU VHOHFFLRQDU OD TXH VH FRUUHVSRQGH FRQ HO REMHWLYR \ PHGLR
TXHXWLOL]DPRV$VtORKDPRVWUDGR'LHJR*DUFtD\HQVHQGRV7UDEDMRV)LQDOGH
0iVWHU TXH KDQ VLGR SXEOLFDGRV SDUFLDOPHQWH (Q HOORV TXHGD UHIOHMDGD OD QHFHVLGDG GH
DERUGDU HO HVWXGLR GH ODV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV SLFWyULFDV GHVGH XQD WD[RQRPtD HQ HVWH FDVR
3RFRFN SHUR WDPELpQ GHVGH OD GHILQLFLyQ SUHFLVD GHO FRQWH[WR WHUULWRULDO GRQGH VH XELFD HO
FHQWUR HVFRODU SXHV FRQGLFLRQD OD SHUFHSFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH OD
LQWHUIHUHQFLDHQWUHHOHVSDFLRYLYLGR\FRQFHELGR
(QUHODFLyQFRQHVWDSULPHUDDSUR[LPDFLyQ\DSRGHPRVSDVDUDXQVHJXQGRFULWHULRTXHHVHO
TXHSURFHGHGHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHORVGDWRVVHOHFFLRQDGRV3DUDHPSH]DUDFODULILFDUHOULJRUHQHO
XVRGHWpFQLFDV\PpWRGRVKHPRVGHSURFHGHUDODOHFWXUD\YDORUDFLyQGHORVPDQXDOHVDOXVR
FRPR \D KHPRV GLFKR $Vt GHO OLEUR GH *DUFtD )HUUDQGR ,EixH] \ $OYLUD SRGHPRV
HVWDEOHFHUXQDSULPHUDFDWHJRUtDGHWpFQLFDVGHWUDEDMR
(VWUDWHJLDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ 8WLOLGDGHQHGXFDFLyQGHSUREOHPDVVRFLDOHV
,QYHVWLJDFLyQSDUWLFLSDWLYD 3DUD IDFLOLWDU OD WULDQJXODFLyQ HQ OD REVHUYDFLyQ GHO DXOD
,QYHVWLJDFLyQ $FFLyQ 6DEHU REVHUYDU VLQ MX]JDU HQ XQD
FODVHDXOD
(QFXHVWDFRQFXHVWLRQDULR 'HWHFWDU ORV UDVJRV GHO SUREOHPD 6LUYH SDUD FRPSDUDU ORV
SUREOHPDV HQ GLIHUHQWHV FRQWH[WRV 6H SXHGHQ XWLOL]DU
SUHJXQWDV FHUUDGDV FODVLILFDU \ DELHUWDV H[SOLFDU FRQ PiV
SURIXQGLGDG
(QWUHYLVWDDELHUWDVHPLGLUHFWLYD 6LUYH SDUD DPSOLDU HO DQiOLVLV GH ORV IDFWRUHV UHFXHUGRV \
RWURV HOHPHQWRV DIHFWLYRV GH ORV VXMHWRV GHO IHQyPHQR
HVWXGLDGR
'LVFXVLyQHQJUXSRV )DFLOLWD OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH ODV GLIHUHQWHV YLVLRQHV GH XQ
PLVPR SUREOHPD ,PSRUWDQFLD GH H[SHUWRV \ QRYDWRV HQ OD
LQQRYDFLyQHGXFDWLYD
(VWXGLRHWQRJUiILFR 5HODWRVELRJUiILFRVQDUUDFLRQHVGHH[SHULHQFLDVHQXQ
FRQWH[WRHVFRODU
(VWXGLRGHFDVRV &RPSUHQGHUXQDVLWXDFLyQ\SURSLFLDUODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHV
HQODVSUiFWLFDVHGXFDWLYDV
&XDGUR7pFQLFDVGHWUDEDMRHQODPHWRGRORJtDHGXFDWLYD
Fuente: (ODERUDFLyQSURSLDDSDUWLUGH*DUFtD)HUUDQGRHWDO
&RPR SRGHPRV DSUHFLDU ODV GLIHUHQWHV WpFQLFDV GH WUDEDMR YDQ LQVHUWDV HQ VXV PpWRGRV GH
WUDEDMR \ HQ XQD GHWHUPLQDGD PHWRGRORJtD SRVLWLYLVWD KHUPHQpXWLFD R VRFLRFUtWLFD TXH
GHWHUPLQD OD PDQHUD GH WUDEDMDU FRQ ORV GDWRV H KLSyWHVLV 3HUR FDGD HVWUDWHJLD VXSRQH OD
XWLOL]DFLyQ GH XQ FRQMXQWR GH WpFQLFDV TXH GHEHQ IDFLOLWDU DUJXPHQWRV SDUD XQD H[SOLFDFLyQ
VXSHULRU
$VtORVWUDEDMRVUHDOL]DGRVSRU'LDQD6DQWDQDPXHVWUDQODUHOHYDQFLDGHORVHVWXGLRVGH
FDVR SDUD GLVSRQHU GH KHFKRV HPStULFRV TXH QRV SHUPLWDQ FRQILUPDU XQD OtQHD GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FRPR HV HO FDVR GH OD GLULJLGD SRU $QWRQLR 0RUDOHV 6DQWDQD 0RUDOHV HW DO
&RQ OD WUDQVFULSFLyQ GH HQWUHYLVWDV D GRFHQWHV DOXPQRV \ GLUHFWRUHVDV GH SDUTXHV
QDWXUDOHVVHKDFRPSUREDGRODUHOHYDQFLDGHORVSUR\HFWRVHGXFDWLYRVGHFHQWURSDUD
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

FRKHVLRQDU ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV GH GLIXVLyQ GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR GHVGHORV SDUTXHV \ ORV GHVHRV GH
HQVHxDU SDUD DSUHQGHU HQ DXWRQRPtD GHVGH ORV FHQWURV GRFHQWHV 6LQ HVD FRKHVLyQ ODV
H[SHFWDWLYDVVHSXHGHQYHUIUXVWUDGDV
(QWHQGHPRV TXH ORV PpWRGRV FXDOLWDWLYRV IRUPDQ SDUWH GH XQD PHWRGRORJtD FXDQGR VRQ
FDSDFHV GH DERUGDU SUREOHPDV UHOHYDQWHV FRPR HV HO FDVR GH ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VREUH
ELRJUDItDV GRFHQWHV FRPR VH KD UHDOL]DGR HQ HO FDVR GH $QQD 0XxR] R 'DIQH *DUFtD TXH
VLJXHQ OD VHQGD GH ORV HVWXGLRV GH OD SUiFWLFD HVFRODU\D LQLFLDGRV KDFH GpFDGDVSRU1LFROiV
0DUWtQH] 9DOFiUFHO FRQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD +LVWRULD &RQHOOR DERUGDPRV HVWXGLRV GH
FDVRVTXHQRVSHUPLWHQGLDJQRVWLFDUXQDVLWXDFLyQFRPSOHMDFRPRHVHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHXQ
DXODGHHQVHxDQ]DGHSUREOHPDVVRFLDOHV
/RVPpWRGRVLPSOLFDQXQULJRUWpFQLFRSHURGHEHVHUFRQWH[WXDOL]DGRHQODPHWRGRORJtDTXH
FRQGLFLRQD HO SURFHVR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ 6L YHPRV XQ FDVR FRQFUHWR FRPR HV OD WpFQLFD GHO
FXHVWLRQDULR SRGHPRV REVHUYDU DOJXQRV UHTXLVLWRV TXH VH GHEHQFRQWHPSODU SDUD TXH SXHGD
VHUXWLOL]DGRHQXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQHGXFDWLYDFRPRVRQORVTXHDSDUHFHQHQODILJXUD
)LJXUD(OFXHVWLRQDULRFRPRHMHPSORGHWpFQLFDGHXQPpWRGRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
(VWDV QRWDV QRV PXHVWUDQ OD GLILFXOWDG GH GHILQLU OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HGXFDWLYD SXHV ODV
VLWXDFLRQHVSOXUDOHVVRQPX\FRPSOHMDV\QRSRGHPRVDQDOL]DUHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHXQDXOD
GHXQFHQWURHVFRODURGHXQDFRPXQLGDGHGXFDWLYDFRPRVLIXHUDXQHVWXGLRGHODERUDWRULR
3RU HVR HO HVWXGLR GH ODV DFFLRQHV HGXFDWLYDV VXHOH LQFRUSRUDUOD YDULDEOH GH ODV LQWHQFLRQHV
SHUVRQDOHVORFXDOLPSOLFDXQDFRPSUHQVLyQGHODVDFFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDV
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

(QORVHVWXGLRVTXHHVWDPRVUHDOL]DQGRVREUHODVSHULIHULDVHVFRODUHV&DPSR&tVFDU\6RXWR
6RXWRHWDOPXHVWUDQQRVyORODVGLILFXOWDGHVGHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHORVGDWRVVLQR
VXPLVPDSURGXFFLyQ(QHIHFWRODVHQWUHYLVWDVFRQSHUVRQDVTXHWLHQHQODVRVSHFKDGHOYDORU
GH OD FXOWXUD HVFRODU SURYRFD XQ VHVJR HQ VXV UHVSXHVWDV FXDQGR QR OD DXVHQFLD R QHJDWLYD
DQWH ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV GHO LQYHVWLJDGRU (OOR VXSRQH TXH HV SUHFLVR FUHDU XQ DPELHQWH GH
HPSDWtDSUHYLRSDUDTXHODHQWUHYLVWDIOX\DSRUODVHPRFLRQHV\VHQWLPLHQWRVFRWLGLDQRVGHODV
SHUVRQDVTXHVRQVXMHWRV\DODYH]REMHWRVGHODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV8QDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDTXHVH
UHSLWH HQ RWURV WUDEDMRV UHDOL]DGRV FRQ ORV UHODWRV DXWRELRJUiILFRV %HOWUiQ HW DO (Q
HVWH FRQWH[WR GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HV GRQGH FREUD PD\RU UHOLHYH OD FRQVHFXFLyQ GHO ULJRU
PHWRGROyJLFR\HOUHVSHWRDORVSULQFLSLRVpWLFRVGHODSULYDFLGDGGHODVRSLQLRQHVSHUVRQDOHV
8QRV HVWXGLRV TXH VXSRQHQ HOHYDU D OD FDWHJRUtD GH FODVLILFDFLyQ FRQFHSWXDO ODV RSLQLRQHV \
GHFLVLRQHVFRWLGLDQDV
/RV HVWXGLRV TXH HVWDPRV GHVDUUROODQGR VREUH ODV LGHQWLGDGHV WHUULWRULDOHV ,EHURDPpULFD
8QLyQ (XURSHD (VSDxD QRV SHUPLWHQ FRQILUPDU OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH ODV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV
VRFLDOHVHQODGHILQLFLyQGHOPHGLRJHRJUiILFR$HOORFRQWULEX\HODFUHDFLyQGHUHGHVVRFLDOHV
DOUHGHGRUGHGLYHUVRVIRURVGHGHEDWHTXHQRVSHUPLWHUHODFLRQDUORVSUREOHPDVORFDOHVFRQ
VXPDUFRJOREDO$VtSRGHPRVH[SOLFDUXQFDVRFRQFUHWRGHVGHXQDWHRUtD\DUJXPHQWRVTXH
VRQFRPXQHVDGLIHUHQWHVOXJDUHVGHOSODQHWD
&RPR KHPRV SRGLGR DSUHFLDU ORV HVWXGLRV FXDOLWDWLYRV QRV UHYHODQ OD FRPSOHMLGDG GH OD
H[SOLFDFLyQGHODVGHFLVLRQHV\DFFLRQHVGHOVHUKXPDQRHQHO PHGLRJHRJUiILFR$GHPiVHO
FRQWH[WRHVFRODUVXSRQHODLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DFLyQGHXQDVUHODFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHV\FROHFWLYDVTXH
PHGLDWL]DQORVVHQWLPLHQWRV\UD]RQDPLHQWRV'HDKtTXHVHDSUHFLVRSHQHWUDUHQORVIDFWRUHV
PiV SURIXQGRV TXH D YHFHV HVWiQ RFXOWRV SRU XQD FRVPRYLVLyQ LPSOtFLWD D OD TXH OH
GHQRPLQDPRV UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ VRFLDO /DV SHUFHSFLRQHV LPiJHQHV\ RSLQLRQHV TXH VH SXHGHQ
DQDOL]DUFRQD\XGDGHORVPpWRGRVJHRJUiILFRVQRVSHUPLWHQGHVHQWUDxDUDOJXQRVREVWiFXORV
TXHLPSLGHQVXFODULILFDFLyQ
%,%/,2*5$)$
$EHUR/DXUDHWDOInvestigacin educativa. Abriendo puertas al conocimiento*ODFVR
&RQYRFDFLyQ0RQWHYLGHR&RQWH[WR65/
%DUWRQ .& (G Research Methods in Social Studies Education. Contemporary
Issues and Perspectives. *UHHQZLFK&7,QIRUPDWLRQ$JH
%HOWUiQ - 0DUWtQH] 1 6RXWR ;0 )UDQFR 6 \ +HUQiQGH] -., ([SORUDQGR OD
PHPRULD YLYD 8QD SURSXHVWD PHWRGROyJLFD HQ HO PDUFR GH XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ FXUVR
Investigacin en la escuelaQ~PHURSS
%LVTXHUUD $O]LQD 5DIDHO FRRUG HW DO Metodologa de la investigacin educativa
0DGULG/D0XUDOOD
%XQJH0DULRLa investigacin cientfica%DUFHORQD$ULHO
&DPSR3DtV%HQLWR&LVFDU9HUFKHU-RVHS\6RXWR*RQ]iOH];RVp0/DVSHULIHULDV
HVFRODUHV Scripta Nova. Revista Electrnica de Geografa y Ciencias sociales>(Q OtQHD@
%DUFHORQD8QLYHUVLGDGGH%DUFHORQDYRO;9,,,Q

1RVUHIHULPRVDO*HRIRUR,EHURDPHULFDQRGH(GXFDFLyQKWWSJHRIRUREORJVSRWFRPHVTXHUHFRJHODVRSLQLRQHV\
DUJXPHQWRVGHDOXPQRV\GRFHQWHVGHGLYHUVRVSDtVHVLEHURDPHULFDQRVHQVXVGHEDWHVVREUH8QLGDGHV'LGiFWLFDVVDOLGDV
HVFRODUHVRODVLPSOLFDFLRQHVGHODYLGDSROtWLFDHQODDFFLyQHGXFDWLYD
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

&DUU :LOIUHG \ .HPPLV 6WHSKHQ Teora crtica de la enseanza. La investigacin-

accin en la formacin del profesorado%DUFHORQD(GLFLRQHV0DUWtQH]5RFD
'tD]*yPH]-RVp/XLVLa conciencia viviente0p[LFR)RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFD
'ULYHU 5 < 2OGKDP 9 $ FRQVWUXFWLYLVW DSSURDFK WR FXUULFXOXP GHYHORSPHQW LQ
6FLHQFH. Studies in ScienceEducationSS
(FR 8PEHUWR Cmo se hace una Tesis. Tcnicas y procedimientos de investigacin,
estudio y escritura%DUFHORQD*HGLVDHG2ULJLQDO
)XVWHU*DUFLD&DUORVPensar histricamente. La evaluacin en la PAU de Historia de
Espaa. 7HVLVGRFWRUDO8QLYHUVLWDWGH9DOqQFLD
*DUFtD )HUUDQGR 0 ,EixH] - $OYLUD ) FRPSLODGRUHV El anlisis de La realidad
social. Mtodos y tcnicas de investigacin0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO
*DUFtD0RQWHDJXGR'Las representaciones sociales de la Geografa7UDEDMR)LQDO
GH0iVWHULQpGLWR)DFXOWDWGH0DJLVWHUL$XVLjV0DUFK9DOHQFLD(VSDxD
*DUFtD 0RQWHDJXGR ' La representacin social del medio rural en la geografa
escolar7UDEDMR)LQDOGH0iVWHULQpGLWR)DFXOWDWGH0DJLVWHUL9DOHQFLD(VSDxD
*UDYHV 1 La enseanza de la Geografa, 0DGULG 9LVRU YR Geography in
Education, /RQGRQ+HLQHPDQQUHYLVDGDHQ
*XLVDVROD-)XULy&<&HEHULR06FLHQFH(GXFDWLRQEDVHGRQGHYHORSLQJJXLGHG
UHVHDUFKHQ0DU\97KRPDVHHGScience Education in FocusSS1XHYD<RUN
1RYD6FLHQFH3XEOLVKHUV,QF
+DLGW - 7KH HPRWLRQDO GRJ DQG LWV UDWLRQDO WDLO $ VRFLDO LQWXLWLRQLVW DSSURDFK WR
PRUDOMXGJPHQWPsycological ReviewYROQ~PSS7UDGXFFLyQ(OSHUUR
HPRFLRQDO\VXFRODUDFLRQDOXQHQIRTXHLQWXLFLRQLVWDVRFLDOGHOMXLFLRPRUDOHQ&257,1$
$GHOD HGLFLyQ Neurofilosofa Prctica, *UDQDGD (GLWRULDO &RPDUHV *XLD &RPDUHV GH
SS
+DUEHU & 0HLJKDQ 5 The democratic school. Educational management and the
practice of democracy7LFNQDOO(GXFDWLRQ1RZ3XEOLVKLQJ
+RXVWRQ:57HDFKHUVLQ+LVWRU\HQ/-6DKD$*'ZRUNLQHGVInternational
Handbook of Research on Teachers and Teaching. 1HZ<RUN6SULQJHU6FLHQFH%XVLQHVV
0HGLD//&1523
/OjFHU 9 5RLJ $ 6RXWR ;0 *UXSR *HD &OtR /D (VFXHOD GHPRFUiWLFD \ OD
HQVHxDQ]D GH ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV HQ *5832 *($&/2 FRPSLODGRU Espacio pblico
educativo y enseanza de las ciencias sociales9DOHQFLD1DX/OLEUHVSiJLQDV
0DUWtQH] &KLFR 0 -LPpQH]/LVR 05 /ySH] *D\ 5 /D LQGDJDFLyQ HQ ODV
SURSXHVWDVGHIRUPDFLyQLQLFLDOGHPDHVWURVDQiOLVLVGHHQWUHYLVWDVDIRUPDGRUHVGH'LGiFWLFD
GHODVFLHQFLDVH[SHULPHQWDOHVEnseanza de las CienciasSS
0DUWtQH] 9DOFiUFHO 1 'LUHFWRU La Historia de Espaa en los recuerdos escolares
Anlisis, interpretacin y poder de cambio de los testimonios de profesores y alumnos
9DOHQFLD1DX/OLEUHV
0pUHQQH6FKRXPDNHU % Didctica da Geografia 3RUWR $6$ (GLWRUHV HG
2ULJLQDO3DULV1DWKDQ
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

3pUH]3LODU5DPtUH]66RXWR;RVp0Cmo abordar los problemas ambientales y

sociales desde el aula? El proyecto Gea-Clo9DOHQFLD1DX/OLEUHV
3UDWV - +DFLD XQD GHILQLFLyQ GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ GLGiFWLFD GH ODV FLHQFLDV
VRFLDOHVEnseanza de las Ciencias Sociales, Revista de Investigacin
5LEHV $0 ,PSXJQDU HO FRQFHSWR GH SREODFLyQ DFWLYD HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD
JHRJUDItDIber, Didctica de las Ciencias Sociales, Geografa e Historia
6DQWDQD ' $QiOLVLV GH OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HVFRODU HQ OD JHVWLyQ GH XQ HVSDFLR QDWXUDO
(VWXGLRGHFDVRVGHO3UR\HFWRGH$SDGULQDPLHQWRGHO3DUTXH1DWXUDOGHO7XULD. Didctica de
las Ciencias Experimentales y Sociales1SS
6DQWDQD'0RUDOHV$-&RORPHU-&&DPSR%<&DXUtQ&3DUTXHV1DWXUDOHV
OD QHFHVDULD FRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQ WUDQVIRUPDGRUD HQ OD HGXFDFLyQ SULPDULD \ VHFXQGDULD
Didctica GeogrficaQSS
6HPLQDUL'LQYHVWLJDFLyInvestigar des de lescola9DOqQFLD7DEDUFD/OLEUHV
6HPLQDUL'LQYHVWLJDFLyInvestigaci i formaci permanent del professorat9DOHQFLD
1DX/OLEUHV
6LHUUD %UDYR 5 Tesis doctorales y trabajos de investigacin cientfica 0DGULG
3DUDQLQIR
6RXWR*RQ]iOH];0Didctica de la geografa. Problemas sociales y conocimiento
del medio%DUFHORQD(GLFLRQHVGHO6HUEDOHGLFLyQ
6RXWR *RQ]iOH] ;0 )RUPDFLyQ GHO SURIHVRUDGR \ GLGiFWLFDV HVSHFtILFDV HQ OD
(GXFDFLyQ%iVLFDRevista Electrnica Interuniversitaria de Formacin del Profesorado, 17

6RXWR *RQ]iOH] ;0 +DFHPRV YLVLEOH OD KLSRFUHVtD VRFLDO HQ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV
HVFRODUHV HQ +HUQiQGH] &DUUHWHUR $QD 0 *DUFtD 5XL] &DUPHQ 5 0RQWDxD &RQFKLxD
-XDQ /XLV GH OD HGLWRUHV Una enseanza de las ciencias sociales para el futuro: recursos
para trabajar la invisibilidad de personas, lugares y temticas &iFHUHV 8QLYHUVLGDG GH
([WUHPDGXUD\$83'&6
6RXWR*RQ]iOH];05LEHV&UHVSR$00XFKRVQ~PHURV\SRFRVSUREOHPDV
Revista AnekmeneSS
6RXWR*RQ]iOH];0&DPSR3DLV%&tVFDU9HUFKHU-0LUD/ySH]$3HULIHULDV
HVFRODUHV \ GHUHFKRV FLXGDGDQRV HQWUH ODV LGHRORJtDV \ ODV XWRStDV XIV Coloquio
Internacional de Geocrtica . Las utopas y la construccin de la sociedad del futuro
%DUFHORQDGHPD\RGH*HRFUtWLFD8QLY%DUFHORQD
6WUDIRULQL 5 Ensinar geografia. O desafio da totalidade-mundo nas sries iniciais
6mR3DXOR$QQDEOXPHHGLWRUDHG
6WUDXVV $ &RUELQ - *URXQGHG 7KHRU\ PHWKRGRORJ\ $Q RYHUYLHZ HQ 1
.'HQ]LQ<6/LQFROQHGVThe Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research SiJV
7KRXVDQG2DNV&$6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV
9DOOV 0RQWpV 5 Historiografa escolar espaola: siglos XIX-XXI 0DGULG 81('
HGLFLRQHV3UR\HFWR0DQHV
9\JRWVN\/HY6Pensamiento y lenguaje0DGULG3DLGyV
X.M.Souto Gonzlez

,, 6(*81'$3$57(
ESTILOS Y MODELOS
DE APRENDIZAJE

/267(0$6$0%,(17$/(6(1/26/,%526','&7,&26'(
*(2*5$)$$1/,6,6'(/$0(72'2/2*$'(02'(/$'2
*5),&2
0DJQR(PHUVRQ%DUERVD
Universidade Federal de Gois/Brasil
magnobarbosa1@gmail.com
5(680(1
(O DUWtFXOR DQDOL]D ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH HQ ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR GH *HRJUDItD EUDVLOHxRV
LGHQWLILFDQGR OD QDWXUDOH]D HSLVWpPLFD GH VXV FRQWHQLGRV 6H DSOLFy XQD PHWRGRORJtD GH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ JUiILFD
SDUDDQDOL]DUFyPRVHDERUGDHOPHGLRDPELHQWHHQORVOLEURVHQUHODFLyQFRQORVPHGLRVItVLFRVRFLDOSROtWLFR
HFRQyPLFR \ FXOWXUDO &RPR UHVXOWDGR VH KDQ REWHQLGR XQDV PRUIRORJtDV JUiILFDV TXH UHYHODURQ OD
KHWHURJHQHLGDG GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV UHODWLYRV DO DPELHQWH GHPRVWUDQGR OD H[LVWHQFLD GH WHQGHQFLDV QDWXUDOLVWDV
PRGHUQDV\SHUVSHFWLYDVGHULYDGDVGHXQDPLUDGDLQWHJUDGRUDGHODVWHPiWLFDVDPELHQWDOHV
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
0HGLRDPELHQWH*HRJUDItDPRGHODGRJUiILFRHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItD
,1752'8&&,1
$FWXDOPHQWH ODV FXHVWLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV KDQ WHQLGR XQ JUDQ SURWDJRQLVPR HQ ORV GHEDWHV
SROtWLFRVHQORVPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ\HQODVRFLHGDG6LQHPEDUJRHOFRQFHSWRGHPHGLR
DPELHQWH KD VLGR DERUGDGR GH PDQHUD JHQpULFD \D TXH DEDUFD GHVGH PLFURHVFDODV D ODV
HVFDODV GH SURSRUFLRQHV PXQGLDOHV *RQoDOYHV 6X XVR HQ FRQH[LyQ FRQ FXDOTXLHU
PDQLIHVWDFLyQGHHOHPHQWRVQDWXUDOHVVHKDFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUFLHUWDIUDJLOLGDGSDUDDSR\DUOD
FRPSUHQVLyQGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVJHRJUiILFDV
'HVGHHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDODVSUHRFXSDFLRQHVWHyULFDVVHEDVDQHQEXVFDUXQDFRPSUHQVLyQPiV
DPSOLD\FRKHUHQWHGHOXVRGHORFRQFHSWRGHPHGLRDPELHQWHHQODHQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRJUDItD
(VWHHVWXGLRWLHQHFRPRREMHWLYRDQDOL]DUODVFRQFHSFLRQHVGHOPHGLRDPELHQWHGHORVOLEURV
GLGiFWLFRVROLEURVGHWH[WRGH*HRJUDItD(ODQiOLVLVVHUHDOL]yDSDUWLUGHXQDPHWRGRORJtDGH
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ JUiILFD GH WHPDV DPELHQWDOHV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ ORV FRQWHQLGRV SURSXHVWRV HQ
ORVOLEURVGLGiFWLFRVGH*HRJUDItDGH%UDVLO
3RU OR WDQWR HVWD DSRUWDFLyQ SUHVHQWD GH PDQHUD VLVWHPiWLFD XQD PHWRGRORJtD GHVGH HO
HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH ODV FDWHJRUL]DFLRQHV GH ODV FXHVWLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV SDUD ILQDOPHQWH
FXDQWLILFDU\GHVDUUROODUXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQJUiILFD&RPRSURGXFWRGHODQiOLVLVVHREWXYLHURQ
PRUIRORJtDV JUiILFDV TXH QRV SHUPLWHQ UHIOH[LRQDU VREUH ODV WHQGHQFLDV WHyULFDV \
FRQFHSWXDOHVGHODVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV
(QWRWDOVHSUHVHQWDHODQiOLVLVGHVLHWHOLEURVGLGiFWLFRVGH*HRJUDItD(VFXHOD6HFXQGDULD\
VXV UHVSHFWLYRV HQIRTXHV SDUD HO FRQFHSWR GH PHGLR DPELHQWH 3RU OR WDQWR ORV UHVXOWDGRV
WLHQHQ SRU REMHWLYR FRQWULEXLU DO GHEDWH \ OD UHIOH[LyQ VREUH ODV UHIHUHQFLDV HSLVWHPROyJLFDV
TXHDFW~DQHQHOHQWHQGLPLHQWRGHOPHGLRDPELHQWHHQORVOLEURVGLGiFWLFRVGH*HRJUDItD
M.E.Barbosa
(/327(1&,$/'(/352&(62'($1/,6,6'(7(0$6$0%,(17$/(6(1
/26/,%526','&7,&26'(*(2*5$)$
/RV OLEURV GLGiFWLFRV GH GLIHUHQWHV iUHDV GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR FRPSUHQGHQ GLYHUVRV FRQWHQLGRV
TXH VHUiQ R QR WUDEDMDGRV HQ HO DXOD /RV OLEURV GH WH[WR UHYHODQ GLIHUHQWHV HQIRTXHV
FRQFHSWXDOHVGHELGRDTXHHPLWHQXQDSHUVSHFWLYDLGHROyJLFDYLVLRQHVGHOPXQGRGLIHUHQWHV
HQIRTXHVGHODVHVFXHODVILORVyILFDV\FLHQWtILFDVGHVXVUHVSHFWLYRVDXWRUHV\RHGLWRUHV(O
JRELHUQRIHGHUDOEUDVLOHxRHVDFWXDOPHQWHHOPiVJUDQGHFRPSUDGRUGHOLEURVGHWH[WRGHOSDtV
\ VH KDQ HVWDEOHFLGR SROtWLFDV SDUD VX HYDOXDFLyQ FRQ HO ILQ GH HVWDEOHFHU ORV FULWHULRV \
UHTXLVLWRVSDUDODFDOLGDGGHVXFRQWHQLGR
3RUORWDQWRVHHQWLHQGHTXHHOOLEURGLGiFWLFRKDJHQHUDGRXQDIXHUWHOyJLFDGHPHUFDGR(O
JRELHUQRIHGHUDOHVWDPELpQTXLHQPiVLQIOX\HHQODSURGXFFLyQGHHVWRVPDWHULDOHV3HURDO
PLVPR WLHPSR FRPR XQD PHUFDQFtD TXH VLUYH FRPR FDSLWDO GH YDULDV HGLWRULDOHV
PXOWLQDFLRQDOHV QR GHMD GH FRQILJXUDUVH FRPR XQ SURGXFWR FXOWXUDO 3RU RWUD SDUWH HV HQ
PXFKDVVLWXDFLRQHVHO~QLFRPDWHULDOWH[WXDOFLHQWtILFRDOTXHWLHQHQDFFHVRORVHVWXGLDQWHV
WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHOWDPDxRWHUULWRULDOGH%UDVLO\ODLQWHQVDGHVLJXDOGDGVRFLDO
$XQTXH KD\ FUtWLFDV D GLFKR PRGHOR HFRQRPLFLVWD HQ OD SURGXFFLyQ GH OLEURV GH WH[WR OD
FRUUHFFLyQ GHO FRQWHQLGR HV SURSRUFLRQDGD SRU HTXLSRV PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDUHV GH SURIHVRUHV H
LQYHVWLJDGRUHVQRYLQFXODGDLQVWLWXFLRQDOPHQWHDODVHPSUHVDVTXHDQKHODQHOEHQHILFLRVLQR
DOJRELHUQRIHGHUDO6HVXSRQHSRUORWDQWRTXHH[LVWHXQDPD\RULJXDOGDGHQHODQiOLVLV\ORV
FULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQGHORVOLEURVGHWH[WR
,GHQWLILFDFLyQGHORVOLEURVDQDOL]DGRV
(VWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ KD HVWDEOHFLGR DOJXQRV DQiOLVLV GH FRQWHQLGRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ WHPDV
DPELHQWDOHVFRQ OD LQWHQFLRQDOLGDG GH LGHQWLILFDUFyPR HOFRQFHSWR GH PHGLR DPELHQWH HVWi
YLQFXODGR D ORV GLVFXUVRV \ DUJXPHQWRV GH OLEURV GH WH[WR \ TXp FRQH[LyQ KD\ HQ ORV
HOHPHQWRVFRQFHSWXDOHVTXHGDQIRUPDDODGLVFXVLyQDPELHQWDO
6LQ HPEDUJR SRU OLPLWDFLRQHV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ HO WLHPSR \ HO IRFR HQ HO
REMHWR GH DQiOLVLV QR KD VLGR SRVLEOH FRQWHPSODU XQ XQLYHUVR GH WtWXORV HGXFDWLYRV SDUD VHU
LQYHVWLJDGR3RUORWDQWRVHHOLJLHURQVLHWHREUDVGDQGRSULRULGDGDORVYRO~PHQHVTXHPiVVH
GHGLFDURQ D DERUGDU ODV FXHVWLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV $OJXQRV OLEURV FHQWUDURQ HO WHPD HQ
YRO~PHQHV~QLFRVHQRWURVFDVRVVHGLYLGtDQHQGRVPRPHQWRVGRVYRO~PHQHV3RUHVRHQ
GRVFDVRVVHKDOOHYDGRDFDERHODQiOLVLVGHGRVWtWXORVGHOPLVPRDXWRU
3DUD XQD PHMRU SUHVHQWDFLyQ GH ORV WUDEDMRV VHOHFFLRQDGRV VH RUJDQL]y XQD WDEOD 7DEOD
SDUDPRVWUDULQIRUPDFLRQHVGLYHUVDVFRPRHODxRGHSXEOLFDFLyQDxRGHUHIHUHQFLDDO31/'
\ODVXQLGDGHV\FDStWXORVTXHWUDEDMDQWHPDVDPELHQWDOHV

'H DFXHUGR FRQ HO 0(& OD HYDOXDFLyQ GHO OLEUR GLGiFWLFR VLJXH GRV FULWHULRV SULQFLSDOHV ORV HUURUHV FRQFHSWXDOHV R GH
LQIRUPDFLyQ\ODSUHVHQFLDGHSUHMXLFLRVRVXLQGXFFLyQ

3ODQ1DFLRQDOGH/LEURV'LGiFWLFRV31/'/DHOHFFLyQGHORVWtWXORVGHORVOLEURVDSUREDGRVSRU31/'VHSURGXFHGHELGR
DTXHVRQORV OLEURVTXHWLHQHQ PiVUDQJRGHPRYLPLHQWR\DTXHHOSURSLR(VWDGRGH%UDVLOHVHOPD\RUFRPSUDGRUGH
OLEURV\VHSRQHORVOLEURVFX\RWtWXORKDVLGRDSUREDGRSRU31/'
M.E.Barbosa
/26/,%526'(*(2*5$)$$1$/,=$'26
/,%52 /,%52 /,%52 /,%52 /,%52 /,%52 /,%52
*HRJUDILD
*HRJUDILD
SDUDRHQVLQR
SDUD R 7HUULWyULR *HRJUDILD
PpGLR
*HRJUDILD HQVLQR HVRFLHGDGH *HRJUDILD *HRJUDILD DQR
%UDVLO
HVWXGRV SDUD PpGLRPHLR QRPXQGR HPUHGH HPUHGH (QVLQR
(VWDGRH
FRPSUHHQVmR QDWXUDOH JOREDOL]DGR 9ROXPH 9ROXPH 0pGLR
HVSDoR
GRHVSDoR HVSDoR 9ROXPH 9ROXPH
JHRJUiILFR
9ROXPH JHRJUiILFR
9ROXPH
9ROXPH
$8725(6
/8&&, 6,/9$ 6,/9$ 0$57,1,

7$0'-,$0 (OLDQ$ODEL (GLOVRQ (GLOVRQ $OLFHGH
-DPHV
0$*12/, 0$*12/, %5$1&2 $GmRGD $GmRGD '(/
2QQLJ
'HPpWULR 'HPpWULR $QVHOPR )8548,0 )8548,0 *$8*,2
0(1'(6 0(1'21d -81,25 -81,25 5RJDWD
,YDQ/D]]DUL
$&ODXGLR /DHUFLR /DHUFLR 6RDUHV

7DEOD/LEURVGHWH[WRDQDOL]DGRV(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
&DWHJRUL]DFLyQGHORVWHPDVDPELHQWDOHVGHVDUUROORPHWRGROyJLFR
$QWH OD HOHFFLyQ GH ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR HUD QHFHVDULR DGRSWDU DOJXQDV HVWUDWHJLDV
PHWRGROyJLFDVSDUDOOHYDUDFDERHODQiOLVLV6HHVWDEOHFLHURQDOJXQRVFULWHULRVGHDQiOLVLVGHO
FRQWHQLGR GH ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR 'H DFXHUGR FRQ )OLFN HV PX\ LPSRUWDQWH WHQHU HQ
FRQVLGHUDFLyQ OD VXEMHWLYLGDG GH TXLHQ DQDOL]D \ WDPELpQ ORV FRQWH[WRV \ SDUiPHWURV
UHVDOWDGRV 6XUJH HVWH WLSR GH SUREOHPDV FRQ HO ILQ GH PRVWUDUORV DVSHFWRV FLHQWtILFRV HQ OD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQFXDOLWDWLYD
7DPELpQ GH DFXHUGR FRQ )OLFN HO DVSHFWR GH OD ILDELOLGDG GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
FXDOLWDWLYDVHSXHGHWUDEDMDUGHVGHHOPRPHQWRHQTXHHODQiOLVLVSURSRUFLRQDFULWHULRVFODURV
\ REMHWLYRV \ HVHQFLDOPHQWH UHODFLRQDGR FRQ XQD SHUVSHFWLYD GH XQ PpWRGR FRQ HO ILQ GH
GHOLPLWDU\GDUFRQVLVWHQFLDWHyULFD\FRQFHSWXDOGHORVFULWHULRVGHSHQVDPLHQWR3RUORWDQWR
ODV FDWHJRUL]DFLRQHV GH WHPDV DPELHQWDOHV IXHURQ FODVLILFDGDV HQ FLQFR FRQFHSFLRQHV PDFUR
7DEOD
/DV SURSXHVWDV PHWRGROyJLFDV EXVFDQ XQD FRPSUHQVLyQ PiV FRPSOHMD H LQWHJUDGRUD
UHODFLRQDQGRODVHVIHUDVVRFLDOHVFXOWXUDOHVHFRQyPLFDVSROtWLFDV\GHOPHGLRItVLFRQDWXUDO
3RUORWDQWRODVFDWHJRUL]DFLRQHVSURSXHVWDVHQOD7DEODVLUYHQFRPRHOHPHQWRVGHJXtDGH
ORVDQiOLVLVUHDOL]DGRVVREUHHOFRQWHQLGRGHORVSUREOHPDVDPELHQWDOHVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQ
ORVOLEURVGHWH[WRGH*HRJUDItDGHODHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDVHVHOHFFLRQyHVWHPDWHULDOGHELGR
DTXHVRQXQDGHODVKHUUDPLHQWDVLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDDSR\DUHOGHVDUUROORGHODHQVHxDQ]D
M.E.Barbosa
&$7(*25,=$&,1'(/&21&(372'(/0(',2$0%,(17(
$VSHFWR3ROtWLFRORJOREDO\ORORFDO\FXHVWLRQHVDFHUFDGHODVSROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHV
/DVSROtWLFDVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV\ORVSULQFLSDOHVHYHQWRVPHGLRDPELHQWDOHV
/RVDFXHUGRV\SDFWRVHQHOPXQGR
,QVWUXPHQWRVGHSROtWLFDDPELHQWDOSDUDODPLWLJDFLyQHOFRQWURO\ODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHOPHGLRDPELHQWH
/DLQIOXHQFLDGHORVRUJDQLVPRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV218(VWDGRVHPSUHVDVPXOWLQDFLRQDOHVHQORVDFXHUGRVGHO
HQWRUQRJOREDO
/RVFDVRVHVSHFtILFRV\ODVSROtWLFDVGHGHVDUUROORUHJLRQDO\ODVDFFLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV
$VSHFWR6RFLDO/DGLPHQVLyQGHODVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV
/RVSUREOHPDVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODYLYLHQGD\GHULHVJRRFXSDFLRQHVXUEDQDV\UXUDOHV
'HVLJXDOGDGVRFLDO
/RVQLYHOHVGHFRQVXPRHQODVRFLHGDG
/DSREUH]D\ODLQVHJXULGDGVRFLDOHOKDPEUHODYLROHQFLDODIDOWDGHVDQLGDGODFDOLGDGGHOPHGLRDPELHQWH\OD
VDOXGS~EOLFD
/DFULVLVGHOPHGLRDPELHQWH\GHORVDFWRUHVVRFLDOHVHQORVLPSDFWRVDPELHQWDOHV
$VSHFWRHFRQyPLFR/DVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV\HOPHGLRDPELHQWH
/DVUHODFLRQHVHFRQyPLFDV\DFWRUHVVRFLDOHVHQORVSURFHVRVDPELHQWDOHV
/DSURGXFFLyQLQGXVWULDO\ODDJULFXOWXUDHQODVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV
(OPHUFDGRGHFRPSHQVDFLyQDPELHQWDO
(FRQRPtD\FRQVXPRHQODVFLXGDGHVEUDVLOHxDV\HOPXQGR
/DUHXWLOL]DFLyQGHORVUHVLGXRVHQODHFRQRPtD\HOWHPDHQHUJpWLFR
$VSHFWRGHOPHGLRItVLFR/RVHOHPHQWRVItVLFRV\QDWXUDOHV\VXVLPSDFWRVDPELHQWDOHV
/RVFDPELRVDPELHQWDOHVFOLPD
(OWHPDGHODJXD
/DFRQWDPLQDFLyQGHOPHGLRDPELHQWHXUEDQRVRQRUDYLVXDODLUHDJXDVXHOR\HOSUREOHPDGHORVUHVLGXRV
VyOLGRV
/DVDQRPDOtDVGHODQRUPDDPELHQWDOVREUHORVHOHPHQWRVItVLFRV\QDWXUDOHV\ORVHFRVLVWHPDVODVLVODVGHFDORU
ODOOXYLDiFLGDODSpUGLGDGHOVXHORODGHIRUHVWDFLyQODGHVHUWLILFDFLyQDUHQL]DFLyQ
%LRGLYHUVLGDGFXHVWLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOGHVPDQWHODPLHQWRELRSLUDWHULD\UHGXFFLyQGHODIDXQD\IORUD
$VSHFWRFXOWXUDO/DGLPHQVLyQLGHROyJLFDGHODVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV\ODFXOWXUD
0RYLPLHQWRVVRFLDOHVLQVWLWXFLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV\ODVFRPXQLGDGHVWUDGLFLRQDOHV
&RUULHQWHVLGHROyJLFDVTXHDFW~DQVREUHODVFRQFHSFLRQHVGHOPHGLRDPELHQWHFRQVHUYDFLyQ\SUHVHUYDFLyQ
&RQFHSWRV\WHRUtDVDPELHQWDOHV
$VSHFWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODHGXFDFLyQDPELHQWDO\VXIXQFLyQFRQFLHQWL]DGRUD
$VSHFWRVFXOWXUDOHV\GHLGHQWLGDGHQODVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV
7DEOD&DWHJRUL]DFLyQGHOFRQFHSWRGHOPHGLRDPELHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
M.E.Barbosa
3RU OR WDQWR FDGD XQR GH ORV FLQFR DVSHFWRV PDFUR PHQFLRQDGRV HQ HO SUHVHQWH GRFXPHQWR
HVWi GLYLGLGR HQ FLQFR FRQFHSFLRQHV FX\D DFFLyQ WLHQH SRU REMHWR HVSHFLILFDU ORV FDPSRV
FRQFHSWXDOHVFXELHUWRVSRUODWHPiWLFD/DLGHDGHFDGDVXEFODVLILFDFLyQHVODGHDFWXDUFRPR
XQD SRVLELOLGDG GH GHVDUUROOR WHyULFR \ FRQFHSWXDO HQ FDGD FDWHJRUtD DWULEXLGD D ORV WHPDV
DPELHQWDOHV /D LQWHQFLyQ QR IXH DJRWDU HO WHPD \ WRGDV ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV SRVLEOHV
HVSHFtILFDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGDVFRQWHPDVDPELHQWDOHVTXHVHEDVDQHQXQDPD\RUFRPSOHMLGDG
\DPSOLWXG\DTXHVHUtDLPSRVLEOH\WDPSRFRHVHOSURSyVLWRGHHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
(VWD SURSXHVWD PHWRGROyJLFD LQFOX\H RWUR DVSHFWR OD LQWHQFLyQ GH PDWHULDOL]DU HO DQiOLVLV
EDVDGRHQODVFODVLILFDFLRQHVDQWHULRUHVHQXQOHQJXDMHJUiILFR6LQHPEDUJRKDVLGRQHFHVDULR
SURSRUFLRQDU XQ FXDGUR TXH GHWDOOD FDGD DVSHFWR GHO DQiOLVLV GH ODV FXHVWLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV
FRQ OD HYDOXDFLyQ REWHQLGD HQ YLUWXG GH ORV FULWHULRV GHILQLGRV HQ HVWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ 3RU OR
WDQWR OD HYDOXDFLyQ KD WUDWDGR GH DVLJQDU YDORUHV D FDGD WHPD TXH VH KD WUDEDMDGR HQ ODV
VLJXLHQWHVVXEFDWHJRUtDVLGHQWLILFDGDV
D 1R WUDEDMD 17 DVt FODVLILFDGD FXDQGR QR VH KD HVWDEOHFLGR XQD UHODFLyQ GLUHFWD R
LQGLUHFWDGHORVDXWRUHVFRQODVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV
E 7UDEDMD SDUFLDOPHQWH 73 VH SURGXFH FXDQGR HO WHPD HODERUDGR VH FLWD LQGLUHFWD \R
XQSXQWRGHYLVWDVXSHUILFLDOGHODVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV
F 7UDEDMD GH PDQHUD TXH VHD VDWLVIDFWRULD 76 HV OD FRPSOHMLGDG HVWDEOHFLGD SRU HO
GLiORJR8QHQIRTXHFRQODFDSDFLGDGGHHVWDEOHFHULQWHUUHODFLyQFRQGLYHUVRVDVSHFWRVGH
ODVFXHVWLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV
(VWRV FRQFHSWRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ HVWiQ GHVWLQDGRV D VHU FDOLILFDGRV HQ SURSRUFLRQHV GH PDQUD
TXH VH SXHGDQ FXDQWLILFDU HQ HO DQiOLVLV JUiILFR 3RU OR WDQWR SDUD 17 VH OH DVLJQD HO YDORU
FHUR D 73 \ ILQDOPHQWH 76 FRQ HO YDORU GH 3DUD PHMRUHV JUiILFRV GH
SURSRUFLRQDOLGDGGHODVFLQFRVXEFODVLILFDFLRQHVVHKDHVWDEOHFLGRXQDHFXDFLyQSROLQyPLFD
SDUDUHSUHVHQWDUPHMRUHODQiOLVLVGHORVOLEURVGHWH[WRHQXQD3URSRUFLyQ*UiILFD3*HQ
XQDHVFDODQXPpULFDGHD/DSURSXHVWDHVODVLJXLHQWH
(T/P + T/S) x 2 = P/G
(O SURSyVLWR GH OD E~VTXHGD GH XQD SURSRUFLyQ JUiILFD VH UHDOL]D FRQ OD LQWHQFLyQ GH
FXDQWLILFDU HQ XQD HVFDOD GH FHUR D GLH] FDGD FDWHJRUtD GHILQLGD DQWHULRUPHQWH VHJ~Q OD
HYDOXDFLyQ UHDOL]DGD 3RU OR WDQWR FXDQWR PD\RU VHD OD HYDOXDFLyQ QXPpULFD REWHQLGD PiV
HOHYDGRVVHUiQHOFRQWHQLGRHQGHWDOOH\ODSURIXQGLGDGGHVDUUROODGDSRUHODXWRUGHFDGDREUD
\RYROXPHQ3DUDHOORVHXWLOL]yXQJUiILFRWLSRUDGDUHQIRUPDGHSHQWiJRQRHQFDGDXQR
GHFX\RVH[WUHPRVVHFRORFyXQDFDWHJRUtD
(O REMHWLYR PHWRGROyJLFR HV TXH D SDUWLU GH ODV SURSRUFLRQDOLGDGHV GH JUiILFRV REWHQLGRV
PDWHULDOL]DGDVHQ PRUIRORJtDVVHSXHGDQSURSRUFLRQDUSLVWDVVREUHODVWHQGHQFLDVWHyULFDV\
FRQFHSWXDOHV GH ODV FXHVWLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV GH ORV OLEURV VHOHFFLRQDGRV $ YHFHV ODV IRUPDV
TXHWLHQHQUDVJRVPiVDELHUWRVSXHGHQUHIOHMDUXQDSHUVSHFWLYDPiVKROtVWLFDDGLIHUHQFLDGH
ODV IRUPDV JUiILFDV TXH DFHQW~DQ FLHUWRV DVSHFWRV SRUTXH LPSOLFDQ HQIRTXHV R OLPLWDFLRQHV
WHyULFDV\FRQFHSWXDOHVLQFOXVRHQHOWUDEDMRFRQFRQWHQLGRDPELHQWDO
M.E.Barbosa
/DSURSXHVWD\HODQiOLVLVGHPRGHODFLyQJUiILFDGHODVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHVHQ
ORVPDQXDOHVGHJHRJUDItD
(O OLEUR SUHVHQWD XQD EXHQD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ JUiILFD TXH PXHVWUDGLYHUVRV WLHPSRV LPiJHQHV
JUiILFRVGLDJUDPDV\PDSDVFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDVSDUDWUDEDMDUPHMRUORVDVSHFWRVFRQFHSWXDOHV
\DGHVDUUROODGRV/DVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHVVHSUHVHQWDQHQXQDSHUVSHFWLYDKLVWyULFDFRPR
XQR GH ORV SULPHURV HOHPHQWRV SDUD VLWXDU ORV SURSLRV SUREOHPDV DPELHQWDOHV HQ HO HVSDFLR
WLHPSR OR TXH GHPXHVWUD HO IDFWRU GH SURFHGLPLHQWR GLQiPLFR TXH FRPSRQH ODV
SUHRFXSDFLRQHVHQUHODFLyQFRQHOPHGLRDPELHQWH/RVHOHPHQWRVFRQWUDGLFWRULRVVHSRQHQGH
PDQLILHVWR HQORVHVFHQDULRVVRFLRHFRQyPLFRVJOREDOHVRIUHFLHQGRHOHPHQWRVLQWHUURJDGRUHV
GHODFRQGLFLyQDPELHQWDODFWXDO
^

W

>
D&
)LJXUD(ODQiOLVLVGHOOLEUR(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
/RVFRQWHQLGRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHVQRHVWDEDQGLVSXHVWRVGHPDQHUD
UtJLGD \D TXH HQ YDULRV PRPHQWRV VRQ ODV LQWHUDFFLRQHV GH ODV FXHVWLRQHV SROtWLFDV \
HFRQyPLFDV FRQ HO HQWRUQR ItVLFR \ VRFLDO ODV TXH HVWDEOHFHQ XQD GLYLVLyQ R WUDQVLFLyQ QR
DEUXSWDHQWUHORVWHPDV3DUDUHVDOWDUHVWDGLVFXVLyQVHPRVWUDUiXQWH[WRVREUHHOPDOXVRGHO
DJXD\HOSURFHVRGHVDOLQL]DFLyQGHORVVXHORV
/D IRUPD \ OD FREHUWXUD JUiILFD REVHUYDGDV VRQ GH XQ SHUILO H[SDQVLYR /OHJDPRV D OD
FRQFOXVLyQGHTXHHQHOOLEURQRVHKDHVWDEOHFLGRXQDOtQHDGHSDUDGLJPD~QLFRSDUDSHQVDU
HQ ORV WHPDV PHGLRDPELHQWDOHV 3RU OR WDQWR QR KD\ QLQJXQD HVSHFLDOL]DFLyQ GH XQD
SHUVSHFWLYDQDWXUDOLVWDHQODTXHVHGHVWDTXHQORVHOHPHQWRVItVLFRV\QDWXUDOHV/())
/RV FLQFR HMHV SURSXHVWRV HQ OD FDWHJRUL]DFLyQ GH ORV WHPDV DPELHQWDOHV VH GLVWULEX\HQ
XQLIRUPHPHQWH6LQHPEDUJRHOFRQWHQLGRGHOHQIRTXHGLRHQXQDHVFDODJOREDOPLHQWUDVTXH
VH GHVWDFDQ SRFR ORV HOHPHQWRV \ OD GLQiPLFD GHO HVWDGR EUDVLOHxR R ORV DVSHFWRV PiV
UHJLRQDOHV
0iVDGHODQWHVHDQDOL]DQGRVYRO~PHQHV)LJXUDGHODPLVPDFROHFFLyQSDUDHO\DxR
GHVHFXQGDULDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
M.E.Barbosa
^

W

D&
)LJXUD(ODQiOLVLVGHORVOLEURV\(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
(QDPERVYRO~PHQHVHOXVRGHIRWRJUDItDVJUiILFRVGLDJUDPDV\PDSDVHVWiQSUHVHQWHVFRQ
YLVWDV D PHMRUDU HO WUDEDMR HQ GLIHUHQWHV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV VREUH ORV FRQWHQLGRV UHODFLRQDGRV
FRQ WHPDV DPELHQWDOHV 2WUR DVSHFWR SRVLWLYR HV OD DSDULFLyQ GH WDEODV TXH DSR\DQ \
HMHPSOLILFDQFRPRH[WHQVLyQGHODVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHVTXHVHKDQWUDWDGR
(Q HO DVSHFWR WHyULFR HO FRQFHSWR GH PHGLR DPELHQWH HQ HO YROXPHQ VH UHSUHVHQWD HQ XQ
SULPHU PRPHQWR FRPR SDLVDMHV \ iUHDV QDWXUDOHV FRQ pQIDVLV HQ OD GLYHUVLGDG GH HVSDFLRV
QDWXUDOHV HQ HO PXQGR \ UHODFLRQiQGRORV FRQ HO FRQWH[WR VRFLDO HQWHQGLGR FRPR OD DFFLyQ
KXPDQD
(Q HO OLEUR VH HVWDEOHFH XQ SHUILO LQWHUPHGLR HQ HO FRQWH[WR GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV WUDEDMDGRV
(VWRGHPXHVWUDXQSRWHQFLDOGHDUWLFXODFLyQ PHGLDQROOHJDDXQJUDQHQIRTXHWHPiWLFR/D
DXVHQFLD GH SHUVSHFWLYD KLVWyULFD SXHGH GDU OXJDU D FRQFHSFLRQHV FULVWDOL]DGDV GH FRQWH[WRV
DPELHQWDOHV\SRUORWDQWRHVWHHOHPHQWRWLHQHSRFDUHOHYDQFLDHQHOGLiORJRFRQHOFRQWHQLGR
'HVGH HVWH SXQWR GH YLVWD QDWXUDO FLHUWD SDUWH GHO WUDEDMR VH GHGLFD D OD GLVFXVLyQ
FRQVHUYDFLRQLVWDGHOPHGLRDPELHQWH
/D SULQFLSDO UHODFLyQ TXH VH HVWDEOHFH HQWUH ODV iUHDV QDWXUDOHV \ ORV SUREOHPDV
VRFLRHFRQyPLFRV HV OD SHUVSHFWLYD GH ORV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV 6H HQWLHQGH HQ HO OLEUR XQD
PD\RUUHODFLyQHQWUHHFRQRPtD\PHGLRDPELHQWHItVLFRORTXHHVWiSUHVHQWHHQODPRUIRORJtD
GHO JUiILFR VLQ HPEDUJR HO DVSHFWR FXOWXUDO HVWi SUiFWLFDPHQWH ROYLGDGR HQ DPERV
YRO~PHQHV
$SDUWLUGHHVWRODLQWHQVDIUDJPHQWDFLyQH[LVWHQWHHQWUHODVFXHVWLRQHVVRFLDOHV\FXOWXUDOHV
HQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHOPHGLRDPELHQWHHVQRWDEOH/DLGHDGHTXH>@ODQDWXUDOH]DQRWLHQH
YDORUHQVtPLVPDVLQRTXHHVXQDUHVHUYDGHUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVSDUDVHUH[SORWDGDSRUHO
KRPEUH 8QD FRQFHSFLyQ HFRQyPLFD TXH H[WHUQDOL]DQ OD QDWXUDOH]D GH OD PDWUL] VRFLDO
'LHJXHVS$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHDQDOL]DHOVLJXLHQWHOLEURGLGiFWLFR
M.E.Barbosa


^

W

>

D

&

)LJXUD(ODQiOLVLVGHOOLEUR(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD.
(O OLEUR GLGiFWLFR HQ FXHVWLyQ WLHQH XQD GHQVLGDG WH[WXDO VREUH FXHVWLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV FRQ
XQDEXHQDDUWLFXODFLyQGHLPiJHQHVPDSDV\JUiILFRV\HVTXHPDVFRQFHSWXDOHV3UHVHQWDHQ
VX FRQWHQLGR ORV WHPDV \ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV UHODWLYDV D OD WHPiWLFD GHVDUUROODGD DGHPiV GH OD
OLVWDGHHMHUFLFLRVTXHVLHPSUHDSDUHFHDOILQDOGHFDGDXQLGDGRFDStWXORXQDGLIHUHQFLDFRQ
UHVSHFWRDORVWtWXORVDQDOL]DGRV
6HHYDO~DPX\SRVLWLYDPHQWHODGLVSRVLFLyQGHORVSUREOHPDV\HMHUFLFLRVGLVSRQLEOHVDOD]DU
HQ FDGD XQLGDG LQLFLR PLWDG \ ILQDO GH ORV WHPDV WUDEDMDGRV (VWR URPSH OD OyJLFD GH OD
RUJDQL]DFLyQ PHFiQLFD GH FRQWHQLGR (Q PXFKRV OLEURV OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ WUDGLFLRQDO GH ORV
HMHUFLFLRV DO ILQDO GH FDGD XQLGDG LPSOLFD XQD OLQHDOLGDG HQ OD FRJQLFLyQ VLHQGR UtJLGD \
PHQRVHQJRUURVDHQUHODFLyQFRQODGLPHQVLyQKXPDQDPRVWUDQGRTXHSULPHURVHDSUHQGH
\ OXHJR VH UHVSRQGH PHGLDQWH HO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH XQ SURWRFROR GH VXFHVLyQ $KRUD HO
GHVDItRODE~VTXHGDGHVROXFLRQHVDORVSUREOHPDVORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVSUHYLRV\FRWLGLDQRVGH
ORV HVWXGLDQWHV SXHGHQ VHU VXILFLHQWHV SDUD UHVXOWDU VDWLVIDFWRULR LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GHO
WLHPSR\GHOFRQWHQLGRTXHVHHQFXHQWUH3RURWUDSDUWHWDOYH]ORPiVLPSRUWDQWHHVWHQHUORV
SUREOHPDV HQ JHQHUDO \D VHD DPELHQWDOHV R QR FRQ HO GHVDItR \ HO FXHVWLRQDPLHQWR FRQ OD
E~VTXHGDGHODFRQVWUXFFLyQ
/DV KHUUDPLHQWDV FDUWRJUiILFDV SDUD OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR \ VXV IHQyPHQRV VRQ XQ
LQVWUXPHQWRLPSRUWDQWHHQHOGHVDUUROORGHOSURFHVRGHSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO\DTXHSHUPLWHQ
HQ HVWH FDVR GHPRVWUDU DVSHFWRV TXH DFW~DQ VREUH OD HVSDFLDOLGDG GH %UDVLO /RV PDSDV
PDWHULDOL]DQGLQiPLFDVGDGDVGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQORTXHIDFLOLWDXQDOHFWXUDREMHWLYD\GLUHFWD
GHO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR SHUR DO PLVPR WLHPSR HVWR KDFH SRVLEOH FXHVWLRQDU H LQWHUURJDU
SDWURQHV \ DVSHFWRV TXH FRPSRQHQ OD HVFDOD UHSUHVHQWDGD \ SRU OR WDQWR KDFHQ TXH VHD
FRPSOHMR\DxDGHHOHPHQWRVDODSUiFWLFDGHOSURIHVRUGHJHRJUDItD
8QDVSHFWRLQWHUHVDQWHGHOOLEURHVHOGLiORJRFRQORVDVSHFWRVSROtWLFRVHVWDEOHFLGRVSRUORV
DXWRUHVTXLHQHVVHxDODQORVFRQWH[WRVVRFLRSROtWLFRVDFWLYRVHQODVFRQFHSFLRQHVGHO PHGLR
DPELHQWH D HVFDOD PXQGLDO DVt FRPR ORV QDFLRQDOHV \ ORFDOHV SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH SROtWLFDV
DPELHQWDOHVTXHGHEHQDSOLFDUVHDP~OWLSOHVHVFDODV
M.E.Barbosa
2WURDVSHFWRLPSRUWDQWHVHUHILHUHDOEDMRFXHVWLRQDPLHQWROOHYDGRDFDERHQORVHQIRTXHVSRU
ORWDQWRDXQTXHHOOLEURFXEUHFRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWHODVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHVQRGHVDItDDORV
OHFWRUHVHQGLIHUHQWHVVLWXDFLRQHV$VtSXHVODFUtWLFDQRWUDWDGHSURSRQHUXQWH[WREDVDGRHQ
ODFRQWURYHUVLDSHURVtTXHSHUPLWDHOSHQVDPLHQWRFUtWLFRVREUHHOPHGLRDPELHQWH
$VtTXHHOOLEURKDGDGROXJDUDXQDIRUPDRULJLQDOTXHFRUUHVSRQGHDXQSHQWiJRQR\FRPR
HOOLEURXQRSHUPLWHGHPRVWUDUHODOFDQFHWHyULFR\FRQFHSWXDOGHORVSUREOHPDVDPELHQWDOHV
HQUHODFLyQFRQXQDSHUVSHFWLYDWRWDOL]DGRUDSDUDHOFRQFHSWRGHPHGLRDPELHQWHHQVXVWH[WRV
\HQORVFLQFRHMHVSULQFLSDOHVGHFDWHJRUL]DFLyQ(QHOSULPHUFDVRYDOHODSHQDPHQFLRQDUOD
FDOLGDGGHODVGLVFXVLRQHVSROtWLFDV\HFRQyPLFDVHQODVTXHHOHQIRTXHGHSHUVSHFWLYDOLJDGD
DO PDWHULDOLVPR KLVWyULFR \ GLDOpFWLFR FRQVLGHUD HQ PXFKRV FDVRV XQD UHODFLyQ FRQ ODV
FXHVWLRQHV GHO PHGLR ItVLFR /DV SHUVSHFWLYDV SROtWLFDV HFRQyPLFDV \ GH PHGLR DPELHQWH
ItVLFRKDQVLGRODVPiVSURQXQFLDGDVHQHOJUiILFR3RUORWDQWRVHGHGXFHWDPELpQXQSHUILO
H[SDQVLYR \D TXH KD KHFKR SRVLEOH HO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH XQ GLiORJR \ GH XQD QRFLyQ
FRPSOHMDDUWLFXODGDGHOFRQFHSWRGHPHGLRDPELHQWH
/RVVLJXLHQWHVOLEURVDQDOL]DGRVSUHVHQWDQGLIHUHQWHVSHUVSHFWLYDV)LJXUD
^

W

D&
)LJXUD(ODQiOLVLVGHORVOLEURV\(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
/RV OLEURV WXYLHURQ XQD GLYHUVLGDG GH OHQJXDMHV PD\RU TXH ORV RWURV OLEURV DQDOL]DGRV FRQ
PHQRV HVSDFLR SDUD HO OHQJXDMH WH[WXDO YHUEDO OR TXH VH WUDGXFH HQ PHQRU GLVFXVLyQ
FRQFHSWXDO3RUORWDQWRORVHOHPHQWRVIXHUWHVVRQPDSDVLPiJHQHVWLUDVLPiJHQHVJUiILFRV
\HVTXHPDVFRQFHSWXDOHVGLIHUHQWHVTXHSURSRUFLRQDQXQDJUDQFDOLGDGYLVXDO(VWHIDFWRUHV
LPSRUWDQWH SRUTXH VLJQLILFD TXH VH GHVDUUROODQ PiV OHQJXDMHV D OR ODUJR GH ORV FDStWXORV OR
TXHFRQWULEX\HXQDSOXUDOLGDGGHOHQJXDMHVFRQORVTXHORVHVWXGLDQWHV\SURIHVRUHVWHQGUiQ
FRQWDFWR /D GLYHUVLGDG GH OHQJXDMHV HV XQ SXQWR LPSRUWDQWH HQ HO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D \
DSUHQGL]DMH \D TXH HVWDEOHFH PiV SUREDELOLGDGHV GH UHVXOWDU DWUDFWLYR D ORV RMRV GH ORV
HVWXGLDQWHV
/DXQLGDGGHOOLEURGHWH[WRTXHLQFOX\HHOPHGLRDPELHQWHHQHOYROXPHQHVPX\DPSOLD
VLQ HPEDUJR GLYLGH OD QDWXUDOH]D GHO FRQWHQLGR \ DERUGD PXFKDV VLWXDFLRQHV VLQ HVWDEOHFHU
LQWHUUHODFLRQHV HQWUH ORV FRQFHSWRV +D\ FDPELRV EUXVFRV HQ GLYHUVRV WHPDV WUDEDMDGRV /D
HVWUDWLILFDFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGR SXHGH FDXVDU XQD FRPSUHQVLyQ VHSDUDGD GH ORV HOHPHQWRV
HVWXGLDGRV\DTXHQRVSHUPLWHHQWHQGHUTXHFDGDFRVDHVLJXDODVtPLVPD\QRHOUHVXOWDGR
M.E.Barbosa
GHODLQWHUDFFLyQPXWXDHQWUHORVGLYHUVRVHOHPHQWRVSUHVHQWHVHQODVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV
3RU OR WDQWR HVWH HQIRTXH SUHVHQWD YDULRV GpILFLWV \ SXHGH REVWDFXOL]DU XQ DVSHFWR PiV
LQWHJUDGRHQHOFRQFHSWRGHDPELHQWH
(Q ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR TXH GLYLGHQ VX FRQWHQLGR WDPELpQ ORV SURIHVRUHV GH JHRJUDItD GHEHQ
WHQHU FXLGDGR GH QR GHMDU GH ODGR ODV GLVFXVLRQHV (Q OD IRUPD HQ TXH HO OLEUR SUHVHQWD VXV
WHPDV HO SURIHVRU WLHQH OD SRVLELOLGDG GH OHFWXUDV GLQiPLFDV GHO OLEUR LQWHUFDODQGR FDStWXORV
TXHQRHVWiQHQVHFXHQFLD\YDULDVYHFHVFRQRWURVSRUORTXHODPHGLDFLyQGHOPDHVWURHVXQ
PHGLRFDSD]GHDUWLFXODUORVFRQWHQLGRVGHXQDPDQHUDFRKHVLYD
(OOLEURXWLOL]DPHQRVHVSDFLRSDUDODH[SRVLFLyQGHORVFRQWHQLGRVGHOPHGLRDPELHQWHSHUR
SXHGH DUWLFXODU XQ GLiORJR PiV HILFD] FRQ ODV YDULDEOHV DPELHQWDOHV TXH HO OLEUR
HVSHFLDOPHQWHHQHOiPELWRHFRQyPLFRDOTXHVHGDPiVLPSRUWDQFLDHQHVWHYROXPHQDVtVH
SXHGHYHUTXHHOHMHGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVHFRQyPLFDVDSDUHFHGH PDQHUDPiVSURPLQHQWHHQHO
OLEUR 6LQ HPEDUJR HO OLEUR DUWLFXOD FRQ PD\RU LQWHQVLGDG XQD SHUVSHFWLYD FXOWXUDO \
SROtWLFDORTXHKDFHTXHVHFRQVROLGHFRPRGHXQSHUILOLQWHUPHGLRGHOPRGHODGRJUiILFR
(OFRQWHQLGRVHGHVDUUROODHQXQDSHUVSHFWLYDFUtWLFD\FRQEXHQpQIDVLVHQORVRFLDOOLEUR
REVHUYiQGRVH WDPELpQ XQD UHODFLyQ LQWHUHVDQWH HQWUH OD DUWLFXODFLyQ GH ODV FLQFR
FDWHJRUL]DFLRQHV$XQTXHHQODWDEODILQDOHOVH[WROLEURSUHVHQWDXQSHUILOWULDQJXODUDYHFHV
VHPXHVWUDQQRFLRQHVLQWHUHVDQWHVHQHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHODVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV
$VtVHSUHVHQWDHO~OWLPRDQiOLVLVGHHVWDSURSXHVWD
^

W

>
D
&
)LJXUD(ODQiOLVLVGHOOLEUR(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
(VWHOLEURGLGiFWLFRDSUHFLDPiVHOOHQJXDMHWH[WXDOODSUHVHQWDFLyQGHLPiJHQHVFRQSHTXHxDV
GLPHQVLRQHV\XQRVPDSDV\JUiILFRVDVtFRPRODDXVHQFLDGHHVTXHPDVFRQFHSWXDOHVHQOD
XQLGDGGHORVWHPDVDPELHQWDOHV/DSHUVSHFWLYDGHVFULSWLYDHVPX\IXHUWHHQODVGLVFXVLRQHV
HVSHFLDOPHQWHODVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODSROtWLFDHOGLiORJRQRDYDQ]DDRWURVQLYHOHVH[FHSWRHQ
HOUHODWRIiFWLFRGHHYHQWRV\HYHQWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODSROtWLFDDPELHQWDO
(QHOGHVDUUROORHVWiFODURTXHHVIUHFXHQWHHOFRQWHQLGRUHODFLRQDGRFRQODQDWXUDOH]DGHORV
KHFKRV(ODUJXPHQWRGHOPHGLRDPELHQWHVHEDVDHQORVDVSHFWRVSROtWLFRV\HQORVLPSDFWRV
DPELHQWDOHVSHURQRWLHQHQLQJXQDLPSRUWDQFLDHQODVUHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHV\ORV
M.E.Barbosa
DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV TXH VH SURGXFHQ HQ PHGLR GH HVWH SURFHVR GH OD GLQiPLFD DPELHQWDO /D
GLPHQVLyQVRFLDOHVHOUHVXOWDGRGHODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVSROtWLFDVGHORVSULQFLSDOHVHVWDGRV\
RUJDQL]DFLRQHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVVLQHPEDUJRQRKD\GHVDUUROORGHOGLiORJRVREUHHVWRVWHPDV
/DV DFWLYLGDGHV SURSXHVWDV QR VLJXHQ XQD FODUD UHODFLyQ FRQ HO WHPD \ DOJXQDV GH HOODV VH
SUHVHQWDQGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHOWUDEDMRSRUORTXHSXHGHQOLPLWDUODPHGLDFLyQGHOSURIHVRU
HQHOWUDWDPLHQWR\HMHUFLFLRTXHVHHVWpWUDEDMDQGR
/DPRUIRORJtDLQGLFDTXHHOIRFRGHODQiOLVLVFRQFHSWXDOVHSRODUL]DHQGRVHWDSDVHOHQWRUQR
ItVLFR \ ORV DVSHFWRV SROtWLFRV FRQ pQIDVLV HQ DPEDV VLWXDFLRQHV HQ XQD FRQFHSFLyQ
GHVFULSWLYDGHORVKHFKRV\IHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHV3RUORWDQWRFXHQWDFRQXQSHUILOWULDQJXODU
\D TXH PXHVWUD XQD WHQGHQFLD D DUWLFXODU PHQRV DTXHOORV SUREOHPDV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD
GLQiPLFD DPELHQWDO 6LQ HPEDUJR XQ IDFWRU FRQWUDGLFWRULR HV TXH PHMRUDQ HO UHIOHMR GH
FXHVWLRQHVGHSROtWLFDDPELHQWDOSHURVLQGLVFXWLUVXLPSDFWRHQHOHQWRUQRVRFLDO
&216,'(5$&,21(6 7(5,&2&21&(378$/(6 '( /26 3$7521(6

025)2/*,&26'(/$1/,6,6
'H DFXHUGR FRQ HO DQiOLVLV SUHVHQWDGR SRGHPRV KDFHU DOJXQDV REVHUYDFLRQHV DFHUFD GH ORV
OLEURV GH WH[WR \ ODV GLPHQVLRQHV WHyULFDV \ FRQFHSWXDOHV HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ ODV FXHVWLRQHV
DPELHQWDOHV (Q HVH VHQWLGR ODV GLYHUVDV IRUPDV GH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH ORV JUiILFRV PXHVWUDQ
TXH HO FRQWHQLGR UHODFLRQDGR FRQ ODV FXHVWLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV QRHV KRPRJpQHR \D TXH FDGD
WUDEDMRHVFULWRUHPLWHGLFWiPHQHV\KDFHPiVRPHQRVXVRGHFLHUWRVFRQFHSWRVUHODFLRQDGRV
FRQHOPHGLRDPELHQWH
(VWRHVDVtSRUTXHFDGDLQYHVWLJDGRUHQYLUWXGGHORVGLYHUVRVPHFDQLVPRVOHJDOHVTXHUHJXODQ
VXFRQWHQLGRQRFRQVLJXHORV PLVPRVUHVXOWDGRV$SDUHFHQFRQFHSWRVDPSOLRV\FRPSOHMRV
SHUR DOJXQRV D~Q FRQVHUYDQ XQD SHUVSHFWLYD QDWXUDOLVWD HQ OD GLVFXVLyQ DPELHQWDO 6LQ
HPEDUJR ORV FRQFHSWRV WHyULFRV GLILHUHQ HQ PXFKRV FDVRV \ HQ FLHUWR PRGR FDOLILFDQ ORV
PHFDQLVPRVTXHDFW~DQVREUHHOOLEURGLGiFWLFR
$ SHVDU GH TXH OR H[SXHVWR HV XQD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ DEVWUDFWD \ GHVDUUROODGD EDMR ORV FULWHULRV
PHQFLRQDGRV DQWHULRUPHQWH HV SRVLEOH VLQWHWL]DU ORV DQiOLVLV REWHQLGRV \D TXH ODV IRUPDV \
ODV iUHDV UHSUHVHQWDGDV HQ ORV JUiILFRV PXHVWUDQ OD HVSHFLDOL]DFLyQ HQ FLHUWRV VHJPHQWRV GH
FRQRFLPLHQWRDPELHQWDO\RWURVPXHVWUDQODDSDULHQFLDGHODWRWDOLGDGHQHQWHQGLPLHQWRVPiV
LQWHJUDOHV GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH */$&.(1 3RU ~OWLPR VH KD HQFRQWUDGR TXH ODV
YLVLRQHVTXHPXHVWUDQXQDOyJLFDTXHVHRULJLQyHQOD0RGHUQLGDGD~QHVWiQSUHVHQWHVHQORV
WH[WRVGHORVOLEURVGHWH[WRDVt
x 'LVWLQWDVRULHQWDFLRQHVPHWRGROyJLFDV\WHyULFDVHQODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHORVFRQWHQLGRV
x /DIDOWDGHDUWLFXODFLyQFRQODHVIHUDKXPDQD
x /DVLPSOLILFDFLyQGHOFRQFHSWRGHODQDWXUDOH]D
x /DGHYDOXDFLyQGHORVDVSHFWRVVRFLDOHV\FXOWXUDOHVGHQWURGHODVFXHVWLRQHV
DPELHQWDOHVHQWUHRWURV
'H HVWH PRGR VH UHIXHU]D OD LGHD GH TXH HO DXPHQWR GH ORV FHQWURV GH IRUPDFLyQ GH OD
SURIHVLyQ GRFHQWH \ SROtWLFDV S~EOLFDV *RELHUQR \ (VWDGR SDUD SUHVWDU DWHQFLyQ D ORV
DVSHFWRV GH OD FDOLGDG GH OD HQVHxDQ]D SRU OR TXH UHDOPHQWH SHUPLWHQ TXH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV
SDUD TXH HO SURIHVRU DFWLYH VX SRWHQFLDO FUHDWLYR HQ VX IRUPDFLyQ \VH KDJD SRVLEOH UHIOHMDU
M.E.Barbosa
FRQWLQXDPHQWH HQ VX SUiFWLFD HSLVWpPLFD WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD ODV GLPHQVLRQHV SROtWLFDV
H[LVWHQWHVHQHOFRQWHQLGRHQODFLHQFLDHQORVGLVFXUVRV\HQVXSURSLDPHGLDFLyQ
(Q HO FRQWH[WR GH HVWD GLVFXVLyQ VH KD EXVFDGR GHPRVWUDU OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH VDEHU FyPR
DFWXDUDOWHRUL]DUORVGDWRVGHVFLIUDUODPDWHULDOLGDGGHODVIRUPDVJUiILFDV\UHODFLRQDUODVFRQ
ODV SHUVSHFWLYDV ILORVyILFDV \ FLHQWtILFDV TXH LPSUHJQDQ OD VRFLHGDG /D LQWHOHFWXDOLGDG
SUHVHQWHHQHOSURIHVRUGHJHRJUDItDSXHGHVHUFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRVXEDVWLyQHQVXFRQVWLWXFLyQ
\HMHFXFLyQSUiFWLFDGHVXSURIHVLyQ
3RUORWDQWRFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHODPHWRGRORJtDGHPRVWUDGDHQHVWHWUDEDMRQRVGDPRVFXHQWD
GH TXH KD\ WUHV SHUILOHV SDUD DERUGDU ODV FXHVWLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH
SUHVHQWDUiQORVSDWURQHVJUiILFRVLGHQWLILFDGRV\VXVUHVSHFWLYDVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHV
x (VWiQGDU XQR ORV OLEURV \ PXHVWUDQ XQ perfil expansivo HVWRV HVWiQGDUHV
LGHQWLILFDGRVVHUHILHUHQDXQHQIRTXHFRRUGLQDGRGHODVFXHVWLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV7LHQHQOD
IXHU]D GH XQD FRQVLGHUDEOH KDELOLGDG SDUD LQWHJUDU HO SULVPD VRFLDO FXOWXUDO SROtWLFR
HFRQyPLFR\HOHQWRUQRItVLFRHQVXVGLVFXVLRQHV
x (VWiQGDUGRVORVOLEURV\PXHVWUDQXQperfil intermedioXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGH
HVWHPRGHORHVODSpUGLGDGHXQH[WUHPRGHOPRGHODGRJUiILFR(VWRLQGLFDTXHHOFRQFHSWR
GHSURFHVRGHDUWLFXODFLyQWLHQHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDPiVOLPLWDGDHQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQSHUILOHV
HVWiQGDUHV 6LQ HPEDUJR QR PXHVWUDQ XQ QLYHO EDMR HQ HO WUDWDPLHQWR GH ODV FXHVWLRQHV
DPELHQWDOHV
M.E.Barbosa
x (VWiQGDU WUHV ORV OLEURV \ PXHVWUDQ XQ SHUILO WULDQJXODU HVWRV OLEURV VH
FDUDFWHUL]DQ SRU XQD RULHQWDFLyQ PiV SUHFLVD D SDUWLU GH GRV SHUVSHFWLYDV HV GHFLU TXH
WDPELpQ IXHURQ ORV SHUILOHV TXH PRVWUDURQ XQ PHQRU SRWHQFLDO GH DUWLFXODFLyQ FRQFHSWXDO
GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH (Q OD PD\RUtD GH ORV FDVRV VH VLJXLy XQD SHUVSHFWLYD QDWXUDOLVWD \
GHVFULSWLYD6LQHPEDUJRHVHYLGHQWHTXHGHQWURGHODVSRODUL]DFLRQHVTXHVHSURSRQHQHQ
FDGDOLEURSDUDGHVDUUROODUKDKDELGRGLVFXVLyQ\GHWDOOHVFRQVLGHUDEOHV
5HVDOWDPRV TXH ORV GHVDItRV VLHPSUH YDQ D HVWDU SUHVHQWHV HQ OD SUiFWLFD SURIHVLRQDO SRU OR
TXH ORV GRFHQWHV GHEHQ HVWDU SUHSDUDGRV SDUD ODV GLQiPLFDV FRPSOHMDV TXH FRQIRUPDQ HO
HQWRUQR HVFRODU 3RU OR WDQWR VH FUHH TXH XQ EXHQ SURFHVR HGXFDWLYR HV DTXHO HQ HO TXH HO
PDHVWURWLHQHHOGRPLQLR\ODFDSDFLGDGGHSHQVDUFRQFHSWXDOPHQWHHOFRQWHQLGRWHyULFRTXH
VHUiPHGLDGRHQVXSUiFWLFD$VtHQHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRVHMXVWLILFD\VHDMXVWDHOSURFHVRGH
UHIOH[LyQ
/D PHWRGRORJtD GH PRGHODGR JUiILFR UHODFLRQDGR FRQ ODV FXHVWLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV HV HO
UHVXOWDGRGHHVWDSHUVSHFWLYD6HVDEHSRUORWDQWRTXHpVWDHVXQDSURSXHVWDQRKHJHPyQLFD
\TXHHVDSOLFDEOHDFXDOTXLHUFRQWH[WR\ODUHDOLGDGTXHVHSXHGHFRQHFWDUDODSHUVSHFWLYD
GHOPHGLRDPELHQWHRQR6LQHPEDUJRVHKDH[SUHVDGRODDFFLyQDXWyQRPD\FUtWLFDTXHHO
SURIHVRU GH JHRJUDItD WLHQH VREUH VX WUDEDMR FRQWHQLGRV \ FRQRFLPLHQWRV DVt FRPR VX
FDSDFLGDGGHFUHDUHVWDEOHFHU\GHVDUUROODUVXVFDSDFLGDGHVFRJQLWLYDV\DEVWUDFFLRQHV
([SUHVD WDPELpQ OD SRVLELOLGDG GH TXH HO PDHVWUR VHD XQ LQYHVWLJDGRU XQ FLHQWtILFR XQ
LQWHUURJDGRU SRUTXH FXDQGR LQYHVWLJD FODVLILFD \ FDWHJRUL]D XQ WHPD HQ HVWH FDVR HO
FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH GHVHQFDGHQD GLYHUVRV PHFDQLVPRV HSLVWHPROyJLFRV
ILORVyILFRV\SROtWLFRLGHROyJLFRVTXHPLGHQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHODPDWHULDOLGDG
6H FRQVLGHUD SRU WDQWR TXH HO SDSHO GHO SURIHVRU FRPR LQYHVWLJDGRU GHVDUUROODGRU GH
PHWRGRORJtDVFDWHJRUL]DFLRQHV\SURSXHVWDVTXHDxDGLUKDELOLGDGHVHVHQFLDOHV\SURGXFWLYDV
HQVXSUiFWLFDGRFHQWH\ODIXQFLyQLQWHOHFWXDOTXHHVWiPiVDOOiGHORVPRPHQWRVHQHODXOD
HOHYiQGROR HQWRQFHV FRPR XQD SHUVRQD GRWDGD SDUD LQWHUSUHWDU ORV IHQyPHQRV TXH
FRQVWLWX\HQOD PDWHULDOLGDGGHVX FRQWH[WRVRFLDO\FXOWXUDO/DVGHPDQGDV\ODFRPSOHMLGDG
GHO HQWRUQR HVFRODU KDFHQ QHFHVDULR HQ WRGR PRPHQWR TXH HO SURIHVRU PHMRUH VXV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV\HQVHxHDWUDYpVGHOHMHUFLFLRGHODUHVROXFLyQGHSUREOHPDV(OGHVDUUROORGH
PpWRGRV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FDWHJRUL]DFLyQ \ HYDOXDFLyQ VRQ PHGLRV ~WLOHV SDUD PHMRUDU VXV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV
(OPRGHODGRJUiILFRGHOFRQWHQLGRVLUYHWDPELpQFRPRLQVWUXPHQWRGHHYDOXDFLyQGHOHQIRTXH
DPELHQWDOGHVDUUROODGRHQORVOLEURVGHWH[WR6LQHPEDUJRVHSXHGHDSOLFDUDRWURV
M.E.Barbosa
WUDWDPLHQWRV GH FRQWHQLGR FRPR OD EDVH \ OD PHWRGRORJtD 3RU OR WDQWR VH SXHGH KDFHU
UHIHUHQFLDDODFDWHJRUL]DFLyQGHPXFKRVRWURVFDVRVGHFRQRFLPLHQWRVFLHQWtILFRVRIUHFLHQGR
SRVLELOLGDGHVGHVHUXQDPHWRGRORJtDTXHSXHGHGHVDUUROODUVHHQRWURVFDVRVGHSURSXHVWDVGH
FRQRFLPLHQWRHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
(Q XQD SHUVSHFWLYD GH OD FRQWULEXFLyQ TXH HVWD PHWRGRORJtD HV ~WLO SDUD SURJUDPDV
LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV GH HYDOXDFLyQ GDGD OD IOXLGH] HQ OD OHFWXUD GH OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ JUiILFD R
LQFOXVRXQDKHUUDPLHQWDSDUDVHULQFRUSRUDGDDOSURFHVRLQLFLDOGHIRUPDFLyQGHORVSURIHVRUHV
FRQHOILQGHSHUPLWLUDIXWXURVSURIHVRUHVGH*HRJUDItDUHDOL]DUHMHUFLFLRVTXHORVSRQJDQHQ
XQD SRVLFLyQ DGHFXDGD SDUD DUWLFXODU ORV OHQJXDMHV \ UHIOH[LRQHV LQWHJUDGDV GH FXHVWLRQHV
DPELHQWDOHV FX\R SURFHVR GH FRPSRVLFLyQ FRQVLVWH HQ D OD UHIOH[LyQ VREUH HO WHPD E OD
FODVLILFDFLyQ\HOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHFULWHULRVFODURVFXQDQiOLVLVSDUDWUDGXFLUHQOHQJXDMH
JUiILFR G HO GHVDUUROOR GH KDELOLGDGHV SDUD UHVXPLU JHVWLRQDU HYDOXDU DQDOL]DU \ GLVSRQHU
FRQRFLPLHQWRSRUSDUWHGHOWUDEDMRGHOVXMHWR
5()(5(1&,$6%,%/,2*5),&$6
'LHJXHV$&O mito moderno da natureza intocada6mR3DXOR+XFLWHF
)OLFN8Introduo pesquisa qualitativa3RUWR$OHJUH$UWPHG
*ODFNHQ&Traces on the Rhodian Shore: nature and culture in western thought from
ancient times to the end of the eighteenth century%HUNOH\8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
*RQoDOYHV&:3Os (des)caminhos do meio ambiente6mR3DXOR&RQWH[WR
/HII ( Saber ambiental: sustentabilidade, racionalidade, complexidade, poder.
Petrpolis9R]HV
/XFFL($HWDOTerritrio e Sociedade no mundo globalizado6mR3DXOR6DUDLYD
0DJQROL ' D Geografia para ensino mdio: meio natural e espao geogrfico 6mR
3DXOR6DUDLYD
0DJQROL ' E Geografia para ensino mdio: Brasil, Estado e espao geogrfico 6mR
3DXOR6DUDLYD
0DUWLQL$'HO*DXGLR5Geografia 1 ano6mR3DXOR,%(3
6LOYD($&)XUTXLP-~QLRU/DGeografia em rede 1 ano. 6mR3DXOR)7'
6LOYD($&)XUTXLP-~QLRU/EGeografia em rede 2 ano. 6mR3DXOR)7'
7DPGMLDQ - 2 0HQGHV , / Geografia: estudos para compreenso do espao: 2
ano6mR3DXOR)7'
M.E.Barbosa
81$3/$1,),&$&,1(1*(2*5$)$48(0(-25((/
'(6$552//2&203(7(1&,$/'(/$/801$'2
6DUD%DVWDQWH9DOHUR
0QJHOHV5RGUtJXH]'RPHQHFK
1
Mster en Profesor de Educacin Secundaria en la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
2
Facultad de Educacin Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
s.bastantevalero@gmail.com; Mangeles.Rodriguez@uclm.es
5(680(1
/DIRUPDFLyQLQWHJUDOGHODOXPQDGR\HOGHVDUUROORGHVXVFDSDFLGDGHVHVXQDGHODVJUDQGHVSUHRFXSDFLRQHVGH
ORVGRFHQWHV(QHVWHWUDEDMRFXHVWLRQDPRV\SURSRQHPRVHOGLVHxRGHXQDSURJUDPDFLyQDQXDOFRPRXQDGHODV
SULQFLSDOHV KHUUDPLHQWDV SDUD PHMRUDU OD DGTXLVLFLyQ FRPSHWHQFLDO GH QXHVWUR DOXPQDGR (Q HVWH FRQWH[WR
UHDOL]DPRVXQDSURSXHVWDGHSURJUDPDFLyQDQXDOPX\LQQRYDGRUDSDUDODPDWHULDGHGeografa e Historia GH
GHOD(62FRQHVWUDWHJLDVGHWUDEDMRTXHWLHQHQFRPRREMHWLYRGHVDUUROODUODVFRPSHWHQFLDVFODYHHQHVSHFLDO
ODFRPSHWHQFLDaprender a aprender \ODFRPSHWHQFLDHQcomunicacin lingstica.
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
3URJUDPDFLyQ*HRJUDItDFRPSHWHQFLDVFODYHDSUHQGHUDDSUHQGHUFRPXQLFDFLyQOLQJtVWLFD
,1752'8&&,1
6L KDEODPRV GH HGXFDFLyQ HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG GHEHPRV WHQHU SUHVHQWH OD LGHD GH 5XL] HW DO
SS HQWUH RWURV TXH GHILHQGH TXH HGXFDU HV IRUPDU GH PDQHUD LQWHJUDO DO
DOXPQDGRHVDVXPLUTXHHQHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVQRVRQHO
HOHPHQWR IXQGDPHQWDO \D TXH HV QHFHVDULR FRPELQDUORV FRQ OD IRUPDFLyQ HQ KDELOLGDGHV
DFWLWXGHV\YDORUHV(VWHSODQWHDPLHQWRGHVWDFDSRUHQFLPDGHRWURVHQHOPRPHQWRHQHOTXH
VH LQFRUSRUDQ ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV FRPR XQ HOHPHQWR FXUULFXODU PiV *DOODUGR *LO S

/D WHUPLQRORJtD GH FRPSHWHQFLDV VH LQFOX\H HQ HO VLVWHPD HGXFDWLYR HVSDxRO WUDV ODV
RULHQWDFLRQHVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHV GH OD 8( OD 81(6&2 R OD 2&'( FRQ OD /H\ 2UJiQLFD
GHGHPD\RGH(GXFDFLyQ/2(SHURQRHVKDVWDODHQWUDGDHQYLJRUGHODDFWXDO
OH\ GH HGXFDFLyQ /H\ 2UJiQLFD GH GH GLFLHPEUH SDUD OD 0HMRUD GH &DOLGDG
(GXFDWLYD/20&(FXDQGRVHHQIDWL]DHQHOPRGHORFXUULFXODUEDVDGRHQODVFRPSHWHQFLDV
2UGHQ (&' SS &RQFUHWDPHQWH OD /20&( GHILQH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV
FRPR ODV FDSDFLGDGHV SDUD DSOLFDU GH IRUPD LQWHJUDGD ORV FRQWHQLGRV SURSLRV GH FDGD
HQVHxDQ]D\HWDSDHGXFDWLYDFRQHOILQGHORJUDUODUHDOL]DFLyQDGHFXDGDGHDFWLYLGDGHV\OD
UHVROXFLyQ HILFD] GH SUREOHPDV FRPSOHMRV /H\ 2UJiQLFD S (V GHFLU ODV
FRPSHWHQFLDV VH FRQFHSWXDOL]DQ FRPR XQ VDEHU KDFHU DSOLFDEOH D PXOWLSOHV \ YDULDGRV
FRQWH[WRVTXHHVHQHVHQFLDODIRUPDFLyQLQWHJUDO
/D PRGLILFDFLyQ GHO OHQJXDMH SDUD UHIHUHULUQRV D UHDOLGDGHV VHPHMDQWHV SXHGH JHQHUDU
GLYHUVLGDGGHSODQWHDPLHQWRVTXHKD\TXHFRQRFHUSDUDHYLWDUFDHUHQHUURUHVRLQFRKHUHQFLDV
FRPRELHQUHFRJHODREUDEducar por competencias, qu hay de nuevo?$TXpPXQGRQRV
OOHYDHVWDIRUPDGHHGXFDUSRUFRPSHWHQFLDV"3DUDXQRVQRVFRQGXFHDXQDVRFLHGDGGH
S.Bastante Valero, M.A.Rodrguez Domenech

LQGLYLGXRVHILFLHQWHVUHVSHFWRGHODJUDQPDTXLQDULDGHOVLVWHPDSURGXFWLYRODFXDOUHTXLHUH
GHODDGDSWDFLyQDODVH[LJHQFLDVGHFRPSHWLWLYLGDGGHODVHFRQRPtDVHQXQPHUFDGRJOREDO
2WURVFRQVLGHUDQTXHHVXQPRYLPLHQWRTXHHQIRFDODHGXFDFLyQFRPRXQDGLHVWUDPLHQWRXQ
SODQWHDPLHQWR HQ HO TXH OD FRPSHWHQFLD UHVXPH HO DEDQLFR GH ODV DPSOLDV IXQFLRQHV \ ORV
JUDQGHV REMHWLYRV LQGLYLGXDOHV R FROHFWLYRV LQWHOHFWXDOHV DIHFWLYRV GH OD HGXFDFLyQ 3DUD
RWURV HVWDPRV DQWH OD RSRUWXQLGDG GH UHHVWUXFWXUDU ORV VLVWHPDV HGXFDWLYRV SRU GHQWUR
VXSHUDQGROD LQVWUXFFLyQRFXSDGDHQFRQWHQLGRVREVROHWRV SRFRIXQFLRQDOHVSDUD ORJUDUXQD
VRFLHGDGQRVRORHILFLHQWHVLQRWDPELpQ MXVWDGHPRFUiWLFD HLQFOXVLYD*LPHQR6DFULVWiQ
S
(O WUDEDMR SRU FRPSHWHQFLDV EDMR QXHVWUD SHUVSHFWLYD \ DMXVWiQGRQRV DO PDUFR OHJLVODWLYR
YLJHQWH SXHGH VHU XQD RSRUWXQLGDG GH PHMRUD \ GH FDPELR SHUR HQ JHQHUDO FRQWDPRV FRQ
SRFDVH[SHULHQFLDVFRQFUHWDVSDUDODPDWHULDGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVTXHQRVD\XGHQDWUDEDMDU
HQODVDXODV\HVSRUHOORSRUORTXHSUHVHQWDUHPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQDOJXQDVDFWXDFLRQHVTXH
SXHGHQVHYLUGHRULHQWDFLyQHQHVWDODERU
352*5$0$53$5$0(-25$5
$GRSWDU ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV FRPR HMH YHUWHEUDGRU GH OD ODERU HGXFDWLYD VXSRQH XQ FDPELR
UDGLFDO GH OD FRQFHSFLyQ GHORV REMHWLYRV ORV FRQWHQLGRV ODVDFWLYLGDGHV OD PHWRGRORJtD OD
HYDOXDFLRQ HWF HV GHFLU GH OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHO FXUVR DFDGpPLFR *LPHQR 6DFULVWiQ
SS(QWHQGHPRVTXHQRSRGHPRVVXSHGLWDUQXHVWUDVDFFLRQHVH[FOXVLYDPHQWHDOOLEUR
GH WH[WR SXHV GHEHPRV SODQWHDU HO WUDEDMR GH WDO PRGR TXH D\XGH D GHVDUUROODU
SURJUHVLYDPHQWHHVWDVFDSDFLGDGHV$QW~QH]HWDOS
(Q HVWH HVIXHU]R GRFHQWH HV GRQGH FREUD YHUGDGHUR VHQWLGR OD ODERU GH SURJUDPDU /DV
SURJUDPDFLRQHVGLGiFWLFDVGHMDQGHVHUXQPHURHOHPHQWRGHODEXURFUDFLDLQVWLWXFLRQDOSDUD
VHU XQ UHFXUVR EHQHILFLRVR SDUD HO SURIHVRUDGR SXHV QRV D\XGDQ D VLVWHPDWL]DU \ RSWLPL]DU
QXHVWURWUDEDMR/DSURJUDPDFLyQQRHV~QLFDPHQWHXQDWHPSRUDOL]DFLyQ\XQDGLVWULEXFLyQ
GH FRQWHQLGRV \ DFWLYLGDGHV VLQR TXH HV XQ SURFHVR FRQWLQXR TXH VH SUHRFXSD QR VROR GHO
OXJDU KDFLD GRQGH LU VLQR WDPELpQ GH SRU TXp \ GH FyPR LU $QW~QH] HW DO S

3DUDUHDOL]DUXQDEXHQDSURJUDPDFLyQGLGiFWLFDKD\TXHWHQHUSUHVHQWHFLHUWDVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHV
SUHYLDV 3RU XQ ODGR HO GRFHQWH GHEH FRQRFHU D OD SHUIHFFLyQ HO FRQWHQLGR\VREUH WRGR VX
GLGiFWLFD SDUD SRGHU GHVDUUROODU DFWXDFLRQHV DFRUGHV FRQ HO JUXSR FRQ HO TXH VH WUDEDMH
$QW~QH]HWDOS3RURWURODGRHVLPSUHVLQGLEOHDVXPLUTXHODSURJUDPDFLyQHV
XQD ODERU GH SUHYLVLyQ TXH VH PRGLILFD FRQ OD SUiFWLFD SXHV XQDV DFWXDFLRQHV LQIOH[LEOHV
DQXODUtDQ SRU FRPSOHWR OD IXQFLRQDOLGDG GH HVWH WUDEDMR &DUPHQ S 3RU ~OWLPR
KD\TXHFRPSUHQGHUTXHODSURJUDPDFLyQQRHVXQDDFFLyQSXQWXDOHVXQSURFHVRHQHOFXDO
H[LVWH XQD UHIOH[LyQ XQ DQiOLVLV \ XQD SUR\HFFLyQ (Q SULPHU OXJDU VH UHIOH[LRQD VREUH ODV
FDSDFLGDGHVTXHTXHUHPRVGHVDUUROODUVREUHORVREMHWLYRVTXHTXHUHPRVDOFDQ]DU\VREUHOD
LQWHUUHODFLyQGHHVWRVSRVWHULRUPHQWHVHDQDOL]DQODVFRQGLFLRQHVFRQODVTXHVHYDDWUDEDMDU
SDUD HODERUDU XQ SURJUDPD GH HQVHxDQ]D DGHFXDGR \ DO ILQDO VH SHUILOD HVWH SUR\HFWR SRU
PHGLRGHODDFFLyQGLDULDHQHODXOD*DJQpSS

/$ $&&,1 352<(&72 3$5$ (/ '(6$552//2 &203(7(1&,$/ '(/

$/801$'2
7HQLHQGR PX\ SUHVHQWH OR SURSXHVWR KDVWD HO PRPHQWR D FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH SUHVHQWDUi OD
HODERUDFLyQ GH XQD SURJUDPDFLyQ GLGiFWLFD HVSHFtILFD TXH QRV D\XGH HQ HO GHVDUUROOR
FRPSHWHQFLDOGHODOXPQDGRHQHVWHFDVRSDUDGHOD(62FRQODDVLJQDWXUDGHGeografa
e Historia HQ OD FRPXQLGDG DXWyQRPD GH &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD DXQTXH QR VLQ DQWHV H[SRQHU
DOJXQDVJHQHUDOLGDGHVYLQFXODGDVDODUHODFLyQGHORVHOHPHQWRVFXUULFXODUHVEiVLFRV
(VWRVHOHPHQWRVFXUULFXODUHVEiVLFRVVRQVHJ~QOD/20&(/H\2UJiQLFDS
ORV REMHWLYRV GH HWDSD ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV ORV FRQWHQLGRV OD PHWRGRORJtD ORV HVWiQGDUHV GH
DSUHQGL]DMH\ORVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQ\SRUGHILQLFLyQQRVRQSDUWHVLQFRQH[DVGHOVLVWHPD
HGXFDWLYR 3RU HOOR SDUD OD HODERUDFLyQ GH OD SURJUDPDFLyQ GHEHPRV KDFHUORV HQFDMDU D OD
SHUIHFFLyQ/DVFRPSHWHQFLDVHVWiQtQWLPDPHQWHOLJDGDVDORVREMHWLYRV2UGHQ(&'
S ORV FXDOHV VH HVSHFLILFDQ REMHWLYRV GLGiFWLFRV SDUD SRGHU VHU WUDEDMDGRV GHVGH HO
FRQWHQLGR GH QXHVWUD PDWHULD (VH FRQWHQLGR HV HYDOXDGR SRU PHGLR GH ORV FULWHULRV GH
HYDOXDFLyQ R PHMRU GLFKR SRU PHGLR ORV HVWiQGDUHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH TXH D VX YH] HVWiQ
UHODFLRQDGRVDODVFRPSHWHQFLDV2UGHQ(&'SORTXHQRVSHUPLWHFRQRFHU
HOQLYHOGHFRPSHWHQFLDGHODOXPQDGRGHXQDPDQHUDREMHWLYD(OPHGLRSRUHOFXDOVHOOHYDD
FDERWRGRHVWHSURFHVRHVODEXHQDPHWRGRORJtD\ODDGHFXDGDHOHFFLyQGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVGH
HYDOXDFLyQ
)LJXUD*UiILFRDFODUDWRULRGHORVHOHPHQWRVFXUULFXODUHVEiVLFRV(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
/LEURGHWH[WR"(OFRQWHQLGR\ODVXQLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDV
-XQWR FRQ HO FXDGHUQR \ HO ODSLFHUR HO OLEUR GH WH[WR KD VLGR HO HOHPHQWR LGHQWLILFDWLYR SRU
H[FHOHQFLD GHO HVWXGLDQWH (Q OD DFWXDOLGDG \ PX\ UHODFLRQDGR FRQ ORV SODQWHDPLHQWRV
H[SXHVWRVDQWHULRUPHQWHODYLJHQFLDGHOOLEURHQHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHVHSRQH
HQGXGD(O GHEDWHVHFHQWUDHQWUHORVSDUWLGDULRVSRUHMHPSOR(FR\ORVGHWUDFWRUHV
SRU HMHPSOR 4XLQWDQLOOD &RUR GH VX XVR FRPR REMHWR H[FOXVLYR R QR GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR
FXDQGR HQ UHDOLGDG GHEHUtD GH JHQHUDOL]DUVH XQD SRVLFLyQ LQWHUPHGLD TXH SODQWHH VX
XWLOL]DFLyQHQHODXODMXQWRFRQRWURVPDWHULDOHVRSFLyQHVWDTXHVHYHUHIRU]DGDSRUORTXHVH
H[SRQHDFRQWLQXDFLyQHODQiOLVLVGHDOJXQRVOLEURVGHWH[WR
(O 'HFUHWR GH OD -XQWD GH &RPXQLGDGHV GH &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD VHxDOD TXH ORV
EORTXHVGHFRQWHQLGRDWUDWDUHQODDVLJQDWXUDGH*HRJUDItDH+LVWRULDSDUDHOFXUVRGHGH OD

(62GHEHQVHUORVVLJXLHQWHV%/248(7pFQLFDV\KHUUDPLHQWDVGH*HRJUDItD+LVWRULD
\ $UWH TXH HV FRP~Q D ORV FXDWUR FXUVRV GH OD (62 %/248( (O PHGLR ItVLFR HQ
(VSDxD \ &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD %/248( (O HVSDFLR KXPDQR GH (VSDxD \ &DVWLOOD/D
0DQFKD \ %/248( (GDG 0RGHUQD 'HFUHWR 'LDULR 2ILFLDO GH &DVWLOOD/D
0DQFKD SS 6LQ HPEDUJR FyPR WUDEDMDQ ODV HGLWRULDOHV HVWD PDWHULD" $
FRQWLQXDFLyQVHSUHVHQWDUiQDOJXQRVHMHPSORVFRQFUHWRVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDODVHGLWRULDOHVPiV
FRQRFLGDV606DQWLOODQD\2[IRUG
/LEUR60 /LEUR6DQWLOODQD /LEUR2[IRUG

7HPD(VSDFLR\VRFLHGDG 7HPD(OPHGLRItVLFR 7HPD(OHVWXGLRGHOWHUULWRULR
7HPD/DSREODFLyQ
7HPD(OPXQGRGHODVFLXGDGHV
7HPD/DDFWLYLGDG 7HPD(OPHGLRQDWXUDOHQ
HFRQyPLFDGHODVRFLHGDG (VSDxD
7HPD$FWLYLGDGHVDJUDULDV 7HPD(OVHFWRUSULPDULR
7HPD/DVDFWLYLGDGHV 7HPD7HUULWRULR\SREODFLyQHQ
LQGXVWULDOHV (VSDxD
7HPD0LQHUtDHQHUJtDHLQGXVWULD
7HPD/D*HRJUDItDGHORV
VHUYLFLRV
7HPD(OKiELWDWUXUDO\XUEDQRHQ
(VSDxD
7HPD/DHFRQRPtDHVSDxROD 7HPD/RVVHUYLFLRV
7HPD(OUHWRGHOGHVDUUROOR
7HPD'HVLJXDOGDG\
FRRSHUDFLyQ
7HPD/DVDFWLYLGDGHV
HFRQyPLFDV
7HPD/RVJUDQGHVUHWRV 7HPD/DVRVWHQLELOLGDG
PHGLRDPELHQWDOHV PHGLRDPELHQWDO
7HPD/RVRUtJHQHVGH 7HPD/RVSDLVDMHVDJUDULRV\
OD(GDG0RGHUQD PDULQRV
7HPD/D(GDG0RGHUQD8QDQXHYD
HUD
7HPD/RVHVSDFLRVPLQHURVH
LQGXVWULDOHV
7HPD5HQDFLPLHQWR\
5HIRUPD
7HPD1XHYDVIRUPDVGHSHQVDU
5HQDFLPLHQWR\UHIRUPD
7HPD/D0RQDUTXtD
+LVSiQLFD
7HPD(OVHFWRUWHUFLDULR
7HPD/DIRUPDFLyQGHO,PSHULR
(VSDxRO
7HPD(OVLJORGHO%DUURFR
7HPD/DVGHVLJXDOGDGHV
HFRQyPLFDVHQHOPXQGR
7HPD/D(XURSDGHO%DUURFR
7HPD/D(GDG0RGHUQD
+XPDQLVPR\UHQDFLPLHQWR

7HPD/RV5H\HV&DWyOLFRV\ODV
JUDQGHVH[SORUDFLRQHV
7HPD/D(XURSDGH&DUORV9\
)HOLSH,,
7HPD(OVLJOR;9,,
7HPD/DFXOWXUD(XURSHDGHO
%DUURFR
)LJXUD5HVXPHQGHFRQWHQLGRVGHORVOLEURGHWH[WRGHODVSULQFLSDOHVHGLWRULDOHV(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
&RPRSXHGHGHGXFLUVHGHORSUHVHQWDGRHQODILJODVHGLWRULDOHVWUDEDMDQHOFRQWHQLGRGHO
FXUVRGHXQDPDQHUDQRVLHPSUHDFHUWDGDRELHQORWUDWDQGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDGLIHUHQWHHQXQ
QLYHO PiV JHQHUDO TXH HO TXH VHxDOD HO GHFUHWR R ELHQ QL VLTXLHUD DSDUHFH HO FRQWHQLGR
VHxDODGRSRUHMHPSORHOEORTXHHQHOOLEURGHWH[WRGHODHGLWRULDO60/DVROXFLyQDHVWH
SUREOHPDFRQVLVWHHQODHODERUDFLyQSRUSDUWHGHOGRFHQWHGHXQPDWHULDOFRPSOHPHQWDULR DO
OLEUR FRQ HO SRGHU WUDEDMDU HQ HO DXOD \ TXH UDWLILFD OD LGHD GH TXH XQD SRVLFLyQ FHQWUDO HQ
WRUQRDODXWLOL]DFLyQRQRGHOLEURGHWH[WRHVORPiVVHQVDWR
/DHODERUDFLyQGHHVWHPDWHULDO\DREOLJDDOGRFHQWHDUHDOL]DUXQDSURJUDPDFLyQSDUWLFXODUDO
PDUJHQGHODTXHVHxDODHOOLEUR\SRUHOORGHVGHHVWDSURSXHVWDVHVXJLHUHTXHVHYD\DPiV
DOOi \ UHRUJDQLFHQ \ UHHVWUXFWXUHQ ODV XQLGDGHV GLGiFWLFDV SDUD TXH XQD YH] WUDEDMDGDV D OR
ODUJR GHO FXUVR DFDGpPLFR QRV D\XGHQ D DOFDQ]DU XQ QXHYR ILQ PiV DPELFLRVR HO GHO
GHVDUUROOR FRPSHWHQFLDO GHO DOXPQDGR SRU PHGLR GH ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV 3RU HMHPSOR VL
WRPDPRVFRPRUHIHUHQFLDHOOLEURGHODHGLWRULDO60VHSRGUtDSODQWHDUODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHOD
VLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
7HPD (O PXQGR PRGHUQR /D PRQDUTXtD GH ORV 5H\HV &DWyOLFRV \ ORV JUDQGHV
GHVFXEULPLHQWRV'HOOLEURHOWHPD\HOPDWHULDOFRPSOHPHQWDULR
7HPD(OVLJOR;9,(XURSD\(VSDxD'HOOLEURSDUWHGHOWHPDSDUWHGHOWHPD\HO
PDWHULDOFRPSOHPHQWDULR
7HPD (O VLJOR ;9,, (XURSD \ (VSDxD 'HO OLEUR SDUWH GHO WHPD \ HO PDWHULDO
FRPSOHPHQWDULR
7HPD$UWH\FXOWXUDHQORVVLJORV;9,\;9,,'HOOLEURSDUWHGHOWHPDHOWHPD\HO
PDWHULDOFRPSOHPHQWDULR
7HPD(OHVWXGLRGHODSREODFLyQHQ(VSDxD\&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD'HOOLEURSDUWHGHOWHPD
\HOPDWHULDOFRPSOHPHQWDULR
7HPD (O HVSDFLR XUEDQR 'HO OLEUR SDUWH GHO WHPD \ VREUH WRGR HO PDWHULDO
FRPSOHPHQWDULR
7HPD/DVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV(OVHFWRUSULPDULRHQ(VSDxD'HOOLEURSDUWHGHOWHPD
SHURVREUHWRGRHODSDUWDGRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHGHOWHPD
7HPD /DV DFWLYLGDGHV HFRQyPLFDV (O VHFWRU VHFXQGDULR HQ (VSDxD 'HO OLEUR SDUWH GHO
WHPDSHURVREUHWRGRHODSDUWDGRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHGHOWHPD
7HPD/DVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV(OVHFWRUWHUFLDULRHQ(VSDxD'HOOLEURSDUWHGHOWHPD
SHURVREUHWRGRHODSDUWDGRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHGHOWHPD
7HPD /DV DFWLYLGDGHV HFRQyPLFDV HQ &DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD 'HO OLEUR DOJ~Q DSDUWDGRGHO
WHPDSHURVREUHWRGRHOPDWHULDOFRPSOHPHQWDULR

7HPD0HGLRDPELHQWH\GHVDUUROORVRVWHQLEOH'HOOLEURDOJ~QDSDUWDGRGHOWHPDSHUR
VREUHWRGRHOPDWHULDOFRPSOHPHQWDULR
7HPD(VWXGLRGHO PHGLRItVLFRHQ(VSDxD\&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD6RODPHQWH HO PDWHULDO
FRPSOHPHQWDULR
3.2. De ti para ti. $XWRDSUHQGL]DMH\FRPSHWHQFLDV.

(VWDRUJDQL]DFLyQKDVLGRSHQVDGDSDUDUHVSRQGHUXQDGHPDQGDFDGDYH]PiVFUHFLHQWHGHQWUR
GHOPXQGRHGXFDWLYRTXHHODOXPQRVHFRQYLHUWDHQHOSURWDJRQLVWDGHVXSURSLRDSUHQGL]DMH
&DUPHQ R OR TXH HV OR PLVPR TXH GHVDUUROOH SOHQDPHQWH OD FRPSHWHQFLD
aprender a aprender GHILQLGD SRU HO 'HFUHWR S FRPR OD FDSDFLGDG GH
DSUHQGHUSRUVtPLVPRGHXQDPDQHUDFDGDYH]PiVDXWyQRPD(QFDGDXQRGHORVWHPDVODV
PHWRGRORJtDV \ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV OOHYDGDV D FDER VHUYLUiQ HQ SULPHU OXJDU SDUD DSUHQGHU OD
PDWHULD GH *HRJUDItD H +LVWRULD \ HQ VHJXQGR OXJDU SDUD GHVDUUROODU HQ HO DOXPQDGR ODV
GHVWUH]DVQHFHVDULDVSDUDDOFDQ]DUHOREMHWLYRILQDOGHODXWRDSUHQGL]DMH
(O SURFHVR TXH VH UHDOL]DUi SDUD FRQVHJXLU OD LQGHSHQGHQFLD HGXFDWLYD GHO DOXPQDGR VH KD
RUJDQL]DGR HQ WRUQR D FXDWUR IDVHV FDGD XQD GH HOODV FRQ DFFLRQHV JUDGXDOHV WDQWR HQ
GLILFXOWDGDFWLYLGDGHVGLYHUVDVGHODVPiVFRQFUHWDVDODVDXWyQRPDVFRPRHQWHPSRUDOLGDG
DORODUJRGHWRGRHODxRHQUHODFLyQFRQORVWUHVWULPHVWUHV/DVIDVHVDGHVDUUROODUVRQ
7UDWDPLHQWR GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ 7UDEDMR &RODERUDWLYR , 7UDEDMR FRODERUDWLYR ,, \
7UDEDMRLQGLYLGXDO
)LJXUD)DVHVGHOSURFHVRSODQWHDGR(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

)$6(75$7$0,(172'(/$,1)250$&,1
6LHOREMHWLYRHVTXHHODOXPQRWUDEDMHSRUVtVRORDQWHVVHOHKDGHELGRGHHQVHxDUDWUDEDMDU\
SDUDHOORHQHOFDVRGHODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVHVQHFHVDULRFRQRFHUODVIXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQ
GHODVTXHSDUWHHOFRQRFLPLHQWRDVtFRPRVXDQiOLVLV
'XUDQWHHOSULPHUWULPHVWUHFRQHOGHVDUUROORGHORVWHPDV\HODOXPQRWUDEDMDUiHO
FRQWHQLGRGHODVXQLGDGHVSRU PHGLRGHXQDVDFWLYLGDGHVFRQFUHWDVTXHOHD\XGHQDPHMRUDU
ODVGHVWUH]DVHQUHODFLyQFRQHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ/DVOHFWXUDVFRPSUHVLYDVORV
UHV~PHQHV\ORVHVTXHPDVVHUiQODVWDUHDVPiVFRPXQHVHQWUHORVWHPDVTXHVHKDQGHWUDEDMDU
\SDUDFRPSOHWDUHVWDIDVHFRQHOGHVDUUROORGHOWHPDDOFRPHQ]DUHOVHJXQGRWULPHVWUHVH
WUDEDMDUDQRWURWLSRGHIXHQWHVWDOHVFRPRJUiILFRVRPDSDV
)$6(75$%$-2&2/$%25$7,92,35,0(5263$626
7HQLHQGR FRPR UHIHUHQFLD OD ODERU UHDOL]DGD HQ OD SULPHUD IDVH SXHV HVWH SURFHVR WLHQH
VHQWLGR GDQGR LPSRUWDQFLD DO WUDEDMR FRQWLQXR DKRUD VH SUHWHQGH TXH HO DOXPQDGR QR VROR
WUDEDMH FRQ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ VLQR TXH OD LQWHUUHODFLRQH \ OD HODERUH FRQ D\XGD GH VXV
FRPSDxHURV (Q FRQFUHWR ODV XQLGDGHV LQFOXLGDV HQ HVWD IDVH VH OOHYDUiQ D FDER FRQ
PHWRGRORJtDVYDULDGDVSHURDFWLYLGDGHVVLPLODUHVSDUDDILDQ]DUHODSUHQGL]DMHUHODWLYRDOEXHQ
XVRGHODVKHUUDPLHQWDVSURSRUFLRQDGDV
3RU XQ ODGR HO WHPD VH WUDEDMDUi HQ HO DXOD GH PDQHUD KDELWXDO FRQ PHWRGRORJtDV
H[SRVLWLYDVSDUWLFLSDWLYDV\DFWLYDVKDFLHQGRHVSHFLDOKLQFDSLpHQHVWR~OWLPRSRUPHGLRGH
XQD WDUHD XQ WDQWR PiV FRPSOHMD SHUR LJXDO GH H[LJHQWH OD HODERUDFLyQ SRU SDUHMDV GH XQD
SUHVHQWDFLyQ GLJLWDO VREUH XQ DSDUWDGR GHO FRQWHQLGR $Vt VH LQFOX\H HO XVR GH ORV UHFXUVRV
7,&6HQHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHVHLQFRUSRUDQODVHODERUDFLRQHVSURSLDVFRPR
FRQWHQLGRVDHVWXGLDU\VHIRPHQWDHOUHVSHWR\ODFRODERUDFLyQHQWUHFRPSDxHURV
3RU RWUR ODGR OD PDWHULD FRQFHSWXDO GH ORV WHPDV \ HVWH ~OWLPR SHUWHQHFLHQWH D OD
WHUFHUD HYDOXDFLyQ VHUi H[SXHVWD DO DOXPQDGR SRU SDUWH GHO SURIHVRU HQIDWL]DQGR HQ OD
LPSRUWDQFLDGHODHVWUXFWXUDFLyQ\ODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHOFRQWHQLGRFRPRHOHPHQWRIXQGDPHQWDO
HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR FXHVWLyQ HVWi PX\ LPSRUWDQWH HQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH ODV
VLJXLHQWHV IDVHV PLHQWUDV TXH OD PDWHULD TXH SXHGD VHU WUDWDGD SRU PHGLR GH DFWLYLGDGHV
SUiFWLFDVDVtVHKDUiSHURFRPRHQHOFDVRDQWHULRUHQJUXSRVSDUDIRPHQWDUORVYDORUHVDQWHV
PHQFLRQDGRV
)$6(75$%$-2&2/$%25$7,92,,/$$872120$
(QHVWHPRPHQWRGHOFXUVRHODOXPQR\DKDLQWHULRUL]DGRODGLQiPLFDGHWUDEDMRHQVHxDGDHQ
ORV PHVHV DQWHULRUHV \ VH SXHGH HPSH]DU D SODQWHDU VX DXWRQRPtD SHUR QR GH PDQHUD
LQGLYLGXDO $KRUD SRU ORV EHQHILFLRV \ YHQWDMDV TXH WLHQH SDUD PiV LQIRUPDFLyQ UHPLWR DO
OHFWRUDODSXEOLFDFLyQGH-RDQ'RPLQJRODVXQLGDGHVDGHVDUUROODUVHOOHYDUiQDFDER
SRUPHGLRGHXQDPHWRGRORJtDEDVDGDHQHOWUDEDMRFRODERUDWLYR
(V HQ HVWH PRPHQWR FXDQGR ODV KDELOLGDGHV DGTXLULGDV R SHUIHFFLRQDV GXUDQWH HO WUDQVFXUVR
GHO DxRVHRIUHFHQ DORVFRPSDxHURV SDUD HQWUH WRGRV FRPSOHWDU ODV WDUHDV PDUFDGDV SRU HO
SURIHVRU(QHOSULPHURGHORVFDVRVHQYLQFXODFLyQFRQODXQLGDGVHSHGLUiDOJUXSRGH
DOXPQRV TXH VHD FDSD] GH HODERUDU HO WHPD HQ IRUPD \ PRGR XWLOL]DQGR ORV UHFXUVRV TXH
FRQVLGHUHQ QHFHVDULRV SDUD TXH SRVWHULRUPHQWH SXHGD UHDOL]DUVH SRU XQ ODGR XQ LQIRUPH

FRPSOHWR\SRURWURODGRXQDH[SRVLFLyQEUHYHDORVFRPSDxHURV(QHOVHJXQGRGHORVFDVRV
OD WHPiWLFD FRQ OD TXH VH WUDEDMD IDFLOLWD HO SODQWHDPLHQWR D UHDOL]DU \D TXH VREUH
PHGLRDPELHQWH ORV DOXPQRV FRQRFHQ EDVWDQWH (Q HVWH FDVR \ FRQ HO REMHWLYR LPSOtFLWR GH
KDFHU SUHVHQWHV PiV UROHV GHQWUR GH ODV UHODFLRQHV GH WUDEDMR VH SLGH DO DOXPQDGR TXH
RUJDQLFHXQGHEDWHELHQHVWUXFWXUDGRWUDEDMRSUHYLRGLVFXVLyQHLQIRUPHILQDO
)$6(75$%$-2,1',9,'8$/$35(1'(5$$35(1'(5
(QHVWD~OWLPDIDVHVRORTXHGDSRQHUDSUXHEDORTXHVHKDSODQWHDGR6HSHGLUiDODOXPQRTXH
GH PDQHUD LQGLYLGXDO HODERUH HO FRQWHQLGR GHO WHPD SRU PHGLR GH ODV KDELOLGDGHV TXH VH
KDQDGTXLULGRDODUJRGHODxR\FRQODVKHUUDPLHQWDVRUHFXUVRVTXHVHFRQVLGHUHDGHFXDGDV
$Vt VH SRGUi HYDOXDU QR VROR HO JUDGR GH FRQVHFXFLyQ GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV FRQFHSWXDOHV R
SURFHGLPHQWDOHVVLQRTXHVHSRGUiFRQRFHUHOGHVDUUROORGHVXVGLYHUVDVFDSDFLGDGHV
(QFRQFOXVLyQHOFDUiFWHULQWHJUDGRUGHODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVSHUPLWHFRPRSRFDVPDWHULDVHO
GHVDUUROORFRPSHWHQFLDOGHODOXPQDGRSXHVSRUPHGLRGHHOODVHSRQHQHQPDUFKDPXOWLWXGGH
PHFDQLVPRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH TXH IDYRUHFHQ HO SURJUHVR (Q FRQFUHWR FRQ HO HMHPSOR TXH VH
SODQWHDDQWHULRUPHQWHVHSXHGHFRQVWDWDUXQUiSLGRFUHFLPLHQWRGHODVFDSDFLGDGHVYLQFXODGDV
FRQ ORV YDORUHV FtYLFRV R FRQ HO iPELWR GLJLWDO DXQTXH HV HYLGHQWH TXH VL HO REMHWLYR HV HO
DXWRDSUHQGL]DMHHVWHOOHYDFRQVLJRDSDUHMDGDODHFORVLyQGHODVKDELOLGDGHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQ
ODFRPSHWHQFLDDSUHQGHUDDSUHQGHURODFRPSHWHQFLDOLQJtVWLFD
/DKRUDGHFODVH&RQFUHFLyQGHODVDFWXDFLRQHVOOHYDGDVDFDERHQDOJXQDV
XQLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDV
$XQTXHHQHODSDUWDGRDQWHULRUODVH[SOLFDFLRQHVVRQORVXILFLHQWHPHQWHFODUDVSDUDHQWHQGHU
ODV DFWXDFLRQHV TXH VH SUHWHQGHQ OOHYDU D FDER QR VH SXHGH GHMDU SDVDU OD RSRUWXQLGDG GH
SURIXQGL]DU XQ SRFR PiV HQ DOJXQRV DVSHFWRV FRQFUHWRV GH DOJXQDV GH ODV XQLGDGHV SDUD
HQIDWL]DU HO FDUiFWHU SUDJPiWLFR GH OD SURJUDPDFLyQ TXH VH SODQWHD $GHPiV ORV WHPDV
VHOHFFLRQDGRVVRQUHOHYDQWHVSRUVXSDSHOGHQWURGHODVIDVHVGHOSURFHVR(VWRVVRQHOHO
HOHOHOHO\HO
7HPD (O VLJOR ;9, (XURSD \ (VSDxD (O FRQWHQLGR GH OD XQLGDG D\XGD D GHVDUUROODU ODV
WpFQLFDV GH HVWXGLR EiVLFDV HVTXHPDV UHV~PHQHV FXDGURV FRPSDUDWLYRV WDQWR SRU HO
DQiOLVLVGHOWH[WRGHOOLEURFRPRSRUXVRGHRWURWLSRGHIXHQWHVSURSRUFLRQDGRVSRUHOGRFHQWH
WH[WRVKLVWyULFRVKLVWRULRJUiILFRVEUHYHVPDSDVKLVWyULFRVGRFXPHQWDOHVEUHYHVHWF$VtVH
FRQWULEX\HDODDGTXLVLFLyQGHSRUHMHPSORODFRPSHWHQFLDOLQJtVWLFDRGHODFRPSHWHQFLDGH
FRQFLHQFLD\H[SUHVLyQFXOWXUDO
7HPD (O HVWXGLR GH OD SREODFLyQ HQ (VSDxD (O FRQWHQLGR GH OD XQLGDG HV SRU XQ ODGR
FRQFHSWXDO FRQRFLPLHQWR HVWH LPSUHVFLQGLEOH SDUD HO FRUUHFWR GHVDUUROOR GHO RWUR WLSR GH
FRQWHQGLGR HO WHPD HO SUiFWLFR 6H DQDOL]DUiQ \ HODERUDUiQ GLIHUHQWHV HOHPHQWRV JUiILFRV
FRPR WDEODV HVWDGtVWLFDV PDSDV FRURSOpWLFRV R SLUiPLGHV GH SREODFLyQ OR TXH GHVDUUROOD OD
FRPSHWHQFLDPDWHPiWLFDRODFRPSHWHQFLDOLQJtVWLFD
7HPDV (O HVSDFLR XUEDQR &RQ HVWD XQLGDG VH HPSLH]D D LQWURGXFLU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR
JHQHUDGR SRU XQR PLVPR GHQWUR GH OD PDWHULD GHO WHPD (Q SULPHU OXJDU SRU PHGLR GH OD
HODERUDFLyQ GH XQ LQIRUPH UHODFLRQDGR FRQ HO FRQWHQLGR GH OD +LVWRULD GH ODV FLXGDGHV
HVSDxRODV(QVHJXQGROXJDUSRUPHGLRGHXQWUDEDMRJUXSDOTXHKDEOHGHODSUREOHPiWLFDTXH
JHQHUDQRORVQ~FOHRVGHVSREODGRVRODVJUDQGHVFLXGDGHV$VtDGHPiVGHFRQVROLGDFLyQGH

ODVKDELOLGDGHVYLQFXODGDVFRQODFRPSHWHQFLDOLQJtVWLFDVHGHVDUUROODODFRPSHWHQFLDGLJLWDO
\VHHPSLH]DDWUDEDMDUODFRPSHWHQFLDDSUHQGHUDDSUHQGHU
7HPDV/DVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV(OVHFWRUWHUFLDULRHQ(VSDxD(OSURIHVRUHVTXLHQSRQH
HQPDUFKDODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH*RQ]iOH]SS
\ SRU HOOR HQ HVWH WHPD FRQ HO HMHPSOR GH OD HODERUDFLyQ UHDOL]DGD SRU pO \ FRQ HO
DSR\R GHO OLEUR GH WH[WR VH SUHWHQGHUi HQVHxDU DO DOXPQDGR FyPR RUJDQL]DU \ HVWUXFWXUDU HO
WHPDFXHVWLyQIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHODVIXWXUDVXQLGDGHV$GHPiVVHSURSRQGUi
VHJXLU WUDEDMDQGR GH PDQHUD FRRSHUDWLYD HQ GHWHUPLQDGRV DVSHFWRV FRQFUHWRV SDUD OD
FRQVROLGDFLyQGHILQLWLYDODVKDELOLGDGHVWUDEDMDGDVFRQDQWHULRULGDG
7HPD /DV DFWLYLGDGHV HFRQyPLFDV HQ &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD $ SDUWLU GH HVWH PRPHQWR HO
SULQFLSDOFDPELRTXHVHYHUiUHIOHMDGRHQODVXQLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDVHVHOPHWRGROyJLFR(QHVWH
WHPD HQ FRQFUHWR VH SUHWHQGH TXH HO DOXPQR MXQWR FRQ VXV FRPSDxHURV RUJDQL]DGRV HQ
SHTXHxDV FRPXQDV GH WUDEDMR HODERUH HO WHPD XWLOL]DQGR ODV KHUUDPLHQWDV WUDEDMDGDV ORV
PpWRGRV DSUHQGLGRV \ OD FUHDWLYLGDG LQQDWD TXH SRVHHQ $XQTXH SRU PHGLR GH XQD ODERU
FRRSHUDWLYDFDGDVXMHWRVHSUHVHQWDFRPRFHQWURGHVXSURSLRDSUHQGL]DMHORTXHSHUPLWHTXH
VH IRUWDOH]FDQ ODV FDSDFLGDGHV DGTXLULGDV \ TXH VH DQDOLFHQ ODV KDELOLGDGHV QR FRQVROLGDGDV
(VIXQGDPHQWDOHOWUDEDMRHQFXDQGRDOVHQWLGRGHLQLFLDWLYD\HOHVStULWXHPSUHQGHGRUHQHVWH
WLSRGHDFFLRQHV
7HPD 0HGLRDPELHQWH \ GHVDUUROOR VRVWHQLEOH (VWD XQLGDG VH WUDEDMDUi SRU PHGLR GH XQ
GHEDWH FRQ FXHVWLRQHV WDOHV FRPR D IDYRUHQ FRQWUD GH ODV HQHUJtDV
UHQRYDEOHVFRQYHQFLRQDOHV SXHGH ORJUDUVH XQ GHVDUUROOR VRVWHQLEOH VLQ GHMDU GH ODGR HO
SURJUHVR" HWF (O REMHWLYR HV FRQVHJXLU TXH DO PDUJHQ GH OD WHPiWLFD TXH HV DPSOLDPHQWH
FRQRFLGD VH SXODQ ODV GHVWUH]DV FRQTXLVWDGDV D OR ODUJR GHO WRGR HO DxR HQ XQD DFWLYLGDG
SROLIDFpWLFDTXHD~QHODVFDSDFLGDGHVGHVDUUROODGDVSRUPHGLRGHOWUDEDMRFRQODFRPSHWHQFLD
OLQJtVWLFD OD FRPSHWHQFLD GLJLWDO HO VHQWLGR GH LQLFLDWLYD \ HVStULWX HPSUHQGHGRU R OD
FRPSHWHQFLDVRFLDO\FtYLFD
7HPD(VWXGLRGHOPHGLRItVLFRHQ(VSDxD\&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD(QHVWD~OWLPDXQLGDGHO
DOXPQRGHPDQHUDLQGLYLGXDOEXVFDUi\DQDOL]DUiODLQIRUPDFLyQSDUDODHODERUDFLyQGHOWHPD
TXH VH SUHVHQWDUi DO SURIHVRU HVFULWD D PDQR (V HO PRPHQWR GH HYDOXDU HO JUDGR GH
FRQVHFXFLyQ GH OD FRPSHWHQFLD DSUHQGHU D DSUHQGHU SRU PHGLR GHO WUDEDMR HQWUHJDGR \
FRPSUREDUVLODVDFFLRQHVOOHYDGDVDFDERKDQVLGRUHDOPHQWHVLJQLILFDWLYDVSDUDODREWHQFLyQ
GHODLQGHSHQGHQFLDHGXFDWLYDGHOVXMHWR
(QWRQFHVTXpQRWDWHQJR"/DHYDOXDFLyQ
3DUD WHUPLQDU FRQ OR UHODFLRQDGR FRQ OD SURJUDPDFLyQ UHWRPHPRV OD LGHD TXH VH UHFRJtD DO
LQLFLR GHO DSDUWDGR WRGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV FXUULFXODUHV HVWiQ LQWHUUHODFLRQDGRV $KRUD HQ
FXHVWLRQHV FRPR OD HYDOXDFLyQ HVWD DILUPDFLyQ VH DILDQ]D VREUH PDQHUD GHELGR D TXH WRGRV
ORV FRPSRQHQWHV GHO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH GHEHQ YDORUDUVH SDUD VX MXVWD
FDOLILFDFLyQ 3RU WDQWR VH SRGUtD GHFLU OD FDOLILFDFLyQ ILQDOGHO DOXPQDGR VH FRPSRQH GH ODV
YDORUDFLRQHV LQGLYLGXDOHV GHO DSUHQGL]DMH GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH OD FRQVHFXFLyQ GH ORV
REMHWLYRV \GHO GHVDUUROOR GH ODV FDSDFLGDGHV VLQ HPEDUJR HVWR QR VLJQLILFD TXH VH UHDOLFHQ
YDULRVSURFHVRVHYDOXDGRUHVSXHVKD\XQHOHPHQWRSRUPHGLRGHOFXDOVHSXHGHFDOLILFDUWRGR
HVWRHOHVWiQGDUGHDSUHQGL]DMH2UGHQ(&'S
&DGDHVWiQGDUVHYLQFXODDXQFRQWHQLGRDXQREMHWLYR\XQDFRPSHWHQFLD\SRUWDQWRHQHO
PRPHQWRHQHOTXHVHOHDVLJQHDFDGDHVWiQGDUXQLQVWUXPHQWRGHHYDOXDFLyQVHSRGUi


FRQRFHUODFDOLILFDFLyQJHQHUDOGHODOXPQRHQHVHDVSHFWRFRQFUHWR$KRUDELHQHVWDLGHDGHEH
GHKDFHUQRVUHIOH[LRQDUHQWRUQRDRWUDFXHVWLyQDOHYDOXDUHOHPHQWRVWDQGLYHUVRVREMHWLYRV
FRQWHQLGRV\FRPSHWHQFLDVORVPHGLRVGHEHQVHULJXDOGHGLYHUVRVRORTXHHVORPLVPRTXH
ODYDULHGDG HQ ORV LQVWUXPHQWRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ HV XQD REOLJDFLyQ SDUD HYLWDURPLVLRQHV HQ OD
HYDOXDFLyQ \ HUURUHV HQ OD FDOLILFDFLyQ (VWR SURGXFH XQ FDPELR LPSRUWDQWH HQ HO PRGHOR
HGXFDWLYR WUDGLFLRQDO SXHV SRU XQ ODGR ODV DFWLYLGDGHV TXH VH UHDOL]DEDQ HUDQ WUHV
WDUHDFXDGHUQRH[DPHQ\FRPSRUWDPLHQWR\DKRUDVRQPiV\SRURWURODGRHOGHVDUUROORGH
ODV FODVHV H[LJtD XQD EXHQD PHWRGRORJtD H[SRVLWLYD \D DKRUD GHPDQGD RWUDV PXFKDV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV9i]TXH]&DQRS
3DUD FODULILFDU XQ SRFR PiV WRGR HVWH DSDUWDGR D FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH SUHVHQWDUiQ DOJXQRV
HMHPSORV FRQFUHWRV H[WUDtGRV GHO 'HFUHWR EDVWDQWH UHSUHVHQWDWLYRV GH WRGR OR TXH
KDVWDHOPRPHQWRVHKDGLFKR/RVHMHPSORVVRQ
(OHVWiQGDUGHDSUHQGL]DMHGHOEORTXHGHFRQWHQLGRQ~PHURGLFHDVt([SOLFDFyPRORV
IDFWRUHVPRGLILFDQORVHOHPHQWRVGHOFOLPDHQ(VSDxD\HQFRQFUHWRHQ&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD
(VWH HOHPHQWR HVWi UHODFLRQDGR FRQ \D PHQFLRQDGR EORTXH GH FRQWHQGLGR \ PiV
FRQFUHWDPHQWHFRQHOFOLPDVXVHOHPHQWRVODV]RQDVELRFOLPiWLFDV\ODGLYHUVLGDGGHOSDLVDMH
$VXYH]VHYLQFXODFRQODFRPSHWHQFLDDSUHQGHUDDSUHQGHU\FRQORVREMHWLYRVGHHWDSD$%
(\ +3RUWDQWR HO PHMRULQVWUXPHQWR SDUD HYDOXDU HQ HVWD VLWXDFLyQ VHUtD XQ WUDEDMR HQ HO
TXH VH SXHGD H[SOLFDU HO FRQWHQLGR GHVDUUROODU HO DXWRDSUHQGL]DMH \ DOFDQ]DU PHWDV
UHODFLRQDGDVFRQODUHVSRQVDELOLGDG\ODRUJDQL]DFLyQHQHOWUDEDMRRFRQODFRUUHFWDH[SUHVLyQ
HQFDVWHOODQR
(O HVWiQGDU GH DSUHQGL]DMH GHO EORTXH GH FRQWHQLGR Q~PHUR GLFH DVt 9DORUD OD
KHUHQFLDGH)UD\%DUWRORPpGHODV&DVDVUHVSHFWRDODGHIHQVDGHORVLQGLRV(VWHHOHPHQWR
HVWi UHODFLRQDGR FRQ \D PHQFLRQDGR EORTXH GH FRQWHQGLGR \ PiV FRQFUHWDPHQWH OD
FRQTXLVWD \ OD FRORQL]DFLyQ GH $PpULFD $ VX YH] VH YLQFXOD FRQ OD FRPSHWHQFLD GH OD
FRQFLHQFLD VRFLDO \ FtYLFD \ FRQ ORV REMHWLYRV GH HWDSD $ & ' \ ( 3RU WDQWR HO PHMRU
LQVWUXPHQWR SDUD HYDOXDU HQ HVWD VLWXDFLyQ VHUtD SRU PHGLR GH SUR\HFFLRQHV EUHYHV GH
SHOtFXODVRGRFXPHQWDOHVTXHWUDWHQHOWHPDSDUDSRVWHULRUPHQWHDQDOL]DUXQRGHORVWH[WRVGH
)UD\ %DUWRORPp $Vt VH UHIOH[LRQDUtD VREUH HO FRQWHQLGR WUDEDMDGR VH IRPHQWDUtD OD
FRQFLHQFLDFLyQ VREUH HO UHVSHWR D OD GLIHUHQFLD \ VH LQWHULRUL]DUtD HO UHFKD]R GH OD YLROHQFLD
HQFDPLQDGRDODOXPQDGRKDFLDSRVWXUDVPiVWROHUDQWHV

&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
&XDQGRDFWXDOPHQWHHOGRFHQWHSLHQVDHQODSURJUDPDFLyQGLGiFWLFDVRORUHFXHUGDVXIXQFLyQ
EXURFUiWLFD XQD ODERU DEXUULGD H LQ~WLO FXDQGR HQ UHDOLGDG OD SURJUDPDFLyQ GHEH VHU XQ
LQVWUXPHQWRPiVGHOPDOHWtQGHOSURIHVRU1RVDVLVWHHQQXHVWUDOXFKDGLDULDHQHODXOD\QRV
D\XGD HQ QXHVWUD FRQGLFLyQ pWLFD GH GRFHQWHV SXHV QRV DVHJXUD OD FRKHUHQFLD HQWUH OR TXH
SHQVDPRV TXH HV OD HGXFDFLyQ \ OR TXH GHVDUUROODPRV GtD D GtD HYLWDQGR FDHU HQ OD
LPSURYLVDFLyQRHQHOFDPLQRSUHIDEULFDGRGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHOOLEURGHWH[WR
(O FDVR FRQFUHWR TXH VH SUHVHQWD SXHGH SDUHFHU D VLPSOH YLVWD FRPSOHMR HQFRUVHWDGR H
LUUHDOL]DEOH SHUR QR KD\ TXH ROYLGDU TXH HV XQ HMHPSOR LGHDGRSDUD XQ JUXSR HVSHFtILFR GH
DOXPQRV TXH SRU VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \ VXV QHFHVLGDGHV UHTXLHUHQ GH HVWDV DFWXDFLRQHV 3RU
WDQWRHVWHSURFHVRHVPRGHORPHWRGROyJLFRSHURQRHQVXWRWDOLGDGSURJUDPiWLFRSXHVFDGD
GRFHQWHGHEHGHRUJDQL]DUVXWUDEDMRFRQIRUPHDORVHOHPHQWRVTXHLQIOX\HQHQpO

$VtPLVPRVHGHEHPHQFLRQDUTXHHVWHWLSRGHSODQWHDPLHQWRVSURJUDPiWLFRVPiVHODERUDGRV
OHMRV GH SDUHFHU GH GLItFLO DFHSWDFLyQ SRU HO DOXPQDGR SXHGHQ WHQHU HO UHVXOWDGR FRQWUDULR
PRWLYDUDOMRYHQ/DFODYHUHVLGHHQLQIRUPDUGHWRGRHOSURFHVRTXHTXHUHPRVOOHYDUDFDER
WDQWRDSDGUHVFRPRDOXPQRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHDHVWRV~OWLPRVSDUDKDFHUYHUSRUXQODGRTXH
HOWUDEDMRHQHODXODVHYHUiUHFRPSHQVDGRHQODQRWDORTXHPiVLPSRUWDDOHVWXGLDQWH\HQ
VX GHVDUUROOR LQWHOHFWXDO \ SRU RWUR ODGR TXH OR TXH VH DSUHQGH HV ~WLO VREUHSDVDQGR OD
EDUUHUD GH OD UHWHQFLyQ PHPRUtVWLFD GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV $GHPiV D\XGDUi HQ HO GHVDUUROOR
UHVSRQVDEOH GHO DOXPQR SXHV ODV GHFLVLRQHV TXH VH WRPHQ GHVGH HO SULPHU PRPHQWR VHUiQ
LPSRUWDQWHVSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHOFXUVRHVFRODU
(VWHFDPELRGHPRGHORHGXFDWLYROHMRVGHUHJLUVHVRORSRUHOFDPELROHJLVODWLYRUHVSRQGHD
XQD UHDOLGDG FDPELDQWH FRPR OR HV QXHVWUD VRFLHGDG DFWXDO (O PXQGR GHPDQGD KRPEUHV \
PXMHUHV IRUPDGRV \ SUHSDUDGRV SDUD DOJR PiV TXH HO PHUR FRQRFLPLHQWR FRQFHSWXDO /D
HVFXHOD GHEH UHVSRQGHU FDPELDU \ PHMRUDU SXHV VL VH SUHWHQGH WUDEDMDU SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR
LQWHJUDOGHODOXPQDGRRORTXHHVDKRUDOODPDGRGHVDUUROORFRPSHWHQFLDOVHGHEHSDVDUDOD
DFFLyQUHDO
&RPRVHKDKHFKRSUHVHQWHHQODSURJUDPDFLyQFRPHQWDGDDQWHULRUPHQWHHOGHVDUUROORGHODV
FRPSHWHQFLDVFODYHHVSHUIHFWDPHQWHFRPSDWLEOHFRQHOWUDEDMRGLDULRHQHODXODHYLWDQGRODV
LQ~WLOHV DFFLRQHV SXQWXDOHV \ VLQ OD QHFHVLGDG GH SODQWHDU JUDQGHV \ QRYHGRVRV PpWRGRV GH
DFWXDFLyQ6RORHVQHFHVDULRUHIOH[LRQDUSDUDDXPHQWDUODHILFDFLDGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVOOHYDGDVD
FDER
$KRUD ELHQ VL QXHVWUR REMHWLYR HV HO GHVDUUROOR GH ODV FDSDFLGDGHV GHO DOXPQDGR QR KD\
PDWHULDPiVDGHFXDGDTXHOD*HRJUDItDSXHVVXSROLYDOHQFLD\VXGLYHUVLGDGSHUPLWHRUJDQL]DU
JUDQYDULHGDGGHDFWXDFLRQHVHQHODXODTXHQRVD\XGDQHQODFRQVHFXFLyQGHHVWHILQFRPR
ELHQVHKDYLVWRUHIOHMDGRHQODVSiJLQDVDQWHULRUHVSRUPHGLRGHXQDSURJUDPDFLyQGLGiFWLFD
TXH LQWHJUD HQ WUDEDMR FRQFHSWXDO SURFHGLPHQWDO \ DFWLWXGLQDO GHVGH HO FRQWHQLGR GH OD
DVLJQDWXUDGHGeografa e Historia GHGHOD(62
%,%/,2*5$)$
$QW~QH]6HWDODel proyecto educativo a la programacin de aula: el qu, el cundo
y el cmo de los instrumentos de la planificacin didctica%DUFHORQD*UDR
&DUPHQ / GHO . La planificacin didctica %DUFHORQD *UDR &DUDFDV /DERUDWRULR
HGXFDWLYR
'RPLQJR-$SUHQGL]DMHFRRSHUDWLYRCuadernos de trabajo socialQSS
>(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSVGLDOQHWXQLULRMDHVVHUYOHWDUWLFXOR"FRGLJR !
>OWLPRDFFHVRGHVHSWLHPEUHGH@
(FR8(OOLEURHVFRODUFRPRPDHVWURLa Nacin, >(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSZZZODQDFLRQFRPDUHOOLEURHVFRODUFRPRPDHVWUR! >OWLPR DFFHVR GH
VHSWLHPEUHGH@
(VSDxD 'HFUHWR SRU HO TXH VH HVWDEOHFH HO FXUUtFXOR GH (GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD
2EOLJDWRULD\%DFKLOOHUDWRHQOD&RPXQLGDG$XWyQRPDGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD'LDULR2ILFLDO
GH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKDGHMXQLRGHQSS
(VSDxD/H\2UJiQLFDSDUDODPHMRUDGHODFDOLGDGHGXFDWLYDGHGLFLHPEUHQ
SS


(VSDxD 2UGHQ (&' SRU OD TXH VH GHVFULEHQ ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV
ORVFRQWHQLGRV\ORVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQGHODHGXFDFLyQSULPDULDODHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULD
REOLJDWRULD\HOEDFKLOOHUDWRGHHQHURGHQSSD
*DJQp50La planificacin de la enseanza: sus principios0p[LFR7ULOODV
*DOODUGR *LO 0 +DFLD HO GHVDUUROOR LQWHJUDO GHO DOXPQDGR /DV FRPSHWHQFLDV
HGXFDWLYDVSDUDODSURDFWLYLGDGHQODHVFXHODSS&RERV6DQFKL]'GLUFRQJU
/ySH] 0HQHVHV ( GLU FRQJU -DpQ 0DUWtQH] $ GLU FRQJU +LODULR 0DUWtQ 3DGLOOD $
GLU FRQJU 0ROLQD *DUFtD / GLU FRQJU INNOVAGOGA 2014. Libro de actas. II
Congreso Virtual Internacional sobre innovacin pedaggica y praxis educativa. 6HYLOOD
$)2( )RUPDFLyQ >(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSZZZXSRHVRFVLQGH[SKSLQQRYDJRJLDLQQRYDJRJLDVFKHG&RQISUHVHQWDWLR
QV!>OWLPRDFFHVRGHVHSWLHPEUHGH@
*LPHQR - FRPS Educar por competencias, qu hay de nuevo? 0DGULG 0RUDWD
*RQ]iOH]07(OSDSHOGHOSURIHVRUHQORVSURFHVRVGHFDPELRHGXFDWLYR
Enseanza & Teaching: Revista interuniversitaria de didctica Q SS >(Q OtQHD@
'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSVGLDOQHWXQLULRMDHVVHUYOHWDUWLFXOR"FRGLJR ! >OWLPR DFFHVR
GHDJRVWRGH@
1DYDUUR 0DGULG $ $OFROHD 0RUDWLOOD 0 $ $\pQ 6iQFKH] ) - Geografa e
Historia. 3 E.S.O.0DGULG(G2[IRUG
4XLQWDQLOOD &RUR 9 + &RQWUD OD DFULWLFLGDG GHO OLEUR GH WH[WR Educar.org >(Q OtQHD@
'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZHGXQHJQHWILOHV(OBOLEURBGHBWH[WRB&RQWUDBODBDFULWLFLGDGSGI!
5XL] - & OYDUH] 1 3pUH] ( /D RULHQWDFLyQ VRFLRKXPDQtVWLFD XQ DSRUWH D OD
IRUPDFLyQ LQWHJUDO GHO HVWXGLDQWH Tendencias pedaggicas Q SS >(Q OtQHD@
'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSVGLDOQHWXQLULRMDHVVHUYOHWDUWLFXOR"FRGLJR ! >OWLPR DFFHVR
GHDJRVWRGH@
7pEDU$UMRQD-%X]R6iQFKH],$UDXMR3RQFLDQR-/i]DUR$UEXpV0Geografa
e Historia. 3 E.S.O.0DGULG(G60
9i]TXH]&DQR((OGHUHFKRFRQFXOFDGRGHODOXPQRDXQDHYDOXDFLyQREMHWLYDHQOD
/20&(REJIE: Revista Jurdica de Investigacin e Innovacin EducativaQSS
>(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSVGLDOQHWXQLULRMDHVVHUYOHWDUWLFXOR"FRGLJR !
99$$Geografa e Historia. 3 E.S.O.0DGULG(G6DQWLOODQD

,1752'8&&,1$/$&$572*5$)$&2/$%25$7,9$(1
('8&$&,16(&81'$5,$
,VDDF%X]R6iQFKH]
IES San Roque, Badajoz
isaacbuzo@gmail.com
5(680(1
/RVXVXDULRVGH,QWHUQHWGHELGRDODLQWHUDFFLyQTXHSHUPLWHOD:HE\HOGHVDUUROORGHODFRPSXWDFLyQHQOD
QXEHVHKDQFRQYHUWLGRHQJHQHUDGRUHVGHFRQRFLPLHQWR(QJHRJUDItDHVWDFRODERUDFLyQFLXGDGDQDLQWHJUDGRUD
GH ODV 7,* \ TXH FRPSDUWH VXV UHVXOWDGRV HQ OD 5HG VH OD GHQRPLQD 1HRJHRJUDItD 3RU HO LQWHUpV GH ORV
FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV \ ORV YDORUHV FRODERUDWLYRV HQ ORV TXH VH EDVD FUHHPRV DGHFXDGR VX LQWHJUDFLyQ HQ HO
GHVDUUROORFXUULFXODUHQOD(62(QHVWHVHQWLGRH[SRQHPRVODH[SHULHQFLDOOHYDGDDFDERHQHO,(66DQ5RTXH
GH%DGDMR]VREUHODLQWURGXFFLyQGHODFDUWRJUDItDFRODERUDWLYDHQODHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULD
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
&DUWRJUDItDFRODERUDWLYDQHRJHRJUDItD7,*FRPSXWDFLyQHQODQXEH(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD2EOLJDWRULD
,1752'8&&,1
(VXQKHFKRLQFXHVWLRQDEOHODGLJLWDOL]DFLyQHQODTXHHVWiLQPHUVDQXHVWUDVRFLHGDGGHXQRV
DxRV D HVWD SDUWH (VWD GLJLWDOL]DFLyQ DIHFWD D WRGRV ORV iPELWRV GH PLVPD \ SRU OR WDQWR
WDPELpQ KD WHQLGR VX UHIOHMR HQ HO VLVWHPD HGXFDWLYR /D LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GH OD FRPSHWHQFLD
GLJLWDOHQHOFXUULFXOXPFRPRXQDGHODVFRPSHWHQFLDVFODYHTXHKDGHDOFDQ]DUHODOXPQDGR
KD HVWDGR SUHVHQWH HQ ODV ~OWLPDV UHIRUPDV HGXFDWLYDV WDQWR /2( FRPR /20&( (V HO
6LVWHPD(GXFDWLYRHOTXHKDGHSURFXUDUHOGHVDUUROORGHHVWDVKDELOLGDGHVHQWUHHODOXPQDGR
MXQWRDOUHVWRGHFRPSHWHQFLDVFRPRODOLQJtVWLFDODVRFLDO\FtYLFDHWF(VWDGHPDQGDVRFLDO
KD JHQHUDGR OD GRWDFLyQ GH UHFXUVRV WHFQROyJLFRV DSURSLDGRV D ODV HVFXHODV \ RWURV FHQWURV
HGXFDWLYRV 1XHVWUDV DXODV VH KDQ OOHQDGR GH DUWHIDFWRV WHFQROyJLFRV FRQHFWDGRV D OD 5HG
RUGHQDGRUHV 3L]DUUDV 'LJLWDOHV ,QWHUDFWLYDV 3', GLVSRVLWLYRV PyYLOHV FRPR WDEOHWDV \
WHOpIRQRVLQWHOLJHQWHVHWFTXHVHKDQFRQYHUWLGRHQHOHPHQWRVGHXVRFRWLGLDQRHQORVFHQWURV
HGXFDWLYRV SRQLHQGR HQ XQ OXJDU FHQWUDO GH OD SUiFWLFD GRFHQWH HO XVR GLGiFWLFR GH ODV
7HFQRORJtDVGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ\&RPXQLFDFLyQ7,&
3DUDOHODPHQWHDOGHVDUUROORGHODV7,&HQHOiPELWRHVFRODUVXH[WHQVLyQHQHOiPELWRGHOD
*HRJUDItD DFDGpPLFD \ FLHQWtILFD KD GDGR OXJDU D WHFQRORJtDV GH XVR SURSLR FRQ OD
SDUWLFXODULGDGGHPDQHMDUGDWRVJHRUUHIHUHQFLDGRVHVWRHVGDWRVFRQXQDUHIHUHQFLDHVSDFLDO
TXH SHUPLWHQ ORFDOL]DUORV JHRJUiILFDPHQWH D ORV TXH VH OHV OODPD JHRGDWRV (VWH WLSR GH
WHFQRORJtDV TXH PDQHMD JHRGDWRV VH ODV GHQRPLQDQ HQ VX FRQMXQWR 7HFQRORJtDV GH OD
,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD 7,* \ VRQ DSWDV SDUD HO WUDWDPLHQWR UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ \ DQiOLVLV GH
GDWRV PDVLYRV OR TXH SHUPLWH UHDOL]DU HVWXGLRV WHUULWRULDOHV PXOWLIDFWRULDOHV FRQ XQD
SURIXQGLGDG KDVWD DKRUD GHVFRQRFLGD $OJXQRV DXWRUHV FRPR 0RUHQR GHILHQGHQ OD
H[LVWHQFLDGHXQFDPELRHSLVWHPROyJLFRHQHOiPELWRGHOD*HRJUDItDDOFRQVWLWXLUODV7,*XQ
HOHPHQWR FHQWUDO HQ OD SUD[LV FLHQWtILFD DFWXDO VXUJLHQGR OR TXH GHQRPLQD SDUDGLJPD
JHRWHFQROyJLFR
I.Buzo Snchez

(O SURSLR GHVDUUROOR WHFQROyJLFR KD IDYRUHFLGR XQ SURFHVR GH GHPRFUDWL]DFLyQ GH ODV 7,*
HVWR HV HO DFFHVR PDVLYR D ODV PLVPDV SRU SDUWH GH OD SREODFLyQ HQ JHQHUDO (O GLVHxR GH
LQWHUIDFHVPiVLQWXLWLYDVTXHIDFLOLWDQHOXVRGHOVRIWZDUHHOGHVDUUROORGHODFRPSXWDFLyQHQ
OD QXEH TXH SHUPLWHQ WUDEDMDU GH PDQHUD FRODERUDWLYD FRQ XQRV PLVPRV GDWRV GHVGH
GLVSRVLWLYRVFRQVLVWHPDVRSHUDWLYRVGLIHUHQWHV\HQGLVWLQWRVOXJDUHV\PRPHQWRVODPD\RU
FDSDFLGDG GH FyPSXWR GH ORV RUGHQDGRUHV PiV PRGHUQRV \ OD GLVSRVLFLyQ JUDWXLWD GH
JHRGDWRV PDVLYRV \ GH FDOLGDG GHELGR DODV SROtWLFDV GHOpen Data HQWUH RWURV IDFWRUHV KD
SHUPLWLGR HO DFFHVR GH XQ PD\RU S~EOLFR DGHPiV GHO SURIHVLRQDO D ODV 7HFQRORJtDV GH OD
,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFD
(ODFFHVRSRSXODUDODV7,*MXQWRDODDSDULFLyQGHOD:HEKDWUDQVIRUPDGRDOXVXDULRGH
,QWHUQHWGHXQSDVLYRUHFHSWRUGHLQIRUPDFLyQVHKDFRQYHUWLGRHQXQFRRSHUDGRUQHFHVDULR
TXHUHWURDOLPHQWDORVVLWLRVZHE\SDUWLFLSDDSRUWDQGRLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDORTXHSHUPLWH
XQD FLHQFLD HQ FRODERUDFLyQ &DSHO /RV FRQRFLPLHQWRV JHRJUiILFRV FRQVWUXLGRV
FRODERUDWLYDPHQWHDWUDYpVGHOD5HGFRQVWLWX\HQORTXHVHGHQRPLQDFRPRQHRJHRJUDItDTXH
VHJ~Q &DSHO UHSUHVHQWD XQD IDVH QXHYD HQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV GH OD
7LHUUD \ SHUPLWH OD LQWHJUDFLyQ GH ORV FLXGDGDQRV HQ VX HODERUDFLyQ R DO PHQRV OD
DSRUWDFLyQ GH GDWRV \ OD FUtWLFD GH ORV PLVPRV /D 1HRJHRJUDItD HV OD FRUULHQWH GH FLHQFLD
FRODERUDWLYDLQWHJUDGRUDGHODV7,*\TXHFRPSDUWHORVUHVXOWDGRVHQOD5HG
(VWHXVRFDGDYH]PiVJHQHUDOL]DGRGHODV7,*KDLQIOXLGRWDPELpQHQHOVLVWHPDHGXFDWLYR
7DQWR SRU ORV FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV TXH GHVDUUROOD FRPR SRU ORV YDORUHV FRODERUDWLYRV
EDVDGRV HQ FRPSDUWLU LQIRUPDFLyQ \ UHVXOWDGRV FDUWRJUiILFRV FRQ HO UHVWR GH OD FLXGDGDQtD
FUHHPRV PX\ DGHFXDGD VX LQWHJUDFLyQ HQ HO GHVDUUROOR FXUULFXODU GH ODV PDWHULDV GH EDVH
JHRJUiILFDHQOD(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD2EOLJDWRULD(62\HO%DFKLOOHUDWR
(Q HVWH VHQWLGR GHVGH HO FXUVR KHPRV YHQLGR GHVDUUROODQGR GLVWLQWRV SUR\HFWRV GH
,QQRYDFLyQ (GXFDWLYD \ GH ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ HO ,(6 6DQ 5RTXH GH %DGDMR] HQ HO TXH
LQFRUSRUDPRV DOJXQDV GH ODV 7,* D OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD *HRJUDItD HQ GLIHUHQWHV QLYHOHV
HGXFDWLYRV SULQFLSDOPHQWH ORV 6LVWHPDV GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD HQ OD QXEH 6,*ZHE
6LVWHPDV GH 1DYHJDFLyQ *OREDO FRPR HO *36 R ODXWLOL]DFLyQGHLPiJHQHV VDWpOLWHV SDUD OD
HQVHxDQ]D GH OD *HRJUDItD %X]R D E D E (VWRV SUR\HFWRV KDQ VLGR
HODERUDGRVEDMRHODPSDURGHGLVWLQWDVFRQYRFDWRULDVS~EOLFDVGHOD&RQVHMHUtDGH(GXFDFLyQ
GHOD-XQWDGH([WUHPDGXUD&RQODH[SHULHQFLDDFXPXODGDGXUDQWHHVWRVDxRV\FRQHOILQGH
FRQWLQXDU FRQ OD DFFLyQ LPSODQWDGD HQ FXUVRV DQWHULRUHV HQ HO FXUVR DFDGpPLFR
SURSXVLPRV D OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ HGXFDWLYD DXWRQyPLFD HO SUR\HFWR GH LQQRYDFLyQ HGXFDWLYD
Introduccin de la cartografa colaborativa en la Educacin SecundariaTXHIXHDSUREDGR
PHGLDQWHOD5HVROXFLyQGHGHQRYLHPEUHGHGHOD6HFUHWDUtD*HQHUDOGH(GXFDFLyQ
'2(GHGLFLHPEUHGH
(Q HO SUR\HFWR TXH DKRUD SUHVHQWDPRV VREUH FDUWRJUDItD FRODERUDWLYD LQFRUSRUDPRV OD
FRRSHUDFLyQ H[WHUQD GH OD FRPSDxtD +(5( DXQTXH KR\ SHUWHQHFLHQWH D XQ FRQJORPHUDGR
DXWRPRYLOtVWLFR SRU DTXHO HQWRQFHV IRUPDED SDUWH GHO JUXSR HPSUHVDULDO GH 1RNLD 6RULD \
)HUQiQGH] /D DFWLYLGDG GH HVWD HPSUHVD VH FHQWUD HQ OD HODERUDFLyQ GH FDUWRJUDItD
GLJLWDOSDUDGLVSRVLWLYRVPyYLOHV\QDYHJDGRUHVSDUDYHKtFXORVDXQTXHWDPELpQGLVSRQHGHXQ
QDYHJDGRUZHESURSLRKWWSVZHJRKHUHFRP!\XQHVSDFLRDSURSLDGRSDUDODHGLFLyQGHOD
FDUWRJUDItDVREUHHOTXHWUDEDMDURQORVHVWXGLDQWHVKWWSVPDSFUHDWRUKHUHFRP!$ORODUJR
GH ORV~OWLPRVDxRV+(5(\DKDFRODERUDGR FRQRWURVFHQWURVGH(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD HQ
SUR\HFWRV VLPLODUHV FRPR HO ,(6 6HIDUDG GH 7ROHGR HO ,(6 /D &RPDUFDO GH 9DOHQFLD R HO
,(6/D(VWUHOODGH0DGULG6RULD\)HUQiQGH]
I.Buzo Snchez

'(6&5,3&,1'(/352<(&72
/tQHDVSULRULWDULDVGHDFWXDFLyQ
(OSUR\HFWRGHLQWURGXFFLyQDODFDUWRJUDItDFRODERUDWLYDHQHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDGLVHxDGRHQ
HO ,(6 6DQ 5RTXH SDUWtD GH ODV FLQFR OtQHDV SULRULWDULDV GH DFWXDFLyQ VHxDODGDV HQ OD
FRQYRFDWRULDGHORVSUR\HFWRVGHLQQRYDFLyQDORVTXHFRQFXUULy
D /DDSOLFDFLyQGLGiFWLFD\GHJHVWLyQHGXFDWLYDGHODVWHFQRORJtDVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ\OD
FRPXQLFDFLyQ HVSHFLDOPHQWH DTXHOODV TXH VXSRQJDQ XQD PHMRUD HIHFWLYDGHO UHQGLPLHQWR
DFDGpPLFR GHO DOXPQDGR (Q QXHVWUR FDVR VH XWLOL]DURQ QR VROR ODV 7,* FRPR EDVH GHO
SUR\HFWR6,*FDUWRJUDItDGLJLWDO7HOHGHWHFFLyQ*36HWFVLQRTXHWDPELpQVHDSOLFyHO
FRQFHSWRGHFRPSXWDFLyQHQODQXEHSDUDWUDEDMDUFRQHOVRIWZDUHGHFDUWRJUDItDGH+(5(
3RU RWUD SDUWH VH XWLOL]y VRIWZDUH GH RILFLQD FRPR OD KRMD GH FiOFXOR \ VH DSUHQGLy D
UHDOL]DUE~VTXHGDVHQ,QWHUQHW$VtPLVPRVHXWLOL]DURQODVDSOLFDFLRQHVGH*RRJOHGoogle
Apps for Education *$)( FRPR HO FRUUHR HOHFWUyQLFR R HO *RRJOH 'ULYH SXHVWDV D
QXHVWUD GLVSRVLFLyQ GHVGH OD &RQVHMHUtD GH (GXFDFLyQ GH OD -XQWD GH ([WUHPDGXUD \ TXH
VLUYLHURQSDUDPDQWHQHUHQFRQWDFWRDWRGRHOJUXSRGHFRODERUDGRUHV\SRGHUWUDEDMDUHQOD
QXEH
E /DLQQRYDFLyQTXHLPSXOVHODFUHDFLyQGHDXWpQWLFDVFRPXQLGDGHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHTXH
SXHGD LPSOLFDU D ORV GLVWLQWRV VHFWRUHV GH OD FRPXQLGDG HGXFDWLYD FRPR DJHQWHV SDUD
SURSLFLDU OD PHMRUD GHO p[LWR HVFRODU (Q QXHVWUR SUR\HFWR VH LPSOLFy D SURIHVRUDGR GH
GLVWLQWRV GHSDUWDPHQWRV TXp LPSDUWtD PDWHULDV FRPSOHPHQWDULDV FRPR OD *HRJUDItD R OD
,QIRUPiWLFDSRUORTXHVHREWXYLHURQGLIHUHQWHVSXQWRVGHYLVWDGHXQDPLVPDDFWLYLGDG\
VH JHQHUy XQD FRPXQLGDG GH DSUHQGL]DMH LQWHUQD HQ HO ,(6FRQ HO FRQMXQWR GH DOXPQRV\
SURIHVRUHVTXHSDUWLFLSDURQHQHOSUR\HFWR3RURWUDSDUWHODHGLFLyQGHPDSDVSRUSDUWHGH
ORV DOXPQRV LQWURGXFLHQGR QXHYRV HOHPHQWRV HQ HOORV JHQHUy OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ
FRPXQLGDGHVGHFRODERUDGRUHVYROXQWDULRVJHQHUDGDVSRUODSURSLDFRPSDxtD+(5(\TXH
WLHQHQ VX UHIOHMR HQ HO JUXSR GH )DFHERRN
KWWSVZZZIDFHERRNFRPJURXSV!ODUHFHSFLyQnewslettersHWF
F (OGHVDUUROORGHWHPiWLFDVLQQRYDGRUDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQOD)RUPDFLyQ3URIHVLRQDO\R
HOIRPHQWRGHODFXOWXUDHPSUHQGHGRUD(OSUR\HFWRVHEDVyHQODORFDOL]DFLyQHPSUHVDULDO
FRPRXQIDFWRUGHQHFHVDULRDQiOLVLVDODKRUDGHHPSUHQGHUXQQHJRFLR3RURWUDSDUWHVH
GLIXQGLy HO XVR GH ODV 7,* HQWUH ORV DOXPQRV PRVWUDQGR HO XVR SURIHVLRQDO GH HVWDV
KHUUDPLHQWDV WHFQROyJLFDV TXH JHQHUDQ JUDQ GHPDQGD GH HPSOHRV HQ DOJXQRV SDtVHV
HXURSHRV\1RUWHDPpULFD\TXHSRGUtDDEULUDOJXQDH[SHFWDWLYDGHIXWXURODERUDODQXHVWURV
DOXPQRV
G /D DWHQFLyQ D OD GLYHUVLGDG RULHQWDGD D OD PHMRUD GHO p[LWR HGXFDWLYR \R OD DWHQFLyQ
LQGLYLGXDOL]DGD GHO DOXPQDGR HQ JHQHUDO /DV DFWLYLGDGHV VH UHDOL]DURQ GH PDQHUD
LQGLYLGXDOL]DGD \ SRU SDUHMDV SRU OR TXH FDGD HVWXGLDQWH OOHYy VX SURSLR ULWPR GH
DSUHQGL]DMH
H /D PHMRUD GH ORV SURFHVRV GH HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH HQ LGLRPDV TXH IRPHQWHQ
HVSHFtILFDPHQWH OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH OD FRPSHWHQFLD LGLRPiWLFD \ PHWRGROyJLFD UHTXHULGD
VHJ~QHOQLYHOHGXFDWLYRHQHOTXHVHLPSDUWHGRFHQFLD(QQXHVWURSUR\HFWRVHSUDFWLFyOD
OHQJXDLQJOHVDHQFRQWH[WRVUHDOHVDOWHQHUTXHWUDEDMDUFRQVRIWZDUHHLQVWUXFFLRQHVTXHHQ
SDUWHHVWDEDQHQHVWHLGLRPD
I.Buzo Snchez

2EMHWLYRV
/RV REMHWLYRV PDUFDGRV HQ HO SUR\HFWR VH UHODFLRQDEDQ FRQ FDGD XQD GH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV
FODYHVGHILQLGDVHQOD/20&(FRQORTXHVHSUHWHQGtDXQREMHWLYRILQDOJOREDOFRQVLVWHQWHHQ
ODPHMRUDFRPSHWHQFLDOGHODOXPQDGRSDUWLFLSDQWH(VWRVREMHWLYRVJHQHUDOHVWUDEDMDGRVSDUD
FDGDXQDGHODVFRPSHWHQFLDVIXHURQORVVLJXLHQWHV
D 3RWHQFLDU ODV competencias matemticas y bsica en ciencia y tecnologa HQ UHODFLyQ
FRQORVFRQWHQLGRVVRFLDOHV\VXUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVREUHODFDUWRJUDItDHQ5HG
E 'HVDUUROODU OD FRPSHWHQFLD UHODWLYD DO WUDWDPLHQWR GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ \ ODcompetencia
digital7RGRHOWUDEDMRVHUHDOL]yHQIRUPDWRGLJLWDOGHVGHOD1XEHGH,QWHUQHWXWLOL]DQGR
HOVRIWZDUHHVSHFtILFRMap Creator TXH+(5(SRQHDGLVSRVLFLyQGHODVFRPXQLGDGHVGH
FRODERUDGRUHV\HGLWRUHVGHODFDUWRJUDItD
F 7UDEDMDU OD competencia en comunicacin lingsticaWDQWR HQ HVSDxRO FRPR HQ RWURV
LGLRPDV DO FRQVXOWDU \ HODERUDU PDSDV LQWURGXFLU LQIRUPDFLyQ PDQHMDU WRSRQLPLD OHHU \
HQWHQGHUODVyUGHQHVGHOSURJUDPDLQIRUPiWLFRWRPDUQRWDVGHFDPSRHWF
G 3DUWLFLSDU GH PDQHUD FUtWLFD HQ OD HODERUDFLyQ FRODERUDWLYD GH FDUWRJUDItD GLJLWDO \
IRPHQWDUHOWUDEDMRVRFLDOFRODERUDWLYRDWUDYpVGH,QWHUQHWDILDQ]DQGRGHHVWDPDQHUDODV
competencias sociales y cvicas
H 'RWDU DO DOXPQDGR GH ORV SULQFLSLRV EiVLFR HVWpWLFRV SDUD HODERUDU FDUWRJUDItD
FRPSUHQVLEOH D VLPSOH YLVWD XWLOL]DQGR LFRQRV FRORUHV OtQHDV HWF TXH GHVDUUROOHQ VX
conciencia y expresin cultural
I )DFLOLWDUODVKHUUDPLHQWDVEiVLFDVSDUDTXHHODOXPQDGRSXHGDHQFRQWUDUODLQIRUPDFLyQ
TXH QHFHVLWH HQ ,QWHUQHW SDUD VX DSUHQGL]DMH \ SXHGD RUJDQL]DUOD HQ IRUPD GH PDSDV
HODERUDGRVSRUHOORVPLVPRVORTXHFRQOOHYDODcompetencia de aprender a aprender
J 0HMRUDUGHODDXWRHVWLPDGHOHVWXGLDQWHFRODERUDGRUSXHVORVPDSDVHGLWDGRVSRUHOORV
SRGUiQ VHU XWLOL]DGRV SRU RWUDV SHUVRQDV FUHDQGR XWLOLGDG D VX WUDEDMR DILDQ]DQGR VX
sentido de la iniciativa y espritu emprendedor
(VSHFtILFDPHQWH VH SRWHQFLDURQ ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV HVSDFLDOHV \ VH FRQFUHWDURQ ORV REMHWLYRV
JHQHUDOHVHQRWURVPiVHVSHFtILFRV\FHUFDQRVDODWDUHDGLDULDHQHODXOD(QWUHHVWRVREMHWLYRV
PiVFRQFUHWRVSRGHPRVFLWDUORVVLJXLHQWHV
&RQRFHUFyPRIXQFLRQDXQDHPSUHVDGHFDUWRJUDItDFyPRSURGXFHQORVPDSDV\FXiOHV
VXPHUFDGR
'HVDUUROODUXQSUR\HFWRGHWUDEDMRFDUWRJUiILFRGHSULQFLSLRDILQGHVGHHOGLVHxRKDVWD
ORVFKHTXHRVGHFDOLGDG
7UDEDMDUFRQODKHUUDPLHQWDGHHGLFLyQFDUWRJUiILFD0DS&UHDWRU
,QWHUSUHWDUIXHQWHVFDUWRJUiILFDV
3UDFWLFDUFRQKHUUDPLHQWDVGHUHFROHFFLyQGHGDWRV
9LVLWDUHOQDYHJDGRUZHEGH+(5(KWWSVZHJRKHUHFRP!VDFDQGRHOPHMRUSDUWLGR
GHHVWDKHUUDPLHQWDFRPRXVXDULR
5HVROYHUVLWXDFLRQHVUHDOHVFRPSOLFDGDVHYDOXDQGRGLIHUHQWHVIXHQWHV
$SUHQGHUDWUDEDMDUHQHTXLSR
I.Buzo Snchez

([SORWDUWDQWRVXGHVWUH]DFRPRVXODGRPiVFUHDWLYR
'HPRVWUDUFRPSURPLVRFRQHOSUR\HFWRHLQWHUpV\FXULRVLGDGSRUWySLFRVHQHVWHiUHD
6HU FDSD] GH UHVROYHU SUREOHPDV HVSHFtILFRV HQ HO XVR GH 0DS &UHDWRU \ HQ HO
DQiOLVLVHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODUHDOLGDGSDUDWUDQVIRUPDUODHQPDSD
&RQWHQLGRV\PHWRGRORJtDGHWUDEDMR
$XQTXHIXHXQSUR\HFWRPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDUHQHOTXHSDUWLFLSDURQYDULRVSURIHVRUHVSURFHGHQWHV
GH ORV 'HSDUWDPHQWRV GH 7HFQRORJtD (GXFDFLyQ )tVLFD ,QJOpV \ *HRJUDItD H +LVWRULD DVt
FRPRDOXPQDGRSURFHGHQWHGHGLYHUVRVJUXSRVGHOD(62\%DFKLOOHUDWRODPDWHULD\HOFXUVR
HQORVTXHVHFHQWUyODPD\RUSDUWHGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVGHOSUR\HFWRIXH*HRJUDItDGHGHOD
(62HQORVGRVJUXSRVGHOFHQWUR
6H WUDEDMDURQ ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH OD 8QLGDG 'LGiFWLFD GH ODV $FWLYLGDGHV 7HUFLDULDV HQ OR
UHIHUHQWHDODWLSRORJtDGHORVVHUYLFLRV\VXXELFDFLyQHQHOLQWHULRUGHODVFLXGDGHVHQQXHVWUR
FDVRHMHPSOLILFiQGRORHQODFLXGDGGH%DGDMR]
(Q VX DSOLFDFLyQ DO DXOD VH HPSOHy XQD PHWRGRORJtD GH DSUHQGL]DMH EDVDGR HQ SUR\HFWRV
VLJXLHQGRODVVLJXLHQWHVIDVHV
D 3ODQWHDPLHQWR GH OD KLSyWHVLV VHOHFFLyQ GH XQD WLSRORJtD HPSUHVDULDO 'yQGH VH
ORFDOL]DQODVHPSUHVDVGHWDOWLSRHQODFLXGDG"7UDEDMRUHDOL]DGRHQJUDQJUXSRHQHOTXH
VHGHILQLHURQORVWLSRVGHDFWLYLGDGHVWHUFLDULDV\VXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSODQWHDQGRXQGHEDWH
VREUHODXELFDFLyQGHGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHVHUYLFLRVHQODVFLXGDGHVOOHJDQGRDODFRQFOXVLyQ
GHTXHODXELFDFLyQGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVWHUFLDULDVHQXQDFLXGDGGHSHQGHGHOWLSRGHVHUYLFLR
/OHJDGR D HVWH SXQWR WHyULFR VH SODQWHD DO DOXPQDGR OD SRVLELOLGDG GH GHPRVWUDU
HPStULFDPHQWHHVWDDILUPDFLyQ\VHGHILQHHOWUDEDMRDUHDOL]DUSDUDFRQVHJXLUORPHGLDQWH
ODXELFDFLyQGHODVHPSUHVDVGHXQPLVPRVHFWRUVREUHXQPDSD(QHVWHFDVRVHUiXQPDSD
FRODERUDWLYRHQHOTXHHOORVSDUWLFLSDUiQHQODHGLFLyQGHGDWRVDWUDYpVGHXQDSODWDIRUPD
\FX\RVDSRUWHVTXHGDUiQDGLVSRVLFLyQGHODFLXGDGDQtDHQJHQHUDO
E %~VTXHGDGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ6HGLYLGLyDOJUXSRSRUSDUHMDV\VHOHVDGMXGLFyDFDGD
XQD GH HOODV XQ WLSR GH HPSUHVD WHUFLDULD SDUD TXH UHDOL]DUD OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VREUH VX
XELFDFLyQ HQ OD FLXGDG GH %DGDMR] SHOXTXHUtDV JUDQGHV VXSHUILFLHV WDOOHUHV PHFiQLFRV
HWF(OWUDEDMRLQLFLDOGHFDGDXQRGHORVJUXSRVFRQVLVWLyHQORFDOL]DUDWUDYpVGH,QWHUQHW
WRGDV ODV HPSUHVDV GH HVH VHFWRU HQ OD FLXGDG 3DUD HOOR XWLOL]DURQ GLYHUVRV EXVFDGRUHV
ZHEV GH ORFDOL]DFLyQ HPSUHVDULDO SiJLQDV DPDULOODV HWF &DGD JUXSR LGHy VX SURSLD
HVWUDWHJLDGHE~VTXHGDGHODVHPSUHVDVGHVXVHFWRU
F &ODVLILFDFLyQGHORVGDWRV3DUDOHODPHQWHDODWDUHDGHE~VTXHGDFDGDJUXSRGHEtDLU
RUGHQDQGRODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHHVWDEDQUHFDEDQGR6HOHVSLGLyTXHHODERUDUDQXQDKRMDGH
FiOFXORGHWDOPDQHUDTXHFDGDILODFRUUHVSRQGLHUDDXQDHPSUHVDFRQFUHWD\ODVFROXPQDV
VLUYLHUDQSDUDDOPDFHQDUXQWLSRGHGDWRFRQFUHWRGLUHFFLyQSRVWDOGLUHFFLyQXUOGHODZHE
HWFGHOQHJRFLRLQYHVWLJDGR
G $QiOLVLV GH ORV GDWRV 8QD YH] ILQDOL]DGD OD WDUHD GH E~VTXHGD \ FODVLILFDFLyQ GH ORV
GDWRVODKRMDGHFiOFXOROHVVHUYLUiSDUDLULQWURGXFLHQGRGHPDQHUDRUGHQDGDORVSXQWRVHQ
ORV TXH VH ORFDOL]DQ ODV HPSUHVDV HVWXGLDGDV VREUH OD SODWDIRUPD GH HGLFLyQ GH PDSDV GH
+(5(Map Creator <KWWSVPDSFUHDWRUKHUHFRP> (Figura 1)&DGDDOXPQRGHELyGDUVH
GH DOWD FRPR HGLWRU HQ OD SODWDIRUPD SDUD OR FXDO VH OHV IDFLOLWy XQD FXHQWD GH FRUUHR
I.Buzo Snchez

Google Apps for Education (GAFE) JHVWLRQDGDSRUOD&RQVHMHUtDGH(GXFDFLyQGHOD-XQWD

GH([WUHPDGXUD
'XUDQWH GRV VHVLRQHV ORV DOXPQRV IXHURQ ORFDOL]DQGR HQ OD SODWDIRUPD ORV GDWRV GH ODV
HPSUHVDVWHUFLDULDVTXHOHVFRUUHVSRQGLyLQYHVWLJDU&DGDYH]TXHLQWURGXFtDQXQDHPSUHVD
HQ OD SODWDIRUPD GH HGLFLyQ PDUFDEDQ OD ILOD FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH HQ OD KRMD GH FiOFXOR SDUD
FRQWURODUHOWUDEDMRUHDOL]DGR
$O LJXDO TXH RFXUUH HQ ODV HGLFLRQHV GH ORV PDSDV UHDOL]DGD SRU FRODERUDGRUHV
LQGHSHQGLHQWHVORVGDWRVHGLWDGRVHQODSODWDIRUPDMap Creator QRDSDUHFHQGLUHFWDPHQWH
HQ ORV PDSDV GH +(5( DFFHVLEOHV HQ OD ZHE GHVGH KWWSVZHJRKHUHFRP! VLQR TXH
GHEtDQVHUDSUREDGRVSUHYLDPHQWHSRUHOHTXLSRGHWpFQLFRVGH+(5((QQXHVWURFDVRORV
WpFQLFRV TXH VXSHUYLVDEDQ HO SUR\HFWR QRV HQYLDEDQ SHULyGLFDPHQWH D ORV SURIHVRUHV
FRRUGLQDGRUHV XQD KRMD GH FiOFXOR FRQ ORV XVXDULRV GH QXHVWUR FHQWUR TXH KDEtDQ HGLWDGR
GXUDQWH FDGD SHULRGR GH UHYLVLyQ GH WDO PDQHUD TXH HO SURIHVRU HVWXYLHUD DO WDQWR GH ORV
SXQWRVHGLWDGRVSRUFDGDSDUHMDGHDOXPQRV'HVSXpVGHODYHULILFDFLyQGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ
VL ORV WpFQLFRV OD FRQVLGHUDEDQ UHOHYDQWH \ DFRUGH FRQ ORV HVWiQGDUHV GH OD FRPSDxtD
KDFtDQS~EOLFRORVGDWRV\SRUORWDQWRTXHGDEDQDFFHVLEOHVSDUDWRGDODFLXGDGDQtD
$OILQDOL]DUHOSURFHVRGHHGLFLyQFDGDSDUDGHDOXPQRVGHEtDH[SOLFDUEUHYHPHQWHDOUHVWR
GHFRPSDxHURVGHOJUXSRODORFDOL]DFLyQGHORVVHUYLFLRVTXHHVWXYLHURQLQYHVWLJDQGRHQ
HOFHQWURGHODFLXGDGHQODV]RQDVSHULIpULFDVHQFXDOTXLHUEDUULRHQFDOOHV\OXJDUHVPX\
FRQFUHWRVHWF(VWDIDVHOHVVLUYLySDUDFRPSUHQGHUODHVSHFLILFLGDGGHFDGDVHUYLFLR\OD
KHWHURJHQHLGDGJHQHUDOGHVHFWRUWHUFLDULR
)LJXUD3ODWDIRUPDGHHGLFLyQMap Creator KWWSVPDSFUHDWRUKHUHFRP!
H 3URGXFWRILQDO$OWUDWDUVHGHXQDSUHQGL]DMHEDVDGRHQSUR\HFWRVWXYLPRVXQUHVXOWDGR
ILQDO WDQJLEOH R SURGXFWR ILQDO GHO SUR\HFWR HO PDSD GH +(5( HQ HO TXH DSDUHFtDQ ORV
HOHPHQWRV HGLWDGRV SRU ORV SURSLRV DOXPQRV )LJXUD (VWD SURGXFFLyQ ILQDO KD VHUYLGR
SDUDGLIXQGLUODLPSRUWDQFLDGHORVSUR\HFWRVFRODERUDWLYRVHQOD5HG6LELHQHQHVWHFDVR
KD\GHWUiVXQDFRPSDxtDSULYDGDTXHFRQVXVSURSLRVPHGLRVUHDOL]DSDUWHGHOD
I.Buzo Snchez

FDUWRJUDItD H[LVWHQ RWUDV RSFLRQHV GH FRODERUDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD TXH FUHDQ FRQRFLPLHQWR
VRFLDO HQ OD 5HG FRPR :LNLSHGLD R HQ HO iPELWR GH OD FDUWRJUDItD :LNLPDSLD
2SHQ6WUHHW0DS HWF TXH QR WLHQHQ WUDV GH Vt QLQJ~Q REMHWLYR FRPHUFLDO VLQR OD SURSLD
FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH FRQRFLPLHQWR FRODERUDWLYR \ TXH LJXDOPHQWH SXHGHQ VHU XWLOL]DGDV SDUD
UHDOL]DUHVWHWLSRGHSUR\HFWRVHGXFDWLYRV
)LJXUD9LVWDGHOQDYHJDGRUZHE+(5(KWWSVZHJRKHUHFRP!
)DVHVGHO3UR\HFWR
(OSUR\HFWRQRVRORLQFOXtDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHORVDOXPQRVVLQRTXHKXERXQDIDVHSUHYLDGH
IRUPDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGRHQODKHUUDPLHQWDGHHGLFLyQGH+(5(DVtFRPRXQDIDVHILQDOFRQ
ODYLVLWDGHXQWpFQLFRGHODFRPSDxtDSDUDH[SOLFDUODHODERUDFLyQGHODFDUWRJUDItDEDVHTXH
XWLOL]DQHQVXVPDSDV(OSUR\HFWRWXYRODVLJXLHQWHWHPSRUDOL]DFLyQ
)DVH)RUPDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGRPHVGHRFWXEUHGH/DHPSUHVD+(5(IRUPyGH
PDQHUD SUHVHQFLDO DO SURIHVRUDGR SDUWLFLSDQWH HQ HO PDQHMR GH OD SODWDIRUPD GH HGLFLyQ
Map Creator KWWSVPDSFUHDWRUKHUHFRP!DVtFRPRHQHOXVRGHODFDUWRJUDItDGH+(5(
KWWSZHJRKHUHFRP!\GHODDSS+(5(0DSDVSDUDSRGHUSURFHGHUDODUHFRJLGD\HGLFLyQ
GHGDWRVGHVGHHOPyYLODXQTXHILQDOPHQWHHVWDRSFLyQQRIXHDSOLFDGDDQXHVWURSUR\HFWR
8Q WpFQLFR GH +(5( VH GHVSOD]y DO FHQWUR SDUD UHDOL]DU OD IRUPDFLyQ GHO SURIHVRUDGR
SDUWLFLSDQWHHQHOSUR\HFWR
)DVH%~VTXHGD\UHFRJLGDGHGDWRVSRUSDUWHGHORVDOXPQRVHQWUHQRYLHPEUHGH
\GLFLHPEUH/RVHVWXGLDQWHVUHDOL]DURQODE~VTXHGDGHLQIRUPDFLyQHQOD5HGVREUH
OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH OD DFWLYLGDG HFRQyPLFD WHUFLDULD TXH OH FRUUHVSRQGLy 6H XWLOL]DURQ
GLIHUHQWHVIXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQ\ORVGDWRVREWHQLGRVIXHURQFODVLILFDGRV\RUGHQDGRVHQ
XQDKRMDGHFiOFXORHODERUDGDSDUDWDOILQ
)DVH8VRGHXQHGLWRUFDUWRJUiILFR\HGLFLyQGHDWULEXWRVHQWUHGLFLHPEUH\HQHURGH
8QD YH] UHFROHFWDGRV \ YDOLGDGRV ORV GDWRV ORV DOXPQRV SURFHGLHURQ D XELFDU ORV
SXQWRVGHLQWHUpVHQODSODWDIRUPDGHHGLFLyQGHORVPDSDVMap Creator \DxDGLHURQORV
I.Buzo Snchez

DWULEXWRVGHQDYHJDFLyQSDUDFDGDSXQWR'HVGHODFRPSDxtD+(5(VHUHDOL]DURQFRQWUROHV
GH FDOLGDG \ FKHTXHDURQ ODV ]RQDV WUDEDMDGDV SRU ORV DOXPQRV HQYLDQGR WRGD OD
LQIRUPDFLyQUHFRJLGDDORVSURIHVRUHVLQYROXFUDGRVHQHOSUR\HFWR
IDVH 9LVLWDV \ ILQ GHO SUR\HFWR HQWUH IHEUHUR \ PDU]R GH 6H UHYLVDURQ ODV
HGLFLRQHV UHDOL]DGDV SRU HO DOXPQDGR \ VH UHDOL]y OD YLVLWD ILQDO DO FHQWUR GH XQR GH ORV
WpFQLFRVGH+(5(FRQHOYHKtFXORGRWDGRGHODWHFQRORJtD,08HPSOHDGRSDUDFDUWRJUDILDU
\ DFWXDOL]DU OD FDUWRJUDItD EiVLFD GH ORV PDSDV GH +(5( 'XUDQWH OD YLVLWD ORV DOXPQRV
UHFLELHURQH[SOLFDFLRQHVVREUHFRPRVHHODERUDQORVPDSDV\HOXVRGHHVWHYHKtFXORSDUD
ODWRPDGHGDWRV
&RODERUDFLyQFRQ+(5(
(O WUDEDMR VH GHVDUUROOy HQ FRODERUDFLyQ FRQWLQXD FRQ ORV SURIHVLRQDOHV UHVSRQVDEOHV GH OD
FRPSDxtD +(5( 6H SUHWHQGtD IRPHQWDU OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD HQ OD HODERUDFLyQ GH
PDSDVFRODERUDWLYRV\HQFRQFUHWRDXPHQWDUODFREHUWXUDGHSXQWRVGHLQWHUpVDVtFRPRORV
DWULEXWRVGHQDYHJDFLyQGHORVPDSDVFRODERUDWLYRVGH+(5(SDUDODFLXGDGGH%DGDMR]
(ODOXPQDGR\ORVGRFHQWHVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQHOSUR\HFWRIRUPDURQSDUWHGHORTXHVHGHQRPLQD
XQDFRPXQLGDGGHH[SHUWRVGH+(5(SXHVWRTXHSDUWLFLSDURQHQODDFWXDOL]DFLyQGHOPDSD
RIUHFLpQGROHV OD SRVLELOLGDG GH PHMRUDU OD YLVLELOLGDG \ HO DFFHVR D VLWLRV VLJQLILFDWLYRV SDUD
HOORV\VXHQWRUQR
/RV SURIHVLRQDOHV GH +(5( HQ VXV YLVLWDV DO FHQWUR H[SOLFDURQ HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH XQD
HPSUHVD FDUWRJUiILFD H LPSDUWLHURQ OD IRUPDFLyQ QHFHVDULD SDUD OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GHO
SUR\HFWR5HDOL]DURQYDULDVVHVLRQHVSUHVHQFLDOHV8QDSULPHUDYLVLWDWXYRFDUiFWHUIRUPDWLYR
GHOSURIHVRUDGRSDUWLFLSDQWH\RWUDYLVLWDILQDOIXHGLULJLGDDODOXPQDGRHQODTXHPRVWUDURQ
ODV WpFQLFDV TXH XWLOL]DQ SDUD OD HODERUDFLyQ GH ORV PDSDV EDVHV GH VXV DSOLFDFLRQHV H
LQFOX\HURQOD H[KLELFLyQGHOYHKtFXOR\ORVHTXLSRVTXHXWLOL]DQSDUD ODWRPD GHGDWRVHQ HO
WUDEDMRGHFDPSR
/RV WpFQLFRV GH OD FRPSDxtD KLFLHURQ XQ VHJXLPLHQWR GH WRGRV ORV SXQWRV HGLWDGRV SRU OD
FRPXQLGDGGHH[SHUWRVGHO,(66DQ5RTXH\DQDOL]DURQVHJ~QORVHVWiQGDUHVGHODFRPSDxtD
ODVHGLFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDVYDOLGDQGRHQVXFDVRDTXHOODVTXHFXPSOtDQORVUHTXLVLWRVGHFDOLGDG
(VWDVHGLFLRQHVSDVDURQDVHUGLVWULEXLGDVDQLYHOJOREDOHQODDSSJUDWXLWD+(5(0DSVSDUD
GLVSRVLWLYRVPyYLOHV\DWUDYpVGHODZHEKWWSZHJRKHUHFRP!SDUDVHUHPSOHDGDVSRUORV
PiVGHGHXVXDULRVGHWRGRHOPXQGR
+(5(HQWUHJyXQGLSORPDDFUHGLWDWLYRDWRGRVORVDOXPQRVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQHOSUR\HFWRSRUVX
FRODERUDFLyQ
(/(',725&$572*5),&20$3&5($725
/D FRPSDxtD +(5( SRQH D GLVSRVLFLyQ GH VXV FRPXQLGDGHV GH H[SHUWRV YROXQWDULRV OD
SODWDIRUPD0DS&UHDWRUDFFHVLEOHGHVGHOD5HGHQKWWSVPDSFUHDWRUKHUHFRP!)LJXUD
3DUDSRGHUHGLWDUFXDOTXLHUHOHPHQWRVREUHORVPDSDVORVXVXDULRVKDQGHHVWDUUHJLVWUDGRVHQ
ODSODWDIRUPD(OSURFHGLPLHQWRGHUHJLVWURHVPX\VHQFLOOR\VLPLODUDFXDOTXLHURWURVHUYLFLR
ZHE LQWURGXFLHQGR XQD GLUHFFLyQ GH FRUUHR HOHFWUyQLFR QRPEUH GH XVXDULRV \ FRQWUDVHxDV
3DUDSRGHUHGLWDUHQGHWHUPLQDGDViUHDVGHOSODQHWDVHGHEHHVWDUDXWRUL]DGRSRUORVWpFQLFRV
I.Buzo Snchez

GHODFRPSDxtD(QQXHVWURFDVRVHDXWRUL]yDWRGRVORVDOXPQRV\SURIHVRUHVSDUWLFLSDQWHVOD
SRVLELOLGDGGHHGLFLyQHQ(VSDxD
8QD YH] DXWRUL]DGRV D HGLWDU HQ (VSDxD ORV XVXDULRV SXHGHQ DxDGLU QXHYD LQIRUPDFLyQ DO
PDSDRPRGLILFDULQIRUPDFLyQ\DH[LVWHQWH3DUDDxDGLUQXHYDLQIRUPDFLyQVHGHEHXWLOL]DUHO
PHQ~ TXH DSDUHFH HQ HO ODWHUDO GHUHFKR GH OD SDQWDOOD )LJXUD )XQGDPHQWDOPHQWH ORV
XVXDULRV SXHGHQ DxDGLU LQIRUPDFLyQ OLQHDO FDOOHV FDUUHWHUDV FDPLQRV SXOVDQGR HO SULPHU
LFRQR GH OD EDUUD R LQIRUPDFLyQ SXQWXDO OXJDUHV GH LQWHUpV SXOVDQGR HOVHJXQGR LFRQR\ D
FRQWLQXDFLyQVHxDODQGRHOOXJDUFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVREUHHOPDSD7DPELpQVHSXHGHQHGLWDUHO
Q~PHUR GH ORV SRUWDOHV DFWLYDQGR SUHYLDPHQWH HQ OD VHFFLyQ Yer en el mapa GH ODV otras
funciones
)LJXUD0HQ~GHHGLFLyQ
$ODxDGLUWDQWRXQSXQWRGHLQWHUpVDO PDSDFRPRXQDQXHYDFDUUHWHUDRFDOOHVHDEUHHQOD
SDUWHL]TXLHUGDGHODSDQWDOODXQDYHQWDQDGHGLiORJRHQODTXHVHSXHGHDxDGLULQIRUPDFLyQ
DFHUFDGHOSXQWRRODOtQHDDxDGLGDDOPDSD)LJXUD(VWDVYHQWDQDVGHGLiORJRWDPELpQVH
DEUHQ FXDQGR VH VHOHFFLRQD DOJ~Q SXQWR GH LQWHUpV R OtQHD \DFUHDGD SRU RWURV XVXDULRV \ VH
SXHGHFRPSOHWDURFRUUHJLUODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHVREUHHVHOXJDUKD\UHFRJLGD/DLPSRUWDQFLD
GHORVYROXQWDULRVHQODVSODWDIRUPDVFRODERUDWLYDVGHFDUWRJUDItDUDGLFDHQODSRVLELOLGDGGH
DxDGLULQIRUPDFLyQFHUFDQDTXHGHRWUDPDQHUDVHUtDLPSRVLEOHDFFHGHUDHOODSRUSDUWHGHODV
FRPSDxtDVRDVRFLDFLRQHVTXHORVRUJDQL]DQGHELGRDODKDELWXDOOHMDQtDGHVXVVHGHV\SRU
WDQWRGHVXVWpFQLFRVGHJUDQSDUWHGHOWHUULWRULR
2UJDQL]DFLRQHV FRPR OpenStreetMap RUJDQL]D EDWLGDV SHULyGLFDV HQ GLVWLQWDV FLXGDGHV
GHQRPLQDGDV mapping party, HQ ODV TXH XVDQGR HO *36 \ GRFXPHQWRV GH UHFRJLGD GH
GDWRVORVYROXQWDULRVVHUH~QHQSDUDWRPDULQIRUPDFLyQGHFDPSRTXHOXHJRHVYHUWLGDDVXV
SUR\HFWRVFDUWRJUiILFRVSDUDFRPSOHWDUWRGDHVDLQIRUPDFLyQTXHDFRPSDxDDODXELFDFLyQGH
XQSXQWR(QHOGLVHxRGHOSUR\HFWRFRQORVDOXPQRVVHEDUDMyODSRVLELOLGDGGHUHDOL]DUXQD
EDWLGDSRUHOEDUULRFRQOLEUHWDVGHFDPSR\*36SDUDODWRPDGDWRV\OXHJRVXWUDVODGRDOD
SODWDIRUPD GHVGH ORV HTXLSRV GHO DXOD 3RU FXHVWLRQHV RUJDQL]DWLYDV VH SUHILULy UHDOL]DU XQ
WUDEDMRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQH[FOXVLYDPHQWHDSDUWLUGH,QWHUQHW
I.Buzo Snchez

/RV HVWXGLDQWHV FRPSOHWDURQ DOJXQD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH HVWDV YHQWDQDV GH GLiORJR SHUR OR
IXQGDPHQWDO IXH OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH ORV SXQWRV GH LQWHUpV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D ODV DFWLYLGDGHV
WHUFLDULDVTXHOHFRUUHVSRQGLHURQDFDGDXQDGHODVSDUHMDV
7UDV OD HGLFLyQ GH ORV GDWRV ORV XVXDULRV GHEHQ JXDUGDU ORV FDPELRV UHDOL]DGRV VLHQGR
HQWRQFHVFXDQGRODFRPSDxtDLQLFLDXQSURFHVRGHYDOLGDFLyQSRUORTXHQRHVLQPHGLDWRTXH
ORV SXQWRV GH LQWHUpV ORFDOL]DGRV DSDUH]FDQ HQ OD DSOLFDFLyQ FDUWRJUiILFD VLQR TXH VH
PRVWUDUiQFXDQGRKD\DQSDVDGRORVFRQWUROHVGHFDOLGDGSHUWLQHQWHV
&DGDXVXDULRSXHGHVDEHUORVSXQWRVTXHKDLGRDxDGLGRDOPDSDFRQHOSDVRGHOWLHPSRGHVGH
ODVHFFLyQGHHVWDGtVWLFDTXHHVDFFHVLEOHSXOVDQGRHOLFRQRtus cosas HQHOERUGHL]TXLHUGRGH
ODSDQWDOOD
)LJXUD9HQWDQDVGHGLiORJRSDUDLQWURGXFLULQIRUPDFLyQVREUHSXQWRV\OtQHDV
I.Buzo Snchez

&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
(OUHVXOWDGRGHHVWHSUR\HFWRVHXQHDORVSUR\HFWRVOOHYDGRVDFDERHQFXUVRVDQWHULRUHVHQHO
HVIXHU]R GH H[SHULPHQWDU OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH ODV GLVWLQWDV 7HFQRORJtDV GH OD ,QIRUPDFLyQ
*HRJUiILFD FRQ XQ REMHWLYR GLGiFWLFR HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD *HRJUDItD HQ OD (GXFDFLyQ
6HFXQGDULD 'DPRV XQ SDVR PiV DOOi GHO PHUR XVR DFDGpPLFR \ FLHQWtILFR GH ODV 7,* SDUD
GDUOHXQDIXQFLyQHGXFDWLYD\GLGiFWLFDWUDQVIRUPiQGRVHHQXQDVDXWpQWLFDV7HFQRORJtDVSDUD
HO$SUHQGL]DMH*HRJUiILFR7$*
$XQTXHHOQ~FOHRIXQGDPHQWDOGHOWUDEDMROOHYDGRDFDERHUDHOFDUWRJUiILFRFRPSOHWDGRFRQ
FRQWHQLGRV SURSLRV GH OD *HRJUDItD (FRQyPLFD KHPRV FRQVHJXLGR GHVDUUROODU HQ GLIHUHQWH
PHGLGDHOFRQMXQWRGHFRPSHWHQFLDVFODYHGHWDOPDQHUDTXHKHPRVSURFXUDGRTXHHOJUXSR
GHDOXPQRV\DOXPQDV
D ,QWHUDFW~HQ FRQ ORV PDSDV GLJLWDOHV GH VX iUHD PiV SUy[LPD GHELHQGR RULHQWDUVH HQ
HOORVSDUDORFDOL]DUORVSXQWRVGHLQWHUpVVHOHFFLRQDGRV
E &RQR]FDQ GH SULPHUD PDQR FRPR VH HODERUD OD FDUWRJUDItD YLVLWDQGR XQR GH ORV
YHKtFXORV TXH XWLOL]D +(5( SDUD UHDOL]DU ODV PHGLFLRQHV \ WUDEDMR GH FDPSR GDWRV TXH
WUDWDGRVDGHFXDGDPHQWHPHGLDQWHSURFHGLPLHQWRVPDWHPiWLFRVDXWRPDWL]DGRVGDQOXJDUD
ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQFDUWRJUiILFD
F 'HVDUUROOHQWRGRHOWUDEDMRHQIRUPDWRGLJLWDOSRUORTXHKDQWHQLGRTXHVROYHQWDUORV
SUREOHPDV WpFQLFRV SDUD EXVFDU LQIRUPDFLyQ \ DxDGLUOD D ORV PDSDV FRODERUDWLYRV GH
+(5(
G 7UDEDMHQODFRPXQLFDFLyQOLQJtVWLFDWDQWRHQHVSDxROFRPRHQLQJOpVLGLRPDVHQORV
TXHVHHQFRQWUDEDODSODWDIRUPDGHHGLFLyQ0DS&UHDWRUXWLOL]DGDGXUDQWHHOWUDEDMR
H 7UDEDMHQ FRQ HO DQiOLVLV FUtWLFR GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH VH YD D GLIXQGLU SURFXUDQGR
FRQWUDVWDUOD SRU RWURV PHGLRV 6H KDQ XWLOL]DGR RWUDV SODWDIRUPDV FDUWRJUiILFDV SDUD
FRQWUDVWDULQIRUPDFLyQGLVSRQLEOHHQ+(5(6HKDLQWURGXFLGRDODOXPQRHQODILORVRItDGHO
WUDEDMRFRRSHUDWLYRHQ,QWHUQHWHQFRQFUHWRHQODHODERUDFLyQFRODERUDWLYDGHFDUWRJUDItD
(O DOXPQR SDUWLFLSDQWH SXHGH VHJXLU FRODERUDQGR HQ OD LQWURGXFFLyQ GH GDWRV XQD YH]
ILQDOL]DGRHOSUR\HFWR
I &RQR]FDQ ORV FRPSRQHQWHV GH ORV PDSDV HQWUH HOORV ORV VtPERORV \ OD OH\HQGD /D
FRPSRVLFLyQHVWpWLFDGHOPDSDRFXSDXQOXJDULPSRUWDQWHDODKRUDGHGLVHxDUOR
J $SUHQGDQ D ORFDOL]DU HQ ,QWHUQHW PDQHMDQGR GLIHUHQWH FDUWRJUDItD GLJLWDO TXH OH VHUi
PX\~WLOSDUDVXYLGDGLDULD
K +D\DQYLVWRSXEOLFDGDVVXVDSRUWDFLRQHVHQXQPDSDGHXVRS~EOLFRHQOD5HGSRUOR
TXHGHVFXEUHQODXWLOLGDGGHVXWUDEDMR\UHIXHU]DVXDXWRHVWLPD
(Q GHILQLWLYD KD VLGR XQ WUDEDMR JOREDO PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU \ FX\RV FRQWHQLGRV VXSHUDQ D OD
SURSLDPDWHULDHQODTXHVHHQJOREDEDOD*HRJUDItDGHGH(62
6L ELHQ SRGUtDQ LQWURGXFLUVH DOJXQRV FDPELRV HQ OD PHWRGRORJtD HPSHODGD SRWHQFLDQGR HO
WUDEDMRGHFDPSRHOXVRGHGLVSRVLWLYRVPyYLOHVSDUDODUHFRJLGDGHGDWRVHWFFRQVLGHUDPRV
ORVUHVXOWDGRVGHOSUR\HFWRHQJHQHUDOEDVWDQWHSRVLWLYR
3RURWUDSDUWHFRQVLGHUDPRVPX\HQULTXHFHGRUODFRODERUDFLyQH[WHUQDGHGLVWLQWDVHPSUHVDV
HQDFWLYLGDGHVDFDGpPLFDVHQ(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULDSXHVVRQHOHPHQWRVGLIHUHQWHVFRQORV
I.Buzo Snchez

TXH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV QR HVWiQ DFRVWXPEUDGRV D WUDWDU HQ ODV DXODV \ OHV D\XGDQ D FRQRFHU HO
PXQGRHPSUHVDULDOTXHOHVURGHD
6HWUDWDGHXQDH[SHULHQFLDSRWHQFLDOPHQWHH[WHQVLEOHDRWURVFHQWURVGDGDVXDGDSWDELOLGDGD
FRQWH[WRV GLIHUHQWHV FRQ HO YDORU VRFLDO DxDGLGR GH GLIXQGLU HO WUDEDMR FRRSHUDWLYR \
YROXQWDULRHQODHUDGH,QWHUQHW
%,%/,2*5$)$
%X]R 6iQFKH] , D 0HGLFLyQ \ DQiOLVLV GHO UXLGR HQ %DGDMR] SRU DOXPQRV GH
%DFKLOOHUDWR XWLOL]DQGR $UF*,6 2QOLQH &RQIHUHQFLD (65, 0DGULG (65, GH
RFWXEUHGH
%X]R6iQFKH],E,QFRUSRUDFLyQGHXQZHE6,*DODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDHQ
GH (62 HQ 5DPyQ $ (G 7HFQRORJtDV GH OD ,QIRUPDFLyQ SDUD QXHYDV IRUPDV GH YHU HO
WHUULWRULR$OLFDQWH8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWH$VRFLDFLyQGH*HyJUDIRV(VSDxROHV'LVSRQLEOH
HQ KWWSFRQJUHVRWLJXDHVLQGH[SKSWLJWLJSDSHUYLHZ! >OWLPR DFFHVR VHSWLHPEUH
@
%X]R 6iQFKH] , D /D JHRLQIRUPDFLyQ FRPR EDVH SDUD SUR\HFWRV GH LQQRYDFLyQ
GRFHQWH HQ (GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD 2EOLJDWRULD \ %DFKLOOHUDWR HQ $$99 $FWDV GHO ;;,9
&RQJUHVR GH OD $VRFLDFLyQ GH *HyJUDIRV (VSDxROHV =DUDJR]D 8QLYHUVLGDG GH =DUDJR]D
'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSFRQJUHVRDJHXQL]DUHVH%RRNWUDEDMRVB%X]R6DQFKH]SGI! >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
%X]R 6iQFKH] , E $SOLFDFLyQ GH OD PHWRGRORJtD GHO DSUHQGL]DMH JHRJUiILFR SRU
GHVFXEULPLHQWREDVDGRHQ6,*HQSUR\HFWRVGLGiFWLFRVSDUDGH%DFKLOOHUDWRHQ6HEDVWLi
5 \7RQGD(0/DLQYHVWLJDFLyQHLQQRYDFLyQHQODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItD$OLFDQWH
8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWHSS
&DSHO+*HRJUDItDHQUHGDFRPLHQ]RVGHO7HUFHU0LOHQLR3RUXQDFLHQFLDVROLGDULD\
HQ FRODERUDFLyQ Scripta Nova. Revista Electrnica de Geografa y Ciencias Sociales YRO
;,9 Q >(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZXEHGXJHRFULWVQVQKWP! >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
&DSHO+)LORVRItD\FLHQFLDHQOD*HRJUDItDFRQWHPSRUiQHD%DUFHORQD(GLFLRQHVGHO
6HUEDO
0RUHQR $ (QWHQGLPLHQWR \ QDWXUDOH]D GH OD FLHQWLILFLGDG JHRWHFQROyJLFD 8QD
DSUR[LPDFLyQGHVGHHOSUDJPDWLVPRHSLVWHPROyJLFRInvestigaciones Geogrficas
6RULD &DPSRV % \ )HUQiQGH] 0XxR] $ 7DOOHU GH &DUWRJUDItD FRODERUDWLYD SDUD
DOXPQRV GH VHFXQGDULD (Q ,; &XUVR VREUH OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD *HRJUDItD HQ OD (GXFDFLyQ
6HFXQGDULD $*( *HWDIH >(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSVGULYHJRRJOHFRPILOHG%O1YX6<WO37N-YGO%X113D*FYLHZ!
I.Buzo Snchez

(16(f$1=$'(,7,1(5$5,26*(2*5),&263$5$
(678',$17(6'(0$*,67(5,235238(67$6'($35(1',=$-(
$871202(1(/$8/$81,9(56,7$5,$<(1(/*(2)252
,%(52$0(5,&$12

%HQLWR&DPSR3DtV

/LOLDQD$QJpOLFD5RGUtJXH]3L]]LQDWR

-XDQ&DUORV&RORPHU5XELR
1
Universitat de Valncia
2
Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos de Caldas de Colombia
3
Universitat de Valncia
benito.campo@uv.eslarodriguezp@udistrital.edu.cojuan.colomer@uv.es
5(680(1
3DUD KDFHU IUHQWH D ORV GHVDItRV TXH SODQWHDQ OD LQWURGXFFLyQ GH ODV 7,& HQ ODV DXODV \ D ORV REMHWLYRV GH OD
HQVHxDQ]D VXSHULRU FRPR D ORV PRGHORV WUDGLFLRQDOHV SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH JHRJUiILFR VH KDQ UHDOL]DGR GRV
SURSXHVWDV GH DXOD EDVDGDV HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH DXWyQRPR \ RWUD HQ OD SODWDIRUPD *HRIRUR LEHURDPHULFDQR
KWWSJHRIRUREORJVSRWFRPHVHQODV)DFXOWDGHVGH0DJLVWHULRGH%RJRWi&RORPELD\GH9DOHQFLD(VSDxD
(O DQiOLVLV GHHVWDVH[SHULHQFLDV GRFHQWHVVLUYHSDUD H[SOLFDUOD HQVHxDQ]D GHDVSHFWRVWHyULFRSUiFWLFRV GH ORV
LWLQHUDULRV GLGiFWLFRV JHRJUiILFRV HQ OD IRUPDFLyQ GHO SURIHVRUDGR -XQWR FRQ HOOR VH SODQWHD XQD UHYLVLyQ \
UHGLVHxRGHOIRURSDUDVXPHMRUDFRPRLQVWUXPHQWRGHWUDEDMR\HQVHxDQ]D/RVUHVXOWDGRVPDQLILHVWDQXQHVWLOR
GRFHQWH SURSLR FHQWUDGR HQ ORV PpWRGRV DFWLYRV \ HO SURWDJRQLVPR GHO GLVFHQWH HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH VX
FRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
(VWLORGRFHQWHHQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRJUDItDLWLQHUDULRGLGiFWLFRDSUHQGL]DMHDXWyQRPR*HRIRUR7,&
,1752'8&&,1
(QFXDQWRDODIRUPDFLyQLQLFLDOGHOSURIHVRUDGRHO(VSDFLR(XURSHRGH(GXFDFLyQ6XSHULRU
(((6 YLQR D FRUURERUDU OD LGHD GH LQQRYDU DGRSWDQGR ORV SULQFLSLRV PHWRGROyJLFRV GH OD
HQVHxDQ]DDFWLYD'HVDUUROODUHVWDRSFLyQPHWRGROyJLFDVLJQLILFDWHQHUXQHVWLORGRFHQWHHQHO
FXDO FRPR GLFH 0- 0DUUyQ SS HO SURIHVRU WLHQH HO SDSHO GH GLQDPL]DU \
RULHQWDUHODSUHQGL]DMHGHPDQHUDTXHLPSXOVHHQWUHRWURVHODSUHQGL]DMHVLJQLILFDWLYR\SRU
GHVFXEULPLHQWRODDXWRQRPtDGHOHVWXGLDQWH\HQVHxHDDSUHQGHUDDSUHQGHUSRUORTXH HQ

(VWDDSRUWDFLyQVHHQPDUFDHQWUHORVREMHWLYRVGHOSUR\HFWRGH,'FRQUHIHUHQFLD*9GHOD*HQHUDOLWDW
9DOHQFLDQDVREUHHOSHVRGHODWUDGLFLyQFRPRH[SOLFDFLyQDOIUDFDVRHVFRODUHQ&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVUXWLQDVSUiFWLFDV\
UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV

/LOLDQD$5RGUtJXH]3L]]LQDWRHVPLHPEURGHOJUXSR*HRSDLGHLD\-XDQ&&RORPHU5XELR\%HQLWR&DPSR3DtVGHOJUXSR
*HD&OLRDPERVVRQJUXSRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHLQQRYDFLyQFRQLQWHUpVHQODHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
B.Campo Pas, L.A.Rodrguez Pizzinato, J.C.Colomer Rubio

RUGHQDIDFLOLWDUHVWHDSUHQGL]DMHVHKDFHQHFHVDULRSURPRYHUHVFHQDULRV\HVSDFLRVGRQGHVH
GHVDUUROOHQ\SUDFWLTXHQHVWDHQVHxDQ]DVDFWLYDV\VHIDYRUH]FDHODSUHQGL]DMHDXWyQRPR
(OHVWLORGRFHQWHFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOSURIHVRUTXHHQVHxDPHGLDQWHPpWRGRVDFWLYRVWLHQHTXH
VHU FDSD] GH VROYHQWDU ODV GLILFXOWDGHV TXH VXSRQHQ OD SXHVWD HQ PDUFKD \ HMHFXFLyQ GH
SURFHVRV DFWLYRV GH HQVHxDQ]D 3DUD DOHMDUQRV GH ODV FODVHV PDJLVWUDOHV \ PpWRGRV
WUDGLFLRQDOHV \ RSWDU SRU XQD IRUPDFLyQ WUDQVIRUPDGRUD H LQQRYDGRUD HQ HO FDPSR GH OD
HQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRJUDItDHVFRODU\ODIRUPDFLyQLQLFLDOGHOSURIHVRUDGRHVQHFHVDULRUHIRU]DU
\UHGXQGDUHQODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHODLQQRYDFLyQHGXFDWLYDTXHVLJXHQDGTXLULHQGRUHOHYDQFLD
PHGLDQWH HO HPSOHR GH ORV PpWRGRV DFWLYRV HQ OD GRFHQFLD HO DSUHQGL]DMH DXWyQRPR FRPR
HVWUDWHJLD GH DSUHQGL]DMH \ HQ HO TXH VH DVLHQWDQ FDGD GtD PiV ORV LWLQHUDULRV \ HQWRUQRV
YLUWXDOHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHSDUDODHQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRJUDItDXQDRSFLyQGLGiFWLFDTXHUHIXHU]D
ODLQWURGXFFLyQGHODV7,&HQODVDXODVTXHFRQHFWDHODSUHQGL]DMHDXWyQRPRFRQODGRFHQFLD
YLUWXDO\TXHHVDFRUGHDORVUHWRVGHOHVSDFLRVXSHULRUGHHQVHxDQ]D%RVFR5RGUtJXH]
SS
/D WHFQRORJtD GLJLWDO HV XQD UHDOLGDG SUHVHQWH HQ ODV DXODV GHVGH KDFH PiV GH DxRV
HVSHFLDOPHQWHFRQODLUUXSFLyQGHODVFRQH[LRQHVHQUHG\HODIORUDPLHQWRGHORVGLVSRVLWLYRV
SRUWiWLOHV $OLDJD \ %DUWRORPp (OOR KD OOHYDGR D XQD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH OD WHFQRORJtD HQ
(GXFDFLyQ HQ PXFKDV RFDVLRQHV GH IRUPD LQVWUXPHQWDO VLQ OD FRQVLJXLHQWH UHIOH[LyQ
SHGDJyJLFD\FUtWLFDTXHHVWRVGLVSRVLWLYRVSHUPLWHQ(VHOFDVRGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHPRGHORV
FRQGXFWLVWDVHQVXGHVDUUROORHQODVDXODVFRPRODUHLWHUDFLyQHQORVPHGLRVGLJLWDOHVGHORV
OLEURV GH WH[WR HQ IRUPDWR HQ SDSHO (VWH ~OWLPR HMHPSOR SUXHED TXH XQ FDPELR HQ ORV
VRSRUWHVRIRUPDWRGHORVPDWHULDOHVFXUULFXODUHVQRWLHQHSRUTXHOOHYDULQH[RUDEOHPHQWHDXQ
FDPELRGHORVSDUDGLJPDVHGXFDWLYRV(QHOFDVRGHODGLGiFWLFDGHODJHRJUDItDFRPRHQOD
KLVWRULD VX XWLOL]DFLyQ UHTXLHUH GH XQ FDPELR PHWRGROyJLFR HQ HQWRUQRV YLUWXDOHV TXH
SHUPLWDQ OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ DFWLYD GHO DOXPQDGR \ VX FRQVWDQWH UHIOH[LyQ SHGDJyJLFD VREUH VX
SURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH5LYHUR\0XU
(VWDFRPELQDFLyQGHGHVWUH]DV\HVWUDWHJLDVHQODIRUPDFLyQLQLFLDOGHOSURIHVRUDGRFRPELQD
GLYHUVRVREMHWLYRVFRPSHWHQFLDV\FRQWHQLGRVTXHYDQFDUDFWHUL]DQGRHOSURFHVRIRUPDWLYRGH
ORV IXWXURV GRFHQWHV (Q UHODFLyQ FRQ HVWDV GHVWUH]DV TXH GHEHQ DGTXLULU SDUD HQVHxDU OD
JHRJUDItDHVFRODUODVVDOLGDVGHFDPSRRLWLQHUDULRVGLGiFWLFRVVRQXQUHFXUVRLPSRUWDQWHTXH
GHEHQ FRQRFHU \ SUDFWLFDU FRPR HQVHxDQ]D DFWLYD /DV DFWLYLGDGHV TXH SURSRUFLRQDQ HVWDV
VDOLGDV GH FDPSR VRQ XQ FODUR HMHPSOR GH OD PRWLYDFLyQ TXH VXSRQH SDUD ORV HVWXGLDQWHV VX
UHDOL]DFLyQELHQSRUTXHVLUYHSDUDGHVFRQHFWDUGHOULWPR\UXWLQDVGHODVFODVHVGLDULDVRELHQ
SRUTXHLPSOLFDQXQLUODVHPRFLRQHVSRUGHVFXEULU\WHQHUXQDH[SHULHQFLDGLIHUHQWH
$VtPLVPRFRPRHVWUDWHJLDIDFLOLWD\FRQWULEX\HDOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVSUREOHPDVGHOPHGLR
HQ HO PHGLR GH ORV SUREOHPDV HVFRODUHV \ GH ORV DSUHQGL]DMHV GH KHFKRV \ FRQFHSWRV TXH
VXSRQHQHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOHQWRUQRPiVSUy[LPRDWRGRVORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHOVLVWHPDHVFRODU
\ TXH GHILQHQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH OD JHRJUDItD HVFRODU $GHPiV GH IDFLOLWDU HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD
IRUPDFLyQFRQFHSWXDOGHODVFDSDFLGDGHVLQVWUXPHQWDOHV\GHORVFRQWHQLGRVHPLQHQWHPHQWH
SUiFWLFRVFRPRGLFHQ-*DUFtD\'0DUtDVSSIDYRUHFHQWDPELpQDFWLWXGHVWDOHV
FRPRHOFRQWDFWRGLUHFWRFRQHOWHUULWRULR\HQWRUQRSURSLRVRFRQRWURVHVSDFLRVJHRJUiILFRV\
OD FDSDFLGDG GH REVHUYDU UHFRQRFHU H LQWHUSUHWDU GLUHFWDPHQWH HQ HOORV ORV KHFKRV \ ORV
SURFHVRVUHIOHMDGRVSRUORVSDLVDMHV/RVHQWRUQRVGLJLWDOHVHQHVWHFDVRSHUPLWHQFRQVWUXLU\
FRPSDUWLUHVWDVHVWUDWHJLDVFRQRWURVLJXDOHVHQUHG\DO PRPHQWRORTXHLPSOLFDUHVXOWDGRV
FRPSDUWLGRV

/D DSRUWDFLyQ TXH SUHVHQWDPRV FRPSOHPHQWD XQ DQWHULRU HVWXGLR FRPSDUDWLYR UHDOL]DGR
GHVGH HO *HRIRUR ,EHURDPHULFDQR KWWSJHRIRUREORJVSRWFRPHV VREUH HO IRUR \ ODV
VDOLGDV GH FDPSR FRPR HVWUDWHJLD GLGiFWLFD SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH JHRJUiILFR 6RXVD *DUFtD
6RXWR \ VH HQPDUFD HQ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH GLGiFWLFD GH ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV
UHODFLRQDGDVFRQODVGLILFXOWDGHV\FRQGLFLRQDQWHVDODLQQRYDFLyQHGXFDWLYDDUUDLJDGRVWDQWR
HQ OD IRUPDFLyQ EiVLFD FRPR HQ OD XQLYHUVLWDULD 6H WUDWD GH XQD RSRUWXQLGDG GH UHIOH[LRQDU
VREUH OD IRUPDFLyQ LQLFLDO \ FRQWLQXD GH ORV GRFHQWHV \ SODQWHDU DOWHUQDWLYDV LQQRYDGRUDV D
SDUWLU GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV GH ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV $Vt PLVPR DO WUDWDU VREUH ODV
HVWUDWHJLDV GH DSUHQGL]DMH VH LQFOX\H GHQWUR GH ORV WHPDV GH LQWHUpV SDUD OD GLGiFWLFD GH OD
JHRJUDItDHQSDUWLFXODU\SDUDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHGXFDWLYD\ODSVLFRORJtDGHODHGXFDFLyQHQ
JHQHUDO DO FRPSUREDUVH SRU XQ HVWXGLR ELEOLRJUiILFR TXH HO WHPD GH ODV HVWUDWHJLDV GH
DSUHQGL]DMH VH PDQWLHQH HQXQDVLWXDFLyQ HVWDEOH \ GH HOHYDGD SURGXFWLYLGDG GH DUWtFXORV HQ
ORV~OWLPRVDxRV6DL]%Oi]TXH]/ODPDV$QJHOLQLS
/DVGRVH[SHULHQFLDVTXHSUHVHQWDPRVWLHQHQHQFRP~QODXWLOL]DFLyQGHOIRURGHO*HRIRUR
,EHURDPHULFDQR FRPR LQVWUXPHQWR GLGiFWLFR SDUD ODV FODVHV GH IRUPDFLyQ LQLFLDO GHO
SURIHVRUDGR HQ GRV XQLYHUVLGDGHV GH ODWLWXGHV \ ORQJLWXGHV GLIHUHQWHV VHSDUDGDV SRU HO
$WOiQWLFR 9DOHQFLD \ %RJRWi $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ H[SRQHPRV OD SUiFWLFD GHO DSUHQGL]DMH
DXWyQRPR TXH KDQ UHDOL]DGR ORV DOXPQRV GH XQD FODVH GH OD IDFXOWDG GH 0DJLVWHULR HQ
9DOHQFLDGRQGHVHH[SOLFDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODWDUHDGHDXODUHDOL]DGDFXiOHVKDQVLGRORV
REMHWLYRV GH OD H[SHULHQFLD DOJXQRV GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV \ ODV DSRUWDFLRQHV GH ORV
HVWXGLDQWHV TXH PDQLILHVWDQ OR UHDOL]DGR 6HJXLGDPHQWH VH H[SOLFD OD H[SHULHQFLD GLGiFWLFD
OOHYDGD D FDER SRU HO DOXPQDGR GH OD XQLYHUVLGDG 'LVWULWDO )UDQFLVFR -RVp GH &DOGDV HQ
%RJRWi IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH VH GHVFULEH HO SURFHVR GH XQ LWLQHUDULR GLGiFWLFR FRQ HVWRV
HVWXGLDQWHVUHODFLRQDGRFRQHOiPELWRXUEDQR\ODPRYLOLGDGFX\RVUHVXOWDGRVDSDUHFHQHQOD
PHPRULD GHO HVWXGLR 'H LJXDO IRUPD HVWD H[SHULHQFLD VH IRUWDOHFH FRQ OD YLQFXODFLyQ DO
*HRIRUR\ODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHODOXPQDGRUHDOL]DQGRXQDVtQWHVLVGHOIRUR(QWHUFHUOXJDU
YHUHPRVTXpUHODFLyQVH HVWDEOHFH FRQ ORVLWLQHUDULRV\ORVHQWRUQRVYLUWXDOHVGH DSUHQGL]DMH
SDUDODHQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRJUDItDSDUDILQDOPHQWH\DPRGRGHFRQFOXVLRQHVHVJULPLUDOJXQDV
FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV UHVSHFWR GH OD HQVHxDQ]D DFWLYD HO DSUHQGL]DMH DXWyQRPR \ HO XVR GHO
*HRIRUR FRPR LQVWUXPHQWR GLGiFWLFR SDUD HO iPELWR GH OD HQVHxDQ]D JHRJUiILFD HQ OD
IRUPDFLyQLQLFLDOGHOSURIHVRUDGR
$35(1'(562%5(/$66$/,'$6'(&$0323250(',2'(/*(2)252
(QWHQGHPRVXQIRURHQUHGFRPRDTXHOODSODWDIRUPDWHFQROyJLFDFDSDFLWDGDSDUDJHQHUDUXQ
GHEDWHHQOtQHDGHIRUPDDVLQFUyQLFDVREUHORVPiVYDULDGRVWHPDV(QSDODEUDVGH+DUDVLP
SFRQXQIRURHVWDUtDPRVDQWHODWUDVFULSFLyQDOPDFHQDGDGHODGLVFXVLyQOOHYDGDD
FDER SRU XQ JUXSR HQ XQ IRUPDWR IiFLOPHQWH DFFHVLEOH 7RGDV ODV FRQIHUHQFLDV RIUHFHQ XQD
OLVWD GH PLHPEURV TXH SHUPLWH D ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV GLVFHUQLU TXLpQ KD OHtGR FDGD HQWUDGD GH
PRGRTXHXQRSXHGHVDEHUTXpOXJDURFXSDFDGDPLHPEURHQXQDGLVFXVLyQ$OJXQRVVLVWHPDV
RIUHFHQ KHUUDPLHQWDV PX\ VRILVWLFDGDV GH JHVWLyQ GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ R IXQFLRQHV GH
UHFXSHUDFLyQ GH OD PLVPD GH PDQHUD TXH HO PDWHULDO SXHGH UHRUJDQL]DUVH SDUD UHIOHMDU
GLVWLQWDVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHUHYLVLyQ(QHOFDVRGHO*HRIRURFRQVWLWXLGRRILFLDOPHQWHHQ
VXREMHWLYRSULPRUGLDOFRQVWLWX\HODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDFXOWXUDFUtWLFDTXHSHUPLWDLQWHUSUHWDU
HOPXQGR\IDFLOLWDUTXHRWUDVSHUVRQDVHVSHFLDOPHQWHHVWXGLDQWHVSXHGDQDGRSWDUGHFLVLRQHV
DXWyQRPDVHQHOVHQRGHVXVFRPXQLGDGHVVRFLDOHVFRQULJRU'LVHxDGRHQIRUPDWREORJ EDMR


ODSODWDIRUPD%ORJVSRWGH*RRJOHFRQVWLWX\HXQDKHUUDPLHQWDSRWHQWHSDUDEDMRXQDHQWUDGD
GHEORJLQVHUWDUFRPHQWDULRV\GHEDWLUHQXQDGLVFXVLyQDELHUWD\VLHPSUHHQFRQVWUXFFLyQ
$Vt OD DVLJQDWXUD GH 'LGiFWLFD GH ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV$VSHFWRV $SOLFDGRV GHO JUDGR GH
(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH9DOHQFLDWLHQHHQWUHVXVSULRULGDGHVODFRQVWUXFFLyQ
GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR \ HQVHxDQ]D GH OD JHRJUDItD HVFRODU 'XUDQWH HO FXUVR VH OOHYD
FDERXQDH[SHULHQFLDGHDXODFRQHVWXGLDQWHVFX\DYROXQWDGSULQFLSDOIXHGHVDUUROODUXQD
PHWRGRORJtDHQHODXODGRQGHSUHYDOHFLHVHTXHHODOXPQDGRVHVLQWLHUDSDUWtFLSHGHVXSURSLR
DSUHQGL]DMH FRQ HVWH ILQ VH VRPHWLy D VX HOHFFLyQ GLIHUHQWHV WDUHDV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ ORV
REMHWLYRV\FRPSHWHQFLDVTXHWHQtDQTXHDGTXLULU
6HWUDWDEDGHSUDFWLFDU\FRQRFHUHVWUDWHJLDVUHFXUVRVRLQVWUXPHQWRVGHHYDOXDFLyQSURSLRVGH
ODHQVHxDQ]DJHRJUiILFDHVFRODUODHOHFFLyQGHXQRGHHOORVVXSRQGUtDDVXYH]SDVDUDVHUXQ
FULWHULR GH HYDOXDFLyQ HQ OD DVLJQDWXUD (QWUH ODV WDUHDV SURSXHVWDV UHVHxDV GH DUWtFXORV
YRFDEXODULR FRQFHSWXDO GLVHxR GH XQ LWLQHUDULR GLGiFWLFR VHJXLPLHQWR GH XQ GLDULR R
HODERUDFLyQ GH LQIRUPHV VREUH ORV EORTXHV GH FRQWHQLGRV ORV HVWXGLDQWHV RSWDURQ SRU
SDUWLFLSDU HQ WUHV IRURV GHO *HRIRUR LEHURDPHULFDQR IRURV \ UHODFLRQDGR FRQ FDGD
EORTXH WHPiWLFR GH OD DVLJQDWXUD OR TXH QRV SHUPLWLy UHDOL]DUGLYHUVDV H[SHULHQFLDV GH DXOD
UHODFLRQDGDVFRQHVWDRSFLyQPHWRGROyJLFD&DPSR%HWDO
/D HOHFFLyQ GH HVWD WDUHD SRU ORV HVWXGLDQWHV VLJQLILFDED XQD RSRUWXQLGDG SDUD SRWHQFLDU HO
DSUHQGL]DMH DXWyQRPR OD FRPSHWHQFLD DSUHQGHU D DSUHQGHU \ HO XVR GH ODV WHFQRORJtDV GH
LQIRUPDFLyQ \ FRPXQLFDFLyQ SDUD HVWRV HVWXGLDQWHV GH JUDGR GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD SHUR
WDPELpQ SRU WHQHU TXH SRQHUODV HQ SUiFWLFD DOJR TXH VH SXGR UHDOL]DU HQ XQD WDUHD GH DXOD
FHQWUDGDHQGHVDUUROODUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRVREUHODVVDOLGDVGHFDPSRFRPRHVWUDWHJLDGLGiFWLFD
SHUWLQHQWHGHORVPpWRGRVDFWLYRVSDUDODHQVHxDQ]DJHRJUiILFDPHGLDQWHODSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQHO
IRUR/DVVDOLGDVGHFDPSRDYLVLWDVGHHVWXGLR
(QWUHORVREMHWLYRVGLGiFWLFRVSHUVHJXLGRV\UHODFLRQDGRVFRQODHQVHxDQ]D\DSUHQGL]DMHGHOD
JHRJUDItDSDUDORVHVWXGLDQWHVPHGLDQWHHVWDWDUHDSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUORVVLJXLHQWHV
x &RQRFHUORVDVSHFWRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVHQODSUHSDUDFLyQGHXQDVDOLGDGHFDPSR
x 5HFRQRFHUODLPSRUWDQFLDGHHVWDHVWUDWHJLDDFWLYDSDUDODDGTXLVLFLyQGHFRPSHWHQFLDV
JHRJUiILFDVREVHUYDFLyQGLUHFWD\FRQWUDVWHFRQODUHDOLGDG
x &RPSUHQGHU OD LPSRUWDQFLD GHO SURFHVR GH SUHSDUDFLyQ DQWHV GXUDQWH \ GHVSXpV GH OD
VDOLGD
x 0RVWUDUHOIRURFRPRXQDKHUUDPLHQWD7,&TXHIDFLOLWDODDGTXLVLFLyQGHFRQRFLPLHQWRV
GHODJHRJUDItDHVFRODU
x 5HDOL]DU DFWLYLGDGHV FRODERUDWLYDV LQGLUHFWDV \ HQ UHG SDUD FUHDU XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR
FRPSDUWLGR
x 3UDFWLFDUHODSUHQGL]DMHDXWyQRPR
x 3RVLELOLWDU HO DFFHVR GH QXHYDV IXHQWHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ YHULILFDEOHV \ UHFXUVRV GH
FRQRFLPLHQWRVREUHWHPDVGHHQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRJUDItD
x 3RWHQFLDU XQD FRPXQLFDFLyQ LQWHUSHUVRQDO HQ GLIHUHQWHV GLUHFFLRQHV HVWXGLDQWH
HVWXGLDQWH SURIHVRUSURIHVRU HVWXGLDQWHSURIHVRU GH IRUPD TXH VH IDFLOLWH OD LQWHUDFFLyQ
HQWUHODVSHUVRQDVTXHWLHQHQLQWHUpVHQHOFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRHVFRODU

x (QVHxDU KHUUDPLHQWDV SDUD OD FRODERUDFLyQ \ DSUHQGL]DMH HQ UHG GH FDUiFWHU DELHUWR \
FUtWLFR
x 0RVWUDU HO IRUR FRPR XQ LQVWUXPHQWR R KHUUDPLHQWD GH HYDOXDFLyQ GRQGH HO GRFHQWH
SXHGHFXDQWLILFDUODIRUPD\PRGRGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQXQIHHGEDFNFRQVWDQWH
x &RQVWDWDU\DSUHFLDUFyPRHYROXFLRQDQHQODDGTXLVLFLyQGHFRPSHWHQFLDVUHVSHFWRGHOD
JHRJUDItD OLQJtVWLFD YRFDEXODULR GLVFLSOLQDU H[SUHVLyQ GH ODV RSLQLRQHV SHUVRQDOHV
UD]RQDPLHQWR\DUJXPHQWDFLyQGHVXVYDORUDFLRQHV
$FWLYLGDG 6DOLGDGHFDPSR )RUR
(Q HO DXOD *UXSR FODVH (QWRUQR HVFRODU (Q HO DXOD (QWRUQR HVFRODU 7RPD
&RQRFH ORV REMHWLYRV GH OD VDOLGD \ HQ TXp GHFLVLRQHV VREUH FyPR DSUHQGHU 6H (VWXGLDQWH
FRQVLVWHODUXWD,QWHUYLHQHHQODWDUHDGHLGHDV FXHVWLRQD VREUH FULWHULRV H
SUHYLDV LQVWUXPHQWRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ TXH
TXLHUHSUDFWLFDU
$QWHV
3UHSDUD HO SODQWHDPLHQWR GLGiFWLFR WDUHDV ([SOLFD ODV RSFLRQHV GH FULWHULRV D
PDWHULDOHV\UHFXUVRV([SRQHORVFRQFHSWRV\ HOHJLU ORV REMHWLYRV ODV WDUHDV TXH 3URIHVRU
HO SUREOHPD D WUDEDMDU HO LWLQHUDULR \ FRQOOHYD\HQTXpFRQVLVWHHO*HRIRUR
SURJUDPDDVHJXLUSRUHODOXPQDGR 0XHVWUDHOIRURHGXFDWLYR
(QHOPHGLRDPELHQWH3DUWLFLSDUDFWLYDPHQWH (Q HO HQWRUQR YLUWXDO /HH HO

HQ XQ HQWRUQR \ HVSDFLR GLVWLQWR DO HVFRODU GRFXPHQWR &RQWUDVWD VXV LGHDV FRQ (VWXGLDQWH
5HDOL]D HO FRQWUDVWH GH ODV GH RWUDV SHUVRQDV &RPSRQH VXV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV PHGLDQWH OD REVHUYDFLyQ FRPHQWDULRV &RPSDUWH VXV GXGDV \
GLUHFWDGHOPHGLR QXHYDVKLSyWHVLVHQFODVH
'XUDQWH
'HVDUUROOR GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV TXH IDFLOLWDQ HO $FODUD GXGDV &RPHQWD ODV
FRQWUDVWH GH FRQFHSWRV PHGLDQWH OD SDUWLFLSDFLRQHVHQHO*HRIRUR$OLHQWD 3URIHVRU
REVHUYDFLyQ\HODQiOLVLV D ODV SDUWLFLSDFLRQHV GHVGH ODV
HPRFLRQHV\H[SHULHQFLDVSHUVRQDOHV
(Q HO DXOD &RPSUXHED VXV QXHYRV (Q HO DXOD \ HQ HO HQWRUQR YLUWXDO
FRQRFLPLHQWRV VREUH HO SUREOHPD HVFRODU HQ 7LHQH XQD UHIHUHQFLD SDUD FRPSUREDU (VWXGLDQWH
ORVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHHYDOXDFLyQSURSXHVWRV \ UHIOH[LRQDU VREUH ORV FRQFHSWRV
HODERUDGRV \ DGTXLULGRV (ODERUD XQD
VtQWHVLVVREUHHOWHPDWUDWDGR
'HVSXpV
(YDOXDFLyQ\UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ5HYLVLyQGH 3RVLELOLWD XQD SUXHED HVFULWD VREUH 3URIHVRU
ORVWUDEDMRV\DFWLYLGDGHVSURSXHVWDV DOJXQD SUHJXQWD GHULYDGD GHO IRUR
WUDWDGR (VWDEOHFH XQD U~EULFD GH
HYDOXDFLyQEDVDGDHQODWDUHDIRUR
7DEOD&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVDFWLYDVGHODWDUHDVDOLGDGHFDPSR\IRUR)XHQWHHODERUDFLyQSURSLD
(QODDQWHULRUWDEODVLJXLHQGRHOPRGHORGH,%X]RSSSRGHPRVREVHUYDU

XQD FRPSDUDFLyQ HQWUH ORV PRPHQWRV \ DFFLRQHV TXH VH VXFHGHQ FRQ XQD WDUHD GH VDOLGD GH
FDPSR\ORVTXHVHSURGXFHQPHGLDQWHODWDUHDGHOIRURTXHUHDOL]DURQORVHVWXGLDQWHV\GH


TXp IRUPD ORV REMHWLYRV GHOLPLWDQ ORV SURFHVRV GLGiFWLFRV 'HVWDFDU TXH ODV DFFLRQHV \
PRPHQWRV YLHQHQ SUHFHGLGDV GH ODV GHFLVLRQHV GRFHQWHV HO SURIHVRUDGR HV TXLHQ HOLJH \
DSXHVWDSRUXQHVWLORGRFHQWHTXHFDUDFWHUL]DVXODERU$VtGHFLGHVLFRQWLQXDUiSHUWUHFKDGR
HQHOHVSDFLRGHODXODRWHQGUiDOWHUQDWLYDVHQRWURVHVSDFLRVSDUDGHVDUUROODUVXODERUVLFUHH
QHFHVDULRIRPHQWDUHODSUHQGL]DMHDXWyQRPRRSUHILHUHODH[SRVLFLyQGHODPDWHULDVLORTXH
SUHWHQGH HV FRQWLQXDU FRQ OD FXOWXUD WUDGLFLRQDO GRFHQWH GHVDUUROODU ODV FDSDFLGDGHV R OD
DXWRQRPtDVRFLDOLQWHOHFWXDOGHVXDOXPQDGR(QGHILQLWLYDGHFLGHTXpSURIHVRUGHJHRJUDItD
TXLHUHVHU\TXpHVWLOR\PRGHORTXLHUHDGRSWDU
/D LPSRUWDQFLD GH ODV PHWRGRORJtDV DFWLYDV HQ HO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D DSUHQGL]DMH \ OD
DSRUWDFLyQDODGLGiFWLFDGHODJHRJUDItDTXHVXSRQHHOXVRGHODV7,&HQODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD
JHRJUDItD VH KD LGR SRVWXODQGR FRPR XQ HOHPHQWR LPSRUWDQWH H LQQRYDGRU /DDQWHULRU WDEOD
QRV PXHVWUD TXp DFWXDFLRQHV \ SRVLELOLGDGHV GLGiFWLFDV VH SURGXFHQ SRU SDUWH GH ORV
HVWXGLDQWHV \ HO SURIHVRUDGR (Q HO FDVR GHO IRUR VH WUDWD GH XQ SURFHVR DELHUWR D OD
FRQILJXUDFLyQGHQXHYDVWDUHDVFRPRVXFHGHHQODFODVHLQYHUWLGDRflipped classroom GRQGH
ODDGTXLVLFLyQGHFRQWHQLGRVODUHDOL]DHOHVWXGLDQWHIXHUDGHODVKRUDVGHDXODSRUPHGLRGHO
PDWHULDO TXH OH SURSRUFLRQD HQ OD UHG HO SURIHVRUDGR GH HVWD PDQHUD HO GRFHQWH SXHGH
LPSOHPHQWDU\SURSRQHUDFWLYLGDGHVSUiFWLFDV$OJRVLPLODUDORTXHVHSURGXFHFRQODWDUHD
GHOIRURHOHVWXGLDQWHFRQRFHHOWHPDSRUPHGLRGHXQGRFXPHQWR\ORVFRPHQWDULRVVREUHHO
PLVPR TXH YDQ UHDOL]DQGR ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV HO SURIHVRU SXHGH SRVWHULRUPHQWH LQFLGLU HQ OD
SUiFWLFDRHQLQJUHVDUQXHYRVFRQRFLPLHQWRVTXHOHSDUH]FDQDGHFXDGRVSDUDODIRUPDFLyQGHO
DOXPQDGR
/DV SDUWLFLSDFLRQHV TXH UHDOL]DURQ ORV HVWXGLDQWHV HQ HO IRUR VREUH ODV VDOLGDV GH FDPSR
DSRUWDURQ VREUH WRGR XQD YLVLyQ SHUVRQDO H[SUHVDEDQ OR TXH OHV SDUHFtD LPSRUWDQWH GH ODV
VDOLGDV GH FDPSR FRPR HVWUDWHJLD \ VH KDFtDQ HFR GH QXHYRV FRQFHSWRV H LGHDV 'H ODV
QDUUDWLYDVFRQWUDVWHVSUHJXQWDV\DFODUDFLRQHVTXHVXVFLWDURQHVWDWDUHDWDQWRHQHOIRURFRPR
GHVSXpV HQ ODV WXWRUtDV \ HQ HO DXOD VH FRQFOX\HURQ DOJXQRV DVSHFWRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV
UHODFLRQDGRVFRQORVSUREOHPDV\YHQWDMDVTXHDODOXPQDGROHVSDUHFtDQPiVVLJQLILFDWLYRVHQ
OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH ODV VDOLGDV GH FDPSR FRPR HVWUDWHJLD GLGiFWLFD SDUD OD HQVHxDQ]D \
DSUHQGL]DMHGHODJHRJUDItD
(QODVLJXLHQWHWDEODVHSXHGHFRPSUREDUORVDVSHFWRVFHQWUDOHVTXHFRQGXFHQHOGHEDWH/RV
DVSHFWRV WUDWDGRV VH DJUXSDQ HQ WUHV DFHUFD GH ORV SUREOHPDV TXH OHV VXVFLWDQ LQWHUpV
DOUHGHGRUGHODVYHQWDMDVTXHSDUDHOORVRIUHFHODVVDOLGDVGHFDPSR\HQWRUQRDODV QXHYDV
SUHJXQWDV TXH VH KDFtDQ ORV HVWXGLDQWHV FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH UHIOH[LRQDU R SURPRYHU QXHYRV
GHEDWHV

3UREOHPDVTXHVXVFLWDQGHEDWH
3ODQWHDPLHQWRGHODVDOLGDGHFDPSRFRPRXQDH[FXUVLyQ
(QWHQGHUODFRPRDFWLYLGDGO~GLFDVLQSODQWHDPLHQWRQLGLVHxRGLGiFWLFR
5HODFLRQDUORVSUREOHPDVFRQODSUiFWLFDHVFRODU\RGHFODVH
2EVWiFXORVHVFRODUHVSDUDVXUHDOL]DFLyQGLILFXOWDGHVVRFLRHFRQyPLFDVGHODOXPQDGR
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGFXVWRGLDGHODOXPQDGRDXWRUL]DFLRQHV
1HFHVLGDGGHRWURVPDHVWURVDV\RSDGUHVSDUDODVDOLGD
7LHPSRGHSUHSDUDFLyQ\GLVHxRODDFWLYLGDG
7LHQHTXHHVWDULQVHUWDHQXQD8QLGDG'LGiFWLFD


9HQWDMDVTXHRIUHFHODVVDOLGDVGHFDPSR
([SHULHQFLDIXHUDGHODXODDODLUHOLEUH
6HSXHGHQWUDWDUFRQWHQLGRVSUHYLRVWUDEDMDGRVHQFODVH
,GHQWLILFDUREMHWLYRVGHODVDOLGDFRQHODOXPQDGR
5HODFLRQDODVYHQWDMDVFRQODSUiFWLFDHVFRODU\RGHFODVH
(VSDFLRVGLGiFWLFRVSDUDXQDIRUPDFLyQFRPSOHPHQWDULDHLQWHJUDO
0HMRUDUFDSDFLGDGGHREVHUYDFLyQ\FRQWUDVWH
(VFXFKDUSHUVRQDVHVSHFLDOL]DGDVHQORVDVXQWRVDWUDWDUDJULFXOWRUHVFDUSLQWHURV
0HMRUDODLQWHUDFFLyQFRQODFODVHPRWLYDFLyQH[SHFWDWLYDSRUODVDOLGD
7UDEDMDULQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUPHQWH
$OJXQDVFXHVWLRQHVTXHORVHVWXGLDQWHVVHUHSODQWHDQHQHOIRUR
4Xp VXSRQH SDUD HO GRFHQWH SODQLILFDU XQD VDOLGD GH FDPSR" &RQ TXp ILQDOLGDG VH
OOHYDDFDER"VXSRQHUHDOPHQWHXQDDFWLYLGDG~WLO\RSURYHFKRVDSDUDHODOXPQDGR"
+XELHUDVLGR SRVLEOHHVWHFDPELR GH YLVLyQ KDFLD QXHVWURV SDLVDMHV VLQODVVDOLGDVGH
FDPSR"
4Xp UHVXOWD PiV DWUDFWLYR" 8QD FODVH GHQWUR GHO DXOD FRQ HO PDHVWUR \ HO OLEUR GH
WH[WRFRPR%LEOLDRXQDVDOLGDFRQWXVFRPSDxHURVDXQOXJDUGHLQWHUpV"
$ OR ODUJR GH QXHVWUD HVFRODUL]DFLyQ FRPR GLVFHQWHV KHPRV SRGLGR DVLVWLU D GLVWLQWDV
VDOLGDV GH FDPSR SRGHPRV UHFRUGDU GRQGH IXLPRV TXH KLFLPRV SHUR UHDOPHQWH
HQWHQGLPRV SRU TXp HVWiEDPRV DOOt \ QR HQ RWUR OXJDU" 1RV VLUYLy SRVWHULRUPHQWH
DTXHOORTXHDSUHQGLPRVGXUDQWHHVDYLVLWD"1RVDFRUGDPRVVLTXLHUD"
3RUTXpWHQHPRVPLHGRDVDFDUORVGHODVFXDWURSDUHGHVGHODXOD"GLJR\R1RHVPiV
HQULTXHFHGRUVHQWLUYHUWRFDUTXHDQDOL]DUODVLPiJHQHVGHXQOLEUR"
6DFDPRVHOPD\RUUHQGLPLHQWRSRVLEOHDHVWDVVDOLGDV"
&XiQWDVYHFHVKHPRVHVFXFKDGRDORVSDGUHV\PDGUHVGHORVQLxRVDVSUHJXQWDUOHVVL
VHORKDQSDVDGRELHQHQODVH[FXUVLRQHV"4XLpQQRKDSHUFLELGRDORODUJRGHVXYLGD
DFDGpPLFDODVVDOLGDVGHFDPSRFyPRXQDYtDGHHVFDSHDODUXWLQD"
7DEOD7HPDV\SUHJXQWDVTXHDSDUHFHQDSDUWLUGHODWDUHDGHOIRUR)XHQWHHODERUDFLyQSURSLD

8QDPXHVWUDGHFyPRVHSURGXFHHVWHSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMHDWUDYpVGHODWDUHDUHDOL]DGDD
SDUWLUGHOIRURDSDUHFHHQHOLQWHUFDPELRGHSUHJXQWDVRSLQLRQHV\UHVSXHVWDVTXHXQIRUR
DVLQFUyQLFRSHUPLWHFRPRKHPRVVHxDODGR(VWRVFRPHQWDULRV\SDUWLFLSDFLRQHVTXHUHDOL]DQ
HODXWRUGHOGRFXPHQWRGHOIRURFRQORVHVWXGLDQWHV\GHORVHVWXGLDQWHVHQWUHHOORVSRQHQGH
UHOLHYH HO GLDORJR DELHUWR \ FRQWLQXR DOJR TXH RFDVLRQD RSRUWXQLGDGHV SDUD UHODQ]DU QXHYDV
FXHVWLRQHVRDFODUDFLRQHV
$FRQWLQXDFLyQH[SRQHPRVORVWLSRVGHLQWHUYHQFLRQHVTXHVHSURGXFHQ8QWLSREDVDGRHQHO
LQWHUFDPELRHQWUHHVWXGLDQWH\DXWRUGHOIRURRWURGRQGHXQHVWXGLDQWHKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDORV
FRPHQWDULRVGHRWURHVWXGLDQWH\ILQDOPHQWHDTXHOORVTXHH[SUHVDQVXRSLQLyQSHUVRQDOVREUH
HO WHPD /RV VLJXLHQWHV WUHV H[WUDFWRV GH SDUWLFLSDFLRQHV HQ HO IRUR SRQHQ GH UHOLHYH HVWH
GLDORJRFUX]DGR\DELHUWR
/RV HVWXGLDQWHV LQWHUSHODQ \ KDFHQ FRQWLQXDV UHIHUHQFLDV D ODV LGHDV H[SUHVDGDV HQ HO
GRFXPHQWR\SRUWDQWRDODXWRUGHGLFKRGRFXPHQWR/DSURSLDIXQFLRQDOLGDG\REMHWLYRVGHO
IRURKDFHQTXHVHSURGX]FDQODVFRQWHVWDFLRQHV\DFODUDFLRQHVRSRUWXQDVHQWUHDPERV(QHVWH


SULPHU H[WUDFWR VH REVHUYD LQWHUFDPELR GH RSLQLRQHV \ DFODUDFLRQHV UHVSHFWR D OD
LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULGDGHQWUHXQDOXPQRGH9DOHQFLD\HODXWRUGHOGRFXPHQWRGHOIRUR
(ODOXPQRHQVXLQWHUYHQFLyQHQHOIRURFRPHQWD
......Como indica......las salidas son una buensima estrategia didctica que es
aplicable a cualquier rama de la Geografa, pero voy ms all, por qu tan solo
cerrarnos a la Geografa?, Por qu no hacer salidas con los alumnos en las que se
puedan relacionar conceptos de ms de una asignatura?
(ODXWRUGHOGRFXPHQWRGHOIRUROHUHVSRQGH
.. La misma amplitud de las Ciencias Sociales permite realizar una mirada
multidisciplinar sobre un mismo espacio, y ms an cuando realizamos una salida
de campo. Pero tambin es cierto que hay que seleccionar unos contenidos, si bien
las emociones que despierten otros temas no previstos por el docente en una salida,
son muy importantes y despiertan el conocimiento a partir de las representaciones
sociales.
/RV HVWXGLDQWHV UHIXHU]DQ VXV SXQWRV YLVWD \ DUJXPHQWRV VLUYLHQGRVH GH ORV FRPHQWDULRV
H[SUHVDGRVSRURWURVFRPSDxHURVHQDOJXQDVRFDVLRQHVVLJQLILFDDSXQWDODUXQDLGHDH[SUHVDGD
DQWHULRUPHQWH R SXHGH WUDWDUVH GH TXH HO DQWHULRU FRPHQWDULR OH KD\D VXJHULGR R UHFRUGDGR
DOJXQD LGHD VREUH HO WHPD (Q HVWH VHJXQGR H[WUDFWR H[SRQHPRV HMHPSORV GRQGH ORV
HVWXGLDQWHVVHWRPDQORVFRPHQWDULRVGHRWURHVWXGLDQWHSDUDUHDILUPDUVXSRVLFLyQ
(VWXGLDQWHUHIHUHQFLDGR
...como alumnos de Magisterio, no hemos podido tratar el tema de las salidas de
campo durante nuestra formacin y tal vez sea una de las mejoras que debera
hacerse en el grado....
(VWXGLDQWHTXHUHIHUHQFLDQ
.......Apoyando un poco el comentario de ....,nosotros en cuatro aos de carrera no
hemos realizado ninguna salida de campo...
......Comparto la opinin con mis compaeros de que para realizar un buen trabajo
de campo, previamente tenemos que .......
< ILQDOPHQWH OD PD\RUtD H[SUHVD VXV RSLQRQHV SHUVRQDOHV VREUH HO WHPD SURSXHVWR GHVGH
GLIHUHQWHVSODWDIRUPDVGHSHQVDPLHQWRHLQFLGLHQGRHQDVSHFWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOFRQFHSWR
SRVLELOLGDGHV GHVDUUROOR GH OD HVWUDWHJLD GLGiFWLFD PLHQWUDV RWURV HVWDEOHFHQ UHODFLRQHV GH
IXQFLRQDOLGDG \ FRKHUHQFLD HQWUH ODV LQWHQFLRQHV FXUULFXODUHV \ OD SODWDIRUPD GH SHQDPLHQWR
TXH SRVWXODQ FRPR IXWXUR GRFHQWH 2EVHUYDPRV HQ ORV VLJXLHQWHV H[WUDFWRV ODV RSLQLRQHV
SHUVRQDOHVGHGRVHVWXGLDQWHV
8QDGHFDUiFWHUJHQHUDO

/DVSDUWLFLSDFLRQHVGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVVHHQFXHQWUDQHQHOIRURGHO*HRIRUR,EHURDPHULFDQRVREUHHGXFDFLyQJHRJUDItD\
VRFLHGDGKWWSJHRIRURIRUREORJVSRWFRPHVIRURODVVDOLGDVGHFDPSRDYLVLWDVKWPO


.....como futuros docentes, debemos potenciar y fomentar el buen uso de la palabra
salida, como un aprendizaje diferente pero al mismo tiempo igual de importante al
que trabajamos en clase. Debemos ser capaces de desarrollar, fomentar y potenciar
actividades que aporten un significado coherente y explicito al alumnado para que
estos sean capaces de ordenar, crear y materializar aquello que han aprendido.
<RWUDGHFDUiFWHUVRFLRFUtWLFR\FXUULFXODU
considero que todas y todos deberamos contribuir a que se realicen en mayor
frecuencia las salidas de campo, y es que bajo mi punto de vista, estas actividades
realizadas fuera del aula, que cumplen con uno de los objetivos presentes en la ley
educativa (conocer y valorar su entorno natural, social y cultural, as como las
posibilidades de accin y cuidado del mismo) poseen un valor incalculable a la
hora de conseguir aprendizajes significativos y de formar ciudadanos responsables y
crticos.
,7,1(5$5,26 85%$126 ('8&$7,926 < 686 5(/$&,21(6 &21 (/

*(2)252,%(52$0(5,&$12
(QHVWHDSDUWDGRSUHVHQWDPRVDOJXQRVDYDQFHVVREUHHOSURFHVRPiVUHFLHQWHGHGHVDUUROORGH
LWLQHUDULRV XUEDQRV FRQ XQ HQIRTXH HGXFDWLYR EDMR OD PRGDOLGDG GHQRPLQDGD
&LFOR 6DOLGD (GXFDWLYD &6( \ VX UHODFLyQ FRQ ORV DQiOLVLV GHO IRUR VREUH OD VDOLGD GH
FDPSR(QODPRGDOLGDGPHQFLRQDGDVHSULYLOHJLDQORVVXMHWRVTXHSDUWLFLSDQHQODHVFXHOD
SHUR D OD FXDO WDPELpQ VH SXHGHQ YLQFXODU RWURV DFWRUHV GLVWLQWRV D HOOD 3RU VX SDUWH OD
SDUWLFLSDFLyQGHODOXPQDGRHQHOIRURDSRUWDHOHPHQWRVFRQFHSWXDOHVTXHVHDSOLFDQHQOD
OHFWXUD GHO HQWRUQR GH ODV FLFOR UXWDV FRPR REMHWR GH HVWXGLR \ HQ OD UHIOH[LyQ GH GLYHUVDV
GLQiPLFDVVRFLRXUEDQDVTXHHQHOODVVHSURGXFHQ
(Q WDO VHQWLGR OD &6( VH SODQWHD FRPR XQD SURSXHVWD GH IRUPDFLyQ GRFHQWH \ FLXGDGDQD
DSURYHFKDQGR OD ELFLFOHWD FRPR SUHWH[WR HQ XQ PDUFR GH PRYLOLGDG DOWHUQDWLYD \ DPLJDEOH
FRQHODPELHQWHTXHDVXYH]OHSHUPLWHDOVXMHWRHVWDEOHFHURWUDVUHODFLRQHVVRFLRHVSDFLDOHV
FRQODVHVIHUDVXUEDQDVFRQODVTXHLQWHUDFW~DKDELWXDOXRFDVLRQDOPHQWH
(V LPSRUWDQWH VHxDODU TXH OD FRQVROLGDFLyQ GH HVWH WLSR GH LWLQHUDULRV UHVXOWD GH FRPSDUWLU
LGHDVH[SHULHQFLDVSHUVRQDOHV\RJUXSDOHVE~VTXHGDVGRFXPHQWDOHVDQiOLVLVGHODVPLVPDV\
UHIOH[LyQ GH ORV KDOOD]JRV SDUWLFXODUPHQWH FRQ ORV HVWXGLDQWHV TXH FRQIRUPDQ HO grupo de
estudio Itinerantes GHOD/LFHQFLDWXUDHQ(GXFDFLyQ%iVLFDFRQpQIDVLVHQFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVGH
OD8QLYHUVLGDG'LVWULWDO)UDQFLVFR-RVpGH&DOGDV%RJRWi&RORPELD
6H FRQVLGHUD OD &6( XQD SRVLELOLGDG GH LWLQHUDULR GLGiFWLFR \D TXH LPSOLFD SRU XQD SDUWH
KDFHU HQVHxDEOH OD FLXGDG \R IUDJPHQWRV GH HOOD FRPR XQ HMH GH LQWHUpV GH OD HGXFDFLyQ
JHRJUiILFD\SRURWUDODUHIOH[LyQSHGDJyJLFDTXHLPSOLFDDORVUHVSRQVDEOHVVXSODQHDFLyQ\
HMHFXFLyQ\DORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVVXGLVSRVLFLyQHQHOODFRPRVXMHWRVGHDSUHQGL]DMH$VtOD&6(
EXVFD DFHUFDU D DOXPQRV \ SURIHVRUHV D SUREOHPiWLFDV FRPR PRYLOLGDG IXQFLRQDOLGDG
VHPLyWLFDDPELHQWHXUEDQRFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVFLXGDGDQRVHQORVFXDOHVHOXVRGHODELFLFOHWD
VXSHUD OD FRQGLFLyQ GH VHU VROR XQ PHGLR GH WUDQVSRUWH SDUD FRQYHUWLUVH HQ YHKtFXOR GH
SHQVDPLHQWR\DFFLyQVREUHHOKDELWDUODFLXGDGHQSDODEUDVGH+HLGHJJHUSS
$Vt OD &6( HV XQD IRUPD GH DFHUFDPLHQWR D OD FLXGDG \ SHQVDU OD FLXGDGDQtD GHVGH XQD
SHUVSHFWLYD PiV FRQVFLHQWH \ SDUWLFLSDWLYD FX\R GLVHxR DSURYHFKD HO VLVWHPD GH FLFOR UXWDV
DFWXDOGH%RJRWiTXHHQ(VSDxDFRUUHVSRQGHDOFDUULOELFLDOJXQDVGHODVFXDOHVKDQVLGR


WHPDWL]DGDV GH DFXHUGR D FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV FHQWUDOHVLGHQWLILFDGDVHQ HOODV DSDUWLUGHSURFHVRV
GH REVHUYDFLyQ VLVWHPiWLFR FRQYLUWLHQGR OD FLFOR UXWD HQ XQ WH[WR TXH Gp RWUR VHQWLGR DO
HMHUFLFLRFLXGDGDQRGHOVXMHWRHVFRODU
(O GLVHxR PHQFLRQDGR GH ODV &6( FRUUHVSRQGH D XQD HVWUXFWXUD IOH[LEOH TXH VH DMXVWD
IiFLOPHQWHDODSODQHDFLyQTXHVHHVWDEOH]FDHQFDGDXQDFX\RVHMHVFHQWUDOHVFRUUHVSRQGHD
ORVREMHWLYRVGHVFULSFLyQ\PRPHQWRVGHOSURFHVR$VtORVREMHWLYRVVRQWUDQVYHUVDOHVDWRGR
HOSURFHVRTXHVHSUHWHQGHOOHYDUDFDERFRQFDGDXQDGHODV&6(/RVREMHWLYRVJHQHUDOHVSRU
XQD SDUWH EXVFDQ UHDOL]DU RWURV DFHUFDPLHQWRV D OD FLXGDG D SDUWLU GHO XVR GH OD ELFLFOHWD
GHVDUUROODU GLIHUHQWHV QLYHOHV GH DSURSLDFLyQ SRU PHGLR GH VX XVR \ SHQVDU OD FLXGDG GHVGH
RWUDV SHUVSHFWLYDV D SDUWLU GH ORV UHFRUULGRV UHDOL]DGRV FRQ ORV XVXDULRV 3RU RWUD SDUWH ORV
REMHWLYRV HVSHFtILFRV SUHWHQGHQ UHFRQRFHU HO FDUULO ELFL FRPR WH[WR GH DSUHQGL]DMH \
UHFRQRFLPLHQWR XUEDQR UHIOH[LRQDU VREUH HO XVR GH OD ELFLFOHWD FRPR XQD IRUPD GH
FRQRFLPLHQWR\DSUHQGHUGHFRQ\HQODFLXGDGGHVGHODVH[SHULHQFLDVGHORVXVXDULRVGHOD
ELFLFOHWD
(Q HVWH SXQWR OD UHYLVLyQ GHO IRUR SRU SDUWH GHO DOXPQDGR SDUWLFLSDQWH HQ OD &6( HV
LPSRUWDQWH\DTXHSHUPLWHUHFRQRFHUFRQFHSFLRQHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVIRUPDV\WHQGHQFLDVVREUH
ODVDOLGDGHFDPSRTXHVHDSOLFDQGHXQDPDQHUDUHQRYDGDDXQDQXHYDYHUVLyQGHODPLVPD
'H LJXDO PDQHUD SHUPLWH DSURYHFKDU UHIHUHQWHV SHQVDGRV HQ GLIHUHQWHV HVFDODV UHJLRQDOHV
SDUDUHIOH[LRQDUVREUHHOXVRHGXFDWLYRGHODELFLFOHWDSRUPHGLRGHODFLFORVDOLGD
(QFXDQWR DODGHVFULSFLyQGHOSURFHVRHVWDKDFHUHIHUHQFLDFRPRVXQRPEUHOR LQGLFD DOD
GHVFULSFLyQ GHWDOODGD GH FDGD &6( LQFOX\HQGR HO LWLQHUDULR D GHVDUUROODU \ ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV
FRQ ORV TXH VH HVSHUD LQWHUDFWXDU 3RU RWUD SDUWH VH FRQVLGHUDQ WUHV PRPHQWRV SDUD OD
HMHFXFLyQ GH HVWRV LWLQHUDULRV HO preparatorio UHIHULGR DO GLVHxR HVSHFtILFR GH OD &6( SRU
SDUWH GHO JUXSR GH HVWXGLR FRQ ORV UHFRUULGRV WLHPSRV GH UHDOL]DFLyQ D KRUDV
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH HOHPHQWRV GH XVRV RSFLRQDO \ REOLJDWRULR SDUDGDV HVWUDWpJLFDV
H[SOLFDFLRQHV\SRVLEOHVDFWRUHVVRFLDOHVTXHVHSXHGHQYLQFXODUDOSURFHVR(O PRPHQWRGH
desarrollo FRUUHVSRQGH D OD UHDOL]DFLyQ SURSLDPHQWH GLFKD GH OD &6( TXH LQFOX\H OD
SUHVHQWDFLyQGHOLWLQHUDULRSUHSDUDFLyQItVLFDFRQHOHVWLUDPLHQWRH[SOLFDFLRQHVHQODVSDUDGDV
HVWUDWpJLFDV \RSDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ OD H[SOLFDFLyQ GH DFWRUHV VRFLDOHV TXH KDELWDQ OD FLFOR UXWD
UHJLVWURGHLQIRUPDFLyQSRUSDUWHGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHV\PRPHQWRVSDUDKLGUDWDFLyQUHIULJHULR
\DOPXHU]R)LQDOPHQWHHOPRPHQWRGHcierre HQHOFXDOVHOOHYDDFDERODSXHVWDHQFRP~Q
GHOHMHUFLFLR\ODVUHIOH[LRQHVUHVSHFWLYDVSODQWHDGDVSRUORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQHVWHSURFHVR
3RUVXSDUWHODWHPDWL]DFLyQGHODV&6(HVXQHMHUFLFLRTXHUHDOL]DHOJUXSRGHHVWXGLRHQXQ
LQWHQWR GH IRUPDOL]DU VXV SHUFHSFLRQHV \ YLYHQFLDV FRQ DOJXQDV FLFOR UXWDV TXH VRQ GH XVR
IUHFXHQWH HQ VXV UHFRUULGRV GLDULRV (VWRV HOHPHQWRV VH SRQHQ HQ GLiORJR FRQ OD FDUWRJUDItD
RILFLDO GHO VLVWHPD GH FLFORUXWDV GH %RJRWi SDUD GHILQLU DOJXQDV IRUPDV RUJDQL]DWLYDV SDUD
SRVLEOHV LWLQHUDULRV FRPR VH PXHVWUD HQ OD WDEOD TXH LQWHQWDQ UHIOHMDU H[SHULHQFLDV
VLJQLILFDWLYDVGHORVPLHPEURVGHOJUXSR\VHUFDSWXUDGDVFRQODGHILQLFLyQGHWRSRQLPLDV
TXHUHFRMDQHOVHQWLGR\VLJQLILFDGRGHODVPLVPDV


7HPiWLFD &LFORUXWDVFLXGDGGH%RJRWi

3RUWDO$PpULFDVD&HQWURFRPHUFLDO+D\XHORV
7HUULWRULRVGHOPLHGR
%LEOLRWHFD7LQWDOD+XPHGDO-XDQ$PDULOOR
7HUULWRULRVSROLIXQFLRQDOHVSROLYDOHQWHV &DOOHDFDOOHVREUHODFDUUHUD
&LFORUXWDWUDEDMDGRUD %RVD.HQQHG\)RQWLEyQ
&LFORUXWDWXUtVWLFD &DOOHDFDOOH
&LFORUXWDHVWXGLDQWLO &DOOHDFDOOHLQFOX\HQGROD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO

+XPHGDO-XDQ$PDULOOR3DUTXHGHORVQRYLRV-DUGtQ
&LFORUXWDDPELHQWDO
%RWiQLFR3DUTXH6LPyQ%ROtYDU%LEOLRWHFD9LUJLOLR%DUFR
&LFORUXWDDQWLFLXGDGDQD &DOOHGHVGH6DQ9LFWRULQRKDVWDODFDOOH
7DEOD,WLQHUDULRVXUEDQRVSURSXHVWRV)XHQWHHODERUDFLyQSURSLD

/D LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH ODV &6( SHUPLWH UHFRQRFHU OD FLFOR UXWD QR VyOR FRPR VLVWHPD
DOWHUQDWLYR SDUD OD PRYLOLGDG VLQR FRPR XQD IXHQWH GH LQIRUPDFLyQ IOXMRV GH SHUVRQDV
ELHQHV VHUYLFLRV H LGHDV HQ OD TXH FRQYHUJHQ DFWRUHV FRQ UROHV VRFLDOHV GLIHUHQFLDGRV TXH
PXHVWUDQ IRUPDV GLVWLQWDV GH UHODFLyQ FRQ OD FLXGDG HQ XQD YLYHQFLD TXH PXHVWUD XQ YDORU
VXEMHWLYRGHOOXJDUTXHYDPiVDOOiGHODFRQGLFLyQGHVHUXVXDULRVGHODFLXGDG
$Vt FRPR DILUPD 5LYDV VI SS OD IRUPDFLyQ GHO ELFLXVXDULR VH PXHYH HQ OD WHQVLyQ
HQWUHDTXHOORVTXHQRKDQVXSHUDGRHODSUHQGL]DMHGHKDELOLGDGHVSDUDGRPLQDUODELFLFOHWD\
DTXHOORTXHGHVDUUROODQFLHUWRVQLYHOHVGHDSURSLDFLyQFRQODFLXGDGDSDUWLUXQDUHODFLyQPiV
FRQVFLHQWHFRQORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVTXHVHUHDOL]DQHQODFLFORUXWDSRUHOORHVWDQLPSRUWDQWH
FRQRFHU \ DSOLFDU ODV QRUPDV FRPR OD DFWLWXG TXH VH DVXPH DO UHFRUUHU OD FDOOH FRPR ELFL
XVXDULRKDELWXDO\RFDVLRQDO
(OSURFHVRDQWHULRUVHYLQFXODFRPRVHPHQFLRQDFRQDTXHOORVIRURVGHGLFDGRVDODWHPiWLFD
GHODVDOLGDGHFDPSR\RUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOHQWRUQRORVFXDOHVVHFRQYLHUWHQHQIXHQWHGH
FRQVXOWD\UHIHUHQWHGHDSOLFDFLyQHQOD&6(SDUDSUHSDUDUHOGHVDUUROORGHODPLVPD$HVWRVH
VXPDODYLQFXODFLyQGHGHEDWHVDOLPHQWDGRVSRUORVFRPHQWDULRVLQGLYLGXDOHV\RJUXSDOHVGH
ORV DOXPQRV HQ ORV HVSDFLRV DFDGpPLFRV GH OD OLFHQFLDWXUD HQ OD TXH IRURV VRQ REMHWR GH
DQiOLVLV
2WUD IRUPD HQ OD TXH VH DUWLFXOD OD &6( \ OD FLUFXODFLyQ GH FRQRFLPLHQWR D QLYHO YLUWXDO
UHVXOWDFRQ OD FRQVWLWXFLyQGHXQIRURH[WUDRUGLQDULR FRPR DILUPDQ&DPSRHW DOSS
DSDUWLUGHODHODERUDFLyQGHXQEDODQFHVtQWHVLVGHDOJXQRVGHORVIRURVSUHVHQWHVHQHO
VLWLR ZHE GHO *HRIRUR ,EHURDPHULFDQR GH HGXFDFLyQ JHRJUDItD \VRFLHGDG FX\D SURGXFFLyQ
SRU SDUWH GH XQ QXHYR JUXSR GH HVWXGLDQWHV TXH SDUWLFLSDQ HQ OD GLVFXVLyQ GHVGH VXV
FRQFHSFLRQHV VREUH GLGiFWLFD GH ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV KLVWRULD \ JHRJUDItD DSRUWD RWURV
UHIHUHQWHVFRQFHSWXDOHVSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHOD&6(


9(17$-$6,1&219(1,(17(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
$GHPiVGHODVHYLGHQWHVYHQWDMDVFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDHGXFDWLYD\GHDSUHQGL]DMHDXWyQRPR\
FRODERUDWLYR TXH RIUHFH HO *HRIRUR GHEHPRV KDFHU XQ PD\RU DQiOLVLV TXH QRV SHUPLWD
PHMRUDUODSURSLDKHUUDPLHQWD3DUDHOORFRQVLGHUDPRVTXpQRVGLFHQVREUHFyPRUHDOL]DQODV
DSRUWDFLRQHVLQWHUSUHWDPRVODVQDUUDWLYDVTXHDSDUHFHQHQODVTXHVHSXHGHQREVHUYDUFLHUWDV
DQDORJtDV\FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV\QRVGHWHQHPRVHQTXpRIUHFHWpFQLFDPHQWHHO*HRIRURGHHVWD
PDQHUDTXHUHPRVHQWHQGHUFyPRVHSURGXFH\TXHLQWHUYLHQHHQHVWHSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH
x (O XVR GHO IRUR HGXFDWLYR *HRIRUR IRPHQWD HO DSUHQGL]DMH DXWyQRPR IDYRUHFH HO
FRQWUDVWHHLQWHUFDPELRGHRSLQLRQHV\VDEHUHVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODHQVHxDQ]DJHRJUDItDGH
IRUPDDELHUWDDFDGpPLFDFXUULFXODU\FUtWLFD
x (O UHQGLPLHQWR DFDGpPLFR GH ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV UHVSHFWR GH ODV WDUHDV SURSXHVWDV HV
VDWLVIDFWRULR\ODDGTXLVLFLyQGHFRQRFLPLHQWRVDGHFXDGDDORVREMHWLYRVSURSXHVWRVWDQWR
GHFRQWHQLGRVFRPRGHFRPSHWHQFLDV
x 5HVSHFWRGHORVDUJXPHQWRVHVJULPLGRVSRUORVHVWXGLDQWHVHQVXVFRPHQWDULRVDOJXQRV
VRQ UHSHWLFLyQ GH RWURV H[SXHVWRV DQWHULRUPHQWH $XQTXH WRGRV OHHQ HO GRFXPHQWR EDVH
DOJXQRVHVWXGLDQWHVDVXPHQTXHQROHHQWRGDVODVSDUWLFLSDFLRQHVTXHDSDUHFHQHQHOIRUR
VLQR TXH VH FHQWUDQ HQ DTXHOORV FRPHQWDULRV GH RWURV HVWXGLDQWHV TXH FRQVLGHUDQ PiV
SUHSDUDGRVHQHOWHPD\RWURVOHHQODVDSRUWDFLRQHVGHRWURVHVWXGLDQWHVTXHFRQRFHQSDUD
VDEHUTXHKDQSXHVWRELHQSRUDILQLGDGRELHQSRUFXULRVLGDG(QRFDVLRQHVHOIRURVXSRQH
UHVSXHVWD GHO PHQVDMH VLWXDGR LQPHGLDWDPHQWH DQWHULRU OR TXH ODVWUD OD FRQYHUVDFLyQ \
OLPLWDHOGHEDWH
x (Q JHQHUDO VH KDFHQ UHIHUHQFLDV D RWURV SDUWLFLSDQWHV GH RWURV FXUVRV R XQLYHUVLGDGHV
SHUR GH IRUPD GHVLJXDO OR TXH SXHGH VHU GHELGR D TXH QRUPDOPHQWH ORV FRPHQWDULRV
DSDUHFHQ HQ FDVFDGD OR TXH IDFLOLWD VHJXLU OR LQPHGLDWR SHUR FX\DV UHVSXHVWDV VH UHILHUHQ
VLHPSUHDORDQWHULRU
x 6H KDFHQ QXPHURVDV UHIHUHQFLDV FLWDQGR GH XQD X RWUD PDQHUD DO DXWRU GHO WH[WR
LQWHUSHOiQGROHDpORDORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVSDUDTXHRSLQHQRUHVSRQGDQDVXVLQFHUWLGXPEUHVH
KLSyWHVLV
x /RVHVWXGLDQWHVGHGHJUDGRHODERUDQVXFRPHQWDULRFRQXQDHVWUXFWXUDGHILQLGDVREUH
XQ SURFHGLPLHQWR WUDEDMDGR HQ FODVH LQWURGXFFLyQ H[SRVLFLyQ GH ORV KHFKRV \ VXFHVRV
IXQGDPHQWDGDWDQWRHQVXH[SHULHQFLDSHUVRQDOFRPRDFDGpPLFDSODQWHDQXHYDVKLSyWHVLV
TXHOHVXVFLWDHOWHPD\UHDOL]DXQDYDORUDFLyQFUtWLFDSHUVRQDO
x /D GLVSRVLFLyQ HQ YHQWDQDV SDUD FRQWHVWDU GHO IRUR QR IDYRUHFH OD LQFOXVLyQ GH RWURV
GRFXPHQWRV PDSDVJUiILFRVYLGHRVLPiJHQHV\RWUDVIXHQWHVTXHDFRPSDxHQORVWH[WRV
TXH UHDOL]DQ ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV SRU OR TXH VROR SXHGHQ KDFHU VXV DSRUWDFLRQHV GHVGH OD
H[SUHVLyQHVFULWD
(O HMHUFLFLR GH DUWLFXODFLyQ HQWUH ORV LWLQHUDULRV GLGiFWLFRV \ HO *HRIRUR PXHVWUD YHQWDMDV \
GHVYHQWDMDV HQ VX SODQWHDPLHQWR H LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ $OJXQDV GH ODV YHQWDMDV UDGLFDQ HQ HO
YDORUGH PLUDGDVWHyULFDVHQGLVWLQWDVODWLWXGHVVREUHHOWUDEDMRGHFDPSR\ODVSRVLELOLGDGHV
GHYDOLGDUHVWDVH[SHULHQFLDVHLQQRYDUVREUHRWUDVFRPR HQHOFDVRGHOD PRGDOLGDGTXHVH
H[SRQHDOUHGHGRUGHOD&6(RGHO*UDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDHQXWLOL]DFLyQGHODSUHQGL]DMH
PHGLDQWH HO IRUR FRPR FULWHULR GH HYDOXDFLyQ OD LQWHUDFFLyQ DFDGpPLFD TXH VH PRWLYD FRQ
HVWRVHVSDFLRVYLUWXDOHVHVIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDFRQWULEXLUDOIRUWDOHFLPLHQWRGHUHGHVDFDGpPLFDV
DFWLYDV\YLWDOHVVREUHODHQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRJUDItD\ODSRVLELOLGDGGHSUHVHQWDU DYDQFHV\


UHVXOWDGRV GH OD &6( \ HQ OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH FRPSHWHQFLDV \ FRQRFLPLHQWRV HQ HO *UDGR
XQLYHUVLWDULR FRPR H[SHULHQFLD TXH VH SXHGD FRQYHUWLU HQ XQ WH[WR GH GHEDWH TXH SXHGD
SDUWLFLSDUHQODVGLVFXVLRQHVGHO*HRIRUR,EHURDPHULFDQR
(QFXDQWRDODVGHVYHQWDMDVODSULQFLSDOUDGLFDHQTXHDSHVDUGHTXHHO*HRIRURHVXQHVSDFLR
DELHUWRS~EOLFR\HQFRQVWUXFFLyQHQHOTXHHODOXPQDGRSXHGHSDUWLFLSDUGHPDQHUDOLEUH\
YROXQWDULDHVWHQRORDVXPHDVtHQVXSURFHVRIRUPDWLYR(VXQSURFHVRTXHGHSHQGHPiVGH
ODV RULHQWDFLRQHV \ VROLFLWXGHVTXH UHDOLFH HO SURIHVRU TXH HVWi HYDOXDQGR WRGR HO SURFHVR
SDUDVHUGLVFXWLGRVHQHOORV\FRQYHUWLUORVHQDPELHQWHVPRYLOL]DGRUHVGHSHQVDPLHQWRHQHO
HVFHQDULRXQLYHUVLWDULR&XDOTXLHUIRURFRPRDGHODQWD0DUWtQGHOD+R]GHEHFRQWHQHU
PRGHUDFLyQ \ GHEDWH FRQVWDQWH GH OR FRQWUDULR OD GLVFXVLyQ R GHVDSDUHFH R VH EDMD GH OD
FDOLGDG SURGXFLpQGRVH PHQVDMHV FDGD YH] PiV FRUWRV TXH VROR VH HPLWHQ SDUD PRVWUDU XQ
QLYHOGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQ\TXHGHULYDDORVIRURVDXQIXQFLRQDPLHQWRVLPLODUDOGHORVFKDWVHQ
HOTXHDSRUWDFLRQHVGHXQDIUDVHVHVXFHGHQXQDWUDVRWUD
(QVtQWHVLVODVH[SHULHQFLDVTXHVHSODVPDQ\HMHUFLWDQHQHO*HRIRURVHSXHGHQFRQVLGHUDU
FRPR XQD HVWUDWHJLD DOWHUQDWLYD D QLYHO YLUWXDO GH LQWHUFDPELR DFDGpPLFR HQ HO FXDO VH
HVWDEOHFHQ GLiORJRV HQWUH VXMHWRV GH GLIHUHQWHV QLYHOHV GH IRUPDFLyQ FRQ WUD\HFWRULDV
HVFRODUHVHLQWHQFLRQDOLGDGHVGLVWLQWDVGHUHODFLyQFRQHOFRQRFLPLHQWRTXHSHUPLWHQDYDQ]DU
VREUHODLGHDGHFRPXQLGDG\UHGDFDGpPLFDHQODFXDOHVQHFHVDULRSHQVDUHQRWUDVIRUPDVGH
YLQFXODFLyQ FRQ ORV IRURV TXH QR HVWpQ PHGLDGDV SRU HO IDFWRU HYDOXDWLYR VLQR SRU OD
DXWRQRPtD GHO DOXPQR TXH VLHQWD GH PDQHUD QDWXUDO HO GHVHR GH SDUWLFLSDU \ DSRUWDU VXV
H[SHULHQFLDV\DSUHQGL]DMHVFRQRWURV

%,%/,2*5$)$
$OLDJD ) %DUWRORPp $ (O LPSDFWR GH ODV QXHYDV WHFQRORJtDV HQ HGXFDFLyQ
5HFXSHUDGR GH KWWSZZZXYHVDOLDJDFXUULFXOXP$OLDJD %DUWRORPHERUUDGRUSGI
>OWLPRDFFHVRGH2FWXEUHGH@
%RVFR05RGUtJXH]''RFHQFLDYLUWXDO\DSUHQGL]DMHDXWyQRPRDOJXQDV
FRQWULEXFLRQHVDOHVSDFLRHXURSHRGHHGXFDFLyQVXSHULRU5HYLVWDLEHURDPHULFDQDGH
HGXFDFLyQDGLVWDQFLDYROQSS
%X]R 6iQFKH] , (VWUDWHJLDV GLGiFWLFDV LQQRYDGRUDV SDUD OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD
JHRJUDItDFRQXQDPHWRGRORJtDDFWLYDHQ50DUWtQH]\(7RQGD(GVNuevas perspectivas
conceptuales y metodolgicas para la educacin geogrfica YRO &yUGRED *UXSR GH
'LGiFWLFDGHOD$*(SS
&DPSR % et al /D HFORVLyQ GH OD RSLQLyQ GHO DOXPQDGR VREUH OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD
JHRJUDItD (O *HRIRUR ,EHURDPHULFDQR HQ %LEOLR : 5HYLVWD %LEOLRJUiILFD GH
*HRJUDItD \ &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV >(Q OtQHD@ %DUFHORQD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH %DUFHORQD GH
GLFLHPEUHGHYRO;;QKWWSZZZXEHGXJHRFULWEZSGI!>OWLPR
DFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
*DUFtD-0DUtDV',QIRUPHVREUHOD*HRJUDItDHQORVOLEURVGHWH[WRGH(GXFDFLyQ
VHFXQGDULD UHDOL]DGR SRU OD $VRFLDFLyQ GH *HyJUDIRV (VSDxROHV HQ GLFLHPEUH GH .
(QKWWSDJHLHJFVLFHVGRFVOLEURVWH[W3')>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
+DUDVLP / 5HGHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH *XtD SDUD OD HQVHxDQ]D \ HO DSUHQGL]DMH HQ UHG
%DUFHORQD(GLFLRQVGHOD8QLYHUVLWDW2EHUWDGH&DWDOXQ\D

+HLGHJJHU0&RQVWUXLUKDELWDU\SHQVDU. 6DQWLDJRGH&KLOH3URYLGHQFLDSS

(Q KWWSZZZJHRDFDGHPLDFOGRFHQWHPDWVFRQVWUXLUKDELWDUSHQVDUSGI >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
0DUUyQ *DLWH 0- (GXFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD \ IRUPDFLyQ GHO SURIHVRUDGR 'HVDItRV \
SHUVSHFWLYDV HQ HO QXHYR HVSDFLR HXURSHR GH HGXFDFLyQ VXSHULRU (((6 %ROHWtQ GH OD
0DUWtQGHOD+R]3(O)RURFRPRVLVWHPDGHFRPXQLFDFLyQHLQWHUDFFLyQ5HYLVWD
&RPSOXWHQVHGH(GXFDFLyQ
5LYDV/VI0DQXDOGHOFLFOLVWDXUEDQR0HGHOOtQ$OFDOGtDGH0HGHOOtQSS
5LYHUR30XU/$SUHQGHUFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVHQODZHEEHUSS
6iL](%Oi]TXH]/ODPDV0$$QJHOLQL0/7KHFXUUHQWVWDWHRIWKHFRQFHSWRI
OHDUQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV D ELEOLRPHWULF DSSURDFK (Q &DVWHMyQ -/ &RRUG Psicologa y
Educacin: Presente y Futuro. $OLFDQWH (GLFLRQHV $&,3( $VRFLDFLyQ &LHQWtILFD GH
3VLFRORJtD\(GXFDFLyQSS
6RXVD6*DUFtD'6RXWR;(GXFDFLyQ*HRJUiILFD\ODVVDOLGDVGHFDPSRFRPR
HVWUDWHJLD GLGiFWLFD XQ HVWXGLR FRPSDUDWLYR GHVGH HO *HRIRUR ,EHURDPHULFDQR %LEOLR :
5HYLVWD%LEOLRJUiILFDGH*HRJUDItD\&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV>(QOtQHD@%DUFHORQD8QLYHUVLGDGGH
%DUFHORQDGHDEULOGH9RO;;,QKWWSZZZXEHGXJHRFULWEZSGI
!>OWLPRDFFHVRMXOLR@

0,60263$,6$-(618(9$60,5$'$6(;3(5,(1&,$'(
)/,33('&/$665220&21$/801$'2'('((62
0DUtD&DVDV-HULFy
/XLV(UQHWD$OWDUULED
1
Departamento de Biologa Ambiental, Universidad de Navarra, mcasas.1@alumni.unav.es
2
Departamento de Historia, Historia del Arte y Geografa, Universidad de Navarra
lerneta@alumni.unav.es
5(680(1
(O DYDQFH WHFQROyJLFR YLYLGR HQ ODV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV KD WUDQVIRUPDGR SURIXQGDPHQWH ODV PHWRGRORJtDV \
QHFHVLGDGHV GHO HQWRUQR HGXFDWLYR $QWH HVWH FRPSOHMR UHWR VH KDQ GHVDUUROODGR H LPSOHPHQWDGR QXHYDV
KHUUDPLHQWDVGLGiFWLFDVFRPRODV)OLSSHG&ODVVURRP)&XQDLQQRYDGRUDPHWRGRORJtDEDVDGDHQHOHPSOHRGH
ODV7,&VHQHODXODFRQHOREMHWLYRGHIDYRUHFHUHODSUHQGL]DMHDXWyQRPR\FRODERUDWLYR
/DSUHVHQWH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HODERUDGD SDUDGH(62 PXHVWUD OD H[SHULHQFLDSLORWR GH XQD)& HQ ODTXH VH
DERUGD OD WHPiWLFD GH OD HGXFDFLyQ HQ 3DLVDMH XQ PDUFR GH WUDEDMR LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU FRQ XQ DPSOLR SRWHQFLDO
GLGiFWLFR
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
)OLSSHG&ODVVURRP3DLVDMH7,&V(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD2EOLJDWRULD
,1752'8&&,1
/RV DYDQFHV WHFQROyJLFRV H[SHULPHQWDGRV HQODV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDVKDQ WUDQVIRUPDGR HO PRGR
GH YLYLU GH OD VRFLHGDG /D HUD GH OD JOREDOL]DFLyQ WDPELpQ DIHFWD DO VLVWHPD HGXFDWLYR \
UHTXLHUHXQDDGDSWDFLyQGHpVWHDODVQXHYDVGHPDQGDVVRFLDOHV\FXOWXUDOHV/RVPRGHORVGH
HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHWUDGLFLRQDOHVKR\HQGtDFRQYLYHQVLQRVHKDQYLVWRGHVSOD]DGRVSRU
QXHYDVPHWRGRORJtDVGRFHQWHVEDVDGDVHQHOHPSOHRGHODVWHFQRORJtDVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ\OD
FRPXQLFDFLyQHQDGHODQWH7,&V\GHUHFXUVRVGLGiFWLFRVRQOLQH8QDGHHVWDVPHWRGRORJtDV
LQQRYDGRUDVTXHVHDSR\DHQODV7,&V\HQHOYLVLRQDGRGHYtGHRVHVOD)OLSSHG&ODVVURRP
HQDGHODQWH)&WDPELpQOODPDGDFODVHDOUHYpVRFODVHLQYHUWLGD
6LQ HPEDUJR OD PHWRGRORJtD )& VHJ~Q VXV FUHDGRUHV %HUJPDQQ \ 6DPV (...) no existe
como tal. () Dar la vuelta a la clase tiene que ver ms con un problema de mentalidad:
la idea es redirigir la atencin, quitrsela al profesor y ponerla en el alumno y su aprendizaje
S/RVDXWRUHVKDQSRGLGRFRPSUREDUODVP~OWLSOHVYHQWDMDVTXHSUHVHQWDHOHPSOHR
GHHVWDQXHYD PHWRGRORJtDUHVSHFWRDRWURVPRGHORVGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHWUDGLFLRQDOHV
GRQGH JHQHUDOPHQWH HO SURWDJRQLVPR UHFDH HQ HO GRFHQWH 'HVWDFDQ HQWUH HOODV ODV
VLJXLHQWHV
x 6HHQFXHQWUDHQFODYHGLJLWDO/D)&HPSOHDODV7,&VFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDHGXFDWLYD
GH PRGRTXHKDEOD HO PLVPRLGLRPD GHORV DOXPQRVDFRVWXPEUDGRVDHPSOHDUGHIRUPD
KDELWXDOHVWRVGLVSRVLWLYRVHQVXYLGDFRWLGLDQD
M.Casas Jerico, L.Erneta Altarriba

x )DYRUHFH OD HGXFDFLyQ SHUVRQDOL]DGD (O GRFHQWH WLHQH PiV WLHPSR SDUD UHVROYHU ODV
GXGDVGHVXVDOXPQRV\DWHQGHUDGHFXDGDPHQWHWDQWRDORVTXHWLHQHQPiVGLILFXOWDGHVGH
DSUHQGL]DMHFRPRDORVTXHVRQPiVFDSDFHV7RXUyQ6DQWLDJR
x )RPHQWD HO WUDEDMR FRRSHUDWLYR /RV DOXPQRV VH D\XGDQ HQWUH Vt \ DSUHQGHQ XQRV GH
RWURVDGHPiV GHGHVDUUROODU WRGDV ODV KDELOLGDGHV SURSLDV GHOWUDEDMR HQ HTXLSR GLiORJR
UHVSHWRJHQHURVLGDGUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHWF-RKQVRQHWDO
x (V IOH[LEOH 6H WUDWD GH XQD PHWRGRORJtD DGDSWDEOH D FDGD GRFHQWH PDWHULD HWDSD
HGXFDWLYD\JUXSRFRQFUHWRGHDOXPQRV
(VWDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVKDFHQGHOD)&XQD PHWRGRORJtDVXJHUHQWHSDUDVXHPSOHR'HKHFKR
KDVLGRDGRSWDGDSRUQXPHURVRVGRFHQWHVGHWRGRHOPXQGRTXHSRVWHULRUPHQWHKDQUHODWDGR
VXV H[SHULHQFLDV HQ SRUWDOHV ZHE R EORJV HVSHFLDOL]DGRV 6LUYDQ FRPR HMHPSOR The Flipped
Classroom KWWSZZZWKHIOLSSHGFODVVURRPHV XQ SRUWDO HVSDxRO UHIHUHQWH HQ OD PDWHULD R
Flipped Learning Global Initiative KWWSMRQEHUJPDQQFRPDERXWPIOLSSHGOHDUQLQJ
ZRUOGZLGHHOEORJGH%HUJPDQQXQRGHORVFUHDGRUHVGHODPHWRGRORJtD
(QORTXHUHVSHFWDDOFDPSRGHODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDGRQGHODV7,&VMXHJDQXQSDSHO
PX\ UHOHYDQWH 6LVWHPDV GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD IRWRJUDItD SRU VDWpOLWH SURJUDPDV
LQIRUPiWLFRV GH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO WHUULWRULR FRPR SRU HMHPSOR $UF*LV HWF VH KDQ
GRFXPHQWDGRDOJXQDV H[SHULHQFLDV DQLYHO LQWHUQDFLRQDO=HUHQ 1DDILDKHW DO
7RQJ &DUVWHQV 6KHHKDQ \ QDFLRQDO *XDOODUW /i]DUR *RQ]iOH]
DXQTXHODOLWHUDWXUDDFDGpPLFDDOUHVSHFWRHVHVFDVD
/D SURSXHVWD GLGiFWLFD UHFRJLGD HQ HVWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ DERUGD SUHFLVDPHQWH OD HQVHxDQ]D
PHGLDQWH HO HPSOHR GH OD PHWRGRORJtD )& GHO SDLVDMH XQD UHDOLGDG TXH KD VLGR
WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHREMHWRGHHVWXGLRGHOD*HRJUDItD(OREMHWLYRSHUVHJXLGRFRQHVWDSURSXHVWD
HV SURSRUFLRQDU D ORV DOXPQRV XQD EDVH FRQFHSWXDO PtQLPD SHUR VyOLGD VREUH DVSHFWRV
UHODWLYRV DO SDLVDMH DVt FRPR ODV KHUUDPLHQWDV QHFHVDULDV TXH SHUPLWDQ XQ FDPELR GH
VHQVLELOLGDGLQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUDXQDDGHFXDGDFRPSUHQVLyQGHOSDLVDMH%XVTXHWV
0(72'2/2*$
/D YHUVLyQ PiV H[WHQGLGD GH XQD FODVH DO UHYpV VH HVWUXFWXUD GH OD VLJXLHQWH PDQHUD
3ULPHURORVDOXPQRVFRPRWDUHDYLVLRQDQHQFDVDXQYtGHRGHXQWHPDFRQFUHWRWDQWDVYHFHV
FRPRORUHTXLHUDQSDXVDQGRODUHSURGXFFLyQFXDQWRQHFHVLWHQWRPDQGRDSXQWHV\DQRWDQGR
VXV GXGDV $O GtD VLJXLHQWH HQ FODVH HO SURIHVRU GHGLFD ORV SULPHURV PLQXWRV D UHVROYHU ODV
GXGDV TXH OH SODQWHDQ ORV DOXPQRV VREUH ORV FRQWHQLGRV GHO YtGHR 'HVSXpV pVWRV UHDOL]DQ
LQGLYLGXDOPHQWHRHQSHTXHxRVJUXSRVXQDVHULHGHDFWLYLGDGHVGHDSOLFDFLyQGHORVQXHYRV
FRQWHQLGRVVROLFLWDQGRD\XGDDVXSURIHVRUFXDQGRORQHFHVLWDQ%HUJPDQQ6DPV
(Q HVWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GDGDV ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO JUXSR GH HVWXGLR TXH VH UHFRJHQ HQ HO
VLJXLHQWH DSDUWDGR VH RSWy SRU HPSOHDU XQD PHWRGRORJtD PL[WD GH PDQHUD TXH OD )&
FRQYLYLy FRQ ODV H[SOLFDFLRQHV GHO GRFHQWH \ OD UHVROXFLyQ GH DFWLYLGDGHV HQ HO DXOD /RV
DOXPQRV QR IXHURQ HQWUHQDGRV HQ OD PHWRGRORJtD )& \D TXH VX HPSOHR VH OLPLWy DO
GHVDUUROORGHHVWDSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFD

&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOJUXSRGHHVWXGLR
(QHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQSDUWLFLSDURQDOXPQRVGHGH(62HVWXGLDQWHVGHO,(60DUTXpV
GH 9LOOHQD 0DUFLOOD 1DYDUUD DXQTXH VH GHVFDUWy OD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH XQR GH HOORV SRU HVWDU
LQFRPSOHWD 6HWUDWDEDGH DOXPQRV FRQXQGHVIDVH FXUULFXODUQRVLJQLILFDWLYRSHUR FRQXQDV
SDXWDV GH WUDEDMR RUJDQL]DFLyQ \ PRWLYDFLyQ GHILFLHQWHV (Q RWUDV SDODEUDV DOXPQRV SRFR
LPSOLFDGRVHQVXDSUHQGL]DMH\QRDFRVWXPEUDGRVDUHDOL]DUODVWDUHDVTXHOHV PDQGDEDQORV
GRFHQWHV 7RGRV HOORV GLVSRQtDQ GH RUGHQDGRUHV R smartphones FRQ FRQH[LyQ D LQWHUQHW
DXQTXHQRORVHPSOHDEDQFRPRXQDKHUUDPLHQWDSDUDVXDSUHQGL]DMH
/DPDWHULDTXHDFRJLyODSURSXHVWDHGXFDWLYDIXH,QLFLDFLyQDOD,QYHVWLJDFLyQ&LHQWtILFDHQ
DGHODQWH ,1&, XQD RSWDWLYD GH FHQWUR TXH HPSOHDED HO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU SUR\HFWRV /RV
DOXPQRV OOHYDEDQ D FDER SUR\HFWRV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ YDULDGRV HQ VX PD\RUtD HQIRFDGRV DO
HVWXGLR GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH PRWLYR SRU HO FXDO VH FRQVLGHUy DGHFXDGR OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO
SDLVDMHFRPRiUHDFRQFHSWXDOWHyULFDLQWHJUDGRUDGHFRQRFLPLHQWRV
'HVFULSFLyQGHODSURSXHVWDHGXFDWLYD
/RVFRQWHQLGRVVREUHSDLVDMHWUDEDMDGRVHQHVWDSURSXHVWDVHHOLJLHURQHQEDVHDORVUHFRJLGRV
HQHO&XUUtFXOR2ILFLDOGH1DYDUUD'HFUHWR)RUDOGHGHDEULOSDUDODVGLVWLQWDV
PDWHULDV GH GH (62 GH PRGR TXH LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GH VX DSOLFDFLyQ HQ OD PDWHULD
HOHJLGD ,1&, SXGLHUD DGDSWDUVH IiFLOPHQWH D RWUDV PDWHULDV FRPR %LRORJtD \ *HRORJtD R
*HRJUDItDH+LVWRULD$GHPiVVHWXYLHURQSUHVHQWHVODVGLUHFWULFHVGHO&RQYHQLR(XURSHRGHO
3DLVDMHHQDGHODQWH&(3HQPDWHULDGHIRUPDFLyQ\VHQVLELOL]DFLyQVREUHSDLVDMH&RQVHMR
GH(XURSD'LFKRVFRQWHQLGRV&VHPXHVWUDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
x &RQFHSWRGHSDLVDMHGHILQLFLyQFRQVHQVRGHO&(3&
x (OHPHQWRVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQHOSDLVDMHQDWXUDOHVDELyWLFRV\ELyWLFRV\KXPDQRV
DUWLILFLDOHVHLQPDWHULDOHV&
x 7LSRVGHSDLVDMHVQDWXUDOUXUDOXUEDQRLQGXVWULDO\FXOWXUDO&ULWHULRVSDUDVX
FODVLILFDFLyQ&
x 9DORUHLPSRUWDQFLDGHWRGRVORVSDLVDMHV&
x 3HUFHSFLyQGHOSDLVDMHDWUDYpVGHORVVHQWLGRV&
x (OHPHQWRVTXHLQIOX\HQHQODSHUFHSFLyQGHOSDLVDMHSHUVRQDHVWDGRGHiQLPRHGDG
UHFXHUGRVYLYHQFLDVHWF&
x 3DSHOGHOVHUKXPDQRHQHOSDLVDMHREVHUYDGRUFRQVWLWXWLYR\PRGHODGRU&
x ,PSDFWRGHODDFWLYLGDGGHOVHUKXPDQRHQHOSDLVDMH&
3DUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD SURSXHVWD HGXFDWLYD VH HPSOHy SRU XQ ODGR XQD SUHVHQWDFLyQ GH
3RZHU3RLQWFRQHVTXHPDVHLPiJHQHVGHSDLVDMHVTXHVHUYtDGHDSR\RDODVH[SOLFDFLRQHVGHO
SURIHVRUGXUDQWHODFRUUHFFLyQGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVSRURWURXQFXDGHUQRGHDFWLYLGDGHVSDUDORV
DOXPQRV)LJXUDGHDSOLFDFLyQGHVDUUROORRUHSDVRGHORVFRQWHQLGRVWUDEDMDGRVHQFODVH

&RQIRUPHDORGLVSXHVWRHQHO$UWtFXORGHOD/20&(/H\2UJiQLFDGHGHGLFLHPEUHVREUHDVLJQDWXUDVGH
OLEUHFRQILJXUDFLyQRIHUWDGDVSRUORVFHQWURVGRFHQWHV

() por paisaje se entender cualquier parte del territorio tal y como la percibe la poblacin, cuyo carcter sea el
resultado de la accin y la interaccin de factores naturales y/o humanos &RQVHMRGH(XURSDS

)LJXUD$OJXQDVSiJLQDVGHOFXDGHUQRGHDFWLYLGDGHVGHODOXPQR
(Q OD 7DEOD VH UHFRJHQ ORV FRQWHQLGRV & & & WUDWDGRV HQ FDGD XQD GH ODV
DFWLYLGDGHV $ $ $ DVt FRPR XQD EUHYH GHVFULSFLyQ GH pVWDV \ VX FRQWULEXFLyQ DO
GHVDUUROORGHODVFRPSHWHQFLDVFODYHGHODHWDSD

7LSRVGHDFWLYLGDGHVVHJ~Q$QW~QH]et alS

3HTXHSDLVD[HVComo son as paisaxes de Galicia HQ(VSDxRO'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSVRPRVSDLVD[HRUJEORJSHTXHSDLVD[HVFRPRVRQDVSDLVD[HVGHJDOLFLD

)UDJPHQWRGHOGRFXPHQWDOTerritorio de abejas, Paisajes de hombres GH''DQLHO2UWH0HQFKHUR'LVSRQLEOH
HQ<RXWXEHKWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y ;.9M%%<8
7DEOD'HVFULSFLyQGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVGLVHxDGDVLQFOXLGDVHQHOFXDGHUQLOORGHODOXPQR


/DVVHVLRQHVGHFODVHHQHOFHQWURGRQGHVHOOHYyDFDERODLQYHVWLJDFLyQGXUDEDQPLQXWRV\
ODSURSXHVWDHGXFDWLYDRFXSyDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHFXDWURVHVLRQHV\PHGLDDXQTXHUHDOPHQWHVH
HPSOHDURQVHLVWUHVVHVLRQHVFRPSOHWDVGRVGHPLQXWRV\XQDGH/DVHFXHQFLDFLyQGH
DFWLYLGDGHV\SODQLILFDFLyQGHWDUHDVVHUHFRJHHQHOVLJXLHQWHHVTXHPD)LJXUD6HWUDWDGH
XQD WHPSRUDOL]DFLyQ GLVHxDGD SDUD HO JUXSR GH HVWXGLR DELHUWD D ODV DGDSWDFLRQHV TXH FDGD
GRFHQWHFRQVLGHUHRSRUWXQR

)LJXUD7HPSRUDOL]DFLyQGHODSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFDVREUHSDLVDMH

$GDSWDFLRQHVGHODSURSXHVWDDOJUXSRGHHVWXGLR
$O GLVHxDU HVWD SURSXHVWD GLGiFWLFD VH WXYR HQ FXHQWD OD SRVLELOLGDG GH TXH ORV DOXPQRV QR
KLFLHUDQ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV GH WDUHD HVSHFLDOPHQWH OD $ \ OD $ FRQ ODV TXH VH HPSOHDED OD
PHWRGRORJtD )& (V SRU HOOR TXH HQ OD VHJXQGD \ OD WHUFHUD VHVLyQ VH SODQLILFy GHGLFDU ORV
SULPHURVPLQXWRVGHODFODVHDYLVLRQDUHOYtGHRDPRGRWHyULFDPHQWHGHUHSDVR)LJXUD
(QHO FDVR GH OD$GDGRTXHHQ HOYtGHRVH HPSOHDEDXQOHQJXDMHIRUPDO\HQRFDVLRQHV
WpFQLFRVHRSWySRUHODERUDUXQWH[WRGHDSR\RDSDUWLUGHpVWHGHPRGRTXHORVDOXPQRVQR
WXYLHUDQSUREOHPDVDODKRUDGHHQWHQGHUODVLGHDVIXQGDPHQWDOHV

(YDOXDFLyQGHODSURSXHVWDHGXFDWLYD
3DUDFRQRFHUODXWLOLGDGGHODSURSXHVWDHGXFDWLYDSODQWHDGD\GHODPHWRGRORJtDHPSOHDGDVH
RSWySRUUHDOL]DUXQDWULSOHHYDOXDFLyQTXHVHGHWDOODDFRQWLQXDFLyQ

(YDOXDFLyQGHFDPELRVHQODVLGHDVSUHYLDVGHORVDOXPQRV\H[DPHQILQDO
&RQ HO ILQ GH GHWHFWDU FDPELRV HQ ODV LGHDV SUHYLDV VREUH SDLVDMH GH ORV DOXPQRV WUDV HO
GHVDUUROOR GH OD SURSXHVWD HGXFDWLYD VH GHFLGLy RSWDU SRU OD WUDGLFLRQDO PHWRGRORJtD SUHWHVW
SRVWHVW%LVTXHUUD&DVDQRYD(OFXHVWLRQDULRTXHVHDSOLFyDQWHV\GHVSXpVGH
WUDEDMDU ORV FRQWHQLGRV FRQVWDED GH FLQFR SUHJXQWDV FHUUDGDV GH UHVSXHVWD P~OWLSOH \ XQDV
EUHYHVLQVWUXFFLRQHVSDUDVXFRUUHFWRFXPSOLPHQWDGR)LJXUDVD\E

)LJXUDD7HVWGLVHxDGRSDUDODDSOLFDFLyQGHODPHWRGRORJtDSUHWVWSRVWHVWSUHJXQWDV
)LJXUDE7HVWGLVHxDGRSDUDODDSOLFDFLyQGHODPHWRGRORJtDSUHWVWSRVWHVWSUHJXQWDV\


$GHPiVGHOSUHWHVWSRVWHVWVHFRQVLGHUyQHFHVDULRGLVHxDUXQDKHUUDPLHQWDGHHYDOXDFLyQTXH
PiV DOOi GH HVWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ UHVXOWDVH ~WLO SDUD HO GRFHQWH $Vt SXHV VH SURSXVR XQD
KHUUDPLHQWDGHFDOLILFDFLyQH[DPHQILQDOTXHORVDOXPQRVUHDOL]DURQXQDVHPDQDGHVSXpVGH
WUDEDMDUORVFRQWHQLGRVVREUHSDLVDMH(QHVWHFDVRVHHODERUDURQGLH]tWHPVHPSOHDQGRSDUD
HOOR SUHJXQWDV DELHUWDV FHUUDGDV \ PL[WDV DVt FRPR LPiJHQHV \ HVTXHPDV TXH KDEtDQ
HPSOHDGRGXUDQWHODVFODVHV$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHPXHVWUDGLFKRH[DPHQ)LJXUDVD\EFRQ
ODVUHVSXHVWDVFRUUHFWDVVHxDODGDVHQFRORUD]XO

)LJXUDD([DPHQILQDOSUHJXQWDV


)LJXUDE7HVWGLVHxDGRSDUDODDSOLFDFLyQGHODPHWRGRORJtDSUHWVWSRVWHVWSUHJXQWDV\

(YDOXDFLyQGHODFRPSUHQVLyQ\DGHFXDFLyQGHFRQWHQLGRVPDWHULDOHV\
DFWLYLGDGGRFHQWH
([LVWHDEXQGDQWHOLWHUDWXUDVREUHODFRQYHQLHQFLDGHHYDOXDUDGHPiVGHORVDSUHQGL]DMHVGHORV
DOXPQRVFXHVWLRQHVFRPRODPHWRGRORJtDHPSOHDGDODDGHFXDFLyQGHORVFRQWHQLGRVDOQLYHO
GHODFODVHRODODERUGHOGRFHQWH5DPR&DVDQRYD7HMHGRU-XVWH3pUH]
+HUQiQGH] (QWHQGLGD DVt OD HYDOXDFLyQ VH FRQYLHUWH HQ XQD RSRUWXQLGDG SDUD
UHIOH[LRQDUVREUHHOWUDEDMRUHDOL]DGR\HIHFWXDUFDPELRVGHFDUDDVXPHMRUD(VSRUHOORTXH
XQDYH]ORVDOXPQRVILQDOL]DURQODSURSXHVWDSODVPDURQGHIRUPDDQyQLPDVXRSLQLyQVREUH
ORV FRQWHQLGRV WUDEDMDGRV ORV PDWHULDOHV HPSOHDGRV \ ODV H[SOLFDFLRQHV GHO GRFHQWH /D
KHUUDPLHQWDHPSOHDGDIXHXQEUHYHFXHVWLRQDULRTXHVHUHFRJHDFRQWLQXDFLyQ)LJXUD


)LJXUD&XHVWLRQDULRGLVHxDGRSDUDHYDOXDUODFRPSUHQVLyQ\DGHFXDFLyQGHFRQWHQLGRVPDWHULDOHV\DFWLYLGDG
GRFHQWH

5(68/7$'26<',6&86,1
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHH[SRQHQORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVFRQHOSUHWHVWSRVWHVW\HOH[DPHQILQDO
DVtFRPRODYDORUDFLyQSHUVRQDOGHORVDOXPQRVUHFRJLGDHQHOFXHVWLRQDULRDQyQLPR

5HVXOWDGRVGHODHYDOXDFLyQSUHWHVWSRVWHVW
/DVUHVSXHVWDVGHOSUHWHVWDUURMDQOX]VREUHODVLGHDVSUHYLDVGHORVDOXPQRVDFHUFDGHOSDLVDMH
(QUHODFLyQDORVHOHPHQWRVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQHVWDFRPSOHMDUHDOLGDG3UHJXQWDHQHO*UiILFR
VHSXHGHDSUHFLDUTXHORVHOHPHQWRVQDWXUDOHVGHOSDLVDMHrelieve, hidrologa, seres vivos \
clima VRQ ORV TXH REWLHQHQ PD\RUHV SRUFHQWDMHV GH UHVSXHVWD HQWUH XQ \ XQ
PLHQWUDV TXH DTXHOORV TXH VRQ FRQVHFXHQFLD GH OD SUHVHQFLD GHO VHU KXPDQR edificios,
contaminacin, infraestructuras HWF SUHVHQWDQ YDORUHV PX\ LQIHULRUHV HQWUH XQ \ XQ
(VWRVUHVXOWDGRVSRGUtDQDSXQWDUKDFLDXQDFRQFHSFLyQWLSRXQHVWHUHRWLSRVREUHOD


LGHDGHSDLVDMH'HHVWHPRGRHOFRQFHSWRpaisaje VHLGHQWLILFDUtDFRQHOGHpaisaje natural,
XQDFRQFHSFLyQUHGXFFLRQLVWDGHVXVLJQLILFDGR
(QFXDQWRDOSRVWHVWVHDSUHFLDXQDPHMRUtDPX\QRWDEOHHQWRGDVODVRSFLRQHVGHUHVSXHVWD
HVSHFLDOPHQWHHQODVTXHKDFHQUHIHUHQFLDDORTXHHQDGHODQWHVHGHQRPLQDUiQHOHPHQWRV
KXPDQRVGHOSDLVDMH7RGRVORVHOHPHQWRVQDWXUDOHVVXSHUDQHOGHUHVSXHVWDVPLHQWUDV
TXHORVHOHPHQWRVKXPDQRVWLHQHQYDORUHVSRUHQFLPDGHO(VSHFLDOPHQWHVLJQLILFDWLYDHV
OD GLIHUHQFLD GH SRUFHQWDMH TXH VH REVHUYD SDUD ODV FDWHJRUtDV contaminacin \ elementos
tecnolgicosTXHSDVDQGHXQSUHWHVWDXQSRVWHVW
*UiILFR5HVSXHVWDVGHOSUHWHVW\HOSRVWHVWDOD3UHJXQWDVREUHORVHOHPHQWRVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQHOSDLVDMH

5HVSHFWRDOD3UHJXQWDVREUHFXiOHVHOSDSHOGHOVHUKXPDQRHQHOSDLVDMH*UiILFRORV
DOXPQRV FRQVLGHUDQ TXH IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH DFW~D FRPR XQ DJHQWH PRGHODGRU GHO PLVPR
&RQ XQ SRUFHQWDMH SUy[LPR OH VLJXH OD LGHD GHO VHU KXPDQR FRPR HOHPHQWR
FRQVWLWX\HQWHPLHQWUDVTXHHOSDSHOGHREVHUYDGRUVRORREWLHQHXQGHUHVSXHVWDV(VWRV
UHVXOWDGRV TXH HQ QLQJ~Q FDVR DOFDQ]DQ HO SRGUtDQ VHU FRQVHFXHQFLD \ UHIOHMR GH XQD
FRQFHSFLyQGHOSDLVDMHHQODTXHHOVHUKXPDQRDSDUHFHFRPRXQDJHQWHH[WHUQRDpO(QHVWH
VHQWLGR ORV UHVXOWDGRV GHO SRVWHVW VRQ PX\ SRVLWLYRV \D TXH HO GH ORV DOXPQRV
UHFRQRFH GHVSXpV GH WUDEDMDU ORV FRQWHQLGRV HO SDSHO FRQVWLWX\HQWH GHO VHU KXPDQR HQ HO
SDLVDMH
3DUD OD 3UHJXQWD GRQGH ORV DOXPQRV WHQtDQ TXH LGHQWLILFDU VL OR TXH PRVWUDEDQ XQDV
IRWRJUDItDVHUDQRQRSDLVDMHVHO*UiILFRPXHVWUDTXHORVSDLVDMHVurbano \degradado VRQ
ORV PHQRV HOHJLGRV FRQXQ\XQ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH 3RU HO FRQWUDULR HOnatural HO
agrcola \ HO costero VRQ HQ HVWH RUGHQ ORV TXH PD\RUHV SRUFHQWDMHV GH UHVSXHVWD KDQ
REWHQLGR FRQ YDORUHV HQWUH HO \ HO (VWRV UHVXOWDGRV SDUHFHQ DSR\DU OD SRVLEOH
H[LVWHQFLDGHXQDFRQFHSFLyQGHSDLVDMHUHGXFFLRQLVWDFHQWUDGDHQORQDWXUDO\TXHQRLQFOX\H
DOVHUKXPDQRFRPRHOHPHQWRFRQVWLWX\HQWH


(Q FXDQWR D ORV UHVXOWDGRV GHO SRVWHVW VH REVHUYD XQD PHMRUtD PX\ GHVWDFDEOH HQ WRGDV ODV
RSFLRQHV GH UHVSXHVWD HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ ODV TXH REWHQtDQ PHQRUHV SRUFHQWDMHV HQ HO SUHWHVW
$Vturbano \degradado, SDVDQDREWHQHUXQ\XQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH

*UiILFR5HVSXHVWDVGHOSUHWHVW\HOSRVWHVWDOD3UHJXQWDVREUHHOSDSHOGHOVHUKXPDQRHQHOSDLVDMH

*UiILFR5HVSXHVWDVGHOSUHWHVW\HOSRVWHVWDOD3UHJXQWDVREUHODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHSDLVDMHVHQIRWRJUDItDV

(Q HO *UiILFR VREUH ORV LPSDFWRV TXH FDXVD HO VHU KXPDQR HQ HO SDLVDMH 3UHJXQWD VH
REVHUYDTXHLQLFLDOPHQWHSUHWHVWORVDOXPQRVFRQVLGHUDEDQODconstruccin de

infraestructuras \ODproduccin de residuos FRPRODVDFWLYLGDGHVKXPDQDVTXH

PiV DOWHUDEDQ HO SDLVDMH PLHQWUDV TXH ORV incendios REWHQtDQ HO PHQRU SRUFHQWDMH GH
UHVSXHVWDV(QHOSRVWHVWWRGDVODVRSFLRQHVREWLHQHQPD\RUHVSRUFHQWDMHVTXHYDQGHO

incendiosDOconstruccin de infraestructuras \urbanizacin intensiva
*UiILFR5HVSXHVWDVGHOSUHWHVW\HOSRVWHVWDOD3UHJXQWDVREUHGLIHUHQWHVLPSDFWRVTXHFDXVDHOVHU
KXPDQRHQHOSDLVDMH
3RU~OWLPR HQUHODFLyQDODSHUFHSFLyQGHOSDLVDMHDWUDYpV GHORVVHQWLGRV3UHJXQWDORV
UHVXOWDGRV GHO SUHWHVW *UiILFR VHxDODQ TXH OD vista HV HO VHQWLGR SRU H[FHOHQFLD
VHJXLGD DXQTXH D GLVWDQFLD SRU HO odo HO olfato \ HO tacto (Q HVWH
SULPHUWHVWQLQJXQRGHORVDOXPQRVHQFXHVWDGRVFRQVLGHUyTXHHOgusto SXGLHUDSDUWLFLSDUGH
DOJ~QPRGRHQODSHUFHSFLyQGHOSDLVDMH(VWRVUHVXOWDGRVVRQFRKHUHQWHVFRQXQDFRQFHSFLyQ
GHO SDLVDMH HVWpWLFD SLFWyULFD YLVXDO 1R REVWDQWH HQ HO SRVWHVW VH REVHUYD GH QXHYR XQD
PHMRUtDFRQVLGHUDEOHHQORVUHVXOWDGRVodo \olfato REWLHQHQXQGHUHVSXHVWDVtacto XQ

\gusto XQ
*UiILFR5HVSXHVWDVGHOSUHWHVW\HOSRVWHVWDOD3UHJXQWDVREUHORVVHQWLGRVLPSOLFDGRVHQODSHUFHSFLyQGHO
SDLVDMH


5HVXOWDGRVGHOH[DPHQILQDO
(QHOVLJXLHQWHJUiILFR*UiILFRVHSXHGHREVHUYDUTXHVRODPHQWHXQDOXPQRVXVSHQGLyHO
H[DPHQILQDOGRVREWXYLHURQXQsuficiente \FXDWURXQbien /DPD\RUtDGH
ORV DOXPQRV REWXYR XQD FDOLILFDFLyQ HQWUH HO \ HO \ VROR GRV DOFDQ]DURQ HO
sobresaliente (VWRVUHVXOWDGRVVHFRQVLGHUDQPX\SRVLWLYRV\DTXHUHVSRQGHQDXQRV
SDUiPHWURVGHFDOLILFDFLyQVXSHULRUHVDORVTXHKDELWXDOPHQWHREWLHQHHVWHJUXSRGHDOXPQRV
*UiILFR&DOLILFDFLRQHVREWHQLGDVSRUORVDOXPQRVHQHOH[DPHQILQDO

5HVXOWDGRVGHODHYDOXDFLyQGHODFRPSUHQVLyQ\DGHFXDFLyQGHFRQWHQLGRV
PDWHULDOHV\DFWLYLGDGGRFHQWH
(QUHODFLyQDVLORVDOXPQRVKDEtDQWUDEDMDGRHOWHPDGHOSDLVDMHFRQDQWHULRULGDGHQDOJXQD
PDWHULD 3UHJXQWD HO PDQLIHVWy TXH no IUHQWH DO TXH UHVSRQGLy
DILUPDWLYDPHQWH /DV UHVSXHVWDV GH pVWRV ~OWLPRV VREUH ODV DVLJQDWXUDV HQ ODV TXH KDEtDQ
WUDWDGRHOWHPDVHUHFRJHQHQHO*UiILFR&LHQFLDVGHOD1DWXUDOH]D&&11PDWHULDTXH
VHFXUVDEDHQ\GH(62IXHODPiVVHxDODGDSRUORVDOXPQRVVHJXLGDSRURWUDV
GHODHWDSDTXHVHFXUVDQHQWHUFHUFXUVR%LRORJtD\*HRORJtDH,QLFLDFLyQDOD,QYHVWLJDFLyQ
&LHQWtILFD,1&,FRQXQ3RU~OWLPR&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV*HRJUDItDH+LVWRULD&&66
DVLJQDWXUDTXHVHFXUVDEDGHDFRQXQ(VWRVUHVXOWDGRVFRLQFLGHQFRQORVKD\DGRV
DO DQDOL]DU ORV FRQWHQLGRV VREUH SDLVDMH SUHVHQWHV HQ ORV GLVHxRV FXUULFXODUHV 'LVHxR
&XUULFXODU%DVH\&XUUtFXORV2ILFLDOHVGHOD/2(SDUD(62&DVDV(UQHWD(QHVD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQVHFRQFOX\yTXHHOHVWXGLRGHOSDLVDMHVHGHVDUUROODEDIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHHQ
\DFDUJRGHODVPDWHULDVGH&&66&&11\%LRORJtD\*HRORJtD
(Q FXDQWR D OD 3UHJXQWD VREUH VL KDEtDQ DSUHQGLGR DOJR QXHYR HQ PDWHULD GH SDLVDMH HO
GH ORV DOXPQRV UHVSRQGLy DILUPDWLYDPHQWH (Q OD 3UHJXQWD *UiILFR VH
VROLFLWDEDDORVDOXPQRVFRQFUHFFLyQDFHUFDGHORVQXHYRVFRQWHQLGRVTXHKDEtDQDSUHQGLGR
(O GH HOORV VHxDOyOD RSFLyQGH UHVSXHVWD UHODWLYDD OD SHUFHSFLyQ D WUDYpVGH WRGRV ORV
VHQWLGRV/DSHUWHQHQFLDGHOVHUKXPDQRDOSDLVDMHIXHFRQXQODVLJXLHQWHRSFLyQPiV
HOHJLGD VHJXLGD SRU OD FRQFHSFLyQ GH OD FLXGDG FRPR XQ SDLVDMH (Q UHODFLyQ D HVWD
~OWLPDOYDUH]\5XELRVHxDODEDQTXHLQFOXVRORVDOXPQRVTXHYLYHQHQODVFLXGDGHV
UHODFLRQDQODLGHDGHSDLVDMHFRQQDWXUDOH]D(QFXDOTXLHUFDVRHVWRVUHVXOWDGRVVRQ OODPDWLYRV

$OVHUODVHQFXHVWDVDQyQLPDVQRVHSXGRGHVFDUWDUODGHODOXPQRTXHQRFRPSOHWyODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ1RREVWDQWHFRPRpVWH
VtGHVDUUROOyFRPSOHWDPHQWHODSURSXHVWDHGXFDWLYDHOQ~PHURWRWDOGHHQFXHVWDGRVHV

/DLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHUHDOL]yGXUDQWHHOFXUVRHVFRODUFRLQFLGLHQGRFRQODLPSODQWDFLyQGHOD/20&(SDUD\
GH(62$OKDEHUFXUVDGRORVVXMHWRVGHHVWXGLR\FRQHOPRGHORGHOD/2(/H\2UJiQLFDGHGHPD\RVH
UHFRJHQODVPDWHULDVTXHHQWRQFHVFXUVDURQDXQTXHFRQODQXHYDQRUPDWLYDKD\DQFDPELDGRFRPRHVHOFDVRGH&&11\
&&66

VL VH FRPSDUDQ FRQ ORV GH OD 3UHJXQWD GRQGH ORV DOXPQRV DILUPDEDQ KDEHU WUDEDMDGR HO
SDLVDMHFRQDQWHULRULGDGHQRWUDVPDWHULDV6LQHPEDUJRWDPELpQVRQFRKHUHQWHVFRQVXVLGHDV
SUHYLDVWDO\FRPRUHIOHMDHOSUHWHVW*UiILFRV7RGRHOORSRGUtDVHUFRQVHFXHQFLDGHTXH
ORVDOXPQRVQRDSUHQGHQWRGRORTXHVHOHVHQVHxDRGHELHUDHQVHxDUVHDWHQRUGHODVSDXWDV
PDUFDGDV SRU HO &(3 VREUH SDLVDMH SHUR TXL]i VHD WDPELpQ OD HYLGHQFLD GH XQD HQVHxDQ]D
OLPLWDGD\UHGXFFLRQLVWDVREUHHOWHPD
5HVSHFWR D OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GH ODV H[SOLFDFLRQHV GHO GRFHQWH \ GH ORV PDWHULDOHV GLVHxDGRV
*UiILFR VH REWXYLHURQ XQRV UHVXOWDGRV RSWLPLVWDV (O GH ORV DOXPQRV DILUPy
FRPSUHQGHUVLHPSUHODVH[SOLFDFLRQHVGHOGRFHQWH\HOFRQVLGHUyTXHORVPDWHULDOHVHUDQ
DGHFXDGRV
*UiILFR0DWHULDVHQODVTXHVHJ~QORVDOXPQRVKDEtDQWUDEDMDGRHOWHPDGHOSDLVDMHDQWHULRUPHQWH
*UiILFR1XHYRVFRQWHQLGRVDSUHQGLGRVVHJ~QORVDOXPQRVFRQODSURSXHVWDHGXFDWLYD

*UiILFR2SLQLyQGHORVDOXPQRVVREUHODFRPSUHQVLyQGHODVH[SOLFDFLRQHV\ORVPDWHULDOHVHPSOHDGRV
&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
/DVSULQFLSDOHVFRQFOXVLRQHVGHHVWHWUDEDMRVHHQXPHUDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
(QUHODFLyQDORVFRQWHQLGRVWUDEDMDGRV
D (O SUHWHVW KD SHUPLWLGR LGHQWLILFDU OR TXH SRGUtDQ VHU FRQFHSFLRQHV WLSR VREUH HO
SDLVDMH(QHVWHVHQWLGRORVDOXPQRVLGHQWLILFDQHOFRQFHSWRGHpaisaje FRQHOGHpaisaje
naturalGRQGHHOVHUKXPDQRQRWLHQHFDELGDFRPRHOHPHQWRFRQVWLWX\HQWH*UiILFRV
\
E (Q HO SRVWHVW WRGDV ODV RSFLRQHV GH UHVSXHVWD GH ODV FLQFR FXHVWLRQHV SODQWHDGDV
DXPHQWDQ FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH VXV SRUFHQWDMHV (Q HVWH VHQWLGR FDEHQ GHVWDFDU ODV
UHODWLYDV D ORV HOHPHQWRV KXPDQRV GHO SDLVDMH HO SDSHO GHO VHU KXPDQR FRPR
HOHPHQWR FRQVWLWX\HQWH GHO PLVPR \ HO gusto FRPR VHQWLGR WDPELpQ LPSOLFDGR HQ OD
SHUFHSFLyQ*UiILFRV\UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
F (O FXHVWLRQDULR DQyQLPR FXPSOLPHQWDGR SRU ORV DOXPQRV UHIOHMD TXH SHVH D KDEHU
WUDEDMDGR HO WHPD GHO SDLVDMH HQ RWUDV PDWHULDV \ FXUVRV FRQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH HVWD
SURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFDKDQDSUHQGLGRQXHYRVFRQWHQLGRVVREUHSDLVDMH
(QUHODFLyQDODPHWRGRORJtDHPSOHDGD
D $ MX]JDU SRU ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV HQ HO SRVWHVW \ HQ HO H[DPHQ ILQDO OD
FRPELQDFLyQ GH ODV PHWRGRORJtDV WUDGLFLRQDOHV H LQQRYDGRUDV FRPR OD )& KD
UHVXOWDGR SRVLWLYD SDUD ORV DOXPQRV (VWRV UHVXOWDGRV QR VH SXHGHQ DWULEXLU
H[FOXVLYDPHQWH DO XVR GH OD PHWRGRORJtD )& \D TXH VX HPSOHR IXH SXQWXDO SHUR VH
SXGR FRQVWDWDU XQ HIHFWR PRWLYDGRU HQ ORV DOXPQRV QR DFRVWXPEUDGRV D HPSOHDU ODV
7,&VHQODUHDOL]DFLyQGHWDUHDV
E /RVUHVXOWDGRVGHOFXHVWLRQDULRHQUHODFLyQDODDGHFXDFLyQGHODVH[SOLFDFLRQHV\GH
ORVPDWHULDOHVHPSOHDGRV3UHJXQWDV\UHYHODQXQDEXHQDFRPSUHQVLyQGHpVWRVSRU
SDUWHGHODOXPQDGR
/D HYLGHQFLD GHO LQFUHPHQWR HQ ODV IUHFXHQFLDV GH UHVSXHVWD GH WRGDV ODV SUHJXQWDV
SDUHFH LQGLFDU XQ FDPELR LPSRUWDQWH HQ OD FRQFHSFLyQ \ DFHUFDPLHQWR GHO DOXPQDGR D OD
LGHDGHSDLVDMHFRQVHQVXDGDHQHO&(36HPXHVWUDODHYROXFLyQGHXQD YLVLyQ

UHGXFFLRQLVWD R SDUFLDO D XQD PiV LQWHJUDGRUD \ JOREDO TXH LQFOX\H WDQWR ORV HOHPHQWRV
QDWXUDOHV KDELWXDOPHQWH LFyQLFRV R HVWpWLFRV FRPR DTXHOORV UHVXOWDGR GH OD DFWLYLGDG
KXPDQD$OPLVPRWLHPSRVXSHUFHSFLyQGHOSDLVDMHGHMDGHHVWDUH[FOXVLYDPHQWHOLJDGDD
ODYLVWDSDUDVHUHOUHVXOWDGRFRPELQDGRGHWRGRVORVVHQWLGRV
$*5$'(&,0,(1726
(VWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ KD SRGLGR GHVDUUROODUVH JUDFLDV D OD LQHVWLPDEOH FRODERUDFLyQ GH ORV
DOXPQRV SURIHVRUHV \ HTXLSR GLUHFWLYR GHO FHQWUR S~EOLFR GHO *RELHUQR GH 1DYDUUD ,(6
0DUTXpVGH9LOOHQD
$Vt PLVPR ORV DXWRUHV DJUDGHFHQ D OD )XQGDFLyQ 7DWLDQD 3pUH] GH *X]PiQ HO %XHQR VX
DSR\RSDUDUHDOL]DUHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
%,%/,2*5$)$
OYDUH]0)\5XELR)&RQRFLPLHQWRGHOPHGLR\ORVSDLVDMHVKXPDQL]DGRV(Q
$$99HGVIII Jornadas de Didctica de la Geografa0DGULG$VRFLDFLyQGH*HyJUDIRV
(VSDxROHV*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD\'HSDUWDPHQWRGH'LGiFWLFDGHODV&LHQFLDV
6RFLDOHVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG&RPSOXWHQVHGH0DGULGSS>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSZZZDJHGLGDFWLFDJHRJUDILDHVGRFV3XEOLFDFLRQHV,,,-RUQDGDVSGI! >OWLPR
DFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
$QW~QH] 6 et al. Del proyecto Educativo a la Programacin de Aula. El qu, el
cundo y el cmo de los instrumentos de la planificacin didctica %DUFHORQD (GLWRULDO
*UDR
%HUJPDQQ-\6DPV$Dale la vuelta a tu clase. Lleva tu clase a cada estudiante, en
cualquier momento y cualquier lugar0DGULG(GLFLRQHV60
%LVTXHUUD 5 Metodologa de la investigacin educativa D HG %DUFHORQD /D
0XUDOOD
%XVTXHWV - /D LPSRUWjQFLD GH OHGXFDFLy HQ SDLVDWJH (Q - 1RJXp et al HGV
Paisatge i Educati. Plecs de Paisatge: reflexions 2. 2ORW 2EVHUYDWRUL GHO 3DLVDWJH GH
&DWDOXQ\D SS >(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSZZZFDWSDLVDWJHQHWILW[HUVSXEOLFDFLRQVSDLVDWJHBHGXFDFLRSDLVDWJHBLBHGXFDFLRSGI!
>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
&DUVWHQV)\6KHHKDQ07ULXPSKV DQG7ULEXODWLRQVRIWKH )OLSSHG &ODVVURRP$
+LJK 6FKRRO 7HDFKHUV 3HUVSHFWLYH (Q - .HHQJZH * 2QFKZDUL \ - 1 2LJDUD HGV
Promoting Active Learning through the Flipped Classroom86$,*,*OREDOSS
&DVDQRYD0$Manual de evaluacin educativaDHG0DGULG/D0XUDOOD
&DVDV 0 \ (UQHWD / (O 3DLVDMH HQ OD (GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD 2EOLJDWRULD 8QD
RSRUWXQLGDG HGXFDWLYD HQ HO FDPELR FXUULFXODU /2(/20&( Didctica Geogrfica
SS >(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSZZZGLGDFWLFDJHRJUDILFDFRPGLGDFWLFDJHRJUDILFDDUWLFOHYLHZ! >OWLPR
DFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
&RQVHMRGH(XURSDConvenio Europeo del Paisaje)ORUHQFLD>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSZZZPDJUDPDJREHVHVGHVDUUROORUXUDOWHPDVGHVDUUROOR

WHUULWRULDOGBWFPSGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
'HFUHWR)RUDOGHGHDEULOSRUHOTXHVHHVWDEOHFHHOFXUUtFXORGHODVHQVHxDQ]DV
GH(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD2EOLJDWRULDHQOD&RPXQLGDG)RUDOGH1DYDUUD%ROHWtQ2ILFLDOGH
1DYDUUD GH GH MXOLR GH >(Q OtQHD $FFHVR OLEUH@ 'LVSRQLEOH
HQKWWSVZZZQDYDUUDHVKRPHBHV$FWXDOLGDG%21%ROHWLQHV$QXQFLR!
*XDOODUW&$SUHQGHU*HRJUDItDFRQ$UF*LV2QOLQH(Q56HEDVWLi\0(7RQGD
HGVLa investigacin e innovacin en la enseanza de la Geografa$OLFDQWH3XEOLFDFLRQHV
GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH $OLFDQWH SS >(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZDJH
GLGDFWLFDJHRJUDILDHVGRFV3XEOLFDFLRQHVB&RQJUHVRB,EHULFRSGI! >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
+HUQiQGH]/(YDOXDUSDUDDSUHQGHUKDFLDXQDGLPHQVLyQFRPXQLFDWLYDIRUPDWLYD\
PRWLYDGRUD GH OD HYDOXDFLyQ Enseanza de las Ciencias SS >(Q OtQHD@
'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZUDFRFDWLQGH[SKS(QVHQDQ]DDUWLFOHYLHZ)LOH!
-RKQVRQ'-RKQVRQ5\+ROXEHF(El aprendizaje cooperativo en el aula%XHQRV
$LUHV$UJHQWLQD3DLGyV
-XVWH 3pUH] 5 /D HYDOXDFLyQ GH SURJUDPDV HGXFDWLYRV FRQFHSWRV EiVLFRV
SODQWHDPLHQWRVJHQHUDOHV\SUREOHPiWLFDRevista de Investigacin EducativaSS
>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQKWWSUHYLVWDVXPHVULHDUWLFOHYLHZ!>OWLPRDFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
/i]DUR 0/ \ *RQ]iOH] & )OLSSHG &ODVVURRP \ FDUWRJUDItD GH FRQIOLFWRV HQ HO
DSUHQGL]DMH GH OD *HRJUDItD (Q 5 0DUWtQH] \ 0 ( 7RQGD HGV Nuevas perspectivas
conceptuales y metodolgicas para la educacin geogrfica (vol. II) 0DGULG *UXSR GH
GLGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD $*( \ 8QLYHUVLGDG GH &yUGRED SS >(Q OtQHD@
'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZDJHGLGDFWLFDJHRJUDILDHVLQGH[SKS"P ! >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
/H\2UJiQLFDGHGHPD\RGH(GXFDFLyQ%ROHWtQ2ILFLDOGHO(VWDGRGHGH
PD\RGH>(QOtQHD$FFHVROLEUH@'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSZZZERHHVERHGLDVSGIV$SGI! >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
/H\ 2UJiQLFD GH GH GLFLHPEUH SDUD OD PHMRUD GH OD FDOLGDG HGXFDWLYD %ROHWtQ
2ILFLDOGHO(VWDGRGHGHGLFLHPEUHGH>(QOtQHD$FFHVROLEUH@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSZZZERHHVERHGLDVSGIV%2($SGI! >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
1DDILDK 1 et al. 7R )OLS RU 1RW WR )OLS 7KH &KDOOHQJHV DQG %HQHILWV RI 8VLQJ
)OLSSHG &ODVVURRP LQ *HRJUDSK\ /HVVRQV LQ %UXQHL 'DUXVVDODP Review of European
Studies SS >(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSZZZFFVHQHWRUJMRXUQDOLQGH[SKSUHVDUWLFOHYLHZ! >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
5DPR = \ &DVDQRYD 0 $ Teora y prctica de la Evaluacin en Educacin
Secundaria0DGULG(GLWRULDO(VFXHOD(VSDxROD
7HMHGRU)-(OGLVHxR\ORVGLVHxRVHQODHYDOXDFLyQGHSURJUDPDVRevista de

Investigacin EducativaSS>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ

KWWSUHYLVWDVXPHVULHDUWLFOHYLHZ!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
7RQJ7Exploring the flipped classroom in a Hong Kong secondary school.
8QSXEOLVKHGWKHVLV8QLYHUVLW\RI+RQJ.RQJ>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSG[GRLRUJWKBE!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
7RXUyQ-\6DQWLDJR5(OPRGHOR)OLSSHG/HDUQLQJ\HOGHVDUUROORGHOWDOHQWRHQOD
HVFXHODRevista de EducacinSS>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSZZZPHFGJREHVUHYLVWDGHHGXFDFLRQQXPHURVUHYLVWDHGXFDFLRQQXPHURV
DQWHULRUHVBKWPO!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
=HUHQ07KH)OLSSHG*HRJUDSK\/HFWXUHMarmara Cografya DergisiSS
>(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSH
GHUJLPDUPDUDHGXWUPDUXFRJDUWLFOHYLHZ! >OWLPR DFFHVR VHSWLHPEUH
@

(//,%52'(7(;720(',$1'2/$&216758&&,1'(/
&212&,0,(172(1/$)250$&,1&21718$'(/352)(625
'(*(2*5$)$
+XJR*DEULHOGD6LOYD0RWD
'HQLV5LFKWHU
1
Secretaria Municipal de Educacin - Goinia / GO
2
Universidad Federal de Gois UFG
hugo_brt@yahoo.com.br; drichter78@gmail.com
5(680(1
(VWH DUWtFXOR DQDOL]D OD UHODFLyQ GHO SURIHVRU GH *HRJUDItD FRQ HO OLEUR GH WH[WR \ VX SRWHQFLDO SDUD OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRHQODSURIHVLyQGRFHQWH6HSDUWHGHODFRPSUHQVLyQGHTXHODHVFXHODHVXQOXJDU
GH IRUPDFLyQ GH SURIHVRUHV FDSD] GH SURPRYHU VLWXDFLRQHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH GLVWLQWDV GH OD XQLYHUVLGDG FRQ XQ
FDUiFWHUSHUPDQHQWH6HGHILHQGHODLGHDGHOOLEURGHWH[WRFRPRXQHOHPHQWRLPSRUWDQWHHQODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD
*HRJUDItDTXHIRPHQWDHODSUHQGL]DMHWDQWRGHODOXPQRFRPRGHOSURIHVRU
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
)RUPDFLyQFRQWLQXDOLEURWH[WRFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR
,1752'8&&,1
(OLQWHUpVHQGLVFXWLUHOXVRGHOOLEURGHWH[WRGH*HRJUDItDHPHUJHGHODH[SHULHQFLD\GHOD
SUiFWLFD GRFHQWH FRPR SURIHVRU GH HGXFDFLyQ EiVLFD TXH WLHQH HQ HO OLEUR GH WH[WR XQD
KHUUDPLHQWDLPSRUWDQWHGHWUDEDMRSDUDSHUPLWLUHOGHVDUUROORGHODVFODVHV\HOFRQRFLPLHQWR
JHRJUiILFR GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV GH OD HQVHxDQ]D SULPDULD HQ OD UHG GH HGXFDFLyQ GH OD
PXQLFLSDOLGDGGH*RLkQLD%UDVLO
(QHVWHVHQWLGRORVHVWHUHRWLSRV\MXLFLRVKHFKRVDOPDHVWURFRQUHVSHFWRDOXVRGHOOLEURGH
WH[WRHQVXVFODVHVQRORGHILQHQFRPRXQSURIHVLRQDO\PRYLGRSRUHVWHGHVDFXHUGRHVTXH
WUDWDPRV GH RIUHFHU RWUD SHUVSHFWLYD GH OD UHODFLyQ PDHVWURWH[WR HVFRODU TXH QR VH OLPLWD D
KDEODUGHVXVGHELOLGDGHVSUREOHPDV\SUiFWLFDVYLFLDGDV
3RU OR WDQWR HO REMHWLYR IXH GHIHQGHU TXH HO OLEUR GH WH[WR WDPELpQ SXHGH VHU FRQVLGHUDGR
FRPRXQLQVWUXPHQWRTXHFRQWULEX\HDODIRUPDFLyQFRQWLQXDGHOSURIHVRUGH*HRJUDItDHQVX
HIHFWLYRHMHUFLFLRHQHODXOD
&UHHPRVTXHHOXVRVLVWHPiWLFRGHORVOLEURVGHWH[WRGH*HRJUDItDQRPLQLPL]DHOWUDEDMRGHO
SURIHVRU R GLVPLQX\H VX DXWRQRPtD \ UHVSRQVDELOLGDG FRQ OD SURIHVLyQ GRFHQWH R FRQ ORV
HVWXGLDQWHV D ORV FXDOHV HQVHxD 3RU HO FRQWUDULR VX XWLOL]DFLyQ FXDOLILFDGD
WHyULFDPHQWH JXLDGD \ DSR\DGD SRU SDUiPHWURV SHGDJyJLFRV \ SUiFWLFRV GHO WH[WR HVFRODU
UHTXLHUHGHOPDHVWURXQFRPSURPLVRPiVJUDQGHPD\RUFRQRFLPLHQWR\XQD UHIOH[LyQ

$UWtFXOR GHVDUUROODGR GHVGH OD WHVLV GH PDHVWUtD GHIHQGLGD HQ HO 3URJUDPD GH 3RVJUDGR HQ *HRJUDItD GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG
)HGHUDO GH *RLiV 8)* HO ,QVWLWXWR GH (VWXGLRV 6RFLDOHV \ $PELHQWDOHV ,(6$ FRQ OD RULHQWDFLyQ GHO 3URI 'U 'HQLV
5LFKWHU
H.G.da Silva Mota, D.Richter

FRQVWDQWHSDUDWRPDUODVGHFLVLRQHVDGHFXDGDV3HUPLWLHQGRDVtHOHJLUORRQRSDUDFLHUWDV
DFWLYLGDGHV \ R FRQWHQLGRV R DGDSWDUORGH DFXHUGRD ORV FRQWHQLGRV \PHWRGRORJtDV TXHVH
GHVHHQ WUDEDMDU FRQIRUPH D VXV H[SHFWDWLYDV \ REMHWLYRV GH OD HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH GH OD
*HRJUDItD
$OHVWDEOHFHUVXVFULWHULRVSDUDDERUGDURQRFLHUWRVDVXQWRVRDFWLYLGDGHVSURSXHVWDVGHOOLEUR
GH WH[WR HO HGXFDGRU HMHUFH XQD SHUPDQHQWH UHIOH[LyQ VREUH VX SUiFWLFD VX IRUPDFLyQ
HGXFDWLYD SHGDJyJLFD \ PHWRGROyJLFD DVt FRPR WUDQVIRUPD \ UHSODQWHD VXV REMHWLYRV HQ HO
FRQWH[WRGHVXSUiFWLFDGRFHQWH\FXDQGRORKDFHDSDUWLUGHXQDEDVHWHyULFD\PHWRGROyJLFD
FRQVLVWHQWHUHDOL]DXQSURFHVRGHIRUPDFLyQFRQWLQXDPLHQWUDVWUDEDMDSURIHVLRQDOPHQWH
/DLQYHVWLJDFLyQFHQWUDGDHQHOXVRGHORVOLEURVGHWH[WRGXUDQWHODVFODVHVGH*HRJUDItDWLHQH
FRPR REMHWLYR GHVKDFHU OD LPDJHQ QHJDWLYD GH HVWH LPSRUWDQWH UHFXUVR LQFOX\pQGROR HQ HO
iPELWRGHORVSUREOHPDVVREUHHOSHUIHFFLRQDPLHQWRGHODHQVHxDQ]DTXHVHSXHGHQDOFDQ]DU
SRUPHGLRGHXQDDFFLyQWHyULFDPHQWHVXVWHQWDGD\XQDWHRUtDDSUR[LPDGD\DVHQWDGDWDPELpQ
HQODSUiFWLFDGHOSURIHVRU
$VtODHOHFFLyQGHFULWHULRVEDVDGRVHQODSUiFWLFDGRFHQWHRVRODPHQWHHQFULWHULRVWHyULFRV
QR UHSUHVHQWDQ D QXHVWUR MXLFLR XQ SURFHVR GH HGXFDFLyQ FRQWLQXD 'LFKD IRUPDFLyQ VH
FRQVWLWX\HHQODLQWHUVHFFLyQHQWUHWHRUtD\SUiFWLFDGRQGHDPEDVVHUHYLVDQFRQVWDQWHPHQWH
SDUDTXHODDFWLYLGDGGRFHQWHVHDPiVFDOLILFDGD\VRFLDOPHQWHHILFD]
/$ )250$&,1 &217,18$ '(/ 352)(625 '( *(2*5$)$ < 68

5(/$&,1&21(//,%52'(7(;72
(QORV~OWLPRVDxRVHQ%UDVLODXPHQWyHOQ~PHURGHLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODV
SUiFWLFDV \ FRQRFLPLHQWRV GHO SURIHVRU HQ HO HMHUFLFLR GH VX SURIHVLyQ /RV SULQFLSDOHV
LQWHUHVHV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VH FHQWUDURQ HQ ODV UHODFLRQHV TXH VH HVWDEOHFHQ HQ HO DXOD ORV
FRQRFLPLHQWRVDFXPXODGRVFRQVWUXLGRVRQXHYRVLJQLILFDGRVSRUHVWRVPDHVWURVGHVSXpVGHO
SHUtRGRGHIRUPDFLyQLQLFLDO
(VWD RWUD SHUVSHFWLYD GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH OD SURIHVLyQ GRFHQWH KD IRPHQWDGR XQD QXHYD
UHODFLyQHQWUHODXQLYHUVLGDG\ODHVFXHODUHVXOWDQGRHQPRYLPLHQWRVLQWHUHVDQWHVGHWUDEDMR
FRODERUDWLYR\ GHLQFHQWLYRV D LQYHVWLJDFLyQ D SDUWLU GHXQD SUiFWLFD GRFHQWH HILFD] (Q HVWH
FDVRODXQLYHUVLGDG\VXVSURIHVRUHVKDQVLGRPiVVHQVLEOHVDFRPSUHQGHU\FRODERUDUFRQODV
H[LJHQFLDVHVFRODUHVWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDVXVSHFXOLDULGDGHVOLPLWDFLRQHV\SRVLELOLGDGHV
'HOPLVPRPRGRODHVFXHOD\ORVPDHVWURVGHODHVFXHODSULPDULDFDGDYH]PiVKDQWRPDGR
OD SRVLFLyQ GH SHQVDGRUHV GH VX SURIHVLyQ EXVFDQGR FDOLILFDU VX SUiFWLFD \ YROYHU VXV
FRQRFLPLHQWRVVLJQLILFDWLYRVSRUPHGLRGHOHVWXGLR\ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHVGHODPLUDGDGHODV
SHUVRQDVTXHDFW~DQHQODHVFXHOD
$VtODHVFXHODVHFRQVROLGDFRPRXQHVSDFLRGHIRUPDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUGHPDQHUDGLIHUHQWH\
FRPSOHPHQWDULD D OD XQLYHUVLGDG FRQ VXV SURSLDV GHPDQGDV \ FRQWH[WRV HVSHFtILFRV TXH
UHTXLHUHQGHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHVROXFLRQHVHVSHFtILFDVJXLDGDVSRUODUHDOLGDGORFDOHQODTXH
VHLQVHUWD
&RQVLGHUDQGRODVQXHYDVGHPDQGDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQJHQHUDGDVDSDUWLUGHODHVFXHODFRPRGH
\SDUDODXQLYHUVLGDGRWURVGLiORJRVVHSXHGHQHVWDEOHFHUQXHYRVUHWRVIXHURQFRQVWUXLGRV
\ SRU WDQWR DOJXQDV EDUUHUDV IXHURQ VXSHUDGDV 'H HVWD PDQHUD VH FRQVWLWX\H DO PLVPR
WLHPSRXQ GHVDItR\XQDQHFHVLGDG GH DFHUFDPLHQWR HQWUH ODXQLYHUVLGDG\ODHVFXHOD\VXV
UHVSHFWLYRVSURIHVRUHVSDUDTXHFRODERUDWLYDPHQWHVHSXHGDFRPSUHQGHU \DFWXDUFRQXQD

PD\RUFDOLGDGHQODVGHPDQGDVGHODSURIHVLyQGRFHQWH\GHOHQWRUQRHVFRODUTXHDFWXDOPHQWH
VHLPSRQH
5HFRQRFHU LQVWLWXFLRQHV FRPR OD XQLYHUVLGDG \ OD HVFXHOD \ VXV UHVSHFWLYRV SURIHVRUHV
GLVSRQHQ GH OLPLWDFLRQHV SDUD UHVSRQGHU D OD FRPSOHMLGDG GH OD HQVHxDQ]D \ OD SUiFWLFD
GRFHQWHGHIRUPDDLVODGDKDFHTXHVHUHIXHUFHODLPSRUWDQFLD\HOSDSHOGHFDGDLQVWLWXFLyQ\
GH HVWH PRGR VH DEUH XQ QXHYR HVSDFLR GH DSUHQGL]DMH FRQRFLPLHQWR IUXWR GHO WUDEDMR HQ
FRQMXQWRKRUL]RQWDO\FRODERUDWLYR&RQUHVSHFWRDHVWDFRPSOHMLGDG&KDYHLURS
DILUPDTXHHQODHVFXHODDFWXDOKD\XQGLVWDQFLDPLHQWRHQWUHORVPDHVWURVODVHVFXHODV\ORV
HVWXGLDQWHVSRUORTXHHODPELHQWHHVFRODUHVXQUHLQRGHSHUSOHMLGDGHV
A perplexidade da escola, por meio da representao de professores, coordenadores

pedaggicos e diretores, diante da juventude atual sustentada na dificuldade em
compreender e relacionar-se com esse jovem inquieto, indisciplinado, debochado,
frentico, compulsivo, sem interesse.... A perplexidade do jovem perante a escola
decorre da seguinte avaliao: esse lugar estranho, rgido, burocrtico, parado.
No interior da perplexidade, h, de fato, um conflito de representaes edificado em
trs vetores: no modo como o jovem aluno v a escola; na maneira como a escola v
o aluno e na forma com que ambos agem entre si a partir desse modo de
representar.
< WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD ORV GLYHUVRV GHVDItRV TXH VH LPSRQHQ DO SURIHVRU \ TXH KDFHQ TXH OD
SURIHVLyQVHDXQD WDUHD WDQFRPSOHMDVH FRPSUHQGHODXUJHQFLDGHODGLVFXVLyQDFHUFDGHOD
HGXFDFLyQ FRQWLQXD TXH VH FRQILJXUD FRPR XQD GH ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV SDUD IRUWDOHFHU HO
LQWHUFDPELR\ODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR(VWDSHUVSHFWLYDWLHQH
HO SURSyVLWR GH FRPSUHQGHU OD UHDOLGDG DFWXDO GH VX SURSLR WUDEDMR GRFHQWH \
SURSRQHU PHMRUHV PDQHUDVGH FRQVWUXLUXQDSURSXHVWDGH HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH PiVKiELO\
HILFD]
$VtHOFRQFHSWRGHIRUPDFLyQFRQWLQXDVHHQWLHQGHFRPRODFRPSUHQVLyQGHOPDHVWURFRPR
XQ VXMHWR DXWyQRPR GHQWUR GH XQ FRQWH[WR SDUWLFXODU GH DFFLyQ FDSD] GH LGHQWLILFDU VXV
QHFHVLGDGHV\FRQVWUXLUQRGHPDQHUDDLVODGDORVSRVLEOHVFDPLQRVSDUDHOPHMRUHMHUFLFLRGH
OD SURIHVLyQ WDQWR D QLYHO LQGLYLGXDO FRPR HQ OR FROHFWLYR (VWD FRPSUHQVLyQ UHTXLHUH
FRQRFLPLHQWR FRPSHWHQFLD \ FRPSURPLVR SURIHVLRQDO GH ORV LQGLYLGXRV H LQVWLWXFLRQHV TXH
SDUWLFLSDQHQHOSURFHVRGHIRUPDFLyQGHSURIHVRUHVSDUDHQWHQGHU\DFWXDUHQIRUPDFRQMXQWD
<QRUHGXFLUVHDXQTXHVHDLPSRUWDQWHDHQFRQWUDUVROXFLRQHVDORVSUREOHPDV\GLILFXOWDGHV
TXHVHHQIUHQWDQFRQVWDQWHPHQWHVLQRWDPELpQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHQXHYDVSDXWDVFRPXQHVGH
WUDEDMRLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\FDOLILFDFLyQSURIHVLRQDO
(QHVWHVHQWLGRSDUHFHFODURTXHHOSDSHOGHOPDHVWURWDPELpQQHFHVLWDORJUDUUHVSRQGHUDODV
QHFHVLGDGHV\GHPDQGDVVREUHWRGRHQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHORVYDORUHVLQWHUHVHV\ODPDQHUD
HQFyPRVHUHODFLRQDHOHVWXGLDQWHFRQODHVFXHODPDHVWURV
(QWUHORVFDPELRVRFXUULGRVHQHOHMHUFLFLRGRFHQWHVHGHVWDFDODQHFHVLGDGGHFRQVLGHUDUDO
HVWXGLDQWH HQ VX LQGLYLGXDOLGDG FRQ VXV SDUWLFXODULGDGHVSRWHQFLDOLGDGHV\OLPLWDFLRQHV FRQ
UHVSHFWR DO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D \ DSUHQGL]DMH KHFKR GLDULDPHQWH HQ ODV DXODV (Q HVWH
VHQWLGR HO SURIHVRU GHEH SHQVDU HQ FODVHV PpWRGRV DFWLYLGDGHV \ HYDOXDFLRQHV TXH VHDQ
FDSDFHVGHFRQWHPSODUODVLQJXODULGDGGHOHVWXGLDQWHVLQDOHMDUVHGHORVREMHWLYRVJHQHUDOHVGH
ODGLVFLSOLQD\ODHVFXHODPLHQWUDVXQHVSDFLRIRUPDWLYRGHORVFLXGDGDQRV

6L HVWDPRV GH DFXHUGR HQ TXH HO HVWXGLDQWH HV XQ VXMHWR SOXUDO GLQiPLFR LQVHUWR H
LQIOXHQFLDGRVRFLDOPHQWH\OOHQRGHYLYHQFLDVTXHORKDFHQFRPRSHUVRQD\TXHWRGDVHVWDV\
RWUDV FXHVWLRQHV GHEHQ VHU FRQVLGHUDGDV SDUD VX DSUHQGL]DMH 3RU TXp QR VH SUHJXQWD HO
PLVPRVREUHHOSURIHVRUTXHOHHQVHxD"
3URIHVRUGH*HRJUDItD\HOOLEURGHWH[WR
/D LPSRUWDQFLD GDGD D OD KHWHURJHQHLGDG TXH DOFDQ]D HO HVWXGLDQWH \ OR KDFH GLIHUHQWH GH
WRGRVQRDOFDQ]DDO PDHVWURTXHOHHQVHxD\DVXVSUiFWLFDV/DUHIHUHQFLD D ORVPDHVWURV
QRV SDUHFH HQ OD PD\RUtD GH ORV FDVRV JHQHUDOL]DGD GLIXPLQDGD \ FRORFDQGR D WRGRV ORV
SURIHVLRQDOHV \ VX FRQGXFWDV PpWRGRV \ H[SHULHQFLDV HQ XQ PLVPR QLYHO VLQ KDFHU
GLVWLQFLRQHVRHYHQWXDOHVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHV
8QHMHPSORGHJHQHUDOL]DFLyQGHOPDHVWURVHUHILHUHDVXUHODFLyQFRQHOOLEURGHWH[WRVHJ~Q
6LOYDSTXHFRQVLGHUDTXHHODXPHQWRGHOXVRGHORVOLEURVGHWH[WRVHDVRFLDDOD
GHELOLGDGGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVPDHVWURV\VXFDUJDGHWUDEDMRH[FHVLYD
Para boa parte dos professores brasileiros, o livro didtico se apresenta como uma
insubstituvel muleta. Na sua falta ou ausncia, no se caminha cognitivamente na
medida em que no h substncia para ensinar. Coxos por formao e/ou mutilados
pelo ingrato dia a dia do magistrio, resta a esses professores engolir e reproduzir a
ideia de que sem a adoo do livro didtico no h como orientar a aprendizagem.
'HVGHHVWD JHQHUDOL]DFLyQGHMDPRVDOJXQRVFXHVWLRQDPLHQWRV(V PX\GLItFLOSHQVDUTXHXQ

SURIHVRU ELHQ FDOLILFDGR XWLOLFH UHFXUUHQWHPHQWH HO WH[WR HVFRODU (O XVR VLVWHPiWLFR GH ORV
OLEURV GH WH[WR HV XQ KHFKR QHJDWLYR SDUD HO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D \ SDUD OD IRUPDFLyQ GHO
PDHVWUR 4Xp UHODFLyQ WLHQH OR TXH VH FUHH FRQ OD UHDOLGDG DFWXDO GH ORV SURIHVRUHV GH
*HRJUDItD\FRQODVHVFXHODVGHHGXFDFLyQEiVLFDHQ%UDVLO"
0RWLYDGRVSRUHVWDVFXHVWLRQHVWUDWDPRVGHLQYHVWLJDUODSUiFWLFDGRFHQWH\ODUHODFLyQFRQHO
OLEUR GH WH[WR GH YHLQWLFLQFR SURIHVRUHV GH *HRJUDItD GRFHQWHV HQ ORV ~OWLPRV FXUVRV GH OD
HQVHxDQ]DSULPDULDHQODFLXGDGGH*RLkQLDXELFDGDHQHO(VWDGRGH*RLiVUHJLyQFHQWUDOGH
%UDVLO
(QWUHORVSURIHVRUHVLQYHVWLJDGRVVHHQFRQWUyTXHFRPSOHWDURQVXVHVWXGLRVHQODGpFDGD
GHHQODGpFDGDGH\GXUDQWHODGpFDGDGHORTXHUHSUHVHQWDWUHV
JHQHUDFLRQHV GH SURIHVLRQDOHV IRUPDGRV EDMR GLIHUHQWHV RULHQWDFLRQHV FXUULFXODUHV
HYDOXDFLRQHV \ HQVHxDQ]D GH OD *HRJUDItD $ SHVDU GH WRGRV ORV FDPELRV HQ HO HVFHQDULR
HGXFDFLRQDO GXUDQWH HVWDV WUHV GpFDGDV ORV GDWRV PXHVWUDQ TXH OD IUHFXHQFLD HQ HO XVR GH
OLEURV GH WH[WR SHUPDQHFH PX\ DOWD \ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH (VWD VHxDO LQGLFD
TXHKD\RWURVHOHPHQWRVTXHSRGUtDQLQYHVWLJDUVHHQXQLQWHQWRGHFRPSUHQGHUODUHODFLyQGHO
SURIHVRUFRQHOOLEURGHWH[WRHQHOHIHFWLYRHMHUFLFLRGHODHQVHxDQ]D
(VWDPRVGHDFXHUGRFRQ.DHUFKHUSTXHGLFHTXHHOPHURXVRRQRGHOOLEURGH
WH[WRSDUDODVFODVHVWLHQHSRFRTXHGHFLUVREUHODDFWLWXGFRQRFLPLHQWR\SURIHVLRQDOLGDGGHO
PDHVWUR\EXVFDPRVLGHQWLILFDUODVSULQFLSDOHVUD]RQHVTXHOOHYDQDORVSURIHVRUHVDXWLOL]DU
FRQ WDQWD UHFXUUHQFLD HO OLEUR GH WH[WR GXUDQWH ODV FODVHV GH *HRJUDItD /RJUDPRV REVHUYDU
HOVLJXLHQWH

x GHORVPDHVWURVGLFHQTXHODVLVWHPDWL]DFLyQGHORVFRQWHQLGRVSUHVHQWDGRVHQ HO
OLEURGHWH[WRHVXQIDFWRULPSRUWDQWHSDUDHOXVRFRQVWDQWHGHHVWHLQVWUXPHQWR
x FUHHQ TXH HO OLEUR GH WH[WR HV SDUWH GH OD FXOWXUD GHO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D
DSUHQGL]DMH TXH GH DOJXQD PDQHUD HVWD WUDGLFLyQ FRQWULEX\H DO DSUHQGL]DMH GH ORV
HVWXGLDQWHVHLQFOXVRORXWLOL]DGHELGRDODVDFWLYLGDGHVTXHSUHVHQWD
x FUHHQTXHHOOLEURGHWH[WRHVXQLPSRUWDQWHVRSRUWHDODODERUHGXFDWLYDHQHODXOD
x GLFHQ TXH HO OLEUR GH WH[WR HV XQD KHUUDPLHQWD GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SDUD SURIHVRUHV \
HVWXGLDQWHV
/RVGDWRVUHIXHU]DQQXHVWUDFRPSUHQVLyQGHTXHQRKD\XQGHPpULWRHQGHFLUTXHHOOLEURGH
WH[WR IDFLOLWD OD ODERU GHO SURIHVRU \D TXH HVWH LQVWUXPHQWR WLHQH WDPELpQ HVWH ILQ /R TXH
GHEHPRVFXHVWLRQDUHVVLHOPDHVWURWLHQHODFRUUHFWDGLPHQVLyQGHFXiQGRHVWHLQVWUXPHQWRHV
XQ IDFLOLWDGRU GH OD HQVHxDQ]D \ GHO DSUHQGL]DMH \ FXiQGR SRU RWUD YtD HVWH PDWHULDO VH
H[SUHVDFRPRHOSURSLRPDHVWUR(QFXDQWRDOXVRFRPSHWHQWHGHOOLEURGHWH[WRUHFRQRFLHQGR
VXVOLPLWDFLRQHV\SRWHQFLDOLGDGHVDVXPLPRVODPLVPDSRVLFLyQGH'HPRS
FXDQGRDILUPD
O manejo do conhecimento disponvel encontra uma expresso importante nos livros

didticos, hoje colocados sob severa crtica, mas que sero sempre um apoio
importante ao processo de aprendizagem, desde que elaborados com qualidade. Esta
qualidade est, sobretudo, em no instalarem a expectativa ftua de receitas
prontas, simplificaes rebaixadas, reprodues sistemticas. Todavia, se bem
feitos, podem instigar o aprender a aprender e o saber pensar, a medida que exigem
raciocnio completo, promovem o exerccio constante da fundamentao cuidadosa e
bem argumentada, conjugam bem teoria e prtica, aliceram a capacidade
questionadora, e assim por diante. No faltam livros didticos imbecilizantes,
maliciosamente ideolgicos, mentirosos e malfeitos.
/DDFWLWXGFUtWLFDGHOSURIHVRUHQUHODFLyQDOOLEURGHWH[WRUHIXHU]DHOSHQVDPLHQWRDFHUFDGH
ODQHFHVLGDGGHFRQVWUXLUXQDSRVWXUDDXWyQRPDGHORVPDHVWURVSDUDTXHQRXWLOLFHQHOOLEUR
GHWH[WRGRJPiWLFDPHQWHVLQRTXHVLHPSUHTXHVHDQHFHVDULRFRQVLGHUHQ\HYDO~HQORVWHPDV
TXH VH GHVFXLGDQ HQ HO WH[WR HVFRODU \ KDJDQ FRQ FDOLGDG HYHQWXDOHV FRUUHFFLRQHV R DMXVWHV
SDUDHOPHMRUGHVDUUROORGHODVFODVHVTXHHQVHxDQ
$OSURPRYHUHOXVRFRPSHWHQWHGHORVOLEURVGHWH[WRHOPDHVWURQRSDVDSRUDOWRODSUHVHQFLD
\ OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH HVWH LQVWUXPHQWR FRPR KHUUDPLHQWD HVFRODU \ WDPSRFR SHUPLWH TXH VH
SRVLELOLWH HO FXOWR \ XQD UHSHWLFLyQ DFUtWLFD GH VXV LGHDV FRQWHQLGRV \ SXQWRV GH YLVWD 'HO
PLVPR PRGRQRSHUPLWHTXHVXSDSHOFRPRHGXFDGRUDFDEHRVFXUHFLGRR PHUPDGR"SRUHO
XVR GH HVWH LQVWUXPHQWR \D TXH HO FRQRFLPLHQWR \ ORV PHFDQLVPRV TXH VH PRYLOL]DQ SDUD
OOHYDU D FDER HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV HV XQD WDUHD TXH SHUWHQHFH DO PDHVWUR HQ HO
SOHQRHMHUFLFLRGHVXSURIHVLyQ\QRDORVLQVWUXPHQWRV\ORVUHFXUVRVGLVSRQLEOHVSDUDHOORV
(QHVWHVHQWLGRODFRPSHWHQFLDSURIHVLRQDOGHOGRFHQWHHQVXUHODFLyQFRQHOOLEURGHWH[WRVH
LQLFLD FRQ HO SURFHVR GH HYDOXDFLyQ \ VHOHFFLyQ GH ODV FROHFFLRQHV TXH VH XWLOL]DQ \D TXH
HV HO PRPHQWR HQ TXH VH WLHQH OD SRVLELOLGDG GH SUHVHQWDU HVWH LQVWUXPHQWR D VXV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV REMHWLYRV \QHFHVLGDGHV UHIOH[LRQDQGR DFHUFD GH OD FROHFFLyQ PiV DGHFXDGD

SDUDVXIRUPDFLyQSHUVRQDO\VXSUiFWLFDSURIHVLRQDO\HQHVSHFLDOSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHORV
HVWXGLDQWHVFRQORVFXDOHVYDQDFRQVWUXLUHOFRQRFLPLHQWR
/DHOHFFLyQGHOOLEURGHWH[WRGH*HRJUDItD
/DFODULGDGHQODHOHFFLyQGHORVOLEURVGHWH[WRHVXQHOHPHQWRFODYHHQODFDOLILFDGDUHODFLyQ
HQWUHHOPDHVWUR\ORVWH[WRVHVFRODUHV\DTXHH[SUHVDHOQLYHOGHDXWRQRPtD\SURIHVLRQDOLGDG
GHOPDHVWURDFHUFDGHVXVPHWDVH[SHFWDWLYDV\FRQFHSFLRQHVGHODHQVHxDQ]DGHODSUHQGL]DMH
\GHOD*HRJUDItD(VWRUHIXHU]DHOHQWHQGLPLHQWRGHTXHHOXVRGHOOLEURGHWH[WRQRUHIXWDQL
GHVERUGDODDXWRQRPtD\FDSDFLGDGLQWHOHFWXDOGHOSURIHVRUSRUHOFRQWUDULRUHTXLHUHDGHPiV
TXHHOSURIHVLRQDOTXHWLHQHPXFKDVRSFLRQHVGLVSRQLEOHVSDUDHOHJLUHVFRMDODRSFLyQTXHVH
DOLQHHPHMRUFRQVXWUDEDMR
<D HQ FXDQWR D ORV SULQFLSDOHV FULWHULRV XWLOL]DGRV SRU ORV SURIHVRUHV GH *HRJUDItD SDUD OD
HYDOXDFLyQ \ VHOHFFLyQ GH ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR HO VHxDOy FRQVLGHUDU FRPR HO SULQFLSDO
HOHPHQWRDWHQHUHQFXHQWDHOOHQJXDMH\ODFRKHUHQFLDGHOWH[WR3RUVXSDUWHSDUDHOGH
ORVSURIHVRUHVHOHOHPHQWRPiVLPSRUWDQWHHVODFDOLGDGJUiILFDGHORVFRQWHQLGRV
$O SUHRFXSDUVH SRU OD FDOLGDG GHO OHQJXDMH GHO OLEUR GH WH[WR HO SURIHVRU VH EDVD HQ HO
FRQRFLPLHQWRTXHWLHQHQGHVXVHVWXGLDQWHVVXVQLYHOHVGHOHFWXUD\FDSDFLGDGLQIRUPDWLYD\D
TXHHVGHOPDHVWURODFRPSHWHQFLDSDUDGLDJQRVWLFDUHOQLYHOGHDSUHQGL]DMHGHVXVDOXPQRV
DVt FRPR VXV LQWHUHVHV SRVWHULRUHV \ ODV SRVLEOHV HVWUDWHJLDV TXH SXHGHQ XWLOL]DU HQ ~OWLPD
LQVWDQFLDSDUDORJUDUVXVREMHWLYRVGHQWURGHODGLVFLSOLQDGH*HRJUDItDDWUDYpVGHOOLEURGH
WH[WR
/DSUHRFXSDFLyQGHORVPDHVWURVFRQODFDOLGDGJUiILFDGHORVOLEURVGHWH[WRHVDOJRTXHVH
SXHGH LQWHUSUHWDU D SDUWLU GH GRV DVSHFWRV /D SULPHUD HV TXH XQ PDWHULDO JUiILFR GH DOWD
FDOLGDG\SXHGHVHU LQLFLDOPHQWH DWUDFWLYRSDUD HOHVWXGLDQWHJHQHUDQGR XQD DSUR[LPDFLyQ D
ORV FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV (VWH SXQWR HV D~Q PiV EHQHILFLRVR FXDQGR VH SLHQVD HQ ORV
FRQWHQLGRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ &DUWRJUDItD 3RU RWUR ODGR VH JHQHUD XQD DOHUWD SDUD TXH QR VH
HVFRMDQPDWHULDOHVGHELGRDODVHGXFFLyQGHPDUNHWLQJTXHFLHUWDVREUDVSXHGHQGHVSHUWDUFRQ
VXVFRORUHVJUiILFRVPDSDVHWFpWHUD
(Q HVWH DVSHFWR HV HVHQFLDO TXH HO PDHVWUR UHIOH[LRQH DFHUFD GH OD LPSRUWDQFLD UHDO GH OD
FDOLGDG JUiILFD HQ XQ OLEUR GH WH[WR SDUD HO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D \ DSUHQGL]DMH GXUDQWH ODV
FODVHVGH*HRJUDItDRHQTXpPHGLGDODFDOLGDGHVWpWLFDGHOPDWHULDOSXHGHFRQWULEXLUFRQHO
GHVDUUROORGHVXSURSLDODERU
&UHHPRV TXH HO PDHVWUR GHEH VRSHVDU VX HOHFFLyQ HQWUH OD IRUPD \ HO FRQWHQLGR D ILQ GH
QR RSWDU SRU XQ PDWHULDO VyOR SRU VX DVSHFWR HVWpWLFR GHMDQGR GH ODGR OD FODULGDG GH ORV
FRQFHSWRV ORV DVSHFWRV UHODFLRQDOHV HQWUH HO FRQWHQLGR \ DFWLYLGDGHV OD SRVLELOLGDG GH
GHVSHUWDUGHOSHQVDPLHQWRFUtWLFRGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVHQWUHRWUDV
6H FRQILJXUD HQQXHVWUD RSLQLyQ FRPR XQ SUREOHPDJUDYHOD HOHFFLyQ GH ORV OLEURVGH WH[WR
VRODPHQWHSRUUD]RQHVHVWpWLFDV\RKHUUDPLHQWDVGLJLWDOHVDXQTXHHVWRVHOHPHQWRVWLHQHQVX
LPSRUWDQFLD HQ HO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D 6LQ HPEDUJR HO SURIHVRU QHFHVLWD SURPRYHU XQ
DQiOLVLV PiV SURIXQGR GH OD REUD \ HO FRQWH[WR HQ HO TXH VH YD D XWLOL]DU SXHV DOJR PiV
LPSRUWDQWHTXHODDSDULHQFLDHVHODSUHQGL]DMH\ODVUHIOH[LRQHVTXHHOOLEURGHWH[WRDWUDYpV
GHOWUDEDMRGHOPDHVWURWLHQHFDSDFLGDGGHSURPRYHU

$~QHQORVHOHPHQWRVFLWDGRVSRUORVSURIHVRUHVSDUDODHOHFFLyQGHODFROHFFLyQGHOLEURVGH
WH[WRQDGLHFRQVLGHUyODUHOHYDQFLD\SHUWLQHQFLDGHOD*XtDGHO0DHVWUR\OD*XtD1DFLRQDO
GH/LEURVGH7H[WR
(O PDQXDOGHOSURIHVRU HVXQDUHIHUHQFLD LPSRUWDQWH HQOD FRPSUHQVLyQ GHOD HVWUXFWXUD\HO
HQIRTXH WHyULFRPHWRGROyJLFR HVWDEOHFLGR HQ OD FROHFFLyQ FRPSOHWD GH OLEURV GH WH[WR TXH
FRQVWLWX\H XQD RULHQWDFLyQ SDUWLFXODU GHO OLEUR SDUD HO SURIHVRU \ SDUD HO WUDEDMR D
GHVDUUROODU$PHGLGDTXHVHFRQVWLWX\HHQXQLQVWUXPHQWRGHD\XGDGHOLEURVGHWH[WRSDUDOD
HQVHxDQ]DHOPDQXDOGHOSURIHVRUGHEHVHUHOREMHWRGHDQiOLVLVPiVFHUFDQRDOPDHVWUR
(VHQHOUHVSHFWLYRPDQXDOGRQGHHODXWRUGHOLEURV\HOPDHVWURVHHQFXHQWUDQGHIRUPDPiV
SURIXQGD \ GRQGH YDQ PiV DOOi GHO GHEDWH VREUH HO FRQWHQLGR \ DOFDQ]DQGR UHIOH[LRQHV
WHyULFDV\PHWRGROyJLFDVGHOD*HRJUDItD\GHVXHQVHxDQ]D
(QHVWDSDUWHGHOOLEURGHWH[WRHOSURIHVRUSXHGHHQWUHRWUDVFRVDVUHFRUGDUODKLVWRULD\ORV
IXQGDPHQWRVGHOD*HRJUDItDFRPRXQDFLHQFLD\VXVHVSHFLILFLGDGHVFRPRGLVFLSOLQDHVFRODU
\ DFDGpPLFR \ WDPELpQ WHQHU FRQWDFWR FRQ DOJXQDV GH ODV GLVFXVLRQHV DFWXDOHV VREUH OD
HQVHxDQ]D GH OD *HRJUDItD HYDOXDFLyQ SODQ GH HVWXGLRV \ RWUDV GHPDQGDV
LPSRUWDQWHV $GHPiV SXHGH WRPDU QRWD GH ODV UHFLHQWHV SXEOLFDFLRQHV GH OD ]RQD \ SRU OR
WDQWRVHUIRUPDGRGHPDQHUDFRQWLQXDHQFXDQWRXQPDHVWURTXHKDFHXVRGHOOLEURGHWH[WR
2WURLQVWUXPHQWRGLVHxDGRSDUDD\XGDUGXUDQWHHOSURFHVRGHHOHFFLyQGHORVOLEURVGHWH[WR\
TXH QR IXH FLWDGR SRU ORV SURIHVRUHV LQYHVWLJDGRV HV OD Gua Nacional de Libros de
Texto (VWH PDWHULDO FRQWLHQH XQ DQiOLVLV FRQ GHWDOOHV GH WRGDV ODV FROHFFLRQHV GH OLEURV GH
WH[WRDSUREDGRVSRUHO3ODQ1DFLRQDOGH/LEURVGH7H[WR31/'KHFKRSRUORVPDHVWURVTXH
WUDEDMDQ HQ OD HGXFDFLyQ EiVLFD \ ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV HQ HO FDPSR GH OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD
*HRJUDItD\GHODHQVHxDQ]D
(Q HVWH VHQWLGR VH FRQVLGHUD TXH WDQWR HO PDQXDO GHO SURIHVRU FRPR OD Gua Nacional de
Libros de Texto SXHGHQ FRQWULEXLU DO SURFHVR GH IRUPDFLyQ FRQWLQXD GHO SURIHVRU SXHV
SODQWHDQ GHEDWHV UHIOH[LRQHV SHUVSHFWLYDV WHyULFDV \ PHWRGROyJLFDV \ D\XGDQ HQ OD
UHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODVSUiFWLFDVGHVDUUROODGDV
/$6 326,%,/,'$'(6 '( )250$&,1 &217,18$ 3$5$ (/ 352)(625 $

3$57,5'(/862'(//,%52'(7(;72
(QQXHVWUDLQYHVWLJDFLyQSUHJXQWDPRVDORVPDHVWURVDFHUFDGHORVWHPDVTXHVHFRQVLGHUDQ
PiV GLItFLOHV GH VHU HQVHxDGRV SRU HOORV /RJUDPRV ORV VLJXLHQWHV GDWRV &DUWRJUDItD
*HRSROtWLFD \ 6XHORV*HRPRUIRORJtD $O LQGLFDU VXV SULQFLSDOHV
GLILFXOWDGHV WDPELpQ VHxDODUDQ ORV FRQWHQLGRV VXMHWRV D XQD PD\RU SURIXQGL]DFLyQ H
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ 1R VH WUDWD GH LGHQWLILFDU ODV GHPDQGDV \ VXJHULU FXUVRV HVSHFtILFRV SDUD
VDWLVIDFHUODVQHFHVLGDGHVHVSHFtILFDVORTXHUHGXFLUtDHOSURFHVRGHHGXFDFLyQFRQWLQXDSDUD
OD IRUPDFLyQ IUDJPHQWDGD \ VXSHUILFLDO (O SURSyVLWR HV TXH VH HVWLPXOH HO SURFHVR GH
UHIOH[LyQ GH ORV SURIHVRUHV SDUD HQWHQGHU PHMRU VXV QHFHVLGDGHV \ EXVFDU LQGLYLGXDO \
FROHFWLYDPHQWHPDQHUDVGHVXSHUDUODV
$ SDUWLU GHO UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GH VXV OLPLWDFLRQHV \ GHELOLGDGHV WHyULFDV \ PHWRGROyJLFDV R
FRQFHSWXDOHVORVPDHVWURVH[SRQHQLQGLYLGXDO\FROHFWLYDPHQWHODQHFHVLGDGGHPDQWHQHUOD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ\ODIRUPDFLyQFRQWLQXDFRPRXQDSUiFWLFDGLDULD

&RQVLGHUDQGR TXH ORV WHPDV FRQ PiV DOWD GLILFXOWDG SDUD ORV PDHVWURV VRQ LPSRUWDQWHV \
UHFXUUHQWHV HQ OD *HRJUDItD HVFRODU VH OHV FRQVXOWR VREUH ODV PHGLGDV WRPDGDV SDUD VXSHUDU
HVWDVGLILFXOWDGHV/DILJXUDUHVXPHODVUHVSXHVWDV
)LJXUD)XHQWHVXWLOL]DGDVSRUORVSURIHVRUHVFXDQGRVHHQFXHQWUDQFRQGXGDVIUHQWHDXQGHWHUPLQDGR
FRQWHQLGR)XHQWH(VWXGLRGHFDPSR$EULO
/RVGDWRVDQWHULRUHVFRQILUPDQQXHVWUDRSLQLyQVREUHHOOLEURGHWH[WRFRPRXQDKHUUDPLHQWD
GH IRUPDFLyQ FRQWLQXD SDUD ORV SURIHVRUHV D SDUWLU GH GRV SHUVSHFWLYDV ORV SURIHVRUHV TXH
XWLOL]DQ H[SOtFLWDPHQWH HVWH UHFXUVR FRPR XQD IXHQWH SDUD VXSHUDU VXV GLILFXOWDGHV \
SDUD DTXHOORV TXH KDFHQ XVR GH RWUDV IXHQWHV SXHV HQ HO SURSLR OLEUR GH WH[WR KD\
LQGLFDFLRQHV GH VLWLRV ZHE UHYLVWDV DUWtFXORV SHOtFXODV HWFpWHUD TXH SXHGHQ GDU DOJ~Q
VRSRUWHDOSURFHVRGHIRUPDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGR
6H REVHUYD TXH QR VH FRQVLGHUD HO OLEUR GH WH[WR FRPR XQ ILQ HQ Vt PLVPR R FRPR HO ~QLFR
PDWHULDO SDUD OD IRUPDFLyQ FRQWLQXD GH ORV SURIHVRUHV \D TXH HVWR QHFHVDULDPHQWH GHEH
FRPSOHPHQWDUVHFRQODOHFWXUDGHRWURVOLEURVDUWtFXORVFLHQWtILFRVWHVLVGLVHUWDFLRQHV\RWUDV
SXEOLFDFLRQHVHVSHFtILFDV\FRQPD\RUSURIXQGLGDGGHQWURGHORVFRQWHQLGRVGHOD*HRJUDItD
/R TXH SURSRQHQ HV FRQVLGHUDU HVWH UHFXUVR FRPR XQ PHGLDGRU HQ OD IRUPDFLyQ GH
SURIHVRUHV GRQGH VXV LQIRUPDFLRQHV VXJHUHQFLDV FRQWHQLGRV \ SURSXHVWDV VLUYDQ SDUD OD
UHIOH[LyQ\HOWUDEDMRGRFHQWHDVHUGHVDUUROODGR
8Q IDFWRU PiV TXH OODPD OD DWHQFLyQ DFHUFD GHO DQiOLVLV VH UHILHUH DO FDUiFWHU DOWDPHQWH
LQGLYLGXDOLVWD FRQ ORV FXDOHV ORV SURIHVRUHV LQWHQWDQ UHVSRQGHU D VXV GXGDV R DPSOLDU VXV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV (Q HVWH VHQWLGR ODV IXHQWHV SULQFLSDOHV VRQ HO PLVPR OLEUR GH WH[WR
,QWHUQHW ORV OLEURV DFDGpPLFRV FRPR IXHQWHV GH DFWXDOL]DFLyQ \
FDSDFLWDFLyQ6yORGHORVSURIHVRUHVKDEODQGHOGLiORJRFRPRXQDPHGLGDSDUDHOLPLQDU
ODVGLILFXOWDGHV

(VWR UHIXHU]D HO FDUiFWHU GH DLVODPLHQWR GH OD SURIHVLyQ GRFHQWH DO SDVR TXH ORV PDHVWURV
EXVFDQPRGLILFDUVXVSUiFWLFDVGHIRUPDLQGLYLGXDOFRQSRFRWLHPSR\JDQDVSDUDGLVFXVLRQHV
HQ JUXSR R DFWLYLGDGHV GH IRUPDFLyQ PiV ODUJDV FRPR VHPLQDULRV FRQIHUHQFLDV JUXSRV GH
HVWXGLRHLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHVLRQHVGHGHIHQVDVGHWHVLVHQWUHRWUDV
(V LPSRUWDQWH GHVWDFDU ORV RWURV PRPHQWRV FROHFWLYRV GH OD IRUPDFLyQ TXH GHEHQ DOHQWDU D
ORV PDHVWURV D SDUWLFLSDU (Q HVRV PRPHQWRV PXFKDV GH ODV GLILFXOWDGHV \ ODV QXPHURVDV
SRVLELOLGDGHVTXHVHKDQDFXPXODGRGHQWURGHODVHVFXHODVHVWiQFRPSDUWLGDV\SHQVDQGRHQ
XQDVRFLHGDGJOREDO HVSUREDEOHTXH H[LVWDQ PDHVWURVFRQODV PLVPDVGLILFXOWDGHVRTXH\D
KDQ HQFRQWUDGR VROXFLRQHV SDUD ODV GLILFXOWDGHV TXH VH EXVFD UHVROYHU < VLQ HPEDUJR VH
HVWDEOHFHQ UHODFLRQHV HQWUH SURIHVRUHV GLVSXHVWRV D FRQVWUXLU MXQWRV ODV UHVSXHVWDV D VXV
GHPDQGDV\QHFHVLGDGHVSDUWLFXODUHVPHGLDQWHHOWUDEDMRFRODERUDWLYR
/RTXHHOSURIHVRUGH*HRJUDItDSXHGHDSUHQGHUGHORVOLEURVGHWH[WR
8QD GH ODV SRVLEOHV FRQWULEXFLRQHV GH ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR FRPR KHUUDPLHQWDV SDUD IRUPDU
SHUPDQHQWHPHQWHDOSURIHVRUHVWiHQHOUHIXHU]RGHORVFRQWHQLGRVFRQORVFXDOHVORVPDHVWURV
SUHVHQWDQ DOJXQD GLILFXOWDG 6LHQGR XQR GH ORV UHFXUVRV XWLOL]DGRV SRU ORV SURIHVRUHV SDUD
UHVROYHU VXV GXGDV FRPR VH PXHVWUD HQ OD )LJXUD VH HQWLHQGH TXH VL HO OLEUR GH WH[WR VH
XWLOL]D GH PDQHUD FRPSHWHQWH pVWH SXHGH SUHVHQWDU DOJXQRV HOHPHQWRV TXH SHUPLWHQ OD
SURPRFLyQGHODSUHQGL]DMHGHOSURIHVRU
/D FRPSUHQVLyQ GH ODV GLILFXOWDGHV FRPR XQ SXQWR GH SDUWLGD SDUD HOHJLU HO OLEUR GH WH[WR
SHUPLWHDOPDHVWURHOHJLUXQLQVWUXPHQWRTXHVHD~WLO\FRODERUHFRQVXWUDEDMRGHHQVHxDQ]D
\DTXHFRPSOHPHQWDVXVFRQRFLPLHQWRV\RVXJLHUHPHFDQLVPRVSDUDHVR(VWRQRVLJQLILFD
KDFHUORXQVXVWLWXWRSDUDHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOSURIHVRUSRUHOFRQWUDULRVHHVSHUDTXHVHDXQ
LPSXOVR SDUD UHIOH[LRQDU VREUH VXV OLPLWDFLRQHV R SRVLELOLGDGHV HQ OD SURIHVLyQ H LQGLFDU
IRUPDV\SRVLELOLGDGHVGHWUDQVSRQHUODV
3RUORWDQWRVHGHVHDTXHODFRPSUHQVLyQLQGLYLGXDOGHOSURIHVRUDFHUFDGHVXVGLILFXOWDGHVVH
LQVHUWH HQ XQ SURFHVR GH UHIOH[LyQ PiV DPSOLR TXH HV OD HGXFDFLyQ FRQWLQXD R HQ RWUDV
SDODEUDVTXHHVWRPXHVWUHODDSHUWXUDSDUDHODSUHQGL]DMHRHQIUHQWDPLHQWRGHODVGLILFXOWDGHV
TXH H[SHULPHQWDQ WRGRV ORV GtDV 3RU OR TXH HO PDHVWUR QR GHEHHYLWDU HOHJLU OLEURVGH WH[WR
TXH H[SORUDQ WHPDV TXH D YHFHV QR FRQRFHQ VXILFLHQWHPHQWH SRUTXH FUHHPRV TXH OD
E~VTXHGD SRU KDFHU IUHQWH D VXV GLILFXOWDGHV FRQFHGH DO SURIHVRU XQD RSRUWXQLGDG SDUD OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQIRUWDOHFLPLHQWRGHVXVFRQRFLPLHQWRVGXUDQWHHOHMHUFLFLRGHVXSURIHVLyQ
3RUORWDQWRQRVHWUDWDGHRFXOWDUODVGLILFXOWDGHVGHOPDHVWURRH[DOWDUODILJXUDGHOOLEURGH
WH[WR HQ HO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH SHUR Vt YDORUDU ORV PRPHQWRV GH UHIOH[LyQ \
FRQVLGHUiQGRORV FRPR XQD RSRUWXQLGDG SDUD XQD PD\RU FRPSUHQVLyQ GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV GH
HQVHxDQ]D'HWDOPDQHUDRFXUULUiODDSURSLDFLyQGHODVP~OWLSOHVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHH[SDQVLyQ
GHO FRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVHVWXGLDQWHV\SURIHVRUHVTXHODUHODFLyQ FRQ HO OLEURGHWH[WRSXHGH
IRPHQWDU
$ SDUWLU GHO XVR FRPSHWHQWH GH ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR VH EXVFD TXH VHDQ GHVSHUWDGDV ODV
FXULRVLGDGHV H[WHUQDOL]DGDV ODV GHELOLGDGHV \ QHFHVLGDGHV GH ORV PDHVWURV \ TXH VHDQ
DSURYHFKDGDV WRGDV ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV TXH SUHVHQWD HO OLEUR \ WDPELpQ VXSHUDGDV ODV
OLPLWDFLRQHVQDWXUDOHVTXHWLHQHHVWHLQVWUXPHQWR6HHVSHUDTXHHOSURIHVRUDOFDQFHWDPELpQOD
FRPSUHQVLyQGHSHUFLELUVHFRPRXQLQYHVWLJDGRUGHQWURGHVXSUiFWLFDSURIHVLRQDO\HQWLHQGD
DOOLEURFRPRXQLQVWUXPHQWRFDSD]GHSURPRYHUODVUHIOH[LRQHVSRUTXHGHEHQVHUPDGXUDGDV
LQGLYLGXDO\FROHFWLYDPHQWHSRUORVPDHVWURV\RWURVPLHPEURVGHOJUXSRGHODHVFXHODVLQ

FRQVWUXLU XQD GLVWDQFLD GHO HQWHQGLPLHQWR GH TXH HO OLEUR GH WH[WR VH FRQILJXUD FRPR XQ
HOHPHQWR FRPSOHPHQWDULR D OD SUiFWLFD GH OD HQVHxDQ]D \ TXH QHFHVLWD VHU UHYLVDGR
UHSHQVDGRDPSOLDGR\GLVFXWLGR
/D GLILFXOWDG GH ORV PDHVWURV FRQ HO FRQWHQLGR GH &DUWRJUDItD KD VLGR REMHWR GH YDULRV
HVWXGLRV (QWUH ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV GHGLFDGRV D OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH OD
&DUWRJUDItD OD HGXFDFLyQ \ OD IRUPDFLyQ GHO SURIHVRUDGR DOJXQRV VRQ 6DPSDLR
2OLYHLUD\/H6DQQ
6DPSDLRLGHQWLILFyTXHSDUDJUDQSDUWHGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVGXUDQWHODIRUPDFLyQLQLFLDO
HQ*HRJUDItDORVFRQWHQLGRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQOD&DUWRJUDItDQRSRVHHQXQDERUGDMHDGHFXDGR
DGHPiV GH XQD EDMD FDQWLGDG GH WLHPSR GHGLFDGR D HOORV $GHPiV VRQ UHDOL]DGRV SRU
SURIHVRUHV TXH QR WLHQHQ XQ FRQWURO DPSOLR VREUH HO FRQWHQLGR \ TXH DFW~DQ FRQ PDWHULDOHV
LQDGHFXDGRV
/H6DQQTXHLQYHVWLJyHOSDSHOGHOD&DUWRJUDItDHQODHVFXHODSULPDULDSULPHURVDxRV
HQFRQWUy TXH ORV PDHVWURV GH OD HGXFDFLyQ LQLFLDO WLHQHQ SRFR FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO FRQWHQLGR
JHRJUiILFR \ HVWR KD KHFKR TXH OD &DUWRJUDItD VHD GHVDUUROODGD HQ ODV FODVHV FRPR XQD
DFWLYLGDG ILQDO SRU HMHPSOR ODV PDTXHWDV \ QR FRPR LQVWUXPHQWRV SDUD D\XGDU HQ OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDOSRUSDUWHGHORVHVWXGLDQWHV
2OLYHLUDWUDWyGHLQYHVWLJDUODUHODFLyQGHHVWHFRQWHQLGRFRQODIRUPDFLyQGHOSURIHVRU
GH*HRJUDItDFRQVLGHUDQGRDORVSURIHVRUHVTXHWUDEDMDQHQODUHGPXQLFLSDOGH(GXFDFLyQGH
*RLkQLD(VWHDXWRUHQFRQWUyTXHGHORVPDHVWURVWLHQHQDOJXQDGLILFXOWDGFRQHOWUDEDMR
FRQ ORV WHPDV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD &DUWRJUDItD HVSHFLDOPHQWH ODV SUR\HFFLRQHVLPiJHQHV GH
VDWpOLWH ODV HVFDODV \ ODV ]RQDV KRUDULDV 'HO PLVPR PRGR VH HQFRQWUy TXH OD PD\RUtD GH
HVWRV PDHVWURV DVLJQDQ VXV GLILFXOWDGHV D ODV GHILFLHQFLDV GH OD IRUPDFLyQ LQLFLDO OD IDOWD GH
PDWHULDOHV DGHFXDGRV \ ORV DERUGDMHV GLGiFWLFRV LQVXILFLHQWHV R SRFR FODULILFDGRUHV
FRQWHQLGRVHQORVOLEURVGHWH[WR3DUDHODXWRU
Alm dos problemas na aprendizagem algo que imprescindvel diagnosticar entre

os alunos -, preciso reconhecer, entre os docentes as falhas no domnio desses
contedos e dessa linguagem da Cartografia. [...]. Poucos foram os docentes
(apenas 29%) que alegaram no ter dificuldades para trabalhar com os contedos
relacionados a Cartografia. Na outra ponta, os prprios professores indicam que
91% dos alunos apresentam dificuldades, ainda que parciais, ao lidar com tais
contedos; e quase metade deles apresenta certa averso em relao a essa matria.
6HJ~Q2OLYHLUDSODVGLILFXOWDGHVGHORVSURIHVRUHVDEUHQHVSDFLRSDUDHOGHEDWH\

ODUHIOH[LyQVREUHHOSDSHOGHODVXQLYHUVLGDGHVHQHOSURFHVRGHIRUPDFLyQ\ODQHFHVLGDGGH
DPSOLDU ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH IRUPDFLyQ FRQWLQXD GH ORV PDHVWURV HQ OD DFWLYLGDG
SURIHVLRQDO(QVXVSDODEUDV
Entretanto, mais do que constatar problemas existentes, as informaes geradas

apontam para possibilidades de aes. As deficincias na formao, alegadas pelos
professores pesquisados, geram uma lacuna que precisa ser compreendida pela
Universidade que, desta forma, se permita uma rediscusso de seu papel enquanto
formadora dos quadros docentes do Ensino Bsico. Da mesma forma, preciso

adotar polticas de formao continuadas, integrando instituies universitrias, e

as redes de ensino para requalificao e atualizao dos professores, tendo em
vistas os avanos tecnolgicos so muitos e cada vez mais rpidos, o que tambm
distncia a atividade da docncia da realidade dos estudantes fora do ambiente da
escola.
2EVHUYDPRVSRUWDQWRTXHODVGLILFXOWDGHVGHORVSURIHVRUHVFRQFRQWHQLGRUHODFLRQDGRDOD
&DUWRJUDItDKDFHQUHIHUHQFLDDOSHUtRGRGHODIRUPDFLyQLQLFLDO\VHSHUSHW~DQGXUDQWH
HO HMHUFLFLR GH OD SURIHVLyQ GRFHQWH D SHVDU GH VDEHU TXH HVWRV SURIHVRUHV WLHQHQ HO OLEUR GH
WH[WR FRPR XQD KHUUDPLHQWD GH VRSRUWH SDUD ODV GLILFXOWDGHV TXH HQFXHQWUDQ $Vt
FRQVLGHUDPRV TXH HO OLEUR GH WH[WR SXHGH GHQWUR GH VXV SRVLELOLGDGHV FRQWULEXLU D OD
IRUPDFLyQFRQWLQXDGHORVSURIHVRUHV
(QODPHGLGDHQTXHHOPDHVWURHQWLHQGDVXVGLILFXOWDGHV\HVWpGLVSXHVWRDVXSHUDUODVHOOLEUR
GHWH[WRSXHGHVHUXQDKHUUDPLHQWDLQLFLDOHQHVWHSURFHVRLQGLFDQGRORVFRQFHSWRVEiVLFRVH
LPSRUWDQWHVSDUDODFRPSUHQVLyQGHHVWRVFRQRFLPLHQWRVHQVXUHODFLyQFRQODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD
*HRJUDItD
6LQHPEDUJRORTXHVHEXVFyHQHVWHWUDEDMRIXHPRWLYDUDORVPDHVWURVHQHMHUFLFLRSDUDTXH
HOORV HVWDEOH]FDQ RWUD UHODFLyQ FRQ HO OLEUR GH WH[WR DVHQWDGD HQ OD DSHUWXUD SDUD HO
DSUHQGL]DMH FRQ FRQGLFLRQHV GH PHMRUDU ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH IRUPDFLyQ TXH WLHQH HVWH
LQVWUXPHQWR 3RU OR WDQWR GHEHPRV FRQVLGHUDUOR FRPR SDUWH GHO WUDEDMR GHO PDHVWUR VLQ
GHVDFUHGLWDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\ODVKDELOLGDGHVDGTXLULGDVSRUFDGDSURIHVLRQDODORODUJRGHVX
IRUPDFLyQ8VDUHOOLEURGHWH[WRHQHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]D\DSUHQGL]DMHYDORUDHOWUDEDMR\
PDQWLHQHDOPDHVWURFRPRHOVXMHWRUHVSRQVDEOHSRUODFRQGXFFLyQGHODVFODVHVHQHOHVSDFLR
HVFRODU
&216,'(5$&,21(6),1$/(6
'HVWDFDQGR OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR SDUD OD ODERU SHGDJyJLFD GHO SURIHVRU GH
*HRJUDItDLQWHQWDPRVWUDHUODGLVFXVLyQGHODSUiFWLFD\GHODH[SHULHQFLDGHORVPDHVWURVTXH
WUDEDMDQHQODHQVHxDQ]DSULPDULDHQODFLXGDGGH*RLkQLDTXHFRPRYHULILFDPRVSRVHHQXQD
DOWD IUHFXHQFLD GH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH HVWH LQVWUXPHQWR SDUD ODV FODVHV TXH UHDOL]DQ (Q HVWH
VHQWLGREXVFDPRVHVWDEOHFHUXQDFRPSDUDFLyQHQWUHODVGLVFXVLRQHVVREUHHOOLEURGHWH[WR\
OD SUiFWLFD GLDULD GH ORV SURIHVRUHV ODV FXDOHV HQ HVWH HVWXGLR DFDEy SUHVHQWiQGRVH HQ
GLUHFFLRQHVRSXHVWDV
6LQHPEDUJRHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHDWUHYLyDSURSRQHUXQDQXHYDOHFWXUDDFHUFDGHOSDSHOGHO
OLEUR GH WH[WR HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ HO WUDEDMR GLDULR GHO SURIHVRU GH *HRJUDItD DPSOLDQGR OD
FRPSUHQVLyQLQLFLDOVREUHXQ PDWHULDOTXHVHXWLOL]DGXUDQWHOD DFWLYLGDGGHHQVHxDQ]DDXQ
LQVWUXPHQWRFRQSRWHQFLDOSDUDODSURPRFLyQGHORVSURFHVRVGHDSUHQGL]DMHSDUDORVPDHVWURV
EDMR OD SHUVSHFWLYD GH OD HGXFDFLyQ FRQWLQXD (VWD SURSRVLFLyQ HVWi DVHQWDGD HQ HO
HQWHQGLPLHQWRGHTXHHOPDHVWURPLHQWUDVHQVHxHXWLOL]DQGRHOOLEURWDPELpQSXHGHDSUHQGHU
SURIXQGL]DURFRUUHJLUFRQFHSWRVSUiFWLFDVHWFpWHUD6HJ~QORVUHVXOWDGRVGHHVWHDUWtFXORHV
SRVLEOH LGHQWLILFDU TXH ORV SURIHVRUHV XWLOLFHQ HO WH[WR HVFRODU FRPR DSR\R R FRPR OLEUR GH
FRQVXOWDSDUDGHVDUUROODUVXWUDEDMR
&RPR XQ LQVWUXPHQWR FRQVROLGDGR HQ HO HVSDFLR HVFRODU \ DPSOLDPHQWH XWLOL]DGR SRU ORV
SURIHVRUHVGH*HRJUDItDHQODHQVHxDQ]DSULPDULDODE~VTXHGDTXHKDJXLDGRHOGHVDUUROORGH

HVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQIXHVDEHUVLHVSRVLEOHTXHHOPDHVWURDSUHQGDFRQHOOLEURGHWH[WRPLHQWUDV
WUDEDMD HQ VX FODVHV GH *HRJUDItD (Q UHVSXHVWD D HVWD SUHJXQWD VH SXHGH GHFLU TXH Vt HV
SRVLEOH TXH HO PDHVWUR WLHQH OD FRQWULEXFLyQ GHO OLEUR GH WH[WR HQ HO SURFHVR GH IRUPDFLyQ
FRQWLQXDGD D SDUWLU GHO UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GH ODV QHFHVLGDGHV \ ODJXQDV HQ VX FRQRFLPLHQWR
JHRJUiILFR
%,%/,2*5$)$
&KDYHLUR()2MRYHPDOXQRFRQWHPSRUkQHRHDVGHPDQGDVGDHVFRODPXQGRVHP
FRQIOLWR HP /6 &DYDOFDQWL FRRUG A produo do conhecimento e a sobre pesquisa no
ensino da Geografia*RLkQLD(GLWRUD38&*RLiVSS
'HPR 3 Pesquisa participante: saber pensar e intervir juntos HG /LEHU /LYUR
(GLWRUD%UDVtOLD')
.DHUFKHU1$Se a geografia escolar um pastel de vento o gato come a geografia
crtica. (YDQJUDI3RUWR$OHJUH56
/H6DQQ-$*HRJUDILDQR(QVLQR)XQGDPHQWDO,2SDSHOGDFDUWRJUDILDHGDVQRYDV
OLQJXDJHQVHP/6&DYDOFDQWLFRRUGA produo do conhecimento e a sobre pesquisa no
ensino da Geografia*RLkQLD(GLWRUD38&*RLiVSS
2OLYHLUD ,- $ FDUWRJUDILD QD IRUPDomR GR SURIHVVRU GH *HRJUDILD DQiOLVH GD UHGH
S~EOLFD PXQLFLSDO GH *RLkQLD HP ( 0 % 0RUDLV / % 0RUHV FRRUG Formao de
professores: contedos e metodologias no ensino de Geografia*RLkQLD(GLWRUD9LHLUDSS

6DPSDLR $ & ) (QVLQR GH FDUWRJUDILD QRV FXUVRV GH *HRJUDILD GR %UDVLO XPD
DYDOLDomRGHDHXPDFRPSDUDomRFRPRHVWDGRGDDUWHDWXDOHP(0% 0RUDLV
/ % 0RUHV FRRUG Formao de professores: contedos e metodologias no ensino de
Geografia*RLkQLD(GLWRUD9LHLUDSS
6LOYD(7/LYURGLGiWLFRGRULWXDOGHSDVVDJHPDXOWUDSDVVDJHP(P$EHUWRDQR
QMDQPDU%UDVtOLD')

/26*(2%/2*6(1(/352&(62'((16(f$1=$
$35(1',=$-('(/$*(2*5$)$(1/$('8&$&,1
2%/,*$725,$
&DUROLQD'HO9DOOH5DPRV
Universidad de Granada
cdvalle@ugr.es
5(680(1
'XUDQWHORV~OWLPRVDxRVVHYLHQHREVHUYDQGRXQLQFUHPHQWRSRUSDUWHGHORVGRFHQWHVGHODVHWDSDVREOLJDWRULDV
SULPDULD\VHFXQGDULDGHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHORV%ORJVFRPRSDUWHGHVXVKHUUDPLHQWDVHGXFDWLYDV/D*HRJUDItD
FRPRPDWHULDWURQFDOHQGLFKDVHWDSDVKDVLGRXQDGHODVPD\RUHVEHQHILFLDGDVDWDOUHVSHFWRGHWDOPDQHUDTXH
HO Q~PHUR GH EORJV GH FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV D ORV TXH KHPRV GHQRPLQDGR *HREORJV KD GXSOLFDGR VX
Q~PHURHQWDQVRORORV ~OWLPRVDxRV1XHVWUDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVH KD FHQWUDGR HQ GRVDVSHFWRVSRU XQDSDUWH HO
DQiOLVLVGHOXVRTXHVHKDFHGHORVPLVPRVGHQWURGHODXOD\HQVHJXQGROXJDUTXpSDSHOMXHJDQHQHOSURFHVRGH
HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH\HQORVSURFHVRVGHHYDOXDFLyQGHORVDOXPQRV
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
*HREORJV*HRJUDItDKHUUDPLHQWDHGXFDWLYDSURFHVRHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHHGXFDFLyQREOLJDWRULD
,1752'8&&,1
'XUDQWHORV~OWLPRVDxRVVHYLHQHREVHUYDQGRXQLQFUHPHQWRSRUSDUWHGHORVGRFHQWHVGHODV
HWDSDVREOLJDWRULDVSULPDULD\VHFXQGDULDGHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHORV%ORJVFRPRSDUWHGHVXV
KHUUDPLHQWD HGXFDWLYDV /D *HRJUDItD VH KD YLVWR LQPHUVD HQ GLFKR SURFHVR \ VH SXHGH
FRQVLGHUDU IDYRUHFLGD SRU OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH QXHYDV PHWRGRORJtDV DSR\DGDV HQ ODV 7,&
/RV*HREORJV GHQRPLQDFLyQ TXH OH KHPRV GDGR D ORV EORJV FX\RV FRQWHQLGRV VRQ
IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH GH FDUiFWHU JHRJUiILFR VH XWL]DQ FRPR XQD KHUUDPLHQWD TXH SUHWHQGH OD
FRPXQLFDFLyQ FRQ HO DOXPQR \ HO IRPHQWR GHO GHVDUUROOR SHUVRQDO HQ HO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D
DSUHQGL]DMH 'D OD SRVLELOLGDG GH DOPDFHQDU UHFXUVRV SODQWHDU DFWLYLGDGHV UHDOL]DU
DXWRHYDOXDFLRQHVHWF(QGHILQLWLYDSRGHPRVFRQVLGHUDUORVFRPRXQDKHUUDPLHQWD PHWRGROyJLFD
TXH HVWi HQ FRQWtQXR GLQDPLVPR \ TXH IDYRUHFH OD GLGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD PiV DOOi GHO DXOD
'LFKDV YHQWDMDV VRQ OD UD]yQ GH TXH HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D REOLJDWRULD HO Q~PHUR GH GRFHQWHV TXH KD
RSWDGRSRUODXWLOL]DFLyQGHORVJHREORJVKD\DFUHFLGRHQOD~OWLPDGpFDGDGHIRUPDH[SRQHQFLDO
7DQWR TXH LQFOXVR DOJXQRV DXWRUHV FRPR 6REULQR /ySH] KDEODQ GH OD H[LVWHQFLD GH XQD
EORJVIHUD6LHOORVHH[WUDSRODDOD*HRJUDItDGLUtDPRVTXHKR\GtDHVLQGLVFXWLEOHODH[LVWHQFLD
GHXQDJHREORJVIHUDTXHYDSRQLpQGRVHDODFDEH]DFRQUHVSHFWRDRWUDVPHWRGRORJtDVGRFHQWHV
TXHVHXWLOL]DQHQODHWDSDREOLJDWRULDGHODHGXFDFLyQ\TXHHPSLH]DQDVHUFRQVLGHUDGDVFRPR
WUDGLFLRQDOHVTXHGiQGRVHGHVIDVDGDVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHOGHVDUUROORGHODV7,&V
/DXWLOL]DFLyQGHORVEORJVFRPHQ]DURQHQVXRULJHQHQHODXODVLQHPEDUJR,QWHUQHWKDJHQHUDGR
ODSUROLIHUDFLyQGHGLFKDVKHUUDPLHQWDVHQQXHYRVHVSDFLRVGHPDQHUDTXHHODOXPQRDFFHGHDORV
PLVPRV GHVGH VX FDVD R GHVGH FXDOTXLHU RWUR VLWLR FRQ FRQH[LyQ D ,QWHUQHW (O SURFHVR GH
HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH VH GHVYLQFXOD GHO HVSDFLR ItVLFR GHO DXOD \ VH H[SDQGH SRU HO WHUULWRULR
SHUPLWLHQGR DxDGLU QXHYDV YDULDEOHV TXH HQULTXHFHQ HVH SURFHVR FRPR VRQ OD REVHUYDFLyQ
H[SHULPHQWDFLyQ \ YHULILFDFLyQ GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV SUHVHQWDGRV HQ ORV EORJV \ DSUHQGLGRV SRU ORV
DOXPQRV
C.Del Valle Ramos

(O REMHWLYR GH QXHVWUR HVWXGLR VH FHQWUD SRU WDQWR HQ GRV DVSHFWRV GLIHUHQFLDGRV 3RU XQD SDUWH
FRQRFHUHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHOGRFHQWHVREUHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHHVWDKHUUDPLHQWDHQVXODERUGLDULD\
VXHYDOXDFLyQGHODPLVPDHQHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHFRQVXVDOXPQRV<HQVHJXQGR
OXJDUUHDOL]DUXQDYDORUDFLyQGHODXWLOL]DFLyQTXHKDFHQORVDOXPQRVGHORVJHREORJVGHVGHFDVD\
DQDOL]DUTXpSDSHOGDQHOORVDORVJHREORJVGHQWURGHVXSURSLRSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH/DYHQWDMD
FRQ OD TXH KHPRV FRQWDGR HQ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HV TXH OD *HRJUDItD KD VLGR XQD GH ODV PDWHULDV
MXQWR FRQ OD +LVWRULD \ ODV 0DWHPiWLFDV TXH PiV SUROLIHUDFLyQ GH EORJV KD UHJLVWUDGR HQ ORV
~OWLPRVDxRV$VtSRUWDQWRODPXHVWUDDODKRUDGHDQDOL]DUORVFRQWHQLGRVTXHDSDUHFHQHQORV
PLVPRVSDUDSRGHUHQWHQGHUVXIXQFLRQDPLHQWR\ILQDOLGDGQRQRVKDVLGRQDGDFRPSOLFDGR6t
SRU HO FRQWUDULR OD IDOWD GH IXHQWHV \ HVWDGtVWLFDV FRQ UHIHUHQFLDV D ORV JHREORJV KD KHFKR TXH
WHQJDPRV TXH UHFXUULU DO SDVR GH HQFXHVWDV \ HQWUHYLVWDV VHPLHVWUXFWXUDGDV SDUD SRGHU REWHQHU
LQIRUPDFLyQGHORVDOXPQRV
/26 *(2%/2*6 (1 (/ 352&(62 '( (16(f$1=$$35(1',=$-( '( /$6

(7$3$62%/,*$725,$6
3DUD SRGHU HQWHQGHU TXH VH SUHWHQGH FRQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH ORV JHREORJV KDEUtD TXH HPSH]DU SRU
GHILQLUTXHHVXQEORJ+DQVLGRPXFKDVODVGHILQLFLRQHVGDGDVSRUDXWRUHVSHURTXL]iVXQDGHODV
PiVVHQFLOODVVHDODGH%RKyUTXH]TXHGLFHTXHXQEORJHVXQDSiJLQDZHEPX\EiVLFD\
VHQFLOOD GRQGH HO XVXDULR SXHGH FROJDU FRPHQWDULRV DUWtFXORV IRWRJUDItDV HQODFHV H LQFOXVR
YtGHRV(QVXRULJHQORVSULPHURVEORJVQRHVWDEDQYLQFXODGRVDODHGXFDFLyQ(UDQEiVLFDPHQWH
XWLOL]DGRV FRPR XQD HVSHFLH GH WHOHYLVLyQ LQWHUDFWLYD TXH PRVWUDED PDWHULDO GLYHUVR SHUR VLQ
QLQJXQD ILQDOLGDG HGXFDWLYD 6LQ HPEDUJR KDFH DOJR PDV GH XQD GpFDGD TXH DSDUHFHQ ORV
SULPHURVEORJVTXHFRPLHQ]DQDLQVHUWDUGHQWURGHVXVFRQWHQLGRVPDWHULDOTXHSXHGHVHUYLUFRPR
DSR\R HQ ORV SURFHVRV HGXFDWLYRV $Vt SXHV ORV GRFHQWHV GH OD HWDSD GH SULPDULD \ VHFXQGDULD
FRPLHQ]DQ D FUHDU VXV SURSLRV EORJV SDUD VHU XWLOL]DGRV GHQWUR GHO DXOD (UD XQD PDQHUD GH LU
GLULJLHQGR HO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH GH XQD IRUPD SURSLD \ SHUVRQDO \ HQ FRQWLQXD
LQWHUUDFFLyQFRQHODOXPQR<QRVyORHQWUHSURIHVRUDOXPQRVLQRWDPELpQDOXPQRDOXPQRFRQOR
TXHVHFRPHQ]DEDXQDHVSHFLHGHVLVWHPDDELHUWRLQEXLGRGHGLQDPLVPRTXHJHQHUDEDODSURSLD
XWLOL]DFLyQGHORVEORJVSDUDVHUUHDOLPHQWDGRVHQVXIXQFLRQDPLHQWR5HSUHVHQWDEDXQHMHUFLFLRGH
UHIOH[LyQVtQWHVLV\UHIRUPXODFLyQSHUVRQDOTXHIDYRUHFtDODDVLPLODFLyQGHFRQWHQLGRVSRUSDUWH
GHORVDOXPQRVGHXQDPDQHUDPiVVHQFLOOD\IiFLO6REULQR6LQHPEDUJRKD\TXHWHQHUHQ
FXHQWD TXH DXQTXH KD VLGR LPSUHVLRQDQWH HO GHVDUUROOR GH ORV EORJV HQ HVWD ~OWLPD GpFDGD KD\
DXWRUHV TXH DILUPDQ SRU VXV SURSLDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV UHDOL]DGDV TXH D~Q HVWRV EORJV HVWiQ
GHVDSURYHFKDGRVFRQUHVSHFWRDGLVWLQWDVKHUUDPLHQWDVPHWRGROyJLFDVTXHSRGUtDQXWLOL]DUHQORV
PLVPRV\TXHIDYRUHFHUtDQXQDDFHOHUDFLyQHQHODSUHQGL]DMHGHORVDOXPQRVFRPRSRUHMHPSOR
ODVZHETXHVW<HOORGHIRUPDPiVFRQFUHWDHQODSULPHUDHWDSDGHODHGXFDFLyQREOLJDWRULD6iH]

(OFRQWHQLGRJHRJUiILFRHQORV%ORJVGHODVHWDSDVREOLJDWRULDV
/DHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDHQODHWDSDREOLJDWRULDVHKDYLVWRIDYRUHFLGDSRUHOGHVDUUROOR\XVR
GHODVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDV(QXQJUDQQ~PHURGH&ROHJLRVH,QVWLWXWRVGHSHQGLHQGRGHODHWDSD
ODVDVLJQDWXUDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVFRPRHVOD*HRJUDItDFRPLHQ]DQFDGDYH]
PiV D LPSDUWLUVH HQ DXODV TXH SRVHHQ KHUUDPLHQWDV GH 7,&V FRPR ODV SL]DUUDV GLJLWDOHV TXH
SHUPLWHQODXWLOL]DFLyQGH,QWHUQHW\ODLQFOXVLyQHQJHREORJV\DVHDGHOSURSLRGRFHQWHXGHRWUR
6REULQR/RSH]KDEODEDGHKHUUDPLHQWDVFRPRHOSURJUDPD)ODVK%X]RRORVPDSDV
FRQFHSWXDOHVGLJLWDOHV$QGtD\6DQWLDJR3HURVLELHQ\FRPR\DDSXQWDEDHOGHVDUUROOR
C.Del Valle Ramos

GH ORV 6LVWHPDV GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD 6,* VH KD VLWXDGR HQWUH ORV PiV DWUDFWLYRV HQ VX
XWLOL]DFLyQHQWUHORVTXHGHVWDFDQ*RRJOH(DUWK
7DPELHQ DOJXQRV RUJDQLVPRV H LQVWLWXFLRQHV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD *HRJUDItD KDQ FUHDGR VXV
SURSLRV *HREORJV HGXFDWLYRV (QWUH HOORV KD\ TXH GHVWDFDU ORV 5HFXUVRV 'LGiFWLFRV GH
&DUWRJUDItD GHO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO FRQ SURJUDPDV FRPR 0L DPLJD OD 7LHUUD
(VSDxDDWUDYpVGHORVPDSDV/DSREODFLyQHQ(VSDxDHQWUHRWURV7iPELpQLQFOX\HQ
SX]]OHVVREUHSDtVHVPiVRULHQWDGRDODHGXFDFLyQSULPDULD\PDWHULDOGLGiFWLFRSDUDOD(62
/D$VRFLDFLyQGH*HyJUDIRV(VSDxROHV$*( HVRWUDGHODVRUJDQL]DFLyQHVTXHSURSRUFLRQD
PDWHULDOHVGLGiFWLFRVHQIRUPDWRZHEFRQHOREMHWLYRGHSURPRYHUODHGXFDFLyQ\ODFXOWXUD
JHRJUiILFD3RU~OWLPRGHVWDFDUFRPRDOJXQDVHGLWRULDOHVVHKDQDSXQWDGRDODXWLOL]DFLyQGH
XQDPHWRGRORJtDGLJLWDOGHPDQHUDTXHKDQLQFOXtGRORVJHREORJVFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDGLGiFWLFD
SDUDHODOXPQDGR$VtSRUHMHPSORGHVWDFDU6DYLD'LJLWDOGHODHGLWRULDO60TXHSURSRUFLRQD
XQD VHULH GH UHFXUVRV LQWHUDFWLYRV \ TXH SXHGHQ VHU HYDOXDGRV GLUHFWDPHQWH GHVGH FDVD SRU
HOORVPLVPRVHLQFOXVRSRUHOSURIHVRU\DTXHWRGRVORVDOXPQRVGHODFODVHVHXQHQPHGLDQWH
XQFyGLJRHQXQHVWDGRGHUHG
$QDOL]DQGRXQDPXHVWUDGHJHREORJVYHUDQH[RGHSURIHVRUHVGHSULPDULDHUDQHO
GHODPXHVWUD\VHFXQGDULDHUDQHOGHODPXHVWUDVHOOHJDDODFRQFOXVLyQGHTXHOD
PD\RUSDUWHGHORVJHREORJVDUWLFXODVXFRQWHQLGRGHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD
(Q OD HWDSD GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD OD PD\RU SDUWH GH ORV *HREORJV XWLOL]DQ HO FRPSRQHQWH
YLVXDO SDUD OODPDU OD DWHQFLyQ GHO DOXPQDGR ( LQFOXVR P~VLFD VL HO FRQWHQLGR VH UHILHUH DO
SULPHU FLFOR GH OD HWDSD 6H RUJDQL]DQ HQ WHPDV LOXVWUDGRV TXH GHVDUUROODQ HO FRQWHQLGR GH
IRUPD VLVWHPiWLFD DSR\DGR HOOR FRQ PDSDV LQWHUDFWLYRV TXH IRPHQWDQ HO GHVFXEULPLHQWR GHO
WHUULWRULR\VXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVILVLFDV\VRFLDOHV/RVSX]]OHVVHFHQWUDQSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQHO
DSUHQGL]DMHGHOWHUULWRULRGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDSROLWLFRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRDXQTXHWDPELpQORV
PDSDV WHPiWLFRV DSDUHFHQ HQ XQ DOWR SRUFHQWDMH 9LGHRV LOXVWUDWLYRV SDUD FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV
VRFLDOHV SURFHVRV WHUULWRULDOHV \ ILQDOPHQWH HQODFHV D RWURV EORJV \ SiJLQDV LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV
FRQUHFXUVRVHGXFDWLYRV
3RU VX SDUWH HQ OD (GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD OD HVWUXFWXUD YDUtD FRQ UHVSHFWR D OD SULPHUD (O
GRFHQWHDUWLFXODHOEORJFRQIRUPHDOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODFODVH\DOULWPRGHORVDOXPQRVHQ
HOSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH(QVXHVWUXFWXUDVXHOHGHVWDFDUHOFDOHQGDULRGHVHVLRQHVGHO&XUVR
XQ DSDUWDGR GH DFWXDOLGDG HQ HO TXH VH YDQ LQFOX\HQGR QRWLFLDVUHODFLRQDGDV FRQ OD PDWHULD
/RV WHPDV DSDUHFHQ \D DUWLFXODGRV SRU FRQWHQLGRV HV GHFLU HQFRQWUDPRV DSDUWDGRV TXH VH
FRUUHVSRQGHQ FRQ ORV WHPDVGH ODDVLJQDWXUD FOLPDWRORJtD UHOLHYH SREODFLyQ7DPELpQ VH
VXHOHLQFOXLUXQDSDUWDGRGHFXULRVLGDGHVTXHHQODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVPLVPRVVRQHQODFHVD
RWURVEORJVGHQLYHOHGXFDWLYRVXSHULRU0XFKDLPSRUWDQFLDVHOHGDDOYRFDEXODULRSXHVHQHO
GHORVJHREORJVDQDOL]DGRVVLHPSUHDSDUHFtDXQDSDUWDGRGHGLFDGRDOPLVPR\DIXHVHHQ
IRUPDWRJORVDULRRFRQGHILQLFLRQHV3RU~OWLPRGHVWDFDUHOSDSHOTXHVHOHGDDODFDUWRJUDItD
(QODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVFDVRVVRQYLVRUHV\HQODFHVDSiJLQDVGHRUJDQLVPRV TXH

KWWSZZZLJQHVLJQIODVKPLBDPLJDBODBWLHUUDKRPH7LHUUDKWPO

KWWSZZZLJQHVHVSPDS

KWWSZZZLJQHVSREHVSLQGH[KWP

KWWSDJHLHJFVLFHVUHFXUBGLGDFWLFRV

KWWSHVORJLQVPVDYLDFRP
C.Del Valle Ramos

SURSRUFLRQDQ DOJXQD FDUWRJUDItD EiVLFD SHUR TXH OHV SHUPLWH HPSH]DU D FRPSUREDU
FyPRXWLOL]DUODFDUWRJUDItDFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDSDUDVXIRUPDFLyQ
+D\ TXH DGYHUWLU TXH GHQWUR GH OD PXHVWUD XWLOL]DGD XQ JUDQ Q~PHUR GH *HREORJV VH
FLUFXQVFULEHQ DO iPELWR WHUULWRULDO GH OD UHJLyQ DQGDOX]D \D TXH $QGDOXFtD HV FRPR KDQ
GHPRVWUDGR DOJXQRV HVWXGLRV $]QDU &XDGUDGR \ 6RWR &DUEDOOR OD &RPXQLGDG
$XWyQRPDTXHPD\RUSRUFHQWDMHVGHEORJVSUHVHQWDHQORVQLYHOHVQRXQLYHUVLWDULRV
(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD (GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD
7HPDVLOXVWUDGRV &DOHQGDULRGHVHVLRQHVGHO&XUVR
0DSDVLQWHUDFWLYRV $FWXDOLGDG
3X]]OHV 7HPDV HVSHFtILFRV FOLPDWRORJtD UHOLHYH
9LGHRV SREODFLyQHWF
(QODFHVDRWUDVSiJLQDV &XULRVLGDGHV
9RFDEXODULR
(QODFHVDSiJLQDVGHFDUWRJUDItD
7DEOD(VWUXFWXUDGHOFRQWHQLGRGHORV*HREORJVSRUHWDSDV
/$ 9,6,1 '(/ '2&(17( 62%5( (/ 352&(62 '( (16(f$1=$

$3(1',=$-(0(',$17(/$87,/,=$&,1'(*(2%/2*6
8QR GH ORV REMHWLYRV GH QXHVWUD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FRPR \D KHPRV FLWDGR DQWHULRUPHQWH HUD
FRQRFHU ODV UD]RQHV TXH OOHYDQ DO GRFHQWH D SRQHU HQ SUiFWLFD \ D XWLOL]DU XQD KHUUDPLHQWD
FRPRORVJHREORJV3DUDHOOR\DSDUWLUGHHVDPXHVWUDLQLFLDOGHJHREORJVVHUHDOL]DQXQ
WRWDOGHHQWUHYLVWDVHQSURIXQGLGDGDSURIHVRUHVGHSULPDULD\VHFXQGDULDTXHKDQSXHVWRHQ
PDUFKDGXUDQWHORV~OWLPRVDxRVVXVSURSLRVJHREORJVGHDXOD9HU$QH[R'LFKDHQWUHYLVWD
VHHVWUXFWXUXUDHQWUHVSDUWHVGLIHUHQFLDGDV
x (QSULPHUOXJDUFRQRFHUODPRWLYDFLyQTXHOHVKDOOHYDGRDXWLOL]DUGLFKDKHUUDPLHQWD
PHWRGROyJLFDHQVXODERUFRPRGRFHQWH
x 8QDVHJXQGDSDUWHGRQGHVHSUHWHQGtDDKRQGDUHQHOSURFHVRTXHOOHYDQDFDERSDUDOD
SXHVWDHQIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODPLVPDVLFRQWDUyQFRQD\XGDGHO&HQWURVLODH[SHULHQFLD
KDVLGRLQGLYLGXDORFRPSDUWLGDFRQFRPSDxHURVGHRWUDVPDWHULDV
x < XQD WHUFHUD SDUWH GH DXWRHYDOXDFLyQ VREUH HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH OD PLVPD \ GH
YDORUDFLyQ SHUVRQDO VREUH VL VX XWLOL]DFLyQ KDEtD PHMRUDGR HQ SURFHVR GH DSUHQGL]DMH GHO
DOXPQR\VLHOORVHKDEtDYLVWRUHIOHMDGRHQODVFDOLILFDFLRQHV
&RQUHVSHFWRDODVGLVWLQWDV PRWLYDFLRQHVTXHORVGRFHQWHVKDQWHQLGRDODKRUDGHSRQHUHQ
PDUFKD VXV SURSLRV JHREORJV GHVWDFD FRQ XQ HO IDFLOLWDU HO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D
DSUHQGL]DMH 3DUD XQ JUDQ Q~PHUR GH SURIHVRUHV VH WUDWD GH XQD SRVLELOLGDG SDUD SRGHU
D\XGDUDTXHHOSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMHVHDPiVGLQiPLFR\HIHFWLYRSDUDVXVDOXPQRV/D
SRVLELOLGDG GH SODQWHDU DFWLYLGDGHV GH UHSDVR GH UHIXHU]R R DFWLYLGDGHV RQOLQH DJLOL]D HO
DSUHQGL]DMH GHO DOXPQR PiV DOOi GH OD SURSLD DXOD (Q VHJXQGR OXJDU XQ GH ORV
HQWUHYLVWDGRVDILUPDURQTXHORVXWLOL]DEDQFRPRDSR\RDODGRFHQFLD'DEDODSRVLELOLGDGGH
DPSOLDUH[SOLFDFLRQHV\FRQWHQLGRVHQDTXHOORVDOXPQRVTXHGHPDQGDEDQHVWDVFXHVWLRQHVDVt
FRPRGHDTXHOORVTXHTXHUtDQKDFHUORIXHUDGHODXOD8QDILUPDURQTXHVXLQWHQFLyQQR
HUDPiVTXHPRVWUDUXQDVHOHFFLyQGHUHFXUVRVLQWHUDFWLYRVHGXFDWLYRVGHQDWXUDOH]D
C.Del Valle Ramos

JHRJUiILFD 0XFKRV GH HVRV UHFXUVRV HUDQ SURSRUFLRQDGRV GHVGH HO SURSLR JHREORJ SHUR HQ
DOJXQRVFDVRVWDPELpQVHVHUYtDQGHSiJLQDVLQVWLWXFLRQDOHVFRQUHFXUVRVHGXFDWLYRV
8Q GH ORV HQFXHVWDGRV OR SODQWHDED FRPR IyUPXOD SDUD SURPRYHU HO LQWHUpV SRU HO
FRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRDWUDYpVGHQRWLFLDVFLHQWtILFDVRGHSUHQVD\DWUDYpVGHFXULRVLGDGHV
6H WUDWD GH XQD HWDSD GH OD YLGD GRQGH OD FXULRVLGDG HVWi H[WUHPDGDPHQWH GHVDUUROODGD \ VH
SODQWHDQDSURYHFKDUGLFKDFXULRVLGDGSDUDDFHUFDUORVDOFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR
3RU GHEDMR GH XQ QRV HQFRQWUDPRV FRQ DTXHOORV GRFHQWHV TXH PDQLIHVWDURQ XWLOL]DUORV
JHREORJV SDUD UHDOL]DU DFWLYLGDGHV GH IRUPD DFWLYD \ FRRSHUDWLYD SDUD VHUYLU GH
SODWDIRUPD GH LQWHUFDPELR GH FRQRFLPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR \ SDUD LQFRUSRUDU OD
FRPSHWHQFLD GLJLWDO DO FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO WHUULWRULR PHGLDQWH OD HODERUDFLyQ SRU SDUWH GHO
DOXPQDGRGHXQJHREORJ
&~DOKDVLGRODSULQFLSDOPRWLYDFLyQSDUDSRQHUHQ
3RUFHQWDMHV
PDUFKDXQJHREORJ"
)DFLOLWDUHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHDFWLYLGDGHVGHUHSDVR

UHIXHU]RRDPSOLDFLyQHMHUFLFLRVRQOLQH
6HUYLUGHDSR\RDODGRFHQFLDDPSOLDFLyQGHFRQWHQLGRVHQODFHV

H[SOLFDFLRQHVFRPSOHPHQWDULDV
0RVWUDUXQDVHOHFFLyQGHUHFXUVRVLQWHUDFWLYRVHGXFDWLYRVGHQDWXUDOH]D

JHRJUiILFD
3URPRYHUHOLQWHUpVSRUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRDWUDYpVGHQRWLFLDV

FLHQWtILFDVRGHSUHQVD\FXULRVLGDGHV
,QFRUSRUDUODFRPSHWHQFLDGLJLWDODOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOWHUULWRULRPHGLDQWH

SDUWLFLSDFLyQGHODOXPQDGRHQODHODERUDFLyQGHOJHREORJ
5HDOL]DUDFWLYLGDGHVGHIRUPDDFWLYD\FRRSHUDWLYDFRPRODV:HETXHVW
6HUYLUGHSODWDIRUPDGHLQWHUFDPELRGHFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRFRQRWURV

GRFHQWHV\WDPELpQFRQDOXPQRV
7DEOD3ULQFLSDOHVPRWLYDFLRQHVGHORVGRFHQWHVSDUDXWLOL]DUXQJHREORJ
3RUWDQWRSRGHPRV DILUPDUTXHH[LVWHXQD PDQLILHVWDLQWHQFLyQSRUSDUWHGHOSURIHVRUDGRGH

XWLOL]DUORVJHREORJVFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDTXHOHVLUYDHQVXGRFHQFLD\TXHIDFLOLWHHOSURFHVRGH
HVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHGHODOXPQR
&RQUHVSHFWRDVLKDFRQWDGRFRQDOJ~QWLSRGHDVHVRUDPLHQWRRD\XGDDODKRUDGHSRQHUHQ
PDUFKD VXV JHREORJV HO GH ORV HQFXHVWDGRV PDQLIHVWy TXH KDEtD VLGR XQD LQLFLDWLYD
SURSLDSXHVWDHQPDUFKD~QLFDPHQWHSRUpOGHVGHVXFRQRFLPHQWRSHUVRQDO\XWLOL]DFLyQGHODV
1XHYDV7HFQRORJtDV8QGHORVHQFXVWDGRVPDQLIHVWDURQKDEHUUHFLELGRDOJ~QFXUVRGH
OD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQDOUHVSHFWRSHURVHWUDWDEDQGHFXUVRV PX\EiVLFRV\TXHQRFRQOOHYDEDQ
OXHJRQLQJ~QVHJXLPLHQWRGHDSR\R8QKDEtDQORJUDGRSRQHUHQPDUFKDVXVJHREORJV
JUDFLDVDODSR\RGHRWURVFRPSDxHURVGHO&HQWURTXH\DORXWLOL]DEDQFRQDQWHULRULGDGHQRWUDV
PDWHULDV VREUH WRGR HQ ODV TXH FRPSDUWtDQ ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV +LVWRULD \ $UWH 6t GHMDU
FRQVWDQFLDTXHGHHVHODVWUHVFXDUWDVSDUWHVIXHURQSURIHVRUHVGH6HFXQGDULDIUHQWHD
ORV GRFHQWHV GH SULPDULD GRQGH ORV EORJV GH FRPSDxHURV GH RWUDV PDWHULDV HUDQ FDVL
LQH[LVWHQWHV
C.Del Valle Ramos

)LQDOPHQWH WDQ VROR XQ GH ORV HQFXHVWDGRV PDQLIHVWy KDEHU SXHVWR VX JHREORJV HQ
IXQFLRQDPHQWRDUDt]GHFRQWDUFRQHODSR\RGHVX&HQWURHVFRODU(QHVWHVHQWLGRSRGHPRV
GHFLU TXH HV FLHUWR TXH ORV &HQWURV FXHQWDV WRGDYtD FRQ JUDQGHV GHILFLHQFLDV HQ OR TXH D
LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVRULHQWDGDVDODFRQVHFXFLyQGHODVFRPSHWHQFLDVGLJLWDOHVVHUHILHUH
3DUDODSXHVWDHQPDUFKDGHVX*HREORJKDFRQWDGRFRQDOJXQD 3RUFHQWDMHV
D\XGD"
,QLFLDWLYD\SXHVWDHQPDUFKD~QLFDPHQWHSHUVRQDO
5HFLEHIRUPDFLyQSRUSDUWHGHOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ
,QLFLDWLYDHQFRODERUDFLyQFRQRWURVFRPSDxHURVGHO&HQWUR
5HFLEHIRUPDFLyQ\DSR\RSRUSDUWHGHVX&HQWUR
7DEOD7LSRVGHD\XGDUHFLELGDSDUDSRQHUHQPDUFKDHOJHREORJ
3RUWDQWRODSUROLIHUDFLyQGHOQ~PHURGHJHREORJVTXHVHYLHQHQUHJLVWUDQGRHQWRGD(VSDxD
SHUR GH IRUPD HVSHFLDO HQ $QGDOXFtD UHVSRQGH GH IRUPD FDVL H[FOXVLYDPHQWH DO LQWHUpV GHO
GRFHQWH SRU PHMRUDU \ DYDQ]DU HQ VX SURSLR SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D \ DSUHQGL]DMH FRQ\ SDUD
VXV DOXPQRV (O DSR\R HQFRQWUDGR SRU SDUWH GH ODV $GPLQLVWUDFLRQHV D HVWH UHVSHVWR HV D~Q
GHILFLHQWH < GLFKD GHILFLHQFLD YLHQH MXVWLILFDGD HQ JUDQ PHGLGD SRU ODV GHILFLHQFLDV HQ
PXFKRV &HQWURV GH ODV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV \ GRWDFLRQHV QHFHVDULDVSDUD OD SXHVWD HQ PDUFKD GH
HVWDQXHYDKHUUDPLHQWDPHWRGROyJLFD
&RQUHVSHFWRDOD DXWRHYDOXDFLyQTXHORVSURSLRVGRFHQWHV UHDOL]DQQR VRORGHVXV JHREORJV
VLQR WDPELpQ GH OD HIHFWLYLGDG GH ORV PLVPRV HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH VXV DOXPQRV KD\ TXH
GHVWDFDU TXH H[LVWHQ GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH OD HWDSD GH HGXFDFLyQ SULPDULD \ OD VHFXQGDULD (Q HO
SULPHU FDVR WRGRV ORV GRFHQWHV HQFXHVWDGRV HO PDQLIHVWDURQ TXH VX JHREORJV KDEtD
VLGR XQ DSR\R HQ HO SURFHVR GH DSUHQGL]DMH QR VROR SDUD ORV DOXPQRV VLQR WDPELpQ SDUD ODV
IDPLOLDV GH ORV PLVPRV +DEtDQ UHFLELGR XQD YDORUDFLyQ SRVLWLYD SRU SDUWH QR VROR GH ORV
DOXPQRVVLQRWDPELpQGHODVIDPLOLDVSDGUHVFRPRXQD~WLOKHUUDPLHQWDDODKRUDGHEXVFDU
XQD D\XGD HQ GLFKD PDWHULD 2 GLFKR GH RWUD PDQHUD HVWRV JHREORJV VRQ WDPELpQ XQD
KHUUDPLHQWDSDUD ORV SDGUHV GH ORV QLxRV GH HGXFDFLyQSULPDULDHQ VX ODERU GH D\XGDU D VXV
KLMRVHQODDGTXLVLFLyQGHFRQRFLPLHQWRVGHQDWXUDOH]DJHRJUiILFD
3RUHOFRQWUDULRODDXWRHYDOXDFLyQGHORVJHREORJVHQODHWDSDGH(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULDQRHV
WDQSRVLWLYD$XQTXHXQGHORVHQFXHVWDGRVPDQLIHVWyTXHDUDt]GHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHVX
JHREORJVORVDOXPQRVKDEtDQLQFUHPHQWDGRVXLQWHUpVSRUODPDWHULD\SRUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGH
FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV XQ GHFODUy TXH DXQTXH HO LQWHUpV SRU OD PDWHULD KDEtD
DXPHQWDGRQRVHREVHUYDEDQPHMRUDVUHOHYDQWHVHQODVFDOLILFDFLRQHVGHORVDOXPQRV2GLFKR
GHRWUDIRUPDHOGRFHQWHFRQVLGHUDTXHKDVHUYLGRSDUDGHVSHUWDULQWHUpVSRUODPDWHULDHQHO
DOXPQR SHUR TXH D OD KRUD GH TXH HO SURFHVR GH DSUHQGL]DMH VH OOHYH D FDER VRQ QHFHVDULDV
GLVWLQWDVKHUUDPLHQWDVPHWRGROyJLFDVDODKRUDGHDOFDQ]DUHOPi[LPRUHQGLPLHQWR7DQVROR
XQGHORVHQFXHVWDGRVDILUPyFRQURWXQGLGDGTXHDUDt]GHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHOJHREORJV
FRQVXVDOXPQRVpVWRVKDEtDPHMRUDGRHQVXVFDOLILFDFLRQHV
C.Del Valle Ramos

4XpYDORUDFLyQKDFHGHVXJHREORJFRQUHVSHFWRDO
3RUFHQWDMHV
SURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHGHVXVDOXPQRV"
$UDt]GHVXXWLOL]DFLyQORVDOXPQRVKDQLQFUHPHQWDGR
VXLQWHUpVSRUODPDWHULD\SRUHOFRQRFLPLHQWR
JHRJUiILFR
$UDt]GHVXXWLOL]DFLyQORVDOXPQRVKDQLQFUHPHQWDGR
VXLQWHUpVSRUODPDWHULDSHURQRVHFRUUHVSRQGHFRQ

XQDPHMRUDGHODVFDOLILFDFLRQHVFRQUHVSHFWRDRWUDV
PDWHULDV
$UDt]GHVXXWLOL]DFLyQORVDOXPQRVKDQPHMRUDGRVXV

FDOLILFDFLRQHVHQODPDWHULDFRQUHVSHFWRDRWUDV
7DEOD&RUUHODFLyQHQWUHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHORVJHREORJV\HOUHQGLPLHQWRGHODOXPQDGR
(QHVWHVHQWLGRFUHHPRVTXHD~QHOFDPLQRHVODUJR\TXHKDEUtDTXHPHMRUDUODVIyUPXODVGH
DXWRHYDOXDFLyQ GH HVWD KHUUDPLHQWD SRU SDUWH GHO GRFHQWH TXH WUDEDMD HQ ODV HWDSDV GH
HGXFDFLyQ REOLJDWRULD GH PDQHUD TXH ODV SRVLEOHV GHILFLHQFLDV HQFRQWUDGDV IXHUDQ
VROYHQWDQGRVH SDUD DOFDQ]DU OD Pi[LPD XWLOLGDG SRVLEOH HQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH GLFKD
PHWRGRORJtD TXH QR VyOR DFHUFD DO DOXPQR OD SRVLELOLGDG GH DPSOLDU VX FRQRFLPLHQWR
JHRJUiILFRVLQRGHLQLFLDUORHQODUHIOH[LyQGHVXSURSLRSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH
/$ 9,6,1 '(/ $/801$'2 62%5( (/ 352&(62 '( (16(f$1=$

$3R(1',=$-(0(',$17(/$87,/,=$&,1'(*(2%/2*6
1XHVWUR VHJXQGR REMHWLYR FRPR \D DYDQ]DPRV HQ OD LQWURGXFFLyQ VH FHQWUD HQ YDORUDU OD
XWLOL]DFLyQTXHKDFHQORVDOXPQRVGHORVJHREORJVGHVGHVXVFDVDV\DQDOL]DUTXpSDSHOGDQHOORV
DORVJHREORJVGHQWURGHVXSURSLRSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH3DUDHOORVHKDQUHDOL]DGRXQWRWDOGH
HQFXHVWDV'LFKDPXHVWUDVHHQFXHQWUDIRUPDGDSRUDOXPQRVGHWHUFHUFLFORGHSULPDULD\
GHSULPDULD\DOXPQRVGHGH(62)XHUHFRJLGDHQ&ROHJLRVGH3ULPDULD\,QVWLWXWRVGH
(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD7RGRV HOORV HQFRQWUiQGRVH KDFLHQGRXVRGHO*HREORJGH VXSURIHVRU/D
IHFKDGHUHDOL]DFLyQGHORVFXHVWLRQDULRVVHUHDOL]yHQWUH0DU]R\-XQLRGHOFRQORTXHORV
DOXPQRV\DOOHYDEDQPHVHVWUDEDMDQGRFRQORVJHREORJV
7LSRGH&HQWUR 1LYHO 1~PHURGHHQFXHVWDVUHDOL]DGDV

GH3ULPDULDFLFOR
&HQWURVGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD
GH3ULPDULDFLFOR
,QVWLWXWRVGH(QVHxDQ]D6HFXQGDULD GH(62
7DEOD'LVWULEXFLyQSRUWLSRGH&HQWUR\QLYHOHVGHODVHQFXHVWDVUHDOL]DGDV
/RV FXHVWLRQDULRV SDVDGRV D ORV DOXPQRV FRQVWDEDQ GH EORTXHV GH SUHJXQWDV RULHQWDGDV D
FRQRFHUOD PRWLYDFLyQ D OD KRUD GH XWLOL]DUORV VX RSLQLyQ VREUH HO FRQWHQLGR GHO PLVPR OD
GLILFXOWDG GH VX XWLOL]DFLyQ \ VX YDORUDFLyQ SHUVRQDO VREUH ODXWLOLGDG GHO PLVPR HQ VXV SURSLRV
SURFHVRVGHDSUHQGL]DMH/RVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVIXHURQDQXHVWURMXLFLRPX\UHYHODGRUHVVREUH
HOSDSHOGHORVJHREORJVFRPRUHFXUVRPHWRGROyJLFRHQGLFKDVHWDSDVHGXFDWLYDV
C.Del Valle Ramos

&RQ UHVSHFWR D OD PRWLYDFLyQ R OD UD]yQ TXH OOHYDED D HVWRV DOXPQRV D OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH ORV
JHREORJVHOFRQWHVWDURQTXHSRUREOLJDFLyQHQWHQGLpQGRVHSRUHOORTXHHOGRFHQWHSHGtDOD
UHDOL]DFLyQ GH FLHUWDV DFWLYLGDGHV TXH HVWDEDQ HQ HO JHREORJ \ FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH VH YHtDQ
REOLJDGRV D XWLOL]DUOR 8Q GH ORV HQFXHVWDGRV PDQLIHVWDURQ KDFHUOR SRU GLYHUWLPHQWR
HQWHQGLpQGRVHSRU WDO OD H[LVWHQFLD HQ HO PLVPR GH FRQWHQLGRV HGXFDWLYRV LQWHUDFWLYRV TXH
HQWUHWHQtDQ DO DOXPQDGR PLHQWUDV DSUHQGtDQ HO HQWUDED HQ HO PLVPR SRU FXULRVLGDG HV
GHFLUPDQLIHVWDEDTXHODLQIRUPDFLyQDOOtUHFRJLGDGHVSHUWDEDODFXULRVRGDGHQHOORV\ILQDOPHQWH
WDQVyORXQVHxDOyTXHXWLOL]DEDORVJHREORJVSDUDPHMRUDUHQVXVFDOLILFDFLRQHV3RUWDQWR
SRGHPRV DILUPDU TXH GLFKRV XVXDULRV GH ORV JHREORJV QR VRQ FRQFLHQWHV GH TXH VH WUDWD GH XQD
KHUUDPLHQWDPHWRGROyJLFDTXHIDYRUHFHODFRQVHFXFLyQGHREMHWLYRVGRFHQWHVVLQRTXHORFRQFLEH
FRPRXQDDFWLYLGDGTXHSURSRUFLRQDLQIRUPDFLyQFXULRVDRGLYHUWLGDDXQTXHHQDOJXQRVFDVRVVX
XWLOL]DFLyQYHQJDGHXQDREOLJDWRULHGDGSRUSDUWHGHOSURIHVRU
&XiOHVODUD]yQSRUODTXHXWLOL]DVORVJHREORJV" 3RUFHQWDMHV
2EOLJDFLyQ$FWLYLGDGHVREOLJDWRULDV
'LYHUWLPHQWR(QWUHWHQLPLHQWR
&XULRVLGDGFRQWHQLGRV
0HMRUDUODFDOLILFDFLRQHVGHODPDWHULD
7DEOD3ULQFLSDOHVPRWLYDFLRQHVGHODOXPQDGRHQODXWLOL]DFLyQGHJHREORJV
&RQUHVSHFWRDOFRQWHQLGRHGXFDWLYRGHORVPLVPRVXQGHORVHQFXHVWDGRVDILUPyTXHVH
DMXVWDEDQ D ORV FRQWHQLGRV YLVWRV HQ FODVH 'H KHFKR FRUUHODFLRQDPRV OD SODQLILFDFLyQ GH ORV
GRFHQWHV FRQ ODV HQWUDGDV TXH HOORV PLVPRV KDFtDQ GH PDWHULDOHV R DFWLYLGDGHV \ FRPSUREDPRV
TXHH[LVWtDXQDVHFXHQFLDFLyQSHUIHFWDHQWUHODVSXEOLFDFLRQHVTXHHOGRFHQWHLEDLQWURGXFLHQGRHQ
ORVJHREORJV\ODVDFWLYLGDGHVTXHLEDQDSDUHFLHQGRHQORVPLVPRV(QHVWHEORTXHSUHJXQWDPRVD
ORV HQFXHVWDGRV VREUH ODV SUHVHQWDFLRQHV IRUPDOHV GH ORV JHREORJV HV GHFLU OD HVWUXFWXUD HO
OHQJXDMH XWLOL]DGR OD GLVWULEXFLyQ GH DSDUWDGRV HQ OD SDJLQD GH LQLFLR HWF /DV UHVSXHVWDV
DQDOL]DGDVVREUHHOORQRVSHUPLWHQDILUPDUTXHH[LVWHXQFODURHVWXGLRGHGLVHxRSRUSDUWHGHORV
GRFHQWHV D OD KRUD GH SUHVHQWDU ORV FRQWHQLGRV HQ XQ JHREORJV \ TXH HOOR HV SHUFLELGR SRU HO
DOXPQDGR6REUHWRGRORVDOXPQRVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDODHWDSDGHSULPDULDPDQLIHVWDURQHQXQDOWR
SRUFHQWDMHTXHOHVOODPDEDODDWHQFLyQODIDFLOLGDGFRQODTXHSRGtDQHQFRQWDULQIRUPDFLyQGHQWUR
GHOJHREORJYHUWDEOD(QDOJXQRVFDVRVVHQRVDSXQWyHOKHFKRGHTXHHOORHUDXQDVSHFWRTXH
ODVIDPLOLDVSDGUHVDJUDGHFtDQDODKRUDGHSRGHUXWLOL]DUHVWRVEORJVMXQWRDVXVKLMRV
9DORUD HQ XQD HVFDOD GH D OD GLILFXOWDG SDUD

DFFHGHUDORVGLVWLQWRVFRQWHQLGRVGHO*HREORJVLHQGR
GLILFLO\IiFLO
&HQWURVGHHQVHxDQ]DSULPDULD
,QVWLWXWRVGHHQVHxDQ]DVHFXQGDULD
7DEOD9DORUDFLyQGHORVDOXPQRVHQFXHVWDGRVVREUHODGLILFXOWDGSDUDDFFHGHUDORVFRQWHQLGRVGHORV
*HREORJV
C.Del Valle Ramos

(OORHQOD]DEDFRQHOWHUFHUEORTXHGHSUHJXQWDVVREUHSRVLEOHVGLILFXOWDGHVHQODXWLOL]DFLyQGH
ORVJHREORJV/DVFRQFOXVLRQHVWDPELpQIXHURQPX\HYLGHQWHVYHUILJXUD(QXQGH
ORV HQFXHVWDGRV PDQLIHVWDEDQ QR KDEHU WHQLGR SUREOHPDV D OD KRUD GH XWLOL]DU ORV JHREORJV
/DV ~QLFDV GLILFXOWDGHV HQFRQWUDGDV YHQtDQ GH GRV DVSHFWRV GLIHUHQWHV SRU XQD SDUWH SRU
FXHVWLRQHVSXUDPHQWHGRWDFLRQDOHVHVGHFLUIDOWDGHHTXLSDPLHQWRHQHOKRJDUSDUDDFFHGHUDO
JHREORJ GHO SURIHVRU $SXQWDU TXH HVWH FDVR HUD PHUDPHQWH SXQWXDO DIHFWDQGR D PHQRV GHO
GH ORV HQFXHVWDGRV (Q GLFKRV FDVRV HVDV GLILFXOWDGHV IXHURQ UHVXHOWDV XWLOL]DQGR ODV
LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV GH OXJDUHV IXHUD GH FDVD ELEOLRWHFD R FDVD GH DOJ~Q SDULHQWH < SRU RWUD
SDUWH IDOWD GH HQWHQGLPLHQWR HQ HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO JHREORJ $OXPQRV TXH DSXQWDEDQ QR
HQWHQGHUTXpKDEtDTXHKDFHUXQDYH]DFFHGtDDOEORJHQFXHVWLyQ6HWUDWDEDGHFDVRVHQORV
TXHHOGRFHQWHQRWXWRUL]DEDODXWLOL]DFLyQGHOJHREORJ\ORSUHVHQWDEDVyORFRPRPDWHULDOGH
DSR\RGLGiFWLFRHQHODXOD
)LJXUD'LILFXOWDGHVHQFRQWUDGDVSRUORVDOXPQRVHQFXHVWDGRVDODKRUDGHXWLOL]DUORV*HREORJV
)LQDOPHQWH XQ FXDUWR EORTXH GH SUHJXQWDV RULHQWDGDV D FRQRFHU OD YDORUDFLyQ SHUVRQDO GHO
DOXPQDGR HQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH HVWRV JHREORJV HQ VX SURSLR SURFHVR GH DSUHQGL]DMH (Q HVWH
VHQWLGR\FRPRHQRWURVDVSHFWRV\DWUDWDGRVVHREVHUYDQGLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHORVDOXPQRVGHOD
HWDSD SULPDULD \ OD VHFXQGDULD (Q HO SULPHUR GH ORV FDVRV HO DOXPQR GH SULPDULD GD XQD
YDORUDFLyQSRVLWLYDSHURGHJUDGRPHGLRDODXWLOL]DFLyQGHORVJHREORJVFRPRIyUPXODSDUD
GHVDUUROODUVXIRUPDFLyQHGXFDWLYD6XVUHVSXHVWDVSRQHQGHPDQLILHVWRTXHORHQWLHQGHFRPR
XQ FRPSOHPHQWR D OD PHWRGRORJtD WUDGLFLRQDO XWLOL]DGD HQ HO DXOD (Q OD PD\RU SDUWH GH ODV
YHFHV HO DFFHVR D ORV PLVPRV HV DOJR YROXQWDULR \ SRU WDQWR HV HO DOXPQR FRQ PiV
LQTXLHWXGHV\FXULRVLGDGHOTXHWUDEDMDFRQGLFKRUHFXUVRVXIRUPDFLyQIXHUDGHODXOD
3RUHOFRQWUDULRHODOXPQRGH6HFXQGDULDSHUFLEHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHORV*HREORJVFRPRDOJRGH
XVR REOLJDWRULR DXQTXH QR VHD UHDOPHQWH DVt SRU SDUWH GHO SURIHVRU 0DQLILHVWD HQ XQ
SRUFHQWDMHHOHYDGRGHFDVRVVHQWLUVHLPEXLGRHQODGLQiPLFDGHVXXWLOL]DFLyQSRUSDUWHGHVXV
FRPSDxHURV DXQTXH OR YDORUD FRPR XQD KHUUDPLHQWD ~WLO D OD KRUD GH SRGHU DPSOLDU VXV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV\DOFDQ]DUORVREMHWLYRVGHODPDWHULD$GHPiVODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHODOXPQDGR
HQ ORV PLVPRV PHGLDQWH OD VXELGD GH PDWHULDO \ UHVSXHVWDV GH HOORV PLVPRV DO JHREORJV
IRPHQWDVXVUHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHVFRQHOUHVWRGHDOXPQRVTXHXWLOL]DQHVHJHREORJV\IRPHQWD
OD GLVFXVLyQ \ UHIOH[LRQ GH WHPDV HQWUH HOORV TXH HQ GHILQLWLYD OHV VLUYH SDUD FUHFHU HQ VX
SURFHVRGHIRUPDFLyQ
C.Del Valle Ramos

(Q GHILQLWLYD FXDQGR OHV SHGLPRV TXH SXQWXDUDQ FRQ XQD QRWD QXPpULFD OD YDORUDFLyQ TXH
KDFtDQGHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHORVJHREORJV\VLSHQVDEDQTXHORVD\XGDEDQHQVXSURSLRSURFHVR
GHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHODPHGLDREWHQLGDIXHGHORTXHGHPXHVWUDTXHHQWUHHOORVKD\
PX\EXHQDDFHSWDFLyQHQODXWLOL]DFLyQGHGLFKRUHFXUVRPHWRGROyJLFR
&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
$ORODUJRGHQXHVWUDLQYHVWLJDFLyQWRGRVQXHVWURVHVIXHU]RVVHKDQFHQWUDGRHQDQDOL]DUFXDO
HVUHDOPHQWHHOSDSHOGHORV*HREORJVHQHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHGHOD*HRJUDItD
HQODVHWDSDVGHHQVHxDQ]DREOLJDWRULD<HOORORKHPRVTXHULGRDQDOL]DUGHVGHGRVSXQWRVGH
YLVWDODGHOSURIHVRUDGR\ODGHODOXPQDGR
/RV *HREORJV VH SUHVHQWDQ FRPR XQD QRYHGRVD KHUUDPLHQWD PHWRGROyJLFD TXH IRPHQWD OD
FRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUHHOGRFHQWH\HODOXPQROOHYDQGRVXFRQH[LyQGHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]D
DSUHQGL]DMHPiVDOOiGHOHVSDFLRGHODXOD/RV%ORJVGHFRQWHQLGRJHRJUiILFRVVHKDQSXHVWRD
ODFDEH]DMXQWRFRQRWURVWDPELpQGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVHQGLFKRSURFHVR(OORGHPXHVWUDTXH
ORV FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV WLHQHQ OD FDSDFLGDG GH SRGHU GHVSHUWDU HO LQWHUpV QR VyOR GH
DTXHOORVLPSOLFDGRVHQHOSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMHGHODPDWHULDVLQRWDPELpQGHXQDSDUWHGHOD
SREODFLyQTXHVLHQWHFXULRVLGDGSRUHVWHWLSRGHFRQWHQLGRV
/D YDORUDFLyQ GH HVWD KHUUDPLHQWD WDQWR GH GRFHQWHV FRPR GHO DOXPQDGR GH HGXFDFLyQ
REOLJDWRULD HV SRVLWLYD \ HOOR OR GHPXHVWUD HO LQFUHPHQWR GH JHREORJV TXH VH YLHQHQ
UHJLVWUDQGRHQORV~OWLPRVDxRV$~QDVtHVQHFHVDULRFRPSOHPHQWDUHVWHWLSRGHKHUUDPLHQWDV
PHWRGROyJLFDVFRQRWUDVGHQRPLQDGDVWUDGLFLRQDOHVSHURQHVHVDULDVSDUDFRPSOHWDUXQySWLPR
SURFHVRGHIRUPDFLyQGHODOXPQR
$~QDVtWRGDYtDHOFDPLQRHVODUJR([LVWHQGHILFLHQFLDVTXHGHEHQLUVROYHQWiQGRVH\SDUD
HOOR HV QHFHVDULRTXH ODV $GPLQLVWUDFLRQHV HQWLHQGDQ HOJUDQ SRWHQFLDO TXHSUHVHQWDQ GLFKDV
KHUUDPLHQWDV PHWRGROyJLFDV \ GHVWLQHQ ORV PHGLRV QHFHVDULRV SDUD HOORV \D VHD PHGLDQWH
FXUVRV IRUPDWLYRVHQ 7,&V SDUD VXV GRFHQWHV FRPR HQODV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVDGHFXDGDV HQORV
&HQWURVHGXFDWLYRV+D\TXHDGHFXDUVHDORVQXHYRVWLHPSRV\ODGLGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD
KDGHPRVWUDGRTXHUHUKDFHUORPHGLDQWHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHORV*HREORJV
%,%/,2*5$)$
$QGtD / $ \ 6DQWLDJR 5 $SOLFDFLRQHV GLGiFWLFDV GH OD :HE /D FRQVWUXFFLyQ
FRODERUDWLYDGHODSUHQGL]DMHGHODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVHQOD(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD2EOLJDWRULD
PHGLDQWH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH OD KHUUDPLHQWD &PDS7RROV TICEMUR. IV Jornadas Nacionales
TIC y Educacin. Los retos de la competencia digital: el cambio metodolgico 'LVSRQLEOH
HQKWWSWLFHPXUILQWHJUDRUJFRPXQLFDFLRQHVYLUWXDOHVSGI
$]QDU &XDGUDGR 9 \ 6RWR &DUEDOOR - $QiOLVLV GH ODV DSRUWDFLRQHV GH ORV EORJV
HGXFDWLYRVDOORJURGHODFRPSHWHQFLDGLJLWDORevista de Investigacin en Educacin

%RKyUTXH] ( (O %ORJ FRPR UHFXUVR HGXFDWLYR (GXWHF 5HYLVWD (OHFWUyQLFD GH
7HFQRORJtD (GXFDWLYD 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSHGXWHFUHGLULVHV5HYHOHFUHYHOHF
DUWLFXORVBQB3')(GXWHF(B%RKRUTXH]BQSGI
C.Del Valle Ramos

%X]R,3RVLELOLGDGHVGHO)ODVKSDUDODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItD(Q0DUUyQ&RRUG
Geografa, educacin y formacin del profesorado en el marco del espacio europeo de
educacin superior9RO
6iH] -0 2SLQLRQHV \ SUiFWLFD GH ORV GRFHQWHV UHVSHFWR DO XVR SHGDJyJLFR GH ODV
7HFQRORJtDV GH OD ,QIRUPDFLyQ \ &RPXQLFDFLyQ Revista electrnica de Investigacin y
Docencia (REID)3SZZZUHYLVWDUHLGQHWUHYLVWDQ5(,'DUWSGI
6REULQR /ySH] ' ,PSODQWDFLyQ GH GRV EORJV HQ *HRJUDItD H +LVWRULD 'H
FFVVHVRQOLQH D VHQGHURVGKLVWRULD Clio 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWS FOLRUHGLULVHV Q
EORJVSGI
6REULQR /ySH] ' D ([SHULHQFLDV GLGiFWLFDV FRQ 7,& HQ HO iUHD GH *HRJUDItD H
+LVWRULD (Q 'tD] 0 Aulas del Siglo XXI: Retos educativos SS &ROHFFLyQ
&RQRFLPLHQWR HGXFDWLYR 6HULH $XOD 3HUPDQHQWH 0LQLVWHULR GH (GXFDFLyQ &XOWXUD \
'HSRUWH 0DGULG ,QVWLWXWR 1DFLRQDO GH 7HFQRORJtDV (GXFDWLYDV \ GH )RUPDFLyQ GHO
3URIHVRUDGR,17()
6REULQR/ySH]'/DGLGiFWLFDGHOSDLVDMHGH1XHYD=HODQGDDWUDYpVGH*RRJOH(DUWK
(Q--9DUHOD7HPEUD(G:LQGVRI1HZ=HDODQGSS6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD
(G&RPSRVWHOD
C.Del Valle Ramos

$1(;2
'LUHFFLRQHVZHEGHORV*HREORJVXWLOL]DGRVSDUDHOHVWXGLR
KWWSUHFXUVRVJHRJUDILFRVFRP KWWSJHRJUDILDJUDQFDSLWDQEORJVSRWFRPHV

KWWSVDOYDGRUHVHJHEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSVRFLDOHVLHVQHUYLRQEORJVSRWFRPHV"P
KWWSVRFLDOHVODXUHOEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSMRUJHMRUGDVRFLDOHVEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSXQVLJOROODPDDODSXHUWDFRP KWWSVRFLDOHVPRULOHVEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSJHRJUDILDKLVWRULDPRQWHVRULHQWDOHVEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVHQDOPHULDEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSJHRJUDILD\VRFLDOHVEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSDSUHQGHUVRFLDOHVEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSHOEORJGHJHRJUDILDEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSFFVVVHJXQGRHVREORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSJHRJUDILDHKLVWRULDWRPDVFXHVWDEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSZZZODVVRFLDOHV\ODVWLFEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSJHRJDOLDEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSGRFHQWHGHKLVWRULDEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSDQWRQLDVRFLDOHVEORJVSRWFRPHV ZZZUXPERGRVSXQWRFHUREORJVSRWFRP
KWWSHVWUDERQZRUGSUHVVFRP KWWSEORJGHJHRJUDILDGHMXDQEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSJHRJUDILDKLVWRULDSRQLHQWHEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSGLFXVRFLDOHVODXUHOEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSHVSDFLRYLUWXDOGHFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSEORJGHPDULDMRVHUH\EORJVSRWFRPHVSHGSULPDULDKWPO
KWWSLHVOD]DIUDEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSWLHPSRVPRGHUQRVEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSSHSHROLYHUFDEUHUDEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSSURIHFRQUDGRFDVWLOODEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSSQSJHRJUDIDHKLVWRULDEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSVRVLDOHVEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSVHOEORJGHKLDUDRUJWDJJHRJUDILD KWWSVRFLDOHVODXUHOEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSMXDQPLJHRZRUGSUHVVFRP KWWSHODXODGHKLVWRULDEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSPDQXHOKLVWRULDEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSZZZSURIHVRUIUDQFLVFRHVDFWLYLGDGHVRQOLQHKWP
KWWSODPLQDSULPDULDEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSDSUHQGLHQGRJEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSVPLFODVHZRUGSUHVVFRPFDWHJRU\FRQRFLPLHQWRPHGLRJHRJUDILD KWWSSDFRHOFKDWRFRPWDUHDVJHRJUDILD
KWWSVRFLDOHVODXUHOEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSHVSDFLRJHRJUDILFRHVREORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSFXDQGRGRQGHEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSFODVHGHVRFLDOHVZRUGSUHVVFRP
KWWSEORJHVFXHODWLFEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSSHSHROLYHUFDEUHUDEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSJHRJUDILDHKLVWRULD\HVREORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSWHRJHRWHREORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSLHVDORQVRGHDYHOODQHGDEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSZZZHOEORJGHVRFLDOHVFRP
KWWSYLFHQWHFDPDUDVDZRUGSUHVVFRP
KWWSEORJGHJHRJUDILDGHMXDQEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSVRFLDOHVSDUDHVRZRUGSUHVVFRP
KWWSUXL]PDVREORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSEORFV[WHFFDWJHR
KWWSODFDYHUQDGHOHVFULEDEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSDSXQWHVGHJHRJUDILDZRUGSUHVVFRP
KWWSPLVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVHVREORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSJHRVRFLDOHVIHOL[EORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSWDOOHUJHREORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSPDQ]FDVHUEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSVRFLDOHVHVRZRUGSUHVVFRP KWWSZZZDUWFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVGHVHJXQGREORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSHODXODGHKLVWRULDEORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSVRFLDOHVPRUDWREORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSJHKLHVODPDULQDHVREORJVSRWFRPHV KWWSJHRJUDILDVDXFHVEORJVSRWFRPHV
KWWSFLQJOHUDZRUGSUHVVFRP KWWSEORFV[WHFFDWFDPLQV
KWWSOOHFLQDEORJVSRWFRPHV
C.Del Valle Ramos

81$18(9$)250$'((9$/8$5/26(671'$5(6'(
$35(1',=$-((1/$0$7(5,$'(*(2*5$)$
0DUtD'HOJDGR0DUWtQ
0QJHOHV5RGUtJXH]'RPHQHFK
1
Mster en Profesor de Educacin Secundaria en la Universidad de Castilla La Mancha
2
Facultad de Educacin Universidad de Castilla La Mancha
maria57.delgado@gmail.comMangeles.Rodriguez@uclm.es
5(680(1
8QRGHORVDVSHFWRVPiVQRYHGRVRVGHOD/H\ 2UJiQLFDSDUDOD0HMRUDGHOD&DOLGDG(GXFDWLYD/20&(KD
VLGR OD YDULDFLyQ HQ HO VLVWHPD GH HYDOXDFLyQ TXH URPSH FRQ ORV HVTXHPDV GH FDOLILFDFLyQ WUDGLFLRQDOHV 8QD
QXHYD IRUPD GH HYDOXDU TXH SRQH HQ MXHJR HO GHVDUUROOR GH ORV HVWiQGDUHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH D WUDYpV GH GLYHUVRV
LQVWUXPHQWRVGHHYDOXDFLyQH[iPHQHVSUiFWLFDVWUDEDMRVHWFSURSLRVGHODPDWHULDGH*HRJUDItD/DSULQFLSDO
DSRUWDFLyQHVPRVWUDUFyPRGLFKRVLQVWUXPHQWRV~QLFDPHQWHVRQPHURVPHGLRVSDUDTXHORVDOXPQRVDGTXLHUDQ
ORVHVWiQGDUHVHVWDEOHFLGRVSRUODOH\HGXFDWLYDYLJHQWH3RUWDQWRORTXHVHHYDO~DRFDOLILFDQRHVHOLQVWUXPHQWR
SURSLDPHQWHGLFKRVLQRHOHVWiQGDUGHDSUHQGL]DMHFRQVHJXLGR
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
*HRJUDItDFDOLILFDFLyQHVWiQGDUHVGHDSUHQGL]DMH/20&(LQVWUXPHQWRVGHHYDOXDFLyQ
,1752'8&&,1
&RPRGRFHQWHVTXHVRPRVQRVLQWHUHVDREWHQHUORPHMRUGHFDGDXQRGHQXHVWURVDOXPQRV
&yPR SRGHPRV FRQRFHU VL UHDOPHQWH OR KHPRV ORJUDGR" 3DUD HOOR HV LQHYLWDEOH UHFXUULU DO
VLVWHPD GH HYDOXDFLyQ SURSLR GH OD OH\ HGXFDWLYD YLJHQWH $FWXDOPHQWH VH KD SXHVWR HQ
PDUFKDOD/H\2UJiQLFDSDUDOD0HMRUDGHOD&DOLGDG(GXFDWLYD/20&(\FRQHOOD
ODYDULDFLyQHLQWURGXFFLyQGHQXHYRVHOHPHQWRVFXUULFXODUHV$VtSXHVVHKDGDGROXJDUDOD
FUHDFLyQ GH XQ QXHYR diseo del currculo bsico, en relacin con los objetivos,
competencias, contenidos, criterios de evaluacin, estndares y resultados de aprendizaje
evaluables, con el fin de asegurar una formacin comn y el carcter oficial y la validez en
todo el territorio nacional de las titulaciones a que se refiere esta Ley Orgnica /20&(
S.
(OQXHYRGLVHxRFXUULFXODUDSRUWDJUDQFDQWLGDGGHQRYHGDGHVSHURGHHQWUHWRGDVHOODVQRV
FHQWUDUHPRV HQ OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GH ORV OODPDGRV estndares de aprendizaje \ SRU
FRQVLJXLHQWH DO PHQRV DSDUHQWHPHQWH XQ QXHYR VLVWHPD TXH URPSH FRQ ORV HVTXHPDV
WUDGLFLRQDOHVGHHYDOXDFLyQ4XpHVORTXHKDSURPRYLGRHVWHFDPELR"3RUXQODGRDXWRUHV
FRPR QJHO 3pUH] *yPH] FRQVLGHUDQ TXH OD LQWURGXFFLyQ GH HVWiQGDUHV \ SUXHEDV ILQDOHV

(QHOVLJXLHQWHDUWtFXORSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUXQDOLVWDFRQODVSULQFLSDOHVUHIRUPDVTXHOD/20&(HVWiOOHYDQGRDFDER
*LURQpV-0/D/20&(UHIRUPDHGXFDWLYDRDQpFGRWDQRUPDWLYDHQRevista Supervisin, 21

3pUH]*yPH]$5HYiOLGDVHYDOXDFLyQGHFRPSHWHQFLDV\FDOLGDGGHORVDSUHQGL]DMHVHQQurriculum: Revista de
teora, investigacin y prctica educativaSS
M.Delgado Martn, M.A.Rodrguez Domenech

UHYiOLGDVVHGHEHDOHOHYDGRtQGLFHGHIUDFDVR\DEDQGRQRHVFRODUDVtFRPRDOGHWHULRURGHO
QLYHOGHOVLVWHPDHGXFDWLYRVLWRPDPRVFRPRUHIHUHQFLDORVHVWXGLRV3,6$)XVWHU*DUFtD
S3RURWURODGRH[LVWHFRQFLHQFLDGHTXHODHGXFDFLyQQRHVWiORJUDQGRJDUDQWL]DU
TXHHODOXPQDGRGHVDUUROOHODVFDSDFLGDGHVQHFHVDULDVSDUDXQIXWXURODERUDOSUy[LPR\SRU
WDQWR VH VRVWLHQH OD LGHD GH TXH OD DGKHVLyQ GH HVWH QXHYR HOHPHQWR FXUULFXODU VXSRQH XQ
FDPELR IDYRUDEOH SDUD OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV HVWDEOHFLGDV SRU OD DQWHULRU OH\
HGXFDWLYD /2( 0RUJDQ /RUD et al. GLUV S $GHPiV 9i]TXH]&DQR SRQH GH
PDQLILHVWR TXH HO LQFUHPHQWR GHO Q~PHUR GH UHFODPDFLRQHV GH QRWDV HQ ORV VHUYLFLRV GH
LQVSHFFLyQIDYRUHFLy OD PRGLILFDFLyQ GH OD QRUPDWLYD FRQ HOILQ GH TXH OD HYDOXDFLyQGH ORV
DOXPQRVUHVSRQGLHUDGHPDQHUDREMHWLYD9i]TXH]&DQRSS
(VWH FDPELR HQ HO VLVWHPD GH HYDOXDFLyQ LQWURGXFLHQGR ORV HVWiQGDUHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH KD
VXVFLWDGR YRFHV GLVFRUGDQWHV TXH \D KDQ VLGR UHFRJLGDV SRU RWURV DXWRUHV 5HDOPHQWH HV
LQYLDEOH SRFR UHDOLVWD H LPSRVLEOH GH FXPSOLU OD QRUPDWLYD TXH UHJXOD OD /20&(" (Q HVWH
WUDEDMR H[SRQHPRV XQD SURSXHVWD GH HYDOXDFLyQ LQQRYDGRUD \ DFRUGH FRQ OD OHJLVODFLyQ
YLJHQWH FRQ HO ILQ GH D\XGDU DO SURIHVRUDGR HQ OD GLILFXOWDG WDUHD GH OD HYDOXDFLyQ +HPRV
WHQLGRFRPRSULQFLSDOGRFXPHQWRGHDSR\RODVGLUHFWULFHVGDGDVSRUHO'HFUHWRSRUHO
TXH VH HVWDEOHFH HO FXUUtFXOR GH (GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD 2EOLJDWRULD \ %DFKLOOHUDWR GH OD
&RPXQLGDGGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD
/26(/(0(1726&855,&8/$5(6
4XpHQVHxDU"&XiQGRHQVHxDU"3RUTXpHQVHxDU"3DUDTXpHQVHxDU"(VWDVVRQDOJXQDVGH
ODV SUHJXQWDV FODYH TXH WRGR GRFHQWH VH KDFH (O FXUUtFXOR UHJXOD WRGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH
GHWHUPLQDQORVSURFHVRVGHHQVHxDQ]D\DSUHQGL]DMHSDUDFDGDXQDGHODVHQVHxDQ]DV\HWDSDV
HGXFDWLYDV\SRUWDQWRGHEHDGDSWDUVHDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHORVDOXPQRV\DOFRQWH[WRHQHO
TXHVHGHVDUUROODGLFKR SURFHVR(V GHFLUGHEH VHUXQHOHPHQWR PiVGHOSUR\HFWRHGXFDWLYR
TXHUHVSRQGDDORVLQWHUHVHVQHFHVLGDGHV\UDVJRVHVSHFtILFRVGHQWURGHXQFRQWH[WRKLVWyULFR
VRFLDO FXOWXUDO \ QDWXUDO SURSLR GHO HQWRUQR HQ HO TXH VH YD D GHVDUUROODU VLJXLHQGR ODV
GLUHFWULFHVPDUFDGDVSRUODQRUPDWLYDHGXFDWLYDHQYLJRU
/D /20&( SURSRQH RUJDQL]DU HO FXUUtFXOR FRQ FLQFR HOHPHQWRV EiVLFRV REMHWLYRV
FRQWHQLGRV FRPSHWHQFLDV FULWHULRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ \ HVWiQGDUHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH (VWRV
HOHPHQWRV \D KDEtDQ VLGR SURSXHVWRV HQ DQWHULRUHV OHJLVODFLRQHV HGXFDWLYDV VLQ HPEDUJR
DSDUHFH XQ HOHPHQWR QRYHGRVR ORV HVWiQGDUHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH 'H XQD IRUPD VLQWpWLFD
DERUGDUHPRVFDGDXQRGHHOORV
(QSULPHUOXJDUORVREMHWLYRVJHQHUDOHVGHHWDSDGHILQLGRVSRUODVOHWUDVGHODEHFHGDULRGH
OD $ D OD / PDUFDGRV SRU OD OH\ VRQ DTXHOORV TXH KDFHQ UHIHUHQFLD D los logros que el
estudiante debe alcanzar al finalizar cada etapa, como resultado de las experiencias de
enseanza-aprendizaje intencionalmente planificadas a tal fin 'HFUHWRS
$ GLIHUHQFLD GHO 'HFUHWR /2( GH &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD HQ OD /20&( QR VH
HVWDEOHFHQ FXiOHV VRQ ORV REMHWLYRV GH OD PDWHULD HQ HVWH FDVR GH OD HVSHFLDOLGDG GH
*HRJUDItD+LVWRULD\$UWH

3DUD SURIXQGL]DU HQ HVWH DVSHFWR YpDVH 5DYLWFK ' (VWiQGDUHV 1DFLRQDOHV HQ (GXFDFLyQ HQ Programa de
Promocin de la Reforma Educativa en Amrica Latina y el Caribe 6DQWLDJR&KLOH < &ROO & \ 0DUWtQ (
9LJHQFLD GHO GHEDWH FXUULFXODU $SUHQGL]DMHV EiVLFRV FRPSHWHQFLDV \ HVWiQGDUHV HQ PRELAC 6DQWLDJR&KLOH
SS

2EMHWLYRVJHQHUDOHVGH
HWDSD(62 2EMHWLYRVJHQHUDOHVGH
HWDSD(62
2EMHWLYRVGHPDWHULD
2EMHWLYRVGLGiFWLFRV
2EMHWLYRVGLGiFWLFRV
)LJXUD'LIHUHQFLDHQWUHORV2EMHWLYRVGHOD/2(L]GD\/20&(GFKD(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
$KRUD ELHQ ORV REMHWLYRV JHQHUDOHV GH OD HWDSD GHEHQ VHU FRQFUHWDGRV SRU HO GRFHQWH HQ
REMHWLYRVHVSHFtILFRVRGLGiFWLFRVGLVHxDGRVSRUXQODGRDSDUWLUGHOFRQWHQLGRSURSLRGHOD
PDWHULD\HVWDEOHFLGRSRUHO'HFUHWR\SRURWURODGRWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDVXUHODFLyQ
FRQ ORV REMHWLYRV JHQHUDOHV GH HWDSD ILMDGRV SRU OD OH\ HGXFDWLYD 4Xp HQWHQGHPRV SRU
FRQWHQLGR GHO FXUVR" $O conjunto de conocimientos, habilidades, destrezas y actitudes que
contribuyen al logro de los objetivos de cada enseanza y etapa educativa y a la adquisicin
de las competencias\ORVFXDOHVDSDUHFHQHQHO5HDO'HFUHWRGLYLGLGRVHQJUDQGHVEORTXHVGH
FRQWHQLGRFRPRVHPXHVWUDDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
2%-(7,926
*(1(5$/(6 2%-(7,926','&7,&26 %/248(6'(&217(1,'2
'((7$3$
%/248((OPHGLRItVLFRHQ(VSDxD\&DVWLOOD/D
&RQRFHUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVItVLFDVGHOD 0DQFKD
GLYHUVLGDGJHRJUiILFDHQ(VSDxD\
&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD 5HOLHYH
9DORUDUODGLYHUVLGDGJHRJUiILFDGH +LGURJUDItD
$ (VSDxD\&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKDH &OLPDHOHPHQWRV\]RQDVELRFOLPiWLFDVGLYHUVLGDG
% LGHQWLILFDUVXVSUREOHPiWLFDV SDLVDMHV
& PHGLRDPELHQWDOHV
0HGLRQDWXUDOiUHDV\SUREOHPDV PHGLRDPELHQWDOHV
'
&RPSUHQGHUFRQFHSWRVEiVLFRVFRPR %/248((OHVSDFLRKXPDQRGH(VSDxD\&DVWLOOD
( GHQVLGDGGHSREODFLyQVXSHUSREODFLyQ /D0DQFKD
) QDWDOLGDGRPRUWDOLGDG\VXHYROXFLyQ
* &RQRFHUODVGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDVGH
/DSREODFLyQRUJDQL]DFLyQWHUULWRULDOPRGHORV
+ SREODPLHQWR\SDLVDMHDVtFRPRUHFRQRFHU
GHPRJUiILFRV\PRYLPLHQWRVPLJUDWRULRV
, VXSUREOHPiWLFD
/DFLXGDG\HOSURFHVRGHXUEDQL]DFLyQ
,GHQWLILFDUORVGLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHGLYLVLyQ
- 6LVWHPDV\VHFWRUHVHFRQyPLFRV(VSDFLRV
WHUULWRULDO\SROtWLFD
. JHRJUiILFRVVHJ~QDFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFD/RVWUHV
5HFRQRFHUORVFRPSRQHQWHV\
/ VHFWRUHV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOVHFWRUVHUYLFLRVDVt
FRPRVXVDFWLYLGDGHV $FWLYLGDGHVKXPDQDViUHDVSURGXFWRUDV
&RQRFHUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV\DFWLYLGDGHV $SURYHFKDPLHQWR\IXWXURGHORVUHFXUVRV
GHORVWUHVVHFWRUHVHFRQyPLFRVHQ QDWXUDOHV'HVDUUROORVRVWHQLEOH
&DVWLOODV/D0DQFKD
7DEOD(MHPSORGHUHODFLyQGHDOJXQRVREMHWLYRVJHQHUDOHVGLGiFWLFRV\FRQWHQLGRVGH*HRJUDItDH+LVWRULD
SDUDGH(62(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

6L QRV FHQWUDPRV EUHYHPHQWH HQ ORV EORTXHV WHPiWLFRV GH JHRJUDItD HQ OD /20&( VH
PDQWLHQH HO PLVPR SHVR GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV FRPR HQ OD /2( $GHPiV ORV FRQWHQLGRV
SURSXHVWRV WLHQHQ XQ FDUiFWHU UHSHWLWLYR FRQ XQ HQIRTXH FRQFHSWXDO \ PHWRGROyJLFR DOHMDGR
GHODHYROXFLyQFLHQWtILFDGHOD*HRJUDItD\DTXHDORODUJRGHFDGDXQRGHODVHWDSDV\FXUVRV
HGXFDWLYRV VH GDQ ORV PLVPRV FRQWHQLGRV SHUR UHSURGXFLGRV D GLIHUHQWHV HVFDODV (VSDxD
(XURSD0XQGR 'HO PLVPR PRGR WDPSRFR VH KD URWR FRQ OD LQGLVROXEOH XQLGDG GH
*HRJUDItDH+LVWRULDTXHFUHyOD/2(HQOD(625RGUtJXH]'RPHQHFKSS
6LJXLHQGR OD UHODFLyQ GH FDGD XQR GH ORV HOHPHQWRV FXUULFXODUHV YLVWRV KDVWD HO PRPHQWR D
WUDYpVGHODGHILQLFLyQGHORVREMHWLYRVGLGiFWLFRVQRVyORVHSUHWHQGHTXHKD\DXQDUHODFLyQ
GLUHFWDFRQORVREMHWLYRVJHQHUDOHV\ORVFRQWHQLGRVVLQRTXHDVXYH]pVWRVVHYLQFXOHQFRQ
ORVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQTXHODSURSLD/20&(HVWDEOHFH\DOPLVPRWLHPSRVHGHVDUUROODQ
ORV GRV HOHPHQWRV FXUULFXODUHV UHVWDQWHV ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV FODYH \ ORV HVWiQGDUHV GH
DSUHQGL]DMHTXHPDUFDODOH\
/DVFRPSHWHQFLDVFODYHHVRWURGHORVHOHPHQWRVFXUULFXODUHVEiVLFRVTXHLQWHJUD\SRWHQFLD
OD/20&(FRQHOREMHWLYRGHSURSLFLDUXQDUHQRYDFLyQHQODSUiFWLFDGRFHQWH\HQHOSURFHVR
GH HQVHxDQ]D \ DSUHQGL]DMH /D HQVHxDQ]D SRU FRPSHWHQFLDV EiVLFDV VXSXVR XQ FDPELR
SDUDGLJPiWLFRHQODHQVHxDQ]DFXDQGRIXHLQWURGXFLGDSRUOD/2(DILQGHTXHFRQVHJXLUOD
IRUPDFLyQLQWHJUDOTXHKLFLHUDDOHVWXGLDQWHFRPSHWHQWH'LFKRREMHWLYRVHPDQWLHQHFRQOD
QXHYDQRUPDWLYD\HVXQRGHORVSXQWRVTXHKDSURPRYLGRODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHORVHVWiQGDUHV
FRPR YHtDPRV HQ OD LQWURGXFFLyQ ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV FODYH LPSOLFDQ XQD QXHYD IRUPD GH
HQVHxDU \ DSUHQGHU PXFKR PiV SUiFWLFD SRUTXH UHTXLHUH OD SUHSDUDFLyQ GH DFWLYLGDGHV
WDUHDVFRPSHWHQFLDOHVTXHSRVLELOLWHQDODOXPQDGRODSXHVWDHQSUiFWLFDGH VXV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV\HOGHVDUUROORGHVXVFDSDFLGDGHV
'H DFXHUGR DO 'HFUHWR GH &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD VH HQWLHQGH FRPR FRPSHWHQFLD la capacidad
para aplicar de forma integrada los contenidos FRQFHSWXDOHV SURFHGLPHQWDOHV \
DFWLWXGLQDOHVpropios de cada enseanza *HRJUDItDH+LVWRULDy etapa educativa (GXFDFLyQ
6HFXQGDULD 2EOLJDWRULD, con el fin de lograr la realizacin adecuada de actividades y la
resolucin eficaz de problemas complejos 'HFUHWR S D WUDYpV GH OD
SDUWLFLSDFLyQDFWLYDHQSUiFWLFDVVRFLDOHV.
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHPXHVWUDXQDUHODFLyQGHODVFRPSHWHQFLDVTXHVHGHEHQWUDEDMDUHQWRGDV
ODV PDWHULDV GHO FXUUtFXOR 'HFUHWR S FRPXQLFDFLyQ OLQJtVWLFD
FRPSHWHQFLDPDWHPiWLFD\FRPSHWHQFLDVEiVLFDVHQFLHQFLD\WHFQRORJtDFRPSHWHQFLDGLJLWDO
DSUHQGHU D DSUHQGHU FRPSHWHQFLDV VRFLDOHV \ FtYLFDV VHQWLGR GH LQLFLDWLYD \ HVStULWX
HPSUHQGHGRU\FRQFLHQFLD\H[SUHVLRQHVFXOWXUDOHV
$KRUD ELHQ SDUD XQD DGTXLVLFLyQ HILFD] GH ODV PLVPDV \ VX LQWHJUDFLyQ HIHFWLYD HQ HO
FXUUtFXORVHGHEHQGLVHxDUDFWLYLGDGHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHHVSHFtILFDVTXHSHUPLWDQDODOXPQDGR
WUDEDMDU \ HYDOXDU GLFKDV FRPSHWHQFLDV 3DUD HOOR HV QHFHVDULR OD FUHDFLyQ GH XQD VHULH GH
VXEFRPSHWHQFLDVPXFKRPiVSUHFLVDVREWHQLGDVGHORGLVSXHVWRHQHO$QH[R,$*HRJUDItD
H +LVWRULD GHO 'HFUHWR \ IRUPXODGDV D SDUWLU GH ORV HVWiQGDUHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH VLHPSUH
WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH D WUDYpV GH ORV REMHWLYRV \ ORV FRQWHQLGRV VH EXVFD DVHJXUDU HO
GHVDUUROORGHWRGDVODVFRPSHWHQFLDV

(OWUDEDMRGH$OIRQVR&RUWpV$OHJUHWLWXODGR(OQXHYRFXUUtFXOR/20&(\HOWUDEDMRSRUFRPSHWHQFLDVSURIXQGL]DHQHVWH
DVSHFWR$GHPiVSDUDXQHVWXGLRPiVGHWDOODGRYpDVH-LPpQH]*DOiQ<,*RQ]iOH]5DPtUH]0$\+HUQiQGH]-DLPH
-3URSXHVWDGHXQPRGHORSDUDODHYDOXDFLyQLQWHJUDOGHOSURFHVRHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHDFRUGHFRQOD(GXFDFLyQ
%DVDGD HQ &RPSHWHQFLDV HQ Revisa de Investigacin Educativa 13 ,QVWLWXWR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV HQ (GXFDFLyQ
8QLYHUVLGDG9HUDFUX]DQD

&2081,&$&,1/,1*h67,&$ $35(1'(5$$35(1'(5
7LHQHFRQRFLPLHQWR\XWLOL]DGHIRUPD %XVFDH[SOLFDFLRQHVPXOWLFDXVDOHVHLQGDJDVREUH
FRUUHFWDHOYRFDEXODULRHVSHFtILFRGH DTXHOORTXHGHVFRQRFHROHLQWHUHVD
*HRJUDItD+LVWRULD\$UWH
68%&203(7(1&,$6
5HFRJHFODVLILFD\DQDOL]DODLQIRUPDFLyQREWHQLGD
6HH[SUHVDFRUUHFWDPHQWHGHPDQHUDRUDO\ DWUDYpVGHGLYHUVRVPHGLRV
HVFULWDDWUDYpVGHGLIHUHQWHVYDULDQWHVGHO 8WLOL]DHVWUDWHJLDVSDUDSHQVDURUJDQL]DU
GLVFXUVRGHVFULSFLyQQDUUDFLyQ PHPRUL]DU\UHFXSHUDULQIRUPDFLyQUHV~PHQHV
DUJXPHQWDFLyQHQWUHRWURV HVTXHPDVFXDGURVFRPSDUDWLYRVRPDSDV
2EWLHQHLQIRUPDFLyQGHGLYHUVDVIXHQWHVD FRQFHSWXDOHV
WUDYpVGHOHFWXUDVFRPSUHVLYDV &RPSUHQGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVSODQWHDGDV\SODQLILFD
LFRQRJUiILFDVHVFULWDVLQIRUPiWLFDV ODHVWUDWHJLDPiVDGHFXDGDSDUDUHVROYHUODV
(ODERUDWUDEDMRVFRQODLQIRUPDFLyQ 'HVDUUROODHOJXVWRSRUHODSUHQGL]DMHFRQWLQXR\OD
REWHQLGDGHIRUPDFRUUHFWD DFWXDOL]DFLyQSHUPDQHQWH
7DEOD(MHPSORGHOGHVJORVHGHGRV&RPSHWHQFLDV&ODYH&/$$HQVXEFRPSHWHQFLDV(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
3DUDILQDOL]DUHVWHDSDUWDGRYDPRVDHPSH]DUDHVER]DUHOSULQFLSDOREMHWRGHHVWXGLRGHHVWH
WUDEDMR DTXHOOR TXH IRUPD SDUWH GHO VLVWHPD GH HYDOXDFLyQ SURSLDPHQWH GLFKR \ TXH
DFWXDOPHQWHDOFXHUSRGRFHQWHOHVXVFLWDLQFHUWLGXPEUH\GHVDVRVLHJRFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQ
\HVWiQGDUHVGHDSUHQGL]DMH
/RVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQKDFHQUHIHUHQFLDDOgrado de adquisicin de las competencias y
del logro de los objetivos de cada enseanza y etapa educativa /20&( S
TXH ORV DOXPQRV DOFDQ]DQ \ TXH DSDUHFHQ GHILQLGRV HQ FDGD XQR GH ORV 'HFUHWRV TXH
HVWDEOHFHQ \ GHILQHQ HO FXUUtFXOR HQ FDGD &RPXQLGDG $XWyQRPD $Vt SXHV GLFKR FULWHULRV
DSDUHFHQ DVRFLDGRV D ORV EORTXHV GH FRQWHQLGRV ILMDGRV GH DFXHUGR D OD OLEUH FRQILJXUDFLyQ
DXWRQyPLFD siendo el referente especfico para evaluar el aprendizaje del alumnado en la
materia. Describen aquello que se quiere valorar y que el alumnado debe lograr, tanto en
conocimientos como en competencias 'HFUHWRS
/D MXVWLILFDFLyQ GH OD /20&( HQ DSOLFDU HVWH QXHYR VLVWHPD GH HYDOXDFLyQ D WUDYpV GH ORV
HVWiQGDUHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH HYDOXDEOHV VH EDVD HQ TXH VH GHEH normalizar la titulacin en
toda Espaa, indicando de forma clara al conjunto de la comunidad educativa cules son los
niveles de exigencia requeridos e introduccin elementos de certeza, objetividad y
comparabilidad de resultados /20&( S De esta forma, se pretende
especificar lo que el alumno, independientemente del lugar o Comunidad Autnoma donde
realice sus estudios, tiene que saber, comprender y saber hacer en la materia, as como la
actitud conseguida y adems permiten que la sociedad tenga conocimiento de lo que han
aprendido los alumnos al terminar la etapa de secundaria 'HFUHWR SS
&RPRVHSXHGHREVHUYDUQXHYDPHQWHVHLQFLGHHQODLGHDGHTXHODE~VTXHGDGHOD
REMHWLYLGDG \ OD PHMRUD GH OD HILFDFLD GH OD HGXFDFLyQ VRQ GRV DVSHFWRV TXH SURPRYLHURQ OD
LQWURGXFFLyQGHORVHVWiQGDUHV)XVWHU*DUFtDS9i]TXH]&DQRS
$KRUD ELHQ TXp HV OR TXH SULPHUR OODPD OD DWHQFLyQ GH DPERV HOHPHQWRV FXUULFXODUHV" 6X
Q~PHUR (Q HO FDVR GH OD HVSHFLDOLGDG TXH QRV DWDxH *HRJUDItD H +LVWRULD \ PiV
FRQFUHWDPHQWHVLSRQHPRVHOHMHPSORGHOFXUUtFXORGHGH(62WHQGUtDPRVTXHWUDEDMDUDOR
ODUJR GH XQ FXUVR DFDGpPLFR FULWHULRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ FRQFUHWDGRV HQ HVWiQGDUHV GH
DSUHQGL]DMH'HFUHWRSS\DORVFXDOHVVHOHVUHODFLRQDSUHYLDPHQWH
XQDRYDULDVFRPSHWHQFLDFODYHSDUDTXHSXHGDVHUWUDEDMDGD\HYDOXDGD

1RREVWDQWHVLDQDOL]DPRVFRQGHWHQLPLHQWRORVGHFUHWRVFXUULFXODUHVQRVyORQRVLQTXLHWDOD
JUDQFDQWLGDGGHFULWHULRV\HVWiQGDUHVTXHKD\TXHWHQHUHQFXHQWDDODKRUDGHUHDOL]DUXQD
SURJUDPDFLyQVLQRWDPELpQ\FRPRYHUHPRVHQHOVLJXLHQWHDSDUWDGRDOJXQDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
TXHDSDUHQWHPHQWHLPSLGHQTXHVXDSOLFDFLyQHQODVDXODVVHDVHQFLOOD'HDKtHOPRWLYRGH
HVWHWUDEDMR
3$87$6 '2&(17(6 3$5$ 62%5(9,9,5 $ /$ (9$/8$&,1 325

(671'$5(6
(OFXUUtFXORSRUHVWiQGDUHVVHMXVWLILFDHQODFDSDFLGDGGHORJUDUODXQLIRUPLGDG\ODHTXLGDG
HQFRQVHJXLUHVWDEOHFHUXQVLVWHPDHGXFDWLYRPHQRVHVWUDWLILFDGR0RUJDQ/RUDet alGLUV
S $Vt HV FRPR HVWH HOHPHQWR FXUULFXODU DSDUHFH FRPR UHIHUHQWH HQ OD /20&( \
YLQFXODGRDOVLVWHPDGHHYDOXDFLyQTXHVHSUHWHQGHSRQHUHQPDUFKD
'H PRGR TXH GHQWUR GHO FXUUtFXOR HQFRQWUDPRV OD UHGDFFLyQ GH XQD JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH
HVWiQGDUHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH TXH GHEHQ VHU HYDOXDGRV SRU ORV GRFHQWHV HQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH VX
PDWHULD(VWDVFRQFUHFLRQHVDSDUHFHQDVRFLDGDVDORVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQVLQHPEDUJRQRV
HQFRQWUDPRV FRQ OR VLJXLHQWH QR WRGRV ORV FULWHULRV VH FRQFUHWDQ HQ HO PLVPR Q~PHUR GH
HVWiQGDUHVFRPRVHSXHGHYHUUHIOHMDGRHQODTabla 3HOFULWHULRVRORWLHQHXQHVWiQGDUVLQ
HPEDUJRDOFULWHULRVHOHDVRFLDQHVWiQGDUHV
&5,7(5,26'((9$/8$&,1 (671'$5(6'($35(1',=$-(
/RFDOL]DUOXJDUHVHQXQPDSDGH(VSDxD
/RFDOL]DHVSDFLRVJHRJUiILFRV\OXJDUHVHQXQPDSDGH
XWLOL]DQGRGDWRVGHFRRUGHQDGDV
(VSDxDXWLOL]DQGRGDWRVGHFRRUGHQDGDVJHRJUiILFDV
JHRJUiILFDV
&ODVLILFDORVPRYLPLHQWRVPLJUDWRULRVHQEDVHDGLIHUHQWHV
FULWHULRV
$QDOL]DODVFDXVDV\FRQVHFXHQFLDVGHORVPRYLPLHQWRV
&RQRFHUORVPRYLPLHQWRVPLJUDWRULRVVXV
PLJUDWRULRVGHODV~OWLPDVWUHVGpFDGDV
HIHFWRV\VXVFRQVHFXHQFLDVDFWXDOHV
&RPHQWDWH[WRVSHULRGtVWLFRVGRQGHVHUHIOHMDODSUREOHPiWLFD
DFWXDOUHODFLRQDGDFRQODLQPLJUDFLyQ\DEDUFDVXFRPHQWDULRGHVGH
XQDSHUVSHFWLYDJOREDO\HXURSHD
7DEOD'LIHUHQFLDHQHOQ~PHURGHHVWiQGDUHVTXHFRQFUHWDQFDGDFULWHULRGHQWURGHXQDPLVPDPDWHULD
*HRJUDItDH+LVWRULDGHGH(62(ODERUDFLyQSURSLDEDVDGDHQHO'HFUHWR.
$GHPiV SRGHPRV REVHUYDU GRV WLSRV GH HVWiQGDUHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH GHQWUR GH XQD PLVPD
DVLJQDWXUD $TXHOORV FX\D UHGDFFLyQ HV PX\ JHQHUDO \ DPSOLD VLPLODU D OD GHO FULWHULR GH
HYDOXDFLyQDVRFLDGRORTXHSHUPLWHTXHVHSXHGDQGHILQLUGLVWLQWRVQLYHOHVGHORJUR\DTXHOD
QXHYDQRUPDWLYDFRQVLGHUDTXHXQPLVPRREMHWLYRRFULWHULRORSXHGHQFRQVHJXLUGRVDOXPQRV
SHURHQGLVWLQWRVJUDGRV
&5,7(5,2'((9$/8$&,1 (671'$5(6'($35(1',=$-(
(QXPHUD \ DQDOL]D ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO VHFWRU VHFXQGDULR
&RQRFHU\DQDOL]DUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOVHFWRU
HVSDxRO \ GH &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD PDWHULDV SULPDV IXHQWHV GH
VHFXQGDULRHVSDxRO\GH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD
HQHUJtDHLQGXVWULD
7DEOD(MHPSORGHHVWiQGDUHVPX\JHQHUDOHV\VLPLODUHVDOFULWHULRTXHVHUHILHUH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLDEDVDGDHQ
HO'HFUHWR

3RU HO FRQWUDULR WDPELpQ H[LVWHQ HVWiQGDUHV PX\ FRQFUHWRV \ H[KDXVWLYRV SRU OR TXH
GHVJORVDUORVHQGLIHUHQWHVQLYHOHVGHORJURHVXQDWDUHDPX\FRPSOHMD(VWRTXL]iSURYRFDTXH
GLFKRVHVWiQGDUHVWDQSUHFLVRVQRSXHGDQVHUDERUGDGRVSRUWRGRHOPXQGR6LQHPEDUJRQR
KD\TXHROYLGDUTXHQRHVQHFHVDULRTXHWRGRVORVDOXPQRVDOFDQFHQWRGRVORVHVWiQGDUHVGH
DSUHQGL]DMH\DTXHno sera coherente con el modelo de la LOMCE 6iQFKH],QLHVWDS

&5,7(5,2'((9$/8$&,1 (671'$5(6'($35(1',=$-(
&RPHQWDXQPDSDVREUHGHQVLGDGGHSREODFLyQHQ(VSDxD
UHODFLRQiQGRORFRQORVSRVLEOHVIDFWRUHVItVLFRV\KXPDQRVTXH
KD\DQSRGLGRLQIOXLUHQODGLVWULEXFLyQGHODSREODFLyQ
$QDOL]DUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODSREODFLyQ
([SOLFDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODSREODFLyQHVSDxRODDSOLFDQGRHO
HVSDxROD VX GLVWULEXFLyQ VX GLQiPLFD \
0RGHORGH7UDQVLFLyQ'HPRJUiILFDGHOD(XURSD2FFLGHQWDOD
HYROXFLyQ
QXHVWURSDtV
5HFRQRFHODSUREOHPiWLFDGHPRJUiILFDGH(VSDxD\ORVSUREOHPDV
FRQFUHWRVGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD
7DEOD(MHPSORGHHVWiQGDUHVTXHHVSHFLILFDQ\GHWDOODQDTXHOORTXHVHGHEHYDORUDUGHOFULWHULRDOTXHVH
DVRFLD(ODERUDFLyQSURSLDEDVDGDHQHO'HFUHWR
/DYDULDFLyQGHOQ~PHUR\GHOWLSRGHUHGDFFLyQGHORVHVWiQGDUHVTXHOHFRUUHVSRQGHQDFDGD
FULWHULRGHHYDOXDFLyQSURYRFDTXHDOJXQDVGHODVXQLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDVTXHIRUPDQSDUWHGHOD
SURJUDPDFLyQVHDQDPELJXDV\RWUDVVLQHPEDUJRJXtHQPX\ELHQHOFRQWHQLGRTXHVHWLHQH
TXH GDU 8Q FODUR HMHPSOR GH HOOR SDUD GH (62 VHUtD OD XQLGDG GHGLFDGD DO VHFWRU
VHFXQGDULRFULWHULR\HVWiQGDUIUHQWHDOWHPDGHODFLXGDG\VXRUJDQL]DFLyQWHUULWRULDO
FULWHULRV\HVWiQGDUHV
3HUR LQFOXVR D HVWR DxDGLPRV RWUD FXHVWLyQ PiV TXH HQ PXFKDV RFDVLRQHV QR VH WLHQH HQ
FXHQWD +D\ HVWiQGDUHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH TXH QR FRLQFLGHQ FRQ HO FRQWHQLGR GHO OLEUR
WUDGLFLRQDO+HFKRTXHQRVREOLJDSRUXQODGRDVHOHFFLRQDUODPDWHULDTXHVHTXLHUHGDU\
SRURWURODGRDSUHSDUDUHOFRQWHQLGRDGLFLRQDOTXHQRYLHQHUHIOHMDGRHQHOOLEURGHWH[WR\
TXHODQRUPDWLYDVtH[LJHYHU
(QHVWDOtQHDRWURDVSHFWRGHJUDQUHOHYDQFLDHQHOQXHYRVLVWHPDGHHYDOXDFLyQHVTXHDORV
HVWiQGDUHV VH OHV DVLJQDQ YDORUHV FDWHJRUL]DFLyQ \ SRQGHUDFLyQ GH DFXHUGR D XQD VHULH GH
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHWHUPLQDGDV\ODUHOHYDQFLDTXHHOFXHUSRGRFHQWHTXLHUDFRQFHGHUOHV(VSRU
HOOR TXH ORV FHQWURV HGXFDWLYRV HQ HO PDUFR GH VX DXWRQRPtD SXHGHQ PRGLILFDU OD
FDWHJRUL]DFLyQ GH ORV HVWiQGDUHV SDUD DGHFXDUORV D VXV SURSLDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \ D ODV GHO
DOXPQDGRHVFRODUL]DGRFRQHOILQGHSURSLFLDUODLQFOXVLyQ\ODDWHQFLyQDODGLYHUVLGDGFRPR
SULQFLSLRVHQORVTXHOD/20&(VHEDVD
'HHVWD PDQHUDFDGDXQRGHORVHVWiQGDUHV GHEHVHUFDWHJRUL]DGRHQ%iVLFR% ,QWHUPHGLR
, R $YDQ]DGR $$GHPiV GH GLFKD FDWHJRUL]DFLyQ ORV HVWiQGDUHV VHxDODGRV WLHQHQ XQD
SRQGHUDFLyQFRQFUHWD\FRKHUHQWHHVWDEOHFLGDDOLQLFLDUHOFXUVRGHSHQGLHQGRGHOJUDGRGH
VXREOLJDWRULHGDG(QHO FDVRGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKDOD&RQVHMHUtDKDHPLWLGRXQGRFXPHQWR
FRQHOILQGHFODULILFDU FyPRVHFDOFXODODFDOLILFDFLyQFXUULFXODUDWUDYpVGHODFDWHJRUL]DFLyQ
GHORV HVWiQGDUHVGH DSUHQGL]DMH$VtSXHVpVWRVKDQVLGRHVWUXFWXUDGRVHQWUHVFDWHJRUtDV\D

0DQXDOGHHYDOXDFLyQHPLWLGRSRUOD&RQVHMHUtDGH(GXFDFLyQ&XOWXUD\'HSRUWH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD(QOtQHD
KWWSVHYDOXDSUHMFFPHVLQLFLRGRFV0DQXDO(YDOXDFLRQSGI

PHQFLRQDGDV /RV HVWiQGDUHV FDWHJRUL]DGRV FRPR EiVLFRV % VRQ FRQVLGHUDGRV

LPSUHVFLQGLEOHV SDUD JDUDQWL]DU HO GHVDUUROOR GHO DOXPQDGR HQ OD HWDSD \ SRU WDQWR VX
UHOHYDQFLD VHUi PD\RU HQ ODV SURJUDPDFLRQHV GLGiFWLFDV \D TXH GHEHUiQ VHU WUDEDMDGRV \
DSUREDGRVGH IRUPD REOLJDWRULD SRU WRGRVORV DOXPQRV 7DOVHUiHO FDVR FRPR VH YHUi HQ HO
FDStWXOR GHGLFDGR DO VLVWHPD GH HYDOXDFLyQ TXH ODV UHFXSHUDFLRQHV VH SODQWHDUiQ HQ EDVH D
GLFKRVHVWiQGDUHVEiVLFRV
&RPR ELHQ VH PHQFLRQDED DQWHULRUPHQWH MXQWR FRQ GLFKD FDWHJRUL]DFLyQ ORV HVWiQGDUHV
VHxDODGRVWLHQHQXQDSRQGHUDFLyQ'DGRHOJUDGRGHREOLJDWRULHGDGGHORVHVWiQGDUHVEiVLFRV
pVWRV VXSRQGUiQ DO PHQRV HO FLQFXHQWD SRU FLHQWR GH OD FDOLILFDFLyQ Pi[LPD HVWDEOHFLGD 'H
DFXHUGRDHVWR\VLJXLHQGRHOPRGHORGHOD-XQWDODVSRQGHUDFLRQHVWHQGUtDQTXHVHUGHILQLGDV
GH DFXHUGR D ORV VLJXLHQWHV SRUFHQWDMHV %iVLFRV ,QWHUPHGLRV
$YDQ]DGRV
(Q GHILQLWLYD FDEH GHVWDFDU WUHV FRVDV (Q SULPHU OXJDU ORV HVWiQGDUHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH VH
FDUDFWHUL]DQ SRU VHU REVHUYDEOHV PHGLEOHV \ HYDOXDEOHV \DTXH D WUDYpV GH HOORV SHUPLWHQ DO
GRFHQWH JUDGXDU HO UHQGLPLHQWR R ORJUR DOFDQ]DGR SRU PHGLR GH LQVWUXPHQWRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ
FRPRVHYHUiDFRQWLQXDFLyQ(QVHJXQGRWpUPLQRVHLQVLVWHHQODLGHDGHTXHFDGDHVWiQGDU
HVWi DVRFLDGR D XQ FULWHULR \ D VX YH] D XQ FRQWHQLGR GH OD PDWHULD 3RU HOOR QR WRGRV ORV
FRQWHQLGRVWHQGUiQHOPLVPRYDORU\DTXHODFDWHJRUL]DFLyQ\ODSRQGHUDFLyQGHORVHVWiQGDUHV
SXHGH YDULDU FRPR \D KHPRV YLVWR DQWHULRUPHQWH < HQ WHUFHU OXJDU DXQTXH VH YHUi FRQ
PD\RU SURIXQGLGDG HQ HO VLJXLHQWH DSDUWDGR HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD HYDOXDFLyQ D WUDYpV GH OD
/20&(VHOOHYDDFDERDSDUWLUGHXQFRPSOHMRVLVWHPDGHFULWHULRV\HVWiQGDUHVTXHVLUYHQ
GH UHIHUHQFLD QR VyOR SDUD OD HYDOXDFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGRV FRPR \D KHPRV YLVWR VLQR WDPELpQ
SDUDODYDORUDFLyQGHOGHVDUUROORGHODVFRPSHWHQFLDVGHOFXUUtFXOR9i]TXH]&DQRS

$QWH GLFKDV QRYHGDGHV HQ OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GHO QXHYR HOHPHQWR DO FXUUtFXOR TXH PRGLILFD HO
VLVWHPD GH HYDOXDFLyQ WUDGLFLRQDO OD &RQVHMHUtD KD HODERUDGR GLIHUHQWHV DSOLFDFLRQHV
LQIRUPiWLFDV\SURSXHVWDVSDUDD\XGDUHQODWDUHDGHHYDOXDU\FDOLILFDUDODOXPQDGRver nota
5 (O DOWR JUDGR GH FRPSOHMLGDG TXH D VLPSOH YLVWD VXSRQH OD OOHJDGD GH ORV HVWiQGDUHV D
QXHVWUR FXUUtFXOR DXWRUHV FRPR 9i]TXH]&DQR PDQLILHVWDQ OD casi imposibilidad GH
FXPSOLU OD OH\ HGXFDWLYD YLJHQWH 9i]TXH]&DQR S (V OyJLFR TXH FXDOTXLHU
GRFHQWH SXHGD VHQWLUVH SHUGLGR SHUR FyPR SRGHPRV RUJDQL]DU WRGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV
FXUULFXODUHV" $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ SURSRQHPRV FyPR HODERUDU XQD XQLGDG GLGiFWLFD HQ XQD WDEOD
GRQGH SRGHPRV UHFRJHU WRGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV QHFHVDULRV SDUD OD SXHVWD HQ SUiFWLFD GH OD
QRUPDWLYD HQ YLJRU \ FXPSOLU SRU WDQWR FRQ HO VLVWHPD GH HYDOXDFLyQ TXH YHUHPRV
SRVWHULRUPHQWH
3DVR&DGDXQLGDGGLGiFWLFDGHEHFRQWDUDOSULQFLSLRGHODWDEODFRQHOQ~PHURGHVHVLRQHV
HOWULPHVWUH\ODMXVWLILFDFLyQ
81,'$'','&7,&$1/$32%/$&,1
&8562(62 75,0(675( 6(6,21(6
(1(63$f$<&$67,//$/$0$1&+$
-867,),&$&,1&RQRFHUORVPRYLPLHQWRVGHPRJUiILFRVGHODSREODFLyQHVSDxRODSDUDFRPSUHQGHUODFRQILJXUDFLyQ
GHODSLUiPLGHVRFLDODFWXDO
7DEOD'HVJORVHSDUDHODERUDFLyQGHXQDWDEODXQLGDGGLGiFWLFD(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
3DVR8QDYH]TXHWHQJDPRVFODUDODXQLGDGDSURJUDPDUGHEHPRVVHOHFFLRQDUORVEORTXHV
GH FRQWHQLGR TXH KDFHQ UHIHUHQFLDDOD PLVPDDVt FRPR PDUFDUORVREMHWLYRV JHQHUDOHV \

GLGiFWLFRV HQ UHODFLyQ D GLFKRV EORTXHV 3RU WDQWR VHJXLGDPHQWH VH GHEHQ SODVPDU ORV
REMHWLYRVJHQHUDOHVGHODHWDSDORVREMHWLYRVGLGiFWLFRVORVFXDOHVVHKDQSXHVWRHQUHODFLyQ
FRQORVJHQHUDOHV%&'\DVXYH]FRQORVFRQWHQLGRVGHODSURSLDXQLGDG\ORV
FRQWHQLGRVTXHDSDUHFHQHQHOFXUUtFXORUHODFLRQDGRVFRQORVREMHWLYRVGLGiFWLFRV\FRQ
ORVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQTXHVHVHxDODUiQHQHOVLJXLHQWHSDVR
2%-(7,926
*(1(5$/(6'( 2%-(7,926','&7,&26 &217(1,'26
(7$3$
&RQRFHUODVGLIHUHQWHVIXHQWHVGH
LQIRUPDFLyQGHPRJUiILFD\ORVHOHPHQWRV
%ORTXH&RQWHQLGRFRP~QWpFQLFDV\
TXHLQWHUYLHQHQHQODHVWUXFWXUDGHOD
KHUUDPLHQWDVGH*HRJUDItDSLUiPLGHVGH
SREODFLyQ%()+
SREODFLyQPDSDVHVWDGtVWLFDVJUiILFRV(O
&RPSUHQGHUFRQFHSWRVEiVLFRVFRPR HVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRFRPRREMHWRGHHVWXGLR
GHQVLGDGGHSREODFLyQVXSHUSREODFLyQ
%&'()*+. QDWDOLGDGRPRUWDOLGDG\VXHYROXFLyQ%
%ORTXH(OHVSDFLRKXPDQRGH(VSDxD\
)
&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD/DSREODFLyQ
$SOLFDUODVGLIHUHQWHVWpFQLFDVSURSLDVGH
0RGHORVGHPRJUiILFRV
ODGHPRJUDItDFRPRODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ\HO
DQiOLVLVGHPDSDVWH[WRVRSLUiPLGHVGH 0RYLPLHQWRVPLJUDWRULRV
SREODFLyQ%&'()*+.
3DVR (Q HO 'HFUHWR FDGD EORTXH GH FRQWHQLGR WLHQH DVRFLDGRV XQRV HVWiQGDUHV \ XQRV
FULWHULRV3XHVELHQDFRQWLQXDFLyQVHHVWDEOHFHXQDUHODFLyQHQWUHORVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQ
YLQFXODGRV D ORV REMHWLYRV GLGiFWLFRV ORV HVWiQGDUHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH FRQ VX
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH FDWHJRUL]DFLyQ &$7 $GHPiV D FDGD XQR GH HOORV VH OH DVRFLD XQD
FRPSHWHQFLDFODYH&&HOLQVWUXPHQWRGHHYDOXDFLyQ,167(9$/\ODDFWLYLGDGFRQOD
TXH VH YDQ D WUDEDMDU GLFKRV HOHPHQWRV FXUULFXODUHV WRGR HOOR D WUDYpV GH XQD PHWRGRORJtD
FRQFUHWD
&5,7(5,26'( (671'$5(6 ,167
&$7 && $&7,9,'$'(6 0(72'2/2*$
(9$/8$&,21 (9$/8$%/(6 (9$/
&RQRFHUDQDOL]DU\ $QDOL]D \
FRPSDUDU ORV HOHPHQWRV FRPSDUDDWUDYpVGH %~VTXHGD\DQiOLVLV
0HWRGRORJtDDFWLYD
TXH LQWHUYLHQHQ HQ HO WDEODV HVWDGtVWLFDV $FWLYLGDG GHWDEODVJUiILFRV
, $$ SDUWLFLSDWLYD\SRU
HVWXGLR GH OD SREODFLyQ JUiILFRV\PDSDVORV GHFODVH HVWDGtVWLFRVSXHVWD
GHVFXEULPLHQWR
GH(VSDxD\&DVWLOOD/D LQGLFDGRUHV HQFRP~QRUDO
0DQFKD GHPRJUiILFRV
3DVR)LQDOPHQWHVHGHEHQH[SRQHUEUHYHPHQWHSRVLEOHVWHPDVWUDQVYHUVDOHVTXHVHSRGUtDQ
DERUGDUPHGLGDVSDUDDWHQGHUDODGLYHUVLGDGORVUHFXUVRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHOD
XQLGDGODSODQLILFDFLyQGHFDGDXQDGHHOODV\SRU~OWLPRODSRQGHUDFLyQGHORVHVWiQGDUHV
3DUDWUDWDUGHFRPSUHQGHUPHMRUHVWH~OWLPRDSDUWDGRVHUHFRPLHQGDYHUHOVLJXLHQWHFDStWXOR
GHGLFDGRDOD(YDOXDFLyQ

0$7(5,$/(6<
$7(1&,1$/$',9(56,'$' ~ 3/$1,),&$&,1
5(&85626
x FODVHVHSXHGHGHGLFDUDFWLYLGDGHV ~ FODVHVGHGLFDGDVDODOHFWXUD
GHUHIXHU]RRDPSOLDFLyQ FRPSUHQVLYD\ODH[WUDFFLyQGHODV
LGHDVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVFRPELQDGR
GHSHQGLHQGRGHODVQHFHVLGDGHV 3UR\HFWRUSL]DUUDOLEUR FRQODUHDOL]DFLyQGHDFWLYLGDGHV\
HGXFDWLYDVGHODOXPQDGR JUiILFRVWH[WRVSHULRGtVWLFRV SUiFWLFD
x 3ODQWHDUDFWLYLGDGHVYDULDGDV UHFXUVRV7,&
~ VHVLRQHVSDUDODE~VTXHGDGH
x /DUHFXSHUDFLyQVHSODQWHDDORV JUiILFRV\SXHVWDHQFRP~Q
HVWiQGDUHVEiVLFRV
~ FODVHH[DPHQ
(/(0(172675$169(56$/(6 &5,7(5,26'(&$/,),&$&,1
/RVHVWiQGDUHVFDWHJRUL]DGRVVHUiQSRQGHUDGRVDWUDYpVGHORVVLJXLHQWHV
8VRGHODV7,&LJXDOGDGGHWUDWR\QR SRUFHQWDMHV
GLVFULPLQDFLyQRFLR
, %
816,67(0$'((9$/8$&,1',)(5(17("
1RFLRQHVSUHYLDV
/D HYROXFLyQ GHO FRQFHSWR GH HYDOXDFLyQ QR VLHPSUH KD VLGR XQLIRUPH \ H[LVWHQ GLYHUVRV
PDUFRVWHyULFRVDOUHVSHFWRFRPRDVtORUHIOHMDHQVXWUDEDMR9i]TXH]&DQR9i]TXH]&DQR
SS $FWXDOPHQWH HQWHQGHPRV FRPR HYDOXDFLyQ DO SURFHVR VLVWHPiWLFR \
RUJDQL]DGRSRUHOFXDOVHREWLHQHLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHHOJUDGRGHDGTXLVLFLyQGHORVREMHWLYRV
SODQWHDGRV VH DQDOL]D \ YDORUD OD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH OR SUHYLVWR \ ORJUDGR VH HPLWH XQ MXLFLR
VREUHGLFKDGLIHUHQFLD\VHWRPDQGHFLVLRQHVFRQYLVWDVDODPHMRUDGHODSUiFWLFDGRFHQWH
'H DFXHUGR DO $UWtFXOR GHO 'HFUHWR los referentes para la comprobacin del
grado de adquisicin de las competencias y el logro de los objetivos de la etapa en las
evaluaciones continuas y final de las materias, sern los criterios de evaluacin y estndares
de aprendizaje evaluables que figuran en el Anexo I.A.5 'HFUHWRS.
(O GHVDUUROOR GH OD HYDOXDFLyQ GH DFXHUGR D OD /20&( VH KD PDWHULDOL]DGR HQ OD \D
PHQFLRQDGD 2UGHQ (&' SRU OD TXH VH GHVFULEHQ ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH ODV
FRPSHWHQFLDVORVFRQWHQLGRV\ORVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD6HFXQGDULD
\%DFKLOOHUDWR&RPRELHQH[SRQH9i]TXH]&DQRHVWD2UGHQDSXHVWDSRUODQHFHVLGDGGHXQ
FDPELRHQORVHQIRTXHVPHWRGROyJLFRVTXHGHEHQEDVDUVHHQODVFRPSHWHQFLDVFODYH\HQORV
UHVXOWDGRVGHDSUHQGL]DMH9i]TXH]&DQRS(VWRFRQOOHYDLPSRUWDQWHVFDPELRVHQ
ODFRQFHSFLyQGHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH\ODFXOWXUDHVFRODU
/RVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQGHVFULEHQORTXHVHTXLHUHYDORUDUORTXHHODOXPQRGHEHORJUDU
WDQWR HQ FRQRFLPLHQWRV FRPR HQ FRPSHWHQFLDV eVWRV VH FRQFUHWDQ FRPR \D VH KD YLVWR HQ
DSDUWDGRVDQWHULRUHVHQORVHVWiQGDUHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHTXHHVSHFLILFDQORTXHHODOXPQRWLHQH
TXHVDEHUFRPSUHQGHU\VDEHUKDFHUHQODPDWHULDDVtFRPRODDFWLWXGFRQVHJXLGD\WDPELpQ
SHUPLWHQTXHODVRFLHGDGWHQJDFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORTXHKDQDSUHQGLGRORVDOXPQRVDOWHUPLQDU
ODHWDSDGHVHFXQGDULD$GHPiVHVFRQYHQLHQWHUHFRUGDUTXHWDQWRHQODHYDOXDFLyQFRQWLQXD
GHORVGLIHUHQWHVFXUVRVFRPRHQODVHYDOXDFLRQHVILQDOHVGHODVGLIHUHQWHVHWDSDVHGXFDWLYDV
GHEHUiWHQHUVHHQFXHQWDHOJUDGRGHGRPLQLRGHODVFRPSHWHQFLDVODVFXDOHVVHUiQ HYDOXDGDV

9pDVHXQHVWXGLRPX\H[KDXVWLYRVREUHODVrevlidas3pUH]*yPH]$(YDOXDFLyQH[WHUQDHQOD/20&(
5HYiOLGDVH[FOXVLyQ\FRPSHWLWLYLGDGHQRevista interuniversitaria de formacin del profesorado SS

DWUDYpVGHHVWUDWHJLDVHLQVWUXPHQWRVTXHHYDO~HQORVGHVHPSHxRVGHODOXPQDGRHQUHODFLyQD
ORVHVWiQGDUHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHHYDOXDEOHV
3DUD HOOR HV QHFHVDULR WHQHU SUHVHQWH TXH OD SODQLILFDFLyQ VXV FRQWHQLGRV \ VX PRGR GH
HYDOXDFLyQ \ FDOLILFDFLyQ GHEH VHU FRQRFLGD QR VyOR SRU HO SURIHVRU VLQR WDPELpQ SRU ORV
DOXPQRV VXV SURJHQLWRUHV \R WXWRUHV TXH VRQ FRSDUWtFLSHV GH GLFKR SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D
DSUHQGL]DMH\SRUHOFRQMXQWRGHODVRFLHGDG
'LFKDHYDOXDFLyQVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUVHUFRQWLQXDIRUPDWLYDLQWHJUDGRUD\GLIHUHQFLDGDFRQHO
ILQ GH DGDSWDUVH D ODV QHFHVLGDGHV GHO DOXPQDGR FRQ QHFHVLGDGHV $GHPiV FRQ HO ILQ GH
IDFLOLWDUDORVDOXPQRVODUHFXSHUDFLyQGHODVPDWHULDVFRQHYDOXDFLyQQHJDWLYDOD&RQVHMHUtD
FRPSHWHQWHHQPDWHULDGHHGXFDFLyQUHJXODUiODVFRQGLFLRQHVSDUDTXHORVFHQWURVRUJDQLFHQ
ODVRSRUWXQDVSUXHEDVH[WUDRUGLQDULDV\SURJUDPDVLQGLYLGXDOL]DGRVHQODVFRQGLFLRQHVTXHVH
GHWHUPLQHQ
/DSXHVWDHQSUiFWLFD
8QDYH]YLVWRVDTXHOORVDVSHFWRVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQ\TXHVHGHEHQWHQHUHQFXHQWDHQHOSURFHVR
GHHYDOXDFLyQ\DSDUWLUGHORVFXDOHVVHHVWDEOHFHQORVFULWHULRVGHFDOLILFDFLyQVHGDSDVRD
FRQFUHWDUXQVLVWHPDGHHYDOXDFLyQSURSLRGHOXVRGHHVWiQGDUHVGHDSUHQGL]DMH4XpTXLHUH
GHFLUHVWR"7UDGLFLRQDOPHQWHHOLQVWUXPHQWRGHHYDOXDFLyQSRUH[FHOHQFLDKDVLGRHOH[DPHQ
VLQHPEDUJRHOVLVWHPDHGXFDWLYRSURSRQHTXHVHHYDO~HWRGRHOSURFHVRGHIRUPDREMHWLYDD
WUDYpVGHODFRQFUHFLyQGHORVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQHQHVWiQGDUHV9i]TXH]&DQR S
'H HVWD PDQHUD KD\ TXH WHQHU FRQVWDQFLD GH TXH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV SUiFWLFDV WUDEDMRV R
H[iPHQHVVHUiQ~QLFDPHQWHPHURVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHHYDOXDFLyQHVGHFLUVHUiQHOPHGLRSRUHO
TXH VH SUHWHQGH DOFDQ]DU HO GHVDUUROOR \ ORJUR GH ORV HOHPHQWRV FXUULFXODUHV /R TXH VH
YDORUDUiQRVHUiHOH[DPHQSURSLDPHQWHGLFKRVLQRHOHVWiQGDUFDWHJRUL]DGR\SRQGHUDGR
6HJ~Q)XVWHU*DUFtDORVHVWiQGDUHVGHWHUPLQDQWUHVDVSHFWRVHOSULPHURGHHOORV\TXH\DVH
KD VHxDODGR DQWHULRUPHQWH ORV FRQWHQLGRV TXH ORV DOXPQRV GHEHQ VDEHU HQ VHJXQGR OXJDU
FyPRGHEHQDGTXLULUHVRVFRQRFLPLHQWRV\DTXHPXFKRVHVWiQGDUHVVHxDODQTXpLQVWUXPHQWR
VHGHEHXWLOL]DUSDUDDOFDQ]DUOR\SRU~OWLPRHOJUDGRGHDSUHQGL]DMHRUHQGLPLHQWRREWHQLGR
)XVWHU *DUFtD SS (VWH ~OWLPR DVSHFWR HV HO TXH GHVWDFDQ *LQp )UHL[HV \
3DUFHULVD $UDQ TXLHQHV PDQLILHVWD TXH OD HYDOXDFLyQ TXH VH SUDFWLFD PD\RULWDULDPHQWH HQ
VHFXQGDULD VLJXH DVRFLiQGRVH DO FRQFHSWR GH PHGLGD GH UHQGLPLHQWR *LQp )UHL[HV \
3DUFHULVD$UDQS
3RUWDQWRORVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHHYDOXDFLyQVHFRQYLHUWHQHQODYtDSRUODFXDOHOGRFHQWHSRGUi
VDEHU VL ORV DOXPQRV KDQ DOFDQ]DGR WDQWR ORV REMHWLYRV FRPR VL KDQ GHVDUUROODGR ODV
FRPSHWHQFLDVHQEDVHDXQRVFRQWHQLGRVFRQFUHWRV$VtSXHV\GHHVWDIRUPDHOHVWXGLDQWHVH
FRQYLHUWHHQHOSURWDJRQLVWDGHHVWHSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH\DTXHpVWHGHEHUiVHU
FDSD] GH ORJUDU OR DQWHULRUPHQWH H[SXHVWR D WUDYpV GH XQD PHWRGRORJtD XQDV DFWLYLGDGHV \
XQRVUHFXUVRVGLGiFWLFRVFRQFUHWRV$OJXQRVGHORVPiVGHVWDFDGRVVRQ
x 7pFQLFDV GH REVHUYDFLyQ FRQRFHU HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR QDWXUDO GH ORV DOXPQRV HQ
VLWXDFLyQHVSRQWiQHDVUHJLVWURDQHFGyWLFROLVWDGHFRQWUROREVHUYDFLyQGHWUDEDMRGHEDWHV
HQFODVH

3DUD SURIXQGL]DU VREUH HVWD WHPiWLFD YHU %XHQGtD (LVPDQ / *RQ]iOH] *RQ]iOH] ' \ &DUPRQD )HUQiQGH] 0
3URFHGLPLHQWRVHLQVWUXPHQWRVGHHYDOXDFLyQHQHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDHQRevista de investigacin EducativaSS


x 5HYLVLyQGHODVWDUHDV\DFWLYLGDGHVGHDXOD
x 3UXHEDV HVSHFtILFDV UHVROXFLyQ GH SUiFWLFDV LGHQWLILFDFLyQ LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ \
FRPHQWDULRVGHPDSDVJUiILFRVLPiJHQHVHQFODVHRFDVDH[iPHQHVWHyULFRVGHSUHJXQWDV
FRUWDV\GHVDUUROOR
&RPRELHQH[SRQH,JQDFLR3ROR0DUWtQH]QRH[LVWHQLQVWUXPHQWRVGHHYDOXDFLyQEXHQRVR
PDORVVRORVHSXHGHKDEODUGHLQVWUXPHQWRVDGHFXDGRVSDUDUHFRJHUODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHVH
UHTXLHUH HQ IXQFLyQ GH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GHO DSUHQGL]DMH TXH VH SUHWHQGH
HYDOXDU3ROR0DUWtQH]SS
3RUWDQWRDWUDYpVGHODVYtDVRPHGLRVPHQFLRQDGRVHOSURIHVRUSRGUiHYDOXDUORVFULWHULRVGH
HYDOXDFLyQ\ORVHVWiQGDUHVGHDSUHQGL]DMH&RPR\DVHKDYLVWRFDGDXQRGHORVHVWiQGDUHV
WLHQHXQDFDWHJRUL]DFLyQ%,$\XQDSRQGHUDFLyQFRQFUHWDSRUHMHPSOR%,
$ D WUDYpV GH OD FXDO HO GRFHQWH SRGUi FDOLILFDU 'H WDO PDQHUD VH YXHOYH D KDFHU
KLQFDSLpHQODLGHDGHTXHQRVHHYDO~DQORVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHHYDOXDFLyQVLQRORVHVWiQGDUHV
SRUHOORKD\TXHWUDWDUGHHQWHQGHUTXHYDULRVHVWiQGDUHVFX\DFDWHJRUL]DFLyQ\SRQGHUDFLyQ
VHDODPLVPDVHSXHGHQFDOLILFDUDWUDYpVGHGLIHUHQWHVPHGLRVORTXHLPSOLFDTXHVHOHGHOD
PLVPDLPSRUWDQFLDDXQWUDEDMRDXQH[DPHQRDXQGHEDWHHQFODVH
&RPR VH PXHVWUD HQ OD VLJXLHQWH Tabla 10 QR WRGRV ORV HVWiQGDUHV EiVLFRV FRQ HO PLVPR
YDORUGHXQDXQLGDGVHHYDO~DQSRUPHGLRGHORVPLVPRVLQVWUXPHQWRVURGHDGRHQURMR\DO
PLVPR WLHPSR GLFKRV LQVWUXPHQWRV TXHGDQ GHILQLGRV SRU ORV SURSLRV HVWiQGDUHV FRQ HO
REMHWLYR GH GHVDUUROODU ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV VXEUD\DGR DPDULOOR &RPR ELHQ GHILHQGH *yPH]
3LFDSHRDWUDYpVGHHVWHVLVWHPDel qu \cmo se debe evaluarQRHVDOJRVXEMHWLYRHQOD
PD\RUtD GH ORV FDVRV SRUTXH \D YLHQH GHILQLGR HQ ORV FXUUtFXORV &RQVLGHUD TXH ORV
HVWiQGDUHV VRQ ~WLOHV SDUD HODERUDU ORV LQVWUXPHQWRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ DVHJXUDQGR TXH pVWRV
UHVSRQGHQ D ORV HVWiQGDUHV \ D OR TXH OD OH\ H[LJH FULWHULRV FRQWHQLGRV REMHWLYRV
FRPSHWHQFLDV3RUWDQWRORVHVWiQGDUHVVHFRQYLHUWHQHQHOSXQWRGHSDUWLGDSDUDSURJUDPDU
FXDOTXLHU DFFLyQ GRFHQWH WHQLHQGR VLHPSUH SUHVHQWH TXH pVWRV GHEHQ DGHFXDUVH DO QLYHO
HGXFDWLYRGHODOXPQDGR*yPH]3LFDSHRSS
$Vt GH HVWD IRUPD \ FRPR VH SXHGH REVHUYDU OD HYDOXDFLyQ \ FDOLILFDFLyQ GH ORV DOXPQRV
FRQVWDUi GH LQVWUXPHQWRV \ PHGLRV PX\ YDULDGRV FRQ HO ILQ GH DWHQGHU D OD GLYHUVLGDG \ ODV
QHFHVLGDGHVGHFDGDXQR<DGHPiVHVWHWLSRGHFDOLILFDFLyQSUHWHQGHUHFRPSHQVDUHOWUDEDMR
GLDULRVREUHWRGRHQFODVHGHODOXPQDGR'HDKtTXHVHDQHFHVDULRLQVLVWLUHQODLGHDGHTXH
WHQGUiODPLVPDLPSRUWDQFLDXQH[DPHQTXHXQDDFWLYLGDGGHDXOD

8QEXHQWUDEDMRGRQGHHQFRQWUDUWLSRVGHDFWLYLGDGHV\H[iPHQHVDFRUGHVDORVHVWiQGDUHVGH/HQJXD\/LWHUDWXUDHVHOGH
*yPH]3LFDSHR/DHYDOXDFLyQPHGLDQWHFULWHULRV\HVWiQGDUHV$SOLFDFLRQHVDOiUHDGH/HQJXD\/LWHUDWXUD

&5,7(5,26'((9$/8$&,1 (671'$5(6(9$/8$%/(6 &$7 && ,1675(9$/
/RFDOL]DUOXJDUHVHQXQPDSDGH /RFDOL]D HVSDFLRV JHRJUiILFRV HQ XQ 3UiFWLFD

(VSDxD XWLOL]DQGR FRRUGHQDGDV PDSD GH (VSDxD XWLOL]DQGR FRRUGHQDGDV
JHRJUiILFDV JHRJUiILFDV
&RPSUHQGHODOH\HQGD\ODHVFDODGH
8WLOL]DU HO PDSD FRPR SULQFLSDO XQPDSDItVLFRGH(VSDxD &0
LQVWUXPHQWR JHRJUiILFR \ UHVROYHU 5HDOL]D RSHUDFLRQHV UHODWLYDV D ([SOLFDFLyQ\
SUREOHPDVGHHVFDODV GLVWDQFLDVHQXQPDSDGH(VSDxDXWLOL]DQGR DFWLYLGDGGH
ODHVFDOD % DXOD
6LW~DHQXQPDSDItVLFRODV
7HQHU XQD YLVLyQ JOREDO GHO SULQFLSDOHVXQLGDGHVGHOUHOLHYH
PHGLR ItVLFR HVSDxRO \ GH VXV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVJHQHUDOHV ([SOLFDFLyQ\
([SOLFDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOUHOLHYH &/
H[DPHQWHyULFR
/RFDOL]DHQHOPDSDItVLFRGH(VSDxD
/RFDOL]DU HQ HO PDSD ItVLFR GH ODV YHUWLHQWHV KLGURJUiILFDV \ ODV FXHQFDV
(VSDxD ODV DJXDV VXSHUILFLDOHV \ PiVLPSRUWDQWHVODJRV\ODJXQDV
&0 ([SOLFDFLyQ\
UHODFLRQDU ORV SULQFLSDOHV IDFWRUHV GH
XQUtR %XVFDHMHPSORVFHUFDQRVDWX DFWLYLGDGGH
,
ORFDOLGDG DXOD
6HxDOD\GHVFULEHHQXQPDSDORV
HVSDFLRVELRFOLPiWLFRVGH(VSDxD
&RQRFHUFRPSDUDU\GHVFULELU
eliaWcLiFRnVde l osdifere$
QMpXlQoWRdVeEuLnRaFOrLP
ORTVabJlUaDQ1G0H.VEFjRem ntQeDsOLe]sDtn\daFrReP
s cSaDtUeDgoOrRiVzadFoRsQ,MXcQoWmRpV etencias e instrumentos de evaluacin
queEcLoRnFOfLoP iWaLFnRVuna uXnWLiOdL]aDdQ.GERlaboJraUicIiLFnRVpropHia
rm
%

LPiJHQHV $$ ([SOLFDFLyQ\
&RQRFHU ORV SULQFLSDOHV IDFWRUHV H[DPHQWHyULFR
([SOLFDFyPRORVIDFWRUHVPRGLILFDQ
\ HOHPHQWRV TXH LQWHUYLHQHQ HQ HO
ORVHOHPHQWRVGHOFOLPD
FOLPD
(ODERUDU FOLPRJUDPDV \ (ODERUDGLIHUHQWHVFOLPRJUDPDVGH 3UiFWLFDDXOD\
,
FRPHQWDUPDSDVGHOWLHPSR &/0\(VSDxD H[DPHQ
7DEOD(MHPSORGHXQDUHODFLyQGHORVGLIHUHQWHVHVWiQGDUHVFDWHJRUL]DGRVFRPSHWHQFLDVHLQVWUXPHQWRVGH
HYDOXDFLyQTXHFRQIRUPDQXQDXQLGDG(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
2WURDVSHFWRDWHQHUHQFXHQWDHVTXHODFDOLILFDFLyQILQDOQRVHREWLHQHSRUXQLGDGHVVLQRSRU
HYDOXDFLRQHV SRU OR TXH ODV QRWDV TXH VH REWLHQHQ GH FDGD HVWiQGDU HV RULHQWDWLYD (VWR VH
GHEH D TXH QR HQ WRGRV ORV WHPDV VH WUDEDMDQ ORV WUHV WLSRV GH HVWiQGDUHV FRPR SDUD SRGHU
DOFDQ]DU HO 6L QRV ILMDPRV HQ OD WDEOD DQWHULRU Tabla 10 HVD XQLGDG HVWDUtD
FRPSUHQGLGD ~QLFDPHQWH SRU HVWiQGDUHV EiVLFRV H LQWHUPHGLRV 3RU HVR OD IRUPD PiV
FRUUHFWD\DGHFXDGDGHHYDOXDU\REWHQHUXQDFDOLILFDFLyQILQDOVHUtDVXPDUODSRQGHUDFLyQGH
WRGRVORVHVWiQGDUHVTXHIRUPDQXQDHYDOXDFLyQRWULPHVWUH\KDFHUODPHGLDGHWRGRVHOORV
$VtHVFRPROHGDPRVYDORUDORV HVWiQGDUHVSDUDVDEHUFRQTXpQRWDVH KDQVXSHUDGRSHUR
FyPR REWHQHPRV OD FDOLILFDFLyQ GH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV" 'HO PLVPR PRGR <D TXH FDGD
HVWiQGDU WLHQH DVRFLDGR XQD R YDULDV FRPSHWHQFLDV HO YDORU GHGLFKD FRQFUHFLyQ GHO FULWHULR
VHUiHOPLVPRSDUDOHFRPSHWHQFLDGHVDUUROODGD+D\TXHWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHOD/20&(QR
H[LJH SRQHU QRWD QXPpULFD D ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV SRU WDQWR VL ORV HVWiQGDUHV VH KDQ VXSHUDGR
LQGHSHQGLHQWH GHO QLYHO GH ORJUR DOFDQ]DGR HO DOXPQR VHUi FRPSHWHQWH HQ DTXHOODV
FRPSHWHQFLDVSXHVWDVHQSUiFWLFD'HOPLVPRPRGRRFXUUHDODLQYHUVDVLORVHVWiQGDUHVQRVH
VXSHUDQODVFRPSHWHQFLDVDVRFLDGDVDORVPLVPRWDPSRFR

(QGHILQLWLYDHVQHFHVDULRH[SOLFDU\KDFHUOHVHQWHQGHUWDQWRDSDGUHVFRPRDOXPQRVTXHOD
QRWDUHDOHVODILQDO\TXHHQFDVRVH[WUHPRVVHSXHGHVXVSHQGHUXQH[DPHQSHURDSUREDU
ODHYDOXDFLyQ\YLFHYHUVDSRUTXHFRPRKHPRVYLVWRTabla 10XQDDFWLYLGDGXQDSUiFWLFD\
XQH[DPHQFRUUHVSRQGHQDHVWiQGDUHVFRQHOPLVPRYDORU
$KRUDELHQDODKRUDGHSURJUDPDUQRKD\TXHROYLGDUODVSRVLEOHVIDOWDVGHDVLVWHQFLDGHORV
DOXPQRV D DFWLYLGDGHV R SUiFWLFDV TXH VH GHVDUUROODQ HQ HO DXOD TXH QR VH SXHGHQ YROYHU D
UHSHWLU\FX\DILQDOLGDGHVREWHQHU ODFDOLILFDFLyQGHXQ HVWiQGDU3XHV ELHQHQ HVWH FDVRVH
HOLPLQDUtD HO HVWiQGDU GH OD VXPD WRWDO GH HVWiQGDUHV GH HVD HYDOXDFLyQ $Vt SXHV FRPR
HMHPSOR VH SXHGH GHFLU TXH VL XQD HYDOXDFLyQ VH FDOLILFD PHGLDQWH HVWiQGDUHV GH
DSUHQGL]DMHVLXQDOXPQRIDOWDGRVGtDVDFODVH\QRSXHGHUHFXSHUDUORVODPHGLDGHVXVQRWDV
VHKDUtDHQWUHORVUHVWDQWHV\TXHKDSRGLGRWUDEDMDUIUHQWHDOUHVWRGHVXVFRPSDxHURVTXH
VHOHVHYDOXDUtDWRPDQGRFRPRPHGLDORVHVWDEOHFLGRVHQHVHWULPHVWUH
)LQDOPHQWHHQFDVRGHTXHXQDOXPQRQRVXSHUHODQRWDPHGLDGHORVHVWiQGDUHVVHSODQWHDUi
XQD UHFXSHUDFLyQ GH OD PDWHULD HQ FDGD HYDOXDFLyQ \D TXH FRPR VH KD H[SOLFDGR
DQWHULRUPHQWH OD FDOLILFDFLyQ UHDO GHO DOXPQDGR VH REWLHQH D ILQDO GHO WULPHVWUH 'LFKD
SUXHEDHVFULWDVHSODQWHDUiHQEDVHDORVHVWiQGDUHVEiVLFRV%GHELGRDTXHpVWRVKD\
TXHDSUREDUORVREOLJDWRULDPHQWHSDUDVXSHUDUODPDWHULDDILQDOGHOFXUVR$VtSXHVHODOXPQR
GHEHUiUHFXSHUDU~QLFDPHQWHDTXHOORVHVWiQGDUHVEiVLFRVTXHQRKD\DVXSHUDGRDORODUJRGH
OD HYDOXDFLyQ (VWR LPSOLFD TXH XQD FODVH H[LVWDQ GLIHUHQWHV WLSRV GH UHFXSHUDFLyQ
UHFXSHUDFLRQHV LQGLYLGXDOL]DGDV GHSHQGLHQGR GH ORV HVWiQGDUHV TXH FDGD HVWXGLDQWH WHQJD
TXHUHFXSHUDU
&21&/86,21(6
/OHJDGRVDHVWHSXQWRSRGHPRVFRQVLGHUDUTXHORVHVWiQGDUHVURPSHQSRUFRPSOHWRFRQHO
VLVWHPDWUDGLFLRQDOGHFDOLILFDFLyQ"$FDVRORVHVWiQGDUHVQRVHDVHPHMDQDORVLQGLFDGRUHVGH
HYDOXDFLyQ GH OD /2(" $Vt HV 6L VHJXLPRV HO 'HFUHWR SRU HO TXH VH HVWDEOHFH HO
FXUUtFXOR GH (62 HQ &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD GHQWUR GH FDGD XQR GH ORV FULWHULRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ
DVRFLDGRVDORVFRQWHQLGRVH[LVWtDQXQRVLQGLFDGRUHVTXHSHUPLWtDQFDOLILFDU\GHWHUPLQDUHO
QLYHO GH FRPSHWHQFLD DOFDQ]DGR JUDFLDV D OD HODERUDFLyQ GH LQVWUXPHQWRV DMXVWDGRV D GLFKRV
LQGLFDGRUHV $GHPiV FRQ OD /2( KDEOiEDPRV GH XQRV FRQWHQLGRV PtQLPRV TXH
DFWXDOPHQWHSRGHPRVGHFLUTXHVHFRUUHVSRQGHQFRQHVRVHVWiQGDUHVEiVLFRVGDGRVXJUDGR
GH REOLJDWRULHGDG SDUD VXSHUDU XQ FXUVR DFDGpPLFR 'HFUHWR SS 8QRV
FRQWHQLGRV TXH FRPR KHPRV YLVWR DQWHULRUPHQWH VLJXLHQGR HO LPSRUWDQWH HVWXGLR GH
5RGUtJXH] 'RPHQHFK YXHOYHQ D SUHVHQWDU HO PLVPR SODQWHDPLHQWR HQ OD /20&( FRQ
UHVSHFWRDOD/2(5RGUtJXH]'RPHQHFKS
3RU WDQWR VH WUDWD GH XQ VLVWHPD GH FDOLILFDFLyQ FRPSOHMR TXH SXHGH VXSRQHU D SULRUL XQ
JUDQFDPELRWDQWRSDUDSURIHVRUHVFRPRDOXPQRV\SDGUHV\WRGDODFRPXQLGDGHGXFDWLYD
6LQHPEDUJRTXL]i~QLFDPHQWHVHDQHFHVDULRSRUXQODGRODFRPSUHQVLyQGHFDGDXQRGHORV
HOHPHQWRV FXUULFXODUHV TXH IRUPDQ SDUWH GHO PLVPR \ SRU RWUR ODGR HO WRWDO HQWHQGLPLHQWR
SUHYLRGHOVLVWHPDHGXFDWLYRDQWHVGHSRQHUORHQSUiFWLFDHQODVDXODV
5HDOPHQWHODQXHYDSUiFWLFDHYDOXDWLYDFRQGLFLRQDUiODDFFLyQHQHODXODODVHOHFFLyQGHORV
FRQWHQLGRV\ORVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHHYDOXDFLyQTXHHOGRFHQWHGHEHHODERUDU"El potencial que
pueden adoptar los estndares de aprendizaje est relacionado con la forma y el uso que se
haga de ellos, pudiendo mejorar la evaluacin educativa, o por el contrario, creando

modelos de aprendizaje donde se ensee aquello que solo es evaluable, condicionando los
conocimientos a aprender )XVWHU*DUFtD
&RPR\DKHPRVYLVWRXQRGHORVDVSHFWRVTXHSURPRYLyODLPSODQWDFLyQGHORVHVWiQGDUHVIXH
OD UHGXFFLyQ GHO IUDFDVR \ HO DEDQGRQR HVFRODU VH SXHGH FRQVHJXLU HVWH REMHWLYR" ([LVWHQ
GLYHUVDVWHRUtDVDOUHVSHFWR3RUXQODGR)XVWHU*DUFtDH[SRQHHQVXWUDEDMRTXHODSURIHVRUD
'DUOLQJ+DPPRQG DILUPD TXH OD QXHYD QRUPDWLYD VH WUDWD GH XQ FXUUtFXOR HVWiQGDU \ PX\
UHJXODGR TXH EXVFD OD REMHWLYLGDG 1R REVWDQWH HVWH WLSR GH FXUUtFXORV QR PHMRUDQ HO
DSUHQGL]DMHGHODOXPQDGRVLVHFHQWUDHQHOFRQWUROGHODHQVHxDQ]DDEDVHGHLQFUHPHQWDUODV
SUXHEDV \ H[iPHQHV HOHPHQWRV TXH QR IDYRUHFHQ OD UHGXFFLyQ GHO IUDFDVR SHUR Vt OD
VHJUHJDFLyQ VRFLDO HVWXGLDGD HQ QXPHURVDV RFDVLRQHV SRU HO VRFLyORJR )HUQiQGH] (QJXLWD
)XVWHU *DUFtD S 8QD LGHD VLPLODU OD HQFRQWUDPRV GH OD PDQR GH %HUQDO $JXGR
TXLHQ REMHWD TXH ODV HYDOXDFLRQHV HVWDQGDUL]DGDV DVXPLUiQ HO SRGHU GHO FXUUtFXOXP
SURYRFDQGR XQ DSUHQGL]DMH GHVFRQWH[WXDOL]DGR \ XQLIRUPH TXH GDUi OXJDU D OD REWHQFLyQ GH
DOXPQRV HVWDQGDUL]DGRV TXH UHVSRQGHUiQ D ORV PLVPRV SDWURQHV GH FRQGXFWD ORV PLVPRV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV \ TXH SUDFWLTXHQ OD PLVPD IRUPD GH SHQVDU (VWD LGHD OD HTXLSDUD FRQ OD
FRQRFLGD SDUiEROD GHO SHGDJRJR IUDQFpV )UHLQHW ODV iJXLODV QR VXEHQ SRU OD HVFDOHUD
%HUQDO$JXGRS
/D /20&( VH KD FRQYHUWLGR HQ HO WHPD HQLJPiWLFR SRU H[FHOHQFLD HQ ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV /D
LPSODQWDFLyQGHORVHVWiQGDUHVGHHYDOXDFLyQFRPRSXQWRUHIHUHQWHHQODQXHYDOH\HGXFDWLYD
KDSURSLFLDGRTXHVHFRQYLHUWDHQXQHOHPHQWRFXUULFXODUPX\LPSRUWDQWHHQODSODQLILFDFLyQ
GRFHQWH TXH D~Q KR\ HQ GtD VLJXH VXVFLWDQGR JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH GXGDV HQ VX DSOLFDFLyQ
(VSHUDPRVTXHHOWUDEDMRKD\DUHVXHOWR\GHVYHODGRDOPHQRVDOJXQDVGHHOODV
%,%/,2*5$)$
%HUQDO $JXGR -/ $QiOLVLV FUtWLFR GHO PRGHOR GH HYDOXDFLyQ /20&( HQRevista
Avances en supervisin educativa (Q OtQHD
KWWSZZZDGLGHRUJUHYLVWDLQGH[SKSDVHDUWLFOHYLHZ)LOH >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
%XHQGtD (LVPDQ / *RQ]iOH] *RQ]iOH] ' \ &DUPRQD )HUQiQGH] 0
3URFHGLPLHQWRV H LQVWUXPHQWRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ HQ HGXFDFLyQ VHFXQGDULD HQ Revista de
investigacin Educativa SS (Q OtQHD
KWWSUHYLVWDVXPHVULHDUWLFOHYLHZ)LOH >OWLPR DFFHVR VHSWLHPEUH DJRVWR
@
&ROO & \ 0DUWtQ ( 9LJHQFLD GHO GHEDWH FXUULFXODU $SUHQGL]DMHV EiVLFRV
FRPSHWHQFLDV \ HVWiQGDUHV HQ PRELAC 6DQWLDJR&KLOH SS (Q OtQHD
KWWSXQHVGRFXQHVFRRUJLPDJHVVSGI >OWLPR DFFHVR VHSWLHPEUH
@
&RUWpV$OHJUH$(OQXHYRFXUUtFXOR/20&(\HOWUDEDMRSRUFRPSHWHQFLDVFrum
Aragn, (QOtQHDKWWSVGLDOQHWXQLULRMDHVGHVFDUJDDUWLFXORSGI>OWLPRDFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
'HFUHWRGHSRUHOTXHVHHVWDEOHFHHOFXUUtFXORGH(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD
2EOLJDWRULD\%DFKLOOHUDWRHQOD&RPXQLGDG$XWyQRPDGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD
'HFUHWR GH GH PD\R SRU HO TXH VH HVWDEOHFH \ RUGHQD HO FXUUtFXOR GH OD
(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD2EOLJDWRULDHQOD&RPXQLGDG$XWyQRPD'H&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD

)XVWHU *DUFtD & ) /RV HVWiQGDUHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH GH OD /20&( PHMRUDUiQ OD
HQVHxDQ]D\HODSUHQGL]DMHGHKLVWRULD"HQRevista de Didcticas especficas SS
(Q OtQHD KWWSVUHYLVWDVXDPHVGLGDFWLFDVHVSHFLILFDVDUWLFOHYLHZGLGDFWLFDV
*LQp )UHL[HV 1 \ 3DUFHULVD $UDQ $ Evaluacin en la educacin secundaria:
elementos para la reflexin y recursos para la prctica 9RO*UDy
*LURQpV - 0 /D /20&( UHIRUPD HGXFDWLYD R DQpFGRWD QRUPDWLYD HQ Revista
Supervisin, 21 (Q OtQHD
KWWSZZZXVLHHV683(59,6,21B63$57,&8/2/20&(
5()250$2$1(&'27$SGI>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
*yPH]3LFDSHR-/DHYDOXDFLyQPHGLDQWHFULWHULRV\HVWiQGDUHV$SOLFDFLRQHVDOiUHD
GH OHQJXD \ OLWHUDWXUD HQ Revista de Didcticas especficas SS (Q OtQHD
KWWSVUHYLVWDVXDPHVGLGDFWLFDVHVSHFLILFDVDUWLFOHYLHZ >OWLPR DFFHVR VHSWLHPEUH
@
-LPpQH]*DOiQ<,*RQ]iOH]5DPtUH]0$\+HUQiQGH]-DLPH-3URSXHVWDGH
XQ PRGHOR SDUD OD HYDOXDFLyQ LQWHJUDO GHO SURFHVR HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH DFRUGH FRQ OD
(GXFDFLyQ %DVDGD HQ &RPSHWHQFLDV HQ Revisa de Investigacin Educativa 13 ,QVWLWXWR GH
,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV HQ (GXFDFLyQ 8QLYHUVLGDG 9HUDFUX]DQD (Q OtQHD
KWWSZZZUHGDO\FRUJDUWLFXORRD"LG >OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
/H\2UJiQLFDSDUDOD0HMRUDGHOD&DOLGDG(GXFDWLYD/20&(
0DQXDOGHHYDOXDFLyQHPLWLGRSRUOD&RQVHMHUtDGH(GXFDFLyQ&XOWXUD\'HSRUWH&DVWLOOD/D
0DQFKD (Q OtQHD KWWSVHYDOXDSUHMFFPHVLQLFLRGRFV0DQXDO(YDOXDFLRQSGI >OWLPR
DFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
0RUJDQ/RUDet alGLUV(VWiQGDUHVGHDSUHQGL]DMH'HTXpHVWDPRVKDEODQGR"HQ
Serie: Estudios y experiencias /LPD 3HU~ (Q OtQHD KWWSVZZZVLQHDFHJRESHZS
FRQWHQWXSORDGV(VW&$QGDUHVGH$SUHQGL]DMHSGI >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
2UGHQ (&' GH GH HQHUR SRU OD TXH VH GHVFULEHQ ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH ODV
FRPSHWHQFLDV ORV FRQWHQLGRV \ ORV FULWHULRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ GH OD HGXFDFLyQ SULPDULD OD
HGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDREOLJDWRULD\HOEDFKLOOHUDWR
3pUH]*yPH]$5HYiOLGDVHYDOXDFLyQGHFRPSHWHQFLDV\FDOLGDGGHORV
DSUHQGL]DMHVHQQurriculum: Revista de teora, investigacin y prctica educativaSS
(Q OtQHD
KWWSTXUULFXOXPZHEVXOOHVBPDWHULDOHVDUWLFXORV4XUULFXOXP4XUULFXOXP
SGI>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
3pUH] *yPH] $ (YDOXDFLyQ H[WHUQD HQ OD /20&( 5HYiOLGDV H[FOXVLyQ \
FRPSHWLWLYLGDG HQRevista interuniversitaria de formacin del profesorado SS
(Q OtQHD KWWSVGLDOQHWXQLULRMDHVGHVFDUJDDUWLFXORSGI >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
3ROR0DUWtQH],/RVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQFRPRGHWRQDQWHGHODDFFLyQGRFHQWHHQ
EducadoresSS
5DYLWFK'(VWiQGDUHV1DFLRQDOHVHQ(GXFDFLyQHQPrograma de Promocin de la
Reforma Educativa en Amrica Latina y el Caribe6DQWLDJR&KLOH(QOtQHD

ILOH&8VHUVXVXDULR'RZQORDGVHVWDQGDUHVBQDFLRQDOHVBHGXFDFLRQBUDYLWFKSGI >OWLPR
DFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
5RGUtJXH]'RPHQHFK0$/DJHRJUDItDHQOD/20&(XQDRFDVLyQSHUGLGD"HQ
Boletn de la Asociacin de Gegrafos EspaolesSS
6iQFKH] ,QLHVWD 7 1RWDV VREUH HO GHVDUUROOR GH QXHVWUR PRGHOR FXUULFXODU \ ODV
SURJUDPDFLRQHV GRFHQWHV &RQVHMHUtD GH (GXFDFLyQ &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD (Q OtQHD
KWWSVHYDOXDSUHMFFPHVLQLFLRGRFV'2&2ULHQWDFLRQHV&XUULF&/0SGI >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
9i]TXH]&DQR((OGHUHFKRFRQFXOFDGRGHODOXPQRDXQDHYDOXDFLyQREMHWLYDHQOD
/20&(HQREJIE: Revista Jurdica de Investigacin e Innovacin Educativa SS
(Q OtQHD KWWSVGLDOQHWXQLULRMDHVVHUYOHWDUWLFXOR"FRGLJR >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@

(;3(5,0(17$d(63$5$35202d2'$/(,785$(
,17(535(7$d2'(0$3$6$75$9e6'27(0$
75),&2'(08/+(5(6(&5,$1d$63$5$),16'(
(;3/25$d26(;8$/&20(5&,$/
9(56$'$612&2/e*,2(67$'8$/'(387$'20$12(/
129$(6'(6$),26(3266,%,/,'$'(6120%,72'2
3,%,'*(2*5$),$8)%$
(16$<263$5$/$35202&,1'(/$/(&785$(
,17(535(7$&,1'(0$3$6$75$9e6'(/7(0$75),&2'(
08-(5(6<1,f$63$5$/$(;3/27$&,16(;8$/&21),1(6
&20(5&,$/(69(56$'2(1(/&2/e*,2(67$7$/'(387$'2
0$12(/129$(65(726<326,%,/,'$'(648(2)5(&(3,%,'
*(2*5$)$8)%$
-LOYDQD)HUUHLUDGD6LOYD6RX]D
Programa de Iniciao Docncia-PIBID
Universidade Federal da Bahia-UFBA
jil.ferreira@hotmail.com
5(6802
2SUHVHQWHWUDEDOKRpGHFRUUrQFLDGHXPDH[SHULPHQWDomRGD/HLWXUDH,QWHUSUHWDomRGH0DSDVjOX]GR7UiILFR
GH&ULDQoDVH0XOKHUHVSDUDILQVGH([SORUDomR6H[XDO&RPHUFLDO5HDOL]DGRSHODEROVLVWDGR3,%,'*HRJUDILD
QR&ROpJLR'HSXWDGR(VWDGXDO0DQRHO1RYDHVVLWXDGRHP6DOYDGRU%DKLDHPXPDWXUPDGHDQRGR(QVLQR
0pGLRFRPHVWXGDQWHVGDIDL[DHWiULDGHDDQRVQRWXUQRPDWXWLQRQRVHJXQGRVHPHVWUHOHWLYRGH
'H IRUPD VXFLQWD R DUWLJR SURS}H UHODWDU R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR H D DSOLFDomR GD SURSRVWD SHGDJyJLFD GH
HQVLQRDSUHQGL]DGRUHODFLRQDGRj/HLWXUDHLQWHUSUHWDomRGH0DSDVQDWHQWDWLYDGHFRODERUDUQRHQWHQGLPHQWRGD
FLrQFLD FDUWRJUiILFD $WUHODGR j /HLWXUD H ,QWHUSUHWDomR GH 0DSDV LQVHULQGRVH XP WHPD UHDO H GH XUJHQWH
DERUGDJHPTXHpR7UiILFRGH&ULDQoDVH0XOKHUHVSDUDILQVGHH[SORUDomRVH[XDOFRPHUFLDOLPHUVRQRFRQWH[WR
EUDVLOHLUR$DWLYLGDGHUHDOL]DGDHPVDODGHDXODIH]SDUWHGRFRQWH~GRGDXQLGDGHYLJHQWHQDTXDOVHDERUGDYD
8UEDQL]DomR H 0LJUDo}HV GH PRGR TXH D WHPiWLFD GR 7UiILFR HVWHYH FRUUHODFLRQDGD DR WHPD -i D /HLWXUD H
,QWHUSUHWDomRGH0DSDVIH]SDUWHGHXPSURMHWRLQLFLDGRDSULRULVREUH$OIDEHWL]DomR&DUWRJUiILFDSHUFHEHQGR
TXHDFRPSUHHQVmRGDFDUWRJUDILDRFRUUHGHPRGRSURFHVVXDO
3$/$95$6&+$9(6
&DUWRJUDItD7UiILFR%UDVLO*HRJUDItD
,1752'8d2
2 SUHVHQWH WUDEDOKR GHFRUUH GH XPD DWLYLGDGH UHDOL]DGD QR kPELWR GR 3,%,' *HRJUDILD
8)%$FRPXPDWXUPDGHDQRGR&ROpJLR(VWDGXDO'HSXWDGR0DQRHO1RYDHVQDFLGDGH
GH6DOYDGRU%DKLD%UDVLO23,%,'3URJUDPD,QVWLWXFLRQDOGH%ROVDGH,QLFLDomRj'RFrQFLD
DSUHVHQWDVH FRPR XPD LQLFLDWLYD TXH YLVD R DSHUIHLoRDPHQWR H YDORUL]DomR GD IRUPDomR GH
SURIHVVRUHVSDUDDHGXFDomREiVLFDDWUDYpVGDSDUFHULDHQWUH,QVWLWXLo}HVGH(GXFDomR
J.Ferreira da Silva Souza

6XSHULRU H DV (VFRODV GD UHGH S~EOLFD GH HQVLQR 7HP FRPR HVWUDWpJLD D LQVHUomR GRV
OLFHQFLDQGRV QR FRQWH[WR GH WUDEDOKR HP TXH LUmR DWXDU VRE RULHQWDomR GH XP GRFHQWH GD
OLFHQFLDWXUD H GH XP SURIHVVRU GD HVFROD TXH p DVVXPLGR FRPR FRIRUPDGRU GRV IXWXURV
GRFHQWHV&$3(6
1HOH GHVHQYROYL D DWLYLGDGH GLGiWLFRSHGDJyJLFD TXH FRQVLVWLX QD H[SHULPHQWDomR SDUD
SURPRomRGDOHLWXUDHLQWHUSUHWDomRGHPDSDVSRUFRQVLGHUDUDLPSRUWkQFLDGRHQVLQRGHVWHe
QRWyULD D GHILFLrQFLD GH GRFHQWHV H HVWXGDQWHV GH *HRJUDILD QD DERUGDJHP GD FDUWRJUDILD
VHQGR DSUHVHQWDGD FRPR PHUD LOXVWUDomR GH OLYURV GLGiWLFRV VHP DSOLFDomR QD UHDOLGDGH
WUDWDGD GH IRUPD YDJD HP XPD XQLGDGH TXH ORJR VHUi HVTXHFLGD H D IDOWD GH GLVFLSOLQDV GH
FDUWRJUDILDGLUHFLRQDGDVDHGXFDomR&RPRUHVVDOWD0DUWLQHOOLS2PDSDQXQFD
GHYHUi UHVXOWDU FRPR XPD LOXVWUDomR GH WH[WR JHRJUiILFR PDV DR FRQWUiULR GHYHUi VHU XP
PHLR FDSD] GH UHYHODU R FRQWH~GR GD LQIRUPDomR SURSRUFLRQDQGR GHVWD IRUPD D
FRPSUHHQVmR D TXDO QRUWHDUi RV GLVFXUVRV FLHQWtILFRV SHUPLWLQGR DR OHLWRU XPD UHIOH[mR
FUtWLFDVREUHRDVVXQWR
(QWHQGHQGRTXHRHVWXGRGDFDUWRJUDILDGHYHVHUSURFHVVXDOQHFHVViULRHLQHVJRWiYHOHPERUD
FRQFHQWUDGRFRPRFRQWH~GRGDGLVFLSOLQDGH*HRJUDILDQRHQVLQRIXQGDPHQWDOHQDSULPHLUD
VpULHGRHQVLQRPpGLRDDWLYLGDGHIRLGHVHQYROYLGDFRPXPDWXUPDGHDQR2WUDEDOKRIH]
SDUWH DLQGD GH XP SURMHWR LQLFLDGR QR SULPHLUR VHPHVWUH GH UHDOL]DGR FRQMXQWDPHQWH
FRPRXWUDVEROVLVWDVYLVDQGRjSURPRomRGD$OIDEHWL]DomR&DUWRJUiILFD
-iDLQVHUomRGDDERUGDJHPGR7UiILFRGH0XOKHUHVH&ULDQoDVRFRUUHXGHQWURGRFRQWH~GRGD
XQLGDGH QR TXDO D SURIHVVRUD GD FODVVH PLQLVWUDYD DXOD VREUH PLJUDo}HV 6HQGR HPEDVDGR
SHOD FRQFHSomR GH TXH R ID]HU SHGDJyJLFR QmR p XPD DomR QHXWUD H GHVFRQWH[WXDOL]DGD R
WUDEDOKR UHVVDOWD R SDSHO GD HVFROD FRPR DJHQWH GH WUDQVIRUPDo}HV QD VRFLHGDGH YLVDQGR
LQWHUYLUHWUD]HUDUHIOH[mRGDUHDOLGDGH
1D DWLYLGDGH IRUDP XWLOL]DGRV FRP UHVVDOYD WUHFKRV GR ILOPH QDFLRQDO $QMRV GR 6RO TXH
DERUGD R 7UiILFR GH 0XOKHUHV H &ULDQoDV QR FHQiULR EUDVLOHLUR $ REUD FRQVWLWXLVH HP XP
LPSRUWDQWHUHODWRGRWHPDHSRGHVHUDVVRFLDGRDRVPDSDVTXHIRUDPDQDOLVDGRVHTXHVHUmR
H[SOLFLWDGRVQRGHFRUUHUGHVWHWUDEDOKR
2UHFXUVRILOPHLQYHQomRGRILQDOGRVpFXOR;,;pFRQVLGHUDGRXPXQLYHUVRH[WUHPDPHQWH
ULFRDERUGDQGRTXHVW}HVSROtWLFDVHFRQ{PLFDVFXOWXUDLVVRFLDLVHQWUHRXWUDV(QYROYHDUWHH
LQG~VWULDHQmRIRLFULDGRHVSHFLILFDPHQWHSDUDDVDODGHDXOD&RQWXGRRILOPHIRLXWLOL]DGR
QD DWLYLGDGH SHOD FRPSUHHQVmR GH TXH R PDWHULDO PLGLiWLFR p DWXDO H SUHVHQWH QD URWLQD GH
HVWXGDQWHV *XDUGDGDV DV SURSRUo}HV FRQVWLWXLXVH HP SRVVLELOLGDGH QR SURFHVVR GH HQVLQR
DSUHQGL]DJHP IDFLOLWDQGR D DSUHHQVmR GR FRQWH~GR HVWLPXODQGR VHQWLGRV 'H DFRUGR FRP
9LDQD
Por muito tempo, a escola privilegiou o uso da lngua escrita, mas a atualidade
requer imagens, pois hoje o mundo da imagem. A invaso da imagem mostra que o
estmulo visual se sobrepe no processo de ensino/aprendizagem, pois a cultura
contempornea visual. O aluno estimulado pelas histrias em quadrinhos,
videogames, videoclips, telenovelas, cinema, jogos variados, inclusive do
computador, todos com apelos s imagens (VIANA, 2010, p.3).
'HYLGRjWHPiWLFDDDWLYLGDGHIRLDSOLFDGDQDWXUPDGHPDLRUIDL[DHWiULDGDHVFRODRXVHMD
DOXQRVGHDDQRV$H[HFXomRGDSUiWLFDRUJDQL]RXVHHPGXDVHWDSDVFRPDXODVGH
PLQXWRVXWLOL]DQGRRVUHFXUVRVSRVVtYHLVGHQWURGDUHDOLGDGHGDHVFRODTXHIRUDP DXOD

H[SRVLWLYD DERUGDJHP ItOPLFD PDSDV LPSUHVVRV H HODERUDomR GH UHGDo}HV JXLDGD SRU XP
URWHLURGHSHUJXQWDV
0(72'2/2*,$(',6&866(6
7UiILFRSDUDILQVGHH[SORUDomRVH[XDOFRPHUFLDOHOHLWXUDFRQMXQWDGHPDSD
$ SULPHLUD HWDSD GR WUDEDOKR IRL XPD DXOD H[SRVLWLYD VREUH 0LJUDo}HV H R 3UREOHPD GR
7UiILFR GH 3HVVRDV FRQFHLWXDQGR R WHPD H GLIHUHQFLDQGR R WUiILFR SDUD ILQV GH H[SORUDomR
VH[XDO FRPHUFLDO GD SURVWLWXLomR 7HPDV TXH SRGHP HVWDU UHODFLRQDGRV PDV QmR VmR
VLQ{QLPRV XPD YH] TXH D SURVWLWXLomR SRU VL QmR p XP DWR FULPLQRVR SRGHQGR HQYROYHU
WUDEDOKRQmRIRUoDGRHQmRVHUHVWULQJHDTXHVW}HVHFRQ{PLFDV
&RPRDWLYLGDGHVGLVWLQWDVHSUHGRPLQDQWHVGHVWDFRXVHRWUiILFRSDUDILQVGHWUDEDOKRHVFUDYR
H SDUD H[SORUDomR VH[XDO UHSUHVHQWDQGR UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH H GR WRWDO GH FDVRV
FRQIRUPHUHODWyULRGD'LYLVmRGH$VVLVWrQFLDFRQVXODUGR0LQLVWpULRGDV5HODo}HV([WHULRUHV
UHDOL]DGRHQWUHH
2V GDGRV XWLOL]DGRV QD DXOD IRUDP SULQFLSDOPHQWH GD 3(675$) 3ROtWLFD 1DFLRQDO GH
(QIUHQWDPHQWR DR 7UiILFR GH 3HVVRDV FULDGD HP SHOD &RQYHQomR GDV 1Do}HV 8QLGDV
FRQWUDRFULPHRUJDQL]DGRWUDQVQDFLRQDOUHODWLYRj3UHYHQomR5HSUHVVmRH3XQLomRGR7UiILFR
GH 3HVVRDV 2 yUJmR DSRQWD TXH D UHQWDELOLGDGH DQXDO GR WUiILFR LQWHUQDFLRQDO SDUD ILQV GH
H[SORUDomRVH[XDOYDULDGHDPLOGyODUHVSRUSHVVRD2EDL[RULVFRDVOHLVHSHQDVQmR
SURSRUFLRQDLVDRFULPHSRVVLELOLWDPDSHUSHWXDomRGDSUiWLFDDH[HPSORGRVWUDILFDQWHV
TXH HP IRUDP OHYDGRV j MXVWLoD H DSHQDV IRUDP FRQGHQDGRV 2V GDGRV PRVWUDP
DLQGD TXH WUDILFDQWHV GH GURJDV UHFHEHP SHQDV VXSHULRUHV jTXHODV LPSXWDGDV DRV
FRPHUFLDOL]DGRUHVGHSHVVRDV
$ JOREDOL]DomR D DUWLFXODomR H D FRUUXSomR QR VHWRU S~EOLFR EHP FRPR D LQVWDELOLGDGH
SROtWLFDHFRQ{PLFDHFLYLOVmRIDFLOLWDGRUHVGHVVDPRGDOLGDGHGHFULPH1RFDVREUDVLOHLURGH
DFRUGR FRP D 3(675$) WDLV IDWRUHV HVWDULDP DLQGD YLQFXODGRV j EDL[D HVFRODULGDGH DRV
QtYHLV JULWDQWHV GH SREUH]D jV GLPHQV}HV WHUULWRULDLV j IDOWD GH ILVFDOL]DomR QDV HVWUDGDV j
IDFLOLGDGHGHHQWUDGDGHHVWUDQJHLURVQRSDtVjXWLOL]DomRGRFDVDPHQWRFRPRUHJXODUL]DGRUGD
SUHVHQoDGHHVWUDQJHLURVQRWHUULWyULRHFRPRLQVWUXPHQWRGHFDSWDomRGDFRQILDQoDGDSHVVRD
HPVLWXDomRGHYtWLPD
&RPHQWRXVHVREUHDPDUJLQDOL]DomRHRSUHFRQFHLWRSRUVHWUDWDUSULQFLSDOPHQWHGHTXHVW}HV
LQHUHQWHVDRJrQHURUDoDHFRQGLomRHFRQ{PLFD&RQIRUPHD3(675$)QRFDVREUDVLOHLURKi
R SUHGRPtQLR GH PXOKHUHV H PHQLQDV SREUHV QHJUDV PmHV VROWHLUDV H FRP EDL[D
HVFRODUL]DomR 1HVWH FRQWH[WR D WXUPD IRL TXHVWLRQDGD VREUH D SUHVHQoD GH KRPHQV
KRPRVVH[XDLVWUDQVJrQHURVHWUDYHVWLVHRSRUTXrGDDXVrQFLDGRVGDGRV
$UJXPHQWRXVHTXHKiWDPEpPPXOKHUHVHPFRQGLomRGHYtWLPDTXHPLJUDPFLHQWHVTXHLUmR
GHVHQYROYHU DWLYLGDGHV QD SURVWLWXLomR $LQGD DVVLP HP UD]mR GH IDWRUHV GLYHUVRV FRPR D
VLWXDomRVRFLRHFRQ{PLFDDUULVFDPDYLGDHPEXVFDGHPHOKRULDGHYLGDFDVRHPTXHRWUiILFR
SRGHVHUFRQILJXUDGRDSDUWLUGDVFRQGLo}HVGRWUDEDOKRYLROrQFLDVHUYLGmRHWHUURUDTXHVmR
VXEPHWLGDV&RPRDILUPD.HPSDGRRS
A servido por dvida e o trabalho contratado, mas forado, so muito mais comuns
que a escravido. Formas contemporneas de trabalho forado na indstria do sexo,
que inclui aspectos de consentimento e atuao em defesa do trabalhador, so
validadas por pesquisas que documentam a participao ativa das "vtimas" em

migraes atravs de fronteiras por exemplo, que mulheres e meninas tentam

mudar para o exterior consciente e voluntariamente para melhorar suas vidas e as
de suas famlias. O que essas mulheres muitas vezes no sabem, ou s vezes aceitam
tacitamente, so os perigos das rotas subterrneas que tm que usar para atravessar
a fronteira, os custos financeiros, o tipo de atividades, as condies de vida e de
trabalho na chegada, o alto nvel de dependncia de um conjunto especfico de
recrutadores, agentes ou empregadores, os riscos de sade, a durao do emprego,
seu status criminoso no exterior, a violncia e/ou perodos de deteno ou
encarceramento que podero ter que enfrentar.
3RUpPDHVWLJPDWL]DomRHRSUHFRQFHLWRHQYROWRQHVWHFHQiULRVHWRUQDPDLQGDPDLRUHVQmR
UHIOHWLQGRRVPRWLYRVTXHLPSXOVLRQDPXPDPXOKHUDHPLJUDUHPEXVFDGHPHOKRULDGHYLGD
VH WRUQDQGR YtWLPD GR WUiILFR LQWHUQDFLRQDO 6HQGR FRQVLGHUDGD LPLJUDQWH LOHJDO DPHDoD j
VHJXUDQoDQDFLRQDODPELFLRVDTXHSURFXUDYLGDIiFLOQRH[WHULRUQmRWUDWDGDFRPRYtWLPD
FDVRQmRGHILQDTXHPVmRDVSHVVRDVHQYROYLGDVQRWUiILFRPHVPRFRPDFKDPDGDVtQGURPH
GH(VWRFROPRTXHID]DYtWLPDSHUGHUDFRHUrQFLDGRVIDWRVGDGDjVFRQGLo}HVGHYLROrQFLDV
TXHpVXEPHWLGDHRPHGRGDUHSUHViOLD
Alm da priso, deteno e deportao, como modos imediatos de disposio das
mulheres, homens, meninas e meninos objetos de trfico nos pases de destino, essas
pessoas, quando resgatadas, so em geral devolvidas aos pases de origem como
migrantes sem documentos, e tm de enfrentar a vergonha e a humilhao que
acompanha tal categorizao e o status de deportadas. H tambm o medo de
represlias dos traficantes ou o medo de que a famlia ou a comunidade domstica
estigmatize uma mulher por seu envolvimento em atividades sexuais tidas como
criminosas. (KEMPADOO, p.68)
6DOLHQWDQGRDSREUH]DFRPRXPGRVIDWRUHVSURSLFLDGRUHVGRWUiILFRSDUDILQVGHH[SORUDomR
VH[XDOFRPHUFLDOQRFDVREUDVLOHLURIRLH[SRVWRRPDSDSURGX]LGRSHOR,QVWLWXWR%UDVLOHLURGH
*HRJUDILD H (VWDWtVWLFD ,%*( FHQVR VREUH 5HQGLPHQWR SRU PXQLFtSLRV GH DWp GH
VDOiULRPtQLPRGHPRQVWUDQGRHPTXDLVUHJL}HVVHORFDOL]DPDPDLRULQFLGrQFLDGHPXQLFtSLRV
FRP tQGLFH GD UHQGD PHQVDO GH DWp GH VDOiULR PtQLPR 2V HVWXGDQWHV UHDOL]DUDP D OHLWXUD
UHODFLRQDQGRDRVGDGRVGD3(675$)

)LJXUD5HQGLPHQWR
$SyVLVVRIRLPRVWUDGDDGLYLVmRGDVURWDVGRWUiILFRSRUUHJLmREUDVLOHLUDFRQVWDWDQGRTXHR
1RUWHH1RUGHVWHHVWmRFRQIRUPHR&HQWURGH5HIHUrQFLD(VWXGRVH$o}HVVREUH&ULDQoDVH
$GROHVFHQWHVFRPRDVUHJL}HVGHRULJHPGHPXOKHUHVWUDILFDGDV
)LJXUD5RWDVGH7UiILFRGH3HVVRDV
(P VHJXLGD IRL PRVWUDGR R JUiILFR SURGX]LGR SHOD 3(675$) VREUH DV SULQFLSDLV URWDV
LQWHUQDFLRQDLVSDUWLQGRGR%UDVLOVHQGRD(VSDQKDRSULQFLSDOSDtVGHGHVWLQR

)LJXUD3DtVHVFRPPDLRUQ~PHURGHURWDVDSDUWLUGR%UDVLO
$SULPHLUDSDUWHGHVWDDWLYLGDGHOHYDQWRXYiULRVTXHVWLRQDPHQWRVSRUSDUWHGRVDOXQRVHTXH
HVWmRQRERMRGDVRFLHGDGHWDLVFRPRDWrQXHUHODomRGDSURVWLWXLomRFRPRWUiILFRSDUDILQV
GH H[SORUDomR VH[XDO R IDWRU SREUH]D FRPR XP GRV IDWRUHV FRQVLGHUiYHLV D PRUDOLGDGH
FRQWLGD QR DVVXQWR D TXHVWmR GH JrQHUR R GHVFDVR TXDQGR DV WUDILFDGDV VmR SURVWLWXWDV D
GHILFLrQFLDGHGDGRVHPUHODomRDRVKRPHQVHQWUHRXWURVDVSHFWRV$SDUWLFLSDomRGDWXUPD
HQULTXHFHXDDXODGLVFXWLQGRWDEXVTXHWDPEpPHVWmRLQHUHQWHVjVDODGHDXODFRQVLGHUDQGRD
IDL[DHWiULDHFRQWH[WRVRFLDOGDVGRVDOXQDVDOXQRV
([LELomRGRILOPH
1D VHJXQGD DXOD RFRUUHX D H[SRVLomR GR WUHFKR GR ILOPH QDFLRQDO $QMRV GR 6RO 2EUD
SURGX]LGDSRU5XGL/DJHPPDQHPDSyVQRYHDQRVGHSHVTXLVDVUHFHEHXRSUrPLRGH
PHOKRU ILOPH SHOR M~UL SRSXODU QR )HVWLYDO ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH 0LDPL H )HVWLYDO %UDVLOHLUR GH
*UDPDGRQRPHVPRDQR
2ILOPHSRVVXLGXUDomRGHPLQXWRVHWUD]QDSHUVRQDJHP0DULDPHQLQDGHDQRVTXHp
IRUoDGDDWUDEDOKDUQDSURVWLWXLomRDFRPSLODomRGDVKLVWyULDVGHYLGDGHPXLWDVRXWUDVJDURWDV
MiUHWUDWDGDVHPUHSRUWDJHQVGHMRUQDLVHUHYLVWDV
'XUDQWH R SODQHMDPHQWR DSHVDU GR FRQVHQWLPHQWR GD SURIHVVRUD GD FODVVH KRXYH D
SUHRFXSDomRHPFRPRRVHVWXGDQWHVUHFHEHULDPRILOPHSRLVKDYLDRUHFHLRGDUHDomRGHOHV
HVSHFLDOPHQWHQRFDVRGHDOJXpPMiWHUSDVVDGRSRUVLWXDomRGHDEXVRVH[XDO
$QWHULRUDRGLDGDH[LELomRIRLFRPHQWDGRHPVDODTXHDFODVVLILFDomRLQGLFDWLYDGRILOPHHUD
GHDQRVFRQWLQKDFHQDVIRUWHVHDTXHOHVTXHQmRTXLVHVVHPDVVLVWLUIDULDPRXWUDDWLYLGDGH
VXEVWLWXWLYD (QWUHWDQWR D WXUPD ILFRX FXULRVD H WRGRV HVWLYHUDP QD H[LELomR GR ILOPH H
IHOL]PHQWHQmRRFRUUHXQHQKXPDUHDomRDGYHUVD
$QDUUDWLYDGDREUDFHQWUDVHQDSHUVRQDJHP0DULDRULXQGDGHIDPtOLDQXPHURVDHSREUHQR
LQWHULRUGD%DKLDQRUGHVWHTXHpYHQGLGDSRUVHXSDLGHYLGRjSREUH]DHIDOWDGHLQVWUXomR
DXPDWUDYHVVDGRU(VWHSRUVXDYH]UHYHQGHDDXPDFDIHWLQDTXHDOHLORDSDUDXP

ID]HQGHLUR TXH D DUUHPDWD H HQYLD SDUD XP ERUGHO LQVWDODGR HP XP JDULPSR QR $PD]RQDV
UHJLmRQRUWHGRSDtV
$H[LELomRGHSDUWHVUHFRUWDGDVGRILOPHHPVDODWHYHGXUDomRGHPLQXWRV1XPSULPHLUR
PRPHQWR p PRVWUDGR R DWUDYHVVDGRU FKHJDQGR j FDVD GD IDPtOLD GH 0DULD H R SDL
DSUHVHQWDQGROKH DV ILOKDV SDUD VHUHP VHOHFLRQDGDV (P VHJXLGD RFRUUH D GHVSHGLGD FRP D
PmH DFUHGLWDQGR TXH HOD VHULD OHYDGD SDUD WUDEDOKDU HP FDVD GH IDPtOLD H WHU XPD YLGD
PHOKRU
2VHJXQGRPRPHQWRH[LELGRH[HPSOLILFDRWUDQVSRUWHLOHJDOHPTXHKiYiULDVPHQLQDVGHQWUR
GH XP FDPLQKmR VDLQGR GH 6DOYDGRU %DKLD SHUFRUUHQGR HVWUDGDV VHP ILVFDOL]DomR SDUD
FKHJDUjRXWUDFLGDGHRQGHRFRUUHROHLOmRFRPDSDUWLFLSDomRGHID]HQGHLURVHSROtWLFRV
2WUHFKRUHWUDWD DLQGDRXWURDWUDYHVVDGRUTXHXWLOL]DR WUDQVSRUWH DpUHR SDUD OHYiODVDWpVHX
GHVWLQR QD $PD]{QLD /RJR QD HQWUDGD GD SHTXHQD YLOD GH JDULPSHLURV DV GXDV PHQLQDV
SDVVDPGLDQWHGHXPSRVWRSROLFLDOHRRILFLDOGHSODQWmRREVHUYDFRPLQGLIHUHQoDDFKHJDGD
GDV YtWLPDV $VVLP TXH FKHJDP DR HVWDEHOHFLPHQWR GHSDUDPVH FRP XPD GDV PXOKHUHV
WUDILFDGDVTXHVWLRQDQGRDRDGPLQLVWUDGRUGROXJDUVREUHDTXDQWLDLUUHOHYDQWHTXHUHFHELDHD
GtYLGD DEXVLYD TXH DFXPXODYD 2 KRPHP FRPHQWD TXH HVWD p D ~QLFD GD FDVD TXH VDEH OHU
HVFUHYHU H FRQWDU $SyV LVWR HOH LQIRUPD SDUD DV QRYDWDV TXH R ORFDO RQGH HVWmR p PDWD
IHFKDGD LPSHQHWUiYHO H FHUFDGR GH DQLPDLV VHOYDJHQV H HP FDVR GH IXJD HODV QmR
VREUHYLYHULDP
$SyV D H[LELomR KRXYH XP GLiORJR VREUH R ILOPH H D UHDOLGDGH GR WUiILFR SDUD H[SORUDomR
VH[XDOFRPHUFLDOQR%UDVLO2VDOXQRVIL]HUDPDOJXPDVFRORFDo}HVVREUHVHXVVHQWLPHQWRVHP
FRQKHFHU XPD UHDOLGDGH WmR FUXHO HQYROYHQGR PHQLQDV FRP IDL[D HWiULD PHQRU TXH D GHOHV
)RUDPOHYDQWDGRVDOJXQVTXHVWLRQDPHQWRVWDLVFRPRRVPRWLYRVTXHOHYDUDPRSDLGH0DULD
DHQWUHJiODSDUDXPGHVFRQKHFLGRHPWURFDGHGLQKHLURTXDODDomRGRHVWDGRSHUDQWHHVWD
UHDOLGDGHDIDOWDGHILVFDOL]DomRQDVHVWUDGDVRSRUTXrGDLQpUFLDGRSROLFLDOQDFKHJDGDGDV
PHQLQDVDRJDULPSRDGLVFXVVmRGDGtYLGDDGTXLULGDRDFHVVRDRERUGHOHWF$GLVFXVVmRIRL
EDVWDQWH SDUWLFLSDWLYD H DOJXQV DOXQRV H DOXQDV DJUDGHFHUDP SHOD DERUGDJHP HP VDOD
SULQFLSDOPHQWHDTXHOHVTXHQmRVHFRQFHQWUDYDPHPRXWUDVDXODV
/HLWXUDHLQWHUSUHWDomRGRVPDSDV
$DWLYLGDGHFHQWUDGDQDOHLWXUDHLQWHUSUHWDomRGHPDSDVUHIOHWLXDDFHSomRGH3DVVLQL
$ HGXFDomR FDUWRJUiILFD RX DOIDEHWL]DomR SDUD D OHLWXUD GH PDSDV GHYH VHU FRQVLGHUDGD WmR
LPSRUWDQWH TXDQWR D DOIDEHWL]DomR SDUD D OHLWXUD GD HVFULWD GH PRGR TXH D SULPHLUD >@
VLJQLILFDSUHSDUDURDOXQRSDUDID]HUHOHU PDSDV$VVLPDOLQJXDJHPFDUWRJUiILFDDOLRXVH
DRHQUHGRGRILOPHSDUDYHULILFDUDHVSDFLDOLGDGHGRVIHQ{PHQRVHRVIDWRVHVWXGDGRVDILPGH
SURPRYHURTXHVWLRQDPHQWRSRVVLELOLWDQGRFRQVLGHUDo}HV&RPRDILUPD.$787$
(...) o professor concebe a Geografia, como uma disciplina que tem por funo
descrever lugares, o uso que se far do mapa possivelmente ser o de mera
localizao e haver maior nfase na realizao de descries. Por outro lado, se o
docente concebe a Geografia como uma disciplina que tem por funo ensinar ou
contribuir para que o aluno entenda melhor as territorializaes produzidas pelos
homens, o uso que se far do mapa possivelmente ser outro, pois apesar de ser
utilizado enquanto meio de orientao e localizao, poder tambm ser utilizado
enquanto recurso que pode encetar anlises e explicaes geogrficas da realidade
mapeada (KATUTA, 2000, p.6).

)RUDP HQWUHJXHV DRV DOXQRV GH PRGR LQGLYLGXDO PDSDV GR ,%*( FHQVR SDUD TXH VH
WUDoDVVHDOHLWXUDHDSRVVtYHOLQWHUSUHWDomRGRVPDSDVjOX]GRILOPH3DUDLVVRIRLGLWRTXHRV
PDSDV QmR UHSUHVHQWDYDP GH PRGR GHWHUPLQDQWH D UHDOLGDGH GR WUiILFR GH SHVVRDV QR
FRQWH[WREUDVLOHLUR
$ DQiOLVH GRV PDSDV IRL GLULJLGD SRU XP URWHLUR GH SHUJXQWDV DVHUHP UHVSRQGLGDVGH PRGR
LQGLYLGXDO HP IRUPD GH UHGDomR 2 URWHLUR VHJXLX EUHYHPHQWH RV LWHQV GHILQLGRV SRU
&DVWURJLRYDQQL TXH SURS}H XPD OHLWXUL]DomR SOHQD GH XP PDSD H FRQVHTXHQWHPHQWH
GRV IHQ{PHQRV JHRJUiILFRV DSRQWDQGR SDVVRV FRPR D OHLWXUD H LQWHUSUHWDomR GR WtWXOR
YHULILFDomR GD HVFDOD HQWHQGLPHQWR GD OHJHQGD REVHUYDomR GR PDSD GHVFULomR GRV
VLJQLILFDQWHV$VVLPDYDOLRXVHGHTXHPRGRRVPDSDVWHULDPUHODomRFRPRILOPHHTXDLVDV
LPSUHVV}HVUHIHUHQWHVjUHDOLGDGHH[SRVWD
1R PDSD GHQVLGDGH GHPRJUiILFD YLVDQGR HQIRTXH QD UHJLmR QRUWH GR SDtV IRL SRVVtYHO
DQDOLVDU D H[WHQVmR WHUULWRULDO GD UHJLmR H R tQGLFH GHPRJUiILFR 'DGD j EDL[D GHQVLGDGH
SRSXODFLRQDO HYLGHQFLDGD QR PDSD HP HVWXGR REVHUYDVH R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH WDLV
DWLYLGDGHV QHVVDV UHJL}HV IDYRUHFLGD SHOD SRXFD YLVLELOLGDGH SRU SDUWH GD VRFLHGDGH (P
FRQWUDSDUWLGD Ki DOWD GHPDQGD SHOD DWLYLGDGH VH[XDO QDTXHOH FHQiULR KRVWLO H
SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWHPDVFXOLQR
)LJXUD'HQVLGDGHGHPRJUiILFDFHQVR,%*(

2 PDSD 5HJLmR 1RUWH ,%*( FHQVR PRVWUD D ORFDOL]DomR UHPRWD SUHFDULHGDGH H
LQVXILFLrQFLD GDV YLDV GH DFHVVR GD PDLRU UHJLmR EUDVLOHLUD R TXH VH DSUHVHQWD FRPR XPD
GLILFXOGDGHSDUDIXJDGDVPXOKHUHVWUDILFDGDV
)LJXUD5HJLmR1RUWH
$ DQiOLVH GRV PDSDV IRL HQWUHJXH HP IRUPD GH UHGDomR QHOD IRL SRVVtYHO SHUFHEHU D
FRPSUHHQVmRGRWHPDHRHQYROYLPHQWRTXHRVDOXQRVWLYHUDPFRPRSURFHVVRGDDWLYLGDGH
$SDUHQWHPHQWH RV PDSDV WrP UHODomR GLUHWD FRP R ILOPH SRUpP HP DOJXPDV UHGDo}HV IRL
SRVVtYHOSHUFHEHUTXHDLQGDKiGLILFXOGDGHVHPHVWDEHOHFHUUHODo}HVHLQWHUSUHWDo}HVHQWUHRV
PDSDVHRFRQWH~GRDERUGDGR
&216,'(5$d(6),1$,6
$DWLYLGDGHGH/HLWXUDH,QWHUSUHWDomRGH0DSDVGDVGRVDOXQDVDOXQRVDWHQGLGDVSHOR3,%,'
*HRJUDILD QR &ROpJLR 0DQRHO 1RYDHV FRQVLGHUDQGR WRGR R SURFHVVR GH FRQVWUXomR H
DSOLFDomR WHYH JUDQGH UHOHYkQFLD HQTXDQWR GRFHQWH HP IRUPDomR $SUHVHQWDQGRVH FRPR
GHVDILRSDUDVXSHUDUPLQKDVGHILFLrQFLDVQDFDUWRJUDILDVREUHWXGRQDHGXFDomRFDUWRJUiILFDR
TXHLQIHOL]PHQWHpUHDOLGDGHHQWUHGRFHQWHVHHVWXGDQWHV
$SyV R SODQHMDPHQWR H H[HFXomR GD DWLYLGDGH IRL SRVVtYHO DYDOLDU D SUiWLFD H SHUFHEHU TXH
QHFHVVLWRDSULPRUDUPHXVFRQKHFLPHQWRV0DVDSHVDUGHHQWHQGHUTXHDDWLYLGDGHQHFHVVLWRX
GH PDLRU DWHQomR QD VHOHomR GRV PDSDV H WUDWR QD OHLWXUD H LQWHUSUHWDomR DLQGD HVWRX QD
OLFHQFLDWXUDHPSURFHVVRGHDSUHQGL]DGRQDFRQGLomRGHIXWXUDSURIHVVRUDRTXHSRVVLELOLWD

GHPRGRPDLVVLPSOHVDSUHQGHUFRPDVGLILFXOGDGHVEXVFDUVDQDUDVGHILFLrQFLDVHFRQVWUXLU
SRVVLELOLGDGHV
2WUDEDOKRHQWUHWDQWRGHVSHUWRXQRVHVWXGDQWHVRLQWHUHVVHSHORVPDSDVGHYLGRjFXULRVLGDGH
HP VDEHU TXDO D UHODomR HVWDEHOHFLGD FRP R WUiILFR SDUD H[SORUDomR VH[XDO FRPHUFLDO 7DO
PRGDOLGDGH GR FULPH p XP DVVXQWR PXLWR GHOLFDGR H XUJHQWH PDUJHDQGR D SURVWLWXLomR TXH
SURPRYH GLVFXVVmR TXDQWR D VXD UHJXODPHQWDomR HRX DEROLomR $QWHV GD DSOLFDomR GD
DWLYLGDGH KRXYH R UHFHLR FRP D WHPiWLFD SRUpP D DWLYLGDGH IRL EDVWDQWH SDUWLFLSDWLYD H QR
ILPDWXUPDDJUDGHFHXSHODDERUGDJHP
$ DWLYLGDGH IH] WDPEpP UHIOHWLU VREUH D QHFHVVLGDGH GH LQVHULU WHPDV UHDLV HP VDOD GH DXOD
SRLV D HVFROD QmR p XPD LOKD PDV ID] SDUWH GH XP WRGR TXH p D VRFLHGDGH 6HQGR DVVLP R
WUiILFR SDUD ILQV GH H[SORUDomR VH[XDO p XP DVVXQWR TXH GHYH VHU DERUGDGR QD HVFROD SDUD
FRQKHFLPHQWRGHWRGDV HWRGRVSULQFLSDOPHQWHSRUTXHD HVFRODS~EOLFD WDPEpP WHPRSHUILO
DOYRGHWUDILFDGDVQR%UDVLO
5()(51&,$6
&$3(63LELG3URJUDPD,QVWLWXFLRQDOGH%ROVDGH,QLFLDomRj'RFrQFLD'LVSRQtYHOHP
KWWSZZZFDSHVJRYEUHGXFDFDREDVLFDFDSHVSLELG!>$FHVVRMXO@
&DVWHOODU60Noo de Espao e Representao Cartogrfica: ensino de Geografia
nas sries iniciais6mR3DXOR'HSDUWDPHQWRGH*HRJUDILD7HVHGH'RXWRUDGR
&DVWURJLRYDQQL $ & 2 PLVWHULRVR PXQGR TXH RV PDSDV HVFRQGHP ,Q
&DVWURJLRYDQQL $ & >HW DOO@ RUJ Geografia em sala de aula: prtica e reflexes 3RUWR
$OHJUH(GLWRUDGD8)5*6$*%
-RVp0DQXHO0DUWtQH]&RPS7UDWDGH3HUVRQDV5HFLIH5HXQLyQGH/D$LDPS
VOLGHV FRORU 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSPLGLDSJUPSIJRYEUDVFMLMRVHPDQXHOPDUWLQH]
XQRGFSGI!>$FHVVRDJR@
.DWXWD $ 0 2 (QVLQR H DSUHQGL]DJHP GDV QRo}HV KDELOLGDGH H FRQFHLWRV GH
RULHQWDomR H ORFDOL]DomR JHRJUiILFDV DOJXPDV UHIOH[}HV Revista do Departamento de
Geocincias da Universidade Estadual de Londrina/RQGULQDQS
.DWXWD 0 $ OLQJXDJHP FDUWRJUiILFD QR HQVLQR VXSHULRU H EiVLFR ,Q
321786&+.$ 1tGLD 1 2/,9(,5$ $ULRYDOGR 8 2UJV Geografia em perspectiva
HG6mR3DXOR&RQWH[WRS
.HPSDGRR . 0XGDQGR R GHEDWH VREUH R WUiILFR GH PXOKHUHV Cadernos Pagu.
&DPSLQDV 6mR 3DXOR 8QLFDPS Q 'LVSRQLEOH HPKWWSZZZVFLHOREU
SGIFSDQSGI!>$FHVVRMXO@,661
/HDO 0 / /HDO 0 G ) 3 RUJV 3HVTXLVD VREUH 7UiILFR GH 0XOKHUHV &ULDQoDV H
$GROHVFHQWHV SDUD ILQV GH ([SORUDomR 6H[XDO &RPHUFLDO 3(675$) 5HODWyULR 1DFLRQDO
%UDVLO0DULD/~FLD/HDOH0DULDGH)iWLPD/HDORUJ%UDVtOLD&(&5,$S
LO
/RFK5(1)XFNQHU0$3DQRUDPDGRHQVLQRGH&DUWRJUDILDHP6DQWD&DWDULQD
RVVDEHUHVHDVGLILFXOGDGHVGRVSURIHVVRUHVGH*HRJUDILDGeosul)ORULDQySROLVYROQ
SMXOGH]
0DUWLQHOOL0Mapas da Geografia e Cartografia Temtica6mR3DXOR&RQWH[WR

0RUHLUD8PDGLVFXVVmRWHyULFRPHWRGROyJLFDVREUHRXVRGD&DUWRJUDILDPXOWLPtGLD
SDUD D IRUPDomR GH SURIHVVRUHV ,Q Simpsio de ps-graduao em geografia do estado de
So PauloYRO6mR3DXOR$QDLV6mR3DXOR81(63
3DVVLQL(<Alfabetizao Cartogrfica e o livro didticoXPDDQiOLVH
&UtWLFD%HOR+RUL]RQWH(GLWRUD/r
6DQWRV930HOR-RVDQGUD$%GHA cartografia como recurso didtico no ensino-
aprendizagem da geografia*HR8(5-
6LOYD)G&5GTrajetrias de Formao de Professores/as de Geografia: Interfaces
com o Saber-Ensinar 'LVVHUWDomR GH 0HVWUDGR&HQWUR GH &LrQFLDV GD (GXFDomR 3LDXt
8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGR3LDXt
6LOYD35)GH$H6&DUQHLUR$)7$HGXFDomRFDUWRJUiILFDQDIRUPDomRGRV
SURIHVVRUHVGHJHRJUDILDDVLWXDomRHP3HUQDPEXFRRevista Brasileira de Cartografia6mR
3DXOR8QLYHUVLGDGH6mR3DXORDEUYROQS'LVSRQLEOHHP
KWWSZZZJHRJUDILDIIOFKXVSEUJUDGXDFDRDSRLR$SRLR$SRLRB9DOHULDIOJ7B$%5
(8BHB)216(&$B(GXFDFDRBFDUWRJUDILFDSGI!,661>$FHVVRMXO@
9LDQD 0 & 9 O Cinema na Sala de Aula e a Formao de Professores de
Matemtica 0LQLFXUVR RIHUHFLGR DRV DOXQRV GR &XUVR GH 0DWHPiWLFD QD 8)55- 'LD GH
$WLYLGDGHV$FDGrPLFR&LHQWtILFR&XOWXUDLVGHPDLRGH6HURSpGLFD5-

/$(16(f$1=$'(/$*(2*5$)$(1/$('8&$&,1
81,9(56,7$5,$$&,(5726<'(6$&,(5726
/R\GD)RQVHFD&XDGUDGR
Universidad de Caldas, Dpto. de Historia y Geografa
Loyda.fonseca@ucaldas.edu.co
5(680(1
5HFLHQWHPHQWH HQ XQD UHXQLyQ GH SURIHVRUHV HQ OD 8QLYHUVLGDG HQ OD TXH ODERUR VH VXVFLWDED XQD GLVFXVLyQ
DFDGpPLFD PX\ VHULD IUHQWH D FyPR VH OH GHEH HQVHxDU D HQVHxDU *HRJUDItD D QXHVWURV HVWXGLDQWHV GH OD
/LFHQFLDWXUD HQ &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV" < VL ELHQ WRGRV GHIHQGLHURQ VXV SRVWXUDV HSLVWHPROyJLFDV FRQFHSWXDOHV
WHyULFDV\SHGDJyJLFDVLQWHQWDQGRUHVSRQGHUHVWDSUHJXQWDPLSHUFHSFLyQHVTXHUHDOPHQWHQRORWHQHPRVFODUR
\QRORWHQHPRVFODURQRSRUTXHQRVHDPRVEXHQRVSURIHVLRQDOHVGHVGHTXHOXHJRTXHVLFUHRTXHQRORWHQHPRV
FODURSRUTXHQRKHPRVKHFKRXQDUHIOH[LyQVHULD\DWHUUL]DGDDODUHDOLGDGGHQXHVWURVHVWXGLDQWHV\GHVXIXWXUR
GHVDUUROOR SURIHVLRQDO /XHJR GH SHQVDUOR \ UHSHQVDUOR FRQVLGHUR TXH QRV DSUHPLD UHVSRQGHU HVWD SUHJXQWD
SRUTXHQRSRGHPRVVHJXLUJUDGXDQGRSURIHVLRQDOHVTXHQRWLHQHQFODURFyPRVHYDQDHQIUHQWDUDODYLGDUHDOD
ODYLGDSRUIXHUDGHOFODXVWURXQLYHUVLWDULRHQODTXHVXVSURIHVRUHVELHQRPDOWUDWDQGHUHVSRQGHUOHVWRGRVVXV
LQWHUURJDQWHV)XHDVtFRPRHQPHGLRGHHVWDUHIOH[LyQQRFWXUQDQDFLyHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHD~QVHHQFXHQWUD
HQGHVDUUROORODFXDOWLHQHFRPRREMHWLYRSULQFLSDOSURSRQHUDOWHUQDWLYDVDORVSURIHVRUHVGH*HRJUDItDSDUDTXH
D WUDYpV GH QXHYDV KHUUDPLHQWDV WHFQROyJLFDV OHV HQVHxHQ D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV ORV WHPDV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD
ORFDOL]DFLyQORVDVHQWDPLHQWRVODVGLVSDULGDGHVHQWUHORVSDtVHVULFRV\ORVSREUHVHOKRPEUH\VXUHODFLyQFRQ
HOHQWRUQRHOPHGLRQDWXUDOHWF
6HFRQVLGHUDHQWRQFHVTXHODGLGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDVHHQFXHQWUDKR\HQFULVLVHQODPHGLGDHQODTXHQRHV
FODURTXpHQVHxDU"FyPRHQVHxDU"<PXFKRPHQRVSDUDTXpHQVHxDU*HRJUDItD"$WUDYpVGHOWLHPSRVHKD
LQWHQWDGRUHVSRQGHUHVWRSULRUL]DQGRXQDVDFWLYLGDGHVVREUHRWUDVSRUHMHPSORHQXQWLHPSRVHFRQVLGHUyTXHOD
HQVHxDQ]D GH OD *HRJUDItD GHEtD VHU FRPSOHPHQWDGD FRQ HO WUDEDMR GH FDPSR HO FXDO OH GDED DO HVWXGLDQWH
KHUUDPLHQWDV SDUD FRPSDUDU OD UHDOLGDG FRQ HVDV WHRUtDV HQ RFDVLRQHV OHMDQDV GLVFXWLGDV SRU HO GRFHQWH HQ HO
DXOD/XHJRVHFRQVLGHUyTXHORLGHDOHUDHOHMHUFLFLRUHIOH[LYRGHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHHQHODXOD
VHSUHWHQGtDHQWRQFHVTXHHOGRFHQWHUHIOH[LRQDUDVLHOPRGHORSHGDJyJLFRXWLOL]DGRHVWDEDDFRUGHFRQODVIRUPDV
GHDSUHQGL]DMHGHVXVHVWXGLDQWHV\PiVUHFLHQWHPHQWHHOLQWHUpVVHFHQWUyHQHOXVRGHODVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDV
FRPRORVVLVWHPDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
$VtODVFRVDVHQODDFWXDOLGDGODLGHQWLGDGGHODGLGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDHVPX\GpELO\TXHSDUDDOJXQRVD~Q
QRVHGHILQHEDMRXQDIRUPDGHGLVFLSOLQDVLQREDMRODIRUPDGHSUiFWLFD\GHGLVFXUVRKtEULGRHQHOTXHVHJHQHUD
XQD \X[WDSRVLFLyQ GH GLVFLSOLQDV WDOHV FRPR OD SVLFRORJtD FRJQRVFLWLYLVPR KXPDQLVPR SLDJHWLVPR
YLJRWVNLVPR FRQGXFWLVPR HWF /DV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV VRFLRORJtD KLVWRULD DQWURSRORJtD OD GLGiFWLFD GH ODV
FLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\GHODKLVWRULD\PiVUHFLHQWHPHQWHODFLXGDGDQtDUHTXLHUHQOHJLWLPDUSRVLFLRQHVIUHQWHDOD
FRQVLGHUDFLyQGHORVWHPDVGLGiFWLFRVUHIHULGRVDOD*HRJUDItD\FRQILJXUDGRVFRPRXQDUHJLyQGHVDEHU
(QFRQVHFXHQFLDGHVGHHOVHPLOOHURGH*HRJUDItD$SOLFDGDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DOGDVQRVKHPRVSODQWHDGRXQ
WUDEDMRGH UHIOH[LyQ HSLVWHPROyJLFDDFHUFD GHOTXHKDFHUSHGDJyJLFR WUDWDQGRGHDQDOL]DUGHVGHODH[SHULHQFLD
XQLYHUVLWDULDODVSUiFWLFDVGHODHQVHxDQ]DHVWRLPSOLFDREYLDPHQWHGHVFULELUODV\H[SOLFDUODVGHWDOIRUPDTXH
QRVSHUPLWDSURSRQHUOHDOSURIHVRUDOWHUQDWLYDVSDUDSDOLDUHVWHSUREOHPDWHQLHQGRVLHPSUHSUHVHQWHTXHHOSDSHO
GHOSURIHVRUHQHODXODHVWiWUDQVIRUPiQGRVHHQODPHGLGDHQTXH\DQRVHHVPDHVWURVLQRGLQDPL]DGRU
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
(QVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHGLGiFWLFD
L.Fonseca Cuadrado

,1752'8&&,1
/D LPSHUDQWH QHFHVLGDG GH HQVHxDU *HRJUDItD D ORV FLXGDGDQRV QR WLHQH GLVFXVLyQ HO VDELR
&DOGDV GHFtD ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV JHRJUiILFRV VRQ HO WHUPyPHWUR FRQ TXH VH PLGH OD
LOXVWUDFLyQ HO FRPHUFLR OD DJULFXOWXUD \ OD SURVSHULGDG GH XQ SXHEOR 6X HVWXSLGH] \ VX
EDUEDULH VLHPSUH VRQ SURSRUFLRQDOHV D VX LJQRUDQFLD HQ HVWH SXQWR &DOGDV DVt
PLVPR%URHNHQ'HOJDGRVHxDODFyPRSXHGHQORVFLXGDGDQRVGHORV(VWDGRV8QLGRVXQD
JUDQ SRWHQFLD PXQGLDO \ XQD GHPRFUDFLD HMHUFHU VXV GHUHFKRV \FXPSOLU FRQ VXV GHEHUHV VL
VRQJHRJUiILFDPHQWHDQDOIDEHWRV"%URHNHVWRSDUDVHxDODUTXHGHVGHQXHVWUDYLVLyQ
FRPRSURIHVRUHVGH*HRJUDItDODHQVHxDQ]DGHODGLVFLSOLQDJHRJUiILFDGHEHHVWDUSUHVHQWHHQ
WRGRV ORV FXUULFXOXPV SRUTXH GH OR TXH VH WUDWD HV IRUPDU FLXGDGDQRV TXH FRPSUHQGDQ HO
HVSDFLR SHUR QR OD FRQFHSFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR FRPR FRQWHQHGRU VLQR FRPR XQD FDWHJRUtD
DEVWUDFWDTXHFDGDXQRFRQVWUX\HDSDUWLUGHVXIRUPDGHYHU\HQWHQGHUHOOXJDUTXHVHKDELWD
1RREVWDQWHFRPRORKDVHxDODGRHOSURIHVRU'HOJDGR0DKHFKDHQGLIHUHQWHVRSRUWXQLGDGHV
GXUDQWH VXV GLFHUWDFLRQHV HQ HYHQWRV DFDGpPLFRV HO UHFRQRFLPLHQWR VRFLDO GHO JHyJUDIR HQ
QXHVWURSDtVHVFDGDYH]PHQRU\ODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDHVFDGDYH]PHQRVYDORUDGD
+D\DOJXQRVVHxDODPLHQWRVIUHQWHDHVWHWHPD\JHQHUDOPHQWHODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGUHFDHVREUH
ORV HQFDUJDGRV GH GLVHxDU ORV SODQHV GH HVWXGLR D TXLHQHV VH OHV DFXVD GH QR LQFOXLU D OD
GLVFLSOLQDPiVDOOiGHXQHMHUFLFLRPHPRUtVWLFRVLQPD\RUHVSUHWHQVLRQHVRVRORSDUDGHFLUHQ
TXp OXJDU VXFHGLy WDO R FXDO IHQyPHQR VHJ~Q 0RUHQR TXLHQHV WRPDQ ODV GHFLVLRQHV
HGXFDWLYDVHQHOSDtVQRWLHQHQXQFRQFHSWRFODURGHHVWDGLVFLSOLQD\REUDQHQFRQVHFXHQFLD
FRQHVHGHVFRQRFLPLHQWR0RUHQR
$GHPiVGHORDQWHULRUHOFDVRGH&RORPELDQRHVDOHMDGRGHOGH(VSDxDPXFKDVWpFQLFDV\
PHWRGRORJtDV DSOLFDGDV KR\ VRQ HO UHVXOWDGR GH PRGHORV FRSLDGRV GHO H[WUDQMHUR TXH HQ
RFDVLRQHV QR UHVSRQGHQ DO FRQWH[WR ORFDO 6RXWR SDUD HO FDVR GH (VSDxD VHxDOD TXH HO
IUDQTXLVPR VXSXVR XQ HVWDQFDPLHQWR HQ ORV DQiOLVLV UHIHULGRV D FyPR HQVHxDU PHMRU OD
JHRJUDItD FRQFOX\HQGR TXH ODV SHUVRQDV SUHRFXSDGDV SRU OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD JHRJUDItD HQ
QXHWVUR SDtV KHPRV WHQLGR TXH UHFXUULU D REUDV HQWUDQMHUDV VLQ HQWHQGHU PXFKDV YHFHV HO
FRQWH[WR HQ HO TXH VXUJLHURQ GLFKDV SURSXHVWDV $GHPiV VH ROYLGDURQ ODV WUDGLFLRQHV \
UHQRYDFLRQHV GHO SULPHU WHUFLR GH HVWHVLJOR 3RU HVR DOJXQDVDGDSWDFLRQHVGH PHWRGRORJtDV
H[WUDQMHUDV VH UHGXMHURQ D XQD PHUD LPSRUWDFLyQ GH WpFQLFDV DLVODGDV GH WUDEDMR \ DOJXQDV
SUHWHQGLGDVLQQRYDFLRQHVQRHUDQPiVTXHXQDUHSURGXFFLyQGHVROXFLRQHV\DH[SHULPHQWDGDV
KDFHFLHQDxRV6RXWR*RQ]iOH]
3RURWUDSDUWHODSHUFHSFLyQGHORVDOXPQRVQRHVOHMDQDDORTXHDTXtVHYLHQHFRPHQWDQGR
DOJXQRV FUHHQ TXH OD JHRJUDItD VLUYH SDUD DSUHQGHU OD FDSLWDO GH ORV SDtVHV R SDUD VDEHU HO
Q~PHURGHUtRVTXHDWUHYLHVDQXQSDtVREYLDPHQWHFRQVXVUHVSHFWLYRVQRPEUHVRWURVWLHQHQ
XQUHFXHUGRQHJDWLYRSRUTXHHOSURIHVRUGHJHRJUDItDORVWRUWXUDEDHQHOWDEOHURFRPRXQ
PDSDPXGR<HQHOSHRUGHORVFDVRVXQRVQLVLTXLHUDUHFRQRFHQODH[LVWHQFLDGHODPLVPD
SXHV HQ ORV FROHJLRV OD HQVHxDQ]D GH ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV VH FHQWUD SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ OD
KLVWRULD
$O OOHJDU D OD 8QLYHUVLGDG HO SDQRUDPD QR FDPELD PXFKR 1XHVWUR SDtV VROR FXHQWD FRQ
8QLYHUVLGDGHVHVWDWDOHVGHTXHRIUHQFHQHOSUHJUDGRHQJHRJUDItD$VtODVFRVDVHOMyYHQ
FXDQGRVHJUDG~DTXLHUHVHULQJHQLHURPpGLFRRDERJDGRSHURQXQFDJHyJUDIR'XUDQWHORV
DxRV GHO VLJOR SDVDGR FXDQGR VH FUHy HQ OD 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO GH &RORPELD HO
GHSDUWDPHQWRGH*HRJUDItDIXQGDGRSRUHOJHyJUDIRDOHPiQ(UQHVWR*XKOVHKL]RSRUTXHHO
SURIHVRU *XKO FUHtD TXH WRGR FLXGDGDQR FXDOTXLHUD IXHUD VX IRUPDFLyQ SURIHVLRQDO GHEtD
WRPDUXQFXUVRGH*HRJUDItD\GXUDQWHPXFKRWLHPSRDVtIXHURQODVFRVDVHVWXGLDQWHVGH
L.Fonseca Cuadrado

PHGLFLQD LQJLHQHUtDV DQWURSRORJtD HWF GHEtD REOLJDWRULDPHQWH DVLVWLU D HVWDV FODVHV KDVWD
TXH VH FUHD HO SURJUDPD GH JHRJUDItD HQWRQFHV HVWRV FXUVRV IXHURQ H[FOXVLYRV GH ORV
HVWXGLDQWHVGHJHRJUDItD
$QWHHVWHSDQRUDPDHOSURIHVRU'HOJDGRDXWRULGDGHQHOSDtVHQORTXHDJHRJUDItDVHUHILHUH
VRVWLHQH TXH ORV SURIHVRUHV VRQ ORV YHUGDGHURV UHVSRQVDEOHV GH HVWD VLWXDFLyQ (QVHxDQ
JHRJUDItDSRUTXHFUHHQWHQHUXQHVSDFLRJDQDGRTXHQXQFDVHKDQSUHRFXSDGRSRUMXVWLILFDU\
VL OD YHUGDG HV TXH ORV GHPiV QR VDEHQ TXH HV JHRJUDItD HQWUH ORV SURIHVRUHV GH JHRJUDItD
WDPSRFRKD\VXILFLHQWHFODULGDGVREUHHORILFLR3RFDVYHFHVVHSUHJXQWDQVLODJHRJUDItDTXH
HQVHxDQ HV LPSRUWDQWH SDUD RWUDV SHUVRQDV VL HV ~WLO \D TXH SDUHFH WDPSRFR JXVWDUOH D ORV
DOXPQRV6HGDSRUVHQWDGRTXHHVRHVLPSRUWDQWH\VHTXLHUHOHJLWLPDUORTXHVHKDFHFRQOD
PHUDDILUPDFLyQGHVXLPSRUWDQFLD'HOJDGR0DKHFKDVI
$17(&('(17(6
6L ELHQ OD JHRJUDItD KD SDVDGR SRU YDULRV SURFHVRV GH SHQVDUVH \ UHSHQVDUVH FRPR OR KDQ
KHFKR RWUDV GLVFLSOLQDV DFDGpPLFDV HVWH SULPHUR IXH XQ HMHUFLFLR QHWDPHQWH LQYHVWLJDWLYR
GHVGHODVHVFXHODVGHSHQVDPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRSDUDOXHJRSDVDUSRUODHQVHxDQ]DXQLYHUVLWDULD
\ILQDOPHQWHKDFHUORHQORVFROHJLRV6LQHPEDUJRQRVHSXHGHSHQVDUTXHORVFDPELRVVHKDQ
GDGR VROR HQ OR TXH VH KD OODPDGR OD JHRJUDItD PRGHUQD VLQRTXH GHVGH HO VLJOR , FRQ OD
JHRJUDItDGHORVSUHFXUVRUHVKDVWDHOVLJOR;;,FRQODQHRJHRJUDItDORVSRVWXODGRVWHyULFRV
KDQFDPELDGR\FRQHOORVODGHILQLFLyQGHODJHRJUDItDSRUHMHPSOR$OHMDQGURGH+XPEROGW
VLJOR;9,,,\;,;ODGHILQtDFRPRHOHVWXGLRGHORTXHH[LVWHMXQWDPHQWHHQXQD PLVPD
iUHDVHxDODQGRORVWHPDVTXHKR\GtDSUHRFXSDQDORVJHyJUDIRVODGLVWULEXFLyQHVSDFLDOGH
ODVSHUVRQDV\ODFRVDV\ODVUHODFLRQHVTXHHQWUHHOODVVHVXFLWDQ
$VtHOVLJOR;,;\SDUWHGHO;;VHFDUDFWHUL]ySRUTXHODJHRJUDItDTXHVHHQVHxDEDWHQtDXQ
FDUiFWHUGHVFULSWLYRHQRFDVLRQHVVLQH[SOLFDFLyQDOJXQDKDVWDORVDxRVGHOVLJORSDVDGR
TXH HPSH]y D WHQHU XQ FDUiFWHU PiV DQDOtWLFR SUHRFXSDQGRVH PiV SRU ODV UHODFLRQHV TXH
H[LVWHQ HQWUH ORV HOHPHQWRV GH OD VXSHUILFLH WHUUHVWUH \ HO XVR TXH HO KRPEUH KDFH GH HVWRV
$GHPiVGHHVWRFRQODUHYROXFLyQFXDQWLWDWLYDGH'DYLG+DUYH\ORVGDWRVHVWDGtVWLFRVDKRUD
VRQPiVLPSRUWDQWHVSXHVWRTXHSHUPLWHQPiSUHFLVLyQ\PiVULJRUFLHQWtILFR\HODQiOLVLVGH
ORVPLVPRVQRVOOHYDDGLOXFLGDUSUREOHPDVHVSDFLDOHV\DUHDOL]DUUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVJUiILFDVGH
ORVPLVPRV
+R\GtDVHSXHGHGHFLUHQWRQFHVTXHOD*HRJUDItDHVHOXVRTXHDFWXDOPHQWHKDFHHOKRPEUH
GH OD VXSHUILFLH GH OD 7LHUUD GH ORV SURFHVRV ItVLFRV ELROyJLFRV SROtWLFRV HFRQyPLFRV
VRFLDOHVKLVWyULFRVHWFTXHVHFRPELQDQSDUDSURGXFLUUHJXODULGDGHV\PRGHORVUHSHWLGRVGH
HVWH XVR GH OD QDWXUDOH]D \ GLVWULEXFLyQ GH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV QDWXUDOHV \ GHELGDV D OD
PRGLILFDFLyQ SRU HO KRPEUH HQ HVWD VXSHUILFLH \ GH OD LQWHUDFFLyQ GHO KRPEUH FRQ HVWDV
FRQGLFLRQHVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQORVHQWRUQRVTXHKDELWD%DLOH\
(QHVWHRUGHQGHLGHDVODHQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRJUDItDHVWiFHQWUDGDHQORJUDUTXHHOHVWXGLDQWH
GHVDUUROOH ODV SHUFHSFLRQHV GHO HVSDFLR \ DGHPiV TXH HQWLHQGD HVWDV UHODFLRQHV TXH HQ pO VH
JHVWDQ 6LHPSUH TXH HO WHPD \ ORV UHFXUVRV OR SHUPLWDQ HVWH HQWHQGLPLHQWR GHEH ORJUDUVH D
SDUWLU GH HMHULFLRV SUiFWLFRV R GH HMHPSORV FRQFUHWRV D WUDYpV GH ORV FXDOHV HO HVWXGLDQWH
SXHGD KDFHU XQ HMHUFLFLR GH GHGXFFLyQ /RV DOXPQRV DSUHQGHQ FRQ PD\RU HIHFWLYLGDG VL
SXHGHQUHODFLRQDUORTXHHVWiQDSUHQGLHQGRFRQVXSURSLDH[SHULHQFLD\SRUHVRODHQVHxDQ]D
JHRJUiILFDWLHQHTXHEDVDUVHILUPHPHQWHHQXQDREVHUYDFLyQGHSULPHUDPDQR(OWUDEDMRGH
FDPSRHVSHFLDOPHQWHHOWUDEDMRGHFDPSRORFDOHVSRUORWDQWRGHXQDLPSRUWDQFLDFUXFLDO\
L.Fonseca Cuadrado

QLQJ~Q FXUVR SXHGH UHVXOWDU FRPSOHWR VLQ pO < SXHVWR TXH OD JHRJUDItD FRPR VX SURSLR
QRPEUHLQGLFDFRQVLVWHHQXQHVWXGLRGHOPXQGRHOJHyJUDIRGHEHWUDWDUGHHVWUXFWXUDUHVWH
FXUVRGHPRGRTXHFRQVWLWX\DXQDLPDJHQFRKHUHQWH\HTXLOLEUDGDGHOPXQGR/DFLXGDGDQtD
GHOPXQGRFRQVWLWX\HKR\HQGtDXQDLUUHQXQFLDEOHUHVSRQVDELOLGDGSDUDFDGDXQRGHQRVRWURV
\ HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO PXQGR TXH SURSRUFLRQD OD JHRJUDItD SXHGH FRQWHPSODUVH FRPR XQD
SDUWHHVHQFLDOGHODIRUPDFLyQTXHSURSRUFLRQDODHVFXHOD%DLOH\
(678',2'(&$6281,9(56,'$''(&$/'$6&2/20%,$
/D 8QLYHUVLGDG GH &DOGDV HV XQD GH ODV 8QLYHUVLGDGHV (VWDWDOHV GH &RORPELD VH
HQFXHQWUD XELFDGD HQ OD UHJLyQ FHQWUR RFFLGHQWH GHO SDtV HQ OD FLXGDG GH 0DQL]DOHV (VWD
8QLYHUVLGDGIXQGDGDHQUHFLEHHVWXGLDQWHVGHGLIHUHQWHVSDUWHVGHOSDtVTXHHQFXHQWUDQ
HQHODOPDPDWHU\HQODFLXGDGXQDPELHQWHLGHDOSDUDDGHODQWDUVXVHVWXGLRVXQLYHUVLWDULRV
'HQWURGHODVRIHUWDVDFDGpPLFDVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGVHHQFXHQWUDHOSURJUDPDGH/LFHQFLDWXUD
HQ&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVHOFXDOWLHQHVXSULQFLSDOpQIDVLVHQOD+LVWRULD\OD*HRJUDItD7DPELpQ
OD 8QLYHUVLGDG FXHQWD FRQ XQ 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH +LVWRULD \ *HRJUDItD FRQWDQGR HQ OD
DFWXDOLGDGFRQXQJUXSRGHJHyJUDIRVFRQGLIHUHQWHVHVSHFLDOLGDGHV
&RPR HV XQD WUDGLFLyQ HQ PXFKDV HVFXHODV OD JHRJUDItD HQ OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH &DOGDV HVWi
GLYLGLGDHQGRVJUDQGHVUDPDVODItVLFD\ODKXPDQD(VWDGLYLVLyQUHVXOWDLQWHUHVDQWHSRUTXH
FRPR VH FRPHQWDED HQ DSDUWDGRV DQWHULRUHV ORV HVWXGLDQWHV DO OOHJDU D FXUVDV HVWXGLRV
VXSHULRUHV WLHQHQ SRFR R QLQJ~Q FRQRFLPLHQWR DFHUFD GH ODV IRUPDV GH OD WLHUUD ODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVFOLPiWLFDVGHXQOXJDUORVSURFHVRVRURJpQLFRVORVWLSRVGHVXHORVHWF$VtODV
FRVDVORVFXUVRVGHJHRJUDItDItVLFDHQDOJXQRVFDVRVGHVSLHUWDQVXLQWHUpV\VXFXULRVLGDG
SRUDSUHQGHU\DSUHKHQGHUDTXHOORTXHSDUHFHWDQDEVWUDFWR
3RUVXSDUWHHQORVFXUVRVGHJHRJUDItDKXPDQDHOSDQRUDPDHVLJXDORSHRU/RVHVWXGLDQWHV
GLVFXWHQ ODV SURIXQGDV GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH ORV SDtVHV ULFRV \ SREUHV SHUR QR VRQ FDSDFHV GH
HQFRQWUDU ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH HOORV $OJXQD YH] KDQ YLVWR XQD SLUiPLGH SREODFLRQDO SHUR
QXQFD VH KDQFXHVWLRQDGR HO SRU TXp HQ FDGD SDtV HVWD SLUiPLGHWLHQH GLIHUHQWHV IRUPDV 1R
VRQ FDSDFHV GH UHDOL]DU XQD REVHUYDFLyQ FDVXDO GH XQ OXJDU GH VX FLXGDG QR UHFXHUGDQ FRQ
FODULGDGHOUHFRUULGRTXHUHDOL]DQGHVGHVXYLYLHQGDKDVWDODXQLYHUVLGDGSDUDOXHJRSODVPDUOR
HQ XQ PDSD PHQWDO HWF $GHPiV PH SUHRFXSDED XQ WHPD PiV PXFKRV HVWXGLDQWHV TXH \D
KDEtDQWHUPLQDGRWRGRHOSHQVXPGHVXFDUUHUD\TXHVHHQFRQWUDEDQHQODSUiFWLFDGRFHQWH
YROYtDQ D OD 8QLYHUVLGDG EXVFDQGR D\XGD SRUTXH QR VDEtDQ FyPR HQVHxDU HO XQLYHUVR D
QLxRVGHTXLQWRGHSULPDULDSRUHMHPSOR
$OYHUHVWD VLWXDFLyQPH FXHVWLRQpFXiOHVPLSDSHO FRPR SURIHVRUD" TXpGHERHQVHxDU"
TXpHVWiSDVDQGRFRQODJHRJUDItD"TXpQRVHVSHUDIXWXUR")XHDVtFRPRDSDUWLUGHHVWRV
FXHVWLRQDPLHQWRV\GHODVFRQYHUVDFLRQHVFDVXDOHVFRQPLVFRPSDxHURVGHWUDEDMRVHHPSH]y
HVWHSUR\HFWRTXHHVSHURSXHGDOOHYDUDEXHQWpUPLQR
/RSULPHURTXHKLFHIXHSHQVDUHQXQRVJUDQGHVWHPDVSDUDSURSRQHUOHVDPLVHVWXGLDQWHVGHO
FXUVRGH*HRJUDItD+XPDQDFRPRHMHUFLFLRILQDOGHOFXUVRHQWUHORVWHPDVHVWDEDQJHRJUDItD
GHJpQHURJHRJUDItDGHODVDOXGJHRJUDItDGHODSHUFHSFLyQODHQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRJUDItD\ODV
UHODFLRQHV HQWUH OD JHRJUDItD \ OD KLVWRULD 7RGRV HVWRV WHPDV WHQtDQ XQD UD]yQ GH VHU HO
SULPHURSRUTXHHQ&RORPELDHVPX\SRFRORTXHVHKDWUDEDMDGRGHKHFKRFDVLWRGRORKD
KHFKRODVRFLRORJtDGHVGHHOIHPLQLVPRFRPRPRYLPLHQWRVRFLDO(OVHJXQGRKDFRUULGRFRQ
OD PLVPD VXHUWH TXH HO DQWHULRU VH KDQ KHFKR WUDEDMRV LQWHUHVDQWHV FRPR HO DWODV SRU
PRUWDOLGDGGHFiQFHUHQ&RORPELDSXEOLFDGRSRUHO,QVWLWXWR*HRJUiILFR$JXVWtQ&RGD]]LHQ
L.Fonseca Cuadrado

HODxR\RWURVWUDEDMRVUHIHULGRDODKLVWRULDGHODVHQIHUPHGDGHVSHURGHVGHODJHRJUDItD
SRFRV(OWHUFHUWHPDODJHRJUDItDGHODSHUFHSFLyQSRUTXHHVXQWHPDFRQPXFKRDXJHHQHO
SDtV VXPDGR D TXH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV \D KDQ WRPDGR R YDQ D WRPDU XQ FXUVR HOHFWLYR GH
SHUFHSFLyQ\FRPSRUWDPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR(OWHPDUHIHULGRDODHQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRJUDItD
ORSHQVpSRUTXHODPD\RUtDGHHVWXGLDQWHVGHHVWHFXUVRVHHVWiQIRUPDQGRFRPROLFHQFLDGRV
HQ FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV \ HQ TXLQWR VHPHVWUH D~Q QR KDQ WHQLGR QLQJ~Q DFHUFDPLHQWR FRQ ODV
LQVWLWXFLRQHV HGXFDWLYDV )LQDOPHQWH ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH OD KLVWRULD \ OD JHRJUDItD HV
SURSXHVWR SRU GRV UD]RQHV EiVLFDV OD SULPHUD SRUTXH SHUWHQHFHPRV D XQ GHSDUWDPHQWR GH
KLVWRULD\JHRJUDItD\ODVHJXQGDSRUTXHFRPRVHVHxDOyHOpQIDVLVGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVHQVX
IRUPDFLyQFRPROLFHQFLDGRVHQFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVHVHQHVWDVGRViUHDV
+DQSDVDGRWUHVDxRVGHVGHTXHHVWHHMHUFLFLRVHYLHQHUHDOL]DQGRFRQORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHOFXUVR
\ PXFKDV KDQ VLGR ODV H[SHULHQFLDV SULPHUR KDEODUp GH OD PHWRGRORJtD GHO WUDEDMR OXHJR
VHxDODUp DOJXQRV UHVXOWDGRV LQWHUHVDQWHV GH HVWH HMHUFLFLR SDUD ILQDOPHQWH SUHVHQWDU XQDV
FRQFOXVLRQHV\UHVXOWDGRV&RQUHVSHFWRDOSODQWHDPLHQWRPHWRGROyJLFRORSULPHURTXHGHEH
KDFHUHOHVWXGLDQWHHVHVFRJHUXQRGHHVWRVJUDQGHVWHPDV'LJRJUDQGHVWHPDVSRUTXHDSDUWLU
SRU HMHPSOR GH OD JHRJUDItD GH JpQHUR VRQ PXFKRV ORV VXEWHPDV TXH VH GHVSUHQGHQ
IHPLQLVPR GLYHUVLGDG GH JpQHUR HTXLGDG GH JpQHUR YLROHQFLD HWF 3RU WDQWR HQ JUXSR GH
WUHV HVWXGLDQWHV GHEHQ HVFRJHU XQ WHPD \ D SDUWLU GH DOOt SODQWHDUVH XQD SUHJXQWD GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHGHEHQUHVSRQGHUDWUDYpVGHODQiOLVLV\VLVWHPDWL]DFLyQGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ
\D VHD SULPDULD HQFXHVWDV HQWUHYLVWDV REVHUYDFLyQ HWF R VHFXQGDULD UHYLVLyQ GH IXHQWHV
UHYLVLyQ ELEOLRJUiILFD UHYLVLyQ GH GRFXPHQWRV UHJODPHQWDULRV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV DUWtVWLFDV
HWF
$UHQJOyQVHJXLGRHOJUXSRGHWUDEDMRGHEHUHYLVDUORVDQWHFHGHQWHVGHVXLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVWR
FRQ HO ILQ GH HQWHQGHU FyPR RWURV DXWRUHV KDQ WUDEDMDGR \ HQWLHQGHQ HO WHPD TXH HOORV KDQ
VHOHFFLRQDGR 7DPELpQ HVWH PRPHQWR OHV SHUPLWH LU FRQVWUX\HQGR VX PDUFR WHyULFR \
FRQFHSWXDO(VWRVDQWHFHGHQWHVGHEHQUHVSRQGHUDXQRUGHQFURQROyJLFR\DXQDYLVLyQPDFUR
PHVR\PLFUR3RVWHULRUDHVWRGHEHQFRQVWUXLUHOPDUFRWHyULFRFRQFHSWXDO\FRQWH[WXDO(O
PDUFRWHyULFR OHVSHUPLWH DQDOL]DU ODVGLIHUHQWHVWHRUtDVTXHVXVWHQWDVXWUDEDMR\ODLGHD HV
TXHGHVDUUROOHQODKDELOLGDGGHSRQHUDKDEODUDORVDXWRUHVHQHOVHQWLGRHQHOTXHGHEHQ
HQFRQWUDUSXQWRVGHHQFXHQWUR\GHVHQFXHQWUR\HQWHQGHUTXH DVtIXQFLRQDQODV FLHQFLDV (O
PDUFR FRQFHSWXDO QR HV PiV TXH HQWHQGHU ORV FRQFHSWRV FODYHV SDUD VX LQYHVWLJDFLyQ \ HO
FRQWH[WXDOQRWLHQHRWUDSUHWHQVLyQTXHXELFDUDOOHFWRUHQHOFRQWH[WRHQHOTXHVHUHDOL]yHO
WUDEDMRSDUWLHQGRGHODSUHPLVDTXHQDGLHVDEHPiVGHOWUDEDMRTXH\R
3RVWHULRUPHQWH VH GHVDUUROOD OD SUHJXQWD GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VH DQDOL]D OD LQIRUPDFLyQ VH
UHVSRQGHQ ORV REMHWLYRV \ VH FRQFOX\H &RPR XQD LQIRUPDFLyQ DGLFLRQDO VH OHV SLGH TXH
PHQFLRQHQODVGLILFXOWDGHVTXHWXYLHURQDQWHV\GXUDQWHODUHDOL]DFLyQGHOHMHUFLFLR6LQELHQ
SRUHVWRQRKD\XQFULWHULRGHHYDOXDFLyQHVLQWHUHVDQWHVDEHUFXiOHVVRQODVGLILFXOWDGHVGH
ORV HVWXGLDQWHV HQ OD PHGLGD HQ TXH HVWRV HOHPHQWRV VRQ GHWHUPLQDQWHV DO PRPHQWR GH
SURSRQHUHQHOSHULRGRVLJXLHQWHORVWHPDVSDUDHOWUDEDMRILQDO
+DVWDHOSHULRGRORVWUDEDMRVSUHVHQWDGRVKDEtDQVLGRUHJXODUHVPLSHUFHSFLyQHVTXH
ORV HVWXGLDQWHV KDEtDQ UHDOL]DGR HO HMHUFLFLR SDUD SRGHU REWHQHU VX QRWD \ DVt DSUREDU OD
DVLJQDWXUD SHUR QR SRUTXH HQFRQWUDUDQ HQ pO XQD XWLOLGDG \ PXFKR PHQRV XQD WpFQLFD R
PRGHOR SDUD UHSOLFDU HQ VX ODERU FRPR GRFHQWH 6LQ HPEDUJR HO SHULRGR VLJXLHQWH OODPy
PXFKR PL DWHQFLyQ \ DXQTXH SLHQVR TXp KLFH GLIHUHQWH" QR KDOOR QLQJ~Q HOHPHQWR
GLIHUHQFLDGRUHVPiVHQHOVHJXQGRSHULRGRGHODxRXQHVWXGLDQWHPHGLMRFRQPXFKD
VHJXULGDGDPtQRPHJXVWDODJHRJUDItD\RWRPRORVFXUVRVSRUTXHVRQREOLJDWRULRVSHURD
L.Fonseca Cuadrado

Pt VROR PH JXVWD OD KLVWRULD \ ODV GLGiFWLFDV TXL]i HVWDV SDODEUDV PH PRWLYDURQ PiV D
PRVWUDUOHDOHVWXGLDQWHTXHVLELHQUHVSHWDEDVXVJXVWRVPLWDUHDHUDTXHpOVHHQDPRUDUDGHOD
JHRJUDItD
$Vt ODV FRVDV HPSHFp D UHDOL]DU DVHVRUtDV FRQ ORV JUXSRV GH WUDEDMR UHFRPHQGiQGROHV
PDWHULDO ELEOLRJUiILFR RULHQWiQGRORV HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD SUHJXQWD GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ \
OOHYiQGRORV D SHQVDU VL HVR TXH SUHWHQGtDQ KDFHU UHDOPHQWH HUD YLDEOH \ VLHQGR YLDEOH VL GH
YHUGDGWHQtDUHODFLyQFRQODJHRJUDItDKXPDQD'HHVDVDVHVRUtDVVDOLHURQ PXFKRVWHPDVVH
SODQWHDURQPXFKDVFRVDVXQDVUHDOHV\RWUDVTXHFRUUHVSRQGtDQPiVDWHVLVGRFWRUDOHVSRUOR
DPELFLRVR GH OD SUHJXQWD HQ ILQ /D FXHVWLyQ HV TXH UHVXOWDURQ XQRV WUDEDMRV TXH TXLHUR
VHxDODUDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
&DUWRJUDItDGHODSHUFHSFLyQSDUDODFUHDFLyQGHPDSDVYLVXDOHV\DXGLWLYRVXQD
SURSXHVWDGHVGHODGLGiFWLFD
(VWH WUDEDMR IXH UHDOL]DGR SRU <HQQ\ -D]VEOHLG\ *yPH] \ $QGUpV )HOLSH 5RGULJXH] FRQ HO
SURSyVLWRGHWUDVYDVDUORVGLVFXUVRVGHODFUtWLFDDODHGXFDFLyQHQFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVHOWUDEDMR
GHPXHVWUD FRPR OD JHRJUDItD GH OD SHUFHSFLyQ GH ORV OXJDUHV SXHGHQ VHU HMHUFLFLRV TXH
SHUPLWDQODRULHQWDFLyQKDFLDIRUPDVGHJXLDUXQSURFHVRHGXFDWLYRHQGRQGHOD&DUWRJUDItD
FRPRWpFQLFDGHODJHRJUDItDVHGHVHVTXHPDWLFH\SHUPLWDWUDQVSRQHUODLGHQWLGDG\HOVRQLGR
GHORVKDELWDQWHVGHORVGLIHUHQWHVOXJDUHVTXHVREUHVDOHQHQHOHVSDFLRXUEDQRGHPRGRTXH
VH SXHGD LQWHUDFWXDU FRQ ORV HVWXGLDQWHV GH IRUPD FUHDWLYD \ VLPEyOLFD KDFLHQGR TXH ORV
DSUHQGL]DMHVSXHGDQGDUOHVLJQLILFDGRDODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHWHRUtDVJHRJUiILFDVHKLVWyULFDV\
SHUPLWDQUHVDOWDUORVHOHPHQWRVVHPLyWLFRVRFXOWRVEDMRODVFDUWDVJHRJUiILFDV
3DUDUHDOL]DUHVWHWUDEDMRVHEDVDURQHQORVDXWRUHVPiVUHSUHVHQWDWLYRVGHODJHRJUDItDGHOD
SHUFHSFLyQ FRPR .HYLQ /\QFK \ <L )X 7XDQ (O WUDEDMR VH UHDOL]y HQ FXDWUR VHFWRUHV
UHSUHVHQWDWLYRV GH ODFLXGDG GH0DQL]DOHV HO SDUTXH $QWRQLR 1DULxR PHMRU FRQRFLGR FRPR
OH FDEOH OD WRUUH DO FLHOR HO SDUTXH GHO DJXD \ OD SOD]D 6LPyQ %ROtYDU HVWR FRQ HO ILQ GH
UHFRJHUSRUXQDSDUWDODSHUFHSFLyQTXHODVSHUVRQDVTXHKDELWDQHVWRVOXJDUHVWLHQHQGHORV
PLPRV SDUD HVWDEOHFHU XQ UHFRQRFLPLHQWR SREODFLRQDO JHRJUiILFR \ FDUWRJUiILFR GH HVWRV
OXJDUHV DQDOL]DQGR HVDV EDUUHUDV LPDJLQDULDV TXH VH FRQVWUX\HQ \ TXH VHFWRUL]DQ D OD
SREODFLyQGHDFXHUGRDVXHGDGJXVWRVHLQWHUHVHV3DUDILQDOPHQWHFRQVWUXLUXQPDSDFRQORV
VRQLGRV HLPiJHQHV TXHGHQ FXHQWD GH ODV SDUWLFXODULGDGHV TXHWLHQHQ HVWRV OXJDUHV (V XQD
IRUPDGHYHUODFDUWRJUDItDPiVDOOiGHORWUDGLFLRQDO\TXHHOPDSDSXHGHVHUXQDKHUUDPLHQWD
TXHSHUPLWDYHUORVOXJDUHV\XELFDUUHDOLGDGHVDWUDYpVGHVLJQRV\VtPERORVOLQJtVWLFRV
3DUDHOORV/\QFK\<L)X7XDQOHVGLHURQHOHPHQWRVGHDQiOLVLVHQWHQGLHQGRTXHGHVGHOD
SHUVSHFWLYDGH<L)X7XDQHOHQWRUQRHVWiDWUDYHVDGRSRUiQJXORV\ILJXUDVJHRPpWULFDVTXH
OR GHOLPLWDQ FUHDQGR GLUHFFLRQHV HQ GRQGH VH SODQWDQ ODV IRUPDV DGHFXDGDV HQ ODV FXDOHV
GHEHPRVPRYHUQRVVREUHHOHVSDFLRXUEDQRHVWRILMDXQDFHUWH]D\HVTXHHQHIHFWRODYLVWDHV
QXHVWUR VHQWLGR XVDGR \D TXH SRU OD SDUWLFXODULGDG GH QXHVWUD WRSRJUDItD QXHVWURV RMRV VH
PXHYHQ GHQWUR GH HVRV iQJXORVGHQWUR GH HVDV OtQHDV SRU VX SDUWH GHVGH 5XGROI 6WHLQHU HO
RtGR QRV FRQHFWD FRQ OD SHUFHSFLyQ LQWHULRU GHO RWUR HVWR TXLHUH GHFLU TXH GHQWUR GHO RtGR
HQFRQWUDPRVODSDODEUDDMHQDHOSHQVDPLHQWRDMHQRHO\RDMHQRSRUORFXDOODQHFHVLGDGGH
HQFRQWUDUVHFRQRWUDVSHUVRQDVSDUDFRPSDUWLUH[SHULHQFLDVDWUDYpVGHODVSDODEUDVKDFHTXH
HO RtGR VH FRQYLHUWD HQ XQ VHQWLGR GH YLWDO LPSRUWDQFLD HQ HO HVSDFLR VLPEyOLFR GH OD
FLXGDG3DUDORDQWHULRUVHHVWDEOHFHQGHVGH.HYLQ/\QFKXQDVFDWHJRUtDVGHVGHGRQGHVHYDQ
FRQVWUX\HQGR HVDV UXWDV PHQWDOHV TXH OOHYDQ D ODV SHUVRQDV D GHVWLQR HQ HVWH FDVR ORV
SDUTXHVTXHKHPRVPHQFLRQDGRGHODFLXGDGGH0DQL]DOHV<HQOD,QVWLWXFLyQHGXFDWLYD
L.Fonseca Cuadrado

1HLUD HQ HO 0XQLFLSLR GH 1HLUD &DOGDV /\QFK GHILQH HVWRV HOHPHQWRV HQ SULPHUD PHGLGD
FRPR 6HQGDV 1RGRV %RUGHV \ %DUULRV ORV FXDOHV SURYRFDQ TXH FRQ OD LQWHJUDFLyQ GH ORV
VHQWLGRV VH HPSLHFH OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ SHUFHSWLYD GH OD FLXGDG /RV QRGRV VRQ ORV IRFRV
HVWUDWpJLFRV D ORV TXH SXHGH HQWUDU HO REVHUYDGRU WUDWiQGRVH WtSLFDPHQWH GHFRQIOXHQFLDVGH
VHQGDVRGHFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHGHWHUPLQDGDFDUDFWHUtVWLFD*yPH] 5RGULJXH]
$ SDUWLU GH OD UHYLVLyQ GH IXHQWHV ORV DXWRUHV FRQVLGHUDQ TXH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH VLJQRV \
VtPERORVSXHGHQUHVXOWDUOHV~WLOHVDODKRUDGHDQDOL]DUODFRQVWUXFFLyQVRFLDOGHODUHDOLGDG
EDVDGRV HQ OR SURSXHVWR SRU )HUQLGDQG GH 6DXVVXUH FXDQGR VHxDOD TXH /D OHQJXD HV XQ
VLVWHPDGHVLJQRVTXHH[SUHVDQLGHDV\SRUWDQWRFRPSDUDEOHDODHVFULWXUDDODOIDEHWRGHORV
VRUGRPXGRVORVULWRVVLPEyOLFRVDODIRUPDGHXUEDQLGDGDODVVHxDVPLOLWDUHVHWF6RORTXH
HVHOPiVLPSRUWDQWHGHHVRVVLVWHPDV3XHGHSRUWDQWRFRQFHELUVHXQDFLHQFLDTXHHVWXGLHOD
YLGDGHORVVLJQRVHQHOVHQRGHODVRFLHGDGIRUPDUtDXQDSDUWHGHODSVLFRORJtDVRFLDO\SRU
FRQVLJXLHQWH GH OD SVLFRORJtD JHQHUDO OD GHQRPLQDUHPRV VHPLRORJtD GHO JULHJR VHPHLRQ
VLJQRVHQ*yPH] 5RGULJXH]$VtHOELQRPLRGHVLJQLILFDGR\VLJQLILFDQWHSDUD
HIHFWR GH HVWH WUDEDMR VH FRQVWLWX\HQ HQ OD H[SUHVHQVLyQ GH XQD SDODEUD TXH FRPSDFWD DO
VLJQLILFDQWH TXH HQ HVWH FDVR HV HO OXJDU TXH JHQHUD XQD LPDJHQ FUHDGD SDUD YLVLELOL]DU HO
VLJQLILFDGR GHO HQFXHVWDGR (V DVt FRPR HO IHQyPHQR DF~VWLFR QRV OOHYD DO FRQFHSWR \ HO
FRQFHSWRDODLPDJHQFRQVWUXLGDSDUDDUUDQFDUOHDHVRVHVSDFLRVUHDOLGDGHVVLPEyOLFDVTXHDO
YHUODV\HVFXFKDUODVHQHOPDSDQRVFXHQWHQDOJRGHHVDVLGHQWLGDGHVFXOWXUDOHVFRQVWUXLGDV
HQ ORV HVSDFLRV HQ FXHVWLyQ SRU ODV SHUVRQDV TXH KDELWDQ HQ HOORV *yPH] 5RGULJXH]

$VtHOWUDEDMRGHFDPSRHVWXYRHQPDUFDGRHQXQDVHQFXHVWDVUHDOL]DGDVGHIRUPDVLPXOWiQHD
HQFDGDXQRGHORVVLWLRVHVFRJLGRVXQYLHUQHVDODVSPHQGRQGHVHOHSUHJXQWDEDDO
HQFXHVWDGRGRVFRVDVGHILQHHVWHOXJDUFRQXQDVRODSDODEUDTXpFDUDFWHUL]DHVWHOXJDU"
$SDUWLUGHORVUHVXOWDGRVVHFRQVWUX\HURQXQDVLPDJHQHVFRQHVDVSDODEUDVVHxDODGDVFRPR
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOOXJDUSDUDHIHFWRVGHHVWHGRFXPHQWRVRORVHSUHVHQWDUiHOUHVXOWDGRGHGRV
GH ORV FXDWUR VLWLRV HQFXHVWDGRV SRU HMHPSOR SDUD HO FDVR GHO SDUTXH $QWRQLR 1DULxR HO
FDEOH ODV SDODEUDV PiV XVDGDV IXHURQ -XDQ 9DOGH] WLQWR WUDJR OLFRU WUDQVSRUWH S~EOLFR
DPLJRV HFXHQWUR HQWUH RWUDV &RQ HVWDV SDODEUDV VLJXLHQGR OD UHODFLyQ GH VLJQLILFDGR
VLJQLILFDQWHODLPDJHQVHFRQVWUX\yDVt
)LJXUD6HFWRU3DUTXH$QWRQLR1DULxR
L.Fonseca Cuadrado

(VWDLPDJHQTXHUHSUHVHQWDODVSDODEUDVDQWHVPHQFLRQDGDVVHVXSHUSXVRDXQDFDUWRJUDItDGHO
OXJDUTXHGDQGRHOPDSDDVt
0DSD0DSDYLUWXDODXGLRYLVXDOGHOSDUTXH$QWRQLR1DULxRFRQODSHUFHSFLyQGHODVLGHQWLGDGHVFXOWXUDOHV
3DUDHOFDVRGHODSOD]D6LPyQ%ROtYDUODPD\RUtDGHORVHQFXHVWDGRVVHxDOyFRPRHOHPHQWRV
UHSUHVHQWDWLYRVGHOOXJDUODFDWHGUDOEDVtOLFDGH0DQL]DOHV\HO%ROtYDU&yQGRUDGHPiVGHORV
YHQGHQGRUHVDPEXODQWHV\GHODVUXWDVGHWUDQVSRUWHS~EOLFRTXHSRUDOOtWUDQVLWDQ/DLPDJHQ
FRVQWUXtGDTXHGyDVt
)LJXUD3OD]D6LPyQ%ROtYDU
L.Fonseca Cuadrado

$SDUWLUGHHVWDLPDJHQHOPDSDUHVXOWDQWHIXH
0DSD0DSDYLUWXDODXGLRYLVXDOGHOD3OD]D%ROtYDUFRQODSHUFHSFLyQGHODVLGHQWLGDGHVFXOWXUDOHV
&RQFOX\HQGRHQWRQFHVTXHODDQWHULRUSURSXHVWDPXHVWUDTXHVHSXHGHH[SORUDUOOHJDU PiV
DOOiGHORSURSXHVWRHLQWHJUDUGHIRUPDWUDQVYHUVDOFRQODGLGiFWLFDGHODJHRJUDItDGHPRGR
TXHVHSURGX]FDXQDSUiFWLFDLQWHJUDGRUDGHORVHOHPHQWRVGHOHVSDFLRORVFXDOHVSXHGHQVHU
VRSRUWDGRV EDMR HO FRQFHSWR GH OD JHRJUDItD FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH KDFH IDOWD OHHU LOXVWUDUQRV \
DFWXDOL]DUQRVGHIRUPDFRQVWDQWH\FRQWLQXDGHORVWUDEDMRVHMHFXWDGRVFRQUHVSHFWRDOVDEHU
JHRJUiILFR SDUD TXH SRU PHGLR GH HVWDV DFWXDOL]DFLRQHV VH JHQHUHQ SURFHVRV GLQiPLFRV GH
GHEDWH\UHIRUPXODFLyQGHODSODWDIRUPDJHRJUiILFD*yPH] 5RGULJXH]
/DFRQVWUXFFLyQGHORVLPDJLQDULRVGHODFLXGDGGH0DQL]DOHVHVWXGLRGHFDVR
/LFHRPL[WR6LQDt
(VWHWUDEDMRIXHSUHVHQWDGRSRUODVHVWXGLDQWHV'DQLHOD5tRV6DOD]DU'D\DQQD3DWLxR*yPH]
\ 0HOLW]D 7UHMRV )UDQFR GH TXLQWR VHPHVWUH GH OD /LFHQFLDWXUD HQ &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV HQ HO
SULPHU SHULRGR DFDpPLFR GH (VWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ WXYR FRPR REMHWLYR SULQFLSDO
LQGHQWLILFDUFyPRODSHUFHSFLyQGHOHVSDFLRVHYDWUDQVIRUPDQGRDPHGLGDTXHORVQLxRVYDQ
FUHFLHQGR3DUD HOOROD PXHVWUDIXHURQORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHORVJUDGRV\GHSULPDULD
GHO FROHJLR PL[WR 6LQDt EDVDGRV HQ OD WHRUtD GH -HDQ 3LDJHW TXH GHILQH ORV GLIHUHQWHV
HVTXHPDV PHQWDOHVTXHVHGDQHQORVQLxRVMXQWRFRQORVWUDEDMRVGH.HYLQ/\QFK\<L)X
7XDQSDUDDERUGDUODWHRUtDJHRJUiILFDGHODSHUFHSFLyQ
L.Fonseca Cuadrado

(OHQIRTXHFHQWUDOGHHVWHHVWXGLRHVWiSXHVWRHQORVLPDJLQDULRVRODSHUFHSFLyQTXHWLHQHQ
ORV LQGLYLGXRV VREUH VX EDUULR \ FLXGDG \ HO YDORU TXH VH OH GD D FLHUWD GLPHQVLyQ GH OR
VLPEyOLFR OR VRFLDO \ FXOWXUDO 3RU OR TXH SDUD HPSH]DU HV QHFHVDULR WHQHU FODUR TXp HV
JHRJUDItDGHODSHUFHSFLyQDVtPLVPRGHPDUFDUXQPDUFRFRQFHSWXDOSHGDJyJLFRTXHSHUPLWD
UHYHODUODVHWDSDVGHOGHVDUUROORFRJQLWLYRHQODVFXDOHVVHHQFXHQWUDODPXHVWUDFRQODFXDOVH
UHDOL]yHVWHHVWXGLR\ODLQIOXHQFLDTXHWLHQHQHVWDVHWDSDVHQODVDWULEXFLRQHVTXHVHOHGDQD
ORVOXJDUHV\HVSDFLRV\FyPRVHOHVRWRUJDVLJQLILFDGRVORDQWHULRUSDUWLHQGRGHORVFRQFHSWRV
\SODQWHDPLHQWRVGH<L)X7XDQ\.HYLQ/\QFK5LRVHWDO
(OFROHJLRPL[WR6LQDtHVWiXELFDGRHQODFRPXQDFLQFRRFLGXDGHODGHOQRUWHHQODFLXGDGGH
0DQL]DOHV HQ OD HVWUDWLILFDFLyQ VRFLRHFRQyPLFD VH XELFD HQ ORV HVWUDWRV \ +D VLGR
HVWLJPDWL]DGRFRPRXQEDUULRSHOLJURVR\RWURVMXLFLRVGHYDORUQHJDWLYRUD]yQSRUODFXDO
VHVHOHFFLRQyHVWiiUHDGHHVWXGLRXQSRFRSDUDYLVLELOL]DUHVDRWUDFLXGDGTXHHQRFDVLRQHV
VROR VH UHFRQRFH SRU QRWLFLDV QR WDQ SRVLWLYDV /D PXHVWUD FRQ OD TXH VH WUDEDMy IXHURQ
QLxRV\QLxDVGHORVJUDGRV\GHEiVLFDSULPDULDFX\DVHGDGHVRVFLODQHQWUHORV\
DxRV (O WUDEDMR VH GLYLGLy HQ WUHV SDUWHV OD SULPHUD OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH XQD HQFXHVWD FRQ
SUHJXQWDV FHUUDGDV \ DELHUWDV WDOHV FRPR HQ TXp EDUULR YLYHV" FXiQWR WLHPSR WH
GHPRUDV GH WX FDVD DO FROHJLR" T~H HV OR TXH PiV WH JXVWD GH YLYLU HQ WX EDUULR" VL
SXGLHUDVGHILQLUWXEDUULRHQXQDVRODSDODEUDFXiOVHUtD"FXiOHVVRQORVOXJDUHVTXHPiV
YLVLWDV GH OD FLXGDG" TXp HV OR TXH PDV WH JXVWD GH YLYLU HQ 0DQL]DOHV" VL SXGLHUDV
GHILQLU0DQL]DOHVHQXQDVRODSDODEUDFXiOVHUtD"/DVHJXQGDSDUWHGHOHMHUFLFLRFRQVLVLWLy
HQODVHOHFFLyQGHXQDV LPiJHQHVGHOXJDUHVUHSUHVHQWDWLYRVGHOD FLXGDGSDUDTXHORVQLxRV
ORVLGHQWLILFDUDQ)LQDOPHQWHVHGLVSXVRHQXQDSDUWHGHOVDOyQXQDFDUWRJUDItDDHVFDOD
GHODFLXGDGSDUDTXHHQHOODORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHPDUFDUDQODUXWDTXHWRPDQSDUDLUGHVXFDVD
DOFROHJLR
/RVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVIXHURQLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHODHGDGRGHOQLYHOGHHVFRODULGDG
ORVYDORUHVTXHORVQLxRV\QLxDVOHDVLJQDQDOEDUULR\DODFLXGDGWLHQHXQDUHODFLyQHQRUPH
FRQHOMXHJRFRPSDUWLUFRQORVDPLJRV\ODFRQYLYHQFLDFRQODIDPLOLD(OFRQFHSWRGHOXJDU
\ GH WRSRILOLD DERUGDGR SRU HO JHyJUDIR <L)X 7XDQ HV TXLHQ UHILHUH D HVWDV LGHDV >@ HO
OXJDUHVWiGHILQLGRSRUODSHUVSHFWLYDHPStULFDTXHODVSHUVRQDVWLHQHQGHXQHVSDFLR(VGHFLU
ODVH[SHULHQFLDVGHTXLHQHVRFXSDQXQiUHDVRQTXLHQHVKDFHQTXHHVHOXJDUVHDVLJQLILFDWLYR
SDUD HOORV \ VX LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ SDUD ORV GHPiV7XDQ HQ 5LRV HW DO &RQ
UHVSHFWR DO FRQFHSWR GH KDELWDU SURSXHVWR SRU /\QFK VH OLPLWD VROR DO EDUULR HQ HO TXH
YLYHQREDUULRVPX\FHUFDQRVDVtPLVPRODFLXGDGHVSDUDHOORVORVOXJDUHVTXHKDQYLVLWDGR
WDOHVFRPROD3OD]DGH%ROtYDUODFDWHGUDOHOSDUTXH&DOGDV3RURWUDSDUWHOODPDODDWHQFLyQ
TXHSDUDORVQLxRVHQFXHVWDGRVHOFRQFHSWRWLHPSRHVLUUHOHYDQWHGHPRVWUDQGRTXHDOJXQRV
QRWLHQHQXQDQRFLyQFODUDGHHVWHFRPRVHHYLGHQFLDHQUHVSXHVWDVFRPRPHWDUGRKRUDV
GH PL FDVD DO FROHJLR SHUR DO FUX]DU HVWD SUHJXQWD FRQ HO OXJDU GRQGH YLYHQ QR WDUGDUtDQ
FDPLQDQGRPiVGHPLQXWRV
&RQ UHVSHFWR D OD SUHJXQWD GH DVLJQDU YDORU DO EDUULR R D OD FLXGDG ORV HVWXGLDQWHV WXYLHURQ
GLILFXOWDG HQ HQWHGHUTXp HUD OR TXH VH SUHWHQGtD TXH UHVSRQGLHUDQ \ DXQTXH VH OHV H[SOLFy
DOJXQRVGHMDURQVLQUHVSRQGHUODSUHJXQWDORFXDOQRVSHUPLWHLQIHULUTXHQRIXHFRPSUHQGLGD
3HUR FXDQGR VH OHV SLGLy TXH OD GHILQLHUDQ HQ XQD SDODEUD VHxDODURQ TXH HUD KHUPRVD
DJUDGDEOH\IUtD
(QFRQFOXVLyQODVLQYHVWLJDGRUDVVHxDODQTXH/DPXHVWUDFRQODTXHVHUHDOL]yHVWHHVWXGLR
VH LQVFULEH GHQWUR GHO PDUFR GH ODV HWDSDV RSHUDFLRQDOHV FRQFUHWDV \ HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV PiV
HVSHFtILFRV HQ OD HWDSD GH ODV RSHUDFLRQHV IRUPDOHV WHRUL]DGDV SRU -HDQ 3LDJHW GH OR FXDO
L.Fonseca Cuadrado

SRGHPRV LQIHULU TXH DOJXQRV QLxRV WXYLHURQ LQFRQYHQLHQWHV D OD KRUD GH UHDOL]DU ODV
DFWLYLGDGHV GHELGR D TXH HQ HO UDQJR GH HGDG GH ORV D ORV DxRVGH HGDG ORV QLxRV SDUD
UHFRQRFHU FLHUWRV HOHPHQWRV HQ HVWH FDVR VX EDUULR \ VX FLXGDG WLHQHQ TXH KDEHUOD
H[SHULPHQWDGR FRQ VXV VHQWLGRV HV GHFLU TXH WXYLHURQ TXH KDEHU UHFRUULGR HVWRV OXJDUHV R
KDEHUORV YLVWR SDOSDGR R RtGR SDUD DVt SRGHU UHFRQRFHUORV FRQ PD\RU H[DFWLWXG$Vt PLVPR
ORVGLIHUHQWHVWHyULFRVGHOD*HRJUDItDGHOD3HUFHSFLyQPDQLILHVWDQTXHGLFKDSHUFHSFLyQVH
GDDWUDYpVGHORVVHQWLGRV.HYLQ/\QFK[SRQHTXH&DVLWRGRVORVVHQWLGRVHQWUDQHQDFFLyQ
\ODLPDJHQHVUHDOPHQWHXQDFRPELQDFLyQGHWRGRVHOORV<L)X7XDQSRUVXSDUWHH[SRQH
TXHODSHUFHSFLyQVHGDGHPXFKRVPRGRVTXHYDQGHVGHORVVHQWLGRVPiVSDVLYRVLQFOXVRHO
ROIDWRJXVWRRWDFWRKDVWDODYLVWD\KDVWDODFDSDFLGDGGHVLPEROL]DU&DEHPHQFLRQDUTXHVL
ELHQDOJXQRVHVWXGLDQWHVDODKRUDGHKDFHUHOHMHUFLFLRGHUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVLPiJHQHVGH
OD FLXGDG QR GLHURQ HQ Vt HO QRPEUH GHO OXJDU VL UHFRUGDURQ TXH KDEtDQ HVWDGR HQ VLWLRV
FHUFDQRV R KDEtDQ YLVWR HVWH OXJDU DQWHV R TXH VXV IDPLOLDV DPLJRV R FRQRFLGRV WHQtDQ
YtQFXORVFRQHVWRVOXJDUHVSRUHMHPSORVHPDQLIHVWyTXHHQHVHOXJDUWUDEDMDEDQVXVPDGUHVR
IDPLOLDUHV R TXH DOOt KDEtDQ DVLVWLGR D XQ HYHQWR R TXH HVH VLWLR TXHGDED FHUFD GH RWUR VLQ
HPEDUJRQRVHORJUyGHILQLUVXQRPEUH\DTXHVXH[SHULHQFLDHQHVWRVVLWLRVQRKDEtDVLGRWDQ
SUy[LPDVLQRTXHGHDOJ~QPRGRORUHFRQRFtDQSRUOD]RVIDPLOLDUHVPiVQRSURSLRV5LRVHW
DO
(OHVWDGRGHODUWHGHOD*HRJUDItDGHODVDOXG
3RU ~OWLPR UHVHxDU HVWH WUDEDMR SUHVHQWDGR SRU *XVWDYR 0DUtQ /XLVD 2VRULR \ -XOLDQD
5DPtUH]WXYRFRPRREMHWLYRUHDOL]DUXQDUHYLVLyQGHOGLVFXUVRSDUDLGHQWLILFDUFXiOHVVRQORV
DYDQFHV TXH VH KDQ WHQLGR FRQ UHVSHFWR D HVWD UDPD GH OD *HRJUDItD +XPDQD (VWD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH D~Q HVWi HQ GHVDUUROOR SUHWHQGH HQ XQ VHJXQGR PRPHQWR HVWXGLDU FDVRV
FRQFUHWRVGHHQIHUPHGDGHVTXHVHKD\DQSUHVHQWDGRHQ&RORPELDHQOD~OWLPDPLWDGHOVLJOR
;;\ORFRUULGRGHOVLJOR;;,
5HVXOWDVXPDPHQWHLQWHUHVDQWHHOWUDEDMRHQFXHVWLyQSRUTXHFRPRVHVHODxDEDDQWHULRUPHQWH
OD JHRJUDItD FRORPELDQD DGROHFH GH HVWRV HVWXGLRV FRPR OR GHPXHVWUD 0DUtQ HW DO HQ VX
WUDEDMR3RUVHUXQHMHUFLFLRHQGHVDUUROORODVFRQFOXVLRQHVVRQSDUFLDOHVSHURTXLVLHUDVHxDODU
DOJXQDVORSULPHURHVGHFLUTXHODJHRJUDItDGHODVDOXGHQ&RORPELDFHQWUDVXVHVWXGLRVHQHO
GLVHxR \ PDQHMR GH 6,* UHFRQRFLHQGR OD XWLOLGDG GH HVWD KHUUDPLHQWD D OD KRUD GH WRPDU
GHFLVLRQHV GH WLSR SROtWLFR FRQ EDVH HQ OD XELFDFLyQ HVSDFLDO \ HO HTXLSDPLHQWR FRQ HO TXH
FRQWDPRV6HJXQGRHQ&RORPELDQRVHYHODSRUODVDOXGSRUHOFRQWUDULRVRORVHSUHYLHQHR
VH WUDWD OD HQIHUPHGDG 7HUFHUR ORV DQiOLVLV HSLGHPLROyJLFRV HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV FDUHFHQ GHO
VHQWLGRHVSDFLDO
)LQDOPHQWHORVDXWRUHVVHxDODQTXHORVSUREOHPDVTXHHQODDFWXDOLGDGSUHVHQWDODJHRJUDItD
GHODVDOXGVRQORVVLJXLHQWHV,QFRQVLVWHQFLDHQWUHGDWRVGHLQVWLWXFLRQHVJXEHUQDPHQWDOHV
\SULYDGDV/RVUHVXOWDGRVGHODPRUELOLGDGVRQSDUFLDOHVQRDEDUFDQHOFLHQSRUFLHQWRGH
IHQyPHQR ,QHILFLHQFLD HQ ORVUHJLVWURV GH GHIXQFLRQHV /D HVFDOD GH DQiOLVLV DPSOLD R
UHGXFLGD HO KHFKR GH TXH OD HVFDOD GH HVWXGLR GH XQ IHQyPHQR VHD UHGXFLGD QR HTXLYDOH D
HIHFWLYLGDG SXHVWR TXH DXQ HQ HVSDFLRV UHGXFLGRV SXHGHQ H[LVWLU GLIHUHQFLDV ([DJHUDGD
LQWHUYHQFLyQ SRU SDUWH GHO JUHPLR PpGLFR TXH GHVHVWLPXOD OD LQWHUYHQFLyQ GH JHyJUDIRV
0DUtQHWDO
L.Fonseca Cuadrado

&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
3RU VHU HVWD XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ GHVDUUROOR ODV FRQFOXVLRQHV TXH DTXt VH SUHVHQWDQ VRQ
SDUFLDOHV KDFLHQGR OD VDOYHGDG TXH SRVLEOHPHQWH D IXWXUR PLHQWUDV PiV VH DYDQFH HQ OD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQVHJXUDPHQWHDOJXQDVFDPELDUiQ\RWUDVVHPDQWHQGUiQ3RUORSURQWRGHFLUTXH
ODGLVFXVLyQFHQWUDOVLHPSUHKDHVWDGRHQIRFDGDHQODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDHQODHVFXHOD
\R HQ OD HGXFDFLyQ VXSHULRU \ EDVDGRV HQ HVH SUHJXQWD VH KDQ HVFULWR PDQXDOHV HQVD\RV
FDUWLOODV HFW TXH LQWHQWDQ UHVSRQGHU HVWR FRPR XQD IyUPXOD PiJLFD VXSRQLHQGR TXH TXLHQ
VLJD ORV SDVRV WDO FXDO VH LQGLFDQ DO ILQDO FRQVHJXLUi HQVHxDU *HRJUDItD 3HUR PLHQWUDV KD
SDVDGRHOWLHPSRPHKHHPSH]DGRDFXHVWLRQDUVLODSUHRFXSDFLyQFHQWUDOGHEtDVHUDFHUFDGH
ODHQVHxDQ]DRVLPHMRUGHEHUtDPRVSHQVDUQRVHOSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH3RUTXHFRPRGLFHXQ
JUDQDPLJR\DWRGRHVWiHQODLQWHUQHW
/RVHMHUFLFLRVDTXtSUHVHQWDGRVVRQXQFODURHMHPSORGHODVGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDVHQODVFXDOHVVH
SXHGHQ SHQVDU \ VH SXHGH HQVHxDU OD JHRJUDItD GHMDQGR GH ODGR HVRV DQWLJXRV \ DEXUULGRV
HMHUFLFLRV PHPRUtVWLFRV \ EXVFDQGR TXH HO HVWXGLDQWH VH FXHVWLRQH DFHUFD GH VX HVSDFLR \
FyPR HO FRPR LQGLYLGXLR FRQVWUX\H HVH HVSDFLR $GHPiV FRQVLGHUR TXH HVWRV WUDEDMRV VRQ
YDOLRVRVWDPELpQSDUDORVSURIHVRUHVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DOGDV\GHRWUDVLQVWLWXFLRQHVHQ
WDQWR TXH D\XGDQ D GLIHUHQFLDU HO VDEHU GRFWR GHO VDEHU HVFRODU \ HQ HVWR FRLQFLGR FRQ HO
SURIHVRU 6RXWR FXDQGR UHILULHQGRVH D WUDEDMRV UHDOL]DGRV HQ OD 8QLYHUVLGDG $XWyQRPD GH
%DUFHORQDVRVWLHQHTXH(QHVSHFLDOKDQSXHVWRGHUHOLHYHTXHODVFRQGLFLRQHV\FRQWH[WRV
GHSURGXFFLyQVRQGLIHUHQWHVORTXHDPLPRGRGHHQWHQGHUHVXQDGLIHUHQFLDUHOHYDQWHSXHV
UHIXHU]DODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQHOSURSLRSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMHGHORVDOXPQRV\HQHOHVWXGLRGH
ODVHVWUDWHJLDVGHHQVHxDQ]DTXHIDFLOLWHQGLFKRDSUHQGL]DMH$VtLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV GLGiFWLFDV
FRPR ODV UHDOL]DGDV SRU HO SURIHVRU )UDQFLVFR *DUFtD GH 6HYLOOD HVWH QRPEUH SRGUtD VHU
FDPELDGR SRU *yPH] \ 5RGULJXH] 5tRV HW DO R 0DUtQ HW DO D OD YH] TXH H[SOLFDQ ORV
FRQWH[WRVVRFLDOHVHQORVFXDOHVVHFRQFLEHODFDOLGDGGHYLGDXUEDQDKDFHQXQDSURSXHVWDGH
FDUiFWHU HVFRODU SDUD PHMRUDU HO HQWHQGLPLHQWR GH HVWD SUREHOPiWLFD FRWLGLDQD 6RXWR
*RQ]iOH]
%,%/,2*5$)$
%DLOH\3/DGLGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDGLH]DxRVGHHYROXFLyQCuadrernos crticos de
Geografa Humana, 9,
%URHN-&Geografa, su mbito y su trascendencia. 0p[LFR0DQXDOHV87(+$1

&DOGDV)-Obras completas de Francisco Jos de Caldas. 8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH
&RORPELDHG%RJRWi,PSUHQWDQDFLRQDO
'HOJDGR 0DKHFKD 2 VI La importancia de la enseanza de la Geografa. >(Q OtQHD@
$YDLODEOH DW KWWSZZZSHGDJRJLFDHGXFRVWRUDJHUFHDUWLFXORVBSROHSGI
>OWLPRDFFHVR@
*yPH]< 5RGULJXH]$Cartografa de la percepcin para la creacin de mapas
visuales y auditivos: una propuesta desde la didctica. 0DQL]DOHVVQ
0DUtQ*2VRULR/ 5DPtUH]-El estado del arte de la Geografa de la Salud.
0DQL]DOHVVQ

$QRWDFLyQIXHUDGHOWH[WR
L.Fonseca Cuadrado

0RUHQR $ Problemas y caractersticas de la enseanza de la Geografa en

Educacin Bsica. ;&RQJUHVRFRORPELDQRGH*HRJUDItDSSHGVO&RPSHQGLRGH
SRQHQFLDV
5LRV'3DWLxR' 7UHMRV0La construccin de los imaginarios de la ciudad de
Manizales, estudio de caso: liceo mixto Sina. 0DQL]DOHVVQ
6RXWR*RQ]iOH];0Didctica de la Geografa: problemas sociales y conocimiento
del medio. 6HJXQGDHG%DUFHORQD6HUEDO
L.Fonseca Cuadrado

HACIA LA CONVERGENCIA? ANLISIS DE LAS COMPETENCIAS

GEODEMOGRFICAS DE LOS GRADOS DE GEOGRAFA
SURGIDOS EN EL CONTEXTO DEL EEES
Arlinda Garca Coll1

Ral Lardis Bosque2
Beln Pedregal Mateos3
1
Universidad de Barcelona
2
Universidad de Zaragoza
3
Universidad de Sevilla
arlindagarcia@ub.edu; rlardies@unizar.es; bpedregal@us.es
RESUMEN:
El proceso de creacin del Espacio Europeo de Educacin Superior (EEES), iniciado a finales de los aos
noventa, ha supuesto la revisin y el diseo de nuevas titulaciones que, en el caso de los estudios de Geografa
en Espaa, ha desembocado en una cierta convergencia hacia la vertiente ms aplicada de la disciplina, la
especializacin y la creciente importancia de las materias tcnicas.
Dos importantes consecuencias emanadas de este proceso han sido el diseo de las nuevas titulaciones en torno a
perfiles profesionales y la proyeccin de una enseanza orientada a la adquisicin de competencias. Con estas
premisas de partida, este trabajo realiza un anlisis comparativo de las competencias incluidas en las guas
docentes de las asignaturas de Geografa de la Poblacin impartidas en los planes de estudio de los grados de
Geografa ofertados en las Universidades pblicas espaolas, con objeto de comprobar hasta qu punto los
objetivos de convergencia y orientacin prctica se constatan en estas asignaturas.
El anlisis ha revelado algunas disfuncionalidades y ausencias sobre las que se realizan las correspondientes
recomendaciones en el apartado final.
PALABRAS CLAVE:
Competencias, Geografa de la Poblacin, convergencia europea, Espacio Europeo de Educacin Superior,
empleabilidad.
1. INTRODUCCIN
El proceso de creacin del Espacio Europeo de Educacin Superior (EEES, en adelante),
iniciado a finales de los aos noventa, supuso la revisin y el diseo de nuevas titulaciones
que, en el caso de los estudios de Geografa en Espaa, desemboc, tal y como sealan
Esparcia y Snchez Aguilera (2012), en una cierta convergencia hacia la vertiente ms
aplicada de la disciplina, la profundizacin en contenidos (especializacin) sin perder la
perspectiva generalista propia de un grado como el de Geografa y Ordenacin del Territorio
, y la creciente importancia de las materias tcnicas.
Dos importantes consecuencias emanadas de ese proceso han sido el diseo de las nuevas
titulaciones en torno a perfiles profesionales y la proyeccin de una enseanza orientada a la
adquisicin de competencias (De Cos et al., 2010, Oliveros, 2006). De este modo, el concepto
de competencia, definido como la aptitud o capacidad de movilizar de forma rpida y
A.Garca Coll, R.Ladis Bosque, B. Pedregal Mateos 238

pertinente un conjunto de recursos y saberes, ha adquirido un enorme protagonismo en la

arquitectura de las nuevas titulaciones de Grado. A pesar de las distintas definiciones de
competencias que podemos encontrar (Bernal, 2007), cabe recordar que stas involucran tres
mbitos distintos: los conocimientos (o saber), las destrezas, habilidades o capacidades (el
saber hacer), junto con las actitudes y valores (o saber estar). Se trata, por tanto, de tres pilares
a combinar de forma conjunta (De Miguel, 2005).
Probablemente, el factor diferencial ms relevante entre la docencia antes y despus del
proceso de Bolonia es centrar el diseo y el desarrollo de la enseanza en el aprendizaje y el
logro de competencias acadmico-profesionales, ms que en los contenidos y el desarrollo
disciplinar global (Escudero, 2016). En este contexto, concebir la docencia en trminos de
competencias se convierte, en un aspecto fundamental en la enseanza universitaria actual,
pues es necesario disear estrategias docentes que garanticen su adquisicin por parte de los
estudiantes, as como pensar en cmo evaluarlas. Este planteamiento se aleja de la concepcin
tradicional de la enseanza que centraba los objetivos de la docencia en la transmisin de
conocimientos, es decir, se debe superar el modelo centrado en el aprendizaje (De Cos et al.
2011).
En definitiva, es necesario que se produzca el cambio que lleva, en palabras de Florido y
Jimnez (2012), de la universidad del ensear a la universidad del aprender. Adems,
cabe aadir la estrecha vinculacin de las competencias con los perfiles profesionales que
persiguen las titulaciones. En definitiva, la consecucin por parte de los estudiantes de las
competencias asociadas a una titulacin es el hecho que dota de sentido la formacin
universitaria en nuestros das. El EEES persigue una preparacin ptima para el mundo
profesional (Esparcia y Snchez Aguilera, 2012), con claras miras hacia la mejora de la
empleabilidad.
En este captulo se presentan algunos de los resultados de un trabajo ms amplio de
anlisis y comparacin de las guas docentes de las asignaturas de Geografa de la Poblacin
que se imparten en la actualidad en los Grados de Geografa en Espaa. El trabajo se enmarca
en una iniciativa de la Comisin Permanente del Grupo de Poblacin de la AGE, la cual
organiz diversos grupos de trabajo coordinados -bajo la denominacin comn de Mesa de
Trabajo sobre Docencia Universitaria de la Poblacin- cuyo principal fin era reflexionar y
debatir conjuntamente sobre la situacin de la enseanza de la Geografa de la Poblacin en
las universidades espaolas. En el marco de esta Mesa, nuestro trabajo se centraba en el
anlisis, comparacin y evaluacin de las competencias asignadas a dichas asignaturas.
Aunque el trabajo ha abordado la explotacin de 38 asignaturas relacionadas con la enseanza
de la Geografa de la Poblacin presente en los 26 ttulos de Grado en Geografa y
Ordenacin del Territorio en Espaa, en este captulo se presentan los resultados de la
evaluacin de las competencias de 26 asignaturas correspondientes a las obligatorias
introductorias de Geografa de la Poblacin, ya sea ste el nombre de la asignatura u otro
similar. Su orientacin temtica as como su ubicacin en el plan formativo del Grado
habitualmente en los primeros cursos permite la comparacin entre estas asignaturas.
Con objeto de poder realizar un anlisis comparativo, se han tomado como referencia las
competencias sealadas en el Libro Blanco del Grado en Geografa y Ordenacin del
Territorio (ANECA, 2004b). De este modo, se han confeccionado unas tablas donde se
recogen qu competencias de las que se mencionan en el Libro Blanco aparecen en las guas
docentes de las asignaturas analizadas, confeccionando un mapa de competencias por

asignatura, al estilo del empleado por De Cos et al. (2011), formado por una matriz donde se
cruzan competencias (en filas) con asignatura y universidad (situadas en las columnas).
El captulo se estructura como sigue: despus de la introduccin, el apartado 2 realiza una
breve reflexin sobre el papel de las competencias en el aprendizaje universitario en el
marco del EEES. Para su realizacin, se han empleado las indicaciones proporcionadas por
trabajos de referencia y se ha tenido en cuenta la experiencia como docentes de los autores de
este trabajo.
El apartado 3 se dedica a revisar las competencias establecidas en el Libro Blanco del Ttulo
de Geografa y Ordenacin del Territorio como referente comn para el diseo de los distintos
ttulos de Grado en Geografa de las Universidades espaolas.
El apartado 4 se centra en los resultados del anlisis de las competencias contenidas en las
guas docentes de las asignaturas geodemogrficas de los ttulos de Grado en Geografa y
Ordenacin del Territorio. Dada la extensin de los trabajos realizados, esta aportacin
presenta nicamente parte de los resultados y reflexiones finales del anlisis pormenorizado
de las guas docentes de las asignaturas obligatorias denominadas Geografa de la Poblacin o
equivalente. Tras un primer balance general, se profundizar en la reflexin sobre si se puede
hablar de convergencia en la orientacin de la asignatura, as como en comprobar la existencia
de sintona entre la realidad y los objetivos tericos del EEES en su pretensin de acercar la
formacin al mercado del trabajo. Finalmente, el apartado 5 recoge las reflexiones crticas y
propuestas que se derivan de los anlisis previos.
2. EL PAPEL DE LAS COMPETENCIAS EN EL APRENDIZAJE UNIVERSITARIO

EN EL MARCO DEL EEES
El proceso de convergencia iniciado por la construccin del EEES ha significado importantes
cambios en los contenidos y metodologas educativas, hasta tal punto que se reconoce que la
implantacin del crdito europeo significa la adopcin de un nuevo paradigma educativo
(ANECA, 2004a). En ese sentido, lvarez et al. (2005) sealan que en el plano de la
planificacin y desarrollo de las asignaturas, la convergencia ha supuesto:
Centrar la enseanza en la adquisicin de competencias profesionales valoradas en el
mercado laboral, en lugar de en la sola adquisicin de conocimiento por parte del
estudiante;
Ofertar otras oportunidades de aprendizaje distintas al aula y a los laboratorios para
adquirir esas competencias (prcticas en el mercado laboral, trabajos de campo, etc.);
Reducir las clases presenciales y la cantidad de contenidos a transmitir a los estudiantes;
Evaluar los resultados obtenidos por los estudiantes con otros mtodos diferentes a los
exmenes de papel y lpiz;
Estimar el tiempo de trabajo de los estudiantes para la adquisicin de las competencias
en nuestras materias.
Este cambio de modelo educativo se inscribe en lo que algunos autores reconocen como una
creciente tendencia social y poltica desde finales de la dcada de los aos ochenta que
enfatiza la necesidad de actualizar el sistema de cualificaciones profesionales (CES, 2015;
Oxford Economics, 2012), con el objetivo de potenciar la polivalencia y productividad de los

trabajadores, a la vez que se pretende incrementar su movilidad en el mercado internacional

del trabajo mediante sistemas de acreditacin aceptados universalmente (lvarez et al., 2004).
Desde entonces, la Comisin Europea no ha dejado de trabajar para fomentar la convergencia
educativa entre los estados miembros y conseguir el objetivo de acercar la educacin al
mercado de trabajo, aproximando la experiencia del aprendizaje a la realidad del entorno
laboral. En su Comunicacin sobre Un nuevo concepto de educacin: invertir en las
competencias para lograr mejores resultados socioeconmicos [COM(2012) 669 final], lo
planteaba en los siguientes trminos: Para 2020, los empleos que exijan un alto nivel de
aptitudes habrn aumentado un 20 %. La educacin debe elevar sus exigencias y niveles de
capacitacin para atender esta demanda, y tambin fomentar las aptitudes transversales
necesarias para que los jvenes puedan ser emprendedores y adaptarse a los cambios, cada
vez ms inevitables, que se producirn en el mercado de trabajo a lo largo de su carrera
profesional. Para ello instaba a los Estados miembros a intensificar sus esfuerzos en cuatro
mbitos: (1) Desarrollar una educacin y formacin profesionales de nivel internacional a fin
de aumentar la calidad de las aptitudes profesionales; (2) Promover la formacin en el lugar
de trabajo con perodos de prcticas, formacin de aprendices y modelos de aprendizaje dual
de calidad, para apoyar la transicin de la formacin al empleo; (3) Promover asociaciones
entre instituciones pblicas y privadas, a fin de garantizar una oferta apropiada de programas
de estudios y aptitudes; (4) Fomentar la movilidad gracias al programa Erasmus para Todos.
Como sealan lvarez et al. (2004), en este contexto, el concepto de competencia, tanto en su
vertiente acadmica como profesional, se erige en la piedra angular de las recientes polticas
de empleo y formacin. Sin embargo, la sociedad demanda a la universidad una formacin
superior que trascienda la mera formacin profesional para el mercado de trabajo, por lo que
las titulaciones han de disearse en torno a perfiles acadmicos-profesionales entendindose
por tales las caractersticas de la persona, del ciudadano y del profesional que se quiere
formar en un determinado momento histrico y las asignaturas han de seleccionar qu
competencias se trabajarn especficamente en ellas.
Para realizar esa seleccin se han de tener en cuenta los tipos de competencias que configuran
un perfil acadmico-profesional. Recordemos en este punto que, de manera general, se
entiende por competencia la aptitud o capacidad de movilizar de forma rpida y pertinente un
conjunto de recursos y saberes. Siguiendo a lvarez et al. (2004), las competencias
acadmico-profesionales pueden clasificarse en (1) Generales o genricas: Verbales y de
comunicacin; Solucin de problemas; Planificacin y toma de decisiones; Trabajo en
equipo; Manejo de sistemas de informacin; Liderazgo; Relaciones interpersonales;
Capacidad de aprender; Fsicas; De empleabilidad (para la bsqueda y obtencin de un puesto
de trabajo y para la conservacin y movilidad en el empleo; Otras; y (2) Especficas, Tcnicas
o Especializadas: para cada perfil profesional en cada sector productivo y para cada empleo o
puesto de trabajo.
No cabe duda de que entre las competencias generales, la Comisin Europea est poniendo el
acento en los ltimos aos especialmente en el fomento de la capacidad de emprendimiento y
el fomento de la alianza entre empresas y universidades1, como se deriva de la Comunicacin
COM(2012) 669 final. De esta forma, la Comisin seala que entre los retos pendientes sobre
los sistemas educativos de los Estados miembros se encuentra el fomento y desarrollo de
1
Sobre esta necesidad y pertinencia de cooperacin entre empresa y universidad en el campo de la Geografa constituye una
experiencia de inters el artculo de Pedregal, Vallejo y Aguilar (2012).

aptitudes transversales y en particular las estrategias especficas relacionadas con la educacin

para el emprendimiento. Cabe recordar que las competencias transversales o cardinales son
aquellas comunes para diferentes puestos o perfiles profesionales (Oliveros, 2006) y se
consideran muy adecuadas en un escenario laboral como el actual, sometido a cambios
constantes (Whalley et al., 2011). Por ese motivo, entre las acciones recomendadas por la
Comisin para combatir el desempleo juvenil se encuentra:
Potenciar la oferta de aptitudes transversales que aumentan la empleabilidad, como la
iniciativa emprendedora, las aptitudes digitales y los idiomas. Las acciones clave sern:
garantizar que se adopten medidas para integrar las aptitudes transversales en todos los planes
de estudios, desde las fases tempranas de la educacin hasta la enseanza superior, mediante
enfoques pedaggicos innovadores y centrados en los estudiantes; y disear herramientas de
evaluacin que permitan evaluar eficazmente los niveles de competencia. Todos los jvenes
deben beneficiarse de una experiencia prctica de emprendimiento como mnimo antes de
abandonar la enseanza obligatoria [COM(2012) 669 final, pg. 17].
Lograr mayor emprendimiento y empleabilidad nos sita ante un nuevo escenario en el que
hay que valorar las competencias a trabajar en la asignatura Geografa de la Poblacin la cual,
junto con la labor del resto de las que componen el Grado, debe contribuir a la consecucin de
estos objetivos.
3. COMPETENCIAS EN LA DOCENCIA UNIVERSITARIA DE LA GEOGRAFA.

EL REFERENTE DEL LIBRO BLANCO DEL TTULO DE GEOGRAFA Y
ORDENACIN DEL TERRITORIO
El Libro Blanco del Ttulo de Geografa y Ordenacin del Territorio recoge el resultado del
trabajo llevado a cabo por una comisin formada por representantes de distintas universidades
espaolas junto con el Colegio de Gegrafos y la Asociacin de Gegrafos Espaoles. Este
documento tena el objetivo de realizar una propuesta no vinculante de ttulo de Grado en
Geografa y OT adaptado al EEES (ANECA, 2004b).
El proyecto tuvo como punto de partida los objetivos y metodologa explicitados en la
convocatoria de ayudas de la ANECA para la adaptacin de los ttulos universitarios al EEES
y sobre esa base, se realizaron los correspondientes anlisis de los planes de estudio o ttulos
afines en Europa, tambin de la insercin laboral de los egresados durante el ltimo
quinquenio, y de los perfiles y competencias profesionales vinculados, entre otros aspectos.
En su desarrollo, el equipo de trabajo llev a cabo un anlisis exhaustivo, debatiendo y
valorando distintas opciones, con el objetivo de alcanzar un modelo final consensuado que
reflejase todos los aspectos relevantes del ttulo.
Fruto de ese trabajo, el Libro Blanco reconoce 6 perfiles profesionales, siendo el anlisis
territorial de la poblacin uno de ellos. Esos 6 perfiles son: (1) Investigacin, educacin y
divulgacin geogrficas; (2) Tecnologias de la informacin geogrfica; (3) Medio fisico,
recursos naturales y medio ambiente; (4) Planificacin y gestin territorial; (5) Anlisis
territorial de la poblacin y demografia; (6) Desarrollo regional y local.
Al mismo tiempo, el Libro Blanco aporta una propuesta de 64 competencias que un graduado
en Geografa y O.T. debera adquirir en su formacin, distinguiendo entre: (a) competencias
generales (de tipo instrumental; personal; sistmicas y otras) y (b) especficas (acadmicas,
disciplinares, profesionales y otras).

Las competencias generales ya venan definidas por el Ministerio, ya que la propia

Convocatoria de ANECA para la elaboracin del Libro Blanco de la titulacin proporcionaba
una lista inspirada en la propuesta del proyecto Tuning (Tuning Project, 2008). En cuanto a
las competencias especficas, dicha convocatoria indicaba nicamente un esquema de
agrupacin que distingua entre 4 modalidades: (1) competencias acadmicas, que desarrollan
los esquemas interpretativos que utilizan los gegrafos; (2) competencias disciplinares, es
decir, aquellos conocimientos bsicos que se deben adquirir; (3) competencias profesionales,
es decir, las habilidades propias de la prctica profesional del gegrafo y (4) Otras
competencias especficas referidas a habilidades relacionadas con la capacidad de ordenar y
sintetizar informacin de origen diverso, as como con la capacidad de explicar, transmitir y
proponer soluciones a problemas complejos, especialmente suscitando acuerdos en equipos
interdisciplinares.
Con estas referencias de partida, el siguiente apartado presenta los resultados del anlisis de
las competencias de las asignaturas de Geografa de la Poblacin objeto de estudio.
4. LAS COMPETENCIAS EN LAS ASIGNATURAS DE GEOGRAFA DE LA

POBLACIN DEL GRADO EN GEOGRAFA Y ORDENACIN DEL TERRITORIO
Los Grados de Geografa y O.T. de las universidades espaolas cuentan en sus planes de
estudio, como mnimo, con una asignatura de contenido especfico en Geografa de la
Poblacin, aunque su denominacin vara segn los casos (tabla 1). Aunque la opcin
preferida sigue siendo la de Geografia de la Poblacin (en 15 de las 26 universidades),
tambin puede denominarse Geodemografia (en 4 ocasiones), mientras que en 2 ocasiones
aparecen unidas Geografia de la Poblacin y Geografia Econmica/actividades
econmicas y en otra la asignatura es Geografia Humana I. Slo en la Universidad
Autnoma de Barcelona (UAB) se opta por el nombre de Demografia, mientras que en
Lleida el nombre es Geografia de la Poblaci i Demografia.
En cuanto a su ubicacin en el contexto del currculo del estudiante, estas asignaturas se
encuentran, mayoritariamente, en el tramo inicial de la formacin universitaria, bien como
obligatorias (la gran mayora), bien como crditos de Formacin Bsica. En concreto, 19 de
las 26 se imparten en 2 curso, mientras que slo 3 en 1 (las tres en el segundo semestre).
nicamente en dos casos se imparten en 3. Finalmente, indicar que estas asignaturas tienen
una carga de 6 ECTS, excepto en Girona (12 ECTS, compartidos entre Geografia Econmica
i de la Poblaci) y en Lleida (7,5, destinados a Geografia de la Poblaci i Demografia).
Por lo tanto, se trata de una oferta de asignaturas altamente comparable entre s, dada la
similar naturaleza y duracin de las mismas. Un apunte ms a realizar es que en 17 de los 26
grados en Geografa y OT no existe ninguna asignatura especfica ms, ya sea obligatoria u
optativa, que permita ampliar los contenidos geodemogrficos, de forma que, en estos casos,
la asignatura a la que nos referimos es la primera y la ltima en el currculum del estudiante
de esta materia.
La explotacin de las tabulaciones realizadas a partir del vaciado de competencias
explicitadas de las guas docentes permite extraer conclusiones en tres mbitos distintos. Un
primer mbito tiene que ver con las caractersticas de las propias competencias. Ms all de su
contenido, tema que abordaremos ms tarde, es necesario sealar la deteccin de numerosos
casos donde las competencias que se indican presentan algunas deficiencias, bien sean por su
nmero, su redaccin o su naturaleza. As, si bien cabe reconocer la dificultad de fijar el

nmero ideal de competencias que una asignatura de 6 ECTs puede desarrollar, s cabe
sealar que, entre las asignaturas observadas, nicamente el 38 % se incluira en una horquilla
de entre 5 y 12 competencias. En cambio, las guas docentes del 42 % de las asignaturas
indican que se trabajan ms de 13 competencias cifra que parece difcilmente alcanzable,
frente a un 19% que mencionan un nmero inferior a 4. En algunos casos tambin se ha
detectado una escasa concrecin en la formulacin de la competencia, circunstancia que
impide ver con claridad el verdadero papel desempeado por la misma en la capacitacin del
estudiante. Otro de los problemas frecuentes es el marcado desequilibrio entre competencias
generales y especficas y, sobre todo, un excesivo protagonismo de competencias muy
prximas a objetivos formativos, herencia de un pasado en el que las asignaturas se conceban
exclusivamente en trminos de transmisin de conocimientos (De Cos et al., 2010). En
algunos casos extremos, las competencias a las que se alude no pueden ser consideradas como
tales. La impresin general a la que se llega es que la falta de experiencia y de tradicin en el
diseo de asignaturas en trminos de competencias ha llevado a que esta tarea no siempre se
haya realizado de forma adecuada.
Ttulacin Tipos de competencias General+Transversal
Universidad Nombre de asignatura Total
(*) Generales Transversal Especficas Total % sobre total
Alicante 1 Geografa de la Poblacin 9 0 9 18 9 50,0
Autnoma de Barcelona 1 Demografa 3 0 2 5 3 60,0
Autnoma de Madrid 1 Geografa de la Poblacin 0 0 15 15 0 0,0
Barcelona 3 Geografa de la Poblacin 0 1 2 3 1 33,3
Cantabria 1 Geodemografa 4 0 2 6 4 66,7
Castilla-La Mancha 1 Geografa de la Poblacin 0 0 1 1 0 0,0
Complutense 1 Geografa de la Poblacin 0 0 11 11 0 0,0
Extremadura 1 Geografa de la Poblacin 0 8 6 14 8 57,1
Girona 5 Geografia econmica i de la Poblaci 0 3 5 8 3 37,5
Granada 2 Geografa humana I: G de la poblacin 15 0 5 20 15 75,0
Illes Balears 3 Geografia de la Poblaci 4 1 1 6 5 83,3
La Laguna 1 Geografa de la Poblacin 0 3 1 4 3 75,0
Len 1 Geografa de la Poblacin 11 0 5 16 11 68,8
Lleida 1 Geografia de la Poblaci i Demografia 1 0 0 1 1 100,0
Mlaga 2 Fundamentos de G Humana I 3 0 4 7 3 42,9
Murcia 1 Geografa de la Poblacin 0 5 10 15 5 33,3
Oviedo 1 Geografa de la Poblacin 10 0 3 13 10 76,9
Pas Vasco 1 Geografia de la Poblacin 0 0 6 6 0 0,0
Las Palmas 1 Geodemografa 0 0 3 3 0 0,0
Rovira i Virgili 1 Geodemografa 1 0 6 7 1 14,3
Salamanca 3 Geografa de la Poblacin 0 5 9 14 5 35,7
Santiago de Compostela 1 Geodemografa 0 0 0 0 0 ---
Geografa de la Poblacin y de las
Sevilla 2 0 8 9 17 8 47,1
Actividades Econmicas
Valencia 4 Geografa de la Poblacin 6 0 8 14 6 42,9
Valladolid 1 Demografa 28 0 30 58 28 48,3
Zaragoza 1 Geografa de la Poblacin 3 0 4 7 3 42,9
(*) Titulacin: (1) Geografa y Ordenacin del Territorio. (2) Geografa y Gestin Territorial. (3) Geografa. (4) Geografa y Medio Ambiente.
(5) Geografa, Ordenacin del Territorio y Gestin Ambiental.
Tabla 1. Asignaturas de Geografa de la Poblacin en las universidades espaolas y tipos de competencias.

Fuente: Elaboracin propia a partir de Guas docentes consultadas en las webs de las Universidades.
Un elemento ms a aadir es la falta de concordancia con la propuesta del Libro Blanco, de

manera que tan slo un 46 % de las guas usa de forma fiel una seleccin ms o menos
amplia de las competencias propuestas por el documento. Por tanto, su voluntad de servir
como referente al diseo de los planes de estudio no parece haber conseguido plenamente su
cometido.

Dejando de lado la dimensin ms formal, un segundo mbito a considerar consiste en una

valoracin que vaya ms all y profundice en qu competencias se incluyen y, sobre todo, con
qu finalidad, ya que esto nos permitir cumplir con el objetivo de esta aportacin. Desde un
punto de vista general, los resultados de la explotacin muestran que el tipo de
competencia ms frecuente son las Instrumentales, que suponen casi un 20 % del total de las
mencionadas. Si bien en segundo lugar se sitan las de tipo Acadmico (16%), cabe destacar
que la tercera posicin es ocupada por las de corte Profesional (15%). En cambio, las que
cuentan con una menor representacin son las de carcter Sistmico (8%).
En lo que se refiere a competencias concretas (figura 1), encontramos un reconocimiento de la
utilidad de la asignatura al servicio de la vertiente prctica y en la adquisicin de
determinadas competencias que tienen que ver con la transversalidad de la formacin tanto en
habilidades, destrezas, capacidades como conocimientos. Sin embargo, incluso en aquellas
competencias en las que hay mayor coincidencia, es decir, las que tienen que ver con el
manejo de informacin (capacidad de anlisis y sintesis, elaborar e interpretar informacin
estadistica, capacidad de gestin de la informacin u ordenar y sintetizar informacin) o
las que se basan en la relacin espacio-temporal (interrelacin de fenmenos a distintas
escalas territoriales o combinar las dimensiones temporal y espacial en la explicacin de los
procesos socioterritoriales), el nmero de guias docentes que las incluyen no superan la
mitad de los casos potenciales. La heterogeneidad es, por tanto, un hecho, lgico, en parte,
dada la diversidad de enfoques del contenido del nuevo Grado as como por las mltiples
posibilidades de distribucin interna de competencias entre distintas asignaturas. Sin
embargo, es tambin la mejor evidencia de la ausencia de un mnimo comn que, tal vez,
fuese deseable. Esta heterogeneidad ha sido tambin sealada por el informe de evaluacin de
las estructuras de los Grados en Geografa y OT realizado por la AGE (2016) que compara la
arquitectura de estos grados a nivel de mdulos, materias y asignaturas.
Capacidad de organizacin y planificacin
Explicar la diversidad de lugares, regiones y localizaciones

Instrumentales (4)
Conocer, comprender e interpretar el territorio
Profesionales (2)
Ordenar y sintetizar informacin Personales (2)
Otras generales (1)
Exposicin y transmisin de los conocimientos geogrficos Otras especficas (2)
Sistmicas (1)
Interrelacionar el medio fsico y ambiental con la esfera social
Acadmicas (4)
Capacidad de aplicar los conocimientos a la prctica
Combinar las dimensiones temporal y espacial
Trabajo en equipo
Capacidad de gestin de la informacin
Aprendizaje autnomo
Razonamiento crtico
Interrelacionar los fenmenos a distintas escalas territoriales
Elaborar e interpretar informacin estadstica
Capacidad de anlisis y sntesis
Comunicacin oral y escrita en la lengua nativa
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Nmero de asignaturas en las que se incluye
Figura 1: Competencias ms frecuentes citadas en las guas docentes de la asignatura Geografa de la Poblacin.
Fuente: Elaboracin propia a partir de Guas docentes consultadas en las webs de las Universidades

Finalmente, el tercer mbito sobre el que reflexionar se centra en la aportacin de esta

asignatura a las nuevas demandas que desde la sociedad recaen sobre la formacin
universitaria. Es bien sabido que los conocimientos tcnicos son necesarios para los
estudiantes actuales pero tambin lo son los valores y actitudes que habrn de propiciar un
uso responsable de aqullas y del espacio. Segn los perfiles formativos descritos, la docencia
universitaria debe perseguir la formacin integral y comprometida de los estudiantes
(Segrelles, 2001). En concreto, en relacin con la Geografa de la Poblacin, esta afirmacin
hace referencia a los numerosos problemas demogrficos y de las desigualdades sociales
existentes. Ello implica no slo la adquisicin de conocimientos o competencias de distinta
naturaleza, sino tambin insistir en la necesidad de transmitir actitudes y valores, en la lnea
de lograr una enseanza comprometida con el progreso, a la vez que contribuimos a elaborar
una tica social consensuada (Segrelles, 2001).
En la misma lnea, se hace necesario un mayor compromiso ante la realidad econmica, social
y cultural de nuestro entorno, por cuanto es importante desarrollar capacidades personales
encaminadas a la participacin en la construccin de la colectividad. Como se ha indicado, y
para que la Universidad no se confunda exclusivamente con una mera oficina de empleo, hay
que trabajar los valores y actitudes, formas de pensar y criterios para actuar ante los
problemas actuales, incluidos los de tipo demogrfico, que tambin contribuyen a enfrentarse
al reto del crecimiento intelectual continuo (Almoguera, 2015). Eso implica fomentar nuevas
actitudes, que proporcionarn formas alternativas de enfrentarse al reto del crecimiento
intelectual continuo.
En apartado anterior ya se indicaba que de los seis perfiles profesionales que reconoce el
Libro Blanco del Titulo de Geografia y O.T. es el de Anlisis territorial de la poblacin y
demografia, reconocido tambin por el Colegio de Gegrafos como uno de los campos de
trabajo de licenciados en Geografa (Mongil y Torroja, 2004). En este perfil, y como
caracteristica formativa, aparece la Demografia social, para la que se deberan trabajar
competencias que expliquen e interpreten el espacio desde el punto de vista social. Por ello, la
Geografa de la Poblacin y la Demografa se presentan como disciplinas transversales desde
las que analizar y explicar los principales problemas de ndole socio-territorial. El estudiante
no slo debe aprender a realizar un buen diagnstico de la realidad social y las alternativas
que existen a los problemas, sino tambin transmitir la conciencia crtica, por lo que las
actitudes ticas estn en la base y son imprescindibles para estas tareas.
Sin embargo, nicamente las competencias sensibilidad a la diversidad y el
reconocimiento de la diversidad y la multiculturalidad dan respuesta a esa necesidad. En
cambio, stas aparecen de forma muy minoritaria entre las competencias de las asignaturas
analizadas. A excepcin de estas dos competencias que abordan el tema de la diversidad, slo
el compromiso tico (en 7 Guias, el 26,9% de las 26 analizadas) y la sensibilidad a temas
ambientales (en 2 Guas, el 7,7%) recuerdan la importancia que tienen las cuestiones ticas y
de sensibilizacin de la poblacin, aunque sea de temas ambientales, en este caso, y no
relacionados con los demogrficos. Tengamos en cuenta que la competencia conocimiento
de otras culturas o costumbres no se ha considerado en ninguna Guia Docente. A pesar de
que, lgicamente, se ha podido optar por no tener en cuenta estas competencias o bien por
trabajarlas en otras asignaturas, parece que se desaprovecha la potencialidad de la asignatura
para el trabajo de dichas capacidades; sera deseable, por lo tanto, que aparecieran con ms
frecuencia competencias del tipo sensibilidad a la diversidad social, o formar en la
sensibilidad a los problemas o desigualdades sociales, o incluso en el compromiso tico
hacia poblaciones desfavorecidas.

Aunque suele tratarse de una situacin minoritaria, merece la pena una ltima reflexin en
relacin a la inclusin de competencias poco adecuadas para la asignatura Geografa de la
Poblacin. Esta afirmacin se fundamenta en tres argumentos. Una primera situacin
responde a la inclusin de competencias de gran complejidad, las cuales, en principio,
requieren de un mayor grado de madurez del estudiante y, por tanto, parece recomendable su
incorporacin en estadios ms avanzados de la formacin universitaria. Este es el caso de
competencias relacionadas con la gestin y toma de decisiones o aquellas que fomentan el
liderazgo y la iniciativa y espiritu emprendedor.
Una segunda situacin se constata en aquellas competencias que, pese a incluirse en la gua
docente de la asignatura, se apuntan como de difcil consecucin, ya que no se explicitan las
actividades formativas que se prevn para trabajarlas o bien para evaluarlas, es por ejemplo el
caso de Conocimiento de una lengua extranjera. La tercera situacin se adentra en un
terreno con lmites todava ms borrosos, si cabe, ya que hay asignaturas en las que no se sabe
si se desarrolla una determinada competencia por primera vez, si se se usan competencias ya
adquiridas en otras asignaturas previas, o se esbozan competencias que se trabajarn
posteriormente en otras asignaturas. Nos referimos por ejemplo a Expresar informacin
cartogrficamente. Este es una cuestin dificil de evaluar pero que explicara el exceso de
competencias en algunos de los casos analizados, al tratarse de aspectos que se usan durante
la asignatura, pero no competencias propias de la asignatura.
Para finalizar, slo destacar la gran heterogeneidad de competencias que aparecen en las
Guas Docentes, la diversidad de perspectivas abordadas, y la notable dispersin de
competencias en cuanto a la formacin que se pretende que alcancen los futuros gegrafos
respecto al estudio de la poblacin. Ante esto, quizs sera deseable la existencia de una base
competencial comn para asegurar la adquisicin de un mnimo de competencias por tipos.
5. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES FINALES

A pesar de la transcendencia otorgada a las competencias en toda la documentacin sobre el
EEES y la insistencia sobre la importancia de su correcto uso, la revisin de las competencias
que constan en las asignaturas de contenido geodemogrfico de los Grados en Geografa y
O.T. deja an un espacio de mejora hacia la convergencia y adaptacin a este nuevo enfoque
metodolgico. Esta afirmacin es evidente cuando se revisan las guas docentes y se observan
las disfunciones existentes de ndole diversa: excesivo nmero, redaccin ambigua, confusin
entre competencia y objetivos formativos o seleccin de las mismas competencias en la
asignatura introductoria de Geografa de la Poblacin, por ejemplo, de segundo curso y una
optativa de especializacin de ese mismo Grado.
Sin olvidar el intento de coordinacin que supuso la propuesta del Libro Blanco, la realidad
muestra ya no slo la gran diversidad de las competencias incluidas en las asignaturas
consultadas, sino tambin estilos de formulacin distintos de las mismas, que complican la
comparacin de asignaturas. Obviamente, no existe un corpus consensuado unnimemente
sobre cmo formular competencias y, de hecho, los responsables de la universidades
encargados de elaborar las memorias VERIFICA2 bebieron de diferentes modelos, con
2
VERIFICA es el programa de la Agencia Nacional de Evaluacin de la Calidad y Acreditacin (ANECA) que evala las
propuestas de los planes de estudios de ttulos diseados en consonancia con el EEES. Consta de un aplicativo a rellenar
con distintos campos como la justificacin de la titulacin, los objetivos, competencias o salidas profesionales, el plan de
estudios y otros indicadores de seguimiento de la titulacin.

frecuencia dirigidos desde los propios estamentos superiores de la Universidad. Todo ello en
un contexto de falta de experiencia de trabajo con competencias (al igual que de otros muchos
conceptos, como materia o mdulo, horas de trabajo dirigido o autnomo, evaluacin
continuada, uso de rbricas en la evaluacin, etc.) y de prisas por elaborar una memoria en los
cortos plazos estipulados por las universidades y el Ministerio para la aprobacin de nuevas
titulaciones, a menudo sin tiempo para una reflexin en profundidad.
En esta lnea, Florido y Jimnez (2012) apuntan que los errores que reducen las posibilidades
de xito de la reforma son la falta de coordinacin, las inercias que buscan mantener el statu
quo vigente hasta el momento, adems de la falta de financiacin y de aportacin de recursos
humanos. Igualmente, Bernal (2007) insiste en la importancia de contar con la voluntad clara
y convencida del profesorado para poder llevar a cabo con garantas una reforma de dicho
calado, factor no siempre tenido suficientemente en cuenta. Por todos estos motivos, cobra
sentido la necesidad de una revisin ms serena de la planificacin incluida en los
documentos VERIFICA, tanto ms ahora que se dispone de experiencia en el nuevo escenario
de la reforma universitaria.
Aunque el anlisis de las guas ha puesto de manifiesto la dispersin y diversidad de
competencias, tambin es cierto que un conjunto de guas docentes de la asignatura de
Geografa de la Poblacin presenta una base competencial similar, proporcionando algunos
puntos de encuentro que permitiran la construccin de una base comn. Es importante,
adems, poner el acento en el hecho de que esas coincidencias se producen con cierta
preferencia en competencias instrumentales y profesionales, es decir, en aquellas que enlazan
de forma ms directa con los nuevos preceptos de fomento de la vertiente ms aplicada y los
aspectos tcnicos, en este caso relativos al anlisis espacial de la poblacin y sus
implicaciones. Obviamente, es difcil obtener conclusiones definitivas exclusivamente a partir
del estudio de las competencias declaradas en las guas docentes sin profundizar en el temario,
en las estrategias didcticas para la adquisicin de las mismas, o en las evidencias para su
evaluacin. No obstante, s es posible este primer nivel de anlisis cuyo resultado, sin ser
definitivo, es bastante sintomtico de la situacin.
Hasta el momento, se ha logrado una cierta convergencia europea, basada en la estructura de
la formacin universitaria (Grado/Mster) y en el trabajo con el crdito europeo. Esta
convergencia estructural tambin se puede identificar a escala nacional, en parte por las
directrices marcadas por el Ministerio y en parte por la implicacin institucional de las
Universidades (Snchez y Zubillaga, 2005). Sin embargo, la convergencia se diluye cuando
aumenta el detalle de anlisis y, por ejemplo, nos fijamos en la concepcin de una misma
asignatura como el caso que hemos abordado.
Este diagnstico otorga sentido a los foros de discusin generados para abordar estos
aspectos, caso de la Mesa de docencia del Grupo de Poblacin de la AGE, la sesin sobre
Guas docentes de la asignatura Geografa Econmica que tuvo lugar en el marco de las VII
Jornadas del Grupo de Trabajo de Geografa Econmica de la AGE, celebradas en Santiago
de Compostela en Julio de 2016, o el artculo de Rodrguez Espinosa et al. (2016) titulado
Competencias en Tecnologias de la Informacin Geogrfica en los estudios universitarios:
reflexin y propuestas participativas, publicado en Cuadernos Geogrficos en 2016. La
experiencia tras los primeros aos de trabajo en el nuevo marco universitario, junto con el
dilogo conjunto de los actores involucrados en la renovacin docente (colectivo de
profesores, profesionales insertados en el mercado laboral y estudiantes), tiene que dar su
fruto y contribuir al continuado esfuerzo de mejora de la docencia universitaria, atenta al

nuevo perfil profesional de los gegrafos, a las demandas del mercado laboral, a las
necesidades de la sociedad y tambin al perfil cambiante del estudiante universitario del siglo
XXI (De Miguel y De Lzaro, 2016).
Finalmente, las ltimas consideraciones a realizar se centran en la necesidad de revisin del
propio Libro Blanco del Ttulo de Geografa y Ordenacin del Territorio, puesto que ya que
han pasado doce aos desde su redaccin y, adems, se cuenta ahora con el bagaje que ha
supuesto su aplicacin durante diversas promociones de estudiantes. Por tanto, ahora es
posible valorar la idoneidad de dicho listado al igual que sus posibles carencias. En este
sentido, es necesario sealar dos lneas de trabajo a considerar. En primer lugar, la existencia
de competencias de contenido muy parecido que tal vez sera conveniente simplificar y, en
segundo lugar, algunas capacidades que, pese a la gran lista de competencias indicada por el
Libro Blanco, no se explicitan como objetivos a desarrollar.
La lectura de las competencias recogidas en el Libro Blanco pone en evidencia que hay
competencias de contenido muy similar, al menos a partir de su redaccin, lo que pudiera
parecer repetitivo y generar dudas sobre los matices que incluye cada acepcin. Si bien las
diferencias se encuentran en el tipo de competencia de la que se trata (instrumental, personal,
sistmica, acadmica, disciplinar, profesional u otra), la frontera entre distintas propuestas
aparece como excesivamente borrosa. As sucede, por ejemplo, con Reconocimiento de la
diversidad y la multiculturalidad (general, personal), Sensibilidad de la diversidad
(general, otras competencias generales) o Conocimiento de otras culturas y costumbres
(general, sistmica), que se encargan de trabajar aspectos muy similares, o bien con
Capacidad de anlisis y sintesis (general, instrumental) u Ordenar y sintetizar
informacin (especifica, otras competencias especificas). En el caso de Motivacin por la
calidad (general, sistmica) y de Actitud sistemtica de cuidado y precisin en el trabajo
(general, otras competencias) o de Comunicacin oral y escrita en la lengua nativa
(general/instrumental) y Exposicin y transmisin de los conocimientos geogrficos
(especficas, otras competencias especificas) o de Sensibilidad por temas ambientales
(general, sistmica), Generar sensibilidad e inters por los temas territoriales y ambientales
(especfica, acadmica), de nuevo se incluyen contenidos que se solapan. Una revisin del
listado actual, avanzando hacia una propuesta de competencias ms reducida, de redaccin
inequvoca y eliminando solapamientos, simplificara y aclarara el mapa propuesto en el
pasado.
Un segundo aspecto a sealar debe hacer nfasis en los contenidos ausentes en la formulacin
de competencias incluidas en el Libro Blanco y que, a la vista de los anlisis realizados
recomendaramos se incluyeran en posteriores revisiones del mismo y en las actuales guas
docentes en materia de poblacin. Estas cuestiones se detallan a continuacin.
Sera conveniente la mencin explicita de la perspectiva social e integradora de la Geografa.
Si uno de los valores que se han reivindicado de la Geografa ha sido su capacidad
integradora, esta cuestin adquiere un papel especial en la definicin de la disciplina. Es
cierto que este espritu se recoge bien a travs de sinnimos (transversal, multidimensional...),
bien en la redaccin de competencias como Interrelacionar el medio fisico y ambiental con la
esfera social y humana o Relacionar y sintetizar informacin territorial transversal, entre
otras, sera recomendable, sin embargo, su alusin especfica.
Igualmente, parece apropiada la inclusin de competencias especficas relacionadas con
aspectos de gnero, derechos humanos, cultura de la paz, valores democrticos y
sostenibilidad. Al margen de la posible moda en el uso de estos trminos o de que sean

aspectos que puedan estar recogidos en concepciones ms amplias (diversidad, compromiso

tico, etc), son enfoques de suficiente calado como para recomendar su consideracin
especfica en la redaccin de competencias. De hecho, son numerosos los casos de Grados
donde incluyen motu proprio competencias en estos campos.
Otro de los aspectos que sorprenden es la presencia de competencias que ahondan en lo
medioambiental y, en cambio, la escasez del trmino social. De hecho, se explicita como
competencias sensibilidad por temas ambientales o generar sensibilidad e inters por los
temas territoriales y ambientales, pero no hay ninguna competencia de similar espritu en el
campo de lo social. En concreto, el concepto social aparece slo en la competencia
Interrelacionar el medio fisico y ambiental con la esfera social y humana, adems en la de
Geografia humana, econmica y social. Parece conveniente, por tanto, destacar la voluntad
de generar sensibilidad e inters por los temas sociales junto con los medioambientales.
Igualmente, sera conveniente la inclusin de competencias referidas al ciclo de trabajo de la
informacin que se inicia por la bsqueda y se termina con el anlisis y redaccin de
conclusiones, pasando por el tratamiento y visualizacin de resultados -lo que se conoce
actualmente como dataviz-. Si bien el espritu de estas capacidades aparece fragmentado en
diversas competencias, en varias guas docentes se reivindica como un todo integrado y se
redacta en forma de una nica competencia.
Estas competencias son en gran parte coincidentes con las que se sealan como habilidades
necesarias para desempear cualquier labor profesional en el siglo XXI: entre ellas aplicar un
pensamiento holstico, extraer conocimiento til de la informacin, ser analistas de datos y ser
capaces de transmitir los resultados adecuadamente mediante su expresin grfica y
cartogrfica (Enna, 2014).
Finalmente, siguiendo las recomendaciones europeas debemos abordar el objetivo de acercar
la educacin al mercado de trabajo, aproximando la experiencia del aprendizaje a la realidad
del entorno laboral. Esto implica la inclusin de competencias que se refieran al
emprendimiento, as como la bsqueda de alianzas entre educacin y empresas. Se trata de un
reto pendiente que debemos afrontar en los prximos aos y en el que las asignaturas de corte
geodemogrfico pueden contribuir de forma decidida.
6. BIBLIOGRAFA
AGE, 2016. Anlisis de la estructura de los planes de estudio de los Grados de Geografa
vigentes. [En lnea] Disponible en: <http://www.age-geografia.es/site/wp-
content/uploads/2014/12/Informe-sobre-la-Estructura-de-los-Grados-de-Geograf%C3%ADa.pdf>
[ltimo acceso 26 de abril de 2016]
Almoguera Sallent, P., 2015. La docencia de la Geografia en la Universidad Espaola.
Revisin critica de tareas y postulados. Espacio y Tiempo: Revista de Ciencias Humanas, 29,
pp. 9-24.
lvarez, V.; Garca, E.; Gil, J. y Romero, S., 2004. La enseanza universitaria. Planificacin
y desarrollo de la docencia, Madrid: EOS.
lvarez, V.; Garca, E.; Gil, J. y Romero, S., 2005. Guia para la planificacin y desarrollo de
la docencia en el rea de Humanidades, Madrid: EOS.

ANECA, 2004a. La integracin del Sistema Universitario Espaol en el espacio europeo de

Enseanza Superior. Madrid: Ministerio de Educacin, Cultura y Deporte. [En lnea]
Disponible en: <http://www.ub.edu/comint/pdi/docs/docmarcmecd.pdf> [ltimo acceso 22 de
noviembre de 2012]
ANECA, 2004b. Libro Blanco del Ttulo de Grado en Geografa y Ordenacin del Territorio.
Madrid: ANECA. [En lnea] Disponible en:
<www.aneca.es/media/150444/libroblanco_jun05_geografia.pdf> [ltimo acceso 26 de
septiembre de 20106
Bernal, J.L., 2007. Pautas para el diseo de una asignatura desde la perspectiva de los
ECTS. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza. [En lnea] Disponible en:
<http://www.unizar.es/eees/doc/pautas_ects.pdf > [18 de septiembre de 2015]
CES. 2015. Informe competencias profesionales y empleabilidad. Madrid: Consejo
Econmico y Social. Informe 03-2015. [En lnea] Disponible en:
<http://www.ces.es/documents/10180/2471861/Inf0315.pdf> [12 julio de 2016]
COMISIN EUROPEA, 2012. Un nuevo concepto de educacin: invertir en las
competencias para lograr mejores resultados socioeconmicos [COM(2012) 669 final].
De Cos, O.; Meer, . De y Reques, P., 2011. Formacin de gegrafos y aprendizaje basado en
competencias: balance de un plan de innovacin docente. Biblio 3W. Revista Bibliogrfica de
Geografa y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Barcelona, XVI, 920. [En lnea] Disponible
en: <http://www.ub.es/geocrit/b3w-920.htm> [14 junio de 2016]
De Cos, O. de y Reques, P., 2010. Espacio Europeo de Educacin Superior y Geografia: La
importancia de la formacin en competencias y empleabilidad. Boletn de la Asociacin de
Gegrafos Espaoles, 52, pp. 295-312.
De Miguel, M. (dir.), 2005. Modalidades de enseanza centradas en el desarrollo de
competencias. Orientaciones para promover el cambio metodolgico en el EEES. Madrid:
MEC/Universidad de Oviedo. [En lnea] Disponible en:
<http://www.uvic.es/sites/default/files/Ensenanza_para_competencias.PDF> [ltimo acceso 3
mayo de 2016]
De Miguel Gonzlez, R. y De Lzaro y Torres, M. L. 2016. Educating geographers in
Spain: geography teaching renewal by implementing the European Higher Education Area.
Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 4 (2), pp. 17.
Enna, Nicholas, 2014. 10 Skills The Workforce of the Future Will Need, The
Huffingtonpost 29 de Mayo de 2014. [En lnea] Disponible en
<http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nicholas-enna/workforce-of-the-
future_b_5412251.html?utm_hp_ref=tw> [ltimo acceso 17 de junio de 2016].
Escudero Escorza, T., 2016. Recordando Bolonia. Heraldo de Aragn, 07-03-2016, p. 21.
Esparcia Prez, J. y Snchez Aguilera, D., 2012. De la teoria a la prctica. El proceso de
diseo e implantacin de los grados de Geografia en las universidades espaolas. Boletn de
la Asociacin de Gegrafos Espaoles, 58, pp. 405-427.
Florido, C. y Jimnez, J.L., 2012. Cmo no adaptar una asignatura al EEES: Lecciones desde
la experiencia comparada en Espaa. e-pblica. Revista electrnica sobre la enseanza de
la Economa Pblica, 10, pp. 24-48. [En lnea] Disponible en: <http://e-publica.unizar.es//wp-
content/uploads/2015/09/103FLORIDO.pdf> [ltimo acceso 1 mayo de 2016]

Mongil, D. y Tarroja, A., 2004. Los perfiles profesionales de la Geografia Espaola en M

D. Garca Ramn et al., eds. La geografa espaola ante los retos de la sociedad actual.
Aportacin espaola al XXX Congreso de la Unin Geogrfica Internacional. Madrid:
Comit Espaol de la Unin Geogrfica Internacional, pp. 351-374.
Oliveros, L., 2006. Identificacin de competencias: una estrategia para la formacin en el
Espacio Europeo de Educacin Superior. Revista Complutense de Educacin, 17, 1, pp. 101-
118.
Oxford Economics, 2012. Global Talent 2021: How the New Geography of Talent Will
Transform Human Resource Strategies. London: Oxford Economics. [En lnea] Disponible
en: <https://www.oxfordeconomics.com/Media/Default/Thought%20Leadership/global-
talent-2021.pdf> [ltimo acceso 16 junio de 2016]
Pedregal, B.; Vallejo, I. y; Aguilar, M., 2012. Actualizacin curricular y docente mediante
talleres prcticos: la experiencia del taller de elaboracin de mapas de contaminacin
acstica, Serie geogrfica, 18, (Ejemplar dedicado a: Didctica de la Geografa), pp. 89-99.
Rodrguez Espinosa, V.; Aguado, I.; Aguilera, F.; Bosque Sendra, J.; Chuvieco, E.; Escobar,
F.; Gmez Delgado, M.; Salado, M Jess y Sala, J., 2016. Competencias en Tecnologias de
la Informacin Geogrfica (TIG) en los estudios universitarios: reflexin y propuesta
participativas. Cuadernos Geogrficos, 55, 1.
Snchez, P. y Zubillaga, A., 2005. Las universidades espaolas ante el proceso de
convergencia europeo: anlisis de las medidas institucionales y acciones de aplicacin y
coordinacin. Revista de Educacin, 37, pp. 169-187.
Segrelles, J. A., 2001. Hacia una enseanza comprometida y social de la Geografa en la
universidad. Terra Livre, 17 pp. 63-78.
Tuning Project., 2008. Tunning Educational Structures. Una introduccin a Tuning
Educational Structures in Europe La contribucin de las universidades al proceso de
Bolonia. Bilbao: Publicaciones Deusto. [En lnea] Disponible en: < http://www.deusto-
publicaciones.es/deusto/pdfs/tuning/tuning04.pdf> [2 diciembre de 2009]
Whalley, W., Saunders, A. Lewis, R.A., Buenemann, M. y Sutton, P.C., 2011. Curriculum
development: Producing geographers for the 21st century. Journal of Geography in Higher
Education, 35, 3, pp. 379-393.

$35(1',(1'2&21&$572*5$)$+,675,&$&,8'$'
+(5('$'$<75$16)250$&,185%$1$'(6(9,//$(1(/
3/$127232*5),&2'(2/$9,'(
0LJXHO*DUFtD0DUWtQ
$UVHQLR9LOODU/DPD
1
Departamento de Geografa Humana, Universidad de Sevilla
2
Departamento de Geografa Fsica y Anlisis Geogrfico Regional, Universidad de Sevilla
mgmartin@us.es; arsenio@us.es
5(680(1
)UHQWH D OD FUHFLHQWH SRSXODUL]DFLyQ GH OD FDUWRJUDItD HQ OtQHD FRQRFLGD HQ LQJOpV FRPR web mapping OD
FDUWRJUDItDKLVWyULFDWLHQHWRGDYtDXQDDSOLFDFLyQPX\UHOHYDQWHHQHOFDPSRGLGiFWLFRGHOD*HRJUDItD8UEDQD
/DSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFDDTXtSODQWHDGDVHEDVDHQHOXVRGHOSULPHUSODQRWRSRJUiILFRGHODFLXGDGGH6HYLOODGH
SODQR GH 2ODYLGH FRPR KHUUDPLHQWD GH UHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVHOHPHQWRV \ DWULEXWRVTXH FRQILJXUDQ OD
FLXGDGKHUHGDGD DVt FRPR GH LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH ORVSURFHVRV GH WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ \ UHIRUPD LQWHULRU GH ORVVLJORV
;,; \ ;; /D H[SHULHQFLD IDYRUHFH HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH OD FRPSOHMLGDG GHO HVSDFLR XUEDQR PHGLDQWH XQD
PHWRGRORJtD SDUWLFLSDWLYD HQ OD TXH HO DOXPQR HV HO SURWDJRQLVWD D WUDYpV GH OD FXULRVLGDG OD H[SORUDFLyQ \ OD
UHVROXFLyQGHLQFyJQLWDV
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
3DLVDMHXUEDQRFDUWRJUDItDKLVWyULFD6HYLOOD3ODQRGH2ODYLGHPDWHULDOGRFHQWH
,1752'8&&,1
*OREDO:HE,QGH[DQXQFLDEDHQTXHODDSOLFDFLyQSDUDGLVSRVLWLYRPyYLOPiVXWLOL]DGDHQ
HO PXQGR SUHVHQWH HQ FHUFD GH PLOORQHV GH smartphones D QLYHO JOREDO HUD *RRJOH
0DSV SUHVHQWH SRU WDQWR HQ XQ GH WRGRV ORV WHOpIRQRV SRU HQFLPD GH RWUDV FRPR
)DFHERRN<RXWXEHR7ZLWWHU0DUL/ODPDODDWHQFLyQTXHHQXQPXQGRFDGDYH]PiV
LQWHUFRQHFWDGR GRQGH ODV WHFQRORJtDV GLJLWDOHV HVWiQ FDGD YH] PiV SUHVHQWHV HQ FXDOTXLHU
HVIHUDFRWLGLDQDODKHUUDPLHQWDPiVXWLOL]DGDVHDGHDOJXQDPDQHUDXQPDSD6LELHQHQDxRV
SRVWHULRUHV HVWD DSOLFDFLyQ FDUWRJUiILFD KD SHUGLGR HO SULPHU SXHVWR QR KD SHUGLGR VX
VXSUHPDFtD 1LHOVHQ &RPSDQ\ 'H KHFKR PXFKDV GH ODV RWUDV DSOLFDFLRQHV TXH VH
VLW~DQFRPRODVPiVXWLOL]DGDVSUHVHQWDQGHDOJXQDPDQHUDXQDKHUUDPLHQWDJHRJUiILFD(VHO
FDVR GH SURGXFWRV FRPR ,QVWDJUDP )RXUVTXDUH R )OLFNU TXH UHFXUUHQ DO JHRHWLTXHWDGR
ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH HOHPHQWRV SXQWXDOHV JHRUUHIHUHQFLDGRV 6LQ FRQWDU DTXHOODV TXH LQFRUSRUDQ
GHIRUPDLQGLUHFWDVHUYLFLRVJHRJUiILFRVGHWHUFHURVSULQFLSDOPHQWHGHOWRGRSRGHURVR*RRJOH
0DSVRGH$SSOH0DSV
3RU RWUR ODGR ODV WHQGHQFLDV UHFLHQWHV HQ HVWD 6RFLHGDG GH OD ,QIRUPDFLyQ PXHVWUDQ TXH HO
ULWPRGHHYROXFLyQGHODVWHFQRORJtDVGLJLWDOHVVLJXHHQDXPHQWR(QFDVLXQGHORV
HVSDxROHVHQWUH\DxRVVHFRQHFWDQD,QWHUQHWFLIUDTXHVXEHKDVWDHOHQWUHORV
PiVMyYHQHVDxRV3HURODQRYHGDGFRQUHVSHFWRDDxRVDQWHULRUHVHVTXHSRUSULPHUD
YH] HV VXSHULRU OD FRQHFWLYLGDG PHGLDQWH DSDUDWRV PyYLOHV HV GHFLU HO XVR GH GLVSRVLWLYRV
FRPRHOsmartphone SDUDDFFHGHUD,QWHUQHW(Q(VSDxD(OGHORVLQWHUQDXWDV\DVH
M.Garca Martn, A.Villar Lama


FRQHFWDPHGLDQWHHVWRVWHOpIRQRVIUHQWHDXQTXHORKDFHFRQXQRUGHQDGRUSHUVRQDOVLQ
ROYLGDU HO VLJQLILFDWLYR GH LQWHUQDXWDV TXH DFFHGHQ PHGLDQWH WDEOHWDV GLJLWDOHV
)XQGDFLyQ7HOHIyQLFD
$VtODV7HFQRORJtDVGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFD7,*SRUVXVVLJODVVHKDQVLWXDGRHQXQ
OXJDUHVWUDWpJLFRHQHOHSLFHQWURGHWRGRHVWHSURFHVRGHSRSXODUL]DFLyQGHODFRQWHFLPLHQWR
GLJLWDO FDUDFWHUtVWLFR GH ODV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV HVSHFLDOPHQWH FXDQGR ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH
FRQHFWLYLGDG online ODV KDQ KHFKR WUHPHQGDPHQWH DFFHVLEOHV \ FRWLGLDQDV $VLVWLPRV HQ
SDODEUDV GH 0RUHQR -LPpQH] DO VXUJLPLHQWR GH OD VRFLHGDG GH OD JHRLQIRUPDFLyQ
FDUDFWHUL]DGD SRU OD "presencia masiva de datos geodigitales y de los medios electrnicos
para su obtencin, almacenamiento, distribucin y uso habitual por la sociedadS/D
SHQHWUDFLyQ TXH KR\ HQ GtD WLHQH *RRJOH 0DSV XQD 7HFQRORJtD GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD
SDUDODVPDVDVSRQHGHUHOLHYHHVWDLGHD
(VWDSUHVHQFLDFDGDYH]PiVFRQWXQGHQWHGHODV7,*HQFXDOTXLHUHVIHUDFRWLGLDQDVHKDYLVWR
WDPELpQ UHIOHMDGD HQ HO iPELWR GH OD HQVHxDQ]DGH OD *HRJUDItD TXH OD KD LGR LQFRUSRUDQGR
FRPRXQDQXHYDUHDOLGDGLQVWUXPHQWDOSDUDHODSUHQGL]DMHGHORVIXQGDPHQWRVFDUWRJUiILFRV
(VPiVKD\DXWRUHVTXHOOHJDQDHOHYDUHVWDVKHUUDPLHQWDVDODFDWHJRUtDGHQXHYRSDUDGLJPD
JHRJUiILFRXQDHPHUJHQWHFLHQWLILFLGDGJHRJUiILFDEDVDGDHQODV7,*&DSHO0RUHQR
-LPpQH] OR TXH FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH WDPELpQ DIHFWD D ORV SURFHVRV GH HQVHxDQ]D
DSUHQGL]DMHHQWRGRVORVQLYHOHVHGXFDWLYRV%X]R6iQFKH]
6LKDFHDOJXQRVDxRVVHSRGtDQGHWHFWDUVLJQLILFDWLYDVOLPLWDFLRQHVHQHOXVRGHODV7,*SDUDOD
GLGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDFRQHOWLHPSRHVRVKiQGLFDSVKDQSHUGLGRYDOLGH]R PiVELHQVH
KDQ YLVWR VXSHUDGRV 7UDGLFLRQDOPHQWH VH KDQ YHQLGR DOHJDQGR OLPLWDFLRQHV VREUH WRGR GH
tQGROHItVLFRSUHVXSXHVWDULDVHOHYDGRFRVWHGHORVHTXLSRVLQIRUPiWLFRV\GHOVRIWZDUHSDUD
VXLQVWDODFLyQHQDXODVIDOWDGHDFFHVRDPHGLRVLQIRUPiWLFRVHQORVKRJDUHVDVtFRPRODV
UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ OD IDOWD JHQHUDOL]DGD GH IRUPDFLyQ \ PDQHMR LQIRUPiWLFRV GH GRFHQWHV \
DOXPQRVGHELGRDOLQPDGXURJUDGRGHDOIDEHWL]DFLyQWHFQROyJLFD/i]DUR\7RUUHV*RQ]iOH]
*RQ]iOH]/XTXH5HYXHOWR%X]R6iQFKH]+R\GtDHODEDUDWDPLHQWRGH
PHGLRV\ODSRSXODUL]DFLyQGHODVKHUUDPLHQWDVKDQUHGXFLGRFRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWHHVWDVEUHFKDV
$XQ DVt SUHYDOHFHQ FLHUWDV OLPLWDFLRQHV GH FDUiFWHU FXUULFXODU HQ HVSHFLDO HQ ORV QLYHOHV
HGXFDWLYRV PHGLRV 6HFXQGDULD \ %DFKLOOHUDWR IUXWR GH XQD IDOWD GH FRPSURPLVR HQ ODV
SROtWLFDVHGXFDWLYDVSRUGDUIRUPDFRQFUHWDDOXVRGHORV6LVWHPDVGH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFD
WDQWR HQ HO FRQWHQLGR WHyULFR \ FRQFHSWXDO FRPR HQ VX DSOLFDFLyQ HQ OD SUiFWLFD GLGiFWLFD
%X]R6iQFKH]
6LQ HPEDUJR VRQ PHQRV FRQWXQGHQWHV ODV RSLQLRQHV FUtWLFDV FRQOD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH 7,*HQ HO
DXODHQUD]yQGHVXVOLPLWDFLRQHVLQKHUHQWHVDODSURSLDQDWXUDOH]DGHOGDWRJHRJUiILFRGLJLWDO
0iV DOOi GH VXV P~OWLSOHV SRVLELOLGDGHV SDUD HO DQiOLVLV HVSDFLDO VX SULQFLSDO DSOLFDFLyQ
SUiFWLFD VH UHGXFH D VHUYLU GH GLVSRVLWLYR FDUWRJUiILFR HV GHFLU D SURSRUFLRQDU PDSDV
GLJLWDOHV(VSHFLDOPHQWHHQHOFDVRGHSURJUDPDV\VHUYLFLRVGHXVRPX\JHQHUDOL]DGRFRPR
VXFHGH FRQ *RRJOH 0DSV *RRJOH (DUWK 2SHQ 6WUHHW 0DS HWF 7RGR HVWH FRQMXQWR GH
KHUUDPLHQWDV EDVDGDV HQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH VHUYLGRUHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD HQ OtQHD
GHYXHOYH SURGXFWRV FDUWRJUiILFRV DO XVXDULR TXH SXHGHQ FRPELQDUVH FRQ RWUDV KHUUDPLHQWDV
JHRPiWLFDV HQ SDUWLFXODU VL VH GLVSRQH GH VLVWHPDV GH SRVLFLRQDPLHQWR WLSR *36 R
WULDQJXODFLyQGHUHGHVGHWHOHIRQtDPyYLO6LQPHQRVSUHFLDUSDUWHGHVXSRWHQFLDOGLGiFWLFRHQ
WDQWRTXHPDSDVHVWDVDSOLFDFLRQHVDGROHFHQDQWHWRGRGHSREUH]DVHPiQWLFD(VWRVSURGXFWRV
FDUWRJUiILFRV HVWiQ GLVHxDGRV SDUD XQD LQWHUDFFLyQ UiSLGD \ PRPHQWiQHD FRQ HO HVSDFLR
JHRJUiILFRUHSUHVHQWDGR6RQPDSDVSDUDVHUvistosQRSDUDVHUledos /XTXH5HYXHOWR

>FLWDQGRD%HUWLQ\%HUQKDUGVHQ@8QDDGHFXDGDH[SUHVLyQFDUWRJUiILFDUHTXLHUH
GH HOHPHQWRV YLVXDOHV \ FyGLJRV VHPiQWLFRV TXH WUDGX]FDQ HQ OD PHGLGD GH OR SRVLEOH ODV
HVWUXFWXUDV ORV SURFHVRV KLVWyULFRV \ ODV GLQiPLFDV TXH VXE\DFHQ D WRGD IRUPD GH
RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR SDUWLFXODUPHQWH HQ iPELWRV WHUULWRULDOHV FRPSOHMRV H LQWHQVDPHQWH
WUDQVIRUPDGRVFRPRHVHOFDVRGHORVHVSDFLRVXUEDQRV6LQHPEDUJRHVWRVPDSDVonline QR
WUDWDQHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRFRPRXQWH[WRVXVFHSWLEOHGHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQVLQRFRPRXQPHUR
VRVWpQ GH HOHPHQWRV JHRUUHIHUHQFLDGRV GH LQWHUpV JHQHUDO WXUtVWLFR R HVSHFLDOPHQWH
FRPHUFLDO
/RV GRV PDSDV GH OD ILJXUD SXHGHQ LOXVWUDU D PRGR GH HMHPSOR HVWD UHIOH[LyQ $PERV
PXHVWUDQHOPLVPRiPELWRJHRJUiILFRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOFHQWURKLVWyULFRGH6HYLOODHQWUHHO
3DWLR GH ORV 1DUDQMRV GH OD &DWHGUDO \ OD SOD]D GH 6DQ )UDQFLVFR (O SULPHUR GH HOORV
L]TXLHUGDFRUUHVSRQGHDODDSOLFDFLyQ*RRJOH0DSVSDUDGLVSRVLWLYRVPyYLOHV(QHVWHFDVR
ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHO HVSDFLRXUEDQRHV PX\OLPLWDGDDEDVHGHYHFWRUHV\SROtJRQRVJULVHV
SDUD GLIHUHQFLDU YDJDPHQWH HO HVSDFLR OLEUH GH OD HGLILFDFLyQVLQ DSHQDV GLVWLQFLRQHV 6REUH
HVWD PDWUL] XUEDQD FDVL LQGLVWLQJXLEOH VH VLW~DQ ORV HOHPHQWRV GH LQWHUpV HQ OR HVHQFLDO
UHVWDXUDQWHVPRQXPHQWRV\RWURVOXJDUHVGHYRFDFLyQFRPHUFLDO/DGLILFXOWDGTXHPDQLILHVWD
HVWDDSOLFDFLyQFDUWRJUiILFDSDUDPRVWUDUHQXQPLVPRHVSDFLRXUEDQRODDOWHUQDQFLDGHFDOOHV
SHDWRQDOHVFDOOHVFRQWUiILFRFDOOHVPL[WDVSOD]DVDGDUYHVGHPXHVWUDHOSURSLRGHVLQWHUpV
SRU HQWHQGHU HO HVSDFLR XUEDQR FRPR XQ HVFHQDULR R XQ SDLVDMH (O PDSD GH OD GHUHFKD
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOD,QIUDHVWUXFWXUDGH'DWRV(VSDFLDOHV,'(GHO$\XQWDPLHQWRGH6HYLOODD
SHVDU GH FRQWDU FRQ VLJQLILFDWLYDV OLPLWDFLRQHV PXHVWUD XQ HVSDFLR XUEDQR PXFKR PiV
UHFRQRFLEOH$TXtVtVHOHSUHVWDDWHQFLyQDODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHDFHUDGR\FDO]DGDRDHOHPHQWRV
GHOSDLVDMHXUEDQRFRPRHODUERODGRODVIXHQWHVRHOSURSLRSDUFHODULRFRPRFRUUHVSRQGHD
XQPDSDFX\DPDWHULDSULPDSURFHGHGHOSODQHDPLHQWRXUEDQtVWLFRPXQLFLSDO
)LJXUD0DSDVonline*RRJOH0DSVL]TXLHUGDH,'(6HYLOODIHFKDGHODVFDSWXUDVMXQLRGH

5HFDSLWXODQGR OD HUD GLJLWDO KD VLWXDGR D ODV 7HFQRORJtDV GH OD ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD HQ
JHQHUDO \ OD FDUWRJUDItD online HQ SDUWLFXODU HQ HO HSLFHQWUR GHO SDUDGLJPD JHRJUiILFR HQ
JHQHUDO \ GH OD GLGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD HQ SDUWLFXODU +R\ HQ GtD OD GLVSRQLELOLGDG
LQPHGLDWD\sur place GHXQPDSDGLJLWDOHQXQWHOpIRQRPyYLOKDKHFKRGHODFDUWRJUDItDXQD
KHUUDPLHQWD SRSXODU DO VHUYLFLR GH ODV PDVDV FRPR QXQFD DQWHV 6LQ HPEDUJR HVWH KLWR KD
REYLDGR OD WUDGLFLRQDO FDSDFLGDG GHO PDSD SDUD WUDGXFLU OD FRPSOHMLGDG GHO HVSDFLR
JHRJUiILFR SDUD VHUYLU GH WH[WR FRQ HO TXH LQWHUSUHWDU ORV HOHPHQWRV \ DWULEXWRV TXH OR
FDUDFWHUL]DQ ,QPHGLDWH] JOREDOLGDG XELFXLGDG LQWHUFRQHFWLYLGDG VRQ ODV QXHYDV YLUWXGHV
GHODFDUWRJUDItDGHOVLJOR;;,DOSUHFLRGHVDFULILFDUODHORFXHQFLDODUHWyULFD\ODULTXH]D
VHPiQWLFD
(VHQHVWHHVWDGRGHODFXHVWLyQGRQGHVHVLW~DODSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFDGHHVWHWUDEDMR(OXVRGH
FDUWRJUDItDWUDGLFLRQDOWLHQHXQFDPSRGHDSOLFDFLyQVXVWDQFLDOHQORVHMHUFLFLRVGHDVLPLODFLyQ
\ GH LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH ODV GLQiPLFDV GHO HVSDFLR XUEDQR 3UHFLVDPHQWH OD LUUXSFLyQ GHO
IRUPDWR GLJLWDO OHMRV GH HUUDGLFDU ODV YLHMDV FROHFFLRQHV FDUWRJUiILFDV KLVWyULFDV ODV KD
UHVFDWDGR GHO FXVWRGLDGR DFFHVR HQ TXH YLYtDQ DOPDFHQDGDV JUDFLDV D VX GLJLWDOL]DFLyQ \ VX
SXEOLFDFLyQ online /D H[LVWHQFLD GH XQD FDUWRJUDItD KLVWyULFD GHWDOODGD GH ODV SULQFLSDOHV
FLXGDGHVDEDUFDQGRSHULRGRVGHYDULRVVLJORVVHDQWRMDFODYHHQVXDSOLFDFLyQGLGiFWLFDSDUD
HOHVWXGLRGHOD*HRJUDItD8UEDQD$VtHVWDSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFDUHFXUUHDOSODQRKLVWyULFRGH
OD FLXGDG GH 6HYLOOD GH SRSXODUPHQWH FRQRFLGR FRPR SODQR GH 2ODYLGH FRPR
KHUUDPLHQWD SDUD UHFRQRFHU ORV HOHPHQWRV \ DWULEXWRV TXH FRQILJXUDQ OD FLXGDG KHUHGDGD DVt
FRPRSDUDLQWHUSUHWDUORVSURFHVRVGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQKLVWyULFDGHORVVLJORV;,;\;;GHOD
FLXGDG SUHLQGXVWULDO D OD PHWUySROLV FRQWHPSRUiQHD 1R UHQXQFLD DO XVR GH ODV 7,* SRU
FXDQWR TXH OD DFWLYLGDG GLGiFWLFD XQ HMHUFLFLR SUiFWLFR GH FDPSR TXH VH UHDOL]D VREUH HO
WHUUHQR LQGXFH DO XVR FRPSOHPHQWDULR GH VLVWHPDV GH SRVLFLRQDPLHQWR \ JHRORFDOL]DFLyQ
*36RVLPLODUHV3HURODVXVWDQFLDGLGiFWLFDGHEDVHVLJXHVLHQGRXQPDSDHQSDSHODOIDEHWR
EiVLFRSDUDODOHFWXUDGHOOHQJXDMHFDUWRJUiILFR/XTXH5HYXHOWR
(/&(175285%$12'(6(9,//$<(/3/$12'(2/$9,'(&202(-(6
'(/$35238(67$','&7,&$
(OFHQWURXUEDQRHYROXFLyQKLVWyULFD\UHDOLGDGDFWXDO
(OiPELWRHVSDFLDOGRQGHVHOOHYDDFDERODSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFDVHFRUUHVSRQGHFRQHOFRUD]yQ
GHOVHFWRUPHULGLRQDOGHOFDVFRKLVWyULFRGH6HYLOODXQHVSDFLRGHFRQWRUQRVGLIXVRVHQWUHOD
&DWHGUDO DO VXU \ OD 3OD]D GHO 6DOYDGRU DO QRUWH (VWH iPELWR VH DUWLFXOD SRU PHGLR GH XQ
FRQMXQWR GH FDOOHV SULQFLSDOHV DYHQLGDV \ SOD]DV TXH FRQVWLWX\HQ HO centro VRFLDO \ PX\
SDUWLFXODUPHQWH SROtWLFR GH OD FLXGDG \ DXQ GH VX DJORPHUDFLyQ XUEDQD /D HYROXFLyQ
XUEDQtVWLFD GH HVWH HVSDFLR HV EXHQ UHIOHMR GHO GHVDUUROOR KLVWyULFR GH OD FLXGDG \ GH VXV
SREODGRUHV$VtGXUDQWHHOSHULRGRGHRFXSDFLyQURPDQDSDUWHGHHVWHiPELWRHVWDEDVLWXDGR
GHQWUR GHO SHUtPHWUR DPXUDOODGR TXHGDQGR RWUD SDUWH FRPR WHUUHQRV H[WUDPXURV
FRQGLFLRQDGRV SRU OD H[LVWHQFLD GH XQ DQWLJXR EUD]R GHO *XDGDOTXLYLU FRLQFLGLHQGR FRQ HO
WUD]DGRGHODVFDOOHV6LHUSHV\7HWXiQ/DVSURJUHVLYDVDPSOLDFLRQHVGHODOtQHDGH PXUDOOD
YDQ LQFRUSRUDQGR HVWH HVSDFLR D OD WUDPD XUEDQD TXH \D HQ SOHQR SHULRGR EDMRPHGLHYDO
SUHVHQWDDOJXQRVUDVJRVTXHVHUiQUHFRQRFLEOHVKDVWDODDFWXDOLGDG

'HIRUPDVLPLODUDORTXHVXFHGHFRQHOQXHYRSDUDGLJPDFRPXQLFDWLYRFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUORVFDUDFWHUHVGH7ZLWWHU

'XUDQWH ORV VLJORV SRVWHULRUHV VH FXOPLQDQ ORV SURFHVRV GH FROPDWDFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR
LQWUDPXURV GRQGH VH DOWHUQDQ XVRV UHVLGHQFLDOHV LQVWLWXFLRQHV UHOLJLRVDV IXQFLRQHV
DGPLQLVWUDWLYDV \ FRPHUFLDOHV HGLILFLRV FLYLOHV DOFDLFHUtDV PHUFDGRV \ RWURV
DSURYHFKDPLHQWRV FRPR ODV KXHUWDV 8Q PRPHQWR FRPR HVWH \ PiV SUHFLVDPHQWH HQWUH
PHGLDGRV \ ILQDOHV GHO VLJOR ;9,,, FXDQGR VH HODERUD HO SODQR GH 2ODYLGH VLUYH FRPR
HVFHQDULR WHPSRUDO GH SDUWLGD SDUD LQWHUSUHWDU ODV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV TXH VH SURGXFHQ HVWH
iPELWRGHVGHHQWRQFHV
(VWH VHFWRU XUEDQR KHUHGHUR GH OD WUDPD PHGLHYDO H[SHULPHQWD ORV FDPELRV SURSLRV GH ORV
VLJORV;,;\;;HQXQFRQWH[WRXUEDQtVWLFRGHUHIRUPD\HQVDQFKHLQWHULRU/DDSHUWXUDHQ
OD GpFDGD GH GH OD 3OD]D 1XHYD VREUH ORV WHUUHQRV GHO DQWLJXR &RQYHQWR GH 6DQ
)UDQFLVFRVXSRQHXQHSLVRGLRVLJQLILFDWLYRGHHVWHSHULRGR
$VtORVFDVLGRVFLHQWRVFLQFXHQWDDxRVTXHPHGLDQHQWUHODHODERUDFLyQGHOSODQRGH2ODYLGH
\ODDFWXDOLGDGHQFLHUUDQXQDULFDKLVWRULDTXHHQGHWHUPLQDGDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVVHSURORQJDHQ
HOWLHPSRDOJXQRVVLJORVDWUiV5HFRQRFHU\DSOLFDUHVWRVFRQRFLPLHQWRVKLVWyULFRVD\XGDDORV
DOXPQRVWDPELpQ DORVGRFHQWHVDH[WUDHUGHODSUiFWLFD WRGDVVXVSRVLELOLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDV
'DGRTXHHOOLPLWDGRDOFDQFHGHHVWDDSRUWDFLyQQRSHUPLWHHQWUDUHQXQSURIXQGRGHWDOOHGH
ORV SURFHVRV KLVWyULFRV \ JHRJUiILFRV TXH KDQ FRQILJXUDGR OD ILVRQRPtD GH HVWH iPELWR
EUHYHPHQWH VH VHxDODQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ DOJXQDV UHIHUHQFLDV TXH VLUYHQ SDUD FRQWH[WXDOL]DU
GLFKRV SURFHVRV 1R SUHWHQGH VHU XQD UHYLVLyQ H[KDXVWLYD GDGD OD SURIXVD OLWHUDWXUD DO
UHVSHFWR VLQR PiV ELHQ XQD RULHQWDFLyQ DO HVWXGLR 3RU XQ ODGR ODV REUDV \D FOiVLFDV GH
&ROODQWHVGH7HUDQ6iQFKH]HWDO\9LRTXHHWDODSRUWDQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHXQ
DQiOLVLVH[KDXVWLYRGHODVGLVWLQWDVFDOOHV\SOD]DVGH6HYLOODWDQVRORGHOFDVFRKLVWyULFRHQHO
VHJXQGRFDVR(VSHFLDOPHQWHLQWHUHVDQWHUHVXOWDUHSDVDUHORULJHQODHYROXFLyQODVIXQFLRQHV
\ODPRUIRORJtDGHORVSULQFLSDOHVHVSDFLRVDELHUWRVGHOiPELWRGHODSUiFWLFD$YHQLGDGHOD
&RQVWLWXFLyQ 3OD]D GH 6DQ )UDQFLVFR 3OD]D 1XHYD 3OD]D GHO 6DOYDGRU 3OD]D -HV~V GH OD
3DVLyQHWF
3RURWUDSDUWHPHUHFHODSHQDGHVWDFDUHOWUDEDMRGH*DUFtD*DUFtDVREUHHOVLVWHPDGH
HVSDFLRV OLEUHV GH 6HYLOOD TXH HVWXGLD ODV IXQFLRQHV XUEDQDV \ ORV FRPSRQHQWHV VRFLDOHV
FLYLOHV\XUEDQtVWLFRVGHSOD]DV\OXJDUHVS~EOLFRV+D\XQDSDUWDGRGHGLFDGRDOFRQMXQWRTXH
IRUPDQ OD 3OD]D 1XHYD \ OD 3OD]D GH 6DQ )UDQFLVFR 3RU ~OWLPR \ DXQTXH H[LVWHQ FRSLRVDV
ELRJUDItDVXUEDQDVVREUHODFLXGDGSXHGHVHULQWHUHVDQWHDERUGDUHOWUDEDMRGH*DUFtD%HUQDO
HW DO SRU FXDQWR GH VLQWpWLFR \ GLYXOJDWLYR WLHQH DO DERUGDU FRQ ULJRU WDQWR OD
HYROXFLyQKLVWyULFDGH6HYLOODFRPRODGHVXVGLVWLQWRVJUXSRVKXPDQRV
(OSODQRGH2ODYLGHXQLQVWUXPHQWRKDFLDOD0RGHUQLGDG
(OSODQRTXHDORODUJRGHHVWDVOtQHDVKHPRVYHQLGROODPDQGRGH2ODYLGH\TXHVXSRQHHO
UHFXUVR GLGiFWLFR FHQWUDO GH OD SURSXHVWD VH SXEOLFD HQ FRQVLGHUiQGRVH DVt HO SULPHU
SODQRPRGHUQRGHODFLXGDG6XGHQRPLQDFLyQH[DFWDHVPlano topogrphico de la M. N. y M.
L. ciudad de Sevilla5HSUHVHQWDODPDWHULDOL]DFLyQGHXQSUR\HFWRWpFQLFRSROtWLFRUHDOL]DGR
SRUHOLQJHQLHUR)UDQFLVFR0DQXHO&RHOKRSRUHQFDUJRGHOHQWRQFHVDVLVWHQWHGHODFLXGDGGH
6HYLOOD 3DEOR GH 2ODYLGH (VWH GRFXPHQWR FDUWRJUiILFR VH VLW~DWHPSRUDO \ FRQFHSWXDOPHQWH
HQHOWUiQVLWRHQWUHODVFRQFHSFLRQHVVLPEyOLFDVLQFOXVRHVWpWLFDVGHODVYLVWDV\JUDEDGRV GH

3RUPHQFLRQDUWDQVRORXQHMHPSORYpDVHODREUDFROHFWLYDHODERUDGDSRUGLVWLQWRVHVSHFLDOLVWDVHQFDGDSHULRGR
KLVWyULFRGLULJLGDSRU0RUDOHV3DGUyQ


FLXGDGHV SURSLDV GH ORV VLJORV DQWHULRUHV V ;9, \ ;9,, \ ORV OHYDQWDPLHQWRV WRSRJUiILFRV
FRQ LQWHQFLyQSROtWLFRDGPLQLVWUDWLYDGHO SRVWHULRU SHULRGR SOHQDPHQWH PRGHUQR (VSRU HOOR
TXHHVWHSODQRSUHVHQWDFLHUWDVOLPLWDFLRQHVWpFQLFDVGHULYDGDVGHXQPDQHMRD~QLQFLSLHQWHGH
ORVPpWRGRVWRSRJUiILFRV\DSHVDUGHHOORVXSRQHXQGRFXPHQWRFLHQWtILFRPX\YDOLRVRSDUD
FRQRFHU FRQ VXILFLHQWH ULJRU HO HVWDGR GH OD FXHVWLyQ XUEDQD $Vt WDO \ FRPR DSXQWD =RLGR
1DUDQMR HVWH SODQR HV HO UHIOHMR GHO PRPHQWR SUHYLR D ODV JUDQGHV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV
ItVLFDV \ VRFLDOHV GHULYDGDV GH OD UHYROXFLyQ LQGXVWULDO TXH UHTXHUtDQ XQD UHVSXHVWD WpFQLFR
FDUWRJUiILFD DO HMHUFLFLR GH RUGHQDFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR XUEDQR SURSLR GHO 8UEDQLVPR
GHFLPRQyQLFR
(O SODQR HVWi FRPSXHVWR SRU OD SURSLD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH OD FLXGDG R PHMRU GLFKR GHO
HVSDFLR LQWUDPXURV GH OD FLXGDG KHUHGDQGR DVt XQD FRQFHSFLyQ PHGLHYDO GH OD XUEH FRPR
WHUULWRULR DPXUDOODGR \ XQD OLVWD GH UHIHUHQFLDV WRSRQtPLFDV FRQ ORV SULQFLSDOHV HGLILFLRV
FLYLOHV\UHOLJLRVRVLGHQWLILFDGRVPHGLDQWHQ~PHURV/DVUHSURGXFFLRQHVDSDUWLUGHOJUDEDGR
RULJLQDOGLYLGtDQODFLXGDGHQFXDWURFXDGUDQWHV(QHVWDSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFDQRVHUHFXUUHD
WRGRHOSODQRVLQRDXQiUHDGHGHWDOOHTXHHQJOREDDPSOLDPHQWHHOiPELWRGHWUDEDMR6LELHQ
H[LVWHQ FRSLDV RULJLQDOHV \ GLJLWDOL]DGDV GHO SODQR HQ PXOWLWXG GH FDWiORJRV \ UHSRVLWRULRV
LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV OD UHSURGXFFLyQ TXH DTXt VH XWLOL]D SURFHGH FRQFUHWDPHQWH GH OD %LEOLRWHFD
'LJLWDO GH OD 5HDO $FDGHPLD GH OD +LVWRULD SRU OD VXILFLHQWH UHVROXFLyQ HVSDFLDO GHO
GRFXPHQWR $ HVWD FRSLD VH OH KDQ DSOLFDGR OHYHV FRUUHFFLRQHV GLJLWDOHV SDUD PHMRUDU HO
FRQWUDVWHGHODLPDJHQ/DILJXUDPXHVWUDHOiPELWRDSUR[LPDGRGHODSUiFWLFDWDQWRHQHO
SODQRGH2ODYLGHFRPRHQXQDFDUWRJUDItDDFWXDOGHOD,'(GHO$\XQWDPLHQWRGH6HYLOOD

)LJXUDPELWRDSUR[LPDGRGHODDFWLYLGDGUHIOHMDGRWDQWRHQHOPDSDGH2ODYLGHL]TXLHUGDFRPR

HQODFDUWRJUDItDDFWXDO,'(6HYLOOD2EVpUYHVHFRPRHQHOSODQRGH2ODYLGHHOQRUWHTXHGDDODL]TXLHUGD
FRQVHUYDQGRODRULHQWDFLyQSURSLDGHODVYLVWDVSDQRUiPLFDVGHORVVLJORVDQWHULRUHV

'LVSRQLEOHHQOtQHD
KWWSELEOLRWHFDGLJLWDOUDKHVGJEUDKHVFRQVXOWDUHVXOWDGRVBEXVTXHGDFPG"DXWRUBQXPFRQWURO PDWHULDBQXPFRQWURO LG
SUHVHQWDFLRQ PRVDLFR SRVLFLRQ IRUPD ILFKD

'(6$552//2'(/$$&7,9,'$'
(VWD SURSXHVWD GLGiFWLFD HVWi GLVHxDGD SDUD VX DSOLFDFLyQ HQ DTXHOODV HQVHxDQ]DV
XQLYHUVLWDULDV FX\RV SODQHV GH HVWXGLR LQFRUSRUHQ FRPSHWHQFLDV UHODWLYDV DO DSUHQGL]DMH GHO
HVSDFLR \ ODV GLQiPLFDV XUEDQDV 3RU HOOR QR HVWi OLPLWDGD HQ H[FOXVLYD D ODV FDUUHUDV GH
*HRJUDItDVLQRTXHWDPELpQWLHQHFDELGDHQRWUDVGLVFLSOLQDVDILQHVWDOHVFRPROD+LVWRULDOD
$UTXLWHFWXUDODV+XPDQLGDGHVODV&LHQFLDVGHOD(GXFDFLyQHWF$XQTXHQRVHKDSXHVWRHQ
SUiFWLFD HQ DOXPQRV SUHXQLYHUVLWDULRV QR VH GHVFDUWD VX XWLOLGDG HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D VHFXQGDULD
HVSHFLDOPHQWHHQODVPRGDOLGDGHVGH+XPDQLGDGHV\&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVGHO%DFKLOOHUDWR
/DSURJUDPDFLyQGHHVWDSURSXHVWDVHRUJDQL]DHQWUHVIDVHVXQDIDVHSUHYLDHQHODXODXQD
VHJXQGDIDVHTXHFRQVWLWX\HHOQ~FOHRFHQWUDOGHODSURSXHVWDEDVDGDHQXQDVDOLGDGHFDPSR
RUJDQL]DGDDSDUWLUGHXQFXDGHUQRGHFDPSR\XQDWHUFHUDIDVHGRQGHVHGLVFXWHQ\HYDO~DQ
ORVUHVXOWDGRV
(QODIDVHSUHYLDVHLQWURGXFHODDFWLYLGDGHQVt\VHWUDEDMDFRQHOiPELWRXUEDQRREMHWR
GH HVWXGLR HV GHFLU HO FHQWUR KLVWyULFR GH 6HYLOOD (Q HVWD SULPHUD IDVH HV IXQGDPHQWDO
WUDQVPLWLU XQD VHULHGH FRQRFLPLHQWRV KLVWyULFRV GH SDUWLGD SDUD OR FXDO SXHGHQ VHUYLU GH
RULHQWDFLyQODVLGHDV\VXVUHVSHFWLYDVUHIHUHQFLDVELEOLRJUiILFDVSODQWHDGDVHQHODQWHULRU
HStJUDIH$VLPLVPRVHSUHVHQWD HO FXDGHUQRGHFDPSR\VHUHSDVDQORVGLVWLQWRVHQWRUQRV
TXHYDQDFRPSRQHUHOUHFRUULGR(OIDFWRUVRUSUHVLYR\HOXVRLQWHQFLRQDGRGHLQFyJQLWDV
VH DQWRMD XQD EXHQD HVWUDWHJLD GH FDUD D GHVDUUROODU HQ ORV HVWXGLDQWHV XQD PRWLYDFLyQ
HVSHFLDOSDUDODSXHVWDHQSUiFWLFDGHODDFWLYLGDG
/DVHJXQGDIDVHFRQVLVWHHQXQDVDOLGDGHFDPSRDXWRGLULJLGDHVGHFLUTXHOOHYDQD
FDERORVDOXPQRVVLQODREOLJDWRULDSUHVHQFLDGHOGRFHQWH3DUDHOORXWLOL]DQHOFXDGHUQRGH
FDPSR KHUUDPLHQWD FHQWUDO GH OD DFWLYLGDG \ FRQWULEXFLyQ TXH MXVWLILFD HVWD DSRUWDFLyQ
TXH SRU PRWLYRV GH HVSDFLR \ IRUPDWR QR VH DGMXQWD SHUR TXH SXHGH FRQVXOWDUVH \
GHVFDUJDUVH HQ HO VLJXLHQWH HQODFH KWWSSHUVRQDOXVHVPJPDUWLQFYLWDHZS
FRQWHQWXSORDGVGRFV3UDFWLFD3ODQR2ODYLGHB&XDGHUQR'H&DPSRSGI! (O FXDGHUQR
HVWiFRPSXHVWRGHXQIUDJPHQWRHQGHWDOOHGHOPDSDGH2ODYLGHTXHFRPSUHQGHHOiPELWR
GH HVWXGLR \ FXDWUR DSDUWDGRV TXH VH FRUUHVSRQGHQ FRQ ORV FXDWUR WUDPRV HQ ORV TXH VH
SXHGHGLYLGLUHOUHFRUULGR(OHQWRUQRGHODFDOOH$OHPDQHV+HUQDQGR&ROyQHOHQWRUQRGH
ODV SOD]DV GHO 6DOYDGRU3OD]D -HV~V GH OD 3DVLyQ3OD]D GH OD 3HVFDGHUtD HO HQWRUQR GH OD
3OD]D GH 6DQ )UDQFLVFRFDOOH 6LHUSHV \ SRU ~OWLPR OD 3OD]D 1XHYD \ VXV DOUHGHGRUHV
LQPHGLDWRV (O FXDGHUQR LQFRUSRUD DO ILQDO XQ TXLQWR DSDUWDGR UHODWLYR D ORV QRPEUHV
DFWXDOHV \ DQWLJXRV GH ODV FDOOHV TXH VH WUDQVLWDQ SDUD TXH VH DSOLTXH GXUDQWH WRGR HO
UHFRUULGRGHODVDOLGD
&DGD DSDUWDGR VH RUJDQL]D PHGLDQWH SUHJXQWDV TXH VH GHEHQ LU UHVSRQGLHQGR D OR ODUJR GHO
UHFRUULGR (VWDV SUHJXQWDV UHTXLHUHQ HQ ORV HVWXGLDQWHV XQ HMHUFLFLR GH REVHUYDFLyQ \ GH
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODUHDOLGDGSUHVHQWHDVtFRPRGHOHVSDFLRXUEDQRSUHWpULWRUHSUHVHQWDGRHQHO
PDSD $Vt SRU XQ ODGR VH SXHGHQ SODQWHDU FXHVWLRQHV FRPSDUDWLYDV marca en el plano de
1771 las calles que a da de hoy han desaparecido 2WUDV SUHJXQWDV UHTXLHUHQ TXH ORV
DOXPQRVLGHQWLILTXHQWHVWLPRQLRVYLYRVTXHKDJDQUHIHUHQFLDDFLUFXQVWDQFLDVRDFWLYLGDGHV
SDVDGDVSODFDVD]XOHMRVFRQPHPRUDWLYRVQRPEUHGHFRPHUFLRVWUDGLFLRQDOHVHWF$OJXQDV
SUHJXQWDV HVWiQ WDPELpQ GLULJLGDV D UHFRQVWUXLU VREUH HO SODQR DQWLJXR OD WUDPD XUEDQD
SUHVHQWHdibuja en el plano de 1771 la localizacin actual de la Plaza Nueva, por entonces
inexistente3RU~OWLPRODE~VTXHGDGHORVQRPEUHVDQWLJXRVGHODVFDOOHV\DVHFRQVHUYHQR
QR VLUYH SDUD UHIOH[LRQDU VREUH ORV SRVLEOHV XVRV DOOt SUHVHQWHV \ SDUD GHWHFWDU SRVLEOHV
iPELWRVGHRUJDQL]DFLyQGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVJUHPLDOHV\GHODVIXQFLRQHVXUEDQDV

(Q FXDOTXLHU FDVR FRPR SXHGH FRPSUREDUVH GH OD REVHUYDFLyQ GHWHQLGD GHO FXDGHUQR GH
FDPSR HVWD SURSXHVWD HVWi HQIRFDGD D GHVDUUROODU HQ ORV DOXPQRV VX FDSDFLGDG GH
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ DXWyQRPD GH OD FRPSOHMD UHDOLGDG XUEDQD $Vt OH\HQGR ODV GRV UHDOLGDGHV
WHPSRUDOHV FRPR XQ WH[WR OD SDVDGD UHSUHVHQWDGD HQ XQ PDSD \ OD SUHVHQWH HQ HO SURSLR
SDLVDMH XUEDQR VH SXHGHQ LQIHULU ORV SURFHVRV TXH KDQ RUJDQL]DGR OD HYROXFLyQ KLVWyULFD GH
HVWDSDUWHGHODFLXGDG
8QD~OWLPDIDVHGHQXHYRHQHODXODVLUYHSDUDFRUUHJLUHOHMHUFLFLRXQDYH]TXHVHKD
OOHYDGR D OD SUiFWLFD DVt FRPR SDUD GLVFXWLU ORV UHVXOWDGRV \ SODQWHDU XQ GHEDWH DELHUWR
VREUHDTXHOODVFXHVWLRQHVTXHSXHGDQVHUREMHWRGHXQDGLVFXVLyQFRQVWUXFWLYD/OHJDGRVD
HVWHPRPHQWRWDPELpQSXHGHVHUGHXWLOLGDGDPSOLDUFLHUWRVFRQRFLPLHQWRVUHODWLYRVDORV
SURFHVRVGHHYROXFLyQGHHVWHVHFWRUGH6HYLOODGDGRTXHORVDOXPQRV\DKDQDGTXLULGRXQ
GRPLQLRPD\RUGHOiPELWR
(QVXPDHVWDSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFDVHRUJDQL]DHQWRUQRDXQDEUHYHVHVLyQWHyULFD\XQDVDOLGD
GHFDPSRDSOLFDGDFRQXQQLYHOGHDXWRQRPtDHOHYDGRSRUSDUWHGHODOXPQR(OPDWHULDOGH
WUDEDMRQRWLHQHSRUTXpUHGXFLUVHDOSURSLRFXDGHUQRGHFDPSRVLQRTXHSXHGHFRPSOHWDUVH
SUHFLVDPHQWH FRQ HO XVR GH 7,* FRPR VHUYLGRUHV GH PDSDV online R VLVWHPDV GH
SRVLFLRQDPLHQWR JOREDO *36 R VLPLODUHV SUHVHQWHV HQ FXDOTXLHU smartphone (VWDV
KHUUDPLHQWDVSHUPLWHQHQULTXHFHURFRPSOLFDUVHJ~QVHPLUHHOHMHUFLFLRSUiFWLFR
9$/25$&,1'(/$(;3(5,1&,$<&21&/86,21(6
7UDVYDULRVDxRVOOHYDQGRDODSUiFWLFDHVWDSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFDHVRSRUWXQRPHQFLRQDUFLHUWDV
DSUHFLDFLRQHVDPRGRGHEUHYHGLDJQyVWLFR3RUXQODGRHOGLVHxRGHHVWDDFWLYLGDGFRPRVLVH
WUDWDUDGHXQMXHJRGHLQFyJQLWDVTXHKD\TXHUHVROYHUD\XGDDGHVSHUWDUODPRWLYDFLyQHQWUH
ORV DOXPQRV $ VX YH] ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH WUDEDMDU HQ HTXLSR \ OD IOH[LELOLGDG HQ VX
HMHFXFLyQ DO WUDWDUVH GH XQD DFWLYLGDG IXHUD GHO DXOD \ GHO KRUDULR OHFWLYR WDPELpQ
FRQWULEX\HQ D VX DGHFXDGR IXQFLRQDPLHQWR 3RU RWUD SDUWH OD QHFHVLGDG GH FRPELQDU XQD
FDUWRJUDItD HQ FLHUWD PHGLGD REVROHWD FRPR HV HO SODQR GH 2ODYLGH GH FRQ PDSDV
online SDUDSRGHULGHQWLILFDUODVGLVWLQWDVORFDOL]DFLRQHVIDYRUHFHHOGHVDUUROORGHKDELOLGDGHV
SDUDODRULHQWDFLyQEDVDGDVHQHOHPHQWRVDEVWUDFWRVXQDFRPSHWHQFLDFRJQLWLYD\SVLFRORJLFR
HVSDFLDOGLItFLOGHGHVDUUROODU
3RU RWUR ODGR OD SRVWHULRU VHVLyQ GH HYDOXDFLyQ GH OD DFWLYLGDG \ GLVFXVLyQ GH UHVXOWDGRV
FRQGXFHHQRFDVLRQHVDGLVFXWLUVREUHORVQRPEUHVGHFDOOHV\SOD]DV\VXHYROXFLyQRUJiQLFD
DOFRPSiVGHSDUDGLJPDVLGHROyJLFRVORFDOHV$VtVHSRQH GH PDQLILHVWRTXH PXFKDV FDOOHV
GHOFHQWURGH6HYLOODKDQSHUGLGRXQWRSyQLPRTXHKDFtDUHIHUHQFLDDXVRVJUHPLRVRDWULEXWRV
SURSLRVGHHVHOXJDUSDUDGDUSDVRDXQQRPEUHDWULEXLGRVLQSUHVWDUDWHQFLyQDODQDWXUDOH]D
GH GLFKR HVSDFLR 6H XWLOL]DQ HVWDV QRPHQFODWXUDV SDUD UHQGLU KRPHQDMH D SHUVRQDMHV
UHOHYDQWHV R HSLVRGLRV VLQJXODUHV VLQ UHSDUDU HQ TXH VH HVWi IDYRUHFLHQGR XQ SURFHVR GH
SHUSHWXDFLyQGHXQDPHPRULDKLVWyULFDDFRVWDGHVDFULILFDURWUDODTXHSUHFLVDPHQWHGHILQHD
HVH HVSDFLR FRPR XQ OXJDU FRQ DWULEXWRV KLVWyULFRV $QWLJXDV FDOOHV FRPR 7LQWRUHV R
0DQWHURVKR\QRPEUDGDVGH-RDTXtQ*XLFKRW\*HQHUDO3RODYLHMDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHLOXVWUDQ
HVWHGREOHSURFHVRGHVXVWLWXFLyQGHXQDPHPRULDSRURWUD6LQFXHVWLRQDUHOPHUHFLGROXJDU
TXHDHVWDVSHUVRQDVOHVFRUUHVSRQGHHQHOLPDJLQDULRORFDOVHGHVYDQHFHODLGHQWLGDGGHHVWDV
FDOOHV FRPR OXJDUHV TXH XQD YH] DFRJLHURQ XQDV DFWLYLGDGHV DUWHVDQDOHV \ FRPHUFLDOHV
FRQFUHWDV

(QRWURRUGHQGHFRVDVFDEHPHQFLRQDUTXHHVWDDFWLYLGDGGLGiFWLFDHVVXVFHSWLEOHGHPHMRUD
LQFRUSRUDQGR DSRUWDFLRQHV TXH SXHGDQ KDFHU RWURV SURIHVRUHV WDPELpQ FRPR QR DOXPQRV
SRU PHGLR GH VXV H[SHULHQFLDV IXWXUDV $O HVWDU OLFHQFLDGR EDMR XQD QRUPD &UHDWLYH
&RPPRQV HVWH PDWHULDO GRFHQWH TXHGD EDMR HO GRPLQLR S~EOLFR SDUD TXH FXDOTXLHU SHUVRQD
SXHGD UHSURGXFLUOR \ PRGLILFDUOR FLWDQGR OD IXHQWH RULJLQDO (VWD ILORVRItD DELHUWD UHGXQGD
SRVLWLYDPHQWHHQVXPHMRUDSRUPHGLRGHObenchmarking \ODUHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQSRVLWLYDDOD
TXH WDPELpQ VH OD FRQRFH FRPR feedback DXQTXH OOHJDGRV D HVWH SXQWR FRQYLHQH QR DEXVDU
PXFKRPiVGHORVDQJOLFLVPRV\WHFQLFLVPRVHQOHQJXDH[WUDQMHUD
3RU ~OWLPR OD H[SHULHQFLD GLGiFWLFD TXH DTXt VH SUHVHQWD GHEH VHUYLU SDUD UHVSDOGDU HO
VLJQLILFDGR GH ODV FDUWRJUDItDV WUDGLFLRQDOHV 6L KDQ OOHJDGR KDVWD QXHVWURV GtDV HQ XQ
FRQVLGHUDEOHHVWDGRGHDFHSWDFLyQVLD~QGHFRUDQORVYHVWtEXORVGHHGLILFLRVGHYLYLHQGDV\GH
VHGHVGHRUJDQLVPRVS~EOLFRVDXQTXHDYHFHVVHDPiVSRUVXYDORUHVWpWLFR\VLPEyOLFRTXH
SRU VX XWLOLGDG SUiFWLFD HV TXH QR KD SHUGLGR YLJHQFLD 6LJXHQ VLHQGR XQD KHUUDPLHQWD ~WLO
SDUDFRQRFHU\UHFRQRFHUSURFHVRVGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQXUEDQDFDVLGRVVLJORV\PHGLRGHVSXpV
/RV QXHYRV SODQWHDPLHQWRV WpFQLFRV H LQVWUXPHQWDOHV DO FDORU GHO DFRQWHFLPLHQWR GLJLWDO QR
GHEHQ PHQRVSUHFLDU HO YDORU GLGiFWLFR \ D~Q SURIHVLRQDO GH ORV LQVWUXPHQWRV FDUWRJUiILFRV
WUDGLFLRQDOHV DTXt UHSUHVHQWDGRV SRU ORV PDSDV LPSUHVRV 0X\ DO FRQWUDULR HO QXHYR
SDUDGLJPDWpFQLFRFLHQWtILFRVREUHHOTXHVHVXVWHQWDQODVKHUUDPLHQWDV7,*\ODVDSOLFDFLRQHV
webmapping GHEHQ DSURYHFKDU HVWRV YLHMRV OHQJXDMHV VL TXLHUHQ FRQYHUWLUVH HQ SUHVHQWHV \
IXWXUDVVROXFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDVWDQWRGHQWURFRPRIXHUDGHOiPELWRGHODHQVHxDQ]D
%,%/,2*5$)$
%X]R 6iQFKH] , 3RVLELOLGDGHV \ OLPLWDFLRQHV GH ODV 7,& HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD
*HRJUDItDAr@cne, Revista electrnica de recursos en Internet sobre Geografa y Ciencias
Sociales >(Q OtQHD $FFHVR OLEUH@ %DUFHORQD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH %DUFHORQD Q DEULO GH
KWWSZZZXEHGXJHRFULWDUDFQHDUDFQHSGI!>OWLPRDFFHVR VHSWLHPEUH
@
&DSHO+*HRJUDItDHQUHGDFRPLHQ]RVGHOWHUFHUPLOHQLRSDUDXQDFLHQFLDVROLGDULD\
HQ FRODERUDFLyQ Scripta Nova >(Q OtQHD $FFHVR OLEUH@ %DUFHORQD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH
%DUFHORQD ;,9 Q GH IHEUHUR GH KWWSZZZXEHGXJHRFULWVQVQKWP!
&ROODQWHV GH 7HUiQ 6iQFKH] $ &UX] 9LOODOyQ - 5H\HV &DQR 5 \ 5RGUtJXH] %HFHUUD 6
GLUV Diccionario histrico de las calles de Sevilla 6HYLOOD &RQVHMHUtD GH 2EUDV
3~EOLFDV\7UDQVSRUWHV-XQWDGH$QGDOXFtD$\XQWDPLHQWRGH6HYLOOD
)XQGDFLyQ 7HOHIyQLFD La Sociedad de la Informacin en Espaa 2015 0DGULG
)XQGDFLyQ7HOHIyQLFD$ULHO
*DUFtD %HUQDO -- )HUQiQGH] $PDGRU )$ /DUD %HUPHMR $ 0HOHUR 2FKRD ) \ 5XHGD
5DPtUH]3-La ciudad y su gente. Historia urbana de Sevilla6HYLOOD(VFXHOD/LEUH
GH+LVWRULDGRUHV
*DUFtD *DUFtD $ La calle a escena. El sistema de espacio pblico de Sevilla y su
entorno metropolitano, retos y posibilidades6HYLOOD$\XQWDPLHQWRGH6HYLOOD
/i]DUR \ 7RUUHV 0/ \ *RQ]iOH] *RQ]iOH] 0- /D XWLOLGDG GH ORV 6LVWHPDV GH
,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDSDUDODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDDidctica GeogrficaSS


/XTXH 5HYXHOWR 50 (O XVR GH OD FDUWRJUDItD \ OD LPDJHQ GLJLWDO FRPR UHFXUVR
GLGiFWLFRHQODHQVHxDQ]DVHFXQGDULD$OJXQDVSUHFLVLRQHVHQWRUQRD*RRJOH(DUWKBoletn de
la Asociacin de Gegrafos EspaolesSS
0DUL 0 7RS JOREDO VPDUWSKRQH DSSV ZKRV LQ WKH WRS *OREDO :HE ,QGH[
5HFXSHUDGR GH ,QWHUQHW KWWSZZZJOREDOZHELQGH[QHWEORJWRSJOREDOVPDUWSKRQHDSSV!
0RUDOHV3DGUyQ)GLUHistoria de Sevilla6HYLOOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOOD
1LHOVHQ&RPSDQ\7RSVRI'LJLWDO5HFXSHUDGRGH,QWHUQHW
KWWSZZZQLHOVHQFRPXVHQLQVLJKWVQHZVWRSVRIGLJLWDOKWPO! >OWLPR
DFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
0RUHQR -LPpQH] $ (QWHQGLPLHQWR \ QDWXUDOH]D GH OD FLHQWLILFLGDG JHRWHFQROyJLFD
XQD DSUR[LPDFLyQ GHVGH HO SUDJPDWLVPR HSLVWHPROyJLFR Investigaciones Geogrficas
SS
0RUHQR-LPpQH]$6RFLHGDGGHODJHRLQIRUPDFLyQ\FRQGXFWDHVSDFLDOGHOFLXGDGDQR
FRPRQXHYRVGHVDItRVSDUDOD*HRJUDItDPolgonos, Revista de GeografaQSS
9LRTXH&XEHUR5/ySH]/ySH]1\9HUD5RGUtJXH],0Apuntes sobre el origen y
evolucin morfolgica de las plazas del casco histrico de Sevilla 6HYLOOD &RQVHMHUtD GH
2EUDV3~EOLFDV\7UDQVSRUWHV-XQWDGH$QGDOXFtD
=RLGR1DUDQMR)/DFLXGDG\VXLPDJHQFDUWRJUiILFDHQ&RUWpV-RVp-*DUFtD-DpQ
0- \ =RLGR 1DUDQMR ) Planos de Sevilla. Coleccin Histrica (1771-1918) 6HYLOOD
$\XQWDPLHQWRGH6HYLOODSS


/$23,1,1'(/26(678',$17(6'(0$*,67(5,262%5(/26
&217(1,'26'(*(2*5$)$(1('8&$&,135,0$5,$

VFDU-HUH]*DUFtD
-RQDWKDQ0RQWHUR3R]R
Facultad de Educacin de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
5(680(1
(OFXUVRVXSXVRODLPSODQWDFLyQGHOJUDGRHQPDHVWURHQ(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDHQYDULDVXQLYHUVLGDGHV
HVSDxRODV HQWUH HOODV OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD $ SDUWLU GH XQD HQFXHVWD GH HYDOXDFLyQ LQLFLDO
UHDOL]DGDDHVWXGLDQWHVGHFXUVRGHODWLWXODFLyQGH*UDGRHQ0DHVWURHQ(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDGHVGHHOFXUVR
DFDGpPLFR KDVWD HO VH KD HODERUDGR XQD HVWDGtVWLFD VREUH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV LQWHUHVHV
QHFHVLGDGHV \ SURSXHVWDV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH *HRJUDItD D LPSDUWLU HQ HO DXOD GH (GXFDFLyQ
3ULPDULD 6H KDQ XWLOL]DGR WpFQLFDV GH HYDOXDFLyQ GLDJQyVWLFD SDUD FRQWHVWDU D XQ FXHVWLRQDULR HQ HO TXH KDQ
SDUWLFLSDGRFDVLVHWHFLHQWRVHVWXGLDQWHVGHOJUDGRHQODPDWHULDGeografa y su didctica/RVUHVXOWDGRVSHUPLWHQ
HYDOXDUODRSLQLyQSUHYLDGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVDQWHVGHFXUVDUODDVLJQDWXUD

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDSUXHEDGHHYDOXDFLyQLQLFLDOIRUPDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGRHVWXGLDQWHVGHPDJLVWHULR

,1752'8&&,1
/RVHVWXGLDQWHVTXHFXUVDQHQODDFWXDOLGDGODWLWXODFLyQGHOJUDGRHQ0DHVWURHQ(GXFDFLyQ
3ULPDULD SXHGHQ SURFHGHU GH FXDOTXLHUD GH ODV WUHV PRGDOLGDGHV GHO EDFKLOOHUDWR VHJ~Q OD
/2( $UWHV &LHQFLDV \ 7HFQRORJtD \ +XPDQLGDGHV \ &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV SXHVWR TXH HO
FXUUtFXOR GH OD /20&( HQWUD HQ YLJRUHQ HOSUy[LPR FXUVR DFDGpPLFR \ D~QQR
KD\WLWXODGRVGHEDFKLOOHUDWRGHODDFWXDOOH\HGXFDWLYD'HODVWUHVPRGDOLGDGHVWDQVRORXQD
RIUHFH GH PDQHUD RSWDWLYD XQD DVLJQDWXUD GH *HRJUDItD OD PRGDOLGDG GH +XPDQLGDGHV \
&LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV /D HWDSD HGXFDWLYD SUHYLD DO DFFHVR D ORV HVWXGLRV XQLYHUVLWDULRV HO
EDFKLOOHUDWRVHRUJDQL]DUiHQPDWHULDVFRPXQHVPDWHULDVGHPRGDOLGDG\PDWHULDVRSWDWLYDV
/D*HRJUDItDWDQVRORVHRIHUWDHQXQDGHODVWUHVPRGDOLGDGHV\DGHPiVGHPDQHUDRSWDWLYD
3RUHVRODPD\RUtDGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVTXHDFFHGHQDOD8QLYHUVLGDGHVWXGLDURQ*HRJUDItDSRU
~OWLPD YH] HQ WHUFHU FXUVR GH OD (GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD 2EOLJDWRULD HQ OD DVLJQDWXUD GH
&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV*HRJUDItDH+LVWRULDTXHWDPELpQVHLPSDUWHHQFXDUWRFXUVRVLELHQDTXt
~QLFDPHQWHVHLQFOX\HQFRQWHQLGRVGH+LVWRULD\GHRWUDV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV/RPLVPRRFXUUH
FRQ OD /20&( SXHV DXQTXH OD GHQRPLQDFLyQ GH OD DVLJQDWXUD SUHVFLQGH GH ODV &LHQFLDV
6RFLDOHVVHOODPD*HRJUDItDH+LVWRULDORVFRQWHQLGRVGH*HRJUDItDVHLPSDUWHQSRU~OWLPD
YH]HQHOFXUVRWHUFHURGHOD(62'HHVWDIRUPDPXFKRVHVWXGLDQWHVGHPDJLVWHULRIXWXURV
PDHVWURV \ PDHVWUDV FRPLHQ]DQ VXV HVWXGLRV XQLYHUVLWDULRV FRQ XQ EDJDMH JHRJUiILFR
DFDGpPLFR DGTXLULGR KDVWD ORV DxRV GH HGDG SXHVWR TXH OD DVLJQDWXUD RSWDWLYD GH
VHJXQGR GH %DFKLOOHUDWR QR HV FXUVDGD SRU PXFKRV GH HOORV 'H HVWD IRUPD D SDUWLU GH ORV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV TXH SRVHHQ VREUH *HRJUDItD SUHWHQGHPRV FRQRFHU FXiOHV VRQ ORV LQWHUHVHV
QHFHVLGDGHV\SHUVSHFWLYDVTXHFRPRIXWXURVPDHVWURVWLHQHQVREUHHVWDGLVFLSOLQD
O.Jerez Garca, J.Montero Pozo

2%-(7,926
'XUDQWH YDULRV FXUVRV DFDGpPLFRV KHPRV FRPHQ]DGR QXHVWUD DVLJQDWXUD GH Geografa y su
didctica FRQ XQD SUXHED GH HYDOXDFLyQ LQLFLDO R GLDJQyVWLFD DSOLFDQGR FULWHULRV
PHWRGROyJLFRV GHO brainstorming R OOXYLD GH LGHDV FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH YDORUDU \ HYDOXDU
DOJXQRV FRQRFLPLHQWRV SUHYLRV VREUH OD *HRJUDItD \ VREUH VX GLGiFWLFD HQWUH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV
GHOJUDGR$GHPiVGHHYDOXDUORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVSUHYLRVWDPELpQVHKDQYDORUDGRFXHVWLRQHV
UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ OD PRWLYDFLyQ ORV LQWHUHVHV ODV QHFHVLGDGHV \ ODV SURSXHVWDV \ RSLQLRQHV
3DUDHOORVHKDGLVHxDGRXQPRGHORGHFXHVWLRQDULRTXHLQFOX\HYDULDVSUHJXQWDVGHODVFXDOHV
VHKDQVHOHFFLRQDGRFXDWURTXHUHVSRQGHQDORVVLJXLHQWHVREMHWLYRV
x &XDQWLILFDUHOQ~PHUR\HOSRUFHQWDMHGHHVWXGLDQWHVTXHKDQHVWXGLDGR*HRJUDItDHQ
VHJXQGRFXUVRGH%DFKLOOHUDWR
x &RQRFHUTXpWHPDV\FRQWHQLGRVGHOD*HRJUDItDVRQPiVDWUDFWLYRVLQWHUHVDQWHV\
PRWLYDGRUHVSDUDHODOXPQDGR
x 9DORUDUODVH[SHFWDWLYDVTXHORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHHVWHJUDGRWLHQHQVREUHODDVLJQDWXUDGH
*HRJUDItD\VXGLGiFWLFD
x 0RVWUDU TXp WLSR GH FRQWHQLGRV GH *HRJUDItD VRQ D MXLFLR GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV GH
PDJLVWHULR ORV TXH VH GHEHUtDQ LQFOXLU SULRULWDULDPHQWH HQ ORV FXUUtFXORV GH (GXFDFLyQ
3ULPDULD
0(72'2/2*$
&RQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH VDEHU TXp WLSR GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV VREUH *HRJUDItD KDQ DGTXLULGR ORV
HVWXGLDQWHVGHOJUDGRHQ0DHVWURHQ(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD\HQTXpFXUVRV\HWDSDVHGXFDWLYDV
GHVGH KDFH YDULRV DxRV VH KD GHVDUUROODGR XQD SUXHED GH HYDOXDFLyQ LQLFLDO TXH FRQVWD GH
YDULDV SUHJXQWDV $OJXQDV GH HVWDV FXHVWLRQHV KDQ LGR YDULDQGR GHVGH HO FXUVR DFDGpPLFR
KDVWDODDFWXDOLGDGSHURKD\XQEORTXHGHSUHJXQWDVLQYDULDEOHVTXHQRVSHUPLWHQ
FRQRFHU ORV LQWHUHVHV PRWLYDFLRQHV YRFDFLRQHV \ RSLQLRQHV GHORV HVWXGLDQWHV UHVSHFWR D OD
WLWXODFLyQTXHFXUVDQ\UHVSHFWRDODDVLJQDWXUDHVSHFtILFDGHOJUDGR(QWUHRWUDVSUHJXQWDVGH
FDUiFWHU JHQHUDO KDQ UHVSRQGLGR LQWHUURJDQWHV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD PRWLYDFLyQ TXH OHV KD
OOHYDGRDFXUVDUHVWDWLWXODFLyQTXpSURIHVLyQOHVJXVWDUtDHMHUFHUVLQRIXHVHQPDHVWURVTXp
H[SHFWDWLYDV WLHQHQ GH OD FDUUHUD \ GH OD DVLJQDWXUD R TXp DXWRUHV WpUPLQRV \ FRQFHSWRV
FRQRFHQGHXQDOLVWDTXHVHOHVVXPLQLVWUD-XQWRDHVWDVSUHJXQWDVGHFDUiFWHU PiVJOREDO\
JHQHUDOVHKDQLQFOXLGRRWUDVFXHVWLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQOD*HRJUDItD\FRQVXGLGiFWLFD/DV
SUHJXQWDV TXH GH PDQHUD YDULDEOH VH KDQ LQFOXLGR HQ HVWRV FXHVWLRQDULRV LQLFLDOHV VRQ ODV
VLJXLHQWHV
x 'HILQHFRQWXVSURSLDVSDODEUDVHOFRQFHSWRGH*HRJUDItD\GH'LGiFWLFD
x 4XpHQWLHQGHVSRUPHGLRSRUDPELHQWH\SRUPHGLRDPELHQWH"\SRUHQWRUQR"
x &UHHVTXHHVLPSRUWDQWHOD(GXFDFLyQ$PELHQWDOHQOD(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD"
x &XiOFUHHVTXHHVHOSULQFLSDOSUREOHPDDPELHQWDOGHWXHQWRUQR"SRUTXp"&LWD
DOJXQRVPiV
x +DVFXUVDGRHQDOJXQDDVLJQDWXUDDOJ~QWHPDUHODFLRQDGRFRQOD(GXFDFLyQ
$PELHQWDO"&LWDDOJXQRVFRQWHQLGRV


x 3RGUtDVFLWDUDOJXQDSiJLQD:HEFRQFRQWHQLGRVJHRJUiILFRV"\DOJ~QOLEURRSHOtFXOD
FRQORVTXHKD\DVDSUHQGLGR*HRJUDItD"
x (QQXHVWUDVRFLHGDGGHFRPLHQ]RVGHOVLJOR;;,TXpFRQWHQLGRVFRQVLGHUDVTXHGHEHQ
VHUWUDWDGRVSULRULWDULDPHQWHHQODHQVHxD]DDSUHQGL]DMHGHOD*HRJUDItD"
x 'HILQHEUHYHPHQWHHOSDLVDMH\ODFXOWXUDGHWXPXQLFLSLR
x 'LEXMDDPDQRDO]DGD\GHFDEH]DXQPDSDGHWXSURYLQFLDR&RPXQLGDG$XWyQRPD\
ORFDOL]DHQHOODHOPXQLFLSLRGRQGHUHVLGHV
x +DVFXUVDGRODPDWHULDRSWDWLYDGH*HRJUDItDHQGH%DFKLOOHUDWR"
x 4XpFRQWHQLGRVGHOD*HRJUDItDWHJXVWDPiV"
x 4XpHVSHUDVDSUHQGHUGHHVWDDVLJQDWXUD"
x 4XpFRQWHQLGRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQOD*HRJUDItDFUHHVTXHVHGHEHUtDQWUDWDUHQHODXODGH
(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD"3RUTXp"
'HHVWHHOHQFRKHPRVVHOHFFLRQDGRODVFXDWUR~OWLPDVSUHJXQWDVGHODVTXHVHKDQDQDOL]DGR
XQWRWDOGHUHVSXHVWDVSDUDFDGDXQDGHHOODVFRPSUHQGLGDVHQWUHORVFXUVRVDFDGpPLFRV
\
/DPXHVWUDDQDOL]DGDODLQWHJUDQSRUWDQWRFDVLVHWHFLHQWRVHVWXGLDQWHVGHO*UDGRHQ0DHVWUR
HQ (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD TXH KDQ FXUVDGR OD DVLJQDWXUD Ciencias Sociales I: Geografa y su
DidcticaGXUDQWH VHLV FXUVRV DFDGpPLFRV ORVFXHVWLRQDULRV GHO FXUVR QR VH KDQ
LQFOXLGRDOQRFRQVHUYDUVH7RGRVVRQHVWXGLDQWHVGHOFDPSXVGH&LXGDG5HDOGHOD)DFXOWDG
GH(GXFDFLyQSHUWHQHFLHQWHDOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD
3DUDUHFRSLODUODVUHVSXHVWDVVHKDDWHQGLGRHQSULPHUOXJDUDODWpFQLFDGHObrainstorming
(VWDV SUHJXQWDV VH KDQ UHDOL]DGR HO SULPHU GtD GH FODVH WUDV OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ SUHYLD GH OD
DVLJQDWXUD SHUR DQWHV GH OD H[SOLFDFLyQ GH OD JXtD GRFHQWH FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH TXH HVWD QR
LQIOX\HVHHQODVUHVSXHVWDVGHORVHVWXGLDQWHV$GHPiVVHKDXWLOL]DGRHOPpWRGRFRQRFLGRFRQ
ODV VLJODV .36, Knowledge and Prior Study Inventory DSOLFDQGR XQD PHWRGRORJtD GH
HYDOXDFLyQLQLFLDOWDPELpQGHQRPLQDGDGLDJQyVWLFDTXHGHVFULELUHPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ

&217(;78$/,=$&,17(5,&$/$358(%$'((9$/8$&,1,1,&,$/
3DUDFRPHQ]DUFRQQXHVWURHVWXGLRWXYLPRVTXHGRFXPHQWDUQRVSUHYLDPHQWHVREUHFXiOHVVRQ
ODVWpFQLFDVPiVHILFDFHV\SUHFLVDVSDUDFRQVHJXLUQXHVWURVUHVXOWDGRVGHXQDIRUPDFODUD\
SUHFLVD 8QD YH] GHFLGLGR TXH ORV FXHVWLRQDULRV LEDQ D VHU UHDOL]DGRV SRU ORV HVWXGLDQWHV DO
FRPLHQ]RGHOFXUVRDFDGpPLFRHOQ~PHURGHPpWRGRVSRVLEOHVDXWLOL]DUVHFRQFUHWDQHQORV
VLJXLHQWHV brainstorming, KPSI y evaluacin inicial o diagnstica $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ
GHVFULELUHPRV FDGD XQR GH HVWRV WUHV PpWRGRV EUHYHPHQWH SDUD FRQRFHU VXV SULQFLSDOHV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV\ORTXHSUHWHQGHPRVHVWXGLDURFRQRFHUFRQHOORV

%UDLQVWRUPLQJ
/DSULPHUDGHODVWpFQLFDVTXHWXYLPRVHQFXHQWDSDUDOOHYDUDFDERQXHVWURVFXHVWLRQDULRVIXH
HO EUDLQVWRUPLQJ WDPELpQ GHQRPLQDGR OOXYLD GH LGHDV HQ HVSDxRO &RQ HVWH PpWRGR
SUHWHQGHPRVFDSWXUDUODVLGHDVORPiVUiSLGRSRVLEOH(OREMHWLYRSULQFLSDOSRUORWDQWRHVOD
JHQHUDFLyQGHLGHDVVREUHXQDVSHFWRHQFRQFUHWR1RYD0LQG6XFUHDGRUIXH$OH[


2VERUQ TXLHQ OOHYDED XWLOL]DQGR HVWD UXWLQD HQ VX WUDEDMR GHVGH ORV DxRV WUHLQWD GHO SDVDGR
VLJOR ;; (O GHVDUUROOR GH GLFKD WpFQLFD IXH GHVFULWR HQ XQD SXEOLFDFLyQ HQ HO DxR
OODPDGDApplied Imagination, FX\DWUDGXFFLyQDOHVSDxROIXHImaginacin Aplicada
(QHVWHGRFXPHQWRHODXWRUQRVLQGLFDODVFXDWURUHJODVEiVLFDVTXHGHEHPRVVHJXLUSDUDTXH
HOEUDLQVWRUPLQJVHOOHYHDFDERFRUUHFWDPHQWH\REWHQJDPRVORVUHVXOWDGRVGHVHDGRV6RQODV
VLJXLHQWHV
x 6XVSHQGHU HO MXLFLR FXDQGR ODV LGHDV FRPLHQ]DQ D VXUJLU QR SRGHPRV UHDOL]DU QLQJ~Q
FRPHQWDULR FUtWLFR 7RGDV ODV LGHDV WLHQHQ TXH VHU DQRWDGDV \D TXH OD HYDOXDFLyQ GH ODV
PLVPDVVHKDUiDOILQDO
x /LEHUWDG GH H[SUHVLyQ WRGDV ODV LGHDV VRQ LPSRUWDQWHV LQFOXVR DTXHOODV TXH SRGHPRV
SHQVDU TXH VRQ LPSRVLEOHV R GLVSDUDWDGDV +D\ TXH SHUPLWLU TXH VH SLHQVH IXHUD GH ORV
OtPLWHVGHORQRUPDORKDELWXDO
x ,PSRUWDQFLD GH OD FDQWLGDG HV IXQGDPHQWDO JHQHUDU XQ JUDQ Q~PHUR GH LGHDV \D TXH
FXDQWDV PiV WHQJDPRV PiV IiFLO VHUi HVFRJHU HQWUH HOODV /DV SULPHUDV LGHDV VLHPSUH
VXHOHQVHUODVPiVREYLDV\PHQRVFUHDWLYDVSRUORTXHDOWHQHUXQJUDQQ~PHURSRGUHPRV
HVFRJHU\FRPELQDUODVGHXQDPDQHUDPiVFUHDWLYD
x (IHFWRPXOWLSOLFDGRUXQDYH]TXHWRGRVORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVFRQRFHQODVLGHDVSURSXHVWDV
SRUORVGHPiVHVEDVWDQWHLQWHUHVDQWH\FRQVWUXFWLYRTXHHOORVPLVPRVSURSRQJDQFDPELRV
HQHVDVRWUDVLGHDV3XHGHQVXJHULUVLPSOHPHQWHXQDPHMRUDGHHVDLGHDRDJUXSDUGRVLGHDV
HQXQDSDUDFRQYHULUODHQDOJRPHMRU2VERUQ

.QRZOHGJHDQG3ULRU6WXG\,QYHQWRU\.36,
(OVHJXQGRGHORVPpWRGRVTXHWXYLPRVHQFXHQWDDODKRUDGHHODERUDUQXHVWURVFXHVWLRQDULRV
IXH HO GHQRPLQDGR FRQ OD VLJODV .36, .QRZOHGJH DQG 3ULRU 6WXG\ ,QYHQWRU\ &UHDGR SRU
<RXQJ \ 7DPLU HQ HV XQ IRUPXODULR TXH SHUPLWH UHDOL]DU OD DXWRHYDOXDFLyQ GHO
DOXPQDGRGHXQDIRUPDPX\VHQFLOOD(VWDWpFQLFDSUHWHQGHTXHORVHVWXGLDQWHVVHGHQFXHQWD
SRUHOORVPLVPRVTXpFRQRFHQDOFRPLHQ]RGHXQWHPDFXUVRRDVLJQDWXUD(OIRUPXODULRGHEH
UHDOL]DUVH HQ GRV PRPHQWRV VRODPHQWH DQWHV GH FRPHQ]DU FRQ OD H[SOLFDFLyQ GH ORV
FRQWHQLGRV\DOILQDOGHODPLVPD'HHVWDIRUPDORVHVWXGLDQWHVVDEUiQTXpFRVDVQXHYDVKDQ
DSUHQGLGR HQ HO WUDQVFXUVR GH ODV H[SOLFDFLRQHV \ TXp FRQRFLPLHQWRV FUHtDQ FRUUHFWRV SHUR
HUDQHUUyQHRV
/DVPLVPDVFXHVWLRQHVVRQSODQWHDGDVDQWHV\DOILQDOGHODH[SOLFDFLyQYLHQGRFyPRYDUtDQ
FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWHODVUHVSXHVWDV\HOFRQRFLPLHQWRTXHWHQtDQORVHVWXGLDQWHVHQFDGDXQDGH
HOODV (V SRU OR WDQWR XQD KHUUDPLHQWD DGHFXDGD \ ELHQ DGDSWDGD SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH ODV
FRPSHWHQFLDVHQQXHVWURDOXPDQGR<RXQJ\7DPLU

(YDOXDFLyQLQLFLDORGLDJQyVWLFD
2WUDPHWRGRORJtDFRPSOHPHQWDULDHQODTXHQRVEDVDPRVSDUDUHDOL]DUQXHVWURVFXHVWLRQDULRV
IXHODHYDOXDFLyQLQLFLDOWDPELpQOODPDGDGLDJQyVWLFD(VWDWpFQLFDQRVGDODRSRUWXQLGDGGH
FRQRFHUORVVDEHUHVSUHYLRVGHQXHVWURDOXPQDGRVREUHORVFRQWHQLGRVRGLVFLSOLQDTXHVHDGH
QXHVWURLQWHUpV/RVREMHWLYRVTXHSUHWHQGHPRVDOFDQ]DUHVWiQ PX\UHODFLRQDGRVFRQODVGRV
WpFQLFDVDQWHULRUHVSRUHMHPSOR


x ,GHQWLILFDUORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVDQWHVGHFRPHQ]DUFRQHOGHVDUUROORGH
XQWHPD
x &RPSUREDUFXiOHVVRQVXVGHVWUH]DVDOLQLFLRGHXQDH[SOLFDFLyQ
x $SOLFDUGLVWLQWDVWpFQLFDVSDUDHYDOXDUTXpVDEHQORVHVWXGLDQWHV\FyPRVDEHQDSOLFDUOR
,1($

&217(;78$/,=$&,1 $&$'e0,&$ /$ ','&7,&$ '( /$ *(2*5$)$
(1 /26 (678',26 '( *5$'2 (1 0$(6752 (1 ('8&$&,1 35,0$5,$ (1
/$81,9(56,'$''(&$67,//$/$0$1&+$

(VWUXFWXUDGHODVHQVHxDQ]DVGHO*UDGRHQ0DHVWURHQ(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD
/DPDWHULDGeografa y su didctica FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHFRQODDVLJQDWXUDCiencias Sociales I:
Geografa y su didcticaIRUPDSDUWHGHOSODQGHHVWXGLRVGH*UDGRHQ0DHVWURHQ(GXFDFLyQ
3ULPDULD SRU OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD (VWH SODQ GH HVWXGLRV VH GLVWULEX\H
DWHQGLHQGRDOWLSRGHPDWHULDHQWUHVJUDQGHVGLYLVLRQHVPRGXODUHVODSULPHUDGHQRPLQDGD
Formacin Generalista LQFOX\H ORV VLJXLHQWHV PyGXORV Formacin Bsica FUpGLWRV
Mdulo Didctico y Disciplinar FUpGLWRV\Prcticas FUpGLWRVVXPDQGRSRUWDQWR
XQWRWDOGHFUpGLWRVHOVHJXQGRGHQRPLQDGRMencin CualificadoraLQFOX\HFUpGLWRV
GH PDWHULDV RSWDWLYDV PiV FUpGLWRV GH XQD PDWHULD GH Formacin Didctico-Prctica
vinculada a la mencin VXPDQGR HVWD VHJXQGD GLYLVLyQ PRGXODU XQ WRWDO GH FUpGLWRV OD
WHUFHUD VH GHQRPLQD Trabajo Fin de Grado GH FUpGLWRV (Q FRQMXQWR ORV WUHV JUDQGHV
PyGXORVVXPDQORVFUpGLWRVTXHLQWHJUDQHVWDWLWXODFLyQXQLYHUVLWDULD
1XHVWUDPDWHULDVHLQFOX\HGHQWURGHODVHJXQGDGLYLVLyQPRGXODUHQHOPyGXORdidctico y
disciplinarHOFXDODVXYH]VHVXEGLYLGHHQRWURVVHLV PyGXORVEnseanza-aprendizaje de
las Ciencias Experimentales; Enseanza-aprendizaje de las Ciencias Sociales; Enseanza-
aprendizaje de las Matemticas; Enseanza-aprendizaje de Lenguas; Enseanza-aprendizaje
de Educacin Fsica y Educacin Musical, Plstica y Visual /D PDWHULD GHQRPLQDGD
Geografa y su didctica VH LQWHJUD HQ HO PyGXOR Enseanza/aprendizaje de las Ciencias
Sociales

5.2. /DPDWHULDHQHOFRQWH[WRGHOPyGXOREnseanza y Aprendizaje de las Ciencias
Sociales
(OPyGXORTXHOOHYDSRUWtWXORenseanza y aprendizaje de las Ciencias Sociales FRQVWDGHXQ
WRWDO GH FUpGLWRV HV GH FDUiFWHU REOLJDWRULR \ VH LPSDUWH GXUDQWH HO VHJXQGR FXUVR
VHPHVWUHV \ \ HO FXDUWR FXUVR VHPHVWUH (VWH PyGXOR IRUPD SDUWH GHQWUR GH OD
HVWUXFWXUD PRGXODUGH OD)RUPDFLyQ*HQHUDOLVWDGLYLVLyQ PRGXODU \VHXELFD GHQWURGH
HOODHQHOPyGXOR'LGiFWLFR\'LVFLSOLQDUGLYLVLyQPRGXODU
(OPyGXORVHGLYLGHHQWUHVPDWHULDVHQWHQGLGDVHVWDVFRPRODXQLGDGDFDGpPLFDTXHLQFOX\H
XQD R YDULDV DVLJQDWXUDV TXH SXHGHQ FRQFHELUVH GH PDQHUD LQWHJUDGD SRU DVLJQDWXUD VH
HQWLHQGHODXQLGDGDGPLQLVWUDWLYDGHPDWUtFXOD/DVPDWHULDVGHOPyGXORVRQ*HRJUDItD\VX
'LGiFWLFD &UpGLWRV +LVWRULD \ VX 'LGiFWLFD &UpGLWRV \ 'LGiFWLFD GHO 0HGLR 6RFLDO \
&XOWXUDOFUpGLWRV

/DPDWHULD*HRJUDItD\VX'LGiFWLFD
'DWRVJHQHUDOHVGHODPDWHULD
/D PDWHULD Geografa y su Didctica DVLJQDWXUD Ciencias Sociales I: Geografa y su
Didctica VH LQFOX\H WDO \ FRPR VH KD H[SXHVWR HQ HO PyGXOR Enseanza y
aprendizaje de ciencias sociales TXH FRPSDUWH FRQ RWUDV GRV PDWHULDV Historia y su
DidcticaGHFUpGLWRV\Didctica del Medio Social y CulturalGHFUpGLWRV
1XHVWUDPDWHULDFRQVWDGHFUpGLWRV\VHLPSDUWHHQHOFXUVRGHODWLWXODFLyQGH*UDGRGH
0DHVWURHQ(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDHQHOSULPHUVHPHVWUHGHGLFKRFXUVR
1R VH HVWDEOHFH QLQJ~Q UHTXLVLWR SUHYLR SDUD FXUVDU HVWD PDWHULD DXQTXH WDO \ FRPR VH
FRQWHPSOD HQ OD PHPRULD GHO SODQ GH HVWXGLRV GHEH SUHFHGHU HQ HO WLHPSR D ODV RWUDV GRV
PDWHULDVGHOPyGXOR(VWDMXQWRFRQODPDWHULDGHHistoria y su DidcticaVHFHQWUDVHJ~Q
GLFKD PHPRULD IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH HQ HO HVWXGLR GH OD FLHQFLD UHIHUHQWH HQ HVWH FDVR OD
*HRJUDItDDVtFRPRHQVXPDQLIHVWDFLyQFXUULFXODU
(VWD PDWHULD TXH WDPELpQ DSDUHFH HQ ORV RWURV WUHV FDPSXV TXHRIHUWDQ HVWD WLWXODFLyQHQ OD
8&/0 VH LPSDUWH HQ FDGD XQR GH ORV JUXSRV HQ ORV TXH VH KD GLYLGLGR D ORV DOXPQRV GH
(GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD OR FXDO LPSOLFD TXH GHEH VHU DVXPLGD SRU PiV GH XQ SURIHVRUD \
FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH TXH H[LVWD XQ DOWR QLYHO GH FRRUGLQDFLyQ HQWUH HO SURIHVRUDGR TXH OD
LPSDUWD 'H LJXDO PDQHUD WDPELpQ GHEHGH H[LVWLUXQHOHYDGRJUDGRGH FRRUGLQDFLyQ FRQ HO
SURIHVRUDGRTXHLPSDUWDODVRWUDVGRVPDWHULDVGHOPyGXORDOLJXDOTXHRFXUUHDXQTXHDRWUD
HVFDODFRQHOUHVWRGHSURIHVRUHVGHODWLWXODFLyQSDUDORFXDOH[LVWHXQFRRUGLQDGRUGHJUDGR
\ RWUR GH FXUVR 3RU RWUD SDUWH HO GHSDUWDPHQWR TXH DVXPH \ RUJDQL]D OD GRFHQFLD GH HVWD
PDWHULDHVHOGH*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR
-XVWLILFDFLyQHQHOSODQGHHVWXGLRVUHODFLyQFRQRWUDVPDWHULDV\FRQOD
SURIHVLyQ
(VWDDVLJQDWXUDFRQWULEX\HDODIRUPDFLyQLQLFLDOGHO0DHVWURHQ(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD$XQTXH
HQODDFWXDOLGDGHVWDPDWHULDVHYLQFXODFRQHOiUHDGHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV
HQ(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDVHJ~QHOFXUUtFXORYLJHQWHGHOD/20&(Real Decreto 126/2014, de
28 de febrero, por el que se establece el currculo bsico de la Educacin PrimariaGXUDQWH
HOSHULRGRHQHOTXHKHPRVHODERUDGRVORVFXHVWLRQDULRVVHKDUHODFLRQDGRFRQHO
iUHDGHConocimiento del Medio Natural, Social y Cultural TXHVHUHFRJHHQHOReal Decreto
1513/2006, de 7 de diciembre, por el que se establecen las enseanzas mnimas de la
Educacin Primaria \HQel Decreto 68/2007, de 29 de mayo de 2007, por el que se establece
y ordena el currculo de la Educacin Primaria en la Comunidad Autnoma de Castilla-La
Mancha $GHPiV GH HVWD MXVWLILFDFLyQ TXH VH UHODFLRQD FRQ OD SULPHUD GH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV
JHQHUDOHVSURSLDVGHORVWtWXORVGH*UDGXDGRHQ0DHVWURHQ(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDConocer las
reas curriculares de la Educacin Primaria, la relacin interdisciplinar entre ellas, los
criterios de evaluacin y el cuerpo de conocimientos didcticos en torno a los procedimientos
de enseanza y aprendizaje respectivos HVWD PDWHULD FRQWULEX\H D OD IRUPDFLyQ GHO IXWXUR
JUDGXDGR QR VROR HQ VX ODERU SURIHVLRQDO FRPR PDHVWUR VLQR WDPELpQ HQ RWUDV D ODV TXH HO
WtWXORFDSDFLWDHGXFDGRUDPELHQWDOPRQLWRUGHRFLR\WLHPSROLEUHPRQLWRUGHDFWLYLGDGHVHQ
OD QDWXUDOH]D JXtD WXUtVWLFR DQLPDGRU VRFLRFXOWXUDO WpFQLFR HQ DFWLYLGDGHV H[WUDHVFRODUHV
WpFQLFRHQJDELQHWHVSHGDJyJLFRVGHPXVHRVWpFQLFRVHQPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQHPSUHVDV
PXOWLPHGLD\GHQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDVHGLWRULDOHVGHPDWHULDOHVGLGiFWLFRVHWF3RURWUDSDUWH\

FRPR\DVHH[SXVRHVWDPDWHULDVHUHODFLRQDHVWUHFKDPHQWHFRQODVRWUDVGRVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQ
HOPyGXORHistoria y su Didctica \Didctica del Medio Social y Cultural
5.3.3. /RVFRQWHQLGRVGHODPDWHULDGeografa y su Didctica

/RV FRQWHQLGRV GH OD PDWHULD WUDWDQ GH DSRUWDU ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV EiVLFRV GH *HRJUDItD TXH
GHEH WHQHU XQ DOXPQR XQLYHUVLWDULR /RV FRQWHQLGRV TXH VH SUHWHQGHQ GHVDUUROODU HQ HVWD
PDWHULDSDUDDOFDQ]DUORVREMHWLYRV\FRPSHWHQFLDVSODQWHDGRVHQODWLWXODFLyQVHDJUXSDQHQ
EORTXHV \ VH RUJDQL]DQ HQ XQ WRWDO GH WHPDV 6LJXLHQGR OD SURSXHVWD GH OD PHPRULD GHO
WtWXOR GH *UDGR HQ 0DHVWUR HQ (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD VH KDQ UHVSHWDGR ORV FXDWUR EORTXHV GH
FRQWHQLGRVConcepto y mtodo de la Geografa; el currculo de Geografa en la Educacin
Primaria; Geografa Fsica y Geografa Humana 1R REVWDQWH KHPRV DxDGLGR RWUR PiV HQ
UHODFLyQ FRQ OD GHQRPLQDFLyQ GH OD PDWHULD SXHV DO WUDWDUVH GH XQD GLGiFWLFD HVSHFtILFD
FRQVLGHUDPRV TXH GHEHQ GH WUDWDUVH FLHUWDV FXHVWLRQHV UHODFLRQDGDV SUHFLVDPHQWH FRQ OD
GLGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDDXQTXHODFLHQFLDUHIHUHQWHRFXSHODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVFRQWHQLGRV
WDO\FRPRGLFWDODFLWDGD PHPRULD3RUHVRKHPRVLQFOXLGRXQTXLQWREORTXHGHFRQWHQLGRV
TXH DXQTXH VHUi REMHWR GH GHVDUUROOR \ SURIXQGL]DFLyQ HQ OD WHUFHUD PDWHULD GHO PyGXOR
'LGiFWLFDGHO0HGLR6RFLDO\&XOWXUDOFUHHPRVTXHHVQHFHVDULDDOPHQRVXQDLQWURGXFFLyQ
WHyULFD\VREUHWRGRSUiFWLFDUHODFLRQDGDFRQODGLGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHH[SRQHQORVFLQFREORTXHVFRQVXVUHVSHFWLYRVWHPDV
x %/248( , &RQFHSWR \ PpWRGR GH OD *HRJUDItD (VWH SULPHU EORTXH GHO SURJUDPD VH
RFXSD GH DVSHFWRV WHyULFRV GH OD *HRJUDItD DERUGDQGR FXHVWLRQHV HSLVWHPROyJLFDV \
PHWRGROyJLFDV 6X FRQWHQLGR OR FRQVLGHUDPRV LPSRUWDQWH SRU FXDQWR VXSRQH SRU VX
XELFDFLyQ FURQROyJLFD OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ GH ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV \ GHQWUR GH HOOD OD
*HRJUDItD FRPR GLVFLSOLQD GRFHQWH \ FRPR GLVFLSOLQD FLHQWtILFD 'HO PLVPR PRGR HV
FRQYHQLHQWH WHQHU PX\ SUHVHQWH OD UHODFLyQ TXH GHEH KDEHU HQWUH WHRUtD \ SUiFWLFD HQ OD
HGXFDFLyQ GH ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV (Q HVWH EORTXH VH KDQ LQFOXLGR GRV WHPDV 7HPD
&LHQFLD\&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV&RQFHSWRHYROXFLyQ\HSLVWHPRORJtD\7HPD/D*HRJUDItD
FRPRFLHQFLDGHOPHGLR
x %/248( ,, /D FLHQFLD UHIHUHQWH *HRJUDItD )tVLFD (O VHJXQGR EORTXH SUHWHQGH
FRPSUHQGHU HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH HVWH VLVWHPD VXEVLVWHPD GHO PHGLR QDWXUDO \ VX
FRQWULEXFLyQHQODIRUPDFLyQGHOPDHVWURHQVXODERUSURIHVLRQDOWDQWRHQiPELWRVIRUPDOHV
LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV FRPR QR IRUPDOHV HGXFDFLyQ DPELHQWDO LQWpUSUHWH GH UHDV 3URWHJLGDV
PRQLWRUGHDFWLYLGDGHVHQODQDWXUDOH]DHWF6XHVWXGLRVHUHDOL]DUiHQVHLVWHPDV 7HPD
(OUHOLHYH7HPD(OFOLPD7HPD/DVDJXDV7HPD/DYHJHWDFLyQ7HPD/D
IDXQD\7HPD/DVUHDV3URWHJLGDV
x %/248(,,,/DFLHQFLDUHIHUHQWH*HRJUDItD+XPDQD(OWHUFHUEORTXHGHODDVLJQDWXUD
SUHWHQGHVHUYLUGHLQWURGXFFLyQDOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODUHDOLGDGWHUULWRULDODFWXDODWUDYpVGHO
HVWXGLR GH OD VRFLHGDG \ GH ORV SDLVDMHV WUDQVIRUPDGRV SRU HO KRPEUH 0HGLDQWH HO
FRQRFLPLHQWR GH OD SREODFLyQ HVWUXFWXUD FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GLVWULEXFLyQ HWF \ GH VXV
DFWLYLGDGHVDJULFXOWXUDJDQDGHUtDSHVFDLQGXVWULDVHUYLFLRVHWF&RQHOORVHOOHJDDOD
GHILQLFLyQGHORVSDLVDMHVKXPDQL]DGRV7RGRHOORHVWXGLDGRHQFLQFRJUDQGHVWHPDV7HPD
/D SREODFLyQ 7HPD /D FLXGDG \ ORV VLVWHPDV XUEDQRV 7HPD (O PHGLR UXUDO
7HPD/DVDFWLYLGDGHVLQGXVWULDOHV\WHUFLDULDVHQHOWHUULWRULR\7HPD(O3DWULPRQLR
&XOWXUDO

x %/248( ,9 (O FXUUtFXOR GH *HRJUDItD HQ HO iUHD GH &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV (Q HO FXDUWR
EORTXH VH WUDWD GHO iPELWR IRUPDO GH OD HVFXHOD \ VXV UHWRV SDUD HO VLJOR ;;, WHQLHQGR
FRPRUHIHUHQFLDHOPDUFROHJLVODWLYRHQHOTXHVHGHVDUUROODHVWDiUHDGHFRQRFLPLHQWR(VWH
EORTXHHVWi~QLFDPHQWHIRUPDGRSRUXQWHPDSXHVWRTXHVHHVWXGLDUiFRQPD\RUGHWDOOHHQ
FXUVRVVXSHULRUHV(OWHPDHQFXHVWLyQHVHO7HPD(OPDUFRFXUULFXODU/D*HRJUDItD
HQHOiUHDGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVHOFXUUtFXORGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD
x %/248( 9 0pWRGRV WpFQLFDV UHFXUVRV \ PDWHULDOHV GLGiFWLFRV HQ HO SURFHVR GH
HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH GH OD *HRJUDItD (VWH ~OWLPR EORTXH DERUGD OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH
FLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\HGXFDFLyQFRQORVUHWRVTXHODJOREDOL]DFLyQWUDHFRQVLJR/DVFLHQFLDV
VRFLDOHV\FRQHOODVOD*HRJUDItDHQODVRFLHGDGGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\ODVWHFQRORJtDVGHOD
LQIRUPDFLyQ \ GH OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ 7,& KDQ VXIULGR SURIXQGDV LQQRYDFLRQHV \ KDQ VLGR
LQIOXHQFLDGDV SRU ODV 7,& 'H DTXt OD QHFHVLGDG GH VX WRPD HQ FRQVLGHUDFLyQ HQ OD
HGXFDFLyQTXHHVODSDUWHFHQWUDOGHHVWHQ~FOHRWHPiWLFR(VWiFRQVWLWXLGRSRUWUHVWHPDV
7HPD 0pWRGRV GLGiFWLFRV 7HPD (VWUDWHJLDV GLGiFWLFDV \ 7HPD 5HFXUVRV \
PDWHULDOHV GLGiFWLFRV SDUD OD HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH GH OD *HRJUDItD -HUH] *DUFtD HW DO

&217(;78$/,=$&,1 &855,&8/$5 '( /$ *(2*5$)$ $35(1','$ $

/$*(2*5$)$48(6(+$'((16(f$5
(OEDJDMHJHRJUiILFRHVFRODUFRQHOTXHORVHVWXGLDQWHVDFFHGHQDORVHVWXGLRVXQLYHUVLWDULRV
KD VLGR DGTXLULGR HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D EiVLFD \ HQ HO EDFKLOOHUDWR (Q OD HGXFDFLyQ EiVLFD TXH
FRPSUHQGH ODV HWDSDV GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD \ (GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD 2EOLJDWRULD ORV
FRQWHQLGRV GH *HRJUDItD VH KDQ LQFOXLGR HQ HO iUHD GH &RQRFLPLHQWR GHO 0HGLR 1DWXUDO
6RFLDO\&XOWXUDOKDVWDOD/20&(\GH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVDSDUWLUGHHVWD/H\HGXFDWLYDHQ
(GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD (Q OD (62 VH KDQ LQWHJUDGR HVWRV FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV HQ ODV
DVLJQDWXUDV GH &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV *HRJUDItD H +LVWRULD KDVWD OD /20&( \ GH *HRJUDItD H
+LVWRULDVLQODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVDSDUWLUGHHQWRQFHV'HPDQHUDREOLJDWRULDOD*HRJUDItD
VH LPSDUWH SRU ~OWLPD YH] HQ HO WHUFHU FXUVR GH OD (62 SXHV HQ FXDUWR ~QLFDPHQWH VH
LQFOX\HQFRQWHQLGRVGH+LVWRULD6LQHPEDUJRDOJXQRVHVWXGLDQWHVTXHDFFHGHQDORVJUDGRV
GHPDJLVWHULRKDQFXUVDGRODPDWHULDRSWDWLYDGH*HRJUDItDHQVHJXQGRGH%DFKLOOHUDWRSRUOR
TXHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVTXHWLHQHQGHHVWDGLVFLSOLQDVRQPiVFRPSOHWRV'HHVWDIRUPDSXHVWR
TXH HO FXUUtFXOR GH GH %DFKLOOHUDWR QR HQWUD HQ YLJRU KDVWD HO FXUVR ORV
HVWXGLDQWHV HQFXHVWDGRV HQWUH \ TXH KDQ FXUVDGR HVWD DVLJQDWXUD RSWDWLYD GH
*HRJUDItDVHKDQUHJLGRSRUHOFXUUtFXORGHOD/2(R.D. 1467/2007, de 2 de noviembre, por
el que se establece la estructura del bachillerato y se fijan sus enseanzas mnimas). /RV
FRQWHQLGRVGH*HRJUDItDTXHKDQHVWXGLDGRVHDJUXSDQHQHOFXUUtFXORHQFLQFREORTXHV(O
SULPHUR HVWDEOHFH XQRV FRQWHQLGRV FRPXQHV TXH LQFOX\HQ HO WHUULWRULR HO HVSDFLR HQ HO TXH
LQWHUDFW~DQ ODV VRFLHGDGHV LGHQWLILFDFLyQ \ H[SOLFDFLyQ FDXVDO GH ORFDOL]DFLRQHV \
GLVWULEXFLRQHV HVSDFLDOHV GH IHQyPHQRV E~VTXHGD REWHQFLyQ \ VHOHFFLyQ GH LQIRUPDFLyQ
UHOHYDQWH SDUD HO FRQRFLPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR REVHUYDFLyQ GLUHFWD IXHQWHV FDUWRJUiILFDV
HVWDGtVWLFDV YLVXDOHV ELEOLRJUiILFDV \ SURFHGHQWHV GH ODV WHFQRORJtDV GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ \ OD
FRPXQLFDFLyQODVWpFQLFDVFDUWRJUiILFDVSODQRV\PDSDV\VXVFRPSRQHQWHVHWF(OVHJXQGR
EORTXH WUDWD VREUH (VSDxD HQ (XURSD \ HQ HO PXQGR OD VLWXDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD SRVLFLyQ \
ORFDOL]DFLyQGHORVWHUULWRULRVIDFWRUHVGHXQLGDG\GLYHUVLGDGGH(VSDxD(VSDxDHQ(XURSD
HVWUXFWXUDWHUULWRULDOFRQWUDVWHVItVLFRV\VRFLRHFRQyPLFRV(VSDxDHQHOPXQGRJOREDOL]DFLyQ
\GLYHUVLGDGSURFHVRVGHPXQGLDOL]DFLyQ \GHVLJXDOGDGHVWHUULWRULDOHVHWF(OWHUFHUEORTXH

WLWXODGR 1DWXUDOH]D \ PHGLR DPELHQWH HQ (VSDxD GHVDUUROOD FRQWHQLGRV VREUH HO PHGLR
QDWXUDO HVSDxRO OD GLYHUVLGDG JHROyJLFD PRUIROyJLFD FOLPiWLFD YHJHWDWLYD H KtGULFD
QDWXUDOH]D \ PHGLR DPELHQWH HWF (O FXDUWR WUDWD VREUH HO WHUULWRULR \ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV
HFRQyPLFDVHQ(VSDxDORVHVSDFLRVUXUDOHVORVUHFXUVRVPDULQRVODDFWLYLGDGSHVTXHUD\OD
DFXLFXOWXUDORVHVSDFLRVLQGXVWULDOHVORVHVSDFLRVGHVHUYLFLRVORVHVSDFLRVWXUtVWLFRVHWF(O
TXLQWR \ ~OWLPR EORTXH GH FRQWHQLGRV WUDWD VREUH OD SREODFLyQ HO VLVWHPD XUEDQR \ ORV
FRQWUDVWHV UHJLRQDOHV HQ (VSDxD 3RU WDQWR ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV GHVWUH]DV SURFHGLPLHQWRV \
YDORUHV DGTXLULGRV FRPSUHQGHQ GH PDQHUD VLQWpWLFD XQ FRQMXQWR GH FRQWHQLGRV GH FDUiFWHU
WHyULFR \ PHWRGROyJLFR RWUR GHVFULSWLYR RWUR GH *HRJUDItD )tVLFD GH (VSDxD \ RWUR GH
*HRJUDItD+XPDQDGH(VSDxD
(VWRVVRQDJUDQGHVUDVJRV\GHPDQHUDUHVXPLGDORVFRQWHQLGRVVREUH*HRJUDItDFRQORVTXH
DFFHGHQ ORV HVWXGLDQWHV D ORV HVWXGLRV GH PDJLVWHULR GH DFXHUGR DO PDUFR FXUULFXODU GHO
PRPHQWR 6LQ HPEDUJR TXp FRQWHQLGRV HVFRODUHV GH *HRJUDItD GHEHQ FRQRFHU \ GRPLQDU
SDUDLPSOHPHQWDUHQHODXODGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD"3XHVWRTXHHOFXUUtFXORGHOD/20&(HQ
HVWD HWDSD HGXFDWLYD \D HVWi LPSODQWDGR SRGHPRV UHVXPLU GLFLHQGR TXH ORV FRQWHQLGRV
JHRJUiILFRVVHLQFOX\HQGHQWURGHOiUHDGHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV(VWDiUHDGH
FRQRFLPLHQWRVHRUJDQL]DHQWRUQRDFXDWUREORTXHVGHFRQWHQLGRV(OEORTXHXQRGHVDUUROOD
FRQWHQLGRV FRPXQHV \ HO EORTXH FXDWUR FRQWHQLGRV GH +LVWRULD SRU OR TXH OD *HRJUDItD VH
LQFOX\HHQHOEORTXHGRVVREUHWRGR*HRJUDItD)tVLFD\HQHOEORTXHWUHV*HRJUDItD+XPDQD
MXQWRDRWUDV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV6HJ~QHOReal Decreto 126/2014, de 28 de febrero, por el que
se establece el currculo bsico de la Educacin PrimariaORVFRQWHQLGRVGHOVHJXQGREORTXH
GH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVGHQRPLQDGREl mundo en que vivimosLQFOX\HORVLJXLHQWH(O8QLYHUVR
\HO6LVWHPD6RODUHO6RO/RV3ODQHWDV(OSODQHWDWLHUUD\ODOXQDVXVDWpOLWH&DUDFWHUtVWLFDV
0RYLPLHQWRV\VXVFRQVHFXHQFLDV/DUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHOD7LHUUD2ULHQWDFLyQHQHOHVSDFLR
*ORERVWHUUiTXHRV,GHQWLILFDFLyQGHORVSRORVHOHMH\ORVKHPLVIHULRV&DUWRJUDItD3ODQRV\
PDSDV (VFDODV 3XQWRV GH OD WLHUUD ORV SDUDOHORV \ PHULGLDQRV &RRUGHQDGDV JHRJUiILFDV
/DWLWXG \ ORQJLWXG (O 3ODQLVIHULR ItVLFR \ SROtWLFR /D$WPyVIHUD )HQyPHQRV DWPRVIpULFRV
(OWLHPSRDWPRVIpULFR0HGLFLyQ\SUHGLFFLyQ0DSDVGHOWLHPSR6tPERORVFRQYHQFLRQDOHV
(OFOLPD\IDFWRUHVFOLPiWLFRV/DVJUDQGHV]RQDVFOLPiWLFDVGHOSODQHWD/RVWLSRVGHFOLPDV
GH(VSDxD\VXV]RQDVGHLQIOXHQFLD/DKLGURVIHUD'LVWULEXFLyQGHODVDJXDVHQHOSODQHWD(O
FLFORGHODJXD/D/LWRVIHUDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV\WLSRVGHURFDV5RFDV\PLQHUDOHV3URSLHGDGHV
XVRV\XWLOLGDGHV/DGLYHUVLGDGJHRJUiILFDGHORVSDLVDMHVGH(VSDxDUHOLHYHHKLGURJUDItD/D
GLYHUVLGDG JHRJUiILFD GH ORV SDLVDMHV GH (XURSD UHOLHYH FOLPDV H KLGURJUDItD /D
,QWHUYHQFLyQ +XPDQD HQ HO 0HGLR (O GHVDUUROOR VRVWHQLEOH /RV SUREOHPDV GH OD
FRQWDPLQDFLyQ(OFDPELRFOLPiWLFR&DXVDV\FRQVHFXHQFLDV&RQVXPRUHVSRQVDEOH
(O WHUFHU EORTXH GH FRQWHQLGRV GHQRPLQDGR Vivir en sociedad LQFOX\H /D 2UJDQL]DFLyQ
VRFLDO SROtWLFD \ WHUULWRULDO GHO (VWDGR HVSDxRO 'HUHFKRV \ GHEHUHV GH ORV FLXGDGDQRV /D
&RQVWLWXFLyQ GH )RUPD GH *RELHUQR /D 0RQDUTXtD 3DUODPHQWDULD (QWLGDGHV
WHUULWRULDOHV \ yUJDQRV GH JRELHUQR 0DQLIHVWDFLRQHV FXOWXUDOHV \ OLQJtVWLFDV GH (VSDxD /D
8QLyQ(XURSHD/D3REODFLyQ)DFWRUHVTXHPRGLILFDQODSREODFLyQGHXQWHUULWRULR3REODFLyQ
DEVROXWD'HQVLGDGGHSREODFLyQ9DULDEOHVGHPRJUiILFDV'LVWULEXFLyQHVSDFLDOFUHFLPLHQWR
QDWXUDO \ FUHFLPLHQWR UHDO GH OD SREODFLyQ 5HSUHVHQWDFLyQ JUiILFD 3REODFLyQ GH (VSDxD
GLVWULEXFLyQ\HYROXFLyQ/RVPRYLPLHQWRV PLJUDWRULRV3REODFLyQGH(XURSDGLVWULEXFLyQ\
HYROXFLyQ /DV DFWLYLGDGHV SURGXFWLYDV 5HFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV PDWHULDV SULPDV 3URGXFWRV
HODERUDGRV $UWHVDQtD H LQGXVWULD /DV IRUPDV GH SURGXFFLyQ (O VHFWRU VHUYLFLRV /DV
DFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV\ORVVHFWRUHVGHSURGXFFLyQGH(VSDxD\(XURSD/DSURGXFFLyQGH
ELHQHV\VHUYLFLRV(OFRQVXPR\ODSXEOLFLGDG(GXFDFLyQILQDQFLHUD(OGLQHUR(ODKRUUR

(PSOHDELOLGDG \ HVStULWX HPSUHQGHGRU /D HPSUHVD $FWLYLGDG \ IXQFLRQHV (GXFDFLyQ 9LDO

$GTXLVLFLyQ GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV TXH FRQWULEX\DQ D FRQVROLGDU FRQGXFWDV \ KiELWRV YLDOHV
FRUUHFWRV
5(68/7$'26 $1/,6,6 (67$'67,&2 '( /$ 358(%$ '( (9$/8$&,1

,1,&,$/&212&,0,(1726,17(5(6(61(&(6,'$'(6<35238(67$6
&RPSDUDQGR ORV FRQWHQLGRV FXUULFXODUHV GH OD *HRJUDItD DSUHQGLGD SRU ORV HVWXGLDQWHV GH
PDJLVWHULR HQ GH %DFKLOOHUDWR \ ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH *HRJUDItD TXH KDQ GH HQVHxDU HQ
(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDVHREVHUYDQDOJXQDVFRLQFLGHQFLDVSHURWDPELpQGLIHUHQFLDVGHILFLHQFLDV
\ DXVHQFLDV ODV FXDOHV VH LQWHQWDQ FRPSOHWDU FRQ OD SDUWH UHODWLYD D ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH OD
FLHQFLDUHIHUHQWH HQODDVLJQDWXUDIRUPDWLYDVREUHGLGiFWLFD GHOD*HRJUDItDHQHOJUDGR6LQ
HPEDUJRDWUDYpVGHODSUXHEDGHHYDOXDFLyQLQLFLDOUHDOL]DGDGXUDQWHORV~OWLPRVVLHWHFXUVRV
DFDGpPLFRV SRGHPRV REVHUYDU QR VROR FRQ TXp WLSR GH IRUPDFLyQ \ FRQRFLPLHQWRV VREUH
*HRJUDItD DFFHGHQ D ORV HVWXGLRV XQLYHUVLWDULRV VLQR WDPELpQ TXp LQWHUHVHV GHPXHVWUDQ SRU
DSUHQGHU *HRJUDItD \ VX GLGiFWLFD FXiOHV VRQ VXV QHFHVLGDGHV IRUPDWLYDV DVt FRPR ODV
RSLQLRQHV\SURSXHVWDVGHWHPDV\FRQWHQLGRVTXHDMXLFLRGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVXQLYHUVLWDULRVGH
PDJLVWHULR GHEHUtDQ LQFOXLUVH HQ HO HOHQFR GH FRQWHQLGRV GH *HRJUDItD HQ OD (GXFDFLyQ
3ULPDULD
9HDPRV FDGD XQD GH ODV FXDWUR UHVSXHVWDV TXH VH KDQ DQDOL]DGR FX\RV UHVXOWDGRV VH KDQ
H[SUHVDGRDWUDYpVGHXQRVJUiILFRV
/D SULPHUD GH HOODV HV +DV HVWXGLDGR *HRJUDItD HQ GH %DFKLOOHUDWR" 2EYLDPHQWH ORV
HVWXGLDQWHVVRORWHQtDQGRVSRVLEOHVUHVSXHVWDVVt\QR8QDYH]DQDOL]DGDVODVHQFXHVWDV
SRGHPRV REVHUYDU TXH KD\ XQ JUDQ HTXLOLEULR HQWUH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV PDWULFXODGRV HQ QXHVWUD
DVLJQDWXUD\DTXHSUiFWLFDPHQWHODPLWDGGHHOORVKDQFXUVDGR*HRJUDItDHQ%DFKLOOHUDWR\OD
RWUD PLWDG QR 3DUD VHU PiV H[DFWRV GH ORV HQFXHVWDGRV Vt OD FXUVDURQ PLHQWUDV
TXHGHHOORVQRORKLFLHURQ
(VWR PDQLILHVWD XQD PXHVWUD PX\ HTXLOLEUDGD HQ QXHVWUDV HQFXHVWDV SXHVWR TXH VL SRU HO
FRQWUDULRKXELHUDXQJUDQQ~PHURGHHVWXGLDQWHVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDXQRVRORGHORVJUXSRVHO
UHVWR GH SUHJXQWDV WDPELpQ SRGUtDQ YHUVH DOWHUDGDV &DEH VHxDODU TXH DOJXQRV GH ORV
HQFXHVWDGRVWRWDOPHQWHDQyQLPRVQRVKDFtDQVDEHUHQORVIRUPXODULRVTXHOOHYDEDQPiVGH
DxRV GHVGH TXH GHMDURQ HO LQVWLWXWR SURFHGtDQ GH RWUD FDUUHUD XQLYHUVLWDULD GLVWLQWD R HUDQ
UHFLpQLQFRUSRUDGRVDODXQLYHUVLGDGGHVGHHOPXQGRODERUDO
)LJXUD+DVHVWXGLDGR*HRJUDItDHQGH%DFKLOOHUDWR"

6HJ~QHVWRVGDWRVVHSXHGHDILUPDUTXHODPLWDGGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVWLHQHQXQRVFRQRFLPLHQWRV
GH *HRJUDItD DGTXLULGRV UHFLHQWHPHQWH TXH HQ OD PD\RUtD GH ORV FDVRV VH UHPRQWDQ D XQ
FXUVRDFDGpPLFRSRFRPiVGHXQDxRSXHVILQDOL]DQHQMXQLRFRQOD3$(*\FRPLHQ]DQHO
FXUVRDSULQFLSLRVGHVHSWLHPEUHGHODxRVLJXLHQWH3RUORWDQWRUHFXHUGDQFRQFLHUWDFODULGDG
\FHUFDQtDORVFRQWHQLGRVDSUHQGLGRV6LQHPEDUJRODRWUDPLWDGKDFHPiVGHFXDWURDxRVTXH
QR KDQ HVWXGLDGR *HRJUDItD \DGHPiV ORV FRQWHQLGRV DSUHQGLGRV VRQ SDUFLDOHV ~QLFDPHQWH
GH *HRJUDItD KXPDQD \ HFRQyPLFD SXHV OD *HRJUDItD ItVLFD QR OD KDQ YLVWR GHVGH KDFH DO
PHQRVVHLVDxRVFXDQGRWHQtDQDxRVHQGHOD(62
/DVHJXQGDGHODVFXHVWLRQHVTXHQRVRFXSDHVODVLJXLHQWH4XpWHPDV\FRQWHQLGRVGHOD
*HRJUDItDWHJXVWDQPiV"(QHVWHFDVRQRKDEtDGRV~QLFDVUHVSXHVWDVFRPRHQODSUHJXQWD
DQWHULRU$TXtORVHVWXGLDQWHVVRQOLEUHVGHKDFHUQRVVDEHUFXiOHVVXRSLQLyQYROXQWDULDPHQWH
8QD YH] DQDOL]DGDV WRGDV HOODV ODV DJUXSDPRV HQ FRQMXQWRV GH GLH] UHVSXHVWDV SDUD SRGHU
PDQHMDUPHMRUWRGRVHVRVGDWRV
3RGHPRV GHVJORVDU HVWRV GDWRV HQ WUHV JUXSRV ORV TXH QR OOHJDQ D HVWXGLDQWHV ORV TXH
HVWiQ HQWUH \ \ ILQDOPHQWH ORV TXH WLHQHQ PiV GH 'HHVWD IRUPD YHPRV FyPR ORV
DOXPQRVHVWiQLQWHUHVDGRVVREUHWRGRSRUFRQRFHUVXHQWRUQRHOFDPELRFOLPiWLFR
FXLGDUHOPHGLRDPELHQWH\HOWXULVPR\FXOWXUD
3RU RWUD SDUWH KD\ XQD ]RQD PHGLD GRQGH HQFRQWUDPRV FXHVWLRQHV FRPR OD HYROXFLyQ GH OD
7LHUUDODYHJHWDFLyQ\ODIDXQD\RWUDVUHVSXHVWDVFRPRQRPHJXVWDOD*HRJUDItD
\FRQWHVWDFLRQHVVLPLODUHV
)LQDOPHQWHHQWUHORVPiVUHSHWLGRVDSDUHFHQUHVSXHVWDVUHODWLYDVDOWLHPSRDWPRVIpULFR
FXULRVDPHQWH PiV TXH HO FOLPD TXH HV XQ FRQFHSWR PiV JHRJUiILFR DVt FRPR OD *HRJUDItD
KXPDQD \ ORV PDSDV TXH FRQVWLWX\H OD WHPiWLFD PiV DSUHFLDGD SRU QXHVWURV
HVWXGLDQWHV
(VWD VHJXQGD SUHJXQWD RIUHFH DOJXQDV FXHVWLRQHV VREUH ODV TXH UHIOH[LRQDU (V EDVWDQWH
SUHRFXSDQWHTXHGXUDQWHHVWRV~OWLPRVGLH]DxRVHQORVTXHORVHIHFWRVGHODFRQWDPLQDFLyQ\
HOFDPELRFOLPiWLFRVHHVWiQYLHQGRPiVDFHQWXDGRVTXHQXQFDHQHOPXQGRYHPRVTXHVRQ
GHEDMRLQWHUpVSDUDORVHQFXHVWDGRVSXHVQROOHJDDSHUVRQDVTXHOHVLQWHUHVHHVWHWHPD
(VFXULRVRWDPELpQYHUHODOWRQ~PHURGHHQFXHVWDGRVDORVFXDOHVQROHVJXVWDDEVROXWDPHQWH
QDGD OLWHUDOPHQWH OD *HRJUDItD HQ JHQHUDO /D PD\RUtD GH HOORV KD VLGR FDWHJyULFR FRQ OD
UHVSXHVWD DXQTXH DOJXQRV VL OD KDQ GHVDUUROODGR \ DUJXPHQWDGR DOJR PiV (QWUH HOORV
HQFRQWUDPRV HO HQFXHVWDGR Q TXH PDQLILHVWD OR VLJXLHQWH nunca me ha gustado la
Geografa, no creo que me guste este ao, y tampoco me gustar cuando acabe la carrera.
3RU HO FRQWUDULR ORV PDSDV FRQVWLWX\HQ HO FRQWHQLGR JHRJUiILFR TXH PiV JXVWD D QXHVWURV
HQFXHVWDGRV\DTXHVHJ~QQRVGLFHQHVODSDUWHPiVYLVXDO\SRUORWDQWRPiVDWUDFWLYD6HJ~Q
HVWRHOHQFXHVWDGRQH[SRQHme gustan los mapas porque al mismo tiempo que aprendo
Geografa puedo desarrollar mi competencia artstica al dibujarlos.
6XFHGHORPLVPRFRQWRGRORUHODFLRQDGRFRQOD*HRJUDItDKXPDQD\HOWLHPSRDWPRVIpULFR
(OHQFXHVWDGRQGLFHlas pirmides de poblacin y lo relacionado con las personas es lo
que ms me gusta. 0LHQWUDV TXH HO HQFXHVWDGR Q DUJXPHQWD creo que lo que ms me
gusta es el tiempo atmosfrico porque est muy bien saber el tiempo que hace en otras zonas
del planeta cuando viajamos. 6LQ HPEDUJR VXHOHQ YDORUDU PiV ODV FXHVWLRQHV UHODFLRQDGDV
FRQHOWLHPSRDWPRVIpULFRXQFRQFHSWRPHWHRUROyJLFR\SRUWDQWRItVLFRTXHODVSURSLDVGHO
FOLPDXQFRQFHSWRSURSLDPHQWHJHRJUiILFR


)LJXUD4XpFRQWHQLGRVGH*HRJUDItDWHUHVXOWDQPiVLQWHUHVDQWHV"

(Q OD WHUFHUD SUHJXQWD QRV KHPRV FHQWUDGR HQ ODV QHFHVLGDGHV IRUPDWLYDV \ GH FDUiFWHU
LQVWUXFWLYRGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHPDJLVWHULRSRUPHGLRGHODVLJXLHQWHSUHJXQWD4XpHVSHUDV
DSUHQGHUGHHVWDDVLJQDWXUD"$JUXSDPRVODVUHVSXHVWDVGHORVHQFXHVWDGRVHQJUXSRVFRQORV
VLJXLHQWHV UHVXOWDGRV FRVDV QXHYDV IDXQD \ IORUD PDSDV *HRJUDItD GHO
PXQLFLSLR \ GHO HQWRUQR UHIRU]DU FRQRFLPLHQWRV SUHYLRV \ FyPR HQVHxDU
*HRJUDItD
8QD YH] DQDOL]DGRV HVWRV GDWRV REVHUYDPRV TXH KD\ HQFXHVWDGRV TXH VLPSOHPHQWH KDQ
FRQWHVWDGR D QXHVWUD SUHJXQWD SRU FRQWHVWDU VLQ QLQJ~Q HVIXHU]R UHIOH[LYR SXHVWR TXH
UHVSRQGHQ GLFLHQGR TXH OR TXH HVSHUDQ DSUHQGHU GH HVWD DVLJQDWXUD VRQ FRVDV QXHYDV VLQ
QLQJ~QWLSRGHHVSHFLILFDFLyQRGHVDUUROORHQVXUHVSXHVWD
3RU RWUD SDUWH KD\ XQ JUXSR GH UHVSXHVWDV TXH LQGLFDQ TXH HVSHUDQ DSUHQGHU ORV FRQFHSWRV
PiVYLVXDOHV\OODPDWLYRVTXHH[LVWHQHQODDVLJQDWXUDTXHHQHVWHFDVRVRQORVPDSDVDVt
FRPR FRQWHQLGRV UHODFLQDGRV FRQ IDXQD OD YHJHWDFLyQ \ OD IORUD 7DO \ FRPR QRV GLFH HO
HQFXHVWDGR Q HVSHUR DSUHQGHU WRGR OR UHODFLRQDGR FRQ ORV DQLPDOHV \ SODQWDV SRUTXH
VLHPSUH TXH YR\ DO FDPSR QXQFD VH TXp HV FDGD FRVD (Q HVWD PLVPD OtQHD VH PDQLILHVWDQ
DTXHOORV TXH GHVHDQ VDEHU PiV VREUH VX PXQLFLSLR \ HQWRUQR FRPR HO HQFXHVWDGR Q
TXLHUR VDEHU PiV VREUH PL SXHEOR SRUTXH OXHJR FXDQGR DOJXLHQ PH SUHJXQWD QXQFD SXHGR
FRQWDUOHVDOJRLQWHUHVDQWH
8QJUDQQ~PHURGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVDSR\DODRSLQLyQGHUHIRU]DUFRQRFLPLHQWRVSUHYLRVFRPR
HOHQFXHVWDGRQTXLHURYROYHUDUHSDVDUODVFRVDVGHOLQVWLWXWRSRUTXHQRUHFXHUGRQDGD
GH WRGRV HVRV DxRV 0XFKRV HVWXGLDQWHV PDQLILHVWDQ PHGLDQWH VXV UHVSXHVWDV TXH TXLHUHQ
UHIUHVFDUHVRVFRQRFLPLHQWRVDGTXLULGRVGXUDQWHVXHWDSDGHOLQVWLWXWR
3RU ~OWLPR \ FRQ XQ LQGXVFXWLEOH Q~PHUR GH UHVSXHVWDV OD PD\RUtD GH HVWXGLDQWHV TXLHUHQ
VDEHUFyPRHQVHxDU*HRJUDItDHQVXVFODVHVGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD7LHQHQLQWHUpVSRUVDEHU
FyPR KDFHU ODV FODVHV LQWHUHVDQWHV GLQiPLFDV \ PRWLYDGRUDV FyPR WUDEDMDU FRQWHQLGRV
DWUDFWLYRVGLVHxDU\SODQLILFDUDFWLYLGDGHVHGXFDWLYDV\VREUHWRGRTXHVXVIXWXURVDOXPQRV\
DOXPQDV UHWHQJDQ HVD LQIRUPDFLyQ \ DGTXLHUDQ FRQRFLPLHQWRV GH *HRJUDItD DVt FRPR
KDELOLGDGHVGHVWUH]DVFDSDFLGDGHV\YDORUHVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHVWDGLVFLSOLQD3RUHMHPSORHO
HQFXHVWDGRQGLFHTXLHURVHUXQEXHQPDHVWUR\SDUDHOORWHQJRTXHDSUHQGHUDHQVHxDU
ORVFRQWHQLGRVPRWLYDQGRDPLVDOXPQRVVREUHHVRVFRQWHQLGRVFRQGLVWLQWDVWpFQLFDV3RUOR
WDQWRDXQTXHXQJUDQQ~PHURGHUHVSXHVWDVDWLHQGHDODQHFHVLGDGGHIRUPDUVHDGTXLULHQGR


FRQRFLPLHQWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD FLHQFLD UHIHUHQWH FRQ OD *HRJUDItD SUHGRPLQDQ TXLHQHV
PXHVWUDQVXLQWHUpVSRUODGLGiFWLFDSRUDSUHQGHUQRVROR*HRJUDItDVLQRVREUHWRGRFyPR
HQVHxDUODORFXDOUHIXHU]DHOFRQWH[WRHQHOTXHVHGHVDUUROODHVWHDSUHQGL]DMHJHRJUiILFRHQ
XQD)DFXOWDGGH(GXFDFLyQ
)LJXUD4XpHVSHUDVDSUHQGHUGHHVWDDVLJQDWXUD"*HRJUDItD\VX'LGiFWLFD

)LQDOPHQWH OOHJDPRV D OD ~OWLPD SUHJXQWD TXH KD VLGR REMHWR GH QXHVWUR HVWXGLR 4Xp
FRQWHQLGRV GH *HRJUDItD FRQVLGHUDV TXH VH GHEHQ HQVHxDU HQ HO DXOD GH (GXFDFLyQ
3ULPDULD" (Q HVWH FDVR ODV UHVSXHVWDV VRQ PXFKR PiV YDULDGDV TXH HQ ODV DQWHULRUHV \
OOHJDPRVDUHFRJHUJUXSRVGHUHVSXHVWDVGLVWLQWDVFRPRVHREVHUYDHQODJUiILFD
/D UHVSXHVWD PiV UHSHWLGD SRU QXHVWURV HQFXHVWDGRV KD VLGR HO PHGLR TXH QRV URGHD
VHJXLGD GH ODV VLJXLHQWHV ORFDOL]DU WHUULWRULRV GH (VSDxD UHVSHWR \ YDORUHV
PHGLRDPELHQWDOHV PHGLR DPELHQWH FDPELR FOLPiWLFR SDLVDMH IORUD \ IDXQD
VLWXDU SDtVHV UtRV \ FDSLWDOHV FRQWHQLGRV JHQHUDOHV ORV FRQWHQLGRV DFWXDOHV
HVWiQELHQODVRFLHGDGDFWXDOODVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVFXOWXUDOHVORVPDSDVOHFWXUD
\GLEXMRGHFDUWRJUDItDWHUULWRULRVGH(VSDxD\GH(XURSD
$O LJXDO TXH HQ OD SUHJXQWD DQWHULRU QXHVWURV HVWXGLDQWHV FRQFHGHQ JUDQ LPSRUWDQFLD D
FRQRFHU HO HQWRUQRTXH QRVURGHDDOLJXDOTXH FRQRFHU ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV\VDEHUXELFDU ORV
GLVWLQWRVWHUULWRULRV\SDLVDMHVGHQXHVWURSDtV(OHQFXHVWDGRQUHVSRQGHORVLJXLHQWHnos
centramos mucho en conocer lugares lejanos que no veremos nunca, y por el contrario ni
siquiera conocemos ni sabemos cmo se llama el pueblo de al lado. 7DPELpQFRQVLGHUDQTXH
GHEH HVWDU PiV SUHVHQWHV HQ ODV DXODV HO UHVSHWR KDFLD HO PHGLR DPELHQWH \ WRGDV DTXHOODV
DFFLRQHV \ DFWLWXGHV TXH VRQ EXHQDV SDUD SUHVHUYDU \ FRQVHUYDU QXHVWUR HQWRUQR $Vt OR
PDQLILHVWDSRUHMHPSORHOHQFXHVWDGRQque alguien tire un cigarro a un bosque es en
gran parte problema de la educacin que recibi de pequeo.
8Q JUXSR PX\ VLPLODU HQ FXDQWR DO Q~PHUR GH HVWXGLDQWHV SLHQVD TXH GHEH HQVHxDUVH OD
YHJHWDFLyQ OD IORUD \ OD IDXQD DFRPSDxDGD GHO XVR GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV DFWXDOHV R LQFOXVR
PXFKRPiVJHQHUDOHV(OHQFXHVWDGRQGLFHTXHcon saber los animales y los ros que
hay en Espaa tenemos bastante. (O HQFXHVWDGR Q SRU VX SDUWH FRPHQWD TXH los
contenidos estn bien actualmente, lo que hace falta es gente que se los quiera estudiar de
verdad.
3RU ~OWLPR XQ JUXSR PiV UHGXFLGR SLHQVD TXH GHEHUtDQ LQFRUSRUDUVH PiV FRQWHQLGRV
UHODFLRQDGRVFRQODFXOWXUDODVRFLHGDGRDHQVHxDUDOHHU\DGLEXMDUPDSDV(OHQFXHVWDGRQ
GLFHcuando acabas el instituto al final solo recuerdas los mapas que has hecho una y

otra vez. 3RURWUDSDUWHHOHQFXHVWDGRQDUJXPHQWDcreo que lo interesante no es saber

dnde se encuentra un lugar en concreto, sino todo lo que all sucede y la gente que vive en
l.
)LJXUD4XpFRQWHQLGRVGH*HRJUDItDFRQVLGHUDVTXHVHGHEHQHQVHxDUHQODVDXODVGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD"

&21&/86,21(6
/D SUXHED GH HYDOXDFLyQ LQLFLDO HV XQ LQVWUXPHQWR YDORUDWLYR GLDJQyVWLFR TXH QRV SHUPLWH
FRQRFHUGDWRVVREUHODSHUFHSFLyQTXHORVHVWXGLDQWHVWLHQHQGHODDVLJQDWXUDGH'LGiFWLFDGH
OD*HRJUDItDTXHYDQDFXUVDUDQWHVGHLQLFLDUVHHQVXVFRQWHQLGRV$SDUWLUGHXQFXHVWLRQDULR
UHDOL]DGRGXUDQWH VHLV FXUVRV DFDGpPLFRV LQWHJUDGR SRU GLH] SUHJXQWDVVHKDQ VHOHFFLRQDGR
FXDWUR D ODV TXH KDQ UHVSRQGLGR XQ WRWDO GH HVWXGLDQWHV GHO *UDGR HQ 0DHVWUR HQ
(GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD &DPSXV GH &LXGDG 5HDO (O
DQiOLVLVGHHVWDVUHVSXHVWDVFRQWH[WXDOL]DGDVHQHOSODQGHHVWXGLRVTXHHVWiQFXUVDQGRUHYHOD
RSLQLRQHVFULWHULRV\UHIOH[LRQHVGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHPDJLVWHULRHQUHODFLyQDORVVLJXLHQWHV
DVSHFWRV
x &RQRFLPLHQWRV $SUR[LPDGDPHQWH OD PLWDG GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV KDQ HVWXGLDGR
UHFLHQWHPHQWH*HRJUDItDFRQFUHWDPHQWHHQGH%DFKLOOHUDWRSRUORTXHPDQWLHQHQIUHVFD
ODSDUWHUHODWLYDDORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVGHODFLHQFLDUHIHUHQWH6LQHPEDUJRODRWUDPLWDGQR
KDQ HVWXGLDGR *HRJUDItD GHVGH KDFH DO PHQRV FLQFR DxRV *HRJUDItD +XPDQD R LQFOXVR
VLHWH DxRV *HRJUDItD )tVLFD \ QDGLH KD HVWXGLDGR FRQWHQLGRV GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD
*HRJUDItD
x ,QWHUHVHV 7RGRV ORV HVWXGLDQWHV KDQ PDQLIHVWDGR VX LQWHUpV \ DILQLGDG SRU FRQWHQLGRV
FLHQWtILFRVDOWHUQDQWHVHQWUHOD*HRJUDItD)tVLFDHOWLHPSR\HOFOLPDOD7LHUUDODIDXQD\
ODIORUDHOPHGLRDPELHQWHHWF\OD*HRJUDItD+XPDQDWDQWRHQJHQHUDOFRPRDVSHFWRV
FRQFUHWRV WXULVPR FXOWXUD HWF +D\ XQ FLHUWR LQWHUpV SRU FXHVWLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV \
HFROyJLFDV FRPR HO FDPELR FOLPiWLFR DVt FRPR SRU HO HQWRUQR PiV SUy[LPR DXQTXH HO
FRQWHQLGRTXHGHVSLHUWDPiVDWUDFFLyQHVODFDUWRJUDItDWRGRORUHODFLRQDGRFRQORVPDSDV
/DVLQFHULGDGHQODVUHVSXHVWDVMXQWRDODQRQLPDWRGHODVPLVPDPXHVWUDQXQLPSRUWDQWH
JUXSR GH FRQWHVWDFLRQHV TXH H[SUHVDQ VX HVFDVR R QXOR LQWHUpV SRU HVWD GLVFLSOLQD
JHRJUiILFDFDVLHOGHORVHQFXHVWDGRV


x 1HFHVLGDGHV /RV HVWXGLDQWHV GH PDJLVWHULR DGHPiV GH FXUVDU DVLJQDWXUDV EiVLFDV GH
SHGDJRJtDSVLFRORJtD\VRFLRORJtDWLHQHQGLIHUHQWHVPyGXORVIRUPDWLYRVVREUHHQVHxDQ]D
\ DSUHQGL]DMH GH GLYHUVDV GLVFLSOLQDV FXUULFXODUHV 0DWHPiWLFDV /HQJXDV &LHQFLDV
1DWXUDOHV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV HWF (Q HVWH H[WHQVR FRQWH[WR GH GLVFLSOLQDV OD *HRJUDItD
FRQVWLWX\HXQDSDUWHGHODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV/RVHVWXGLDQWHVKDQH[SUHVDGRVXQHFHVLGDG
GHDSUHQGHUFRQWHQLGRVGHODFLHQFLDUHIHUHQWHGRQGHWHPDVFRPRORVPDSDV\HOHQWRUQR
YXHOYHQ D FREUDU SURWDJRQLVPR HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ ORV WHPDV TXH PiV OHV JXVWD GH OD
*HRJUDItD FRPR VH H[SUHVD HQ OD SUHJXQWD DQWHULRU 6LQ HPEDUJR OD YRFDFLyQ HGXFDWLYD
GRFHQWH SHGDJyJLFD \ IRUPDWLYD GH HVWRV HVWXGLDQWHV UHIOHMD FRPR WHPD SULRULWDULR GH
LQWHUpVIRUPDWLYRODGLGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDGHODVUHVSXHVWDV
x 3URSXHVWDV H LGHDV /D ~OWLPD FXHVWLyQ SODQWHDGD SHUPLWH YDORUDU OD FDSDFLGDG
LPDJLQDWLYD \ FUHDWLYD GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV DQWHV GH FXUVDU OD DVLJQDWXUD DO SHGLUOHV TXH
SURSRQJDQ FRQWHQLGRV SULRULWDULRV GH QXHVWUD GLVFLSOLQD SDUD WUDEDMDU HQ HO DXOD GH
(GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD (QWUH HOORV GHVWDFDQ FRQWHQLGRV FOiVLFRV \ WUDGLFLRQDOHV GH OD
HQVHxDQ]DJHRJUiILFDFRPRHOHVWXGLRGHOHQWRUQR\GHOPHGLRODORFDOL]DFLyQGHHVSDFLRV
\ WHUULWRULRV ORV PDSDV \ HO SDLVDMH SHUR WDPELpQ VH PDQLILHVWDQ FRQWHQLGRV GH FDUiFWHU
DFWLWXGLQDOFRQGXFWXDO\GHGHVDUUROORGHYDORUHVDFWXDOHV\FRQWHPSRUiQHRVDPELHQWDOHV
\ HFROyJLFRV FRPR HO UHVSHWR \ OD YDORUDFLyQ GHO PHGLR HO FDPELR FOLPiWLFR ORV
SUREOHPDVDPELHQWDOHVHWF
/RV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV PHGLDQWH HVWDV SUXHEDV GH HYDOXDFLyQ LQLFLDO KDQ SHUPLWLGR
FRPSUHQGHU FXiOHV KDQ VLGR ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV LQWHUHVHV QHFHVLGDGHV \ SURSXHVWDV GH
QXHVWURV HVWXGLDQWHV DO FRPLHQ]R GH FDGD FXUVR DFDGpPLFR (O DQiOLVLV GH HVWRV UHVXOWDGRV
SHUPLWH DEULU \ IOH[LELOL]DU OD SURJUDPDFLyQ GH OD PDWHULD Geografa y su didctica FRQ OD
ILQDOLGDGGHDGDSWDUOD\DMXVWDUODDODVQHFHVLGDGHVIRUPDWLYDV

%,%/,2*5$)$
$QWRQLR *3- Tcnicas e instrumentos para la recogida de informacin 0DGULG
81('
)HUUD 03 /ySH] 54 (YDOXDU QR HV FDOLILFDU KDFLD XQD HYDOXDFLyQ
IRUPDWLYDAprendiendo a ensear58
*XHUUHUR.*%HOWUiQ(3 5RMDV3/90RGHORVWLSRV\HVFDODVGHHYDOXDFLyQ
XWLOL]DGRV SDUD OD HYDOXDFLyQ GRFHQWH Fundacin Universitaria Catlica del Norte.
Sistematizacin de la experiencia6
,1($,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOSDUDOD(GXFDFLyQGHORV$GXOWRVEvaluacin diagnstica >(Q
OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSZZZLQHDJREP[LQGH[SKSHGXFDFLRQDEFHGDGXOWSULPVHFEFHDGXOSULPFRQFOXLUEFHGXD
GSULPHYGLDJKWPO>OWLPRDFFHVRGHDJRVWRGH@
-HUH] *DUFtD 2 5RGUtJXH] 'RPHQHFK 0$ =DPRUD 6RULD ) \ 0DUWtQ 0DUWtQ -
*HRJUDItD\VXGLGiFWLFD8QDSURSXHVWDSDUDODIRUPDFLyQGHORVPDHVWURVHQOD8QLYHUVLGDG
GH &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD HQ 0DUUyQ 0- \ /i]DUR 0/ HGV Geografa, Educacin y
Formacin del Profesorado en el Marco del Espacio Europeo de Educacin Superior
0DGULG*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD$*(\8QLYHUVLGDG&RPSOXWHQVHGH0DGULG
.RWE $ * (IIHFW RI %UDLQVWRUPLQJ 3URJUDP RQ 7HDFKLQJ 6NLOOV IRU 6WXGHQWV
7HDFKHUJournal of Applied Sports Science6


1DSSD 1 5 3DQGLHOOD 6 % (VWXGLR \ DSOLFDFLyQ GH REMHWRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH D
WUDYpV GHO XVR GH UHFXUVRV HGXFDWLYRV DELHUWRV Edutec. Revista Electrnica de Tecnologa
Educativa
1RYD0LQG Using Mind Maps for Brainstorming >HQ OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSVZZZQRYDPLQGFRPPLQGPDSSLQJVRIWZDUHEUDLQVWRUPLQJ >OWLPR DFFHVR GH
DJRVWRGH@
2VERUQ$)Applied imagination&KDUOHV6FULEQHU
V6RQV
<RXQJ'% 7DPLU3)LQGLQJ2XW:KDW6WXGHQWV.QRZScience Teacher44


$3/,&$&,1'(/$35(1',=$-(6(59,&,2(1(/0%,72'(
/$*(2*5$)$/$/$*81$'(/$%$55(5$0/$*$
0DQXHO)UDQFLVFR/DUD/XTXH
-RVp-HV~V'HOJDGR3HxD
Departamento de Geografa. Universidad de Mlaga

haresius_2000@hotmail.com; jdelgado@uma.es
5(680(1
(O$SUHQGL]DMH6HUYLFLR$S6HVXQDQXHYDPHWRGRORJtDGHDSUHQGL]DMHFRQDPSOLRVEHQHILFLRVDSOLFDEOHHQOD
HQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItD(QHVWHWUDEDMRVHH[SRQHODH[SHULHQFLDUHDOL]DGD\VXVUHVXOWDGRVFRQXQJUXSRGH
HVWXGLDQWHV GH 6HFXQGDULD KDELpQGRVH GHVDUUROODGR XQD XQLGDG GLGiFWLFD TXH DXQDED ODV VHQVLELOL]DFLyQ
PHGLRDPELHQWDO\HOSHUILOSURIHVLRQDOGHOJHyJUDIRVPHGLDQWHXQDDFWLYLGDGDODLUHOLEUHEDVDGDHQHO$S6\FRQ
XQDODJXQDXUEDQDFRPRHVFHQDULR(OGLDULRGHOSURIHVRULPSOLFDGRDVtFRPRXQRVFXHVWLRQDULRVDOLQLFLR\DO
ILQDOGHODH[SHULHQFLDD\XGDURQDDQDOL]DUORVUHVXOWDGRV
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
$SUHQGL]DMH6HUYLFLR0HGLRDPELHQWH6DOLGDVGHFDPSR6HQVLELOL]DFLyQPHGLRDPELHQWDO/DJXQD
,1752'8&&,1
(OREMHWLYRGHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRHVODDSOLFDFLyQGHXQDPHWRGRORJtDGHHVWXGLREDVDGDHQXQD
WpFQLFDGHHQVHxDQ]DGHUHFLHQWHH[SDQVLyQGHQRPLQDGD$SUHQGL]DMH6HUYLFLR$S6FRQ
XQ JUXSR GH HVWXGLDQWHV GH (GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD GH OD FLXGDG GH 0iODJD (VSDxD (VWD
WpFQLFDHQUHVXPHQVHSODQWHDFRPRXQPpWRGRGHHQVHxDQ]DGRQGHXQDSHUVRQDRXQJUXSR
GH HOODV D OD YH] TXH HVWiQ UHDOL]DQGR XQ WUDEDMR D OD VRFLHGDG QRUPDOPHQWH GH FDUiFWHU
YROXQWDULRHVWiQDSUHQGLHQGR
$WUDYpVGHHVWHPRGHORGHDSUHQGL]DMHHODOXPQDGRVHLQYROXFUDPiVFRQODVRFLHGDGHQXQ
iPELWRGHHVWXGLRFRPSOHWDPHQWHGLIHUHQWHDOTXHWLHQHQQRUPDOPHQWHFDPELDQGRHODXODSRU
RWUROXJDUHQHVWHFDVROD/DJXQDGHOD%DUUHUDFRQXQRVREMHWLYRVGRFHQWHVEDVDGRVHQXQ
$S6 HQIRFDGR DO LPSXOVR GH OD VHQVLELOL]DFLyQ PHGLRDPELHQWDO \HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO SHUILO
SURIHVLRQDOGHOD*HRJUDItD
(QQXHVWURFDVRODSUiFWLFDWHQGUiXQYDORUDxDGLGRSXHVRWURREMHWLYRHVLQWHUDFWXDUFRQORV
SURSLRV YLDQGDQWHV TXH VH HQFXHQWUHQ HQ OD ODJXQD DQDOL]DQGR VX QLYHO GH SUHRFXSDFLyQ \
VHQVLELOL]DFLyQ VREUH OD VLWXDFLyQ GH GLFKR HVSDFLR YHUGH XUEDQR HQ SDUWLFXODU \ VREUH HO
PHGLRDPELHQWHHQJHQHUDO2WURREMHWLYRVHUiDFHUFDUDODOXPQDGRGHXQDIRUPDGLIHUHQWHD
ODDVLJQDWXUDGH*HRJUDItDH+LVWRULDDSUHQGLHQGRQXHYRVFRQFHSWRV\FRQRFLPLHQWRVVREUHOD
]RQDGHHVWXGLRDVtFRPRVXVPHWRGRORJtDVGHWUDEDMRFDUWRJUDItDDQiOLVLVGHHQFXHVWDV(Q
GHILQLWLYDSUHWHQGHPRVTXHHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRSXHGDD\XGDUQRVDFRPSUHQGHUPHMRUHQTXp
FRQVLVWH OD PHWRGRORJtD GHO $SUHQGL]DMH 6HUYLFLR $S6 \ FyPR SXHGH FRQWULEXLU HQ OD
VRFLHGDGDFWXDOHQXQDGLVFLSOLQDFRPROD*HRJUDItD
M.F.Lara Luqe, J.J.Delgado Pea


0$5&27(5,&2'(/$35(1',=$-(6(59,&,2$36/$6(16,%,/,'$'
0(',2$0%,(17$/ < (/ 3(5),/ 352)(6,21$/ '( /$ *(2*5$)$ &202
7(0$6&/$9(3$5$81$(;3(5,(1&$(1(/0%,72'(/$36
(O$S6FRPR\DKHPRVDSXQWDGRHVXQDDFWLYLGDGHQODTXHXQDRYDULDVSHUVRQDVDWUDYpV
GH XQ WUDEDMR GH FDUiFWHU YROXQWDULR KDFHQ XQ VHUYLFLR D OD VRFLHGDG D OD YH] TXH DSUHQGHQ
(VWD DFWLYLGDG SXHGH VHU FRODERUDWLYD \D TXH HV HO JUXSR HO TXH VH WLHQH TXH RUJDQL]DU \
WUDEDMDU HQ FRQMXQWR SDUDOOHYDUD FDER OD DFWLYLGDG\ FRQVHJXLU XQ REMHWLYR ILQDO(VWR KDFH
PHMRUDU ORV YtQFXORVLQWHUSHUVRQDOHVIRPHQWDQGRODYDORUDFLyQGHODV FDSDFLGDGHVSURSLDV\
ODVGHVXHTXLSR
3XLJ 5RYLUD KDFH XQD GHILQLFLyQ PX\ DFHUWDGD GH OR TXH HV HO $S6 XQD
SURSXHVWDHGXFDWLYDTXHFRPELQDSURFHVRVGHDSUHQGL]DMH\GHVHUYLFLRDODFRPXQLGDGHQXQ
VRORSUR\HFWRELHQDUWLFXODGRHQHOTXHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVVHIRUPDQVREUHQHFHVLGDGHVUHDOHV
GHOHQWRUQRFRQHOREMHWLYRGHPHMRUDUOR
3RUWDQWRFRQVLVWHHQXQDSURSXHVWDGHRIHUWDHGXFDWLYDGRQGHVHFRPELQDODHGXFDFLyQ\HO
DSUHQGL]DMHFRQXQVHUYLFLRTXHVHKDFHDODFRPXQLGDGLQYROXFUiQGRVHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQ
WHPDVUHDOHV\GHYHUGDGHUDQHFHVLGDGGHOHQWRUQRFRQODILQDOLGDGGHODPHMRUDGHpVWH(V
XQD SURSXHVWD HGXFDWLYD GRQGH VH YD D GHVDUUROODU XQ FRQMXQWR GH FRPSHWHQFLDV EiVLFDV ODV
FXDOHVVRORVHDGTXLHUHQHQXQWUDEDMRJOREDO\FRQWH[WXDOL]DGR
(Q(VSDxDODLGHDGHO$S6VHKDLGRH[WHQGLHQGRDJUDQYHORFLGDGVLHQGROOHYDGDDFDERHQ
LQVWLWXWRV XQLYHUVLGDGHV R HQ DOJXQRV FHQWURV VRFLDOHV SXHV VX p[LWR UDGLFD HQ HO HTXLOLEULR
HQWUHODWUDGLFLyQHGXFDWLYD\ODLQQRYDFLyQSHGDJyJLFD
+D\TXHGHVWDFDUGLIHUHQWHVLQVWLWXFLRQHVTXHOOHYDQGHVDUUROODQGRHVWDODERUGXUDQWHDxRV(O
&HQWUH 3URPRWRU G$SUHQHQWDWJH 6HUYHL HQ &DWDOXxD OD )XQGD]LRD =HUELNDV HQ HO 3DtV
9DVFR R OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ $VKRND HQ 0DGULG IXHURQ SLRQHURV HQ HVWH WLSR GH ODERUHV
GLIXQGLHQGR HO $S6 HQ QXHVWUR SDtV SXHV WDO FRPR DILUPD %DWOOH HO $SUHQGL]DMH
6HUYLFLRVHKDH[WHQGLGRSRUODVHQFLOODUD]yQGHTXHIXQFLRQD(OSURIHVRUTXHORSUXHEDQROR
DEDQGRQD SRUTXH ORV UHVXOWDGRV VRQ PX\ QRWDEOHV WDQWR D QLYHO HVWULFWDPHQWH DFDGpPLFR
FRPRGHFRQYLYHQFLDHQHODXOD\GHFRKHVLyQHVFXHODHQWRUQR
/RV $S6 WUDQVPLWHQ YDORUHV DO DOXPQDGR \ DO XVXDULR REMHWR GHO VHUYLFLR VDOLHQGR DPERV
EHQHILFLDGRV 2IUHFHQ VHUYLFLRV D FROHFWLYRV VRFLDOHV \ D\XGDQ D TXH KD\D PD\RU FRKHVLyQ
VRFLDO&RQHFWDQDODOXPQDGRFRQHOHQWRUQRIRPHQWDQGRXQDPD\RUSDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQD
\ XQD PHMRUD GH VX DXWRHVWLPD (O $S6 WDPELpQ PHMRUD DO GRFHQWH \D TXH GHMD D XQ ODGR
PHWRGRORJtDVPHUDPHQWHH[SRVLWLYDV\RUJDQL]DMXQWRDORVDOXPQRVDFWLYLGDGHVTXHPHMRUDQ
VX DSUHQGL]DMH D WUDYpV GH YLYHQFLDV SHUVRQDOHV D OD YH] TXH WUDQVPLWHQ VROLGDULGDG \
FRPSURPLVR

$SOLFDFLyQGHO$S6HQFXHVWLRQHVGH6HQVLELOL]DFLyQ0HGLRDPELHQWDO5HVSHWRDO
PHGLRDPELHQWHFRPREDVHGHXQDVRFLHGDGPHMRU
8QDYH]HQWHQGLGRORTXHVLJQLILFDEDXQDH[SHULHQFLDHQHOiPELWRGHO$S6HQQXHVWURFDVR
FRQFUHWR TXLVLPRV OOHYDU D FDER XQD SUiFWLFD VREUH OD ODERU PHGLRDPELHQWDO TXH SXHGHQ
GHVDUUROODU ORV MyYHQHV GH QXHVWUD VRFLHGDG \ D OD YH] HVWXGLDU HO QLYHO GH SUHRFXSDFLyQ R
VHQVLELOLGDG PHGLRDPELHQWDO GH XQ JUXSR GH XVXDULRV HQ XQD ]RQD YHUGH GH FDUiFWHU XUEDQR
GHWHUPLQDGDFRPRHVOD/DJXQDGHOD%DUUHUDHQ0iODJD


/DVHQVLELOL]DFLyQPHGLRDPELHQWDOIRUPDSDUWHGHODHGXFDFLyQDPELHQWDO\DTXHHVDWUDYpV
GHODHGXFDFLyQTXHUHFLELPRVSRUODTXHHOVHUKXPDQRHQWLHQGHHOPHGLRDPELHQWH\HVSRU
ORTXHHPSLH]DDSUHRFXSDUVHSRUpO(QWHQGHPRVPHGLRDPELHQWHWDOFRPRORVGHILQHQ&DVWUR
5RGUtJXH] HW DO XQ VLVWHPD JOREDO FRQVWLWXLGR SRU HOHPHQWRV QDWXUDOHV \
DUWLILFLDOHV GH QDWXUDOH]D ItVLFD TXtPLFD R ELROyJLFD VRFLRFXOWXUDOHV \ VXV LQWHUDFFLRQHV HQ
SHUPDQHQWHPRGLILFDFLyQSRUODDFFLyQKXPDQDRQDWXUDO\TXHULJH\FRQGLFLRQDODH[LVWHQFLD
\GHVDUUROORGHODYLGDHQVXVP~OWLSOHVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHV(VSRUWDQWRXQVLVWHPDKROtVWLFR
GRQGHFRQIOX\HQORQDWXUDO\ORDQWUySLFR
&DGD YH] VRQ PiV ORV SURJUDPDV GH LQLFLDWLYD SDUD OD HGXFDFLyQ DPELHQWDO /D FRPXQLGDG
HGXFDWLYDHVVLQGXGDXQRGHORVVHFWRUHVVRFLDOHVFODYHHQODFRQWULEXFLyQDODPHMRUDGHOD
FDOLGDG DPELHQWDO WDQWR SRU VX UHVSRQVDELOLGDG HQ OD IRUPDFLyQ GH ORV FLXGDGDQRV \
FLXGDGDQDV FRPR SRU OD LQIOXHQFLD TXH WLHQH HQ HO UHVWR GH OD VRFLHGDG VLHQGR HO SUHVHQWH
WUDEDMR XQ HMHPSOR HQ HVWD OtQHD $SUHQGHU \ YDORUDU HO PHGLR DPELHQWH PHGLDQWH XQ FDVR
FRQFUHWR \ D OD YH] TXH GHVDUUROODQ XQ DSUHQGL]DMH VREUH pO VH IRPHQWD HO FRPSURPLVR
FLXGDGDQR\ODPHMRUDGHODVRFLHGDG
7DPELpQVHIDYRUHFHPHGLDQWHHVWDH[SHULHQFLDTXHHOSURSLRDOXPQDGRVHGpFXHQWDGHTXHHO
SURSLRPHGLRDPELHQWHIRUPDSDUWHGHOD*HRJUDItD\SRUWDQWRVHSDQTXHHVWDODERUDODTXH
FRQWULEX\HQ PHGLDQWH OD SUHVHQWH H[SHULHQFLD OHV D\XGDUi D DSUHQGHU FRQWHQLGRV GH HVWD
PDWHULDIRUPiQGRORVSDUDXQDSRVLEOHVDOLGDODERUDO

$SOLFDFLyQGHO$S6HQODIRUPDFLyQHQ*HRJUDItD(OSHUILOSURIHVLRQDOGHOD
*HRJUDItD
&DEHGHVWDFDUODGLYHUVLGDGGHVDOLGDVSURIHVLRQDOHVHQHOiPELWRGHOD*HRJUDItDJUDQSDUWH
GHHOODVGHVFRQRFLGDVSRUHODOXPQDGRGH6HFXQGDULDHQQXHVWURSDtV(QODILJXUDSRGHPRV
REVHUYDU ODV VDOLGDV SURIHVLRQDOHV TXH SXHGH WHQHU HO *UDGR GH *HRJUDItD \ *HVWLyQ GHO
7HUULWRULR SDUD HO DxR VHJ~Q HO &ROHJLR GH *HyJUDIRV (Q HOOD SRGHPRV REVHUYDU
JUXSRVGLIHUHQFLDGRVGHQWURGHODVGLVWLQWDVSURIHVLRQHV
(QHOSULPHUJUXSRGHVWDFDQORV6LVWHPDVGH7HFQRORJtDH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDGHVSXQWDQ
GHQWURGHHVWDVSURIHVLRQHVORV6,*OD&DUWRJUDItD7HPiWLFDRODJHVWLyQGH%DVHGH'DWRV
/D JHVWLyQ \ SODQLILFDFLyQ VRQ WHPDV FRPSOHMRV TXH QHFHVLWDQ KHUUDPLHQWDV SRWHQWHV \
GLYHUVDV SDUD SRGHU UHDOL]DUORV \ OOHYDU D FDER XQ EXHQ WUDEDMR (VWDV VRQ KHUUDPLHQWDV TXH
SHUPLWHQODRUJDQL]DFLyQDOPDFHQDPLHQWRPDQLSXODFLyQDQiOLVLV\PRGHOL]DFLyQGHJUDQGHV
FDQWLGDGHVGHGDWRV/DGHPDQGDHVFDGDYH]PiVJUDQGH\SRUWDQWRXQDEXHQDVDOLGDODERUDO
KR\GtDSXGLHQGRGHFLUTXHUHSUHVHQWDXQDGHODVPHMRUHVDODTXHVHSXHGHRSWDU
(QHOVHJXQGRJUXSRHQFRQWUDPRVXQDPD\RUKHWHURJHQHLGDGHQFRQWUDQGRWUDEDMRVGHGLFDGRV
DO 3DLVDMH DO 8UEDQLVPR R D OD (QVHxDQ]D HVWD ~OWLPD FDGD YH] PiV GHPDQGDGD SRU HO
DXPHQWRGHGRFHQWHVGH*HRJUDItD


)LJXUD0D\RUHVJHQHUDGRUHVGHHPSOHRHQHOiPELWRGHOD*HRJUDItD)XHQWH0RQJLO-XiUH]

(QXQWHUFHUOXJDUVDOLGDVODERUDOHVTXHSDUHFHTXHFDSWDQPHQRVWUDEDMDGRUHVFRPRVRQODV
GHGLFDGDV DO WXULVPR R D ORV (VWXGLRV GH ,PSDFWR $PELHQWDO (Q XQ IXWXUR SUy[LPR HVWDV
VDOLGDVLUiQJDQDQGRLPSRUWDQFLDSRUODH[SDQVLyQGHGLFKRVQLFKRVGHHPSOHR
(VWH SDQRUDPD VH OOHYDUtD DO DXOD HQ OD VHVLyQ LQLFLDO GH OD H[SHULHQFLD SDUD XQ PHMRU
FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO DOXPQDGR SDUWLFLSDQWH 3DUD GDUOH XQD PD\RU IXHU]D DGHPiV VH DGRSWDUtD
XQD PHWRGRORJtD GH JUDQ FDODGR HQ OD 'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD SHUR QR HQRUPH
SRWHQFLDOLGDG FRPR HV OD VDOLGD GH FDPSR eVWD HUD XQD SDUWH PX\ LPSRUWDQWH HQ OD
PHWRGRORJtD GH WUDEDMR \D TXH HV DTXt GRQGH HO DOXPQR WHQGUtD XQ FRQWDFWR GLUHFWR FRQ OD
]RQD GH HVWXGLR DGHPiV GH SRGHU DIURQWDU PHWRGRORJtDV GH JUDQ XWLOLGDG HQ OD SURIHVLyQ
JHRJUiILFDFRPRODVHQFXHVWDV'HOJDGR\5RGULJRHQXQDH[SHULHQFLDFRQFLHUWDV
VLPLOLWXGHV \ EDVDGRV HQ HVWXGLRV SUHYLRV PXHVWUDQ ODV YHQWDMDV GHO WUDEDMR GH FDPSR
FRQWDFWR GLUHFWR FRQ IXHQWHV WUDEDMR SUiFWLFR LQWHQVR PHMRU DGTXLVLFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGRV
FRQFHSWXDOHV DSOLFDGRV \ DFWLWXGHV S HM WUDEDMR HQ HTXLSR HQIUHQWDPLHQWR D FDVRV UHDOHV
HWFWRGRHOORGHJUDQXWLOLGDGGHFDUDDOGHVDUUROORSURIHVLRQDOGHOD*HRJUDItD

2%-(7,926<0(72'2/2*$
2EMHWLYRVDFRQVHJXLUFRQODH[SHULHQFLDGHOGRFHQWH
(QHVWHWUDEDMRKHPRVOOHYDGRDFDERXQDH[SHULHQFLDEDVDGDHQHOPpWRGRGHHQVHxDQ]DGH
$SUHQGL]DMH6HUYLFLR$S6FRPELQiQGRORFRQXQDVDOLGDGHFDPSR\HOWUDEDMRHQHTXLSR
3DUWLHQGRGHODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOIRPHQWRGHODVHQVLELOL]DFLyQPHGLRDPELHQWDOHQHODOXPQDGR
DVt FRPR GH VX FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO SHUILO SURIHVLRQDO GH OD *HRJUDItD VH SUHWHQGHQ FXEULU ORV
VLJXLHQWHVREMHWLYRVPHGLDQWHHOGHVDUUROORGHHVWDH[SHULHQFLDGRFHQWH
x $FHUFDU D ORV DOXPQRV GH XQD PDQHUD GLIHUHQWH D ODV DVLJQDWXUDV GH *HRJUDItD H
+LVWRULDDGTXLULHQGRQXHYRVFRQFHSWRV\FRQRFLPLHQWRVVREUHOD]RQDGHHVWXGLRGRQGHVH
UHDOL]DODSUiFWLFD

x &RPSUHQGHU TXH OD *HRJUDItD QR VH OLPLWD D OD PHUD ORFDOL]DFLyQ JHRJUiILFD GH
HOHPHQWRV VLQR D OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GH OD LQWHUDFFLyQ GHO VHU KXPDQR FRQ HO PHGLR VLHQGR
PXFKRPiVFRPSOHMD\ULFDGHORTXHVHOOHJDDFUHHUHQFLHUWRVFtUFXORVHVFRODUHV
x $GTXLULUXQPHMRUFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODVRFLHGDG\ORVHVSDFLRVS~EOLFRVDWUDYpVGHOD
VHQVLELOL]DFLyQPHGLRDPELHQWDO\DTXHDOLQWHUDFWXDUFRQHOPHGLR\YHUODHYROXFLyQTXH
KD WHQLGR OD ODJXQD SRGUiQ HQWHQGHU PHMRU OR TXH HV HO PHGLR DPELHQWH \ HO EXHQ
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRKDFLDpO
x ,QFUHPHQWDUODLQWHUDFFLyQFRQOD]RQD\FRQODVSHUVRQDVTXHORIUHFXHQWDQDQDOL]DQGR
TXHHVORPHMRU\ORSHRUYLVWRGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDPiVREMHWLYRWHQLHQGRXQDUHODFLyQ
GH W~ D W~ FRQ ORV YLVLWDQWHV \ KDFLHQGR XVR GH XQD PHWRGRORJtD FXDQWLWDWLYD FRQ OD
D\XGDGHFXHVWLRQDULRVDQWHULRUPHQWHHODERUDGRVSDUDDSOLFDUORVFRQHOORV
x )RPHQWDUODFRODERUDFLyQHQJUXSR\DTXHHVWRHVDOJRTXHHQODDFWXDOLGDGVHSUROLMD
WDQWR HQ HVWXGLRV VXSHULRUHV FRPR HQ WUDEDMRV ODERUDOHV 3RQHUVH GH DFXHUGR HQ XQD
VLWXDFLyQ SDUD OOHJDU D XQD ILQDOLGDG FRQMXQWD HV DOJR PX\ LPSRUWDQWH SXHV D\XGD D
HVFXFKDU \ FRPSUHQGHU ODV LGHDV GH ORV FRPSDxHURV \ HVR VHUi DOJR IXQGDPHQWDO HQ
SUiFWLFDVSUy[LPDVGHQWUR\IXHUDGHORVHVWXGLRV
$FWLYLGDGHVUHDOL]DGDV\PHWRGRORJtDDSOLFDGDHQODVGLVWLQWDVVHVLRQHV
(VWD H[SHULHQFLD VH KD UHDOL]DGR GHVDUUROODQGR XQ SODQ GH WUDEDMR TXH FRQVWD GH VHVLRQHV
UHDOL]DGD FRQ DOXPQRVDV GH GH %DFKLOOHUDWR HQ XQ FHQWUR GH (GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD
&ROHJLR(XURSDHQODFLXGDGGH0iODJD
/DV WUHV VHVLRQHV OOHYDGDV D FDER KDQ WHQLGR XQ REMHWLYR SULQFLSDO OD VHQVLELOL]DFLyQ
PHGLRDPELHQWDO \ YDULRV REMHWLYRV VHFXQGDULRV WDO \ FRPR KHPRV DSXQWDGR WDPELpQ
LPSRUWDQWHV D OD KRUD GH GHVDUUROODU OD SUiFWLFD FRPR HV FRQVHJXLU XQ PD\RU FLYLVPR OD
DGTXLVLFLyQGHFRQFHSWRVGHJHRJUDItDHKLVWRULDGHOD]RQDFRODERUDFLyQHQJUXSRHWFTXH
VHKDQUHDOL]DGRHQOXJDUHVGLVWLQWRVGHQWUR\IXHUDGHODXOD\DTXHFUHHPRVTXHHVWHWLSRGH
DSUHQGL]DMH WLHQH PD\RU HIHFWR UHDOL]iQGROR IXHUD GH VX ]RQD KDELWXDO GH WUDEDMR \ FRQ XQD
LPSRUWDQWHFRPSRQHQWHSUiFWLFD\DSOLFDGD
'XUDQWH WRGD OD H[SHULHQFLD GRFHQWH VH LUtD HODERUDQGR XQ GLDULR GH FODVH GRQGH VH
SODVPDEDQWRGDVODV H[SHULHQFLDV WDQWR SRVLWLYDV\ QHJDWLYDVTXH LEDQ VXUJLHQGR DO UHDOL]DU
WDO H[SHULHQFLD $GHPiV FRPR HOHPHQWR FHQWUDO GH UHJLVWUR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ SDUD YDORUDU OD
FRQVHFXFLyQGHORVREMHWLYRVVHHODERUyXQFXHVWLRQDULRLQLFLDOILQDODFXPSOLPHQWDUSRUHO
DOXPQDGRSDUWLFLSDQWH\FRQODFRODERUDFLyQGHOPLVPRXQFXHVWLRQDULRDPRGRGHHQWUHYLVWD
EUHYH TXH SRU HTXLSRV GHEtDQ FRPSOHWDU VHJ~Q OD RSLQLyQ GH YLDQGDQWHV R XVXDULRV TXH
HQFRQWUDUiQHQOD/DJXQDGHOD%DUUHUDHOGtDGHODVDOLGD
(OREMHWLYRGHOFXHVWLRQDULRLQLFLDOILQDOUHDOL]DGRHQFODVHHUDTXHORVDOXPQRVFRQWHVWDVHQ
XQD VHULH GH SUHJXQWDV WLSR WHVW DFHUFD GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV WHPDV TXH VH LEDQ D DEDUFDU HQ OD
UHDOL]DFLyQ GH OD SUiFWLFD HQ OD ODJXQD UHDOL]iQGROR HQ DPEDVVHVLRQHV LQLFLDO \ ILQDO SDUD
FRPSUREDU OD HYROXFLyQ HQ HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH GLFKRV DVSHFWRV HQ OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH HVWD
H[SHULHQFLD 7DPELpQ FRQWHQtD DOJXQDV FXHVWLRQHV DELHUWDV SDUD UHFRJHU VXV RSLQLyQ VREUH
WHPDV YDULRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD VHQVLELOL]DFLyQ PHGLRDPELHQWDO \ HO SHUILO SURIHVLRQDO GHO
JHyJUDIR
(Q OD VHJXQGD VHVLyQ VDOLGD GH FDPSR ORV DOXPQRV UHDOL]DURQ XQ FXHVWLRQDULR D ORV
YLDQGDQWHV\XVXDULRVGHOSDUTXHGHODODJXQDXWLOL]DQGRSDUDHOORXQDVHULHGHSUHJXQWDV


DELHUWDVHQODVFXDOHVORVYLDQGDQWHVGHEtDQGDUVXRSLQLyQDFHUFDGHODODJXQD\ODVSRVLEOHV
PHMRUDVTXHSRGUtDWHQHUGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDFXDOLWDWLYD
/DV DFWLYLGDGHV OOHYDGDV D FDER TXHGDQ HVSHFLILFDGDV D FRQWLQXDFLyQVHJ~Q ODVWUHV VHVLRQHV
GtDVGHWUDEDMR
6HVLyQ/DSULPHUDVHVLyQVHUHDOL]yHQHODXODOXJDUGRQGHVHWHQGUtDXQSULPHUFRQWDFWR
FRQORVDOXPQRV\GRQGHVHH[SOLFDUtDHOVHQWLGRGHODSUiFWLFDODH[FXUVLyQDUHDOL]DU\ORV
REMHWLYRVDDOFDQ]DUSRUORVHVWXGLDQWHV
(QHVWDSULPHUDVHVLyQHODOXPQDGRWDPELpQUHOOHQDUtDXQRVFXHVWLRQDULRVSDUDHYDOXDUFLHUWRV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV GH tQGROH JHRJUiILFD LQFOX\HQGR DGHPiV SUHJXQWDV DELHUWDV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ
HOPHGLRDPELHQWHFLYLVPR\QRUPDVGHJHVWLyQUHODFLRQDGDVFRQOD/DJXQDGHOD%DUUHUD
7UDVHOORVHOHVH[SOLFyTXHHOORVPLVPRVWHQGUtDQTXHFUHDUXQFXHVWLRQDULRSDUDODVLJXLHQWH
VHVLyQFRQXQDVHULHGHSUHJXQWDVSDUDUHJLVWUDUODRSLQLyQGHORVXVXDULRVGHODODJXQD\DVt
OOHJDUDXQDVFRQFOXVLRQHVWDQWRSRVLWLYDVFRPRQHJDWLYDVVREUHODJHVWLyQ\XVRGHODPLVPD
\UHGDFWDUHQJUXSRXQLQIRUPHUHVXOWDQWH
/D ILQDOLGDG GH HVWD VHVLyQ HUD TXH HO DOXPQDGR IXHUD FDSWDQGR OD LGHD GH OR TXH VH TXHUtD
FRQVHJXLUFRQHVWDH[SHULHQFLDHQHOiPELWRGHO$S6\FXDQGRVHUHDOL]DUDODVHJXQGDVHVLyQ
WXYLHUDFODURODVDFWLYLGDGHVDUHDOL]DU
6HVLyQ (VWD VHVLyQ VH UHDOL]y HQ OD SURSLD ]RQD GH HVWXGLR HQ OD /DJXQD GH OD %DUUHUD
GRQGHWXYLHURQTXHOOHYDUDFDERODSDUWHPiVSUiFWLFDGHODH[SHULHQFLD6HWUDWDGHXQSDUTXH
S~EOLFRFRQXQDODJXQDVHPLQDWXUDO/D/DJXQDGHOD%DUUHUDRFRPRWDPELpQHVFRQRFLGDSRU
PXFKRVOD/DJXQDGH6DQWD,QpVHVWiVLWXDGDHQHOEDUULRGHO7HMDUHQOD&RORQLD6DQWD,QpV
D XQRV NLOyPHWURV DO RHVWH GHO FHQWUR GH OD FLXGDG GH 0iODJD (VWH SHTXHxR Q~FOHR GH
SREODFLyQ KD HVWDGR VLHPSUH OLJDGR D OD H[SORWDFLyQ GH DUFLOODV GH WDO PRGR TXH WUDV XQD
SHUIRUDFLyQ SDUD H[WUDFFLyQ IXH SLQFKDGR XQ DFXtIHUR SURYRFDQGR OD VDOLGD DO H[WHULRU GHO
DJXDTXHHQpOKDEtDRULJLQDQGRHVWDODJXQDQDWXUDO
(V D WUDYpV GHO $S6 HQ HVWD VHJXQGD VHVLyQ GRQGH HO HVWXGLDQWH YD D DGTXLULU XQD PD\RU
FDQWLGDG GH FRQFHSWRV \ DSUHQGL]DMH PLHQWUDV UHDOL]D XQ WUDEDMR FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH
FRQFLHQFLDUVH\GHFRQFLHQFLDUDORVXVXDULRVGHOOXJDUTXHSXHGHQWHQHUXQOXJDUPHMRUPiV
OLPSLR \ PiV UHVSHWDEOH $GHPiV FRPR UHVXOWDGR GH HVWH WUDEDMR FRPR \D DSXQWDPRV VH
SRGUtDHODERUDUXQLQIRUPHGHLQWHUpVSDUDODVDVRFLDFLRQHVRDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHVORFDOHV
6HVLyQ(QHVWDWHUFHUDVHVLyQUHDOL]DGDHQHODXODHVGRQGHVHFRPSUREDUtDODFRPSUHQVLyQ
\ FDSWDFLyQ GHO PHQVDMH TXH VH SUHWHQGtD FRPXQLFDU DO DOXPQR \ YHU TXp HV OR TXH KDEtD
DSUHQGLGRGHVSXpVGHODUHDOL]DFLyQGHODSUiFWLFD6HYROYHUtD DUHSDUWLUHOFXHVWLRQDULRTXH
KLFLHURQ HO SULPHU GtD SDUD FRPSUREDU VX HYROXFLyQ \ VH KDUtD XQD SXHVWD HQ FRP~Q GH ORV
LQIRUPHVHODERUDGRVDSDUWLUGHORVFXHVWLRQDULRVUHOOHQRVDSDUWLUGHODRSLQLyQGHORVXVXDULRV
GHODODJXQD
6HGHVDUUROODUtDWDPELpQXQSHTXHxRGHEDWHHQHODXODSDUDKDFHUXQDFRQFOXVLyQILQDOGHOD
SUiFWLFD\YHUFRPRVHGHVHQYXHOYHQHQXQDSXHVWDHQFRP~QGHJUXSR
7UDVHVWDVVHVLRQHVVHKL]RXQDQiOLVLVGHORVUHVXOWDGRV\XQDFRQFOXVLyQGHORTXHKDEtDVLGR
OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH HVWD SUiFWLFD GRQGH VH HYDOXDUi VL VH KDQ OOHJDGR D ORV REMHWLYRV TXH VH
SURSXVLHURQDOSULQFLSLR


)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDGHODVDOLGDGHFDPSR6HVLyQHQOD/DJXQDGHOD%DUUHUD0iODJD

$1/,6,6'(/265(68/7$'26
7UDVODUHDOL]DFLyQGHODVHJXQGDVHVLyQVHOHSLGLyDODOXPQDGRTXHKLFLHUDQXQLQIRUPHHQ
FRP~Q GH ODV FRVDVSRVLWLYDV \ QHJDWLYDV TXH KDEtDQREVHUYDGR HQ OD /DJXQD GH OD %DUUHUD
DQDOL]DQGR HVWRV UHVXOWDGRV HQ OD WHUFHUD VHVLyQ TXH VH UHDOL]y (VWH LQIRUPH VHUYLUtD SDUD
DQDOL]DU HO SXQWR GH YLVWD GH ORV XVXDULRV GH OD ODJXQD \ SRGHU UHDOL]DU XQ LQIRUPH SDUD ORV
GLVWLQWRV RUJDQLVPRV S~EOLFRV R SULYDGRV FRQ FRPSHWHQFLDV HQ OD JHVWLyQ GH GLFKD ]RQD
YHUGH+D\TXHGHVWDFDUTXHSDUDGLFKRLQIRUPHVHEDVDURQHQORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVDGTXLULGRV
GXUDQWHODVVHVLRQHVWHyULFDV\SUiFWLFDVGHODDFWLYLGDGDVtFRPRHQODRSLQLyQGHORVXVXDULRV
DTXLHQHVSXGLHURQOOHYDUDFDERHQWUHYLVWDVGXUDQWHODVDOLGDGHFDPSRHQODVHJXQGDVHVLyQ
3RURWURODGRDSDUWLUGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHHVWDH[SHULHQFLD\GHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHOGRFHQWH
DQDOL]DPRV OD FRPSUHVLyQ GH FRQFHSWRV UHODWLYRV TXH HO DOXPQDGR KDEtD GHVDUUROODGR
YDORUDQGRVXHIHFWLYLGDGFRQXQDFRQFOXVLyQILQDODPRGRGHUHIOH[LyQSHUVRQDODSDUWLUGHORV
GLIHUHQWHV LQVWUXPHQWRV XWLOL]DGRV GLDULR GH FODVH \ FXHVWLRQDULR GH HYDOXDFLyQ SDUD HO
DOXPQDGRSDUWLFLSDQWHSULQFLSDOPHQWH

$SOLFDFLyQGHO$S6\VHQVLELOL]DFLyQPHGLRDPELHQWDO,QIRUPHGHOD/DJXQDGH
OD%DUUHUD
7UDVUHDOL]DUODVDOLGDGHFDPSRHQOD/DJXQDGHOD%DUUHUDHODOXPQDGRKDSRGLGRREVHUYDU
WRGRORTXHHOOXJDUSXHGHDSRUWDUSDUDORVXVXDULRVGHOSDUTXH\WUDVHOORHYDOXDUHOHVWDGRGH
OD]RQDWDQWRGHOPRELOLDULRXUEDQRGHODIORUDGHODIDXQDHVWDGRGHFRQVHUYDFLyQJHQHUDO
PDQWHQLPLHQWRHWFWRGDVHOODVFXHVWLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODJHVWLyQ\FRQVHUYDFLyQGHGLFKR
HVSDFLR
6HSXHGHFRPSUREDUFyPRHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRHVXQSXQWRQHJDWLYREDVWDQWHYLVLEOHSXHVVROR
VHYHQXQDRGRVSHUVRQDVHQHOFXLGDGRGHOSDUTXHSDUDXQD]RQDTXHRFXSDXQRVP
+D\ TXH VHxDODU OD QHFHVLGDG GH XQ PD\RU Q~PHUR GH SHUVRQDO WDQWR GH OLPSLH]D FRPR GH
PDQWHQLPLHQWRSDUDODIORUDRLQFOXVRSDUDHOPRELOLDULRXUEDQR


2WUR SUREOHPD VRQ ORV H[FUHPHQWRV GH SHUUR HQ PXFKDV RFDVLRQHV QR UHFRJLGDV SRU VXV
GXHxRV(VWRDXQVLHQGRGHFLYLVPRSRUSDUWHGHOFXLGDGRUVHSRGUtDPHMRUDUVLKXELHUDPiV
SHUVRQDOGHPDQWHQLPLHQWR\OLPSLH]D
6HSXHGH FRPSUREDUFRPR OD]RQD GHODODJXQDGRQGHVH HQFXHQWUDQ ODVDYHVDFXiWLFDV HVWi
EDVWDQWH DEDQGRQDGD ]RQDV SLQWDGDV \ FRQ EDVWDQWH EDVXUD HQ VXV DOUHGHGRUHV MXVWR GRQGH
PiVFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHHVWRVDQLPDOHVHQFRQWUDPRV
2WURSXQWRDDxDGLUHQHOLQIRUPHHVODIDOWDGHUDPSDV\DFFHVRVSDUDSHUVRQDOGHPRYLOLGDG
UHGXFLGD'HVSXpVGHXQDDQWHULRUSURWHVWDVHKLFLHURQDFFHVRVSDUDHVWHWLSRGHSHUVRQDVSHUR
DXQDVtQRVRQVXILFLHQWHV\DTXHVLJXHQKDELHQGR]RQDVHQHOSDUTXHFRQEDMRRQXORJUDGR
GHDFFHVLELOLGDG
8Q SXQWR LPSRUWDQWH HV OD VHJXULGDG $OJXQRV YHFLQRV KDQ FRPHQWDGR TXH KD\ FLHUWRV
PRPHQWRVTXHQRVHVLHQWHQVHJXURVGHQWURGHOUHFLQWR\TXHSRUODSRFDYLVLELOLGDGHQFLHUWDV
KRUDVRHOPLHGRDHQFRQWUDUVHDDOJ~QYiQGDORHQVXLQWHULRUQRDFFHGHQDOSDUTXH
2WUR SXQWR TXH H[SRQHQ ORV YHFLQRV HV HO FXLGDGR GH OD YHJHWDFLyQ (Q PXFKDV SDUWHV GHO
SDUTXH VH REVHUYD FRPR OD YHJHWDFLyQ QR HVWi FXLGDGD /R TXH UHVXOWD H[WUDxR HV TXH HQ
DOJXQDVSDUWHVVHYHFRPRVLORHVWi\DYDULRVPHWURVODYHJHWDFLyQTXHKD\SDUHFHTXHFUHFH
GHPDQHUDVDOYDMH
(VWRVVRQDOJXQRVSXQWRVGHPHMRUDTXHVHKDQUHFRJLGRHQHOLQIRUPHSDUDHYDOXDUHOHVWDGR
GHOSDUTXHDSDUWLUGHORVWHVWLPRQLRVGHORVXVXDULRVHQFXHVWDGRVSRUHODOXPQDGRSDUWLFLSDQWH
HOGtDGHODVDOLGDGHFDPSR(QpOVHUHFRJHQDOJXQDVPHGLGDVLQWHUHVDQWHVGHDSOLFDUSXHVOD
RSLQLyQ JHQHUDO HV TXH SXHGH VHU XQ OXJDU PXFKR PHMRU TXH QHFHVLWD GH XQ PD\RU LQWHUpV
SRUSDUWHGHDOJXQRVRUJDQLVPRV

$QiOLVLVGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHOSURIHVRU/DDGTXLVLFLyQGH
FRPSHWHQFLDV\*HRJUDItD
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHYDQDDQDOL]DUODVGLVWLQWDVUHVSXHVWDV\FRQFOXVLRQHVWUDVODUHDOL]DFLyQGH
ORVFXHVWLRQDULRVDOLQLFLR\DOILQDOGHODH[SHULHQFLD(VWRVHUYLUiSDUDOOHJDUDXQDFRQFOXVLyQ
ILQDO GH OD SUiFWLFD OOHYDGD D FDER FRQ ORV DOXPQRV FRWHMDQGR VL VH KDQ DOFDQ]DGR ORV
REMHWLYRVSODQWHDGRV

$QiOLVLVGHOUHVXOWDGRHQODHQFXHVWDLQLFLDO
&RPR SRGHPRV REVHUYDU HQ OD )LJXUD WUDV OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GHO FXHVWLRQDULR HQ OD SULPHUD
VHVLyQREWXYLPRVORVVLJXLHQWHVUHVXOWDGRV
3RGHPRVREVHUYDUFRPRHQWRGDVODVSUHJXQWDVTXHFRQWHVWDURQORVDOXPQRVODPD\RUSDUWH
GH HOODV HO UHVXOWDGR HV SRVLWLYR \D TXH FRPR SRGHPRV FRPSUREDU KD\ PiV DFLHUWRV TXH
HUURUHV +D\ TXH GHVWDFDU OD SULPHUD SUHJXQWD 4Xp HV OD *HRJUDItD" GRQGH ORV DOXPQRV
WXYLHURQXQPD\RUSUREOHPDDODKRUDGHFRQWHVWDUSXHVREVHUYDPRVTXHHVODTXHPiVIDOORV
UHFRJHHQHOWHVW/DSUHJXQWDWUHV4XpHVXQDJUiILFDFLUFXODUGHVHFWRUHV"ODFLQFR4Xp
WLSR GH FOLPD KD\ HQ 0iODJD" \ OD QXHYH 4Xp HV OD %LRGLYHUVLGDG" FRPR LJXDOPHQWH VH
SXHGHFRPSUREDUHQODILJXUDWXYLHURQXQSOHQRHQDFLHUWRSRUSDUWHGHODOXPQDGR


)LJXUD5HVXOWDGRVHQODHQFXHVWDLQLFLDO)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

6HJXLGDPHQWH VH SDVy D UHDOL]DU OD VHJXQGD SDUWH GHO FXHVWLRQDULR HQ HO FXDO ORV DOXPQRV
FRQWHVWDEDQDODSUHJXQWDVFRQVXVRSLQLRQHVSHUVRQDOHV(VWDVSUHJXQWDVHVWDEDQEDVDGDVDO
LJXDOTXHODSULPHUDSDUWHGHOFXHVWLRQDULRDFXHVWLRQHVJHRJUiILFDV0HGLRDPELHQWHHLQFOXVR
DORTXHODSURSLDDVLJQDWXUDSXHGHVXSRQHUSDUDHOORVHQHOIXWXUR
6H KLFLHURQ FXDWUR SUHJXQWDV GH ODV FXDOHV REWXYLPRV FRQWHVWDFLRQHV HQ DOJXQDV PX\
SDUHFLGDV\HQRWUDVFLHUWDGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHHQORVDOXPQRV
(Q OD SULPHUD SUHJXQWD &UHH TXH ORV FLXGDGDQRV GH 0iODJD VH SUHRFXSDQ SRU HO PHGLR
DPELHQWH" 3RU TXp" OD PD\RUtD GH ORV DOXPQRV FRQWHVWDURQ TXH QR SXHV HQ JUDQ SDUWH
SLHQVDQTXHODFLXGDGHVWiGHVFXLGDGDVXFLD\VLQSUHRFXSDFLyQSRUSDUWHGHVXVFLXGDGDQRV
/DPD\RUtDSLHQVDTXHQRVHFXLGDGHELGDPHQWHHOPHGLRDPELHQWH
/D VLJXLHQWH FXHVWLyQ 'H TXp IRUPD FUHHV TXH VH SXHGH PHMRUDU HO XVR R OD JHVWLyQ GH XQ
HVSDFLR S~EOLFR FRPR SRU HMHPSOR XQ SDUTXH" KD REWHQLGR XQDVUHVSXHVWDV GLYHUVDV FRPR
SRUHMHPSORTXHKD\DXQDPD\RUOLPSLH]DHQHOORV\DTXHXQSXQWRQHJDWLYRHVODVXFLHGDG
7DPELpQFRPHQWDQTXHSRGUtDKDEHU PiV]RQDVYHUGHVSXHV PXFKDV]RQDVXUEDQDVFDUHFHQ
GHHOODV
/D WHUFHUD SUHJXQWD 7H JXVWDUtD VHU JHyJUDIRD" 3RU TXp" OD UHVSXHVWD GH WRGRV HOORV
H[FHSWRODGHXQDOXPQRKDVLGRTXHQRSXHVQROHJXVWDRQROHLQWHUHVDGHPDVLDGR6RORXQR
GHORVGLH]HVWXGLDQWHVTXHKDQKHFKRODSUiFWLFDKDQGLFKRTXHVLOHJXVWDUtDSXHVSLHQVDTXH
HVDOJRLQWHUHVDQWHHLPSRUWDQWHSDUDODVRFLHGDG
/D ~OWLPD FXHVWLyQ (QXPHUD DOJXQDV VDOLGDV SURIHVLRQDOHV GH ORV JHyJUDIRV KD KDELGR
DOXPQRV TXH QR KDQ FRQWHVWDGR QDGD ORV UHVWDQWHV KDQ FRQWHVWDGR OD IXQFLyQ GH SURIHVRU \
DOJ~QRWURKDDxDGLGRODGHFOLPDWyORJRXUEDQLVPRRPHGLRDPELHQWH
7RGDVHVWDVUHVSXHVWDVFRPRVHFRPHQWyDQWHVKDQVLGRFRQWHVWDGDVDQWHVGHODUHDOL]DFLyQ
GH OD VDOLGD GH FDPSR HQ OD ODJXQD VLQ KDEHU GDGR QLQJXQD H[SOLFDFLyQ 0HGLDQWH OD
UHDOL]DFLyQGHODSUiFWLFDXQRGHORVREMHWLYRVHUDDXPHQWDUHOLQWHUpVGHODOXPQDGRVREUHOD
DVLJQDWXUD\HQVHxDU\VHQVLELOL]DUVREUHFLHUWRVDVSHFWRVGHtQGROHPHGLRDPELHQWDO


$QiOLVLVGHOUHVXOWDGRHQODHQFXHVWDILQDO
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ SRGHPRV YHU ODV UHVSXHVWDV GH ORV DOXPQRV FRQ ORV IDOORV \ DFLHUWRV GHO
FXHVWLRQDULRWUDVKDEHUUHDOL]DGRODVHJXQGDVHVLyQHQOD/DJXQDGHOD%DUUHUD)LJXUD/RV
FDPELRVKDQVLGRQRWDEOHV\SDUHFHTXHDOJXQRGHORVDOXPQRVKDFDPELDGRHOLQWHUpVSRUOD
DVLJQDWXUD
)LJXUD5HVXOWDGRVHQODHQFXHVWDILQDO)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

&RPRSRGHPRVREVHUYDUHQODILJXUDHQODPD\RUtDGHODVSUHJXQWDVKD\XQSOHQRGHDFLHUWR
GHO DOXPQDGR \ VRODPHQWH HQ WUHV GH ODV UHVSXHVWDV HQFRQWUDPRV IDOOR ODV FXDOHV VRQ OD
SUHJXQWDQ~PHURFXDWUR4XpHVODIORUD\IDXQDDXWyFWRQD"ODSUHJXQWDQ~PHURVHLV4Xp
HVHO3*28"\ODSUHJXQWDQ~PHURGLH]4XpHVXQDGHSUHVLyQ"HQODTXHXQVRORDOXPQR
IXHHOTXHFRQWHVWyHUUyQHDPHQWH
&RQ HVWRV UHVXOWDGRV SRGHPRV GHFLU TXH OD SUiFWLFD \ OD VDOLGD GH FDPSR KDQ UHVXOWDGR
SRVLWLYDV UHVSHFWR D ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV SUHYLRV \D TXH HQ HO WRWDO GH UHVSXHVWDV KD KDELGR
PHMRUtD SRU SDUWH GHO DOXPQDGR DSUHQGLHQGR \ FRPSUHQGLHQGR ODV H[SOLFDFLRQHV UHFLELGDV
WDQWRHQHODXODFRPRHQOD]RQDGHHVWXGLR
(Q ODV VLJXLHQWHV FXHVWLRQHV VLHQGR GH tQGROH PiV VXEMHWLYD SDUD HO DOXPQDGR WDPELpQ KD
KDELGRFDPELRVUHVSHFWRDODSULPHUDVHVLyQSXHVDOUHFLELUODVGLVWLQWDVH[SOLFDFLRQHVPD\RU
LQIRUPDFLyQ H LQYROXFUDVH HQ PD\RU PHGLGD FRQ OD SUiFWLFD VH KDQ GDGR FXHQWD TXH OD
*HRJUDItD\ODVHQVLELOL]DFLyQPHGLRDPELHQWDOVRQPXFKRPiVLQWHUHVDQWHVHLPSRUWDQWHVGH
OR TXH SHQVDEDQ \ SRU WDQWR DOJXQRV GH ORV DOXPQRV KDQ FDPELDGR GH RSLQLyQ HQ DOJXQD
SUHJXQWD SUHYLD D HVWH FXHVWLRQDULR FDSWDQGR HO PHQVDMH TXH SUHYLDPHQWH VH TXHUtD ODQ]DU
FRQORTXHSRGHPRVGHFLUODSDUWHPHWRGROyJLFDKDUHVXOWDGRSRVLWLYDSDUDHOUHVXOWDGRGHOD
H[SHULHQFLD
7UDV ODV GLYHUVDV H[SOLFDFLRQHV \ HQ UHIHUHQFLD D OD SULPHUD SUHJXQWD &UHHV TXH ORV
FLXGDGDQRV GH 0iODJD VH SUHRFXSDQ SRU HO PHGLR DPELHQWH" 3RU TXp" WRGRV YXHOYHQ D
FRQWHVWDUTXHQR\ODPD\RUtDUHIOHMDHQHOFXHVWLRQDULRTXHQRVHSUHRFXSDQSRUODVXFLHGDG\
HOPHGLRDPELHQWH
(QODVHJXQGDSUHJXQWD'HTXpIRUPDFUHHVTXHVHSXHGHPHMRUDUHOXVRRODJHVWLyQGHXQ
HVSDFLRS~EOLFRSRUHMHPSORXQSDUTXH"ODJUDQPD\RUtDDSXHVWDSRUDSOLFDUXQDVDQFLyQD


TXLHQQRFXPSODODVQRUPDVPXOWDVSHURWDPELpQDxDGHQDOJXQRVTXHVHGHEHUtDDSUHQGHUD
WHQHUPiVFLYLVPR\DVtPHMRUDUHOXVRORVHVSDFLRVS~EOLFRV
(QODVLJXLHQWHFXHVWLyQ7HJXVWDUtDVHUJHyJUDIRD"3RUTXp"QRKDKDELGRQLQJ~QFDPELR
UHVSHFWRDODYH]DQWHULRU6tFUHHQTXHHVPiVLPSRUWDQWH\TXHKDQDSUHQGLGRPXFKDVFRVDV
GHVSXpVGHUHDOL]DUODSUiFWLFDSHURVRORXQDOXPQRUHVSRQGHTXHODHVWXGLDUtDHQXQIXWXUR
(O UHVWR GH ORV DOXPQRV DILUPDQ TXH QR VH YHQ GHVHPSHxDQGRDOJXQD IXQFLyQ TXH VH SXHGD
UHDOL]DUHVWXGLDQGRHVWDFDUUHUD
(Q OD ~OWLPD SUHJXQWD GRQGH DPSOLDPHQWH VH FRQWHVWy TXH OD VDOLGD SURIHVLRQDO GH XQ
JHyJUDIR HUD OD HQVHxDQ]D HQ OD YH] DQWHULRU DKRUD YDULRV DOXPQRV DxDGHQ OD &DUWRJUDItD
0HGLR$PELHQWHHO8UEDQLVPR&OLPDWRORJtDOD3ROtWLFDHLQFOXVRFRPRSDUWHLPSRUWDQWHGH
OD $UTXLWHFWXUD 7RGRV KDQ DPSOLDGR HVWD UHVSXHVWD \ KDQ FRPSUHQGLGR TXH XQ JHyJUDIR QR
VRORHVXQSURIHVRUGH*HRJUDItDVLQRTXHGHQWURGHHVDSURIHVLyQKD\XQDEDQLFRDPSOLRGH
SRVLELOLGDGHVSDUDGHVHPSHxDUXQWUDEDMRFRQRFLHQGRPXFKDVVDOLGDVTXHQRLPDJLQDEDQ
(VWRVXSRQHRWURUHVXOWDGRSRVLWLYRGHODH[SHULHQFLDSXHVKDD\XGDGRDFRPSUHQGHUXQSRFR
PiVWRGRORTXHUHODFLRQDDHVWDSURIHVLyQ

&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
7UDV OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH HVWD H[SHULHQFLD GRFHQWH FRQVLGHUDPRV TXH OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH OD
PHWRGRORJtDGH$S6$SUHQGL]DMH6HUYLFLRHQ*HRJUDItD\HQFRPELQDFLyQFRQODVDOLGDGH
FDPSR\HOWUDEDMRHQHTXLSRKDVLGRPX\SRVLWLYD
+D\ TXH UHVDOWDU OD LPSRUWDQFLD TXH KD WHQLGR OD SUiFWLFD HQ UHODFLyQ D OD VHQVLELOL]DFLyQ
PHGLRDPELHQWDOSRUSDUWHGHODOXPQDGRSDUWLFLSDQWHFRQUHVSHFWRDOD]RQDGHHVWXGLRSXHV
HUDXQOXJDUFRPSOHWDPHQWHGHVFRQRFLGRSDUDHOORVDSHVDUGHODUHODWLYDFHUFDQtDDVXFHQWUR
HGXFDWLYR \ SRU WDQWR OHV KD D\XGDGRD VDEHU PiV VREUH VX JHRJUDItDVX KLVWRULD \ WRGR OR
TXHHVWHSDUTXHUHSUHVHQWDIDXQDIORUDQRUPDWLYDVHQVLELOL]DFLyQPHGLRDPELHQWDO\XQODUJR
HWFpWHUDGHRSRUWXQLGDGHVGHFRQRFLPLHQWRTXHQRVRIUHFtD
(O KHFKR GH UHODFLRQDU ORV $S6 D OD *HRJUDItD HQ HVWH OXJDU QRV KD D\XGDGR WDQWR D ORV
DOXPQRVFRPRDOGRFHQWHDLQYROXFUDUQRVPiVFRQHOEDUULRFRQRFHU\VDEHUTXHSLHQVDQVXV
YHFLQRV UHVSHFWR DO SDUTXH \ RIUHFHUOHV DO PLVPR WLHPSR XQD RSRUWXQLGDG GH PHMRUDU R DO
PHQRV VHUYLU GH HFR GH ORV DVSHFWRV QHJDWLYRV TXH VH KDQ LGR HQFRQWUDQGR FRQIRUPH VH
UHDOL]DEDODSUiFWLFD
6HWLHQHTXHYROYHUDUHVDOWDUHODVSHFWRSRVLWLYRGHORV$S6HQOD*HRJUDItDSXHVRIUHFHXQDV
SRVLELOLGDGHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH GLVWLQWR DO GtD D GtD HQ FXDOTXLHU DXOD GH FXDOTXLHU FHQWUR 'H
KDEHU GLVSXHVWR GH PiV WLHPSR \ FRPR DFWLYLGDG FRPSOHPHQWDULD KXELHUD VLGR PX\
DGHFXDGRODUHGDFFLyQGHXQLQIRUPHWpFQLFRPiVIRUPDOSRUSDUWHGHODOXPQDGRSDUWLFLSDQWH
SDUDHQYLDUDDOJXQDLQVWLWXFLyQFRPSHWHQWHGHFDUDDODPHMRUDGHODVLWXDFLyQGHOD/DJXQD
GHOD%DUUHUDDGPLQLVWUDFLyQPXQLFLSDODVRFLDFLyQPHGLRDPELHQWDODVRFLDFLyQGHYHFLQRV
HWF
'H HVWD IRUPD HO DOXPQDGR YHUtD GH IRUPD PiV FODUD OD SRVLELOLGDG GH DSOLFDFLyQ GH OD
PHWRGRORJtD GHVDUUROODGD SURPRYLHQGR XQD FLXGDGDQtD DFWLYD GHQWUR GHO WULiQJXOR FX\RV
YpUWLFHV VHUtDQ ORV SURIHVLRQDOHV FRPSURPHWLGRV HQ HVWD RFDVLyQ HOORV OD FLXGDGDQtD
XVXDULRV GHO SDUTXH \ YHFLQRV GH OD ]RQD \ ORV DJHQWHV JHVWRUHV \ GH PHMRUD SROtWLFRV
DVRFLDFLRQHVWpFQLFRVPXQLFLSDOHVHWF

+H SRGLGR FRPSUREDU TXH ORV FRQFHSWRV H LGHDV TXH VH TXHUtDQ LPSDUWLU KDQ OOHJDGR DO
DOXPQDGRHQJUDQPHGLGD3RUHVHPRWLYRHOORVKDQDSUHQGLGRDOFDQ]DQGRGHHVWHPRGRXQ
REMHWLYRIXQGDPHQWDOGHODH[SHULHQFLDGRFHQWH
$OILQDOGHODWHUFHUDVHVLyQORVHVWXGLDQWHVWHQtDQXQPD\RUFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOD*HRJUDItD\
GHOD+LVWRULDGHOD]RQDREMHWRGHODVDOLGDGHFDPSRKDQSRGLGRYDORUDUFRQPiVREMHWLYLGDG
TXH HV HO FLYLVPR \ DVSHFWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQ OD JHVWLyQ GH XQHVSDFLRS~EOLFR\ OR TXH HV
IXQGDPHQWDO HO SDSHO GHO JHyJUDIR HQ WRGR HVWR 2WUR DVSHFWR SRVLWLYR HV HO GHVDUUROOR GHO
WUDEDMR HQ JUXSR WHQLHQGR TXH H[SRQHU VXV LGHDV HQ FRP~Q 3DUD HO LQIRUPH ILQDO TXH VH
UHDOL]yWXYLHURQTXHDSUHQGHUDFRPSUHQGHUVH\HVWRHVRWURSXQWRDIDYRUGHODSUiFWLFD
6LKXELHUDTXHVHxDODUDOJ~QDVSHFWRQHJDWLYRDODSUiFWLFDpVWHSRGUtDVHUODLGHDILQDOGHORV
DOXPQRVVREUHHOTXHUHUVHUJHyJUDIRHOGtDGHPDxDQD7UDVUHDOL]DUODVGLIHUHQWHVVHVLRQHVQR
VHKDFRQVHJXLGRTXHQLQJ~QHVWXGLDQWHFDPELHGHRSLQLyQUHVSHFWRDOTXHUHUGHVHPSHxDUHVWD
IXQFLyQ\DXQTXHVtVHKDFDPELDGRHOSHQVDPLHQWRVREUHODODERUGHpVWHVXVIXQFLRQHV\VX
iPELWR ODERUDO \ DXQTXH DKRUD SLHQVHQ TXH XQ JHyJUDIR HV DOJR PiV LPSRUWDQWH \
IXQGDPHQWDO D OD KRUD GH GHVHPSHxDU GLVWLQWRV WUDEDMRV SDUD OD VRFLHGDG HQ QLQJXQR KD
FDPELDGRHVDHOHFFLyQ
(Q FRQFOXVLyQ FUHHPRV TXH ORV PpWRGRV GH $S6 VH GHEHUtDQ IRPHQWDU FDGD YH] PiV HQ ODV
DXODV\PiVD~QVLORUHODFLRQDPRVFRQVDOLGDVGHFDPSRSXHVHVXQDIRUPDGHKDFHUYHUDO
DOXPQR TXH HO FRQRFLPLHQWR WDPELpQ VH SXHGH HQFRQWUDU IXHUD GH HOODV \ DSOLFDQGR OR
DSUHQGLGR HQ EHQHILFLR GHO ELHQ FRP~Q $GHPiV VH DSUHQGH D WHQHU XQ PD\RU FRPSURPLVR
FRQODVRFLHGDGDXPHQWDQGRVXVYDORUHVGHFLXGDGDQtD\PHMRUDQGRVXVFRPSHWHQFLDVWDQWR
GHPDQHUDLQGLYLGXDOFRPRHQJUXSR(VXQPpWRGRLQQRYDGRUHOFXDODOLJXDOTXHHQRWURV
SDtVHVHVSHUDPRVSURQWRVHLPSRQJDFRPRSDUWHGHODGRFHQFLDHQHOQXHVWUR\SRUWDQWRVH
DVLHQWHFRPRXQDEXHQDPHWRGRORJtDGHHQVHxDQ]DHQHOIXWXURSUy[LPR
%,%/,2*5$)$
%DWOOH 5 (O $SUHQGL]DMH 6HUYLFLR HQ (VSDxD (O FRQWDJLR GH XQD UHYROXFLyQ
SHGDJyJLFDQHFHVDULD%DUFHORQD33&
&DVWUR5RGUtJXH]0HWDO,QWURGXFFLyQ2EMHWR\FRQFHSWRGHPHGLRDPELHQWHHQ
0DQXDO GH 6HQVLELOL]DFLyQ 0HGLRDPELHQWDO 6HYLOOD &RQVHMHUtD GH 0HGLR $PELHQWH GH OD
-XQWDGH$QGDOXFtDSS
'HOJDGR--\5RGULJR-(OWUDEDMRGHFDPSR\ODVFRPSHWHQFLDVJHRJUiILFDVHQHO
HVWtPXOR SDUD HO HVWXGLR GH OD *HRJUDItD $SOLFDFLyQ HQ XQ DXOD GH GH %DFKLOOHUDWR
'LGiFWLFD*HRJUiILFDSS
0RQJLO-XiUH]',,,,QIRUPH3HUILOHV3URIHVLRQDOHVGHOD*HRJUDItD>(QOtQHD$FFHVR
OLEUH@ 0DGULG -XQWD 'LUHFWLYD &ROHJLR GH *HyJUDIRV
KWWSZZZJHRJUDIRVRUJLPDJHVVWRULHVLQWHUHVSHUILOHV,,,B33*SGI! >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
3XLJ5RYLUD-00DSSLQJ5RVHV8QSUR\HFWRGHDSUHQGL]DMHVHUYLFLRHQSDWULPRQLR
FXOWXUDO(GXFDFLyQ$UWtVWLFD5HYLVWDGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQSS

/$(92/8&,1$/$+25$'(5(35(6(17$5(,17(535(7$5
(/(63$&,2&(5&$12'(/$/801$'2(1)250$&,1'(
('8&$&,135,0$5,$
-RVp$QWRQLR/ySH])HUQiQGH]
5DPyQ0DUWtQH]0HGLQD
Departamento de Didctica de las Ciencias Sociales. Universidad de Crdoba
jalopez@uco.es; rmartinez@uco.es
5(680(1
(QHOPDUFRGHO;;,9&RQJUHVRGHOD$VRFLDFLyQGH*HyJUDIRV(VSDxROHVFHOHEUDGRHQODFLXGDGGH=DUDJR]D
RFWXEUH GH SUHVHQWDPRV XQ HVWXGLR GRQGH VH HYLGHQFLDED OD UHGXFLGD FDSDFLGDG GH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
HVSDFLDO GHO HQWRUQR FHUFDQR SRU SDUWH GHO HVWXGLDQWHV HQ IRUPDFLyQ GHO *UDGR GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD FX\D
PXHVWUDIXHUHDOL]DGDHQOD)DFXOWDGGH(GXFDFLyQGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGREDHQHODxR
(Q HO FXUVR VLJXLHQWH KHPRV TXHULGR HVWLPDU OD HYROXFLyQ GH OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ HVSDFLDO WUDV UHDOL]DU WUDEDMRV
SUiFWLFRVFRQHOPDSDWRSRJUiILFRHOXVRGHODEU~MXODHOPDQHMRGHUHFXUVRV7,*\DFWLYLGDGHVIXHUDGHODXOD
FRPSDUDQGRODVLWXDFLyQDQWHULRU\SRVWHULRUDOGHVDUUROORGHHVWDVHVWUDWHJLDVSUiFWLFDV
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
(QWRUQRFHUFDQRUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHVSDFLDOPHWRGRORJtDDFWLYD*UDGRGH(GXFDFLRQ3ULPDULD
,1752'8&&,175$%$-$5(/(63$&,2'(6'(/$(6&8(/$
(O WUDWDPLHQWR GLGiFWLFR GHO HVSDFLR TXH URGHD D ORV QLxRV \ QLxDV D HGDGHV WHPSUDQDV HV
EiVLFRSDUDHQXQIXWXURHQWHQGHUHLQWHUSUHWDUODVLQWHUDFFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVGHVXDOUHGHGRU
(QODHWDSDGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDORVQLxRVVREUHWRGRHQORVGRVSULPHURVFLFORVVRQDQWH
WRGR SRFR REMHWLYRV D OD KRUD GH FRQFHSWXDOL]DU \ UHSUHVHQWDU HO HVSDFLR 3LDJHW \
PXFKR PHQRV FDSDFHV GH FRPSUHQGHU VXV GLPHQVLRQHV UHDOHV FRPSHWHQFLDV TXH VH YDQ
GHVDUUROODQGRFRQIRUPHDVXFUHFLPLHQWRMXQWRDFRQFHSWRV\GHVWUH]DVFRPRODRULHQWDFLyQ
ODHVFDODRODDGPLVLyQGHGLIHUHQWHVSXQWRVGHYLVWD
+DQQRXQFRQVLGHUDWUHVHWDSDVSRUODVTXHORVQLxRVWUDQVLWDQKDVWDDOFDQ]DUXQDFRPSUHQVLyQ
PiV R PHQRV OyJLFD GH ORV FRQFHSWRV \ FRPSHWHQFLDV HVSDFLDOHV DXQTXH QR GHEHQ
FRQWHPSODUVH GH IRUPD HVWULFWD $ VDEHU OD SULPHUD KDVWD ORV DxRV VHUtD DTXHOOD HQ OD
TXHHOSURSLRFXHUSRGHpVWHHVHOSXQWRGHUHIHUHQFLDGHWRGRVORVHOHPHQWRVTXHOHURGHDQOD
VHJXQGDKDVWDORVDxRVDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHGRQGHWLHQHQHQFXHQWDRWURVSXQWRVGHYLVWD\
VREUH WRGR SHULRGR HQ HO TXH HPSLH]DQ D ORFDOL]DU REMHWRV \ RULHQWDUVH D WUDYpV GH SXQWRV
FDUGLQDOHVSRU~OWLPRDSDUWtUGHORVDxRVGRQGHGHVDUUROODQHOSHQVDPLHQWRDEVWUDFWRD
WUDYpVGHORFDOL]DUHLGHQWLILFDUIRUPDVTXHQRFRQWLHQHQXQFRQWHQLGRFRQFUHWRRTXHQRYHQ
DGTXLULU QRFLRQHV FRPR OD FRQWLQXLGDG HO SDUDOHOLVPR R OD SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG DVt FRPR OD
REMHWLYLGDGHQODVGLIHUHQWHVSHUVSHFWLYDVGHORVHOHPHQWRV
1RREVWDQWHHQHVWHSURFHVRGHPDGXUH]GRQGHLQWHUILHUHQODSHUFHSFLyQSURSLDGHORVQLxRV
\VXGHVDUUROORFRJQLWLYRDVtFRPRHOHQWRUQRIDPLOLDVRFLHGDGPHGLRHQHOTXHVHPXHYHQ
WDPELpQUHVXOWDIXQGDPHQWDOHOWUDEDMRSUiFWLFRTXHUHFLEHQGHVGHHOiPELWRHGXFDWLYRWDQWR
IRUPDO FRPR QR IRUPDO (V OR TXH VHxDODQ DXWRUHV FRPR /LFHUDV DO LQGLFDU TXH
J.A.Lpez Fernndez, R.Martnez Medina


GHVDUUROODU OD QRFLyQ GH HVSDFLR UHVXOWD XQ FRQFHSWR PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU TXH VH LQILHUH
GHSHQGLHQGRGHOHQWRUQRFXOWXUDOHQHOTXHQRVHQFRQWUHPRV\GHODVGLVFLSOLQDVFRQODVTXHVH
WUDEDMH
3RU HOOR KHPRV TXHULGR LGHQWLILFDU HO GRPLQLR GH ODV FDSDFLGDGHV HVSDFLDOHV \ GHVWUH]DV
FDUWRJUiILFDVTXHSUHVHQWDQORVTXHHQXQIXWXURSXHGHQVHUGRFHQWHVGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD
(Q HVWH FRPHWLGR WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD HO DQiOLVLV UHDOL]DGR HQ XQ WUDEDMR DQWHULRU /ySH] \
0DUWtQH]KHPRVSODQWHDGRXQHVWXGLRPiVFRPSOHWRLQWHUILULHQGRHQODIRUPDFLyQGHO
SURIHVRUDGR D WUDYpV GH WpFQLFDV \ UHFXUVRV GLGiFWLFRV SDUD PHMRUDU OD FDSDFLGDG GH
UHSUHVHQWDU\HQWHQGHUHOPHGLRJHRJUiILFR\HYDOXDUHVWHSURFHVR
/DUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHOHVSDFLR\VXHQWHQGLPLHQWRGHIRUPDJHQHUDOSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUVHXQR
GH ORV REMHWLYRV GH OD FLHQFLD JHRJUiILFD 'H DKt TXH GHVGH HO iPELWR HGXFDWLYR KD\D VLGR
XQRGHORVWHPDVSULQFLSDOHVXWLOL]DUODVWpFQLFDV\UHFXUVRVGHIRUPDDGHFXDGDSDUDSURSLFLDU
XQDSUHQGL]DMHVLJQLILFDWLYRGHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR
/D HVFXHOD GHEH SRWHQFLDU ODV LQWHUUHODFLRQHV GH ORV DOXPQRV \ DOXPQDV FRQ HO PHGLR OD
FDSDFLGDG GH REVHUYDFLyQ REWHQFLyQ GH LQIRUPDFLyQ H LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ DVt FRPR VX
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ D GLIHUHQWHV HVFDODV XWLOL]DQGR FRQ SURSLHGDG HO OHQJXDMH FDUWRJUiILFR
)RPHQWDU ODV UHODFLRQHV GH ORV QLxRV FRQ HO PHGLR GH XQD IRUPD GLUHFWD TXH D VX YH]
UHIXHUFH ORV KiELWRV GH UHVSHWR \ FRQVLGHUDFLyQ PHGLRDPELHQWDO (VWRV FRQRFLPLHQWRV HQWUH
RWURV SHUPLWHQ LQWHJUDU DO DOXPQDGR HQ OD VRFLHGDG DFWXDO KHUUDPLHQWDV ~WLOHV DFRUGH DO
GHVDUUROORSRUFRPSHWHQFLDVSURPRYLGRHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVSRUODVOH\HVHGXFDWLYDV
6LQHPEDUJRHQORTXHDHVWHWUDEDMRFRQFLHUQHFDGDGtDVRQPiVUHFXUUHQWHVORVSUREOHPDVDO
GHVSOD]DUQRVLQFOXVRHQQXHVWURiPELWRFRWLGLDQR\GHOXVRGHKHUUDPLHQWDVSDUDRULHQWDUQRV
&DUHQFLDV TXH GHULYDQ HQ XQD IDOWD GH FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO PHGLR JHRJUiILFR R HQ OD
GHSHQGHQFLD GH PHGLRV WHFQROyJLFRV SDUD LU GH XQ OXJDU D RWUR /R FXDO QRV KD OOHYDGR D
SODQWHDUQRV FXDOHV VRQ ODV GHVWUH]DV GH ORV IXWXURV GRFHQWHV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ OD
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQHVSDFLDO\VXFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR
(OVHUKXPDQRKDUHTXHULGRGHVGHVLHPSUHHQWHQGHUHOHVSFDFLRHQHOTXHVHGHVHQYXHOYH(O
FRQRFLPLHQWRGHOWHUULWRULR\GHORVUHFXUVRVTXHpVWRVSRVHHQKDFRQVWLWXLGRKLVWyULFDPHQWH
IXHQWHV GH SRGHU 'LVSRQHU GH HVD LQIRUPDFLyQ R VDEHU DGTXLULUOD KD VLJQLILFDGR XQ JUDQ
YDORU $QWDxR OD SREODFLyQ tQWLPDPHQWH OLJDGD D VX PHGLR GHSHQGtD GH OD LQWHUDFFLyQ FRQ
pVWHSDUDVXEVLVWLUFRPRRFXUUHKR\HQGtDHQSDtVHVVXEGHVDUUROODGRV6LQHPEDUJRDVSHFWRV
FRPR HO GHVDUUROOR GH ORV KiELWRV \ IRUPDV GH YLGD XUEDQD R HO SURJUHVR WHFQROyJLFR
IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH HQ HO PXQGR RFFLGHQWDOL]DGR FRQGLFLRQDQ HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO HVSDFLR \
GHVXVUHFXUVRV(QODHVFXHODDQLYHOSDUWLFXODUHOSUHGRPLQLRGHSODQWHDPLHQWRVWHyULFRV\
PHPRUtVWLFRVGHORV~OWLPRVGHFHQLRVHQiUHDVFRPROD*HRJUDItDDFHQW~DODUHGXFFLyQGHODV
FRPSHWHQFLDVHVSDFLDOHVDVtFRPRGHODVWpFQLFDV\PpWRGRVSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUOR
/DOHFWXUDHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHORVPDSDVSXHGHWUDEDMDUVHGHVGHHGDGHVWHPSUDQDVHQHOiPELWR
HGXFDWLYRORFXDOSXHGHIDYRUHFHUHOGHVDUUROORGHODVFDSDFLGDGHVHVSDFLDOHV$XWRUHVFRPR
%RDUGPDQR&DWOLQJ\DDVHJXUDURQTXHDSDUWLUGHDxRVVHSXHGHQDGTXLULU
GHVWUH]DVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODODWHUDOLGDGODORFDOL]DFLyQHOWDPDxR\ODVIRUPDVGHORVREMHWRV
3LxHLUR 2EYLD GHFLU HQWRQFHV TXH ORV GRFHQWHV GH HVWDV HGDGHV GHEHQ VDEHU \
PDQHMDU GH IRUPD DGHFXDGD KHUUDPLHQWDV \ SURFHGLPLHQWRV DSURSLDGRV SDUD D\XGDU D ORV
QLxRVDHQWHQGHUVXHQWRUQR
'HXQDIRUPDJHQHUDOORVREMHWLYRVHGXFDWLYRVUHVSHFWRDOHVSDFLR7UHSDW\&RPHV
HVWULEDQ HQ TXHHO DOXPQDGR VHDFDSD] GHUHVROYHU SUREOHPDV HVSDFLDOHV DWHQGLHQGR DOD

PXOWLSOLFLGDGGHHVIHUDVTXHVHKDQFRQIHFFLRQDQGRJUDFLDVDOGHVDUUROORGHODVRFLHGDGDFWXDO
GLVWLQJXLHQGR FRQWH[WRV HVSDFLDOHV OLJDGRV D GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV ItVLFRV DTXHOORV TXH
FRWLGLDQDPHQWH UHDOL]DPRV ORV FRQWH[WRV HVSDFLDOHV OLJDGRV D OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GH ODV UHGHV
HVSDFLDOHVGHODVTXHIRUPDQSDUWHPXQLFLSLRSURYLQFLDFRPXQLGDGHVWDGR\ORVFRQWH[WRV
HVSDFLDOHV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO SURFHVDPLHQWR GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH ORV PHGLRV GH
FRPXQLFDFLyQODTXHQRVOOHYDGHIRUPDYLUWXDODORVGLIHUHQWHVSXQWRVGHOSODQHWDSHURVLQ
SUHVHQWDUXQFRQWDFWRGLUHFWR
3RU OR WDQWR HQWHQGHU HO HVSDFLR \ OD SHUWHQHQFLD D XQ PXQGR LQWHUUHODFLRQDGR D GLIHUHQWHV
HVFDODVVHDQWRMDREMHWLYRIXQGDPHQDOHQHOFDPSRGHOD*HRJUDItDORFXDOSXHGHUHGXQGDUR
IDYRUHFHU DSUHQGL]DMHV GH WLSR VRFLDO $XWRUHV FRPR /LFHUDV DVHJXUDQ TXH
QXPHURVRVDSUHQGL]DMHVHVWiQEDVDGRVHQHOGRPLQLRHVSDFLRWHPSRUDO\HQFRQVHFXHQFLDVX
LQPDGXUH] SXHGH UHSHUFXWLU GLUHFWDPHQWH HQ HO UHQGLPLHQWR GH ORV DSUHQGL]DMHV GH ORV
FRQWHQLGRV PiV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH HVWDV FDSDFLGDGHV (Q HO FDVR GH OD
*HRJUDItDODFRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQGHOHVSDFLRHVODKHUUDPLHQWDLQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUDGDUVHQWLGRVD
FXDQWRVDQiOLVLVDERUGDHVWDFLHQFLD
3DUD HOOR HO WUDEDMR FRQ PDSDV VX OHFWXUD OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ DVt FRPR VX FRQIHFFLyQ HV
VHxDODGD FRPR XQD GH ODV SULQFLSDOHV KHUUDPLHQWDV TXH WLHQH OD FLHQFLD JHRJUiILFD SDUD
DERUGDU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO HVSDFLR 'H HQWUH ODV SULQFLSDOHV IXQFLRQHV TXH SRVLELOLWD XQ
PDSD GHVWDFD OD DFFLyQ GH ORFDOL]DU HQ HO HVSDFLR FXDOTXLHU KHFKR (Q HVWH VHQWLGR /LFHUDV
VHxDOD TXH WUDWD GH XQR GH ORV SULQFLSLRV EiVLFRV GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR HVSDFLDO \
FRQVLVWH HQ VLWXDU XQ KHFKR JHRJUiILFR HQ HO OXJDU TXH OH FRUUHVSRQGH HQ HO HVSDFLR 3DUD
SODVPDU OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH ORV KHFKRV JHRJUiILFRV VH DFXGH D VX UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ JUiILFD
PHGLDQWHPDSDV/RVPDSDVVRQSXHVODKHUUDPLHQWDIXQGDPHQWDOGHOOHQJXDMHJHRJUiILFR
1R REVWDQWH OD KHWHURJHQHLGDG GH ORV PDSDV HV XQR GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV UDVJRV FRPR VHxDOD
+HUQiQGH] 6RQ PiV R PHQRV WHPiWLFRV \ WHQGHUiQ D GDUQRV LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH
XQRRYDULRVDVSHFWRVGHODUHDOLGDG'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGLGiFWLFRHVLPSRUWDQWHDEXQGDU
HQ HVWH VHQWLGR \D TXH SXHGH KDEHU FDUWRJUDItD GH WRGR R GH FDVL WRGR ,QIRUPDFLyQ \
YDULDEOHV SRU OR WDQWR TXH GHEH PDQHMDU XQ GRFHQWH VREUH WRGR HQ HGDGHV WHPSUDQDV SDUD
VHQWDUODVEDVHVGHXQHQWHQGLPLHQWRGHOPHGLRJHRJUiILFR$VtFRPRDGPLQLVWUDUHVDFDQWLGDG
GHLQIRUPDFLyQHQEDVHDODHGDGGHODOXPQDGRGHVXVFDSDFLGDGHV\GHOHQWRUQRDPELHQWDOHQ
HOTXHVHHQFXHQWUH
&RQWRGRHOORSDUDORVIXWXURVGRFHQWHVGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDHVEiVLFR\WUDQVFHQGHQWDOHO
FRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVSULQFLSDOHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOPDSDVREUHWRGRHQFXDQWR
D ODOHFWXUD H LQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHORTXH HQ pOVHUHSUHVHQWD'HO PLVPR PRGRHVQHFHVDULR HO
FRQRFLPLHQWR VREUH ODV DSOLFDFLRQHV GLGiFWLFDV GH ODV KHUUDPLHQWDV TXH LQWHUILHUHQ HQ OD
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ HVSDFLDO SDUWLFXODUPHQWH GHQWUR GHO iPELWR GH OD *HRJUDItD SRUTXH VREUH
WRGRGHEHQFRQIHULUDSWLWXGHVDVXIXWXURDOXPQDGRSDUDLQWHUSUHWDUODLQIRUPDFLyQ\UHVROYHU
SUREOHPDVGHFDUiFWHUHVSDFLDOLQWHJUDUVHGHIRUPDDFWLYDHQODVRFLHGDGDVtFRPRWUDQVPLWLU
YDORUHVGHUHVSHWR\FXVWRGLDVREUHpO6LQHPEDUJRSDUHFHTXHORVIXWXURVGRFHQWHVGHHVWD
HWDSDPXHVWUDJUDQGHVODJXQDVHQVXLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ\REWHQFLyQGHLQIRUPDFLyQ\HQPXFKRV
FDVRVFRQSUREOHPDVHQODHODERUDFLyQGHFURTXLV\SODQRVGHVXHVSDFLRFRQRFLGROYDUH]

/DFRQIHFFLyQ\OHFWXUDGHOOHQJXDMHFDUWRJUiILFRHVXQRGHORVHMHUFLFLRVPiVFRPSOHMRVHQHO
DSUHQGL]DMH JHRJUiILFR $OJXQRV GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV SUREOHPDV D OD KRUD GH DERUGDU HVWRV
SURFHGLPLHQWRVVHJ~Q/LFHUDVHVWULEDQHQHOFRQYHQFLRQDOLVPRGHODSHUVSHFWLYD
YHUWLFDOODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODHVFDODODVHOHFFLyQGHORVDVSHFWRVUHSUHVHQWDGRVORVVLJQRV\


OD VLPERORJtD R ODV GLILFXOWDGHV GH LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHULYDGDV GH OD QHFHVLGDG GH H[SUHVDU OD
RULHQWDFLyQ\ORFDOL]DFLyQGHOPDSD
(QHVWHVHQWLGR+HUQiQGH]FRQILHUHTXHHOp[LWRGHOGHVDUUROORGHODVKDELOLGDGHV
FDUWRJUiILFDVHQSULPDULD\VHFXQGDULDYDDGHSHQGHUHQEXQDSDUWHGHOWUDEDMRVLVWHPiWLFR\
SUiFWLFRTXHVHUHDOLFH3DUDSURIXQGL]DUHQHOWUDEDMRFDUWRJUiILFRHQODHVFXHODVHJ~QHVWH
DXWRU KD\ TXH GRPLQDU DVSHFWRV WDOHV FRPR OD RULHQWDFLyQ OD FRQYHQFLRQDOLGDG GH OR
UHSUHVHQWDGR \ OD HVFDOD ,JXDOPHQWH VHxDOD FRPR WiFWLFDV SDUD PHMRUDU HVWRV DVSHFWRV OD
FRQIHFFLyQ GH LWLQHUDULRV D SDUWLU GH GLUHFFLRQHV R XWLOL]DQGR SLHV R SDVRV FRQ HO ILQ GH
HQFRQWUDUXQGHWHUPLQDGRREMHWRRPHQVDMHORFXDOSXHGHUHVXOWDUO~GLFRRHILFD]2WUDGH
ODVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVGHHVWHDXWRUXQDYH]DVXPLGRHOHVSDFLRLQPHGLDWRXQDKDELWDFLyQROD
FODVH HV TXH VH SXHGH SODQWHDU OD FRQIHFFLyQ GH XQ SODQR GH ORV DOUHGHGRUHV GHO FHQWUR
XWLOL]DQGR HO SDVR FRPR PHGLGD DQWURSRPpWULFD \ SRQLHQGR HQ UHODFLyQ ORV DVSHFWRV
WHPiWLFRV TXH HQ DTXHO PRPHQWR R DQWHULRUPHQWH VH KD\DQ WUDEDMDGR RULHQWDFLyQ HVFDOD
VLJQRVFRQYHQFLRQDOHVGHVFULSFLyQGHOSDLVDMHHWF,JXDOPHQWHSUiFWLFDVVRQODV
LGHDV GH 6DQWLVWHEDQ \ 3DJpV \D TXH HQVHxDU ORV PDSDV LPSOLFD WUDEDMDU FRQ
HOORV /RV QLxRV \ QLxDV SXHGHQ KDFHU PDSDV GH REVHUYDFLRQHV GH SULPHUD PDQR SXHGHQ
GLEXMDUORVDSDUWLUGHIXHQWHVLQGLUHFWDVRXVDUPDSDVSDUDREWHQHULQIRUPDFLyQRUHSUHVHQWDU
FRQRFLPLHQWR;RXWRHQHVWH PLVPRRUGHQGHFRVDVLQGLFDTXH FRQQLxRVHQ HGDG
LQIDQWLO \ SULPDULD HO WUDEDMR FRQ PDSDV DVt FRPR ODV WDUHDV GH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH HVSDFLR
SHUPLWHQSODVPDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\ORVSXQWRVGHUHIHUHQFLDTXHODVSHUVRQDVWLHQHQ
$GHPiV GH OR H[SXHVWR SRU HVWRV DXWRUHV HQ OR TXH FRLQFLGLPRV HQ VX SOHQLWXG WDPELpQ
FRQVLGHUDPRV TXH HV LQWHUHVDQWH FRQWHPSODU RWUDV YDULDEOHV GHQWUR GHO WUDEDMR SUiFWLFR 3RU
HMHPSORIXHUDGHODXODLQWHQWDQGROHHUGHIRUPDGLUHFWDODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHQRVSURSRUFLRQD
XQPDSD6DOLUGHFODVHUHDOL]DUXQSHTXHxRUHFRUULGRSRUHOEDUULRHWFDFRPSDxDGRVGHXQ
PDSD SXHGH SHUPLWLU LQWHUDFWXDU FRQ pO GH IRUPD TXH OR REVHUYDGR VHD VLJQLILFDWLYR
LQWHUSUHWDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ FRQ XQD SHUVSHFWLYD YLVXDO GLIHUHQWH UHDO GDU VHQWLGR REMHWLYR D
ORVFRQFHSWRVTXHWHQHPRVUHSUHVHQWDGRVGHIRUPDJUiILFD,JXDOPHQWHSDUDORVDOXPQRVTXH
FXUVDQORVSULPHURVFLFORVGHOD(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDSXHGHVHULQWHUHVDQWHHOXVRGHPDWHULDOHV
WULGLPHQVLRQDOHVSRUHMHPSORPDTXHWDVTXHD\XGHQDODOXPQDGRDYHUHVHREMHWRRVGHVGH
GLIHUHQWHV SXQWRV GH YLVWD VLPLODU D OR TXH SXHGH RFXUULU FRQ OD OHFWXUD GH XQ PDSD \ VX
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQHVSDFLDOeVWDV\RWUDVP~OWLSOHVWDUHDVSUiFWLFDVSXHGHQPHMRUDUODFDSDFLGDG
SDUDUHSUHVHQWDU\HQWHQGHUHVSDFLRVDEVWUDFWRVVLQWHQHUXQDYLVLyQGLUHFWDGHpO\SRUHQGH
PHMRUDUODFDSDFLGDGGHREVHUYDFLyQHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQHVSDFLDO

2%-(7,926<0(72'2/2*$
&RQWRGRORH[SXHVWRKDVWDHOPRPHQWRORVREMHWLYRVJHQHUDOHVGHHVWHWUDEDMRUHVLGHQHQ
$QDOL]DUORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVSUHYLRVGHODOXPQDGRVREUHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHVSDFLDO\HO
OHQJXDMHFDUWRJUiILFRVREUHWRGRHQUHIHUHQFLDDORVHOHPHQWRVJUiILFRVTXHHQWUDQHQMXHJR
DODKRUDGHSODVPDUHQXQPDSDVXHVSDFLRFRQRFLGR(VWHDQiOLVLVVHKDOOHYDGRDFDER
GXUDQWH HO DxR HQ OD DVLJQDWXUD Didctica de las Ciencias Sociales en
Educacin PrimariaHQOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGRED
(YDOXDU OD HYROXFLyQ GH OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ HVSDFLDO D WUDYpV GH XQ VHJXQGR HMHUFLFLR
FDUWRJUiILFR XQD YH] UHDOL]DGDV DFWLYLGDGHV SUiFWLFDV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ HO DQiOLVLV GH
PDSDVWUDEDMRVGHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQIXHUDGHODXOD\HOPDQHMRGHKHUUDPLHQWDVLQIRUPiWLFDV


/DPHWRGRORJtDXWLOL]DGDVHKDFHQWUDGRHQXQDQiOLVLVWDQWRFXDQWLWDWLYRFRPRFXDOLWDWLYRGH
ODVGLIHUHQFLDVHPDQDGDVGHORVGRVHMHUFLFLRVUHDOL]DGRVGHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHVSDFLDOGHXQ
PLVPR HVSDFLR FRQRFLGR eVWH KD VLGR HO UHFRUULGR TXH UHDOL]DQ ORV DOXPQRV \ DOXPQDV D
GLDULRGHVGHVXOXJDUGHUHVLGHQFLDHQODFLXGDGGH&yUGREDKDVWDOD)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDVGH
OD(GXFDFLyQ
(QWUHDPERVHMHUFLFLRVGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHQXQDIDVHLQWHUPHGLDVHKDQUHDOL]DGRDFWLYLGDGHV
FRPR HO DQiOLVLV \ H[WUDFFLyQ GH LQIRUPDFLyQ GH PDSDV WRSRJUiILFRV HVFDOD GHO
,QVWLWXWR*HRJUiILFR1DFLRQDOGHGLIHUHQWHVVHFWRUHVGHODSURYLQFLDGH&yUGREDFRQIHFFLyQ
GHXQLWLQHUDULRGLGiFWLFRSRUODFLXGDGGH&yUGREDXWLOL]DQGRSDUDHOORHOSURJUDPD*RRJOH
(DUWK H LQWHUDFWXDQGR FRQ ODV GLIHUHQWHV KHUUDPLHQWDV TXH WLHQH HVWD DSOLFDFLyQ ZHE VDOLGDV
IXHUD GHO DXOD XWLOL]DQGR FRPR KHUUDPLHQWDV HO PDSD WRSRJUiILFR \ OD EU~MXOD SDUD OHHU H
LQWHUSUHWDUHOPDSD
/D PXHVWUD GH ORV DQiOLVLV XQD YH] GHVHVWLPDGRV DTXHOORV HMHUFLFLRV GH DOXPQRV TXH
SURYLHQHQ GH RWURV OXJDUHV FX\R HVSDFLR D UHSUHVHQWDU HV HPLQHQWHPHQWH PiV DPSOLR \
FRPSOHMR DVt FRPR RWURV GHELGR D GLYHUVDV FXHVWLRQHV IDOWD GH LQWHUpV QR KDEHU UHDOL]DGR
XQRGHORVGRVHMHUFLFLRVFRQVWDGHHMHPSODUHV
3DUD HVWH HVWXGLR VH KDQ WHQLGR HQ FXHQWD HOHPHQWRV JUiILFRV \ FDUWRJUiILFRV FRPR OD
SUHVHQFLDRQRGHODHVFDODODOH\HQGDRVLPERORJtDDVtFRPRODSUHVHQFLDRXWLOL]DFLyQGH
SXQWRV FDUGLQDOHV $GHPiV VH KD FRQVLGHUDGR HYDOXDU PHMRUDV HQ OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ HQ
DVSHFWRV WDOHV FRPR ODV SURSRUFLRQHV HVSDFLDOHV R OD RULHQWDFLyQ GH ODV XQLGDGHV XUEDQDV
HGLILFLRV FDOOHV SDUTXHV \ MDUGLQHV VHPiIRURV HWF DGHPiV GH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH OD YLVLyQ
REMHWLYDFHQLWDOSURSLDGHXQPDSDFDUWRJUiILFR
&RPRVHKDFRPHQWDGRODHYDOXDFLyQGHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHVSDFLDOKDHVWDGRVHSDUDGDSRUXQ
HVSDFLR WHPSRUDO HQ TXH KHPRV LPSOHPHQWDGR XQD VHULH GH DFWLYLGDGHV FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH
PHMRUDUHVWDVGHVWUH]DVFDUWRJUiILFDV
D 7DUHDV FRQ HO 0DSD 7RSRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO GHO ,*1 /D ODERU OOHYDGD D FDER
FRQ HVWH UHFXUVR KD FRQVLVWLGR HQ PRVWUDU ORV SULQFLSDOHV HOHPHQWRV TXH VH SXHGHQ
HQFRQWUDUHQHOPDSD(QWUHHOODVODGHVFULSFLyQGHODQRPHQFODWXUD\GDWRVLGHQWLILFDWLYRV
GHO PLVPR QXPHUDFLyQ RWRUJDGD SRU HO ,*1 D FDGD XQR GLVWULEXFLyQ WHUULWRULDO HWF 3RU
HQFLPDGHWRGRVXFRQWHQLGRHQEDVHDODVFRRUGHQDGDVJHRJUiILFDVVLPERORJtDOH\HQGD
FRUUHODFLyQGHODHVFDODDVtFRPRODXWLOLGDGRODWLSRORJtDGHODJUDItD8QDYH]UHDOL]DGD
OD GHVFULSFLyQ GH HVWD KHUUDPLHQWD VH OHV SLGH DO DOXPQDGR GH IRUPD LQGLYLGXDO H[WUDHU
LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD GHO PDSD D WUDYpV GH VX UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ FDUWRJUiILFD HQ SDSHO
YHJHWDO UHOLHYH UHG KLGURJUiILFD SULQFLSDOHV XVRV GHO VXHOR IRUHVWDOHV DJUDULRV R
XUEDQRVHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV\UHGGHWUDQVSRUWHV$GHPiVVHSLGHXQEUHYHFRPHQWDULRGH
WH[WRGRQGHGHEHQUHVDOWDUWRGDVHVWDVFXHVWLRQHV
E 6DOLGDGHODXODFRQD\XGDGHOPDSDWRSRJUiILFR(VWDDFWLYLGDGUHDOL]DGDHQSHTXHxRV
JUXSRV GH WUDEDMR XQLGDGHV RUJDQL]DGRV HQ VXEJUXSRV GH VH UHDOL]y SRU ORV
DOUHGHGRUHVGHOD)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGRED$GHPiVVHFRQWDED
FRQODD\XGDGHEU~MXODVSDUDFRPSOHPHQWDUODRULHQWDFLyQFRQHOPDSD'HHVWHPRGRVH
GLRVHQWLGRDOOHQJXDMHJUiILFR\DTXHVHLGHQWLILFDURQVREUHHOWHUUHQRFRQFHSWRV\KHFKRV
HVSDFLDOHVHGLILFLRVMDUGLQHVFDOOHVHWF,JXDOPHQWHVHWUDEDMDURQDVSHFWRVUHODFLRQDGRV
FRQODHVFDODFRQHOFiOFXORGHSHTXHxDVGLVWDQFLDVTXHOXHJRIXHURQFRUURERUDGDVDSLH
$VLPLVPR VH PRVWUy OD FRQWLQXD HYROXFLyQ GHO WHUULWRULR DO FRQWUDVWDU OD SUHVHQFLD GH
QXHYDVFRQVWUXFFLRQHVTXHQRHVWDEDQUHSUHVHQWDGDVJUiILFDPHQWH


F &UHDFLyQ GH LWLQHUDULR GLGiFWLFR FRQ D\XGD GHO SURJUDPD *RRJOH (DUWK $ WUDYpV GH
PHGLRVLQIRUPiWLFRV\FRQHOSURJUDPD*RRJOH(DUWKVHOHVSLGRDODOXPQDGRHQJUXSRV
GH XQLGDGHV GLVHxDU XQ LWLQHUDULR GLGiFWLFR VHxDODQGR HO UHFRUULGR D UHDOL]DU \ ORV
SXQWRV GH SDUDGD $ HVWD WDUHD EDVH VH OHV SLGLy DFXPXODU RWURV DVSHFWRV FRPR OD
LQFOXVLyQ GH LPiJHQHV IRWRJUDItDV R HO HQODFH D SiJLQDV ZHE TXH FRPSOHPHQWDVHQ OD
LQIRUPDFLyQVREUHORVSXQWRVGHSDUDGD
'HHVWHPRGRDWUDYpVGHHVWDPHWRGRORJtD\HOXVRGHGLIHUHQWHVKHUUDPLHQWDVHODOXPQDGR
KD WUDEDMDGR DVSHFWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH KHFKRV JHRJUiILFRV HO XVR GH
KHUUDPLHQWDV7,*TXHSHUPLWHQODVHOHFFLyQGHLQIRUPDFLyQHVSDFLDODPRVWUDUPDQLSXODUODV
SHUVSHFWLYDVGHYLVWD\RULHQWDFLyQDVtFRPRODVHVFDODVGHWUDEDMRGLVFULPLQDUODVGLIHUHQWHV
FDSDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD(QGHILQLWLYDLQWHUSUHWDULQIRUPDFLyQHVSDFLDODWUDYpVGH
XQPDSD\DIXHUDGHIRUPDWUDGLFLRQDOHQSDSHORFRQD\XGDGHODVWpFQLFDVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ
\ OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ ,JXDOPHQWHOD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH HVWRV HMHUFLFLRV QRVKD SHUPLWLGR XWLOL]DU\
PRVWUDUDODOXPQDGRGLIHUHQWHVUHFXUVRVFRQILQDOLGDGGLGiFWLFDSDUDDSUHKHQGHUHOHVSDFLR
+D\TXHFRQVLGHUDUWDPELpQ HQHVWHDQiOLVLVODVFDSDFLGDGHVSLFWRJUiILFDVGHO DOXPQDGR\D
TXHQRWRGRVHOORVSUHVHQWDQODVPLVPDVGHVWUH]DVDODKRUDGHOGLEXMR(QHVWHVHQWLGRKD\
DOJXQRVHMHPSORVFRQPD\RUUHVROXFLyQHQORVGHWDOOHV\PHMRUDFDEDGRVHQJHQHUDO\SRUHO
FRQWUDULR DOJXQRV RWURV PiV OLQHDOHV \ KDVWD FLHUWR SXQWR LQIDQWLOHV (VWDV FXHVWLRQHV QR
REVWDQWH VH KD LQWHQWDQGR QR WHQHUODV HQ FXHQWD FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH VHU OR PiV REMHWLYRV
SRVLEOH 3RU RWUR ODGR HO WUDEDMR SHUPLWH GHWHFWDU HO PDSD HVSDFLDO TXH ORV DOXPQRV WLHQHQ
FRQILJXUDGRHQVXPHQWH'H&DVWUR\ORVSXQWRVGHUHIHUHQFLDORFXDOVHWUDGXFHHQ
XQD DWHQFLyQ PD\RU R PHQRU D GLIHUHQWHV HOHPHQWRV JHRJUiILFRV \ SRU HQGH D OD
UHFRQVWUXFFLyQPHQWDOTXHUHDOL]DQGHOUHFRUULGRFRPRSRGUHPRVREVHUYDU

$1/,6,6<5(68/7$'262%7(1,'26
3ULPHUHMHUFLFLR
$OLJXDOTXHRFXUULHVHHQHOWUDEDMRSUHVHQWDGRDOFRQJUHVRGHOD$VRFLDFLyQGH*HyJUDIRV
(VSDxROHVHQ=DUDJR]D/ySH]\0DUWtQH]HOSULPHUHMHUFLFLRGHVWDFDHQJHQHUDO
SRUTXHODPD\RUSDUWHGHODOXPQDGRPDQWLHQHODSURSRUFLyQDOLQLFLR\ILQDOGHOUHFRUULGR
HOHQWRUQRFHUFDQRGHODFDVD\GHOD)DFXOWDG6LQHPEDUJRORVWUD\HFWRVLQWHUPHGLRVVRQ
PiVHUUiWLFRV\GRQGHVyORGHVWDFDQILJXUDVLFyQLFDVFRPRXQDLJOHVLDRXQDIDUPDFLD
$VtODRULHQWDFLyQ\SURSRUFLRQHVGHORVKHFKRVJHRJUiILFRVHVWiQELHQSODQWHDGRVDOLQLFLR
GHO GLEXMR SHUR SURQWR ORV HOHPHQWRV VLWXDGRV HQ XQD SRVLFLyQ LQWHUPHGLD GHO UHFRUULGR
MDUGLQHVSDUTXHVEORTXHVGHYLYLHQGDVFDOOHVVHGHVRUJDQL]DQ\VHDOWHUDVXGLVSRVLFLyQ
UHDOFRQUHVSHFWRDOSXQWRGHLQLFLRHGLILFLRVRFDOOHVFRQGLVSRVLFLyQ16VHSUHVHQWDQ(
2SRUHMHPSOR6LQHPEDUJRYXHOYHQDHVWDUELHQUHSUHVHQWDGRVDOILQDOGHOUHFRUULGRDO
OOHJDUDOD)DFXOWDG$VtODVGLVWDQFLDVHQWUHREMHWRVVHFRQVHUYDQPHMRUHQORVSXQWRVGH
LQLFLR\ILQ'LFKRORFXDOHQOD PD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVSDUHFHQWHQHUVXSHUDGRHOSHULRGR
HJRFpQWULFR\DTXHVLW~DQORVSXQWRVGHLQLFLR\ILQDODFDGDHVTXLQDGHOSODQR\QRFRPR
HMHVYHUWHEUDGRUHVGHpVWH
5HVSHFWRDORVDVSHFWRVIRUPDOHVGHXQPDSDVRORXQHMHPSORKDHVER]DGRXQLQWHQWRGH
HVFDOD PLHQWUDV TXH GRV KDQ SUHVHQWDGR XQD OH\HQGD EDVWDQWH EiVLFD (QWUH ORV KHFKRV
UHSUHVHQWDWLYRVGHO PDSDROXJDUHV GHUHIHUHQFLDHQ HVWH FDVRGHVWDFDQ HO+RVSLWDO 5HLQD
6RItDHQODVFHUFDQtDVGHOD)DFXOWDGDOJXQRVMDUGLQHVGHLQWHUpVDVtFRPRORVSDVRVGH


SHDWRQHV(VVLJQLILFDWLYRHVWR~OWLPR\DTXHHQUHDOLGDGHQXQWUD\HFWRUXWLQDULRVRQORV
SXQWRVGRQGHPiVDWHQFLyQVHSUHVWD

6HJXQGRHMHUFLFLR
$QLYHOFXDOLWDWLYRGHIRUPDJHQpULFDVHREVHUYDXQDPHMRU\FRUUHFWDGLVWULEXFLyQGHORV
KHFKRVJHRJUiILFRVUHSUHVHQWDGRV/DUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODVFDOOHV\HGLILFLRVFRQPD\RUR
PHQRU GHVWUH]D JUiILFD HV PiV UHDO \ REMHWLYD +DQ GLVPLQXLGR ORV HUURUHV UHODFLRQDGRV
FRQODVXSUHVLyQGHFDOOHV\ODVSDUFHODVVHDFHUFDQEDVWDQWHPiVDODUHDOLGDG
7DPELpQ VH QRWD XQ DXPHQWR GHO HVSDFLR UHSUHVHQWDGR (V GHFLU VH DWUHYHQ D GLEXMDU
HVSDFLRVFRQWLJXRVDORVTXHWUDQVLWDQGLDULDPHQWH(VWROHVOOHYDDUHDOL]DUXQSODQR PiV
FRPSOHMR VLQ HVSDFLRV YDFtRV OR FXDO WDPELpQ SRGHPRV LQWHUSUHWDU HQ XQ DXPHQWR GH OD
DWHQFLyQHQODREVHUYDFLyQSULPHUR\GHODRULHQWDFLyQUHVSHFWRDODDEVWUDFFLyQHVSDFLDO
/R TXH WDPELpQ SUHYDOHFH HQ HVWH VHJXQGR LQWHQWR HV OD XWLOL]DFLyQ JHQHUDO GH OD YLVWD
FHQLWDO D GLIHUHQFLD GHO SULPHU HMHUFLFLR GRQGH YDULRV DOXPQRV \ DOXPQDV FRQMXJDQ
GLIHUHQWHVSHUVSHFWLYDVHQHOPLVPRSODQRSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUDOJXQRVKLWRVLPSRUWDQWHVGHO
UHFRUULGR OD FDVD OD LJOHVLD iUEROHV VHPiIRURV HWF 'HVDSDUHFHQ HQ HVWH VHJXQGR
LQWHQWR SRU OR WDQWR ORV GLEXMRV LFyQLFRV IURQWDOHV \ WRGR VH SODVPD GHVGH XQD YLVWD
YHUWLFDODpUHD

)LJXUD3ULPHUDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHOUHFRUULGRUHDOL]DGRSRUXQDOXPQRGHO*UDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDGHOD
8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGRED


)LJXUD6HJXQGDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQUHDOL]DGDSRUHOPLVPRDOXPQRGHODILJXUD

&RPRHMHPSORGHORGLFKRKDVWDHOPRPHQWRVLFRPSDUDPRVODVILJXUDV\DXQTXHFDUHFHQ
GH ORV HOHPHQWRV IRUPDOHV OH\HQGD SXQWRV FDUGLQDOHV HWF \ HO WUD]R QR YD PX\ DOOi VH
SXHGH REVHUYDU QR REVWDQWH FyPR ORV HGLILFLRV \ ODV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV GHSRUWLYDV SUHVHQWDQ
XQDGLVSRVLFLyQPiVUHDO\VREUHWRGRPHMRURULHQWDGDV&LHUWDPHQWHHOFRPSOHMRGHSRUWLYR
VHHQFXHQWUDHQOtQHDUHFWDFRQOD)DFXOWDGHQGLUHFFLyQ2HVWH(VWH\QRFRPRHQHOSULPHU
LQWHQWRHQHOFXDOVHGHVRUJDQL]DQHVWRVHOHPHQHQWRV$ODYH]ODORQJLWXG\UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
GHODVFDOOHVHV PiVFRUUHFWDHQHOVHJXQGRLQWHQWR\DTXHHQ HOSULPHURVRQOtQHDVUHFWDVH
LUUHDOHVHQFXDQWRDODORQJLWXGWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODHVFDOD
(Q FXDQWR DO DQiOLVLV FXDQWLWDWLYR UHDOL]DGR ILJXUD GH ODV PXHVWUDV VH REVHUYD XQ
DXPHQWR VLJQLILFDWLYR GHO XVR GH OD OH\HQGD $XQTXH HQ HO SULPHU HMHUFLFLR H[LVWH DOJ~Q
HMHPSORFRQXQDOH\HQGDEiVLFDSUHGRPLQDXQDHVFDVDLQIRUPDFLyQ\DORVXPRVHxDOL]DFLyQ
GHORVKHFKRVJHRJUiILFRVGHQWURGHO PLVPRSODQR3RUVXSDUWHHQHOVHJXQGRHMHUFLFLRHQ
DOJXQRVFDVRVVHWUDWDGHOH\HQGDVEiVLFDVSDUDVHxDOL]DUSDVRVGHSHDWRQHVHOSXQWRGHLQLFLR
RHOSXQWRGHOOHJDGDGHOUHFRUULGR3HURHQRWURVODOH\HQGDVHKDFHPiVFRPSOHMD\DTXH
DGHPiV GH VHxDOL]DU OD VLPERORJtD GH ORV iUEROHV DSDUFDPLHQWRV GH FRFKHV R HGLILFLRV GH
LQWHUpV FRPRHOKRVSLWDODOJXQRV HMHUFLFLRV FRQWLHQHQHOXVRGH FRORUHVORFXDOSHUPLWHXQD
PHMRUOHFWXUDGHOPDSD
/RTXHWDPELpQKDDSDUHFLGRHVODVHxDOL]DFLyQGHORVSXQWRVFDUGLQDOHVRODSUHVHQFLDGHXQD
URVDGHORVYLHQWRV(VWHHOHPHQWRTXHILJXUDEDHQXQVRORSODQRGHOSULPHUHMHUFLFLRHQHO
VHJXQGRKDDXPHQWDGRHQ
3RUVXSDUWHODHVFDODVHVLJXHUHVLVWLHQGRHQHVWDWDUHD1RREVWDQWHUHVXOWDGLItFLOFDOFXODU
HQXQHMHUFLFLRGHHVWHWLSRODSURSRUFLyQGHORUHSUHVHQWDGRFRQUHVSHFWRDODUHDOLGDG6LQ
HPEDUJR HV MXVWR GHFLU TXH HQ PXFKRV FDVRV ODV SURSRUFLRQHV GH ORV PDSDV GHO VHJXQGR
LQWHQWRVRQPiVDFRUGHV(LJXDOPHQWHRFXUUHFRQODRULHQWDFLyQGHORVKHFKRVJHRJUiILFRV
'HORVHMHUFLFLRVUHDOL]DGRVDXQTXHPXFKRVHQODIDVHSUHVHQWDEDQXQDFRUUHFWDRULHQWDFLyQ


GHORVHOHPHQWRVFDUWRJUDILDGRVHQHVWHVHJXQGRVHKDQPHMRUDGRUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV(Q
HVWHVHQWLGRPXFKDVFDOOHVHGLILFLRVRMDUGLQHVHVWiQELHQVLWXDGRVFRQUHVSHFWRDODUHDOLGDG

(VFDOD /H\HQGD 3XQWRV 3URSRUFLRQHV 2ULHQWDFLyQ
FDUGLQDOHV
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDFLyQGHORVKHFKRVIRUPDOHVFDUWRJUiILFRVTXHKDQPHMRUDGRUHVSHFWRDOHMHUFLFLRDQWHULRU

$ SHVDU GH LQFLGLU GXUDQWH OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH ODV WDUHDV SDUD PHMRUDU ODV FDSDFLGDGHV \
GHVWUH]DVGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQHVSDFLDOVREUHWRGRHQORVDVSHFWRVIRUPDOHVTXH
GHEHQ WHQHUVH HQ FXHQWD HQ XQ PDSD VH SXHGHQ REVHUYDU FDUHQFLDV XQD YH] FRPSDUDGRV
DPERVHMHUFLFLRVTXHKDQVHUYLGRSDUDUHDOL]DUHVWHDQiOLVLV(OHOHPHQWRTXHPiVKDDSDUHFLGR
HVODOH\HQGDSHURQRHQWRGRVORVHMHPSORV\ORPLVPRRFXUUHFRQORVSXQWRVFDUGLQDOHV$
SHVDUGHLQFLGLUHQDPERVDVSHFWRVQRWRGRVORVDOXPQRV\DOXPQDVKDQLQWHULRUL]DGRVXXVR
/DHVFDODQRREVWDQWHVLVHHQWLHQGHTXHSXHGDFRQVWLWXLUXQDVSHFWRFRPSOHMRGHUHSUHVHQWDU
ORFXDOFRQOOHYDUtDXQPD\RUWUDWDPLHQWR\WUDEDMRSUiFWLFR
5HVSHFWR D OD RULHQWDFLyQ \ SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG GH OR UHSUHVHQWDGR WDPELpQ VH KD YLVWR XQD
HYROXFLyQ HQWUH OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH DPERV HMHUFLFLRV 1R REVWDQWH HVWRV DVSHFWRV VL TXH
FRQVLGHUDPRVTXHDGHPiVGHUHTXHULUVXSUiFWLFDGHIRUPDDFWLYDIXHUDGHODXODHQiPELWRV
IRUPDOHV\QRIRUPDOHVWDPELpQHVWiQFRQGLFLRQDGRVSRUODVFDSDFLGDGHVFRJQLWLYDVGHFDGD
LQGLYLGXR $ SHVDU GH HOOR ODV WDUHDV UHDOL]DGDV FRQ HO REMHWLYR GH PHMRUDU HVWDV GHVWUH]DV
SDUHFHQKDEHUGDGRVXVIUXWRVHQODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVORVFXDOHVPDQLIHVWDURQOD
DXVHQFLDWRWDOGHHVWHWLSRGHHMHUFLFLRVHQODVHWDSDVHGXFDWLYDVREOLJDWRULDV
$PRGRGHHMHPSORDGHPiVGHODVILJXUDV\GRQGHVHSXHGHREVHUYDUXQDPHMRUDHQOD
RULHQWDFLyQ \ SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG GHO HVSDFLR UHSUHVHQWDGR H[SRQHPRV RWURV GRV FDVRV GRQGH
VHSRQHQGHPDQLILHVWRODVHYROXFLRQHVFDUWRJUiILFDVH[SUHVDGDVSRUGRVDOXPQDV

)LJXUD,QWHUSUHWDFLyQSULPHUDGHOUHFRUULGRKDFLDODIDFXOWDGUHDOL]DGRSRUXQDDOXPQDGHO*UDGRGH
(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGRED
)LJXUD6HJXQGRLQWHQWRGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODDOXPQDTXHUHDOL]yODILJXUD
5HVSHFWRDODFRPSDUDFLyQGHODVILJXUDV\SRGHPRVREVHUYDUSULPHUDPHQWHODDSDULFLyQ
GHXQDOH\HQGDTXHVLPSOLILFDODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHDSDUHFHHQHOSODQRSHURDODYH]SHUPLWH
XQDPHMRULGHQWLILFDFLyQGHODPLVPDVHxDOL]DQGRHOSXQWRGHRULJHQ\GHVWLQRDVtFRPR

QXPHURVRV KLWRV JHRJUiILFRV GH FDUiFWHU XUEDQR 7DPELpQ SRGHPRV GHVWDFDU XQ PHMRU
WUDWDPLHQWR GH ORV GHWDOOHV \D TXH DXPHQWD HO Q~PHUR GH FDOOHV UHSUHVHQWDGDV GH IRUPD
FRUUHFWDDSDUHFHQSDVRVGHSHDWRQHVVHGLQWLJXHQODVGLIHUHQWHVSDUFHODVGHORVDSDUFDPLHQWRV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV DO FHQWUR KRVSLWDOLDULR HWF ,JXDOPHQWH HV GHVWDFDEOH UHVSHFWR D OD
RULHQWDFLyQ\ODVSURSRUFLRQHVTXHHVEDVWDQWHFRUUHFWDGHVGHXQSULPHUPRPHQWR
1RREVWDQWHUHVSHFWRDOHMHPSORGHODOXPQRGHODVILJXUDV\DSHVDUGHUHVLGLUHQSXQWRV
EDVWDQWHFHUFDQRVEDUULRGH&UX]&RQGHHVUHVHxDEOHODGHVDSDULFLyQGHOFRPSOHMRGHSRUWLYR
(O)RQWDQDUFRPROXJDUUHSUHVHQWDWLYRHLFyQLFR(QHOFDVRGHODDOXPQDGHODVILJXUDV\
HVWDV LQVWDODFLRQHV FRUUHVSRQGHUtDQ DO HVSDFLR YDFtR TXH TXHGD HQ HO FHQWUR GHO PDSD FX\D
DXVHQFLDVHSXHGHMXVWLILFDUDOQRWUDQVLWDUSRUHVHOXJDU
)LJXUD3ULPHUHMHUFLFLRGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHRWUDDOXPQDTXHUHVLGHHQHVWHFDVRHQODEDUULDGDGH&LXGDG
-DUGtQGH&yUGRED
&RPR ~OWLPR HMHPSOR HQ ODV ILJXUDV \ SRGHPRV UHVDOWDU TXH OD RULHQWDFLyQ GH OR
UHSUHVHQWDGRHVFRUUHFWDHQDPERVDXQTXHFDUHFHGHODVHxDOL]DFLyQGHORVSXQWRVFDUGLQDOHV
ORFXDOIDYRUHFHUtDODRULHQWDFLyQGHOPLVPR(QHOVHJXQGRLQWHQWRDSDUHFHQRREVWDQWHXQD
OH\HQGD EDVWDQWH FRPSOHWD TXH IDYRUHFH OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHO PDSD 'HVWDFD DGHPiV XQ
PD\RU GHWDOOH HQ PXFKRV DVSHFWRV FRPR OD DSDULFLyQ GH SDVRV GH SHDWRQHV H LQFOXVR ORV
FKDIODQHVGHDOJXQDVLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVDFRUGHVFRQODUHDOLGDGDVtFRPRODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGH
DOJXQDVFDOOHVPiVVREUHWRGRHQHOLQLFLRGHOUHFRUULGR\TXHGDQPD\RUUHDOLGDGDOVHJXQGR
HMHUFLFLR (VWD FXHVWLyQWDPELpQVHREVHUYD HQODVSURSRUFLRQHVGHXQD GHODV FDOOHVHQ HVWH
FDVR OD $YHQLGD GHO $HURSXHUWR OD FXDO VH KDFH HQ HO VHJXQGR LQWHQWR PiV HTXLOLEUDGD FRQ
UHVSHFWRDOUHVWRGHOHVSDFLR,JXDOPHQWHGHVWDFDODDSDULFLyQGHDOJXQRVRWURVHGLILFLRVTXH
QR DSDUHFtDQ HQ HO SULPHU LQWHQWR FRPR HO FROHJLR LQVWLWXWR GH HGXFDFLyQ VHFXQGDULD HQ
UHDOLGDG


)LJXUD6HJXQGDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODDOXPQDDXWRUDGHODILJXUDQ

&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
&RQRFHU \ HQWHQGHU HO HVSDFLR FRQVWLWX\HQ HO SLODU EiVLFR GH OD *HRJUDItD 3RU HOOR HV
IXQGDPHQWDOTXHHQODHVFXHODVHWUDEDMHQGHIRUPDDFWLYDODVWpFQLFDV\SURFHGLPLHQWRVSDUD
SURSLFLDUDSUHQGL]DMHVVLJQLILFDWLYRV
4XHHODOXPQDGRWHQJDORVFRQRFLPLHQWRV\KHUUDPLHQWDVSDUDLQWHUSUHWDUHOPHGLRFRQRFLGR
R GHVFRQRFLGR HV XQ REMHWLYR SULQFLSDO SDUD TXH pVWH D OR ODUJR GH VX YLGD SXHGD LU
FRQVWUX\HQGR VX SURSLR FRQRFLPLHQWR HVSDFLDO < SRU HOOR HQ WRGR HVWH SURFHVR OD ODERU
GRFHQWHMXHJDXQSDSHOEiVLFR\DTXHVRQpVWRVORVTXHGHEHQLPSOHPHQWDUODPHWRGRORJtD\
ORV UHFXUVRV QHFHVDULRV SDUD GHVDUUROODU FRPSHWHQFLDV \ GHVWUH]DV HQWUH RWUDV FRVDV HQ OD
OHFWXUD\UHSUHVHQWDFLyQFDUWRJUiILFDGHORVHVWXGLDQWHV
&RQHVWHSHTXHxRWUDEDMRKHPRVTXHULGRFRQRFHUFyPRVRQODVFDSDFLGDGHVGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
HVSDFLDOGHOIXWXURSURIHVRUDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDWRPDQGRFRPRPXHVWUDDHVWXGLDQWHV
GHO *UDGR GH 0DJLVWHULR GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH &yUGRED \ FyPR pVWDV HYROXFLRQDQ WUDV OD
UHDOL]DFLyQGHWUDEDMRVSUiFWLFRV&RQHOORVHKDQDOFDQ]DGRODVVLJXLHQWHVFRQFOXVLRQHV
x &RPRVHSXVRGHPDQLILHVWRHQHOWUDEDMRSUHVHQWDGRSRUORVDXWRUHVHQHOFRQJUHVRGH
OD $*( FHOHEUDGR HQ=DUDJR]D HQ RFWXEUH GH HV UHVHxDEOHHO HVFDVR FRQRFLPLHQWR
JHRJUiILFRTXHSUHVHQWDHVWHDOXPQDGRFXDQGROOHJDDOWHUFHUFXUVRGHO*UDGR/RVWUDEDMRV
UHDOL]DGRV SDUD HYDOXDU ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV SUHYLRV VREUH OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ HVSDFLDO DVt OR
HYLGHQFLDQ UHVDOWDQGR OD LQJHQXLGDG VREUH DVSHFWRV WDOHV FRPR ODV FRRUGHQDGDV
JHRJUiILFDV OD OH\HQGD R OD FRUUHODFLyQ GH HVFDODV ,QFOXVR GH KHUUDPLHQWDV WDQ
HOHPHQWDOHV FRPR HO PDSD WRSRJUiILFR QDFLRQDO GHO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO /D
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ JUiILFD GH XQ UHFRUULGR LQLFLDO PXHVWUD OD VXSHUDFLyQ GHO HJRFHQWULVPR
LQIDQWLOSHURHQDOJXQRVFDVRVODSUHVHQFLDGHXQVLQFUHWLVPRDVtFRPRUHGXFLGDVGHVWUH]DV
FDUWRJUiILFDV


x (O WUDEDMR SUiFWLFR UHDOL]DGR HQ XQD IDVH LQWHUPHGLD SHUPLWH FRQVWDWDU OD PHMRUD GH
HVWDV GHVWUH]DV D OD KRUD GH UHDOL]DU XQD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ FDUWRJUiILFD (Q HVWH VHQWLGR
FRQVLGHUDPRV TXH OD PHWRGRORJtD DFWLYD FRQ VDOLGDV IXHUD GHO DXOD GRQGH HO DOXPQDGR
DFWXD LQWHUSUHWDQGR HO WHUULWRULR \ FRQ D\XGD GH ODV 7,* IDYRUHFH HO GHVDUUROOR
FRPSHWHQFLDO DVt FRPR OD FDSDFLGDG GH REVHUYDFLyQ H LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH ORV KHFKRV
JHRJUiILFRV
x ,PSOHPHQWDUHVWHWLSRGHSUiFWLFDV HQHODOXPQDGRTXHHVWiHQIRUPDFLyQGHFDUDD VX
IXWXUR SURIHVLRQDO FRPR GRFHQWHV HQ OD HWDSD GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD 'DU XQ VHQWLGR
SUiFWLFR\~WLODORVFRQRFLPLHQWRV\GHVWUH]DVHVSDFLDOHVGHFDUDDODVRFLHGDG
x $FWXDUHQHVWDOtQHDGHVGHHGDGHVWHPSUDQDVDWUDYpVGHSURFHGLPLHQWRVGHPHWRGRORJtD
DFWLYD GRQGH HO DOXPQDGR SDUWLFLSH GH IRUPD GLUHFWD HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH VX
FRQRFLPLHQWR FRQ PD\RU PRWLYDFLyQ \ GHVDUUROODQGR FRPSHWHQFLDV FDSDFLGDGHV \
GHVWUH]DVHVSDFLDOHV\QRVHDXQPHURUHODWRUGHORVFRQFHSWRVTXHVHYHQHQFODVH3RUXQ
ODGR SDUD TXH ORV QLxRV \ QLxDV VH LQWHJUHQ H LQWHUDFFLRQHQ HQ OD VRFLHGDG HQ OD TXH
HPSLH]DQ D LQVHUWDUVH \ SRU RWUR SDUD WUDVODGDU D pVWRV XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR HVSDFLDO PiV
REMHWLYR\VLJQLILFDWLYR

%,%/,2*5$)$
OYDUH] 0 ) (O FRQRFLPLHQWR GLGiFWLFR \ HO PDSD WRSRJUiILFR HQ OD IRUPDFLyQ
LQLFLDOGHOSURIHVRUDGRDidctica GeogrficapSRFDQSS
%HQHMDP3\3DJpV-Ensear y aprender Ciencias Sociales, Geografa e Historia en
la Educacin Secundaria%DUFHORQD,&(8QLYHUVLGDGGH%DUFHORQD
'H&DVWUR$JXLUUH&0DSDVFRJQLWLYRV4XpVRQ\FyPRH[SOLFDUORVScripta Nova
Revista Electrnica de Geografa y Ciencias Sociales. 8QLYHUVLGDG GH %DUFHORQD >(Q
OLQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZXEHGXJHRFULWVQKWP >OWLPR DFFHVR GH RFWXEUH GH
@
+HUQiQGH] &DUGRQD ) ; Didctica de las Ciencias Sociales, Geografa e Historia
%DUFHORQD(GLWRULDO*UDy
/LFHUDV5Xt]$Tratamiento de las dificultades de aprendizaje en Ciencias Sociales
*UDQDGD*UXSR(GLWRULDO8QLYHUVLWDULR
/ySH] )HUQiQGH] - $ 0DUWtQH] 0HGLQD 5 /D UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ HVSDFLDO HQ OD
IRUPDFLyQ LQLFLDO GHO SURIHVRUDGR GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD (Q 'H /D 5LYD - ,EDUUD 3
0RQWRUR55RGUtJXH]0HGVAnlisis espacial y representacin geogrfica: innovacin y
aplicacin =DUDJR]D 8QLYHUVLGDG GH =DUDJR]D \ $VRFLDFLyQ GH *HyJUDIRV (VSDxROHV SS

3LxHLUR05<0HOyQ0&/DSUREOHPiWLFDGHOUD]RQDPLHQWRHVSDFLDODWUDYpV
GHOPDSDDidctica GeogrficapSRFDQSS
3LxHLUR 0 5 /D OHFWXUD GHO PDSD HQ HO QLxR GH SUHHVFRODU Revista
Interuniversitaria de Formacin del ProfesoradoQSS
6DQWLVWHEDQ$\3DJpV-&RRUGVDidctica del Conocimiento del Medio Social y
Cultural en la Educacin Primaria. Ciencias Sociales para comprender, pensar y actuar
0DGULG(GLWRULDO6tQWHVLV

6RXWR*RQ]iOH]-0Didctica de la Geografa. Problemas sociales y conocimiento

del medio%DUFHORQD(GGHO6HUYDO/DHVWUHOODSRODU
7UHSDW&$\&RPHV3El tiempo y el espacio en la didctica de las ciencias
Sociales. %DUFHORQD(GLWRULDO*UDy

(63$&,26'(35&7,&$<5()/(;,1'(',&$1'2$/*81$6
0,5$'$6$/$635&7,&$6'2&(17(6&855,&8/$5(6(1/26
&85626'(*(2*5$)$(1%5$6,/
'DQLHO0DOOPDQQ9DOOHULXV
(ULND*RQoDOYHV3LUHV
1
Universidade Federal do Par (PRODOUTORAL/CAPES/UFPA) / Universidade Federal de Gois (UFG)
2
Instituto Federal de Educao do Tocantins (IFTO) / Universidade Federal de Gois (UFG)
daniel.mv@uol.com.br; erikapires@ifto.edu.br
5(680(1
(O DUWtFXOR UHIOH[LRQD DFHUFD GH ODV SUiFWLFDV GH GRFHQFLD REOLJDWRULDV GH ORV FXUVRV GH *HRJUDItD GH ODV
XQLYHUVLGDGHVGH %UDVLO,QYHVWLJDPRVOD FRPSUHQVLyQGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \ H[SHFWDWLYDVGH ORVHVWXGLDQWHV\
SURIHVRUHV DFHUFD GH XQ PRPHQWR LPSRUWDQWH HQ OD IRUPDFLyQ GH ORV IXWXURV GRFHQWHV $Vt QXHVWUR HVWXGLR
DERUGDODVLWXDFLyQJHQHUDOGHODVSUiFWLFDVFXUULFXODUHVGHGRFHQFLDHQORVFXUVRVGH%UDVLO\HOHJLPRVWUHVSDUD
DSR\DUODVUHIOH[LRQHVFRQHQWUHYLVWDVFXHVWLRQDULRV\JUXSRVIRFDOHV/RVUHVXOWDGRVPXHVWUDQDOJXQDVPLUDGDV
DFHUFDGHODIRUPDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUGH*HRJUDItD
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
)RUPDFLyQGHSURIHVRUHVSUiFWLFDVGRFHQWHVVXSHUYLVDGDV%UDVLO
,1752'8&&,1
(VWH HVWXGLR SUHWHQGH GHGLFDU DOJXQDV PLUDGDV DFHUFD GH ODV SUiFWLFDV GRFHQWHV VXSHUYLVDGDV
SUHVHQWHV HQ ORV FXUUtFXORV GH ORV FXUVRV GH JUDGR HQ *HRJUDItD GH ODV XQLYHUVLGDGHV
EUDVLOHxDV /DV SUiFWLFDV VXSHUYLVDGDV VRQ iPELWRV FXUULFXODUHV GH FDUiFWHU WHyULFR SUiFWLFR
FRQ KRUDV HVSHFtILFDV GHGLFDGDV D OD SUiFWLFD GH OD HQVHxDQ]D HQ ODV HVFXHODV SULPDULDV \
VHFXQGDULDV TXH SHUPLWHQ XQ FRQWDFWR GH ORV SURIHVRUHV HQ IRUPDFLyQ FRQ OD UXWLQD GH OD
HVFXHOD\GHODFODVH/DUHOHYDQFLDGHHVWDHWDSDGHIRUPDFLyQVHDSR\DHQODVDSRUWDFLRQHVGH
YDULRVDXWRUHVHQWUHORVTXHSRGHPRVGHVWDFDU5LFKWHU
Ese momento de la formacin docente representa una etapa de suma importancia,
por materializar diversos elementos que ayudaron a compor la prctica profesional
del futuro profesor, desde las bases tericas de su respectiva ciencia, hasta su
relacin con el uso de los saberes pedaggicos en la organizacin del ejercicio
docente. (Richter, 2013, p.115)
(OHPHQWRFRP~QHQWUHORVFXUUtFXORVGHORVFXUVRVGHOLFHQFLDWXUDHQJHQHUDOFUHHPRVTXHHO
HVSDFLRGHH[SHULPHQWDFLyQRIUHFLGRSRUODHWDSDMXHJDXQSDSHOFODYHHQODIRUPDFLyQGHORV
IXWXURVGRFHQWHV
&RQFRUGDPRVFRQ0DUFHORSFXDQGRVHxDODTXHODVHWDSDVHGXFDWLYDVUHSUHVHQWDQ
XQDRSRUWXQLGDGSULYLOHJLDGDSDUDLQYHVWLJDUHOSURFHVRGHDSUHQGHUDHQVHxDU
D.Mallmann Vallerius, E.Gonalves Pires

6H GHVWDFD TXH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VREUH OD IRUPDFLyQ GHO SURIHVRUDGR VH KD DPSOLDGR
HVSHFLDOPHQWHDSDUWLUGHORVDxRVGRQGHXQDYH] PiVVHJ~Q0DUFHORSODV
SUiFWLFDVFXUULFXODUHVHOHPHQWRFODYHGHOSURFHVRGHDSUHQGHUDHQVHxDUDSDUHFHQFRPRWHPD
GHVWDFDGRVHDSRUVXYDULHGDGWHPiWLFD\PHWRGROyJLFDVHDSRUODFDQWLGDGGHLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
OOHYDGDVDFDER
(OPLVPRDXWRUHYRFDD*ULIILQSDUDUHVDOWDUODQHFHVLGDGGHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVREUH
ODV SUiFWLFDV GRFHQWHV FXUULFXODUHV GHELGR DO KHFKR GH TXH ORV PDHVWURV UHFRQRFHQ ODV
SUiFWLFDVGRFHQWHVVXSHUYLVDGDVFRPRHOFRPSRQHQWHPiVLPSRUWDQWHGHVXIRUPDFLyQSRUOD
LQFDSDFLGDGSDUDDILUPDUODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQVyOLGRFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVSUiFWLFDVGRFHQWHVD
SHVDU GH OD DPSOLD GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV HQ HO iUHD SRUTXH FRQVWLWX\HQ HO
FRPSRQHQWHFXUULFXODUGHODIRUPDFLyQGHORVPDHVWURVPiVSURSLFLRSDUDHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWR
GH UHODFLRQHV HQWUH OD XQLYHUVLGDG \ OD HVFXHOD \ DGHPiV SRU OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH UHYHODU ODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH XQ SURIHVRU WXWRU HILFD] \ ODV UHODFLRQHV GH HVWH FRQ ORV HVWXGLDQWHV HQ
SUiFWLFDV
(Q HO FRQWH[WR GH OD JHRJUDItD WDO UHOHYDQFLD QR HV PHQRU 6LQ HPEDUJR QR VLHPSUH ODV
SUiFWLFDV GRFHQWHV VXSHUYLVDGDV RFXSDQ XQ OXJDU GHVWDFDGR HQ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VREUH OD
IRUPDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGRDSHVDUGHVXLPSRUWDQFLDSURIHVLRQDO\GHVXLQFOXVLyQREOLJDWRULD
HQORVSURJUDPDVGHODVFDUUHUDVGHJUDGR3RUORWDQWRFRQVLGHUDPRVUHOHYDQWHDTXtIRPHQWDU
XQGLiORJRVREUHDOJXQRVGH ORV HOHPHQWRVTXH JXtDQODVSUiFWLFDVGRFHQWHVVXSHUYLVDGDVGH
QXHVWUD FLHQFLD FRQ pQIDVLV HQ OD LQWHJUDFLyQ FXUULFXODU HQ VXV UDVJRV HVHQFLDOHV \ HQ ORV
HOHPHQWRV GH OD LGHQWLGDG GHO SURIHVRU IRUPDGRU \ HQ WRGR FDVR VLQ SUHWHQGHU DJRWDU ODV
GLVFXVLRQHVHQHVWDVSRFDVOtQHDV
/$6 35&7,&$6 '2&(17(6 683(59,6$'$6 (1 /26 &85626 '(

/,&(1&,$785$(1*(2*5$),$(1%5$6,/
3UHVHQWHHQ%UDVLOFRPRGLVFLSOLQDHVFRODUGHVGHGHOVLJOR;,;ODJHRJUDItDVHKDFRQVROLGDGR
FRPRXQDFLHQFLDFRQXQFDUiFWHUFLHQWtILFRDSDUWLUGHODGpFDGDGHORVFRQVXUHVSHFWLYD
LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DFLyQ HQ OD (QVHxDQ]D 8QLYHUVLWDULD HVSHFLDOPHQWH FRQ OD FUHDFLyQ GH OD
8QLYHUVLGDG GH 6mR 3DXOR HQ \ VX FXUVR GH *HRJUDItD H +LVWRULD XQLILFDGR 0DUWLQV

6HJ~QOD/H\QODSUiFWLFDGRFHQWHVXSHUYLVDGDHVXQDFWRHGXFDWLYRTXHGHEH
VHUGHVDUUROODGRHQHOHVSDFLRGHOWUDEDMRYLVDQGRWDQWRODFRQWH[WXDOL]DFLyQFXUULFXODUFRPR
OD SUHSDUDFLyQ GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV SDUD HO HMHUFLFLR GH OD SURIHVLyQ \ SDUD OD YLGD FLXGDGDQD
6LHQGRXQDSDUWHTXHFRPSRQHHO3UR\HFWR3HGDJyJLFRGHOFXUVR\GHOSURFHVRIRUPDWLYRHO
GHVDUUROOR GH ODV SUiFWLFDV VXSHUYLVDGDV VH FRQGLFLRQD DO PDQWHQLPLHQWR GHO YtQFXOR HQWUH HO
DOXPQR\ODLQVWLWXFLyQGHHQVHxDQ]DDVtFRPRDODDGHFXDFLyQHVWUXFWXUDO\IXQFLRQDOGHODV
HVFXHODV /D UHIHULGD OH\ KD EXVFDGR JDUDQWL]DU ODV SUiFWLFDV GRFHQWHV VXSHUYLVDGDV
FXUULFXODUHV FRPR SDUWH LQWHJUDQWH GHO SURFHVR HGXFDWLYR $GHPiV HVWDEOHFH ORV SDSHOHV GH
ODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVGHHGXFDFLyQGHORVHVWXGLDQWHV\GHODVHVFXHODVEiVLFDV%5$6,/
&RQODJUDGXDOH[SDQVLyQGHODHQVHxDQ]DVXSHULRUHQHOSDtVFRQHOGLVFXUULUGHOVLJOR;;H
LQLFLRGHOVLJOR;;,\SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHODDSHUWXUDGHQXHYDVLQVWLWXFLRQHVGHHQVHxDQ]DHO
Q~PHUR GH FXUVRV GH JHRJUDItD VH KD HOHYDGR \ KR\ H[LVWHQ HVFXHODV GH IRUPDFLyQ GHO
SURIHVLRQDOGHQLYHOVXSHULRUHQJHRJUDItDGLVWULEXLGDVSRUORVHVWDGRVGHOD)HGHUDFLyQ\

HQHO'LVWULWR)HGHUDO(QWUHHOODVIRUPDQH[FOXVLYDPHQWHOLFHQFLDGRV\RWUDVIRUPDQ
WDPELpQ ORV EDFKDUHOHV $Vt WHQHPRV XQ Q~PHUR EDVWDQWH FRQVLGHUDEOH GH HVSDFLRV GH
IRUPDFLyQGHSURIHVRUHVGHJHRJUDItDHQQXHVWURSDtV
$FWXDOPHQWH HQ FRQIRUPLGDG FRQ ODV QRUPDV YLJHQWHV ODV 3UiFWLFDV 'RFHQWHV 6XSHUYLVDGDV
GHEHQSRVHHUXQDFDUJDKRUDULDPtQLPDGHKRUDV6HJ~QHO0LQLVWHULRGH(GXFDFLyQ
Las Prcticas Docentes Supervisadas son un conjunto de actividades de formacin,
realizadas bajo la supervisin de docentes de la institucin formadora, y
acompaadas por profesionales, donde el estudiante experimenta situaciones de
efectivo ejercicio profesional. Las prcticas supervisadas tienen el objetivo de
consolidar y articular las competencias desarrolladas a lo largo del curso por medio
de las dems actividades formativas, de carcter terico o prctico. (parecer CNE-
CES 15/2005).
6HVHxDODTXHHOHQIRTXHIRUPDWLYRGHODVSUiFWLFDVGRFHQWHVVXSHUYLVDGDVHQJHRJUDItD\GH
ODVOLFHQFLDWXUDVHQXQHVSHFWURPD\RUGHDQiOLVLVQRHVVLPLODUDODVSUiFWLFDVVXSHUYLVDGDV
GH RWUDV iUHDV GLVIUXWDQGR GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \ GHVDItRV PX\ SDUWLFXODUHV &RPR QRV GLFH
&RVWHOOD
Las prcticas supervisadas en educacin no pueden ser comparadas a otros espacios
y tiempos de prctica, que son trampolines para formaciones especficas. Nuestras
prcticas supervisadas son verdaderos puntos reflexivos, en que continuamente
colocamos a nuestros alumnos en diferentes situaciones, haciendo que ellos
experimenten aprendizajes que sern la puerta de entrada al mundo profesional.
(2011, p.182).
/RV FXUUtFXORV GH JUDGXDFLyQ HQ JHRJUDItD GH ODV XQLYHUVLGDGHV EUDVLOHxDV VHJ~Q
PHQFLRQDPRV DQWHULRUPHQWH VRQ EDVWDQWH GLYHUVLILFDGRV \ QR KD\ XQD KRPRJHQHLGDG HQ OD
GLVWULEXFLyQGHODVSUiFWLFDVVXSHUYLVDGDVHQVXJUDGRFXUULFXODUDXQTXHWHQJDQODQHFHVLGDG
GHDWHQHUVHDODVUHVSHFWLYDVOHJLVODFLRQHVUHVSHFWRDODFDUJDKRUDULD\DOFDUiFWHUSUiFWLFRGH
VXVDFWLYLGDGHV
+HPRVRSWDGRSRULQYHVWLJDUODWHPiWLFDHQWUHVGLVWLQWDVXQLYHUVLGDGHVWRGDVS~EOLFDV\EDMR
OD JHVWLyQ GHO JRELHUQR IHGHUDO D VDEHU 8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GR 5LR *UDQGH GR 6XO
8)5*6XELFDGDHQODFLXGDGGH3RUWR$OHJUH568QLYHUVLGDGHGH%UDVtOLD8Q%VLWXDGD
HQ %UDVLOLD OD FDSLWDO IHGHUDO \ OD 8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GR 3DUi 8)3$ FRQ VX FDPSXV
XELFDGRHQODFLXGDGGH$OWDPLUDHQOD$PD]RQtD%UDVLOHxD
/DHOHFFLyQGHHVWDVWUHVLQVWLWXFLRQHVVHGHEHDDOJXQRVIDFWRUHVFRPRODGLVWLQWDWUD\HFWRULD
KLVWyULFDGHIXQGDFLyQ\FRQVROLGDFLyQGHFDGDXQRGHORVFXUVRVODGLVWULEXFLyQJHRJUiILFD
GH ODV XQLYHUVLGDGHV HQ FXHVWLyQ QXHVWUR LQWHUpV HVSHFtILFR HQ LQYHVWLJDU HO DPELHQWH GH
QXHVWUDIRUPDFLyQLQLFLDO8)5*6\GHDFWXDODFWXDFLyQSURIHVLRQDO8)3$\ODSRVLELOLGDG

(Q%UDVLOORVOLFHQFLDGRVVRQSURIHVRUHVGHJHRJUDItDSDUDODHQVHxDQ]DSULPDULD\VHFXQGDULD\ORVEDFKDUHOHVVRQ
JHyJUDIRVVLQKDELOLWDFLyQSDUDODGRFHQFLD

)XHQWH025$,6$&HWDO0DSDGDGLVWULEXLomRGRVFXUVRVGHOLFHQFLDWXUDQR%UDVLOUHIOH[}HVVREUHOLFHQFLDWXUDH
EDFKDUHODGR 'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWSZZZJHRFLHQFLDVXISEEUaSDXORURVD 'RFXPHQWRV
'LYXOJDFDR(YHQWRVGLVWULEXLFDRFXUVRV*HR%5SGI$FHVRHQGHVHSWLHPEUHGH


GH UHDOL]DU XQ SURFHVR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ XQD XQLYHUVLGDG HQ OD FXDO QXQFD WXYLPRV OD
RSRUWXQLGDG GH HVWDEOHFHU QLQJ~Q YtQFXOR PiV HVWUHFKR 8Q% YLYHQFLDQGR XQD HVSHFLH GH
DOHMDPLHQWRGHODPELHQWHDOFRQWUDULRGHODVGRVLQVWLWXFLRQHVDQWHULRUPHQWHFLWDGDV$HVDV
SDUWLFXODULGDGHV VH VXPDQ ORV HMHV GH LQIOXHQFLD \ ORV FRQWH[WRV VRFLDOHV HQ ORV FXDOHV VH
LQVHUWDQ ODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVFDPSR\FRQVLGHUDPRVTXH FRQHO UHVXOWDGRSRGHPRV FRQVWUXLUXQ
PRVDLFRLQWHUHVDQWHGHDQiOLVLV(VLPSRUWDQWHGHFLUTXHDSOLFDPRVWRGRVORVLQVWUXPHQWRVHQ
ODV WUHV LQVWLWXFLRQHV \ FRQ XQ Q~PHUR LJXDO GH VXMHWRV (Q HO FXDGUR SUHVHQWDPRV XQ
UHVXPHQGHORVGDWRVUHIHUHQWHVDODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVFDPSRGHQXHVWUDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ

8)5*6 8Q% 8)3$

$xRGHIXQGDFLyQGHOD,QVWLWXFLyQ 1934 1962 1987

$xRGHIXQGDFLyQGHOFXUVRGH*HRJUDItD 1943 1969 2009

QGLFH*HQHUDOGHO&XUVR,*&(YDOXDFLyQ 4 4 3

RILFLDOGHO0LQLVWHULRGHOD(GXFDFLyQHQXQD
HVFDODGH

1~PHUR DSUR[LPDGR GH DOXPQRV 325 350 145
PDWULFXODGRVHQHOFXUVRGH*HRJUDItD

)RUPDFLyQRIHUWDGDHQHOFXUVRGH*HRJUDItD Bachillera e Bachillera e Solo
Licenciatura Licenciatura Licenciatura

* Datos referentes al campus de Altamira
7DEOD'DWRVGHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVFDPSRGDSHVTXLVD%UDVLO
(ODERUDFLyQ/RVDXWRUHV

&RQUHVSHFWRDODUHFRJLGDGHORVGDWRVFDEHGHVWDFDUTXHRFXUULyHQGRVPRPHQWRVGLVWLQWRV
VLHQGRDVtTXHHOSULPHURGHHOORVFRQVLVWLyHQODSUHVHQWDFLyQGHQXHVWUDLQYHVWLJDFLyQDORV
GLVFHQWHV OD ILUPD GHO WHUPR GH FRQVHQWLPLHQWR OLEUH \ HVFODUHFLGR \ HQ OD SRVWHULRU
LQYLWDFLyQSDUDUHVSRQGHUDQXHVWURFXHVWLRQDULRHVWUXFWXUDGR
(QXQVHJXQGRPRPHQWRDOJXQRVGHORVGLVFHQWHVTXHDFHSWDURQSDUWLFLSDUHQODUHVROXFLyQ
GHO FXHVWLRQDULR IXHURQ LQYLWDGRV D FRQFHGHU XQD HQWUHYLVWD LQGLYLGXDO FRQ FXHVWLRQHV
FODYHV/RVHVWXGLDQWHVIXHURQHOHJLGRVGHPDQHUDTXHUHVSRQGLHUDQDDOJXQRVFULWHULRVFRPR
WHQHUKDVWDDxRVGHHGDG\QRKDEHUFRQFOXLGRRWURFXUVRGHJUDGRDQWHV7DPELpQIXHURQ
LQYLWDGRV GH IRUPD TXH FRQVWLWX\HUDQ XQ FRQMXQWR FX\D GLVWULEXFLyQ SRU JpQHUR PDQWXYLHVH
XQDPtQLPDHTXLGDG

)XHQWHVLWLRGDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\GHO0LQLVWHULRGHOD(GXFDFLyQ

([LJHQFLDOHJDOSDUDLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVFRQVHUHVKXPDQRV


7DQWR HO FXHVWLRQDULR HVWUXFWXUDGR FRPR OD HQWUHYLVWD QDUUDWLYD DERUGDURQ DVSHFWRV GH OD
IRUPDFLyQSURIHVLRQDO\GHODLGHQWLGDGGHOVXMHWRHOHPHQWRVUHIHUHQWHVDODVSUHRFXSDFLRQHV
\ DQKHORV LQPHGLDWRV \IXWXURV \ OD YLVLyQ TXH HO PLVPR SUHVHQWD IUHQWH D OD H[SHFWDWLYD GH
JUDGXDUVH HQ XQD OLFHQFLDWXUD $ VX YH] DSOLFDU ORV LQVWUXPHQWRV MXVWR HQ HO FRPLHQ]R GHO
SHUtRGR GH FODVHV VH MXVWLILFD SRU OD QHFHVLGDG GH FRQYHUVDU FRQ ORV GLVFHQWHV WUDV LQLFLDU VX
WUD\HFWRULD PLHQWUDV HV XQ OLFHQFLDQGR LQVFULWR HQ OD GLVFLSOLQD GH SUiFWLFDV GRFHQWHV
VXSHUYLVDGDVRVHDHOSHULRGRLQLFLDOGHODxRHVFRODU

48e &$5$&7(5,=$ /$ 35&7,&$ '2&(17( 683(59,6$'$ (1
*(2*5$),$
/D SUiFWLFD GRFHQWH FXUULFXODU VXSHUYLVDGD GHVGH VX SULPHUD UHJODPHQWDFLyQ KDVWD OD
DFWXDOLGDGKDVLGRUHFXUUHQWHPHQWHLGHQWLILFDGDFRPRXQHVSDFLRSDUDDUWLFXODUODWHRUtD\OD
SUiFWLFD HQ OD IRUPDFLyQ SURIHVLRQDO D QLYHO GH OD IRUPDFLyQ VXSHULRU 7RGDYtD ODV OH\HV \
QRUPDWLYDV OHJDOHV FRQVLJQDURQ D OD SUiFWLFD VXSHUYLVDGD HQ VX RSHUDFLRQDOL]DFLyQ XQ
FDUiFWHU GH IRUPDFLyQ SUiFWLFD SDUD ORV HVWXGLDQWHV $XQTXH VHUHFRQR]FD TXH OD SUiFWLFD HV
HVHQFLDO SDUD OD IRUPDFLyQ SURIHVLRQDO GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV SHQVDPRV TXH HVWD GHEH HVWDU
VLHPSUH DSR\DGD HQ OD WHRUtD HQ EXVFD GH SURSLFLDU XQD UHIOH[LyQ VREUH HO FDUiFWHU WHyULFR
SUiFWLFRGHODSURIHVLyQVREUHODSUiFWLFDSHGDJyJLFDHOFRQWH[WRHGXFDWLYR\ODVUHODFLRQHV
GHWUDEDMRHQWUHRWURVDVSHFWRV
&UHHPRVTXHVRORDVtHVWDUiIDFXOWDGRHOHVWXGLDQWHSDUDFRQVWUXLUXQDDFFLyQUHIOH[LRQDGD\
ORJUDUp[LWRHQODVGLYHUVDVGLPHQVLRQHVTXHLPSOLFDODSUiFWLFDGRFHQWH
6LQ HPEDUJR ORV UHVXOWDGRV HVWiQ GLUHFWDPHQWH YLQFXODGRV D OD FRQFHSFLyQ TXH RULHQWD \
RSHUDFLRQDOL]D HO SHULRGR GH SUiFWLFDV VXSHUYLVDGDV HQ ORV FXUVRV TXH VH GHGLFDQ D OD
IRUPDFLyQGHORVSURIHVRUHVGHJHRJUDItD
&RPR \D GLMLPRV DQWHV ODV SUiFWLFDV VXSHUYLVDGDV VRQ HOHPHQWRV FXUULFXODUHV GH WRGRV ORV
FXUVRV GH OLFHQFLDWXUD \ VX GLQiPLFD \ GHVDUUROOR GHEH UHVSHWDU OD HVSHFLILFLGDG \ OD
SDUWLFXODULGDG GH FDGD XQD GH ODV iUHDV (V PiV D SHVDU GH VX FDUiFWHU HPLQHQWHPHQWH
SUiFWLFR QR SXHGH LJQRUDU HO DSRUWH WHyULFR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D HVRV PRPHQWRV (VWDPRV GH
DFXHUGRFRQ6DQWRVFXDQGRGLFHTXH
Las prcticas, as como las dems asignaturas de la formacin docente deben ser al
mismo tiempo tericas y prcticas, permitiendo que los alumnos comprendan la
complejidad de las prcticas supervisadas en su preparacin para su insercin
profesional. (2013, p. 257).
&UHHPRV TXH D OR ODUJR GH OD KLVWRULD GH OD HGXFDFLyQ \ GH OD HVFXHOD ODV H[LJHQFLDV \
FRQWH[WRV VRFLDOHV IRU]DEDQ FDPELRV HQ OD FRWLGLDQHLGDG GH ODV DFFLRQHV UHDOL]DGDV HQ ODV
FODVHVORTXHGLROXJDUDODDGRSFLyQGHPRGHORVSRFRIUXFWtIHURV\DXQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQSRFR
UD]RQDEOHGHWHRUtDVFRJQLWLYDV\HGXFDWLYDV&RPRHVFULEH&RVWHOODWDOHVFHQDULRKD
OOHYDGRDORVDOXPQRV\SURIHVRUHVDXQDHVSHFLHGHGHVFUpGLWRHQHOFXUVRGHODKLVWRULD
(QXQDVLWXDFLyQGRQGHORVFXUVRVGHJUDGRHQVHxDQHOFRQWHQLGRDWULEXLGRDFDGDXQDGHODV
FLHQFLDV ORV SURIHVRUHV HJUHVDGRV GH ORV PLVPRV GRPLQDQ OD *HRJUDItD OD 4XtPLFD OD
+LVWRULD SHUR SRFR FRQRFHQ VREUH FyPR WUDQVIRUPDU ORV VDEHUHV DFDGpPLFRV HQ
FRQRFLPLHQWRVDSOLFDEOHVHQODSUiFWLFDHQXQDFODVHGHHGXFDFLyQEiVLFD0HWRPRODOLEHUWDG
GHLOXVWUDUHVWDDILUPDFLyQFRQXQDVLWXDFLyQYLYLGDSRUPtHQODFRQGLFLyQGHHVWXGLDQWHGH


OLFHQFLDWXUDHQJHRJUDItDGRQGHHQXQDGLVFLSOLQDGHSUHSDUDFLyQSDUDODGRFHQFLDXQRGHORV
FROHJDV DO VHU LQYLWDGR D FRQVWUXLU XQ SODQ GH DXOD GLULJLGR DO VH[WR DxR GH OD HQVHxDQ]D
IXQGDPHQWDO\SUHVHQWDUHOPLVPRDODFODVHHVFULELyXQDSURSXHVWDSHGDJyJLFDFRQHOLQWHQWR
GHDERUGDUHOFRPSOHMR\GHQVRFRQFHSWRGHKHUPHQpXWLFDFRQORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHODHVFXHOD
$Vt HV FRQGLFLyQ sine qua non FRPSUHQGHU TXH ODV SUiFWLFDV GRFHQWHV VXSHUYLVDGDV HQ
JHRJUDItD WLHQHQ FRPR XQD GH VXV SULQFLSDOHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \ TXL]iV PLVLyQ
FRQILJXUDUVHFRPRXQHVSDFLRGRQGHHOIXWXURSURIHVRUFRQVLJXHPHGLUHYDOXDU\GLPHQVLRQDU
XQ SRFR GHO PXQGR GH ORV DOXPQRV \ GH VXV QHFHVLGDGHV UHDOHV EXVFDQGR FRQHFWDU OD
JHRJUDItDHQVHxDGDHQODVDXODVDFDGpPLFDVFRQODJHRJUDItDGHOFRWLGLDQRGHODOXPQR
7RGR HVWR HV LPSRUWDQWH HQ HO VHQWLGR GH RIUHFHU FRQGLFLRQHV SDUD TXH HO SURIHVRU HQ
IRUPDFLyQ HQFXHQWUH HQ ODV SUiFWLFDV VXSHUYLVDGDV XQ HVSDFLR GH DXWRFRQRFLPLHQWR \ GH
DGDSWDFLyQVLHVQHFHVDULRGHOHQJXDMHVGHSURFHGLPLHQWRVPHWRGROyJLFRV\GHSURSXHVWDVGH
DFFLyQ (Q UHVXPHQ ODV SUiFWLFDV VXSHUYLVDGDV VH FRQVWLWX\HQ HQ HVSDFLRV GRQGH HO VXMHWR
WLHQHODRSRUWXQLGDGGHDPDOJDPDUXQDLGHQWLGDGSURIHVLRQDOHLQFOXVRGHUHSHQVDUFRQVROLGDU
VXYLVLyQDFHUFDGHODJHRJUDItDHVFRODU
$QDVWDVLRXFLWDQGRD6DYLDQLDILUPDTXHH[LVWHQFLQFRPRPHQWRVDFRQVLGHUDU
HQ HO WUDEDMR GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV FRQ ORV DOXPQRV OD SUiFWLFD VRFLDO GHO
DOXPQR OD SUREOHPDWL]DFLyQ GHO REMHWR GH HVWXGLR OD LQVWUXPHQWDOL]DFLyQ OD LQWHUQDOL]DFLyQ
GHORVFRQWHQLGRVSRUPHGLRGHODFDWDUVLV\ODSUiFWLFDVRFLDOUHHODERUDGD3RUVXSDUWHSDUD
FRPSUHQGHU ODV SDUWLFXODULGDGHV TXH FLUFXQGDQ ODV SUiFWLFDV VXSHUYLVDGDV HQ *HRJUDItD
QHFHVLWDPRV DQWHV UHIOH[LRQDU VREUH TXLpQ HV HO SURIHVRU TXH GHVHDPRV IRUPDU WDUHD TXH QR
VLHPSUHHVIiFLO
(QHVHVHQWLGRQRVFXHVWLRQD3LPHQWD
Qu profesor se hace necesario para las necesidades formativas en una escuela que
colabore en los procesos emancipatorios de la poblacin? Que opere la enseanza
en sentido de incorporar a los nios y los jvenes en el proceso civilizatorio con sus
avances y sus problemas? (2012, p. 20)
(Q HO PLVPR VHQWLGR \ PiV HVSHFtILFDPHQWH VREUH HO SURIHVRU GH JHRJUDItD TXH HVWDPRV
D\XGDQGRDIRUPDUQRVSUHJXQWD&DOODL
Cul el tipo de profesional/profesor, con qu caractersticas, con qu tipo de
competencias, con qu habilidades incorporadas y con qu capacidad de aplicar lo
que aprendi con la creatividad necesaria para dar cuenta de los problemas de
nuestro tiempo y espacio? La formacin puede y debe ser homognea en un pas de
grandes extensiones territoriales, de innumerables formas de exclusin y de
diversidad cultural? (2009, p. 173).
$FHSWDQGR TXH WDO GLYHUVLGDG HVWi RFXOWD R SRUPHQRUL]DGD GHELGR D XQD UHODWLYD
KRPRJHQHL]DFLyQ FXUULFXODU GH ORV FXUVRV GH JUDGXDFLyQ R VHUtD VROR XQD FRQVWDWDFLyQ GH
TXH HV PiV UD]RQDEOH TXH HO SURIHVRU WHQJD XQD IRUPDFLyQ ~QLFD HQ WRGR %UDVLO" &DEH
UHIOH[LRQDU\ TXH ODFDUJD KRUDULD PtQLPD SDUD ODV SUiFWLFDV VXSHUYLVDGDV WDO FRPR SDUD
ODVGHPiVOLFHQFLDWXUDVVHHVWDEOHFHSRUQRUPDWLYDJXEHUQDPHQWDOFRQYLJHQFLDQDFLRQDOHO
SDSHO HMHUFLGR SRU HO SURIHVRU IRUPDGRU HQ OD XQLYHUVLGDG JDQD LPSRUWDQFLD \ VH FRQYLHUWH
PXFKDVYHFHVHQHOGLVWLQWLYRGHFDOLGDGRQRHQHVWHHVSDFLRGHIRUPDFLyQLQLFLDO


/26 68-(726 3$57,&,3$17(6 '( /$6 35&7,&$6 '2&(17(6
683(59,6$'$6(1*(2*5$)$
/DV SUiFWLFDV GRFHQWHV VXSHUYLVDGDV HQ JHRJUDItD WLHQHQ VXV DJHQWHV \ VXV VXMHWRV PX\ ELHQ
GHOLPLWDGRV D VDEHU HO SURIHVRU VXSHUYLVRU HO SURIHVRU RULHQWDGRU R HVWXGLDQWH GH SUiFWLFD
VXSHUYLVDGD ORV DOXPQRV GH OD HVFXHOD ORV FROHJDV GHO FRPSRQHQWH FXUULFXODU 3UiFWLFD
GRFHQWHVXSHUYLVDGDODSURSLDHVFXHOD\ODXQLYHUVLGDG&DGDXQRGHHVWRVLPSOLFDGRVWLHQHQ
SDSHOHV UHOHYDQWHV HQ OD WUD\HFWRULD GH OD IRUPDFLyQ SURSXHVWDHQ HO iPELWR GH ODV SUiFWLFDV
FXUULFXODUHV
(V LPSRUWDQWH GHVWDFDU TXH FXDQGR HVWRV DJHQWHV FRQIOX\HQ SDUD FXDOLILFDU OD IRUPDFLyQ GH
ORVSURIHVRUHVGH*HRJUDItDHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQHOPRPHQWRGHODVSUiFWLFDVVXSHUYLVDGDVSDUD
TXHVXHVIXHU]RREWHQJDp[LWRQRSRGHPRVHVWDQGDUL]DURLJQRUDUDORVDOXPQRVGHHVFXHOD
VXV SUiFWLFDV LQWHUHVHV GHPDQGDV \ H[SHFWDWLYDV (O SHTXHxR FRQWDFWR FRQ OD HVFXHOD \ ODV
FODVHVORVFDPELRVGHHVFXHODVODVDFWLYLGDGHVSXQWXDOHV\VLQLPSOLFDFLyQGHVDUUROODGDVSRU
ORV HVWXGLDQWHV GH SUiFWLFDV VXSHUYLVDGDV KDFHQ GH OD H[SHULHQFLD GRFHQWH GH ORV IXWXURV
SURIHVRUHVXQDHVSHFLHGHEXUEXMDGHODUHDOLGDGGHODFXDOFXDQGRHOHMHUFLFLRGHODSUiFWLFD
HIHFWLYDVHGLVWDQFLDQHQRUPHPHQWHDYHFHVFDXVDHODOHMDPLHQWR\ODGHVPRWLYDFLyQSDUDHO
HMHUFLFLRGHODFDUUHUDGRFHQWH
(Q HVH FRQWH[WR HO FRQWDFWR FHUFDQR GHO HVWXGLDQWH GH SUiFWLFDV FRQ OD HVFXHODFDPSR HV
IXQGDPHQWDOQRVRORGXUDQWHHOGHVDUUROORGHVXVDFWLYLGDGHVVLQRWDPELpQGXUDQWHHOPD\RU
WLHPSRTXHVHDSRVLEOHSDUDTXHOHSHUPLWDFRQRFHUWHQHULQWHUDFFLyQFRQYHUVDUREVHUYDUOD
GLQiPLFD GH OD HVFXHOD 'HO PLVPR PRGR HVWD HVFXHOD \ SURIHVRUVXSHUYLVRU GHEHQ
FRQMXQWDPHQWH HVWDU DELHUWRV D OD UHFHSFLyQ GHO HVWXGLDQWH FRPSUHKHQGLHQGR VX SDSHO
IRUPDWLYR\D\XGDQGRFRQODVGLVFXVLRQHVUHIOH[LRQHV\H[SHULHQFLDVPiVSUy[LPDVSRVLEOHV
GHODUHDOLGDGGRFHQWHSURSLDPHQWHGLFKD
7DPELpQ MX]JDPRV LPSRUWDQWH UHVDOWDU TXH OD HVFXHOD \ HO SURIHVRU VXSHUYLVRU GHEHQ VHU
VHOHFFLRQDGRV FRQ FXLGDGR \ FULWHULR D ILQ GH TXH ODV FRQWULEXFLRQHV \ H[SHULHQFLDV YLYLGDV
FRQWULEX\DQDXQDSUiFWLFDGRFHQWHDFRUGHFRQODUHDOLGDGGHODHVFXHOD\VXVGHPDQGDV\QR
FRPRXQPRPHQWRGHGHVHVWtPXOR\QHJDFLyQGHORVFRQFHSWRVWHyULFRVVREUHODHQVHxDQ]DOD
HGXFDFLyQ\OD*HRJUDItD
/DV DFWLYLGDGHV GH SUiFWLFDV VXSHUYLVDGDV WLHQGHQ D KRPRJHQHL]DU D ORV DOXPQRV \ ODV
HVFXHODVHVWDEOHFLHQGRSUiFWLFDVOLQHDOHVTXHVHDQFUHDGDV\GHVDUUROODGDVSRUORVDOXPQRVGH
SUiFWLFDV HQ ODV HVFXHODVFDPSR +D\ XQD HYLGHQWH YLUWXG HQ HVWD SURSXHVWD TXH FRQFLEH OD
SODQLILFDFLyQ FRPR XQ DFWR HPLQHQWHPHQWH SHGDJyJLFR H LQWUtQVHFR GH OD DFWLYLGDG GHO
SURIHVRU SHUR SRU RWUR ODGR FRQVLGHUD D ORV HGXFDQGRV GH OD HVFXHODFDPSR FRPR VXMHWRV
SDVLYRVGHVSURYLVWRVGHGHPDQGDVSURSLDVH[SHULHQFLDV\QHFHVLGDGHVTXHHVWpQPiVDOOiGH
ODVGHPDQGDVHVWDEOHFLGDVSRUODXQLYHUVLGDG
6LODSUHWHQVLyQHVKDFHUGHODSUiFWLFDVXSHUYLVDGDXQDDFWLYLGDGGHLQPHUVLyQHQODUHDOLGDG
GHOSURIHVRUVHGHEHWUDQVFHQGHUODVSURSXHVWDVTXHLJQRUHQDORVDOXPQRV\SURIHVRUHVGHOD
HVFXHODFDPSR SDUD MXQWR FRQ HOORV FRQVWUXLU WHPDV FRQWHQLGRV GLGiFWLFDV \
PHWRGRORJtDV GH WUDEDMR DILQHV D VX UHDOLGDG \ FDSDFHV GH SURPRYHU XQ DSUHQGL]DMH
VLJQLILFDWLYR
&XDQGRWUDWDPRVHVSHFtILFDPHQWHGHOSURIHVRUVXSHUYLVRUKD\TXHWHQHUHVSHFLDOFXLGDGRSDUD
TXHQRVHURWXOHQVXVSUiFWLFDVPpWRGRVPHWRGRORJtDV\SURFHGLPLHQWRVHYDOXDWLYRVEDMRHO
SULVPD GH FDUHQFLD GH DFWXDOL]DFLyQ WUDGLFLRQDO OLEUHVFR HWF (V QHFHVDULR TXH HO
DOXPQRGHSUiFWLFDVVHDFDSD]GHFRPSUHQGHURWURVHOHPHQWRVFRPRHOQLYHOGHWUD\HFWRULD


SURIHVLRQDOGHOSURIHVRULQLFLDOPHGLRWLHPSRFHUFDQRDMXELODUVHFRQVLGHUDQGRVXWLHPSR
GH WUDEDMR ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV \ OD PRWLYDFLyQ 'HO PLVPR PRGR HV LPSRUWDQWH FRQVLGHUDU
WDPELpQVXFDUJDKRUDULDODVH[LJHQFLDVGHOVLVWHPDGHHQVHxDQ]DGRQGHDFW~DHOQ~PHURGH
FODVHV\GHWXUQRVORVUHFXUVRVGHTXHGLVSRQHVXUHPXQHUDFLyQHWF7RGRVHVRVHOHPHQWRV
VRQLPSUHVFLQGLEOHVSDUDDQDOL]DUODSUiFWLFDGHXQSURIHVRU
3DUDWHUPLQDUHOGHVDUUROORGHODFRQVFLHQFLDDFHUFDGHOSDSHOFRQFLHQFLDGRU\WUDQVIRUPDGRU
GHODUHDOLGDGGHOSURIHVRUHVHQFLDOPHQWHGH*HRJUDItDWDPELpQHVWiLPSOtFLWRGHQWURGH
ODVH[SHFWDWLYDVGHOWUDEDMRDGHVDUUROODUHQHOiPELWRGHODVSUiFWLFDVVXSHUYLVDGDVFRQIRUPHD
ODVSDODEUDVGH&DYDOFDQWL
Segn entiendo, es preciso superar una visin muy usual entre nosotros, profesores
formadores, de que el dominio del contenido de la Geografa es la base de la
formacin profesional. La actuacin profesional conforme est siendo aqu discutida
exige una formacin que d cuenta de la construccin y reconstruccin de los
conocimientos fundamentales y de su significado social. No basta, as, al profesor de
Geografa tener dominio de la materia, es necesario tomar posiciones sobre las
finalidades sociales de la materia escolar en una determinada propuesta de trabajo,
es preciso que el profesor sepa pensar crticamente la realidad social y que se
coloque como sujeto transformador de esa realidad. (2003, sin paginacin).
)UHQWH D WRGR HVWH HVFHQDULR OD VXSHUDFLyQ GH HVDV FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV YLHQH D VHU XQR GH ORV
SULQFLSDOHV GHVDItRV HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH XQD SUiFWLFD VXSHUYLVDGD TXH UHVSRQGD D ODV
H[SHFWDWLYDV GH ORV VXMHWRV LPSOLFDGRV \ D OD FRQVROLGDFLyQ GH XQD FXDOLILFDFLyQ HQ OD
WUD\HFWRULDIRUPDWLYDGHORVSURIHVRUHVHQ%UDVLO

<48,e1(6(67(352)(625)250$'25"
(VWDHVXQDSUHJXQWDTXHQRVGHVDItD&RPSUHQGHUTXLpQHVHOSURIHVRUTXHIRUPDDORVGHPiV
SURIHVRUHV HV XQ UHWR LQWHUHVDQWH \ DXGD] TXH QR WHQHPRV OD SUHWHQVLyQ GH FXPSOLU HQ HVWH
PRPHQWR SHUR QR UHKXLUHPRV WUDHU D OD OX] DOJXQDV FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV ,QLFLDOPHQWH HV
LPSRUWDQWH GHVWDFDU TXH LQFOXVR HQ XQ SHUtRGR GH SURIXVLyQ GH ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV GH
IRUPDFLyQGHSURIHVRUHVHVXQDGHVD]yQTXHD~QQRVHKD\DJHQHUDGRXQDJUDQGHPDQGDGH
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV 4XLHQ QRV WHVWLILFD HVR HV 0DUFHOR S FXDQGR QRV GLFH TXH
UHODWLYDPHQWH D ORV SURIHVRUHV VXSHUYLVRUHV GH XQLYHUVLGDG ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VRQ PHQRV
QXPHURVDV \ VH UHILHUHQ SULQFLSDOPHQWH D ODV UHODFLRQHV GLGiFWLFDV FRQ ORV DOXPQRV GH
SUiFWLFDVVXSHUYLVDGDV
(QWHQGHPRV D~Q DVt DSR\DGRV HQ QXHVWUDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV DQWHULRUHV \ HQ QXHVWUD
H[SHULHQFLD GLVFHQWH \ SURIHVLRQDO TXH DOJXQDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV EiVLFDV GHOLPLWDQ HO SHUILO GH
ORVSURIHVRUHVTXHRSWDQSRUWUDEDMDUFRQODIRUPDFLyQLQLFLDOGHIXWXURVGRFHQWHV8QDGHODV
PiVSDWHQWHVHVODE~VTXHGDFRQVWDQWHGHDFWXDOL]DFLyQSRUFRPSUHQGHUFXiQWRHVGLQiPLFR
HO DPELHQWH HVFRODU \ GH ODV FODVHV SHUPHDGR SRU JHQHUDFLRQHV FRQWHPSRUiQHDV TXH
UHVLJQLILFDQVXVLGHDOHVYDORUHV\REMHWLYRVGHPDQHUDPX\IOXLGD\TXHFRQHVRGHPDQGDQ
SURIHVRUHVFRQHFWDGRVFRQWDOVLQWRQtD$VtHVXQSUHVXSXHVWRIXQGDPHQWDOTXHHOSURIHVRU
GH SUiFWLFD VXSHUYLVDGD VHD DOJXLHQ PRWLYDGR D YROYHU D SHQVDU VLHPSUH HQ VXV SUiFWLFDV \
HVWLPXODU D VXV HVWXGLDQWHV SURIHVRUHV HQ IRUPDFLyQ D KDFHU OR PLVPR HQ VXV WUD\HFWRULDV
SURIHVLRQDOHV


2WUD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD TXH VH SHUFLEH FRPR FRP~Q HQWUH HVRV HGXFDGRUHV HV HO JXVWR SRU HO
HVSDFLRHVFXHOD FRPR XQ ORFXV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ 6H HVSHUD GHO SURIHVRU GH SUiFWLFDV
VXSHUYLVDGDV TXH PiV TXH FRQVWLWXLU UHODFLRQHV IRUPDOHV FRQ ORV HVSDFLRV GH SUiFWLFDV
GRFHQWHV HVWH FRQVLJD YLVXDOL]DU HQ HOORV XQ iPELWR SDUD OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH FRQVWDQWHV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV OR TXH FRPR VH VHxDOD YLYt HQ PLV H[SHULHQFLDV DQWHULRUPHQWH FLWDGDV (Q
HVWD YtD FRPSDUWLPRV ODV SDODEUDV GH &RVWHOOD TXH GLFH TXH MX]JDPRV HVHQFLDO
FRPSUHQGHU DO SURIHVRU FRPR XQ LQYHVWLJDGRU SHUPDQHQWH GH DOXPQR GH PHWRGRORJtDV GH
HVFXHODV GH VHQWLPLHQWRV \ GH OXJDUHV SRU GRQGH SDVDQ ORV DOXPQRV < HQ HO FDVR GHO
SURIHVRUGHSUiFWLFDVVXSHUYLVDGDVWDODILUPDFLyQVHWRUQDDXQPiVUHOHYDQWH\FRKHUHQWHFRQ
VXDFWXDFLyQSURIHVLRQDO
&RPR QRV UHFXHUGD &RVWHOOD HQ RWUD REUD HO SDSHO GHO RULHQWDGRU GH ORV WUDEDMRV
GHVDUUROODGRV HQ OD 3UiFWLFD GRFHQWH VXSHUYLVDGD HV SURPRYHU UHIOH[LRQHV FRQVWDQWHV
UHIHUHQWHVDORVSURFHVRVGHDSUHQGL]DMHTXHWLHQHQOXJDUHQORVDOXPQRVFRQORVTXHHOORVORV
HVWXGLDQWHV GH SUiFWLFDV HVWiQ HQ FRQWDFWR HQ VX WUDEDMR $Vt HO RULHQWDGRU SRU OD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SRU HO HVSDFLR HVFXHOD \ SRU OD DFWXDOL]DFLyQ VH KDFH LPSUHVFLQGLEOH DGHPiV
REYLDPHQWHSURSRUFLRQDFODULGDGVREUHORVHOHPHQWRVFODYHGHODJHRJUDItDHVFRODU

$/*81$6 0,5$'$6 '( /26 (678',$17(6 '( *(2*5$),$ $&(5&$ '(
/$635&7,&$6683(59,6$'$6
3DUD QXHVWUD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH WHVLV FRQYHUVDPRV SRU PHGLR GH FXHVWLRQDULRV HVWUXFWXUDGRV
HQWUHYLVWDV QDUUDWLYDV \ JUXSRV GH GLVFXVLyQ FRQ HVWXGLDQWHV GH QXHVWUDV WUHV LQVWLWXFLRQHV
FDPSR$SHVDUGHTXHHOIRFRHVWiGLULJLGRPD\RULWDULDPHQWHDWHPDVFHUFDQRVDODHGXFDFLyQ
SDUD OD FLXGDGDQtD HVWRV PRPHQWRV WDPELpQ QRV RIUHFLHURQ FRQGLFLRQHV \ PDWHULDOHV SDUD
FRQRFHU XQ SRFR PiV VREUH TXLpQHV VRQ ORV HVWXGLDQWHV TXH RSWDURQ SRU XQ FXUVR GH
OLFHQFLDWXUD \ XQD SRVLEOH IXWXUD FDUUHUD GRFHQWH DGHPiV GH FRPSUHQGHU DOJXQDV PLUDGDV
DFHUFDGHORTXHSLHQVDQVREUHODVSUiFWLFDVVXSHUYLVDGDVHQHOFXUVRGHJHRJUDItD
(VWRVDERUGDMHVIXHURQUHDOL]DGRVH[FOXVLYDPHQWHFRQDOXPQRVGHSUiFWLFDVGRFHQWHVHQGRV
PRPHQWRV GLVWLQWRV OD SULPHUD URQGD GH FXHVWLRQDULRV \ GLiORJRV IXH UHDOL]DGD PLHQWUDV ORV
HVWXGLDQWHVFXUVDEDQHOSULPHUPHVGHVXSULPHUDSUiFWLFDVXSHUYLVDGD$VXYH]ODVHJXQGD
URQGD IXH UHDOL]DGD FXDQGR HVRV DOXPQRV \D VH HQFRQWUDEDQ HQ ODV VHPDQDV ILQDOHV GH VX
~OWLPD SUiFWLFD GRFHQWH FXUULFXODU 'HQWUR GHO FRQWH[WR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH QXHVWUD WHVLV VH
MXVWLILFD HVD RSFLyQ PHWRGROyJLFD SXHV QRV D\XGD D FRPSUHQGHU HYHQWXDOHV GLIHUHQFLDV \R
FDPELRV HQ HO SHQVDU \ HQ HO KDFHU GRFHQWH GH ORV DOXPQRV PHGLDQWH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV \
SUiFWLFDVYLYLGDVHQHOSHUtRGRGHGHVDUUROORGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVHQODVSUiFWLFDVVXSHUYLVDGDV
'H HVD PDQHUD HV SRVLEOH HVWDEOHFHUXQGLiORJR FRQ HVWRV VXMHWRV SURIHVRUHV HQIRUPDFLyQ
DFHUFDGHVXVHVSDFLRVGHYLYHQFLDDQKHORV\PLUDGDVVREUHHOPRPHQWRGHODVSUiFWLFDV$Vt
XQDFXHVWLyQLPSRUWDQWHHVFRPSUHQGHUTXLpQHVVRQORVSRVWXODQWHVDXQWtWXORGHOLFHQFLDWXUD
6HJ~QODHVWXGLDQWHGHSUiFWLFDV'DQLHODHVWRVVRQ

Yo creo que hay un poco de eso, de la cuestin de los mejores alumnos o peores
as, una cosa que yo logro percibir es que es una cuestin de ganas, de voluntad. Los
alumnos que tienen ms brillo en los ojos para hacer las prcticas, para ser
profesores, son aquellos que ms tienen una cierta dificultad de aprender y que son

7RGRVORVQRPEUHVVRQILFWLFLRV


aquellos alumnos que, as como yo haca para aprender fsica, que necesitaban
descubrir una manera mucho ms sencilla de entender para poder pasar a los
dems. Y yo pienso as, esa cuestin de los alumnos que tiene ms dificultad, ellos
consiguen tener un brillo mayor en los ojos, cuando piensan en ser profesor.
7DPELpQHQWHQGHPRVTXHODLGHQWLILFDFLyQ\ODDGRSFLyQGHXQDSRVWXUDGHDVXPLUVHFRPR
XQ SURIHVLRQDO HQ OD FDUUHUD HOHJLGD HV XQR GH GRV HOHPHQWRV GH GHOLQHDPLHQWR GH XQD
LGHQWLGDG SURIHVLRQDO 6HUi TXH HVWRV DOXPQRV \D VH SHUFLEHQ FRPR SURIHVRUHV KR\" < VH
DVXPHQFRPRXQRGHHOORV"
(OHVWXGLDQWHGHSUiFWLFDV%UXQRGLFH
S, s, ya digo que s! A pesar de faltarme un ao para formarme, bueno, s, yo
digo ya que soy profesor de Geografa A veces las personas preguntan lo que yo
hago, bueno, ya soy profesor, estoy dando clases, an estoy empezando pero soy
profesor de Geografa ya, reconozco eso, sabes? Y eso es legal, si? Es
importante.
$VXYH]ODHVWXGLDQWHGHSUiFWLFDVVXSHUYLVDGDV-LPHQDHVSHUDHQFRQWUDUHQHVWHPRPHQWRVX
SULPHUDRSRUWXQLGDGGHDGRSWDUWDOSRVWXUD
Yo creo que estoy a un pasito de eso, pienso que estoy esperando la prctica
curricular, para tener esa cuestin de la autonoma misma, ahora soy yo por m
misma, ahora estoy sola en una clase. As que estoy casi, estoy esperando el primer
da de mi prctica docente y decir: bueno, ahora soy una profesora.
3DUWLPRVGHOSUHVXSXHVWRGHTXHHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVTXHXQHVWXGLDQWHGH
OLFHQFLDWXUD\FXDOTXLHURWURSURIHVLRQDOHQIRUPDFLyQGHILQHFRPRSRVLWLYDV\GHVHDEOHV
SDUD VX WUDEDMR FRQVLVWH \D HQ XQR GH ORV SXQWRV GH GHOLQHDPLHQWR GH XQD SRVLEOH LGHQWLGDG
SURIHVLRQDO 6DEHU OR TXH UHDOL]DU LGHQWLILFDU PtQLPDPHQWH ORV SXQWRV TXH GHEH WHQHU
FRQVWUXLUHMHUFHU SDUD XQD DFWXDFLyQ SURIHVLRQDO TXH FRQWHPSOH VX SURSLD FRQYLFFLyQ HQ OD
FDOLGDGGHHVWDHVXQHOHPHQWRTXHPDUFDUiDOJXQDVGHVXVSRVLFLRQHVLGHQWLWDULDV\ODSURSLD
LGHQWLGDGGHVXSUiFWLFDFRPRSURIHVRU
$FHUFD GH ODV SUiFWLFDV VXSHUYLVDGDV FXUULFXODUHV ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV VRQ ODV PiV GLYHUVDV
SRVLEOHV 'HVSXpV GHO GLiORJR FRQ QXHVWURV VXMHWRV SHUFLELPRV TXH LQLFLDOPHQWH KD\ XQD
VHULHGHGXGDVIUHQWHDOLQLFLRGHODDFWXDFLyQSUiFWLFDFRPRGRFHQWH(VWRVPLHGRVHVWiQELHQ
UHVXPLGRVHQODVSDODEUDVGHOHVWXGLDQWH&tFHURFXDQGRGLFH
Mi miedo es que la gente tenga contacto con aquella educacin bancaria que
Paulo Freire hablaba, aquella educacin-formacin, aquella educacin donde el
profesor habla y el alumno escucha y no hay aquella relacin de igualdad, sabes?
Como si el profesor estuviese lejano varios pasos en frente del alumno, y el alumno
fuera un ser inferior al profesor, sabes?
<DDOILQDOGHOPLVPRFXDQGRYROYHPRVDFRQYHUVDUFRQQXHVWURVVXMHWRVORVPLHGRVVH
FRQYLUWLHURQHQDQJXVWLDVDOHJUtDVGHVDKRJRVRIUXVWUDFLRQHV9HDPRVODVSDODEUDVGH&DUORV
VREUHFyPRpOHYDO~DODSUiFWLFDVXSHUYLVDGDTXHKDEtDKHFKR


La prctica docente supervisada es un choque! En nuestra primera disciplina de
prcticas y en nuestra segunda son dos choques de realidad, la gente piensa una
cosa, piensa que es una cosa y es otra, el sentido real de lo que es ser profesor yo
solo lo vi ahora en mis prcticas, especialmente, para el maestro, la cuestin de dar
clases es muy aburrida pues se quedan durante cinco horas en una clase aquel
trabajo, la misma cosa, desde la primera hasta la ltima clase, y existe aquel
maestro que siempre llega entusiasmado, eso que me encanta en este maestro,
siempre, desde la primera hasta la ltima clase, sea en lunes o viernes, es siempre la
misma animacin. En mis prcticas supervisadas yo comprend lo que es una sala de
aula, que, por ms que yo lo hubiera hablado con el profesor, pues es siempre el
profesor que habla, todos los profesores con los que yo me sentaba en la sala de los
maestros para hablar con ellos, me preguntaban, Ests seguro de lo que quieres?
Porque dar clases nos es fcil! [] As, las prcticas docentes supervisadas,
cuando digo que es un choque de realidad es porque hay cosas que la gente imagina
en teora, pero en la prctica no es lo bello y maravilloso que pensbamos, no. Es
mucho ms complejo y complicado, as que el perodo de las prcticas me hizo ver
eso, pero llego a asustarme cuando un maestro dice que te vas a enfermar o te va a
ocurrir algo malo, asusta, pero en ningn momento pens en abandonar la docencia,
todas las profesiones tienen sus altibajos, las cosas buenas y las no tan positivas, el
a favor y los contras.
7DPELpQ VH PDQLIHVWy SRU SDUWH GH ORV DOXPQRV OD DFRJLGD \ OD EXHQD UHFHSWLYLGDG TXH
HQFRQWUDURQHQVXVFODVHVSRUSDUWHGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVHVFRODUHV&DEHVHxDODUTXHGXUDQWHODV
DFWLYLGDGHV GH SUiFWLFD GRFHQWH VXSHUYLVDGD HV XVXDO TXH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV KDJDQ FODVHV PX\
HODERUDGDVUHSOHWDVGHUHFXUVRVKHUUDPLHQWDVLQWHUHVDQWHVOHFWXUDVGHEXHQDFDOLGDG$VtTXH
QR VRQ UDURV ORV FRPHQWDULRV FRPR SRU TXp QXHVWUR PDHVWUR QR OR KDFH GH HVD PDQHUD
WDPELpQ"(QWUHWDQWRHVRVDOXPQRVSXHGHQHVWDUGHVFRQVLGHUDQGRODVLWXDFLyQSHFXOLDUGH
OD FODVH GDGD SRU HO HVWXGLDQWH GH SUiFWLFDV FRQVLGHUiQGRVH LQFOXVLYH HO WLHPSR GH
SODQHDPLHQWR\ODDFWLYLGDGDVHUGHVDUUROODGDORVUHFXUVRVORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVQHFHVDULRVSDUD
VX UHDOL]DFLyQ HWF (VD HVSHFLH GH GHSUHFLDFLyQ GHO WUDEDMRGHO SURIHVRU KDFH TXH PXFKRV
PDHVWURV GH HVFXHOD VLHQWDQ TXH VHUiQ HYDOXDGRV R FRPSDUDGRV FRQ HVDV QXHYDV SUiFWLFDV
OOHYDGDVSRUHVDJHQWHGHODXQLYHUVLGDG\VLPSOHPHQWHUHFKD]DQUHFLELUORVHQVXVFODVHV
3HQVDQGRD~QHQHOiPELWRGHXQDHIHFWLYDPHMRUDHQHOGHVDUUROORGHODVSUiFWLFDVGRFHQWHV
ORV DOXPQRV LQGLFDQ TXH VHUtD YiOLGD OD RSRUWXQLGDG GH ORV SURIHVRUHV XQLYHUVLWDULRV
UHVSRQVDEOHVGHODVXSHUYLVLyQGHODVSUiFWLFDVGRFHQWHVFXUULFXODUHVSDUDGLVSRQHUVHWDPELpQ
D GDU FODVHV MXQWR FRQ VXV HVWXGLDQWHV 3HQVDPRV TXH HVH DVSHFWR VHUtD LQWHUHVDQWH SRU GRV
UD]RQHVSULPHURSRUURPSHUHQORVPDHVWURVGHHVFXHODEiVLFDODLGHDGHTXHORVSURIHVRUHV
XQLYHUVLWDULRVVRQEXHQRVWHyULFRVSHURQRFRQRFHQODUHDOLGDGGHODHVFXHOD\QRFRQVLJXHQ
DGPLQLVWUDU VXV FODVHV /D VHJXQGD VHUtD OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH RWUD LPDJHQ HQ ORV DOXPQRV GH
SUiFWLFDV GH IRUPD TXH DO PLUDU D VXV SURIHVRUHV LQPHUVRV HQ OD FODVH GH XQD HVFXHOD GH
HQVHxDQ]DEiVLFDVHUtDSRVLEOHFRQIURQWDUODVSUiFWLFDVFRQVXVHQVHxDQ]DV
'H OD PLVPD IRUPD VHUtD LQWHUHVDQWH SHUPLWLU TXH ORV PDHVWURV GH OD HGXFDFLyQ EiVLFD VH
LPSOLFDUDQ HQ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV DFDGpPLFDV LQFOXVLYH FRQ OD SRVLELOLGDG GH TXH GHVDUUROODVHQ
FODVHV R DOJXQD DFWLYLGDG HQ HO iPELWR XQLYHUVLWDULR SXHV SRU HVWD YtD ORV SURIHVRUHV GH
HVFXHOD YHUtDQ VXV FRQRFLPLHQWRV PiV YDORUDGRV \ VX SUiFWLFD PHMRU UHSUHVHQWDGD ORV
DOXPQRVHQIRUPDFLyQORJUDUtDQODRSRUWXQLGDGGHGLVFXWLUDODOX]GHODSUiFWLFDGHVXV SDUHV


\TXL]iVHOSURIHVRUXQLYHUVLWDULRWDPELpQSRGUtDUHSODQWHDUVHVXVFRQRFLPLHQWRVSUiFWLFDV\
RSLQLRQHVUHVSHFWRGHODHVFXHODEiVLFD\VXVSURIHVRUHV

$/*81$6&216,'(5$&,21(6),1$/(6
(Q XQ PRPHQWR GRQGH VH YLYH XQD HVSHFLH GH HURVLyQ GHO FDSLWDO GH FRQILDQ]D GH ORV
GLIHUHQWHV JUXSRV VRFLDOHV HQ ORV VDEHUHV WUDQVPLWLGRV SRU OD HVFXHOD \ SRU ORV SURIHVRUHV
7DUGLIISODVSUiFWLFDVVXSHUYLVDGDVWLHQHQXQSDSHOGHFRQVLGHUDEOHUHOHYDQFLDHQ
OD IRUPDFLyQ LQLFLDO GHO SURIHVRU DGHPiV GH FRQVWLWXLUVH HQ XQ LPSRUWDQWH HVSDFLR LQFOXVR
SDUDXQDHVSHFLHGHUHFXSHUDFLyQGHHVWHFDSLWDOUHIHULGRDQWHULRUPHQWH'HDOJXQDIRUPDORV
DOXPQRVGHODVSUiFWLFDVGRFHQWHVVXSHUYLVDGDVVRQXQDPXHVWUDYLYDGHORTXHODXQLYHUVLGDG
SLHQVDFRQVWUX\H\RIUHFHHQODFRQWHPSRUDQHLGDGSDUDODIRUPDFLyQGHORVIXWXURVGRFHQWHV
7DPELpQ HV XQ PRPHQWR HQ HO FXDO ODV FRQH[LRQHV GHO OLFHQFLDQGR FRQ VX IXWXUR SRVLEOH
HVSDFLR GH DFWXDFLyQ SURIHVLRQDO VH IRUWDOHFHQ \ HVWR GH SRU Vt \D VH FRQILJXUD FRPR XQ
HOHPHQWRGHYDORUDFLyQGHODVSUiFWLFDVVXSHUYLVDGDV
%DMR QXHVWUD ySWLFD ODV 3UiFWLFDV 'RFHQWHV 6XSHUYLVDGDV REOLJDWRULDV FXDQGR HVWiQ ELHQ
RULHQWDGDV\FRPRHOSURSLRQRPEUHGLFHVXSHUYLVDGDVVHFRQILJXUDQFRPRXQHVSDFLRSDUD
OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH XQD LGHQWLGDG SURIHVLRQDO SDUD HO HMHUFLFLR GH OD FUHDWLYLGDG \ SDUD OD
E~VTXHGD GH OD FXDOLILFDFLyQ GH WRGRV ORV DFWRUHV LPSOLFDGRV $O PLVPR WLHPSR SHQVDPRV
TXHFXDQGRQRH[LVWHODVXSHUYLVLyQ\ODRULHQWDFLyQODVSUiFWLFDVFXUULFXODUHVSXHGHQMXJDU
XQ SDSHO LQYHUVR HO GH FDXVDU LQVHJXULGDG UHSXOVD D OD GRFHQFLD \ KDVWD LQFOXVR FDVRV GH
DEDQGRQRGHOFXUVRGHOLFHQFLDWXUD7DOFRQVWDWDFLyQDXPHQWDODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHOSURIHVRU
VXSHUYLVRU GH OD XQLYHUVLGDG \ GHO PDHVWUR UHJHQWH GH OD HVFXHOD HQ RULHQWDU UHVSDOGDU \
DX[LOLDUGHIDFWRDOHVWXGLDQWHHQVXVSUiFWLFDVVXSHUYLVDGDVHQVXFRQVWLWXFLyQFRPRGRFHQWH
3HQVDPRVDGHPiVTXHODV3UiFWLFDVGRFHQWHVVXSHUYLVDGDVHQ*HRJUDItDFXDQGRVHUHDOL]DQHQ
VX SOHQLWXG VRQ HVHQFLDOHV SDUD TXH HO PDHVWUR WHQJD XQD JUDGXDFLyQ TXH VHD DOJR PiV TXH
VRORXQDKDELOLWDFLyQSDUDDFWXDUHQODGRFHQFLD&RQIRUPHD3LPHQWDSVHHVSHUD
GH OD IRUPDFLyQ LQLFLDO PiV TXH XQD OLFHQFLD SDUD WUDEDMDU SXHV GHO FXUVR GH IRUPDFLyQ
LQLFLDOVHHVSHUDTXHHVWHIRUPHDOSURIHVRU2TXHFRQWULEX\DDVXIRUPDFLyQS6LHQGR
HVWH XQ HVSDFLR JHQXLQDPHQWH SHQVDGR SDUD FXDOLILFDU OD IRUPDFLyQ GHO IXWXUR SURIHVRU GH
JHRJUDItD ODV SUiFWLFDV GRFHQWHV VXSHUYLVDGDV HV XQD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GH WRGRV ORV DJHQWHV
HQYXHOWRVHQODVPLVPDVDSURYHFKDUORPHMRUSRVLEOHVXVWLHPSRVHVSDFLRV\DFFLRQHV

%,%/,2*5$),$
$QDVWDVLRX / 'RFrQFLD QD HGXFDomR VXSHULRU ,Q 'RFrQFLD QD HGXFDomR VXSHULRU
%UDVtOLD,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH(VWXGRVH3HVTXLVDV(GXFDFLRQDLV$QtVLR7HL[HLUD
%UDVLO 0LQLVWpULR GD (GXFDomR Parecer CNE/CEB 35/2003. 1RUPDV SDUD D RUJDQL]DomR H
UHDOL]DomRGHHVWiJLRGHDOXQRVGR(QVLQR0pGLRHGD(GXFDomR3URILVVLRQDO'LVSRQtYHOHP
KWWSSRUWDOPHFJRYEUFQHDUTXLYRVSGISFHEBSGI $FHVR HP GH VHSWLHPEUH GH

%UDVLO Lei n. 11.788 - de 25 de setembro de 2008. 'LVS}H VREUH R HVWiJLR GH HVWXGDQWHV
'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWSZZZGDWDSUHYJRYEUVLVOH[SDJLQDVKWP $FHVR HQ
GHVHSWLHPEUHGH

&DOODL +& 2 /XJDU H R (QVLQR $SUHQGL]DJHP GD *HRJUDILD ,Q 3HUHLUD 0*
25*/D(VSHVXUDGHO/XJDUUHIOH[LRQHVVREUHHOHVSDFLRHQHOPXQGRHGXFDWLYR6DQWLDJR
8QLYHUVLGDG$FDGHPLD
&DYDOFDQWL /6 5HIHUrQFLDV 3HGDJyJLFR'LGiWLFDV SDUD *HRJUDILD (VFRODU H 8P
3URILVVLRQDO &UtWLFR HP *HRJUDILD HOHPHQWRV GD IRUPDomR LQLFLDO GR SURIHVVRU ,Q
&DYDOFDQWL/62(QVLQRGH*HRJUDILDQD(VFROD&DPSLQDV3DSLUXV
&RVWHOOD 5 $V SUiWLFDV GH (QVLQR QDV 8QLYHUVLGDGHV 8P HVSDoR GH HQVDLR SDUD D
YLGDSURILVVLRQDO,Q7RQLQL,$HW$ORUJ 2(QVLQRGH*HRJUDILDHVXDV FRPSRVLo}HV
FXUULFXODUHV3RUWR$OHJUH8)5*6
&RVWHOOD 5 0RYLPHQWRV SDUD QmR GDU DXODV GH *HRJUDILD H VLP FDSDFLWDU R DOXQR
SDUD GLIHUHQWHV OHLWXUDV ,Q &DVWURJLRYDQQL $& 7RQLQL ,$ .DHUFKHU 1$ 0RYLPHQWRV
QR(QVLQDU*HRJUDILD3RUWR$OHJUH,PSUHQVD/LYUH
0DUFHOR&3HVTXLVDVREUH)RUPDomRGH3URIHVVRUHVRFRQKHFLPHQWRVREUHDSUHQGHU
D HQVLQDU ,Q Revista Brasileira de Educao Q $13(' 'LVSRQtYHO HP
KWWSZZZDQSHGRUJEUUEHUEHGLJLWDO5%'(5%'(BB&$5/26B0$5&(/2SGI
0DUWLQV5(0$WUDMHWyULDGDJHRJUDILDHRVHXHQVLQRQRVpFXOR;;,,Q 7RQLQL
,$ HW DO RUJ 2 (QVLQR GH *HRJUDILD H VXDV FRPSRVLo}HV FXUULFXODUHV 3RUWR $OHJUH
8)5*6
3LPHQWD 6* )RUPDomR GH 3URIHVVRUHV LGHQWLGDGH H VDEHUHV GD GRFrQFLD ,Q
3LPHQWD6*25*6DEHUHV3HGDJyJLFRVH$WLYLGDGH'RFHQWH6mR3DXOR&RUWH]
3LUHV/9DOOHULXV'02OLYHLUD652(67*,2683(59,6,21$'2(0
*(2*5$),$ OHJLVODomR FRQFHSo}HV WHyULFDV GHVDILRV H SHUVSHFWLYDV ,Q 9 (QFRQWUR
1DFLRQDOGDV/LFHQFLDWXUDV9(1$/,&$QDLV1DWDO8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGR5LR*UDQGH
GR1RUWH
5LFKWHU ' 2V 'HVDILRV GD )RUPDomR GR 3URIHVVRU GH *HRJUDILD R (VWiJLR
6XSHUYLVLRQDGR H VXD DUWLFXODomR FRP D HVFROD ,Q 6LOYD ( , 3LUHV / 0 25*V
'HVDILRVGD'LGiWLFDGD*HRJUDILD*RLkQLD(G38&*RLiV
6DQWRV 0) $ UHODomR WHRULDSUiWLFD QR HVWiJLR VXSHUYLVLRQDGR HP *HRJUDILD ,Q
&DVWURJLRYDQQL $& 7RQLQL ,$ .DHUFKHU 1$ 0RYLPHQWRV QR (QVLQDU *HRJUDILD 3RUWR
$OHJUH,PSUHQVD/LYUH
7DUGLI06DEHUHV'RFHQWHVH)RUPDomR3URILVVLRQDO3HWUySROLV9R]HV


75$7$0,(172'(&217(1,'26*(2*5),&26&21
(678',$17(6'(/$(62$3$57,5'()5$*0(1726'(/
48,-27(81$35238(67$','&7,&$

0DUtD-HV~V0DUUyQ*DLWH
Facultad de Educacin Centro de Formacin del Profesorado
Departamento de Didctica de las CC. Sociales: Geografa, Historia e H del Arte
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
mjmarron@ucm.es
5(680(1
(OHPSOHRGHORVWH[WRVOLWHUDULRVFRPRUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFRSDUDODHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHGHOD*HRJUDItDUHYLVWH
XQHOHYDGRJUDGRGHXWLOLGDGHQWRGRVORVQLYHOHVHGXFDWLYRV(QHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRH[SRQHPRVDOJXQDVGHODV
PXFKDVSRVLELOLGDGHVTXHODREUDFXPEUHGHQXHVWUDOLWHUDWXUDEl ingenioso hidalgo D. Quijote de la Mancha,
GHO XQLYHUVDO 0LJXHO GH &HUYDQWHV QRV RIUHFH SDUD WUDEDMDU GLYHUVRV DVSHFWRV JHRJUiILFRV 3DUWLHQGR GH GRV
IUDJPHQWRV TXH KHPRV VHOHFFLRQDGR H[SUHVDPHQWH SUHVHQWDPRV XQD SURSXHVWD GLGiFWLFD TXH KHPRV GLVHxDGR
SDUD DERUGDU FRQ HVWXGLDQWHV GH OD (62 FRQWHQLGRV VREUH FOLPDWRORJtD YHJHWDFLyQ UHOLHYH HGDIRORJtD
KLGURJUDItD SREODPLHQWR HQHUJtDV UHQRYDEOHV \ XQ DPSOLR HWF DO WLHPSR TXH SHUPLWH DFHUFDU D HVWRV
HVWXGLDQWHV DO DQiOLVLV H LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ LQWHJUDO GHO SDLVDMH D SDUWLU GH XQ UHIHUHQWH FRQFUHWR HO SDLVDMH GH OD
0DQFKDPDUFRHQHOTXHVHGHVDUUROODQORVIUDJPHQWRVVHOHFFLRQDGRV&RQVXGLVHxR\SXHVWDHQSUiFWLFDHQHO
DXODDGHPiVGHORVREMHWLYRVGLGiFWLFRVSHUVHJXLGRVKHPRVTXHULGRFRQWULEXLUDOKRPHQDMHTXHHVWHDxRVHHVWi
ULQGLHQGRD0LJXHOGH&HUYDQWHVFRQPRWLYRGHOFXDUWRDQLYHUVDULRGHVXPXHUWH

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
7H[WRVOLWHUDULRVUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFR*HRJUDItD4XLMRWHSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFD

,1752'8&&,1
(QHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRH[SRQHPRVDOJXQDVGHODVP~OWLSOHVSRVLELOLGDGHVTXHODREUDFXPEUH
GHQXHVWUDOLWHUDWXUDEl ingenioso hidalgo D. Quijote de la Mancha, GHOXQLYHUVDO0LJXHOGH
&HUYDQWHV QRV RIUHFH SDUD WUDEDMDU LQQXPHUDEOHV DVSHFWRV JHRJUiILFRV $ SDUWLU GH DOJXQRV
IUDJPHQWRVVHOHFFLRQDGRVGHHVWDREUDKHPRVGLVHxDGRXQDSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFD PHGLDQWHOD
FXDO SXHGHQ DERUGDUVH FRQ HO DOXPQDGR GH OD (QVHxDQ]D 6HFXQGDULD 2EOLJDWRULD GLYHUVRV
FRQWHQLGRV VREUH FOLPDWRORJtD YHJHWDFLyQ UHOLHYH HGDIRORJtD KLGURJUDItD SREODPLHQWR
HQHUJtDV UHQRYDEOHV \ XQ DPSOLR HWF DO WLHPSR TXH SHUPLWH DFHUFDU D HVWRV HVWXGLDQWHV DO
DQiOLVLVHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQLQWHJUDOGHOSDLVDMHDSDUWLUGHXQUHIHUHQWHFRQFUHWRHOSDLVDMHGHOD
0DQFKDPDUFRHQHOTXHVHGHVDUUROODQODVSHULSHFLDVDYHQWXUHUDVGH'4XLMRWH
(OHPSOHRGHORVWH[WRVOLWHUDULRVFRPRUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFRSDUDODHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHGHODV
&LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV HQ JHQHUDO \ GH OD *HRJUDItD HQ SDUWLFXODU UHYLVWH XQ HOHYDGR JUDGR GH
XWLOLGDGHQWRGRVORVQLYHOHVHGXFDWLYRV$SDUWLUGHHOORVSRGHPRVGHVSHUWDUHOLQWHUpVGHORV
DOXPQRV SRU ORV WHPDV FRQWHPSODGRV HQ ORV UHVSHFWLYRV FXUUtFXORV DFDGpPLFRV \D TXH
SHUPLWHQSRQHUODLPDJLQDFLyQDOVHUYLFLRGHODFLHQFLDDOWLHPSRTXHSRWHQFLDQHODSUHQGL]DMH
LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUD\XGDQGRDHQULTXHFHUVXDFHUERFXOWXUDODWUDYpVGHOHFWXUDVGHFDOLGDG/DV
SiJLQDVGHODVREUDVOLWHUDULDVQRVRIUHFHQUHODWRVGHJUDQYDORUDSDUWLUGHORVFXDOHVSRGHPRV
DERUGDUHODQiOLVLVHVSDFLDOGHVGHP~OWLSOHVSHUVSHFWLYDVJHRJUiILFDKLVWyULFDDQWURSROyJLFD
HWF'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDJHRJUiILFRQRVSHUPLWHQGLIHUHQFLDUGLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHHVSDFLRV
M.J.Marrn Gaite


HVSDFLRV GH HOLWH HVSDFLRV PDUJLQDOHV HVSDFLR LQGXVWULDO HVSDFLR UXUDO HWF HQ UD]yQ GHO
iPELWR HQHOTXHVHGHVHQYXHOYHOD DFFLyQGHVFULWDSRUFDGDDXWRU,JXDOPHQWHQRVSHUPLWHQ
DFHUFDUQRV D OD YDORUDFLyQ GH ODV IXQFLRQHV GHVHPSHxDGDV SRU FDGD XQR GH HVRV iPELWRV
HVSDFLDOHVWDQWRGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDItVLFRFRPRKXPDQR
/RV JpQHURV OLWHUDULRV D HPSOHDU VRQ GLYHUVRV VLQ HPEDUJR D OD KRUD GH WUDEDMDU OD
LQIRUPDFLyQ HVSDFLDO H[LVWHQWH HQ XQD REUD OLWHUDULD OD IXHQWH SUHIHULGD KD VLGR VLHPSUH OD
QRYHOD (VWR VH GHEH FRPR KDQ VHxDODGR %RLUD \ 5HTXHV VLJXLHQGR D 3RFRFN
HQ SULPHU OXJDU D OD SULYLOHJLDGD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH OD QRYHOD HQ OD SURGXFFLyQ
PXQGLDO HVFULWD TXH FRQVWLWX\H ODV WUHV FXDUWDV SDUWHV GH WRGD OD SURGXFFLyQ OLWHUDULD HQ
VHJXQGR OXJDU SRUTXH OD QRYHOD VH SUHVWD PiV IiFLOPHQWH GHELGR D VX HVWUXFWXUD \
FRQFHSFLyQ D PRVWUDU XQ HVFHQDULR DVLPLODEOH D OD UHDOLGDG HQ HO TXH RFXUUHQ ORV
DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV \ VH GHVHQYXHOYHQ ORV SHUVRQDMHV \ SRU HOOR HV PiV IiFLOPHQWH DQDOL]DEOH
(QHOODHOiPELWRHVSDFLDOSXHGHDSDUHFHUUHIOHMDGRGHVGHGLYHUVDVYLVLRQHVDOWHUQDWLYDVFRPR
UHWUDWRGHSDLVDMHRIRQGRVREUHHOTXHWUDQVFXUUHODDFFLyQFRPRXQDPELHQWHTXHHQYXHOYHD
ORVSHUVRQDMHVRFRPRDXWpQWLFRSURWDJRQLVWDGHWRGDRSDUWHGHODREUD
$ OD KRUD GH HOHJLU XQ WH[WR OLWHUDULR FRPR UHFXUVR GLGiFWLFR SDUD WUDEDMDU OD *HRJUDItD X
RWUDV GLVFLSOLQDV FRQ QLxRV \ DGROHVFHQWHV FRQYLHQH WHQHU SUHVHQWHV DO PHQRV GRV FRVDV D
TXH OD REUD VHD GH VX DJUDGR H LQWHUpV E TXH VHD XQD REUD GH FDOLGDG &RQVLGHUDPRV
HVSHFLDOPHQWH LQWHUHVDQWH WRPDU FRPR UHIHUHQWH REUDV UHOHYDQWHV GH OD OLWHUDWXUD XQLYHUVDO
WDQWR GH DXWRUHV HVSDxROHV FRPR H[WUDQMHURV (Q HO FDVR TXH SUHVHQWDPRV KHPRV HOHJLGR HO
4XLMRWHSRUP~OWLSOHVUD]RQHVGLGiFWLFDVTXHVHH[SOLFLWDQHQHODSDUWDGRGHOWUDEDMRDODV
TXH VH XQH XQD UD]yQ HVSHFLDOPHQWH LPSRUWDQWH \ HV TXH HVWH DxR VH FHOHEUD HO FXDUWR
FHQWHQDULR GHOD PXHUWH GH&HUYDQWHV &RQ PRWLYRGH HOOR VH KDQ YHQLGR UHDOL]DQGR HQ WRGD
(VSDxD QXPHURVRV DFWRV FXOWXUDOHV \ O~GLFRUHFUHDWLYRV HQ VX KRQRU $ WUDYpV GH HOORV VH
SHUVLJXHSURIXQGL]DUHQHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHWRGDODFUHDFLyQOLWHUDULDGH&HUYDQWHVDVtFRPR
GHO FRQWH[WR KLVWyULFR VRFLDO \ FXOWXUDO GH VX pSRFD $Vt PLVPR VH HVWi GHGLFDQGR XQD
DWHQFLyQHVSHFLDODODQiOLVLVGHORVPDUFRVHVSDFLDOHVHQORVTXHVHGHVDUUROODQODVDQGDQ]DVGH
QXPHURVRVSHUVRQDMHVGHVXVREUDV\GHIRUPDHVSHFLDOODVDYHQWXUDVGHOIDPRVRKLGDOJR'RQ
4XLMRWH GH OD 0DQFKD 7RGR HOOR KDFH TXH ORV DOXPQRV HVWpQ PiV PRWLYDGRV TXH QXQFD D
FHQWUDUODDWHQFLyQHQODOHFWXUDGHHVWDREUD3RURWUDSDUWHVHWUDWDGHXQDREUDPX\FRQRFLGD
SRUORVQLxRV\MyYHQHVHVSDxROHVDODTXHVHKDQDFHUFDGRDWUDYpVGHDGDSWDFLRQHVLQIDQWLOHV
\MXYHQLOHV\TXHHVWXGLDQ\WUDEDMDQGHVGHHOiUHDGHOLWHUDWXUDHVSDxROD6XSURWDJRQLVWDDVt
FRPR VX HVFXGHUR VRQ GRV SHUVRQDMHV PX\ IDPLOLDUHV SDUD HVWRV HVWXGLDQWHV SRU ORV TXH
VLHQWHQFDULxR\FXULRVLGDGDOWLHPSRTXHHVWLPXODQVXIDQWDVtDDWUDYpVGHVXVGLVSDUDWDGDV
DYHQWXUDV5HFXUULUDHOODSDUDODHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHGHFRQWHQLGRVJHRJUiILFRVFRQVWLWX\H
SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHXQDHVWUDWHJLDGLGiFWLFDDOWDPHQWHPRWLYDGRUD
(Q HVWH WUDEDMR RIUHFHPRV DO SURIHVRUDGR GH OD (62 DOJXQDV LGHDV SDUD WUDEDMDU FRQ VXV
HVWXGLDQWHV ORV FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV FXUULFXODUHV GH IRUPD LPDJLQDWLYD \ PRWLYDGRUD DO
WLHPSR TXH TXHUHPRV FRQWULEXLU DXQTXH VHD PRGHVWDPHQWH D HVWH KRPHQDMH D 0LJXHO GH
&HUYDQWHV

(16(f$5*(2*5$)$$3$57,5'(/48,-27(
/DSURSXHVWDTXHSUHVHQWDPRVKDVLGRGLVHxDGDSDUDWUDEDMDUFRQORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHOVHJXQGR
FLFOR GH OD (62 XQD LPSRUWDQWH JDPD GH FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV TXH IRUPDQ SDUWH GH VX
FXUUtFXORDFDGpPLFR\TXHSRUWDQWRKDQGHDERUGDUSUHFHSWLYDPHQWH
M.J.Marrn Gaite


3RUTXpHO4XLMRWHSDUDHQVHxDUDSUHQGHU*HRJUDItD"
+HPRVHOHJLGR(O4XLMRWHFRPRREUDOLWHUDULDSDUDHVWLPXODUODHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHGHOD
*HRJUDItDSRUP~OWLSOHVUD]RQHV
(Q SULPHU OXJDU SRUTXH OD REUD GDGD VX DPELHQWDFLyQ RIUHFH LQILQLGDG GH UHIHUHQWHV
SDUD WUDWDU DVSHFWRV WDQWR GH *HRJUDItD ItVLFD FRPR KXPDQD DO WLHPSR TXH SHUPLWH
DQDOL]DUODVLQWHUDFFLRQHVTXHVHSURGXFHQHQWUHHOPHGLRItVLFR\ORVJUXSRVKXPDQRV
TXHORKDELWDQGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDJOREDOL]DGRUD
$VtPLVPRHOKHFKRGHTXHODDFFLyQVHGHVDUUROOHHQXQPDUFRHVSDFLDO\VRFLRFXOWXUDO
TXHQRVHVSURSLRWRGRVORVHSLVRGLRVVHGHVDUUROODQHQQXHVWURSDtV\ODPD\RUSDUWH
GH HOORV HQ OD 0DQFKD IDYRUHFH HO DFHUFDPLHQWR GH ORV DOXPQRV DO HVWXGLR GH ORV
WHPDV JHRJUiILFRV GHVGH XQD UHDOLGDG TXH OHV UHVXOWD FHUFDQD \ TXH LGHQWLILFDQ
IiFLOPHQWH (VWR OHV SHUPLWLUi FDSWDU GH IRUPD PiV iJLO \ PDWL]DGD ORV FRQWHQLGRV
REMHWR GH HVWXGLR SDUD D SDUWLU GH DKt HVWDEOHFHU FRPSDUDFLRQHV FRPSUHQGHU OH\HV
HVWDEOHFHU SRVLEOHV JHQHUDOL]DFLRQHV \ HODERUDU ODV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV FRQFOXVLRQHV GH
IRUPDSHUVRQDOL]DGD
6HWUDWDGHXQDREUDFRQRFLGDSRUORVDOXPQRV\DTXHHVXQFOiVLFRGHQXHVWUDOLWHUDWXUD
HQ FX\D OHFWXUD VH KDQ LQLFLDGR D WUDYpV GH ODV QXPHURVDV DGDSWDFLRQHV TXH GH HOOD
H[LVWHQ SDUD QLxRV \ MyYHQHV 'RQ 4XLMRWH SURWDJRQLVWD GHO UHODWR DVt FRPR VX
HVFXGHUR6DQFKR3DQ]DVRQGRVSHUVRQDMHVFRQORVTXHORVHVFRODUHVHVSDxROHVHVWiQ
PX\ IDPLOLDUL]DGRV \ KDFLD ORV TXH VLHQWHQ HVSHFLDO DIHFWR \ VLPSDWtD 6X HPSOHR
FRPRHOHPHQWRPRWLYDGRUHVSRUWDQWRPX\SRVLWLYR
(OPRGRHQTXHHVWiHVWUXFWXUDGDODQDUUDFLyQODKDFHWDPELpQHVSHFLDOPHQWHDGHFXDGD
SDUDODVHOHFFLyQGHIUDJPHQWRVFRQILQHVGLGiFWLFRV7HQJDPRVHQFXHQWDTXHHOUHODWR
HVWiRUJDQL]DGRHQIRUPDGHHSLVRGLRVFRQFDWHQDGRVDWUDYpVGHORVFXDOHVVHDUWLFXOD
ODWUDPDGHODQRYHOD3HURFDGDXQRGHHOORVDVXYH]WLHQHLGHQWLGDGSURSLDHVGHFLU
TXH HQ FDGD XQR &HUYDQWHV QDUUD XQD KLVWRULD FRPSOHWD FRQ XQ SULQFLSLR \ XQ ILQDO
(VWR QRV SHUPLWH WUDEDMDU FRQ WH[WRV TXH VLHQGR EUHYHV FDSWDQ HO LQWHUpV GH ORV
DOXPQRVHQPD\RUPHGLGDTXHFXDQGRVHXWLOL]DQIUDJPHQWRVHQORVTXHODQDUUDFLyQ
QRVHFRPSOHWDRVHKDFHGHPDVLDGRODUJD
3RUODIXHUWHFDUJDLPDJLQDWLYDTXHWLHQHODQRYHODTXHXQLGRDOFDUiFWHUDYHQWXUHURGH
'RQ4XLMRWH\ODVIDQWDVtDVTXHWRPDQFXHUSRHQVXPHQWHFRQVWLWX\HQDVSHFWRVPX\
DWUDFWLYRVSDUDORVDOXPQRVTXHSXHGHQHMHUFLWDUVXIDQWDVtDHLPDJLQDFLyQ\SRQHUOD
DOVHUYLFLRGHODSUHQGL]DMHGHFRQWHQLGRVJHRJUiILFRV
3RUODHQRUPHYDULHGDGGHVLWXDFLRQHVTXHSUHVHQWDTXHQRVSHUPLWHDERUGDUP~OWLSOHV
WHPDVREMHWRGHHVWXGLR\KDFHUORGHVGHGLIHUHQWHVHQIRTXHV\SURFHGLPLHQWRV
3RU~OWLPRSRUTXHH[LVWHXQDHVSHFLDOVHQVLELOL]DFLyQHQODFLXGDGDQtDHQJHQHUDO\GH
ORVHVWXGLDQWHVHQSDUWLFXODUKDFLDHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHHVWDREUDOD PiVXQLYHUVDOGH
QXHVWUDOLWHUDWXUD

2EMHWLYRV
/RVREMHWLYRVTXHSHUVHJXLPRVDOFDQ]DUSXHGHQVLQWHWL]DUVHGHOPRGRVLJXLHQWH
M.J.Marrn Gaite


3UDFWLFDU XQD HQVHxDQ]D DFWLYD GH OD *HRJUDItD HQ OD TXH HO DOXPQR VHD HO DXWpQWLFR
SURWDJRQLVWD GHO DSUHQGL]DMH SRQLpQGROH HQ VLWXDFLRQHV TXH OHSHUPLWDQ OOHJDU SRU Vt
PLVPRDODFRPSUHQVLyQGHORVFRQWHQLGRVREMHWRGHHVWXGLR
'HVSHUWDU HO LQWHUpV GH ORV DOXPQRV KDFLD HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH OD*HRJUDItD D SDUWLU GH OD
OHFWXUDGHWH[WRVVXJHUHQWHVTXHOHVSHUPLWDQDFHUFDUVHDVXHVWXGLRGHIRUPDDWUDFWLYD
\PRWLYDGRUD
$ERUGDU HO HVWXGLR GH KHFKRV IHQyPHQRV \ SURFHVRV GH IRUPD LQWHJUDO SURFXUDQGR
GHVFXEULU ODV P~OWLSOHV LQWHUFRQH[LRQHV H[LVWHQWHV HQWUH ORV IHQyPHQRV TXH ORV
FRQILJXUDQ
&RQFLHQFLDU DO DOXPQDGR GH OD QHFHVLGDG TXH H[LVWH GH HVWXGLDU ORV IHQyPHQRV
HVSDFLDOHVGHVGH OD PXOWLFDXVDOLGDGSDUD DOFDQ]DUXQDYLVLyQOR PiVREMHWLYDSRVLEOH
GHODUHDOLGDGREMHWRGHHVWXGLR
'HVDUUROODU OD FDSDFLGDG GH VtQWHVLV \ VLVWHPDWL]DFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGRV SDUWLHQGR GH
Q~FOHRVGHLQWHUpVYHUWHEUDGRUHVGHORVPLVPRV
)RPHQWDU HO WUDEDMR LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU \D TXH HO HPSOHR GH WH[WRV OLWHUDULRV QRV SHUPLWH
DERUGDU QR VyOR FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV P~OWLSOHV FRPR SRQHPRV GH PDQLILHVWR D
FRQWLQXDFLyQVLQRWDPELpQOLWHUDULRVKLVWyULFRV\VRFLROyJLFRVVLELHQHQHOSUHVHQWH
WUDEDMR KDUHPRV UHIHUHQFLD ~QLFDPHQWH D ORV FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV
IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHSRUUD]RQHVGHHVSDFLR
3RQHUGHPDQLILHVWRODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDVTXHQRVRIUHFH(O4XLMRWHDWUDYpVGH
ODVDQGDQ]DVGH$ORQVR4XLMDQR\VXHVFXGHURSDUDHQVHxDU*HRJUDItDHQHVWHFDVRDO
DOXPQDGRGHOVHJXQGRFLFORGHOD(62

)DVHVGHUHDOL]DFLyQ
/DUHDOL]DFLyQGHHVWHWLSRGHH[SHULHQFLDVHQHODXODUHTXLHUHFRQWHPSODUWUHVIDVHVRQLYHOHV
WHPSRUDOHVDIDVHSUHSDUDWRULDEIDVHGHUHDOL]DFLyQ\FIDVHGHHYDOXDFLyQ\DSOLFDFLyQGH
ORDSUHQGLGRDQXHYRViPELWRV\VLWXDFLRQHV

)DVHSUHSDUDWRULD
(QHOODGLVWLQJXLPRVODVVLJXLHQWHVVHFXHQFLDVWHPSRUDOHV
(Q SULPHU OXJDU LQIRUPDUHPRV DO DOXPQDGR VREUH OD DFWLYLGDG TXH YDPRV D OOHYDU D
FDERGHORVREMHWLYRVFRQHOODSHUVHJXLGRV\GHORVFRQWHQLGRVTXHYDPRVDWUDEDMDU
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHSUHVHQWDODVHOHFFLyQGHWH[WRVTXHKHPRVUHDOL]DGR\HORUGHQHQTXH
LUHPRVWUDWDQGRFDGDXQRGHHOORVHQIXQFLyQGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQHSLVWHPROyJLFDGHORV
FRQWHQLGRVJHRJUiILFRVTXHYDPRVDDERUGDU
3DUDODUHDOL]DFLyQGHODSUHVHQWHH[SHULHQFLDFRQHOSURSyVLWRGHSRQHUGRVHMHPSORV
XQR GH JHRJUDItD ItVLFD \ RWUR GH JHRJUDItD KXPDQD KHPRV VHOHFFLRQDGR WUHV
IUDJPHQWRVGHO4XLMRWHHOSULPHURSDUDDERUGDUORVDVSHFWRVItVLFRVORVRWURVGRVSDUD
ORV DVSHFWRV KXPDQRV 6H WUDWD GH IUDJPHQWRV GH IiFLO FRPSUHQVLyQ \ TXH QDUUDQ
DYHQWXUDV TXH D ORV DOXPQRV GH HVWDV HGDGHV OHV UHVXOWDQ GLYHUWLGDV \ DWUDHQ VX
DWHQFLyQ6RQORVVLJXLHQWHV
M.J.Marrn Gaite

x /DDYHQWXUDGHODFXHYDGH0RQWHVLQRV
x /DEDWDOODFRQORVPROLQRVGHYLHQWR
x /DOXFKDFRQORVFXHURVRSHOOHMRVGHYLQR
7UDV OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO WH[WR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D FDGD FDVR VH OOHYD D FDER XQ GHEDWH
FRORTXLRSDUDGHWHFWDUORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVTXHORVDOXPQRVWLHQHQVREUHORVFRQWHQLGRV
TXHVHYDQDWUDEDMDUDVtFRPRGHOJUDGRGHLQWHUpV\PRWLYDFLyQTXHODDFWLYLGDGTXH
SURSRQHPRV GHVSLHUWD HQ HOORV 6H WUDWD GH XQD HYDOXDFLyQ LQLFLDO R GLDJQyVWLFD TXH
QRVRULHQWDDFHUFDGHFyPRSURJUDPDUODDFFLyQGRFHQWH
(QIXQFLyQGHORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVHQODHYDOXDFLyQLQLFLDOGHOJUXSRSURFHGHUHPRV
DVHOHFFLRQDUORVFRQWHQLGRVTXHYDPRVDDERUGDUGHFLGLUODJUDGDFLyQDVHJXLU
SDUDDYDQ]DUHQQLYHOHVGHGLILFXOWDGFUHFLHQWH\GLVHxDUODVDFWLYLGDGHVDWUDYpVGH
ODV FXHOHV VH YD D WUDEDMDU 7RGR HOOR VH SUHVHQWDUi GH IRUPD SHUIHFWDPHQWH
HVWUXFWXUDGD\VHFXHQFLDGDSDUDXQGHWHUPLQDGRQ~PHURGHVHVLRQHV
)DVHGHUHDOL]DFLyQ
(Q HOOD VH LUiQ WUDEDMDQGR ORV FRQWHQLGRV SUHYLVWRV D WUDYpV GH YDULDV VHVLRQHV (VWRV
FRQWHQLGRVTXHKHPRVRUJDQL]DGRHQEORTXHVWHPiWLFRVVHDERUGDUiQVLHPSUHDSDUWLUGHXQ
Q~FOHR R FHQWUR GH LQWHUpV TXH VH FRUUHVSRQGH FRQ HO IUDJPHQWR GHO 4XLMRWH TXH KHPRV
VHOHFFLRQDGRSDUDHVWHILQHQWRUQRDOFXDOVHHVWUXFWXUDUiQ\RUJDQL]DUiQORVFRQWHQLGRV3RU
HOORVHDUUDQFDUiVLHPSUHGHODOHFWXUDSUHYLDGHOWH[WRVHOHFFLRQDGR
(O Q~PHUR GH FHQWURV GH LQWHUpV TXH SXHGHQ GLVHxDUVH SDUD OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD *HRJUDItD D
SDUWLU GHO 4XLMRWH VRQ QXPHURVtVLPRV (Q HVWD RFDVLyQ SUHVHQWDPRV GRV HMHPSOLILFDFLRQHV
8QDFHQWUDGDHQFRQWHQLGRVGHOPHGLRItVLFRRWUDGHGLFDGDDDVSHFWRVGH*HRJUDItDKXPDQD
(QODSULPHUDVHHVWXGLDHOPRGHODGRNiUVWLFR\ODVLQWHUDFFLRQHVHQWUHHVWHPHGLRItVLFR\ORV
JUXSRVKXPDQRVTXHORKDELWDQHOFHQWURGHLQWHUpVTXHKHPRVVHOHFFLRQDGRHVODDYHQWXUDGH
'RQ4XLMRWHHQODFXHYDGH0RQWHVLQRV\HOPDUFRHVSDFLDOGHUHIHUHQFLDHVHOWHUULWRULRHQHO
TXHVHXELFDHVWD FXHYD(QODVHJXQGDORVFHQWURVGHLQWHUpVTXHVH HPSOHDQVRQGRVHO
UHODWRGHODEDWDOODGH'RQ4XLMRWHFRQORVPROLQRVGHYLHQWRODOXFKDHQODYHQWDFRQORV
SHOOHMRV GH YLQR WLQWR \ WLHQH FRPR PDUFR HVSDFLDO GH UHIHUHQFLD HO PXQLFLSLR GH &DPSR GH
&ULSWDQD OXJDU LGyQHR SDUD FHQWUDU HO HVWXGLR SRU OD H[LVWHQFLD HQ HO PLVPR GH QXPHURVRV
PROLQRVGHYLHQWR
&DGD XQDGH HVWDV HMHPSOLILFDFLRQHVWLHQH XQD GREOH YHUWLHQWHD HO WUDEDMR HQ HO DXOD E HO
WUDEDMRGHFDPSR(QHOSULPHUHMHPSORODVDOLGDVHUHDOL]DUiDOD]RQDGHO&DPSRGH0RQWLHO
FHQWUDQGRODDWHQFLyQHQHOiUHDGHHPSOD]DPLHQWRGHODFXHYDGH0RQWHVLQRVHQHOVHJXQGR
ODVDOLGDVHKDUiDOPXQLFLSLRGH&DPSRGH&ULSWDQD
)DVHGHHYDOXDFLyQ\DSOLFDFLyQGHORDSUHQGLGR
&RQVLGHUDPRV TXH OD HYDOXDFLyQ SDUD TXH VHD HILFD] KD GH HVWDURULHQWDGD D OD YDORUDFLyQ \
HQMXLFLDPLHQWR GH ORV P~OWLSOHV IDFWRUHV TXH FRQGLFLRQDQ HO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D
DSUHQGL]DMHSDUDDSDUWLUGHVXDQiOLVLVLURULHQWDQGRHOPLVPRGHOPRGRPiVHILFD]SRVLEOH
(VWHPRGHORGHHYDOXDFLyQQRVHFHQWUDH[FOXVLYDPHQWHHQODPHGLGDGHOUHVXOWDGRILQDOGHO
M.J.Marrn Gaite


DSUHQGL]DMHVLQRTXHSHUVLJXHODYDORUDFLyQLQWHJUDOGHOSURFHVRTXHORUHJXOD3RUWDQWROHMRV
GH VHU XQ HOHPHQWR PDUJLQDO VLWXDGR DO ILQDO GH XQD VLWXDFLyQ GH DSUHQGL]DMH FRQVWLWX\H XQ
HOHPHQWR HVHQFLDO GH pVWH FRQ XQD GREOH ILQDOLGDG D LQIRUPDU DFHUFD GH OD PDUFKD GHO
DOXPQDGRHQODFDSWDFLyQ\DVLPLODFLyQGHORVFRQWHQLGRVREMHWRGHHVWXGLR\ESURSRUFLRQDU
ODVEDVHVQHFHVDULDVSDUDDUELWUDUODVPHGLGDVSHUWLQHQWHVDORODUJRGHOSURFHVRFRQYLVWDVD
FRUUHJLU HUURUHV SRWHQFLDU DFLHUWRV \ PDUFDU SDXWDV GH DFWXDFLyQ GXUDQWH HO GHVDUUROOR GHO
PLVPR
6H WUDWD SXHV GH XQD HYDOXDFLyQ UHIOH[LYD \ UHWURDOLPHQWDGRUD TXH RULHQWD DO SURIHVRU \ DO
DOXPQDGRDFHUFDGHORVQLYHOHVGHHIHFWLYLGDGGHVXVDFWXDFLRQHVDORODUJRGHWRGRHOSURFHVR
GHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH(VXQD HYDOXDFLyQSURFHVXDO\IRUPDWLYD FX\DSXHVWD HQ SUiFWLFD
VXSRQHWUHVIDFHWDVRHVWDGLRVWHPSRUDOHVHOPRPHQWRLQLFLDOHYDOXDFLyQGLDJQyVWLFD
HOSHULRGRSURFHVXDOHYDOXDFLyQSURJUHVLYD\HOPRPHQWRILQDOHYDOXDFLyQJOREDO&DGD
XQR GH HOORV UHTXLHUH XQDV DFWLYLGDGHV H LQVWUXPHQWRV GH REVHUYDFLyQ \ PHGLGD TXH OH VRQ
SURSLRV
(QODSURSXHVWDTXHSUHVHQWDPRVKD\TXHWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHORVFRQWHQLGRV
VHYDDUHDOL]DUPHGLDQWHDFWLYLGDGHVGHDXOD\DWUDYpVGHOWUDEDMRGHFDPSR(VWRVXSRQHOD
QHFHVLGDG GH HVWDEOHFHU FULWHULRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ GLYHUVLILFDGRV /DV HVWUDWHJLDV DFWLYLGDGHV H
LQVWUXPHQWRV GH PHGLGD TXH HPSOHDUHPRV VRQ P~OWLSOHV (QWUH HOORV FRQFHGHPRV HVSHFLDO
DWHQFLyQDORVWUDEDMRVGHFUHDFLyQUHDOL]DGRVSRUHODOXPQDGRWDQWRLQGLYLGXDOPHQWHFRPRHQ
HTXLSRVGHWUDEDMR$VtPLVPRVHUiQREMHWRGHYDORUDFLyQXQDDPSOLDJDPDGHDVSHFWRVWDOHV
FRPRDODDFWLWXG\JUDGRGHLQWHUpVFRQHOTXHFDGDDOXPQRVHLPSOLFDHQODVDFWLYLGDGHVGH
DSUHQGL]DMH E ODV LGHDV TXH DSRUWD F HO JUDGR GH RSRUWXQLGDG \ RULJLQDOLGDG GH ODV
DSRUWDFLRQHVGFyPRDSOLFDORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVTXHYDDGTXLULHQGRHFyPRLQWHUDFW~DFRQHO
SURIHVRU \ FRQ ORV PLHPEURV GHO JUXSRFODVH HWF ,JXDOPHQWH FRQVLGHUDPRV HVHQFLDO OD
UHDOL]DFLyQ GH XQD SUXHED HVFULWD HQ OD TXH HO DOXPQR GHEHUi SRQHU GH PDQLILHVWR ORV
FRQRFLPLHQWRV DOFDQ]DGRV D OR ODUJR GHO SURFHVR UHVSRQGLHQGR D FXHVWLRQHV TXH WHQGUi TXH
H[SOLFDUGHVGHODHODERUDFLyQSHUVRQDOUHODFLRQDQGRFRQFHSWRVGHIRUPDPDGXUD\QXQFDGH
XQPRGRH[FOXVLYDPHQWHPHPRUtVWLFR

(MHPSOLILFDFLRQHV
(VWXGLRGHOPRGHODGRNiUVWLFRDSDUWLUGHOWH[WRGHO4XLMRWHHQHOTXHVH
QDUUDODDYHQWXUDGHODFXHYDGH0RQWHVLQRV
3DUD HO WUDWDPLHQWR GH HVWH WHPD HPSOHDPRV FRPR FHQWUR GH LQWHUpV SDUD PRWLYDU D ORV
DOXPQRVHOUHODWRTXHKDFH&HUYDQWHVDFHUFDGHORRFXUULGRD$ORQVR4XLMDQRHQODDYHQWXUD
GHODFXHYDGH0RQWHVLQRVTXHpVWHYDEXVFDQGRSRUTXHVHJ~QVXVSDODEUDVWHQtDJUDQGHVHR
GHHQWUDUHQHOOD\YHUDRMRVYLVWDVVLHUDQYHUGDGHUDVODVPDUDYLOODVTXHGHHOODVHGHFtDQSRU
WRGRVDTXHOORVFRQWRUQRV
(O HVFHQDULR GH HVWD DYHQWXUD HV XQD FXHYD TXH DFWXDOPHQWH VH LGHQWLILFD FRQ XQD JUXWD
NiUVWLFD TXH H[LVWH HQ OD ]RQD GHO &DPSR GH 0RQWLHO D OD TXH VH KD GDGR HVWH QRPEUH HQ
UHFXHUGRGHODEXVFDGDSRU'RQ4XLMRWH(VWiVLWXDGDHQHOVXUHVWHGHODSURYLQFLDGH&LXGDG
5HDOXQiUHDFDOL]DHQODTXHHODOXPQDGRSXHGHYLVXDOL]DUQXPHURVDVIRUPDFLRQHVNiUVWLFDV
D DOJXQDV GH ODV FXDOHV KDFH PHQFLyQ&HUYDQWHV HQ HO WH[WR D WUDYpV GH ODV SDODEUDV GH 'RQ
4XLMRWHTXHQRVKDEODGHODSURIXQGLGDGGHODFXHYD\GHORVODEHULQWRVTXHHQHOODH[LVWHQ
DVt FRPR GH OD QDYH SULQFLSDO \ GH OD SURIXQGD VLPD TXH HQ OD FXHYD KD\ 7DPELpQ KDFH
M.J.Marrn Gaite

PHQFLyQ GH IRUPD SRpWLFD D ODV ODJXQDV GH 5XLGHUD D OD RFXOWDFLyQ GHO *XDGLDQD \ D VXV
UHVXUJHQFLDVDWUDYpVGHORV2MRV
(VWHIUDJPHQWRKDVLGRVHOHFFLRQDGRSRUWDQWRSDUDDERUGDUDSDUWLUGHVXOHFWXUDXQDDPSOLD
JDPDGHFRQWHQLGRVUHIHULGRVDOPRGHODGRNiUVWLFR\DODVIRUPDVGHUHOLHYHTXHGHHVWHPHGLR
ItVLFRVHGHULYDQILJXUD&RQHOILQGHDOFDQ]DUXQFRQRFLPLHQWRJOREDOL]DGRGHOWHPDHO
HVWXGLRFRQOOHYDHODQiOLVLVGHODDFFLyQDQWUySLFDVREUHHVWHPHGLRQDWXUDOODYDORUDFLyQGH
ODV LQWHUDFFLRQHV KRPEUHPHGLR \ HO DQiOLVLV GH ODV IRUPDV SDLVDMtVWLFDV TXH GH HOODV VH
GHULYDQ
(O WHPD VH WUDEDMDUi SULPHUR HQ HO DXOD FRPSOHWiQGRVH VX HVWXGLR FRQ OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH XQ
WUDEDMRGHFDPSRVREUHOD]RQDGRQGHVHHQFXHQWUDODFXHYDGH0RQWHVLQRV/RVFRQWHQLGRV
TXHVHDERUGDQVRQORVVLJXLHQWHV
(OiPELWRNiUVWLFRGHO&DPSRGH0RQWLHO$VSHFWRVJHQHUDOHV
/RFDOL]DFLyQ\GHOLPLWDFLyQGHOD]RQD
([WHQVLyQ\DOWLWXGPHGLD
/RFDOL]DFLyQGHODFXHYDGH0RQWHVLQRV
(OPHGLRItVLFR'RPLQLRGHODVURFDVFDOL]DV
0RUIRORJtD&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOPRGHODGRNiUVWLFR
3URSLHGDGHVItVLFDV\TXtPLFDVGHODVFDOL]DV
/DDFFLyQGHODVDJXDV
3ULQFLSDOHVIRUPDVGHUHOLHYHODSLDFHVSROMpVGROLQDVJUXWDVVLPDV
&OLPD
+LGURORJtDFRUULHQWHVGHVXSHUILFLH\DJXDVVXEWHUUiQHDV
/RVVXHORV
3DLVDMHYHJHWDOYHJHWDFLyQQDWXUDO\FXOWLYRV
3ULQFLSDOHVIRUPDFLRQHVYHJHWDOHV
&XOWLYRVGRPLQDQWHV(OSROLFXOWLYRGHVHFDQR\HOUHJDGtR
3ULQFLSDOHVQ~FOHRVGHSREODFLyQ7LSRORJtDGHUDQJRV
3DUDLQLFLDUHOWUDEDMRVHRIUHFHDORVDOXPQRVHOVLJXLHQWHWH[WRTXHGHVFULEHODE~VTXHGDSRU
SDUWHGH'RQ4XLMRWHGHODFXHYDGH0RQWHVLQRV\GHODDYHQWXUDTXHHQHOODWXYR
... Finalmente, tres das estuvieron con los novios, donde fueron regalados y servidos
como cuerpo de rey. Pidi Don Quijote al diestro licenciado le diese una gua que le
encaminase a la cueva de Montesinos, porque tena gran deseo de entrar en ella y
ver a ojos vistas si eran verdaderas las maravillas que de ella se decan por todos
aquellos contornos. El licenciado le dijo que le dara a un primo suyo, famoso
estudiante y muy aficionado a leer libros de caballeras, el cual con mucha voluntad
le pondra a la boca de la misma cueva, y le enseara las lagunas de Ruidera,
famosas as mismo en toda la Mancha, y an en toda Espaa... y despidindose de
M.J.Marrn Gaite

todos, se pusieron en camino, tomando la derrota de la famosa cueva de

Montesinos...
En estas y otras gustosa plticas se les pas aquel da, y a la noche se albergaron en
una pequea aldea, a donde el primo dijo a Don Quijote que desde all a la cueva de
Montesinos no haba ms que dos leguas, y que si llevaba determinado de entrar en
ella, era menester proveerse de sogas para atarse y descolgarse en su profundidad.
Don Quijote dijo que, aunque llegase al abismo, haba de ver dnde paraba; y as
compraron casi cien brazas de soga, y otro da, a las dos de la tarde, llegaron a la
cueva, cuya boca es espaciosa y ancha; pero llena de cambroneras y cabra higos, de
zarzas y malezas, tan espesas e intrincadas, que todo en todo la ciegan y encubren.
En vindola, se apearon el primo, Sancho y Don Quijote, al cual le ataron luego
fortsimamente con las sogas; y en tanto que le fajaban y cean, le dijo Sancho:
- Mire vuesa merced, seor mo, lo que hace: no se quiera sepultar en vida, ni se
ponga a donde parezca frasco que le ponen a enfriar en algn pozo. Si, que a vuesa
merced no le toca ni atae ser el escudriador de esta que debe ser peor que
mazmorra.
- Ata y calla -respondi Don Quijote-; que tal empresa como aquesta, Sancho amigo,
para m estaba guardada.
Y entonces dijo el gua:
- Suplico a vuesa merced, seor Don Quijote, que mire y especule con cien ojos lo
que hay dentro; quiz habr cosas que las ponga en el libro de mis Trasformaciones.
- En manos est el pandero, que le sabrn bien taer, respondi Sancho Panza.
Dicho esto, y acabada la ligadura de Don Quijote, que no fue sobre el arns, sino
sobre el jubn de armar, dijo Don Quijote:
- Inadvertidos hemos andado en no habernos provedo de algn esquiln pequeo,
que fuera atado junto a m en esta misma soga, con cuyo sonido se entendiera que
todava bajaba y estaba vivo; pero pues que no es posible, a la mano de Dios que me
gue.
Y luego se hinc de rodillas e hizo una oracin en voz baja al Cielo, pidiendo a Dios
le ayudase y le diese buen suceso en aquella, al parecer, peligrosa y nueva aventura,
y en voz alta dijo luego:
-Oh seora de mis acciones y movimientos, clarsima y sin par Dulcinea del
Toboso! Si es posible que lleguen a tus odos las plegarias y rogaciones de este tu
venturoso amante, por tu inaudita belleza te ruego las escuches; que no son otras
que rogarte que no me niegues tu favor y amparo, ahora que tanto le he menester.
Yo voy a despearme, a empozarme y hundirme en el abismo que aqu se me
representa, slo porque conozca el mundo que si t me favoreces, no habr
imposible a quin yo acometa y acabe.
Y en diciendo esto, se acerc a la sima, vio no ser posible descolgarse, ni hacer
lugar a la entrada, si no era a fuerza de brazos, o a cuchilladas; as, poniendo mano
a la espada comenz a derribar y a cortar de aquellas malezas que a la boca de la
cueva estaban ...
M.J.Marrn Gaite

$FRQWLQXDFLyQSURVLJXHHOWH[WRQDUUDQGRFRPRFRQHOUXLGRVDOLHURQGHODFXHYDDEXQGDQWHV
FXHUYRV\JUDMRVTXHGHUULEDURQDGRQ4XLMRWHDOVXHOR\&HUYDQWHVKDFHDOXVLyQDFRPR'RQ
4XLMRWHGHEtDKDEHUWHQLGRHQFXHQWDHOFDUiFWHUDJRUHURGHHVWDVDYHVTXHSDUHFtDQDQXQFLDUOH
VXV FRQWUDWLHPSRV \ GHVYHQWXUDV 3UHVFLQGLPRV GH HVWD SDUWH GHOD QDUUDFLyQ \D TXH KDUtD HO
WH[WRGHPDVLDGRODUJR\ORTXHHQpOVHGLFHQRHVUHOHYDQWHFRPRUHIHUHQFLDSDUDWUDEDMDUORV
REMHWLYRVSUHYLVWRV
... Finalmente, se levant, y viendo que no salan ms cuervos ni otras aves
nocturnas, como fueron murcilagos, que as mismo entre los cuervos salieron,
dndole soga el primo a Sancho, se dej calar al fondo de la caverna espantosa ...
Iba Don Quijote dando voces que le diesen soga y ms soga, y ellos se la daban poco
a poco; y cuando las voces, que acanaladas por la cueva salan, dejaron de orse, ya
que ellos tenan descolgadas las cien brazas de soga, y fueron de parecer de volver a
subir a Don Quijote, pues no le podan dar ms cuerda.
Con todo, esto se detuvieron como media hora, al cabo del cual espacio volvieron a
recoger la soga con mucha facilidad y sin peligro alguno, seal que les hizo
imaginar que Don Quijote se quedaba dentro, y creyndolo as Sancho, lloraba
amargamente y tiraba con mucha prisa por desengaarse; pero llegando, a su
parecer, a poco ms de las ochenta brazas, sintieron peso, de que en extremo se
alegraron. Finalmente, a las diez vieron distintamente a Don Quijote, a quien dio
voces Sancho diciendo:
- Sea vuesa merced muy bien vuelto, seor mo; que ya pensbamos que se quedaba
all para casta.
Pero no responda palabra Don Quijote, y sacndole del todo, vieron que traa
cerrados los ojos, con muestras de estar dormido. Tendironle en el suelo y
deslironle; y con todo eso no despertaba; pero tanto le volvieron y revolvieron,
sacudieron y menearon, que al cabo de un buen espacio volvi en s,
desperezndose, bien como si de algn grave y profundo sueo despertase y mirando
a una y otra parte espantado dijo:
- Dios os lo perdone, amigos; que me habis quitado de la ms sabrosa y agradable
vida y vista que ningn humano ha visto ni pasado. En efecto: ahora acabo de
conocer que todos los contentos de esta vida pasan como sombra y sueo, y se
marchitan como la flor del campo. Oh desdichado Montesinos!Oh malherido
Durandarte! Oh sin ventura Belerma! Oh lloroso Guadiana, y vosotras sin dicha
hijas de Ruidera, que mostris en vuestras aguas las que lloraron vuestros hermosos
ojos!
6LJXH HO UHODWR FRQ GLYHUVRV FRPHQWDULRV SRU SDUWH GH 6DQFKR VREUH OD DFFLyQ UHDOL]DGD SRU
'RQ4XLMRWH\GHFyPRPHUHQGDURQ\FHQDURQDOPLVPRWLHPSR'HVSXpV'RQ4XLMRWHGLMR

- No se levante nadie, y estadme, hijos, todos atentos:
A obra de doce o catorce estado de la profundidad de esta mazmorra, a la derecha
mano, se hace una concavidad y espacio capaz de poder caber en ella un gran carro
con sus mulas. ntrale una pequea luz por unos resquicios o agujeros, que lejos le
responden, abiertos en la superficie de la tierra. Esta concavidad y espacio vi yo a
tiempo, cuando ya iba cansado y mohino de verme, pendiente y colgado de la soga,
M.J.Marrn Gaite

caminar por aquella oscura regin abajo, sin llevar cierto ni determinado camino, y
as, determin entrarme en ella a descansar un poco... Ofreciseme luego a la vista
un real y suntuoso palacio o alczar, cuyos muros y paredes parecan de
transparente y puro cristal fabricados ...
'RQ4XLMRWHGHOD0DQFKD,,3DUWH&DStWXORV;;,,\;;,,,

(VWXGLRGHODDFWLYLGDGDJUDULD\HOKiELWDWUXUDODSDUWLUGHGRVWH[WRVOD
EDWDOODGH'4XLMRWHFRQWUDORVPROLQRV\ODOXFKDFRQWUDORVFXHURVGHYLQR
(OWUDWDPLHQWRGHHVWRVFRQWHQLGRVVHUHDOL]DDSDUWLUGHGRVWH[WRVGHO4XLMRWHYLQFXODQGRHO
HSLVRGLR TXH HQ FDGD XQR GH HOORV VH QDUUD HO GH OD EDWDOOD GH ' 4XLMRWH FRQWUD ORV
PROLQRVGHYLHQWR\HOGHODOXFKDGHpVWHFRQORVFXHURVGHYLQRWLQWRHQODYHQWD$WUDYpV
GHDPERVTXHUHPRVFHQWUDUODDWHQFLyQGHODOXPQDGRHQHOHVWXGLRGHODDFWLYLGDGDJUDULD\
ORVSDLVDMHVTXHGHHOODVHGHULYDQDSDUWLUGHORVGRVFXOWLYRVGRPLQDQWHVHQOD]RQDHOFHUHDO
\ OD YLG (O SULPHU WH[WR QRV SHUPLWH DERUGDU HO HVWXGLR GHO FXOWLYR FHUHDOLVWD \D TXH ORV
PROLQRVFRQWUDORVTXHDUUHPHWH'RQ4XLMRWHHUDQHGLILFDFLRQHVGHVWLQDGDVDODPROLHQGDGHO
FHUHDO&RQHOVHJXQGRDSDUWLUGHODOXFKDTXHHQWDEOD'RQTXLMRWHFRQXQRVFXHURVGHYLQR
WLQWR FUH\HQGR TXH DWDFD D XQ JLJDQWH IUXWR GH VX LPDJLQDFLyQ VH FHQWUD OD DWHQFLyQ HQ HO
FXOWLYRYLWLYLQtFROD
(O PDUFR HVSDFLDO GH UHIHUHQFLD HV HO PXQLFLSLR GH &DPSR GH &ULSWDQD OXJDU HQ HO TXH VH
FRQVHUYDQQXPHURVRVPROLQRVGHYLHQWRFRPRWHVWLPRQLRGHVXDQWLJXDIXQFLyQ\HQHOTXH
H[LVWHQWDPELpQDEXQGDQWHVERGHJDV
$O LJXDO TXH HQ HMHPSOR DQWHULRU HO WUDWDPLHQWR GHO WHPD VH UHDOL]D SULPHUR HQ HO DXOD \ VH
FRQVROLGD FRQ HO FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH WUDEDMR GH FDPSR /RV FRQWHQLGRV GHO WHPD VRQ ORV
VLJXLHQWHV

/RFDOL]DFLyQ\HPSOD]DPLHQWRGHOPXQLFLSLRGH&DPSRGH&ULSWDQD
/RFDOL]DFLyQ\GHOLPLWDFLyQGHOPXQLFLSLR
([WHQVLyQ\DOWLWXGPHGLD
'LVWULEXFLyQHVSDFLDOGHOWHUULWRULRPXQLFLSDO
&DVFRSREODFLRQDO
(VSDFLRDJUDULR
(VSDFLRIRUHVWDO
(ULDOHV\SDVWRV
/DDJULFXOWXUDFRPRDFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFDGRPLQDQWH
7LHUUDVGHOFRP~Q\WLHUUDVGHSURSLRV
)RUPDVGHWHQHQFLDGHODWLHUUDSURSLHGDGDUUHQGDPLHQWRDSDUFHUtD
7DPDxRGHODVSDUFHODV\JUDGRGHGLVSHUVLyQSDUFHODULD
M.J.Marrn Gaite

)RUPD\HQWUDPDGRGHODVSDUFHODV
3ULQFLSDOHVFXOWLYRV
(OFXOWLYRFHUHDOLVWD
7LSRV\YDULHGDGHVFXOWLYDGDV6XSHUILFLHRFXSDGD
\UHQGLPLHQWRV
/DURWDFLyQELHQDO
(OFXOWLYRYLWLYLQtFROD
9DULHGDGHVGHYLGFXOWLYDGDV
6XSHUILFLHRFXSDGD\UHQGLPLHQWRV
3URGXFFLyQYLQtFROD\VXFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ
2WURVFXOWLYRV
&XOWLYRVGHUHJDGtRWUDGLFLRQDOHV
$PSOLDFLyQGHOUHJDGtR\DGRSFLyQGHQXHYRVFXOWLYRV
(OSDLVDMHDJUDULR
2WUDVXQLGDGHVSDLVDMtVWLFDV
(VWXGLRGHOKiELWDW
3REODPLHQWRFRQFHQWUDGR&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVPRUIROyJLFDV
(OHQWUDPDGRGHSOD]DV\FDOOHV
/DVHGLILFDFLRQHV
(GLILFLRVVLQJXODUHV
/RVPROLQRVGHYLHQWR)XQFLRQHVHQHOSDVDGR\HQODDFWXDOLGDG
2WUDVHGLILFDFLRQHVVLQJXODUHV
(GLILFDFLRQHVSULYDGDVODVYLYLHQGDV
/DYLYLHQGDWUDGLFLRQDO
/DVQXHYDVHGLILFDFLRQHV6XLPSDFWRHQHOHQWRUQR
/RVDFWXDOHVPROLQRVHyOLFRV\ODSURGXFFLyQGHHQHUJtDHOpFWULFD
/DSURGXFFLyQGHHQHUJtDVUHQRYDEOHVHQ(VSDxD
(QHUJtDVUHQRYDEOHV\GHVDUUROORVRVWHQLEOH
*HRJUDItD\HGXFDFLyQHQYDORUHVPHGLRDPELHQWDOHV
6H LQLFLD HO WUDWDPLHQWR GHO WHPD FRQ OD OHFWXUD GH ORV GRV WH[WRV VHOHFFLRQDGRV TXH LUi
VHJXLGD GHO FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH GHEDWH FRORTXLR SDUD FHQWUDU ORV FRQWHQLGRV REMHWR GH HVWXGLR
6RQORVVLJXLHQWHV
M.J.Marrn Gaite


7H[WR
... En esto descubrieron treinta o cuarenta molinos de viento que hay en aquel
campo, y as como Don Quijote los vio, dijo a su escudero:
- La ventura va guiando nuestras cosas mejor de lo que acertramos a desear;
porque ves all, amigo Sancho Panza, donde se descubren treinta o poco ms,
desaforados gigantes con quien pienso hacer batalla y quitarles a todos las vidas,
con cuyos despojos comenzaremos a enriquecer; que esta es buena guerra y es gran
servicio de Dios quitar tan mala simiente de sobre la faz de la Tierra.
- Qu gigantes - dijo Sancho Panza.
- Aquellos que all ves respondi su amo de los brazos largos, que los suelen
tener algunos de casi dos leguas.
- Mire vuestra merced respondi Sancho que aquellos que all se aparecen no
son gigantes, sino molinos de viento, y lo que en ellos parecen brazos son las aspas,
que, volteadas del viento, hacen andar la piedra del molino.
- Bien parece respondi Don Quijote que no ests cursado en esto de las
aventuras: ellos son gigantes; y si tienes miedo, qutate de ah y ponte en oracin en
el espacio que yo voy a entrar con ellos en fiera y desigual batalla.
Y diciendo esto, dio de espuelas a su caballo Rocinante, sin atender a las voces que
su escudero Sancho le daba, advirtindole que, sin duda alguna, eran molinos de
viento y no gigantes, aquellos que iba a acometer. Pero l iba tan puesto en que eran
gigantes, que ni oa las voces de su escudero sancho, ni echaba de ver, aunque
estaba ya bien cerca, lo que eran; antes iba diciendo en voces altas:
- Non fuyades, cobardes y viles criaturas, que un solo caballero es el que os
acomete.
- Levantse en esto un poco de viento, y las grandes aspas comenzaron a moverse, lo
cual visto por Don Quijote, dijo:
- Pues aunque movis ms brazos que el gigante Briareo, que lo habis de pagar.
Y en diciendo esto y encomendndose de todo corazn a su seora Dulcinea,
pidindole que en tal trance le socorriese, bien cubierto de su rodela, con la lanza en
ristre, arremeti a todo galope de Rocinante y embisti con el primer molino que
estaba delante; dndole una lanzada en el aspa, la volvi el viento con tanta furia,
que hizo la lanza pedazos, llevndose tras s al caballo y al caballero, que fue
rodando muy maltrecho por el campo. Acudi Sancho Panza a socorrerle a todo
correr de su asno, y cuando lleg hall que no se poda menear: tal fue el golpe que
dio con l Rocinante.
Vlame Dios! dijo Sancho ; No le dije a vuestra merced que mirase bien lo que
haca, que no eran sino molinos de viento, y no lo poda ignorar sino quien llevase
otros tales en la cabeza?
- Calla, amigo Sancho -respondi Don Quijote- que las cosas de la guerra ms que
otras estn sujetas a continua mudanza; cuanto ms, que yo pienso, y es as verdad,
que aquel sabio Frestn que me rob el aposento y los libros ha vuelto estos
gigantes en molinos por quitarme la gloria de su vencimiento: tal es la enemistad
M.J.Marrn Gaite

que me tiene; mas al cabo, al cabo, han de poder poco sus malas artes contra la
bondad de mi espada.
- Dios lo haga como puede -respondi Sancho Panza-; y ayudndole a levantarse
torn a subir sobre Rocinante, que medio despaldado estaba.
- Y, hablando en la pasada aventura, siguieron el camino del puerto Lpice, porque
all deca Don Quijote que no era posible dejar de hallarse muchas y diversas
aventuras, por ser lugar muy pasajero, sino que iba muy pesaroso por haberle
faltado la lanza ...
'RQ4XLMRWHGHOD0DQFKD,3DUWH&DStWXOR9,,,
7H[WR
... Poco ms quedaba por leer de la novela, cuando del camaranchn donde
reposaba Don Quijote sali Sancho Panza todo alborotado, diciendo a voces:
- Acudid, seores, presto y socorred a mi seor, que anda envuelto en la ms reida
y trabada batalla que mis ojos han visto. Vive Dios, que ha dado una cuchillada al
gigante enemigo de la seora princesa Micomicona, que le ha dejado la cabeza
cercn a cercn, como si fuera un nabo!
- Qu decs hermano? -dijo el Cura, dejando de leer lo que de la novela quedaba-.
Estis en vos, Sancho? Cmo diablos puede ser eso que decs, estando el gigante
a dos mil leguas de aqu?
-En esto, oyeron un gran ruido en el aposento, y que Don Quijote deca a voces:
-Tente, ladrn, malandrn, folln; que aqu te tengo, y no te ha de valer tu
cimitarra!
Y pareca que daba grandes cuchilladas por las paredes. Y dijo Sancho:
- No tiene que pararse a escuchar, sino entren a despartir la pelea, o a ayudar a mi
amo; aunque ya no ser menester, porque, sin duda alguna, el gigante est ya
muerto, y dando cuenta a Dios de su pasada y mala vida; que yo vi correr la sangre
por el suelo, y la cabeza cortada y cada a un lado, que es tamaa como un gran
cuero de vino.
- Que me maten -dijo a esta sazn el ventero- sin Don Quijote o don diablo no ha
dado alguna cuchillada en alguno de los cueros de vino tinto que a su cabecera
estaban llenos, y el vino derramado debe ser lo que le parece sangre a este buen
hombre.
Y con esto entr en el aposento, y todos tras de l, y hallaron a Don Quijote en el
ms extrao traje del mundo. Estaba en camisa, la cual no era tan cumplida, que por
delante le acabase de cubrir los muslos, y por detrs tena seis dedos menos; las
piernas eran muy largas y flacas, llenas de vello y no nada lmpias; tena en la
cabeza un bonetillo colorado grasiento, que era del ventero; en el brazo izquierdo
tena revuelta la manta de la cama, con quien tena ojeriza Sancho, y l se saba bien
por qu; y en la derecha, desenvainada la espada, con la cual daba cuchilladas a
todas partes, diciendo palabras como si verdaderamente estuviera peleando con
M.J.Marrn Gaite

algn gigante; que fue tan intensa la imaginacin de la aventura que iba a fenecer,
que le hizo soar que ya haba llegado al reino de Micomicn, y que ya estaba en la
pelea con su enemigo; y haba dado tantas cuchilladas en los cueros, creyendo que
las daba en el gigante, que todo el aposento estaba lleno de vino. Lo cual, visto por
el ventero, tom tanto enojo, que arremeti con Don Quijote, y a puo cerrado le
comenz a dar tantos golpes, que si Cardenio y el Cura no se le quitaran, l acabara
la guerra del gigante; y, con todo aquello, no despertaba el pobre caballero, hasta
que el Barbero trajo un gran caldero de agua fra del pozo, y se la ech por todo el
cuerpo de golpe, con lo cual despert Don Quijote; mas no con tanto acuerdo, que
echase de ver la manera en que estaba ...
'RQ4XLMRWHGHOD0DQFKD,3DUWH&DStWXOR;;;9
5()(5(1&,$6%,%/,2*5$)&$6
%2,5$ 0$,48(6 -9 \ 5(48(6 9(/$6&2 3 /DV IXHQWHV OLWHUDULDV \
GRFXPHQWDOHV HQ *HRJUDItD (Q 025(12 -,0e1(= $ \ 0$551 *$,7( 0 -
Ensear Geografa. De la teora a la prctica0DGULG6tQWHVLV&DS
&(59$17(66$$9('5$0GHEl ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha.
0DGULG -XDQ GH OD &XHVWD /D HGLFLyQ FRQVXOWDGD KD VLGR OD TXH VH LQFOX\H HQ 2EUDV
&RPSOHWDVGH0LJXHOGH&HUYDQWHV%DUFHORQD$JXLODU
&(59$17(6 6$$9('5$ 0 GH Segunda parte del ingenioso caballero Don
Quijote de la Mancha. 0DGULG -XDQ GH OD &XHVWD /D HGLFLyQ FRQVXOWDGD KD VLGR OD TXH VH
LQFOX\HHQ2EUDV&RPSOHWDVGH0LJXHOGH&HUYDQWHV%DUFHORQD$JXLODU
M.J.Marrn Gaite

$1(;2

)LJXUD)RUPDVGHOPRGHODGRNiUVWLFR6HJ~Q*RXURX\3DS\HVTXHPDV\\3DWXULHVTXHPD
M.J.Marrn Gaite


)LJXUD'RVIRUPDVGHDSURYHFKDPLHQWRGHODHQHUJtDHyOLFDPROLQRVGHYLHQWRSDUDODPROLHQGDGHOFHUHDO\
PROLQRVGHYLHQWRSDUDODSURGXFFLyQGHHQHUJtDHOpFWULFD3DVDGR\SUHVHQWHHQHOSDLVDMHPDQFKHJR
M.J.Marrn Gaite

/$75$',&,125$/&2025(&8562(1/$(16(f$1=$<
$35(1',=$-('(/7,(032<(/&/,0$35238(67$
','&7,&$3$5$(/&/,0$0(',7(551(2'(/$
3(1168/$,%e5,&$
(PLOLR0DUWtQH],EDUUD
-RQDWDQ$ULDV*DUFtD
-RVp*yPH]=RWDQR
Universidad de Granada
emibarra@ugr.es; jariasgarcia@ugr.es; jgzotano@ugr.es
5(680(1
(O SDWULPRQLR UHJLRQDO \ ORFDO SRU GLYHUVRV PRWLYRV KD FREUDGR UHOHYDQFLD HQ ODV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV (Q HVWH
VHQWLGRHVSHFLDOPHQFLyQUHTXLHUHODWUDGLFLyQRUDO\DTXHFRQVWLWX\HXQUHFXUVRHYDQHVFHQWH$SDUWLUGHpVWD
IUXWRGHODH[SHULHQFLDVHFXODUHOKRPEUHKDVLGRFDSD]GHFDSWDUFLHUWDVJHQHUDOLGDGHVGHOFOLPDHLQFOXVRKD
VLGR PiV SUHWHQFLRVR \ VH KD DWUHYLGR FRQ OD SURJQRVLV PHWHRUROyJLFD 3RU HOOR ORV UHIUDQHV GH FRQWHQLGR
PHWHRUROyJLFR\FOLPiWLFRSXHGHQFRQVWLWXLUXQUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFRHQHODSUHQGL]DMHGHOWLHPSR\HOFOLPD(QHO
SUHVHQWHWUDEDMRVHPXHVWUDXQHMHPSORGHHOORSDUDHOGHQRPLQDGRFOLPDPHGLWHUUiQHR
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
3DWULPRQLRRUDOUHIUDQHVWLHPSRFOLPDSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFDFOLPDPHGLWHUUiQHR
,1752'8&&,1
'HVGH KDFH GpFDGDV VH KD UHIRU]DGR OD FRQFLHQFLDFLyQ SRU OD SUHVHUYDFLyQ GHO SDWULPRQLR
FXOWXUDO \ QDWXUDO DVt OR GHPXHVWUDQ ORV QXPHURVRV HQFXHQWURV FLHQWtILFRV \ FRQJUHVRV
QDFLRQDOHV H LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV R ODV QXPHURVDV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV H[LVWHQWHV VREUH HVWH WHPD
7HMHUR 0DQ]DQDUHV &RQ WRGR HOOR QR HV yELFH SDUD TXH FRQ OD PDJQLWXG TXH KD
DOFDQ]DGR OD JOREDOL]DFLyQ VREUH OD EDVH GHO YHUWLJLQRVR GHVDUUROOR H[SHULPHQWDGR SRU ORV
PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ VH HVWp SHUGLHQGR SDUWH GH QXHVWUR SDWULPRQLR FXOWXUDO PX\
HVSHFLDOPHQWHHOOLJDGRDODWUDGLFLyQRUDO0DUWtQH],EDUUDSXHVKDGHVDSDUHFLGRHQ
EXHQD PHGLGD VX PHGLR GH GLIXVLyQ 6HYLOOD 0XxR] \ %DUEDGLOOR GH OD )XHQWH \ HO
FRQWH[WR FXOWXUDO \ VRFLRHFRQyPLFR GRQGH VH IRUMDURQ VX FRQWHPSRUDQHLGDG (OOR QR
H[FOX\HTXHH[LVWDQHMHPSORVGHGLFKRVSRSXODUHVTXHVHDQDWHPSRUDOHVWDO\FRPRGHQXQFLD
*DUFtD)XVWHU
(Q HVWH VHQWLGR FRQYLHQH WUDVFHQGHU OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD WUDGLFLyQ RUDO SXHV QR VyOR OOHYD
DVRFLDGD XQ FRQWHQLGR KLVWyULFR VRFLDO DUWtVWLFR R QDWXUDO VLQR TXH WDPELpQ HV IXHQWH GH
YDORUHVFXOWXUDOHVPRVWUDQGRODVLGHQWLGDGHVUHJLRQDOHV5DPtUH]9DUJDV$OUHVSHFWR
HVSHFLDO UHOHYDQFLD PDQLILHVWD HO UHIUDQHUR GHQRPLQDGR SRU 6RULDQR 6DONMHOVYLN \ 0DUWtQH]
FRPRFiSVXODVFXOWXUDOHV'HKHFKRpVWDVLPSUHJQDQVLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWHDOJXQDVGH
QXHVWUDV SULQFLSDOHV REUDV OLWHUDULDV HVSHFLDOPHQWH OD OLWHUDWXUD FOiVLFD FDVWHOODQD DVt ORV
JUDQGHVHVFULWRUHVGHOVLJORGHRURH[SUHVDQHQVXVWH[WRVODVDELGXUtDSRSXODUSHM4XHYHGR
\HVSHFLDOPHQWH&HUYDQWHVHQHO4XLMRWH7UHQDGR'HiQ
E.Martnez Ibarra, J.Arias Garca, J.Gmez Zotano

3RU HOOR DO UHIUDQHUR VH OH KD RWRUJDGR XQ SDSHO GHVWDFDGR HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD /HQJXD
2ODHWD5XELR3HQDGpV0DUWtQH]OD/LWHUDWXUD0HGLQD3DGLOOD&RPEHW
%DUEDGLOORGHOD)XHQWH\2UWL]GH8UELQD6HYLOOD0XxR]OD
FXOWXUD6HUUDGLOOD&DVWDxRROD+LVWRULD9DOYHUGH
(QGHILQLWLYDFRPRDGYLHUWHQ6HYLOOD0XxR]\%DUEDGLOORGHOD)XHQWHHVQHFHVDULR
HQVHxDU UHIUDQHV D ODV QXHYDV JHQHUDFLRQHV &LHUWDPHQWH ORV UHIUDQHV IRUPDQ SDUWH GH OD
FRPSHWHQFLDVRFLROLQJtVWLFD\FXOWXUDO7UHQDGR'HiQ$GHPiVHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOD
FXOWXUD SRSXODU VH KD LQWURGXFLGR HQ HO PDUFR OHJLVODWLYR TXH UHJXOD HO DFWXDO VLVWHPD
HGXFDWLYRHQ(VSDxD%HOOLGR=DPEUDQR
3RUWRGRHOOR\GDGDODLQH[LVWHQFLDGHXQWUDEDMRHVSHFtILFRTXHDERUGHHOUHIUDQHURFRPRXQ
UHFXUVRGLGiFWLFRH[SOtFLWRHQODHQVHxDQ]DGHOWLHPSR\HOFOLPDVHSURSRQHXQHMHPSORGH
HOORSDUDHOGHQRPLQDGRFOLPDPHGLWHUUiQHRGHOD(VSDxDSHQLQVXODU
)8(17(6<0(72'2/2*$
/D E~VTXHGD ELEOLRJUiILFD KD FRQVWLWXLGR HO SXQWR GH SDUWLGD $O UHVSHFWR SDUD HO FDVR GH
(VSDxD SRGUtDPRV LQGLFDU TXH OD SULQFLSDO UHIHUHQFLD VREUH UHFRSLODFLyQ GH UHIUDQHV
PHWHRUROyJLFRVIXHUHDOL]DGDSRU6iQFKH](JHDHQ(QHVWHPLVPRSDtVSUREDEOHPHQWH
ODV SULQFLSDOHV REUDV TXH SRU XQ ODGR KDQ UHFRSLODGR OD WUDGLFLyQ RUDO VREUH FXHVWLRQHV
DWPRVIpULFDV\DGHPiVODKDQFODVLILFDGRHLQWHUSUHWDGRKDQVLGRODVHODERUDGDVSRU3XHQWH
\ EHGD 5DPyQ 0RUWH \ 0DUFRV 0DWDPRURV $VLPLVPR VH KDQ
FRQVLGHUDGRWUHVZHEVEiVLFDVSDUDSRGHUWUDEDMDUFRQUHIUDQHVHQHQVHxDQ]D(O5HIUDQHUR
0XOWLOLQJH GHO &HQWUR 9LUWXDO GH &HUYDQWHV KWWSFYFFHUYDQWHVHVOHQJXDUHIUDQHUR HO
5HIUDQDULR KWWSZZZUHIUDQDULRFRP \ 3DUHPLR5RP KWWSVWHOXEHGXSDUHPLR
URPHVS&$JLQDVFRQWHQLGRV
'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDPHWRGROyJLFRFDEHWHQHUSUHVHQWHTXHORVDXWRUHVPXHVWUDQXQEDJDMH
HQ HO FDPSR GH OD REVHUYDFLyQ PHWHRUROyJLFD UHIUHQGDGD HQ OD SXEOLFDFLyQ GH XQ WUDEDMR
0DUWtQH],EDUUD&XHVWLyQpVWDGHYLWDOLPSRUWDQFLDSDUDODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHOUHIUDQHUR
PHWHRUROyJLFR $GHPiV KDQ FRQVXOWDGR ODV REUDV EiVLFDV GH FOLPDWRORJtD GH OD SHQtQVXOD
,EpULFDFRPRSRUHMHPSOR&DSHO0ROLQD\)RQW7XOORW'HRWURODGRVHKDQ
H[DPLQDGR REUDV FOiVLFDV GH *HRJUDItD 5HJLRQDO \D TXH DOJXQDV WUDWDQ DVSHFWRV VREUH ODV
VRFLHGDGHVWUDGLFLRQDOHV(QHVWHVHQWLGRSDUDHOFDVRGHOiPELWRPHGLWHUUiQHRFDEHUHVDOWDU
OD GH &DQR*DUFtD 7DPELpQ H[LVWHQ REUDV ORFDOHV TXH VLUYHQ GH DSR\R SDUD
FRPSUHQGHU D ODV VRFLHGDGHV WUDGLFLRQDOHV 3RU HMHPSOR SDUD HO FDVR GHO 6( SHQLQVXODU
SRGHPRVFLWDU%D\RQD9LYHV*DUFtD*HDR1LHWR2MHGD
&RQVLGHUDQGR ODV IXHQWHV \ OD H[SHULHQFLD GH ORV DXWRUHV HQ OD WHPiWLFD GH HVWXGLR VH KD
DSOLFDGRODWpFQLFDGHDQiOLVLVGHFRQWHQLGRPDQXDOYHU3LxXHO5DLJDGDDJUXSDQGRORV
UHIUDQHV HQ GRV JUDQGHV OtQHDV WHPiWLFDV &OLPD PHGLWHUUiQHR SHQLQVXODU GRQGH VH
SUHVWDDWHQFLyQDORVUDVJRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVTXHFDUDFWHUL]DQDVXVHVWDFLRQHV\WDPELpQDVX
PDUFDGD LUUHJXODULGDG \ 8Q UHWR SDUD OD WUDGLFLyQ RUDO OD SUHGLFFLyQ PHGLDQWH OD
REVHUYDFLyQ
5($'((678',2
&RPRVHDOXGHHQHOWtWXORGHOWUDEDMRDTXtVHSUHVHQWDXQDSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFDSDUDHOFOLPD
PHGLWHUUiQHRGHODSHQtQVXOD,EpULFD(QHVWHVHQWLGRpVWDVHVLW~DHQWUHXQRV1 XQD

EDQGDFRQWHyULFRHTXLOLEULRHQHUJpWLFRYHU*DPR %DH]D%DUU\\&KRUOH\HV

GHFLU XQD HQFUXFLMDGD DWPRVIpULFD $Vt ORV PHFDQLVPRV GH FRPSHQVDFLyQ GHO EDODQFH
HQHUJpWLFRSODQHWDULRIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHOLJDGRVDOPRYLPLHQWRGHODVPDVDVGHDLUHFLIUDGRV
HQ XQ SRU %DUU\\ &KRUOH\ HQ RSHUDQ GH FRQVXPR HQ HVWH iPELWR DIHFWDQGR GH
PDQHUD FRQWLQXD D WUDYpV GH WUDQVIHUHQFLDV FiOLGDV KDFLD HO QRUWH PDVDV GH DLUH WURSLFDO \
IUtDVKDFLDHOVXUPDVDVGHDLUHSRODU\HQPHQRUPHGLGDiUWLFR
(Q GHILQLWLYD OD SHQtQVXOD ,EpULFD FRQVWLWX\H XQD ]RQD GH WUDQVLFLyQ HQWUH ODV ODWLWXGHV
WHPSODGDV \ ODV WURSLFDOHV VLWXiQGRVH SRU WDQWR HQ HO ERUGH PHULGLRQDO GH OD ODWLWXGHV
WHPSODGDV R VL VH TXLHUH HQ XQD SRVLFLyQ SHULIpULFD GH DIHFFLyQ PDUJLQDO UHVSHFWR D OD
FLUFXODFLyQ JHQHUDO GHO RHVWH (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD SRGUtDPRV VHxDODU WDO \ FRPR H[SXVR
=LPPHUVFKLHGHQTXHODSHQtQVXOD,EpULFDWLHQHXQWLHPSRGHYHUDQRVHFR\FDOXURVR
GRPLQDGRSRUODDOWDVXEWURSLFDOGHODV$]RUHV\RWURGHLQYLHUQRWHPSODGR\K~PHGREDMR
HO LQIOXMR GHO YyUWLFH FLUFXPSRODU VHJ~Q HO EDODQFHR HVWDFLRQDO GH ORV FHQWURV GH DFFLyQ
JXLDGRSRUHOPRYLPLHQWRDSDUHQWHGHO6RO
/DLQIOXHQFLDGHFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWRVJHRJUiILFRVGHJUDQHQYHUJDGXUDLQWURGXFHPDWL]DFLRQHV
HQ ODV ]RQDV FOLPiWLFDV JHQHUDQGR iUHDV R GRPLQLRV FOLPiWLFRV PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV D]RQDOHV
PRWLYDGDV SRU IDFWRUHV JHRJUiILFRV (Q OD ]RQD WHPSODGD HVWH KHFKR GHWHUPLQD OD
GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ GHO GRPLQLR FOLPiWLFR PHGLWHUUiQHR PDFURFOLPD SUHVHQWH HQ ODV IDFKDGDV
RFFLGHQWDOHVGHORVFRQWLQHQWHVHQHOERUGHPHULGLRQDOGHODFLUFXODFLyQJHQHUDOGHORHVWH3RU
HOORHVWHFOLPDWDPELpQVHFRQRFHFRPRFOLPDWHPSODGRFiOLGRGHODVFRVWDVRFFLGHQWDOHVYHU
0LOOHU
$WHQGLHQGR D ODV FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV GH /HURX[ GHEHPRV WHQHU HQ FXHQWD TXH HQWUH OD
]RQD WHPSODGD \ OD ]RQD WURSLFDO GHQWUR GH ODWLWXGHV VXEWURSLFDOHV WDQWR HQ HO +1
FRPR HQ HO +6 VH H[WLHQGHQ ORV FOLPDV GHQRPLQDGRV PHGLWHUUiQHRV (VWD GHQRPLQDFLyQ
UHVSRQGH DO OXJDU GRQGH VH GHILQLy HQ SULPHUD LQVWDQFLD /HURX[ 6XV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
IXHURQGHILQLGDVFRPRXQFOLPDFRQHVWDFLRQHVELHQGLIHUHQFLDGDVXQDIUHVFDHQUHDOLGDG
IUtD\OOXYLRVDHQLQYLHUQR\RWUDHVWDFLyQFiOLGDHQUHDOLGDGPX\FiOLGD\QROOXYLRVDHQ
UHDOLGDGVHFDHQYHUDQR/HURX[(OPHGLWHUUiQHRDVtGHILQLGRDSDUHFHHQODVUHJLRQHV
VXEWURSLFDOHV &DOLIRUQLD &KLOH &HQWUDO OD UHJLyQ GHO &DER HQ 6XGiIULFD $XVWUDOLD
PHULGLRQDO \ YHUWLHQWH $WOiQWLFD GH OD 3HQtQVXOD ,EpULFD \ 0DUUXHFRV /HURX[ 3RU
UD]RQHVKLVWyULFDVHYLGHQWHVHVWHWLSRGHFOLPDKDVLGRUHFRQRFLGRHQWRGRHOERUGHTXHOLQGD
FRQ HO PDU PHGLWHUUiQHR \ VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV KDQ VLGR DWULEXLGDV D UHJLRQHV VLWXDGDV ELHQ
OHMRVGHHVWHPDUHQODPHGLGDHQTXHODGLYLVLyQGHODxRHQHVWDFLRQHVLPSRQHVLPLOLWXGHV
FOLPiWLFDV LPSRUWDQWHV /HURX[ 3RU HOOR /HURX[ HV FUtWLFR FRQ OD GHQRPLQDFLyQ GH
FOLPD PHGLWHUUiQHR \ SUHILHUH OD FDOLILFDFLyQ GH FOLPD VXEWURSLFDO GH IDFKDGD RFFLGHQWDO GH
FRQWLQHQWH
2WUR IDFWRU TXH GHEHPRV WUDHU D FRODFLyQ SDUD ORV SDtVHV ULEHUHxRV GHO PHGLWHUUiQHR HV VX
SRVLFLyQ FRPR HQFUXFLMDGD HQWUH GRV FRQWLQHQWHV (XURDVLiWLFR \ $IULFDQR \ GRV PDUHV
$WOiQWLFR \ 0HGLWHUUiQHR (VWRV KHFKRV WUDVFLHQGHQ VREUHPDQHUD HQ HO FOLPD GH OD FXHQFD
PHGLWHUUiQHD\ODSHQtQVXOD,EpULFDDOPRGLILFDUODVPDVDVGHDLUHTXHFRQFXUUHQHQODFXHQFD
PHGLWHUUiQHD &DVWLOOR 5HTXHQD 6HJ~Q &DVWLOOR 5HTXHQD ODV DJXDV PDULQDV
$WOiQWLFDV \ 0HGLWHUUiQHDV HMHUFHUiQ ODV VLJXLHQWHV IXQFLRQHV GH WHUPRVWDWR \ GH
IXHQWH GH DOLPHQWDFLyQ KtGULFD $Vt WDQWR HQ YHUDQR FRPR LQYLHUQR ODV DJXDV DWOiQWLFDV \
PHGLWHUUiQHDVVXDYL]DQKDVWDFLHUWRSXQWRORVH[WUHPRVWpUPLFRVGHOFOLPD0LHQWUDVTXHHQ
LQYLHUQRIDYRUHFHQORVSURFHVRVGHLQHVWDELOL]DFLyQ\HQYHUDQRORVGHHVWDELOL]DFLyQ

$KRUD TXHGD SRU VXEUD\DU OD SDSHO FRQWLQHQWDO HMHUFLGR WDQWR SRU (XUDVLD FRPR IULFD (O
QRUWH GHO FRQWLQHQWH $IULFDQR SRU VX SUR[LPLGDG VX H[WHQVLyQ \ FRPSDFLGDG HMHUFH XQD
LQIOXHQFLDGLUHFWDVREUHHOFOLPDGHODSHQtQVXOD,EpULFDDWUDYpVGHODPDVDGHDLUHTXHDOOtVH
RULJLQDODWURSLFDOFRQWLQHQWDO8QDPDVDGHDLUHVHFD\VXDYHHQLQYLHUQR\PX\FiOLGDHQ
YHUDQR YDORUHV HQ VXSHUILFLH YHVSHUWLQRV SRU HQFLPD GH ORV & 6X SUR\HFFLyQ VH KDFH
QRWDUPX\HVSHFLDOPHQWHFXDQGRDFFHGHKDFLDOD3HQtQVXODDWUDYpVGHOQRUWHGH$UJHOLDRGH
0DUUXHFRVSRUHOFRUWRUHFRUULGRTXHODPLVPDUHDOL]DKDVWDOOHJDUDpVWD&DVWLOOR5HTXHQD
'LFKD PDQLIHVWDFLyQ HQ HO SHULRGR HVWLYDO TXHGD SDWHQWH HQ ODV EDMDV SUHVLRQHV TXH
VXHOHQ DSDUHFHU HQ HO QRUWH GH IULFD \ OD SHQtQVXOD ,EpULFD HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ VX PLWDG
PHULGLRQDO&DSHO0ROLQD
'H RWUR ODGR DSDUHFH HO FRQWLQHQWH (XURDVLiWLFR 6X LQIOXHQFLD PDVDV GH DLUH SRODU
FRQWLQHQWDOHLQFOXVRiUWLFDFRQWLQHQWDODXQTXHQRHVIUHFXHQWHUHFXpUGHVHTXHSDUDpVWDVVH
PDQLILHVWHQHQQXHVWURiPELWRVHUHTXLHUHQFLUFXODFLRQHVLQYHUVDVWUDVFLHQGHVREUHPDQHUDHQ
LQYLHUQR SXHV VX OOHJDGD WUDH FRQVLJR ODV RODV GH DLUH IUtR PiV LPSRUWDQWHV TXH DIHFWDQ D
(XURSDRFFLGHQWDOSRUHMHPSORODGHIHEUHURGH
35238(67$','&7,&$
&OLPDPHGLWHUUiQHR3HQLQVXODU
/DWUDQTXLOLGDGHVWLYDODULGH]WHPSHUDWXUDVHOHYDGDV\FDOPDV
(QYHUDQRHOFOLPDPHGLWHUUiQHRYLHQHFDUDFWHUL]DGR\VLQJXODUL]DGRUHVSHFWRGHOUHVWRGH
ORVFOLPDVPXQGLDOHVSRUODDULGH](QHOFDVRGHODSHQtQVXOD,EpULFDWDQWRFXDQWRPiVDOVXU
HQFDQWLGDGGHSUHFLSLWDFLRQHV\ORQJLWXGGHOSHULRGRVHFR$HVWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVHXQHQXQDV
WHPSHUDWXUDV HOHYDGDV \ XQD SUiFWLFD DXVHQFLDGH YLHQWRV IXHUWHVGH RULJHQ VLQySWLFR FRQ HO
SUHGRPLQLRGHOUpJLPHQGHORVYLHQWRVWpUPLFRVHQPXFKRVFDVRVGRPLQDGRVSRUODVEULVDV
<HIHFWLYDPHQWHDVtKDVLGRSHUFLELGRSRUODVJHQWHVGHOFDPSR\HOPDUHQRWURVFRQWH[WRV
KLVWyULFRV\VRFLRHFRQyPLFRV
5HIUDQHVUHSUHVHQWDWLYRVGHODVHTXtDHVWLYDORODHVFDVDLPSRUWDQFLDHQFDVRGHSURGXFLUVH
GHODVSUHFLSLWDFLRQHVGXUDQWHHVWHSHULRGRSXHGHQVHUORVVLJXLHQWHVPlutja destiu, coixera
de gos i plor de bagassa, no et fies massa R VX YDULDQWH FDVWHOODQD /OXYLD GH YHUDQR \
OiJULPDVGHSXWDVD~QQRVRQFDtGDVFXDQGRHVWiQHQMXWDVFRQVXPLGDVAmor dhome vell
i plutja destiu, no facis niuR(QMXOLRQRUPDOVHFRWRGRPDQDQWLDO
0X\ HORFXHQWHV UHVXOWDQ ODV VLJXLHQWHV UHIHUHQFLDV HQ DOXVLyQ D ORV FDORUHV HVWLYDOHV Juliol
juliat, tira la dona de costat(QMXOLREHEHU\VXGDU\HOIUHVFRHQEDOGHEXVFDU&DVWLOOD
QXHYH PHVHV GH LQYLHUQR \ WUHV GH LQILHUQR 7HPSHUDWXUDV HOHYDGDV TXH VH SUHVHQWDQ
HVSHFLDOPHQWHGXUDQWHHOSHULRGRFDQLFXODUWDO\FRPRUHIOHMDHOGLFKRCalor greu de Mare
de Deu GHMXOLRa Mare de Deu GHDJRVWRRVXYHUVLyQFDVWHOODQD 'H 9LUJHQD
9LUJHQHOFDORUDSULHWDILUPH/DUD]yQGHHVWHKHFKRUHVSRQGHDODHILFDFLDGHODUDGLDFLyQ
VRODUUHFLELGDSRUODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHGXUDQWHHOHVWtR\DODORQJLWXGGHORVGtDV(QYHUDQR
KD\GtDSDUDFDVDUHQYLXGDU\YROYHUDFDVDU1RREVWDQWHHVWDQRHVOD~QLFDFDXVDSXHVWR
TXHHOVROVWLFLRGHYHUDQRQRVHFRUUHVSRQGHFRQODpSRFDGHPD\RUHVFDORUHVVLQRTXHpVWDVH
UHWUDVD D OD VHJXQGD PLWDG GH MXOLR \ OD SULPHUD GH DJRVWR D SHVDU GHO DFRUWDPLHQWR GH ORV
GtDVSan Joan acurta GHMXQLRi el Xic allarga GHGLFLHPEUH\ODPHQRUUDGLDFLyQ
VRODUUHFLELGD3DUDODH[SOLFDFLyQGHHVWHGHVIDVHGHEHPRVFRQVLGHUDUTXHHOFDOHQWDPLHQWRGH


ODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHPDQLILHVWDXQFLHUWRUHWUDVRUHVSHFWRDOPi[LPRGHHQHUJtDVRODUUHFLELGD
LQHUFLDWpUPLFD
/DV FDOPDV WDPELpQ HVWLYDOHV \ HO UpJLPHQ GH EULVDV SUHGRPLQDQWHV GXUDQWH HVWD pSRFD
DVLPLVPR KDQ VLGR DSUHKHQGLGDV SRU OD VDELGXUtD SRSXODU $Vt UHVSHFWR D OD DXVHQFLD GH
WHPSRUDOHVGHYLHQWRGXUDQWHHVWHSHULRGRVHVHxDODSant Arnau GHMXOLRWDQFDel vent
amb clau3RUVXSDUWHODVUHIHUHQFLDVDOYLUD]yQGHWDOODQQRVyORVXHYROXFLyQKRUDULDVLQR
WDPELpQHOPRPHQWRGHPi[LPDLQWHQVLGDGWDO\FRPRORUHIOHMDQODVVLJXLHQWHVSDUHPLDVEl
vent de lleveig, vent jornaler Sala de mat y es gita a la nit(QHOYHUDQRHO6ROOOHYDDO
YLHQWRGHODPDQRQuan ixen els xiquets de lescola, el vent no els deixa jugarDOXGLHQGR
HQORVGRVSULPHURVFDVRVDOFLFORGLDULRGHODEULVDPLHQWUDVTXHHQHOWHUFHURVHLQGLFDTXHOD
Pi[LPD LQWHQVLGDG DOFDQ]DGD SRU pVWD VH SUHVHQWD GXUDQWH OD WDUGH FRPR HIHFWLYDPHQWH HV
SXHVWRTXHHVGXUDQWHHVWHSHULRGRFXDQGRVHDOFDQ]DQORVPi[LPRVJUDGLHQWHVWpUPLFRVHQ
GHILQLWLYD GH SUHVLyQ DWPRVIpULFD GLIHUHQFLDO HVWH TXH YLHQH D VHU HO PRWRU TXH PXHYH ORV
YLHQWRVGHFDUiFWHUORFDO
/DWUDQVLFLyQKDFLDHOLQYLHUQREUXVFDFDtGDGHWHPSHUDWXUDVODOOHJDGDGHODVOOXYLDV\
FRPRFRQWUDSXQWRHOYHUDQLOORGH6DQ0LJXHORGHO0HPEULOOR
(QFDPELRFRQHORWRxRVHLQLFLDXQSHULRGREUXVFRGHWUDQVLFLyQHQWUHHOHVWtR\HOYHUDQR
(VWH KHFKR WUDH FRQVLJR OD OOHJDGD GHO IUtR \ OD OOXYLD (Q UHODFLyQ DO SULPHU DVSHFWR PX\
UHYHODGRUHVUHVXOWDQ ORVVLJXLHQWHVSURYHUELRV A la merda el ventall, que lestiu sacabat
Loctubre octubret, samporta el calor i ens trau el fredJodies per lhorta, fes foc i tanca
la porta 1RYLHPEUH HV GHO HVWtR OD SXHUWD GHO IUtR 3RU WRGRV /RV 6DQWRV GH
QRYLHPEUH QLHYH HQ ORV DOWRV 3RU 6DQ (XJHQLR GH QRYLHPEUH SRQ ODV FDVWDxDV DO
IXHJRODOHxDHQHOKRJDU\ODVRYHMDVDHQFHUUDU
(QUHODFLyQFRQODVHJXQGDFXHVWLyQODOOHJDGDGHODVWDQGHVHDGDVOOXYLDVGHILQDOHVGHYHUDQR
\ RWRxR HVWDV ~OWLPDV HVHQFLDOHV SDUD TXH OD VLHPEUD GH FHUHDO JHUPLQH GHVWDFDQ ORV TXH D
FRQWLQXDFLyQVHHQXQFLDQ3HU6DQW%HUWRPHXGHDJRVWRHOTXHQRDFDEDDOHUDDLJXD
DPE HOO 2WRxDGD YHUGDGHUD SRU 6DQ 0DWHR GH VHSWLHPEUH ODV DJXDV SULPHUDV
UDPHOORUDQGR\PHVHJDUiVFDQWDQGR
%LHQHVFLHUWRTXHHVWDWUDQVLFLyQQRVHSURGXFHGHPDQHUDOLQHDORSHUIHFWDVLQRTXHHQWUDxD
FLHUWDLUUHJXODULGDGHVFRPRODVGHOYHUDQLOORGH6DQ0LJXHORGHO0HPEULOORWDO\FRPRPX\
ELHQKDVLGRUHFRJLGRSRUODWUDGLFLyQSRSXODUPel septiembre al fi de mes, calor s(OGtD
GH6DQ0LJXHOGHVHSWLHPEUHYHUDQLOORGH6DQ0LJXHOHOFDORUYXHOYHRWUDYH]$XQTXH
HOOR QR TXLHUH GHFLU TXH OD YXHOWD D DPELHQWHV UHODWLYDPHQWH FiOLGRV VH WHQJD TXH SURGXFLU
QHFHVDULDPHQWHDILQDOHVGHVHSWLHPEUH
(OLQYLHUQRSHULRGRIUtR\VHFR
7UDVHVWHSHULRGRGHWUDQVLFLyQOOHJDHOIUtRLQYHUQDOHQEDVHDODHVFDVDUDGLDFLyQUHFLELGDHQ
SDUWHSRUODVH[LJXDVKRUDVHQODVFXDOHVHO6ROOXFHGXUDQWHHVWDpSRFDWDO\FRPRVHxDODQORV
VLJXLHQWHV GLFKRV 'LHV GH 'HVHPEUH GLHV GDPDUJRU DPDQHL[ L MD WHQLQ Dot IRVFRU R VX
H[SUHVLyQ FDVWHOODQD 'tDV GH GLFLHPEUH GtDV GH DPDUJXUD DSHQDV DPDQHFH \D HV QRFKH
RVFXUDA la Epifania GHHQHURes veuen les estreles a migdia(O6ROGHHQHURVDOHWDUGH
\SyQHVHSUHVWR7DPELpQKD\TXHWHQHUHQFXHQWDODHVFDVDHILFDFLDGHODUDGLDFLyQUHFLELGD
GXUDQWHHVWDpSRFDSDUDH[SOLFDUODVEDMDVWHPSHUDWXUDVFRPRPX\ELHQH[SUHVDHOVLJXLHQWH
UHIUiQSol dhivern, amistat de gendre i amor de bagassa, no et fies massa
eSRFDHQODFXDOODVEDMDVWHPSHUDWXUDVDGHPiVVHYHQDFRPSDxDGDVSRUXQDPHUPDHQODV
OOXYLDVDOPHQRVHQSDUWHGHOD]RQDPHGLWHUUiQHDGHODSHQtQVXOD,EpULFDDVtSRUHMHPSORHQ

JUDQSDUWHGHODSURYLQFLDGH$OLFDQWHHOLQYLHUQRVHFRUUHVSRQGHFRQHOVHJXQGRSHULRGRPiV
VHFRGHODxR7UDVGLFLHPEUHQHEXORVRYLHQHHQHURSROYRURVR
/DSULPHUDGHVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVHOIUtRGDOXJDUDXQDSDUDGDYHJHWDWLYDWDO\FRPRVHxDOD
HO VLJXLHQWH UHIUiQ La terra sadorm en dessembre R VX YHUVLyQ HQ FDVWHOODQR (Q
GLFLHPEUH OD WLHUUD VH GXHUPH (Q RFDVLRQHV ORV EDMRV UHJLVWURV WpUPLFRV SXHGHQ OOHJDU D
PDQLIHVWDUVHGHIRUPDLQWHQVDLQFOXVRHQ]RQDVOODQDVGHLQWHULRUWDO\FRPRRFXUULyHQ
GH DKt HO GLFKR (QHUR KLHOD HO DJXD HQ HO SXFKHUR )HQyPHQRpVWH HO GH ODVKHODGDV TXH
DIHFWDUi ELHQ D ODV ]RQDV HOHYDGDV KHODGDV GH DGYHFFLyQ R SRU HO FRQWUDULR GHSULPLGDV
LQFOXVR SUy[LPDV D ODV FRVWDV WDO \ FRPR VH UHFRJH HQ XQ UHIUiQ GHO &DPSR GH $OLFDQWH
FRPDUFD FX\D FDEHFHUD HV $OLFDQWH (Q GtD GHVSHMDGR GHVGH 7DQJHO D %R[LFD HVFDUFKD
&RQWUDPXQWDQDGHVGH%R[LFDD0XW[DPLHOKHODGD
1R REVWDQWH HQ RFDVLRQHV UHFRUGHPRV OD SUR[LPLGDG GH OD SHQtQVXOD ,EpULFD DO FRQWLQHQWH
DIULFDQRHOLQYLHUQRSXHGH PRVWUDUVHEDVWDQWHVXDYH(OORSXHGHVXSRQHUXQDGHODQWRGHORV
FLFORV YHJHWDWLYRV WDO \ FRPR VXFHGLy HO LQYLHUQR VLWXDFLyQ TXH SXHGH SRQHU HQ
SHOLJURODVFRVHFKDVGener cremant, al dimoni porta en la panxa bufant2GLFKRGHRWUR
PRGR(OEXHQHQHURIUtR\VHFR
'H RWUR ODGR ORV HVWDGRV DWPRVIpULFRV OLPSLRV OLJDGRV D OD SUHVHQFLD GHO DLUH IUtR \ VHFR
GXUDQWHHVWHSHULRGRGHWHUPLQDTXHHQRFDVLRQHVORVDVWURVVHPXHVWUHQFRQHVSHFLDOQLWLGH]
(QHVWHVHQWLGRPX\H[SUHVLYRVUHVXOWDQORVGLFKRVNo hi ha lluna com la de gener, ni tal
amor con el primerHQFDVWHOODQRVHGLFH1RKD\OXQDFRPRODGHHQHURQLDPRUFRPRHO
SULPHUR3HGURVD HVWXGLD HVWH WHPDGHOD WUDGLFLyQRUDO HVWRHVODOXQDGHHQHUR\HO DPRU
SULPHURHQXQWUDEDMRGH
/D WUDQVLFLyQ KDFLD HO HVWtR DVFHQVR PRGHUDGR GH WHPSHUDWXUDV \ DEXQGDQFLD GH GtDV
OOXYLRVRVHQXQHVFHQDULRGHIXHUWHYDULDELOLGDG
/D UHPRQWDGD KDFLD HO YHUDQR HV PiV PRGHUDGD TXH HO GHFOLYH WpUPLFR TXH VH SURGXFH GHO
YHUDQR DO RWRxR KHFKR TXH GHWHUPLQD OD SHUPDQHQFLD GH DOJXQRV GH ORV UDVJRV LQYHUQDOHV
GXUDQWHHVWDpSRFDSULPDYHUDOGHDKtORVGLFKRV0DU]RPDUFHURSRUODVPDxDQDVURVWURGH
SHUUR\SRUODVWDUGHVYDOLHQWHPDQFHERFDEDOOHURVRFill meu: si vols viure b, guarda pa
per a maig i llenya per abril'HKHFKRD~QDILQDOHVGHPD\R\SULQFLSLRVGHMXQLRSXHGH
VRUSUHQGHUDODSREODFLyQODLQYDVLyQGHDLUHIUtR+DVWDHOFXDUHQWDGHPD\RQRWHTXLWHVHO
VD\R
/DV OOXYLDV D~Q VLHQGR IUHFXHQWHV QR VHUiQ FXDQWLRVDV /D REVHUYDFLyQ VHFXODU GH FDUiFWHU
VHFXHQFLDO KD VLGR FDSD] GH SHUFLELU HVD VXWLOH]D Plors de viuda i aguades dabril, no
omplirn barril(QDEULODJXDVPLO\WRGDVFDEHQHQXQEDUULO(QHVWHRWURVHPDQLILHVWD
GH IRUPD H[SOtFLWD 0HV GH DEULO DJXD SRFD \ OOXYLDV PLO &RQ WRGR ODV SUHFLSLWDFLRQHV
SULPDYHUDOHV HQWUDxDQ XQ YDORU LQFDOFXODEOH SDUH HO GHVDUUROOR GH ORV FXOWLYRV WUDGLFLRQDOHV
SRUHOORORVGLFKRVQue ploga per labril i maig, encara que no ploga tot el anyPlutja de
maig el graner de blat omplirsRHODUFKLFRQRFLGR&RPRDJXDGHPD\R
'H RWUR ODGR OD YDULDELOLGDG FOLPiWLFD PHGLWHUUiQHD VH DFHQW~D PiV D~Q VL FDEH HQ
SULPDYHUD/DWUDGLFLyQSRSXODUUHFRJHWDPELpQHVWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDFOLPiWLFDSULPDYHUDOHQVX
FDWiORJRGHSURYHUELRV0DU]RPDU]XHORXQGtDPDOR\RWUREXHQR0DU]RWUHLQWD\XQGtD
WLHQH\WUHVFLHQWRVSDUHFHUHV0DU]RYDUtDVLHWHYHFHVDOGtD

/DSHVDGLOODPHGLWHUUiQHDVXHOHYDGDLUUHJXODULGDGVHTXtDVYHUVXVLQXQGDFLRQHV
$ODHVFDVH]GHDJXDTXHVXHOHLPSRQHUHOFOLPDPHGLWHUUiQHRVHXQHXQIXHUWHFRPSRQHQWH
DJUDYDQWHHVRHVHOVLJQLILFDWLYRFRQWUDVWHGHVXVDPELHQWHVDWPRVIpULFRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQ
ODFRVWDHVWHGHODSHQtQVXOD,EpULFD
3RUXQODGRVHSUHVHQWDXQFOLPDHQHOTXHFRQYLYHQDODYH]SHULRGRVVHFRVFRPRDOXGHQORV
VLJXLHQWHVUHIUDQHV1RKD\DxRPDORSRUSLHGUD\VLSRUVHTXtDRSi no plora el cel no riu
la terra FRQ SHULRGRV K~PHGRV WDO \ FRPR VH LQGLFD HQ HO GLFKR Molta aigua a
lotonyada, poc blat y menys cevadaODPiVGHODVYHFHVPDUFDGRVSRUYLROHQWRVDJXDFHURV
GH DKt ORV UHIUDQHV 2FWXEUH HV PHV GH KLVWRULDV TXH GHMD PDODV PHPRULDV 6DQWD 7HUHVD
GHRFWXEUHOOHQDODVSUHVDV(QHVWH~OWLPRFDVRUHFXpUGHVHODULDGDFDWDVWUyILFDGH6DQWD
7HUHVDHQHOUtR6HJXUDHQ
/D DVRFLDFLyQ GH DPEDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SHULRGRV VHFRVOOXYLDV WRUUHQFLDOHV VH PXHVWUD GH
IRUPD YHUGDGHUDPHQWH H[SOtFLWD HQ ORV VLJXLHQWHV SURYHUELRV En Alacant plou poc, per
quan plou, plou prou6HSWLHPEUHVHWLHPEOHROOHYDORVSXHQWHVRVHFDODVIXHQWHVVora
de riu no facis niu, i si el fa fes-lo a lestiu
/DSHVDGLOODPHGLWHUUiQHDVXHOHYDGDLUUHJXODULGDGWLHPSRIUtRYHUVXVWLHPSRVXDYH
'H RWUR ODGR FDEH VHxDODU TXH HO PtWLFR DPELHQWH WLELR GHO FOLPD PHGLWHUUiQHR HV
LQWHUUXPSLGR SRU HVSRUiGLFRV HSLVRGLRV GH WLHPSR DQRUPDOPHQWH IUtR R FiOLGR /D
LQRSRUWXQLGDG GH XQR SHULRGRV VXDYHV SDUD OD pSRFD R GH RWUR VHFXHQFLDV DQRUPDOPHQWH
IUtDV SXHGHQ UHVXOWDU IDWDOHV SDUD OD DJULFXOWXUD WDO \ FRPR KD VLGR GHQXQFLDGR SRU HO
UHIUDQHURSRSXODUQuan lestiu s hivern i lhivern estiu, mai es bon any(QHURVHUi
EDQGROHURVLHVYHUDQHUR(QHQHURIORUHVHQPD\RGRORUHV(QHURFDOLHQWHHOGLDEORWUDH
HQ HO YLHQWUH $UEROLWRV TXH HVWiLV HQ IORU OLEUDRV GH ORV EUXVFRV GH OD (QFDUQDFLyQ (Q
GHILQLWLYD Deu ens lliure de freds tardans, de frares y capellns )LJXUD (VWD
LUUHJXODULGDG SXHGH VHU KR\ HQ GtD HQ GHWHUPLQDGRV FDVRV D~Q PiV SHUMXGLFLDO SRU OD
VXVWLWXFLyQ GH ORV FXOWLYRV WUDGLFLRQDOHV PHMRU DGDSWDGRV D ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GHO FOLPD
PHGLWHUUiQHR SRU RWURV WURSLFDOHV FKLULPR\RV DJXDFDWHV PDQJRV HWF R GH YRFDFLyQ
FiOLGDFRPRODVKRUWDOL]DVTXHVHVLHPEUDQIXHUDGHWHPSRUDGD
)LJXUD3RWHQWHHQWUDGDGHDLUHIUtRWDUGtDGHPDU]RGH)LQHVWUDW$OLFDQWH
8QUHWRSDUDODWUDGLFLyQRUDOODSUHGLFFLyQPHGLDQWHODREVHUYDFLyQ
/D H[SHULHQFLD PLOHQDULD DFXPXODGD HQ OD WUDGLFLyQ SRSXODU YHU 0LHGHU VH KD
HQIUHQWDGRGHVGHVXVRUtJHQHVDOUHWRGHSUHGHFLUHOWLHPSRPHWHRUROyJLFRSXHVWRTXHGH

HVWH ~OWLPR GHSHQGtD OD VXSHUYLYHQFLD GH ODV VRFLHGDGHV WUDGLFLRQDOHV (Q HVWH FRQWH[WR OD
HVWDELOLGDG DWPRVIpULFD HO EXHQ WLHPSR WDO \ FRPR VH VXHOH HQWHQGHU KR\ HQ GtD VL VH
PRVWUDEDGHPDQHUDGXUDGHUDVXSRQtDVHUtDVGLILFXOWDGHVGHDKtVXSUHRFXSDFLyQSRUSUHYHUOD
LQHVWDELOLGDG DWPRVIpULFD HO PDO WLHPSR HQ OD SHUFHSFLyQ DFWXDO $Vt SXHV SDUD ODV
VRFLHGDGHV WUDGLFLRQDOHV GH OD ]RQD PHGLWHUUiQHD OD OOXYLD HUD FRQVLGHUDGD GH IRUPD
GLDPHWUDOPHQWHRSXHVWDDOVHQWLUJHQHUDOL]DGRGHODDFWXDOLGDG&LHUWDPHQWHSRUDVtGHFLUOROD
OOXYLD FRQVWLWXtD XQ UHJDOR GHO FLHOR DXQTXH QR HQ H[FHVR R D GHVWLHPSR $JXD SRU 6DQ
-XDQTXLWDYLQR\QRGDSDQ\SRU6DQWD5LWDWRGRORTXLWDYHU%ODQFR*DUFtD
'HHVWDIRUPDODREVHUYDFLyQGHODQXERVLGDGRHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRDQLPDOQRHUDXQILQHQVL
PLVPRVLQRHOYHKtFXORSDUDGLDJQRVWLFDUHOHVWDGRGHOWLHPSR\VXSRVLEOHHYROXFLyQSDUDDVt
SRGHUHVWDEOHFHUODSURJQRVLVPHWHRUROyJLFD
(VWDELOLGDGDWPRVIpULFD
/D SUHVHQFLD GH DPELHQWHV QHEOLQRVRV SRU OD PDxDQD HV VtQWRPD GH HVWDELOLGDG DWPRVIpULFD
SXHVWRTXHORVDQWLFLFORQHVLQYHUQDOHVVHVXHOHQDVRFLDUDHVWRVHVWDGRVGHWLHPSR(VWHKHFKR
KDVLGRUHFRJLGRHQODWUDGLFLyQSRSXODUGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUDMat de boira, vesprada de
sol Alba emboirada, sol de vesprada %RLUD TXH DPDQHFH OHYDQWD \ QR DJDUUD EXHQ
WLHPSRTXHQRIDOOD)LJXUD$VtVLVXPDQLIHVWDFLyQHVFRQWLQXDGDVHHQXQFLD$xRGH
QLHEODVDxRGHPLHUGD
)LJXUD1LHEODGHDGYHFFLyQPDWXWLQDStratusVREUHODFRPDUFDGHODMarina Baixa $OLFDQWH
'HO PLVPR PRGR HO URFtR R OD YDULDQWH VyOLGD GH HVWH KLGURPHWHRUR OD HVFDUFKD LPSOLFD
QRFKHV UDVDV \ SRU WDQWR WDPELpQ EXHQ WLHPSR 3RU HOOR VH GLFH 0DxDQLWD GH HVFDUFKD
WDUGHGHSDVHR
)LJXUD$UFRLULVDOOHYDQWHFRQStratocumulus opacus praecipitatio%HQLGRUPGHRFWXEUHGH

/DSUHVHQFLDGHODUFRtULVSRUODWDUGHHQOD]RQDWHPSODGDSRUORJHQHUDOLQGLFDTXHODOOXYLD
HQOXJDUGHDSUR[LPDUVHVHDOHMD$UFRDOOHYDQWHHODJXDSRUGHODQWH$UFRtULVDOOHYDQWH
QR WLHQH HVSDQWH )LJXUD (OOR VH GHEH D TXH HQ QXHVWUDV ODWLWXGHV ODV SHUWXUEDFLRQHV
DWPRVIpULFDV SRU HQGH OD QRERVLGDG \ SUHFLSLWDFLyQ DVRFLDGD QRUPDOPHQWH VXIUHQ XQ
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHRHVWHDHVWH
2WURLQGLFLRTXHSXHGHLQGLFDUODOOHJDGDGHODHVWDELOLGDGHVODDSDULFLyQGHQLHEODGXUDQWHXQ
HSLVRGLROOXYLRVRSi plovent la boira apareix, la ploguda va i decreixR'HVSXpVGHOOXYLD
QHEOLQDKDFLDEXHQWLHPSRFDPLQD(IHFWLYDPHQWHFXDQGRODOOXYLDFRPLHQ]DDHVFDPSDUHV
IUHFXHQWHODIRUPDFLyQGHEUXPDV\QLHEODV)LJXUD
)LJXUD7tSLFDIRUPDFLyQGHHVWUDWRVHQHVWHFDVRStratus fractusDOILQDOGHXQHSLVRGLRGHOOXYLDVTrbena

$OLFDQWHGHRFWXEUHGH
,QHVWDELOLGDGDWPRVIpULFD
(QODSHQtQVXOD,EpULFDORVYLHQWRVGHORHVWHVRQORVTXHVXHOHQGHMDUSUHFLSLWDFLRQHVVDOYRHQ
ODPD\RUSDUWHGHODVFXHQFDVTXHGUHQDQKDFLDHO0HGLWHUUiQHRGRQGHVRQORVGHOHYDQWH3RU
WDQWRODGLUHFFLyQGHOYLHQWRHVIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDSURQRVWLFDUHOWLHPSRDWPRVIpULFR(VWRKD
VLGRPX\ELHQUHFRJLGRSRUODWUDGLFLyQSRSXODU$VtSDUDHOFDVRGHODSURYLQFLDGH$OLFDQWH
GRQGH HO OHYDQWH HV HO YLHQWR GH OD OOXYLD VH GLFH Por levante la inundacin, hace en
octubre su aparicinVent de llevant, aigua per davantLlevant per la matinada prepara
la caputxinada Del llevant o del lleveig aigua veig Gregal, aigua pel canal (Q
FDPELRFXDQGRVRSODQYLHQWRVGHFRPSRQHQWHRHVWHVHDGYLHUWHEl mestral agrana el cel, o
es la granera del cel/RTXHHQWUHVGtDVPRMDHOOHYDQWHHQXQDKRUDORVHFDHOSRQLHQWH
El llevant la porta, i el ponent se lemporta(QGHILQLWLYDAny de ponent, any dolent(Q
FDPELR HQ OD YHUWLHQWH DWOiQWLFD GH OD SHQtQVXOD ,EpULFD VH GLFH /DV QXEHV HO VRODQR HO
OHYDQWH ODV PXHYH \ HO iEUHJR YLHQWR GHO 6: ODV OOXHYH 7RGR HOOR UHIOHMD HO IHQyPHQR
FRQRFLGRFRPRHIHFWRI|KQ)LJXUD
)LJXUD0XURGHIRHKQStratocumulus opacusFRQURWRUHVYLVWRGHVGH%HQLGRUPGHRFWXEUHGH

'DGR TXH HQ ODV ODWLWXGHV PHGLDV VXHOH KDEHU XQD VHFXHQFLD GH QXERVLGDG DVRFLDGD D OD
DSUR[LPDFLyQGHODVERUUDVFDVGHHVWUXFWXUDIURQWDOODH[SHULHQFLDDSDUWLUGHODREVHUYDFLyQ
KD SHUPLWLGR SURQRVWLFDU FRQ PD\RU R PHQRU DFLHUWR OD DSUR[LPDFLyQ GH XQD SHUWXUEDFLyQ
(QHVWHVHQWLGRHQSULPHUOXJDUVHVXHOHQREVHUYDUQXEHVGHWLSRDOWRGHDVSHFWRILEURVRR
VHGRVRDPRGRGHGpELOHVSLQFHODGDVVREUHODEyYHGDFHOHVWH6LHVWDVVHREVHUYDQSRUODWDUGH
R SULPHUDVKRUDVGHODMRUQDGDGDQOXJDUDFLHORVURML]RVDUUHEROHV(VWHWLSRGHFLHORVSXHGH
VHU LQGLFDWLYR GH OD DSUR[LPDFLyQ GH XQ IUHQWH GHVGH HO $WOiQWLFR 3RU HOOR VH GLFH Nuvols
roigs, vent de ponentR$UUHEROHVHQODPDxDQDHQHOGtDYLHQWR\DJXD
(Q HVWD SULPHUD IDVH GH DSUR[LPDFLyQ GH XQD ERUUDVFD WDPELpQ DSDUHFHQ FLHUWRV IHQyPHQRV
ySWLFRV IDOVRV VROHV \ KDORV $ HVWH UHVSHFWR HO UHIUDQHUR UHIOHMD (O UROGH GH 6RO KDOR
PRMD DO SDVWRU $ PHGLGD TXH OD GHSUHVLyQ VH DSUR[LPD ODV QXEHV JDQDQ HVSHVRU \
DSDUHFHQ ORV DOWRF~PXORV 3RU HOOR \D FRQ PD\RU JUDGR GH FHUWH]D VH HQXQFLD Cels amb
borreguets, aigua a canterets R %RUUHJXLWRV HQ HO FLHOR FKDUTXLWRV HQ HO VXHOR 3RU OD
QRFKHHVIiFLOREVHUYDUXQDFRURQD/XQDULuna amb corona aigua donaLuna coronada,
campia mojada0D\RUHVLQGLFLRVGHWHUPLQDODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDUFRtULVPDWXWLQRArc per
la matinada, per la vesprada caputxinaR$UFRLULVDOSRQLHQWHFRJHORVDSHURV\YHQWH
1RVHQFRQWUDPRV\DHQODSDUWHPiVDFWLYDGHODERUUDVFD$SDUHFHQDVtORVWtSLFRVFLHORVGH
SDQ]DGHEXUUDCel de panxa de burra, plutja seguraRHQFDVWHOODQR&LHORVGHSDQ]DGH
EXUUDDJXDVHJXUD
/D SUHVHQFLD GH QXERVLGDG RURJUiILFD KD VLGR XQD UHIHUHQFLD PiV TXH UHFXUUHQWH HQ WRGR HO
VRODUSHQLQVXODUSDUDSURQRVWLFDUODSUHFLSLWDFLyQQuan Ifac SHxyQGH,IDFK$OLFDQWHlleva
gorita, agua segurita6L&DUUDVFR\VLHUUDGH&DUUDVFR\0XUFLDVHSRQHODPRQWHUDDJXD
YHUiV6LHO5ROGiQ&DUWDJHQD0XUFLDWLHQHPRQWHUDDJXDVHHVSHUD(VWHSUHOXGLRVHUYtD
SDUDFRQGLFLRQDUORVTXHKDFHUHVFRWLGLDQRVQuan Puig Campana $OLFDQWHt capell, pica
espart i fes cordell3HGURVD%DUWRORPpUHDOL]yXQHVWXGLRGHSDUHPLRORJtDFRPSDUDGD
VREUH HVWD WHPiWLFD 1R REVWDQWH FRQYLHQH DGYHUWLU TXH QR VLHPSUH TXH DSDUHFH QXERVLGDG
RURJUiILFDHVVHxDOGHSUHFLSLWDFLyQYHUWLFDOSXHVpVWDVHSXHGHGHVDUUROODUHQFRQGLFLRQHVGH
HVWDELOLGDG DWPRVIpULFD YHU 0DUWtQH] ,EDUUD \ R FXDQGR OOHJD OD FDOPD WUDV XQ
HSLVRGLRGHSUHFLSLWDFLyQVHQGRVHMHPSORVDSDUHFHQHQODILJXUD3RUHOORHQHOUHIUDQHUR
VH DGYLHUWH Cabe &DEHoR G2U $OLFDQWH coronat i amb nvols, als tres des sec o
banyatR&XDQGRODVLHUUD6LHUUDGH%D]D*UDQDGDWLHQHFDSD\HOFHUURFHUUR-DEDOFyQ
*UDQDGDPRQWHUDRYDOORYHUPXFKRRQRYDDFDHUQLJRWD
)LJXUDPenyal dIfach \Puig Campana FRQFDSXFKD&DOSH$OLFDQWHGHPD\RGH\9LOODMR\RVD

$OLFDQWHGHHQHURGHUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH

$GHPiVGHODQXERVLGDGH[LVWHQRWURWLSRGHLQGLFLRVTXHSXHGHQSUHOXGLDUHOWHPSRUDOFRPR
ODDSDULFLyQGHFKDUFRVHQODRULOODGHODSOD\DQuan la mar fa bassetes, amunt barquetesR
HOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRDQyPDORGHORVDQLPDOHVGavines per lhorta, fes foc i tanca la porta
HQFDVWHOODQR*DYLRWDVHQHOKXHUWRWHPSRUDOHQHOSXHUWRR*DOOLQDTXHHVFDUEDJDOORTXH
FDQWDJDQVRTXHJUD]QDEDUUXQWRVGHDJXD&RQWRGR\KDTXHGDGRPX\ELHQUHIOHMDGRHQOD
WUDGLFLyQRUDOODSUHGLFFLyQPHWHRUROyJLFDHVKDUWRFRPSOHMDGHDKtORVGLFKRVEl prometre
es nvol, el donar es plutjaR1RKD\VHxDOGHDJXDPiVFHUWHUDTXHRtUFDHUJRWHUDV
&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
/RVUHIUDQHVFRQVWLWX\HQXQDPDQLIHVWDFLyQOLQJtVWLFDFRQP~OWLSOHVYDORUHVPX\~WLOHVSDUD
OD HQVHxDQ]D D WRGRV ORV QLYHOHV 6HYLOOD 0XxR] \ %DUEDGLOOR GH OD )XHQWH 7UHQDGR
'HiQLQFOXVRSDUDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ6HYLOOD0XxR]\%DUEDGLOORGHOD)XHQWH
&LHUWDPHQWHORVUHIUDQHVVRQXQUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFRSDUDODIRUPDFLyQGHODFRPSHWHQFLDOp[LFR
VHPiQWLFD\FXOWXUDO7UHQDGR'HiQ
$GHPiVHQORVSURYHUELRVDSDUHFHQFRQWHQLGRVFRQFHSWXDOHVDFWLWXGLQDOHV\WUDQVYHUVDOHV\
PDQLILHVWDQ XQ JUDQ SRWHQFLDO SDUD ORV SURFHGLPHQWDOHV $VLPLVPR FRPR LQGLFD )HUQiQGH]
3HVTXHUD SHUPLWHQ TXH WUDEDMHPRV OD LQWHUFXOWXUDOLGDGOD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ DFWLYD GH ORV
DOXPQRV\SXHGHQVHUXQDIXHQWHGHPRWLYDFLyQSDUDpVWRV
$VLPLVPR VX XVR HQ HO DXOD SXHGH IDYRUHFHU OD UHODFLyQ FRQFRPLWDQWH DOXPQRSURIHVRU \
FRPR LQGLFD 0ROLQD 6DQJHVD ORV UHIUDQHV SHUPLWHQ DO SURIHVRU WUDEDMDU GH IRUPD
HFOpFWLFDFRQORVDOXPQRV
(Q UHODFLyQ FRQ HO WLHPSR \ HO FOLPD WDO \ FRPR VH KD FRPSUREDGR HQ HO SUHVHQWH WUDEDMR
SUHVHQWDQXQSRWHQFLDOHYLGHQWHHQHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHDGDSWDEOHDGLYHUVRV
QLYHOHVHGXFDWLYRV
%,%/,2*5$)$
%DUEDGLOORGHOD)XHQWH07/RVUHIUDQHVHQODREUDGHGRQ-XDQ9DOHUDParemia
SS >(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZSDUHPLDRUJZSFRQWHQWXSORDGV3
SGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRMXOLR@
%DUEDGLOORGHOD)XHQWH075HIUDQHVVHQWHQFLDV\ORFXFLRQHVHQODREUDFDVWHOODQD
GH)UD\/XLVGH*UDQDGDParemiaSS>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSZZZSDUHPLDRUJZSFRQWHQWXSORDGV3SGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRMXOLR@
%DUU\5*\&KRUOH\5-Atmsfera, tiempo y clima%DUFHORQD2PHJD
%DUU\5*\&KRUOH\5-Atmsfera, tiempo y clima%DUFHORQD2PHJD
%D\RQD9LYHV-Benidormeries%HQLGRUP$MXQWDPHQWGH%HQLGRUP
%HOOLGR =DPEUDQR -- /D WUDGLFLyQ RUDO HQ OD GH LQIDQWLO Revista de Innovacin y
Experiencias Educativas SS >(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZFVL
FVLIHVDQGDOXFLDPRGXOHVPRGBHQVHUHYLVWDSGI1XPHURB-(521,02-26(B%(//,'
2BSGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRMXOLR@
%ODQFR*DUFtD0GHO3/DOOXYLDHQORVGLFWRQVSURYHQ]DOHVParemiaSS
>(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ

KWWSFYFFHUYDQWHVHVOHQJXDSDUHPLDSGIBEODQFRSGI! >OWLPR DFFHVR MXOLR

@
&DQR *DUFtD *0 La comarca de Baza. Estudio de Geografa Humana 9DOqQFLD
8QLYHUVLWDWGH9DOqQFLD
&DQWHUD2UWL]GH8UELQD-5HIUDQHV\VHQWHQFLDVHQODOLWHUDWXUDPHGLHYDOHVSDxROD
Paremia SS >(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSFYFFHUYDQWHVHVOHQJXDSDUHPLDSGIBFDQWHUDSGI! >OWLPR DFFHVR MXOLR
@
&DSHO 0ROLQD -- $YDQFHV VREUH ODV LQYDVLRQHV GH DLUH FiOLGR HQ OD SHQtQVXOD
,EpULFDCuadernos GeogrficosSS>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSVGLDOQHWXQLULRMDHVGHVFDUJDDUWLFXORSGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRMXOLR@
&DSHO0ROLQD--El clima de la Pennsula Ibrica%DUFHORQD$ULHO
&DVWLOOR 5HTXHQD -0 El clima de Andaluca $OPHUtD ,QVWLWXWR GH (VWXGLRV
$OPHULHQVHV
&RPEHW / /RV UHIUDQHV HQ OD OLWHUDWXUD Euskera SS >(Q OtQHD@
'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZHXVNDOW]DLQGLDHXVGRNHXVNHUDSGI! >OWLPR DFFHVR
MXOLR@
)HUQiQGH]3HVTXHUD&(OXVRGHUHIUDQHVHQODHQVHxDQ]DGHHVSDxRODLQPLJUDQWHV
HQ % %OHFXD 6 %RUHOO % &URXV ) 6LHUUD HGV Plurilingismo y enseanza de ELE en
contextos multiculturales *LURQD $VRFLDFLyQ SDUD OD (QVHxDQ]D GHO (VSDxRO FRPR /HQJXD
([WUDQMHUDSS
)RQW 7XOORW , Climatologa de Espaa y Portugal 6DODPDQFD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH
6DODPDQFD
*DPR%DH]D$/D$WPyVIHUDFRPRPiTXLQDWpUPLFDFDOHQWDPLHQWR\HQIULDPLHQWR
UDGLDWLYRHQPrimeras Jornadas sobre el medio natural y la enseanza de la meteorologa
0DGULG,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH0HWHRURORJtD
*DUFtD)XVWHU $ /D SHUFHSFLy DYXL HQ GLD GXQ IHQRPHQ OLQJtVWLF DWHPSRUDO HO
UHIUDQ\ParemiaSS>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSFYFFHUYDQWHVHVOHQJXDSDUHPLDSGIBJDUFLDSGI! >OWLPR DFFHVR MXOLR
@
*DUFtD*HD-Chirivel, Cllar, Oria y Los Vlez: una mirada al pasado$OPHUtD(G
HODXWRU
0DUFRV 0DWDPRURV 5 El cel y el temps en la cultura popular. Dites, noms i
expressions a les Terres de lEbre7DUUDJRQD/$JXDOODGH&XOWXUD3RSXODU
0DUWtQH] ,EDUUD ( $SRUWDFLRQHV SDUD HO DQiOLVLV GH XQ FOLPD ORFDO YDULDFLyQ
HVWDFLRQDOGHORVHVWDGRVGHOFLHORHQ%HQLGRUPInvestigaciones geogrficasSS
>(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSVUXDXDHVGVSDFHELWVWUHDP0DUWLQH],EDUUD
$SRUWDFLRQHVSDUDHODQDOLVLVSGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRMXOLR@
0DUWtQH] ,EDUUD ( 7LSRV GH WLHPSR HQ OD SURYLQFLD GH $OLFDQWH HQ 3 *LPpQH]
)RQW-$0DUFR0ROLQD(0DWDUUHGRQD&ROO$3DGLOOD%ODQFR$6iQFKH]3DUGRFRRUGV


Geografa Fsica y medio ambiente: Gua de Campo de las XXI Jornadas de Geografa
Fsica$OLFDQWH8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWH\,QVWLWXWR8QLYHUVLWDULRGH*HRJUDItDSS
0DUWtQH],EDUUD(/DWUDGLFLyQRUDOFOLPD\SUHGLFFLyQPHWHRUROyJLFDHQOD0DULQD
%DL[DHQ$(VSLQRVD5Xt]\-0*DUFtD/HyQFRRUGVActes de les Segones Jornades de
Patrimoni natural i cultural de la Marina Baixa. Patrimoni, Agua i Clima a la Marina
Baixa9LOODMR\RVD3XEOLFDFLyQVGHO0XVHXGHOD9LODSS
0HGLQD 3DGLOOD $ /D WUDGLFLyQ RUDO FRPR YHKtFXOR OLWHUDULR LQIDQWLO 6XV YDORUHV
HGXFDWLYRVHQ3&HULOOR\-*DUFtD3DGULQRFRRUGVLiteratura infantil&XHQFD6HUYLFLRGH
3XEOLFDFLRQHVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKDSS
0LHGHU : /RV UHIUDQHV PHWHRUROyJLFRV Paremia SS >(Q OtQHD@
'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSFYFFHUYDQWHVHVOHQJXDSDUHPLDSGIBPLHGHUSGI! >OWLPR
DFFHVRMXOLR@
0LOOHU$$Climatologa%DUFHORQD2PHJD
0ROLQD 6DQJHVD , Saber refranes, poco cuesta y mucho vale 6DODPDQFD
8QLYHUVLGDGGH6DODPDQFD
1LHWR2MHGD5 Toponimia y etnografa serranas. Comarca Sierra de Cazorla-DpQ
(GHODXWRU
/HURX[ 0 /HV FOLPDWV VXEWURSLFDX[ GLWV PHGLWHUUDQpHQV HW OHV FOLPDWV GH OD
0pGLWHUUDQpHLInformation GographiqueSS
2ODHWD 5XELR5/DVSDUHPLDVXQUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFRSDUDOD HQVHxDQ]DGHOD OHQJXD
HVSDxRODParemiaSS>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQKWWSZZZSDUHPLDRUJZS
FRQWHQWXSORDGV3SGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRMXOLR@
3HGURVD %DUWRORPp - 0 (O JRUUR GH 0RQWHMXUUD XQ HVWXGLR GH SDUHPLRORJtD
FRPSDUDGDCuadernos de Etnologa y Etnografa de NavarraSS>(QOtQHD@
'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSVGLDOQHWXQLULRMDHVGHVFDUJDDUWLFXORSGI! >OWLPR DFFHVR
MXOLR@
3HGURVD-0/DOXQDGHHQHUR\HODPRUSULPHURUHIUDQHVFDQFLRQHVFUHHQFLDV
FYFFHUYDQWHVHVOHQJXDSDUHPLDSGIBSHGURVDSGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRMXOLR@
3HQDGpV 0DUWtQH] , 3HQDGpV 0DUWtQH] 5 +H ; GH 2OLYHLUD 6LOYD (2 70
refranes para la enseanza del espaol0DGULG$UFR/LEURV
3LxXHO5DLJDGD-/(SLVWHPRORJtDPHWRGRORJtD\WpFQLFDVGHDQiOLVLVGHFRQWHQLGR
Estudios de SociolingusticaSS>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSVZZZXFPHVGDWDFRQWGRFV
3LQXHOB5DLJDGDB$QDOLVLV&RQWHQLGRBB(VWXGLRV6RFLROLQJXLVWLFD89LJRSGI! >OWLPR
DFFHVRMXOLR@
3XHQWH\EHGD&Meteorologa popular refranero meteorolgico de la pennsula
Ibrica0DGULG7LSRJUDItDGHORVVXFHVRUHVGH&XHVWD
5DPtUH]9DUJDV05Tradicin oral en el aula6DQ-RVp&RVWD5LFD&RRUGLQDFLyQ
(GXFDWLYD\&XOWXUDO&HQWURDPHULFDQD
5DPyQ 0RUWH $ Clima y tradiccin oral en Alicante $OLFDQWH ,QVWLWXWR GH &XOWXUD
-XDQ*LO$OEHUW

6iQFKH] (JHD - El libro de los refranes de la temperie. Compilado, dispuesto y
ordenado por el Meterlogo Jos Snchez Egea0DGULG,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH0HWHRURORJtD
6HUUDGLOOD &DVWDxR $ /D HQVHxDQ]D GH IUDVHV KHFKDV XQ PpWRGR SDUD LQWHJUDU OD
FXOWXUDHQHODXODHQ0$0DUWtQ=RUUDTXLQR\&'tH]3HOHJUtHGVQu espaol ensear?
Norma y variacin lingsticas en la enseanza del espaol a extranjeros. Actas del XI
Congreso Internacional de ASELE =DUDJR]D $6(/( \ &HQWUR 9LUWXDO &HUYDQWHV SS

6HYLOOD0XxR]-3UHVXSXHVWRVSDUHPLROyJLFRVGHXQDSURSXHVWDPHWRGROyJLFDSDUDOD
HQVHxDQ]D GH ORV UHIUDQHV D WUDYpV GH
(O 4XLMRWH
Paremia SS >(Q OtQHD@
'LVSRQLEOHHQFYFFHUYDQWHVHVOHQJXDSDUHPLDSGIBVHYLOODSGI!>OWLPRDFFHVR
MXOLR@
6HYLOOD0XxR]-\%DUEDGLOORGHOD)XHQWH079DORUGLGiFWLFRGHOUHIUiQ
FYFFHUYDQWHVHVOHQJXDSDUHPLDSGIBVHYLOODEDUEDGLOORSGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRMXOLR
@
6RULDQR6DONMHOVYLN.\0DUWtQH]-$&iSVXODVFXOWXUDOHVHOXVRGHUHIUDQHVHQOD
FODVH (/( QLYHO $ Revista Electrnica de Didctica/Espaol Lengua Extranjera
UHG(/( SS >(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
FYFFHUYDQWHVHVHQVHQDQ]DELEOLRWHFDBHOHDVHOHSGIBSGI! >OWLPR DFFHVR
MXOLR@
7HMHUR0DQ]DQDUHV-/DUHFRQVWUXFFLyQYLUWXDOGHOSDWULPRQLRPHWDO~UJLFR0LQDVGH
$OPDGpQ RWUD IRUPD GH UHFXSHUDU HVWH LPSRUWDQWH OHJDGR WHFQROyJLFR HQ 0 =DU]DOHMRV
3ULHWR 3 +HYLD*yPH] / 0DQVLOOD 3OD]D HGV Paisajes mineros antiguos de la Pennsula
IbricaInvestigaciones recientes y nuevas lneas de trabajo. Homenaje a Claude Domergue
81('
7UHQDGR 'HiQ 3 (O UHIUDQHUR HVSDxRO FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \ DSOLFDFLRQHV GLGiFWLFDV
(Educacin e Investigacin del Idioma)SS>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOH
HQ
KWWSVVHLVHQUHSRQLLDFMS!>OWLPRDFFHVRMXOLR@
9DOYHUGH $0 /D WUDGLFLyQ RUDO HQWUH OD HQVHxDQ]D \ OD KLVWRULD Intertextos.
Cuadernos de la Facultad de Comunicacin SocialSS>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
UHYLVWDVXWDGHRHGXFRLQGH[SKS,17DUWLFOHGRZQORDG! >OWLPR DFFHVR MXOLR
@
=LPPHUVFKLHG : Acerca de las situaciones tpicas de tiempo en la Pennsula
Ibrica0DGULG6HUYLFLR0HWHRUROyJLFR1DFLRQDO

(/3$,6$-((1/260$18$/(6(6&2/$5(6'(&,(1&,$6
62&,$/(681$(16(f$1=$(1)2&$'$$(67$1'$5(6'(
$35(1',=$-((9$/8$%/(6"
5DPyQ0DUWtQH]0HGLQD
-RVp$QWRQLR/ySH])HUQiQGH]
Universidad de Crdoba
rmartinez@uco.es; jalopez@uco.es
5(680(1
(VWHWUDEDMRSUHWHQGHSRQHUGHPDQLILHVWRODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOHVWXGLRGHOSDLVDMHHQORVOLEURVGHWH[WRGH&LHQFLDV
6RFLDOHV HQ (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD /D HQVHxDQ]D GHO SDLVDMH PHMRUD OD HGXFDFLyQ GHO VHU KXPDQR SHUPLWH HO
GHVDUUROORGHODVGHVWUH]DVHVSDFLDOHV\ODDGTXLVLFLyQGHYDORUHVFtYLFRVPX\QHFHVDULRVSDUDODVRFLHGDGDFWXDO
3RU HOOR VH GHEH FRPHQ]DU HGXFDQGR GHVGH HO DXOD FRQ ORV PiV SHTXHxRV SDUD TXH FUH]FDQ HQ XQ FRQWLQXR
FRQRFLPLHQWR\FRQWDFWRFRQHOPHGLRDPELHQWH\ORVSDLVDMHVTXHOHVURGHDQ
&RQ OD LPSODQWDFLyQ GH OD /H\ GH 0HMRUD GH OD &DOLGDG (GXFDWLYD OD HQVHxDQ]D GHO SDLVDMH HQ (GXFDFLyQ
3ULPDULD QR VH KD PRGLILFDGR VXVWDQFLDOPHQWH HQ HO 5HDO 'HFUHWR GH &XUUtFXOR %iVLFR HODERUDGR SRU HO
0LQLVWHULRQLHQORV'HFUHWRVDXWRQyPLFRV(OFDPELRVXVWDQFLDOHVODDSDULFLyQGHORVHVWiQGDUHVGHDSUHQGL]DMH
HYDOXDEOHV TXH VHJ~Q OD QXHYD QRUPDWLYD VRQ especificaciones de los criterios de evaluacin que permiten
definir los resultados de aprendizaje. (VWD HV OD UD]yQ SRU OD TXH VH KD FRQVLGHUD QHFHVDULR DQDOL]DU HQ TXH
PHGLGD ODV DFWLYLGDGHV YLQFXODGDV D OD HQVHxDQ]D GHO SDLVDMH HQ ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD
SHUPLWHQODFRQVHFXFLyQGHGLFKRVHVWiQGDUHVPDUFDGRVSRUODOHJLVODFLyQYLJHQWH
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
(GXFDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDSDLVDMHOLEURVGHWH[WRHVWDQGDUHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHHYDOXDEOHV
/$('8&$&,1(13$,6$-(
(QORV~OWLPRVDxRVHVFUHFLHQWHODSUHRFXSDFLyQGHODVVRFLHGDGHV PRGHUQDVSRUHOSDLVDMH
/DSURJUHVLYDGHJUDGDFLyQGHORVHFRVLVWHPDV QDWXUDOHV\ODSpUGLGDGHGLYHUVLGDG KDKHFKR
TXH FDGD YH] PiV ODV VRFLHGDGHV GHVDUUROODGDV PXHVWUHQ XQ HVSHFLDO LQWHUpV SRU HO PHGLR
DPELHQWH\SRUODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHOPLVPRDVt FRPRSRUODVPRGLILFDFLRQHVGHORVGLYHUVRV
SDLVDMHVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHORVFDPELRVHQORVPRGRVGHYLGDWUDGLFLRQDOHV
3HUR TXp HQWHQGHPRV SRU SDLVDMH" 6H WUDWD GH XQ WpUPLQR XWLOL]DGR HQ HO YRFDEXODULR GH
PXFKDVGLVFLSOLQDVFLHQWtILFDV\DUWtVWLFDV\VREUHWRGRFDUJDGRGHDFHSFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHV\D
TXH FDGD SHUVRQD YDORUD LQWHUSUHWD \ VLHQWH XQ SDLVDMH GH PRGR GLIHUHQWH HO SDLVDMH DFHSWD
PLUDGDV XQLSHUVRQDOHV FRQGLFLRQDGDV SRU PXOWLWXG GH IDFWRUHV 0DUWtQH] (O SDLVDMH
SXHGH UHFRJHU WUHV HQIRTXHV GLVWLQWRV HO SXUDPHQWH HVWpWLFR UHODFLRQDGR VREUH WRGR FRQ OD
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQDUWtVWLFDFRPRWpUPLQRHFROyJLFRRJHRJUiILFRWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHFHQWUDGRHQ
ODGHVFULSFLyQGHKHFKRVQDWXUDOHV\WDPELpQHQHOTXHGHVWDTXHQORVDVSHFWRVFXOWXUDOHV\
SDWULPRQLDOHVHOSDLVDMHFRPRUHIOHMRGHODDFWLYLGDGKXPDQD'HO0LODJURHWDOpVWH
~OWLPR PiV LQIOX\HQWH \ GHWHUPLQDQWH HQ ORV ~OWLPRV WLHPSRV (Q XQ DQiOLVLV PiV YLVXDO GHO
SDLVDMH $UDPEXUX S WDPELpQ GLIHUHQFLD WUHV VXEFRQMXQWRV TXH DJOXWLQD D ORV
DQWHULRUHV D VDEHU el potencial ecolgico R iPELWR DELyWLFR la explotacin biolgica \ OD
utilizacin antrpica
R.Martnez Medina, J.A.Lpez Fernndez

$XQTXH UHVXOWD LPSUHVFLQGLEOH WHQHU HQ FXHQWD ORV WUHV HQIRTXHV VHxDODGRV DQWHULRUPHQWH
VREUH WRGR SDUD OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHO SDLVDMH FUHHPRV PiV UHOHYDQWH SDUD ORV HGXFDQGRV GH
3ULPDULDFRQRFHUORVDVSHFWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQORVHOHPHQWRVGHXQSDLVDMHGHXQPRGRPiV
JOREDO \ JHQpULFR VREUH WRGR GH ORV DVSHFWRV QDWXUDOHV VREUH ORV TXH UHFLHQWHPHQWH KD
DFWXDGRHOVHUKXPDQRFX\RWUDWDPLHQWRSXHGHVHUPiVSURIXQGRDSDUWLUGH3ULPDULD(QHVWH
VHQWLGR OD ODERU GRFHQWH GHEHUtD FRQWHPSODU OD HQVHxDQ]D GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV HOHPHQWRV GHO
UHOLHYH\VREUHWRGRORVDJHQWHVPRGHODGRUHVQDWXUDOHVTXHKDQDFWXDGRHQVXFRQILJXUDFLyQ
$ JUDQGHV UDVJRV WDQWR ORV DJHQWHV LQWHUQRV FRPR H[WHUQRV KDQ MXJDGR \ MXHJDQ XQ SDSHO
UHOHYDQWHHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHVWUXFFLyQGHORVGLIHUHQWHVSDLVDMHVH[LVWHQWHVHQHOSODQHWD\
TXHpVWRVPLVPRVHVWiQGHWHUPLQDGRVSRUHOWLSRGHIXHU]DVDFWXDQWHVHOFOLPDWLSRGHURFDV
HWFDORVTXHKD\TXHDxDGLUHOSDSHOTXHMXHJDODVRFLHGDGHQHODVSHFWR\PRGHODGRGHORV
SDLVDMHVDFWXDOHV
8Q HMHPSOR FRQFUHWR GH OD SUHRFXSDFLyQ VRFLDO SRU HO SDLVDMH OR FRQVWLWX\H HO &RQYHQLR
(XURSHRGHO3DLVDMHILUPDGRHQHODxRHQODFLXGDGGH)ORUHQFLDUDWLILFDGRSRU(VSDxDD
ILQDOHV GHO DxR (Q pO VH GHILQLy SRU SDLVDMH FXDOTXLHU SDUWH GHO WHUULWRULR WDO FRPR OD
SHUFLEH ODSREODFLyQFX\RFDUiFWHUVHD HOUHVXOWDGRGH ODDFFLyQ\ODLQWHUDFFLyQGHIDFWRUHV
QDWXUDOHV\RKXPDQRVORTXHVHxDODDODFLXGDGDQtDFRPRDFWRUSULQFLSDOHQHOSURFHVRGH
YDORUDFLyQ GHO SDLVDMH GHVGH XQD GREOH GLPHQVLyQ SRU XQ ODGR OD SHUFHSWLYD \ SRU RWUR OD
GLPHQVLyQVRFLDOGHOPLVPR$XQTXHHO&RQYHQLRQRKDFHUHIHUHQFLDGLUHFWDDODHGXFDFLyQHQ
SDLVDMHVtTXHHVWDEOHFHHQWUHVXVPHGLGDVHVSHFtILFDVFXUVRVHVFRODUHV\XQLYHUVLWDULRVTXH
HQ ODV GLVFLSOLQDV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV DERUGHQ ORV YDORUHV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ ORV SDLVDMHV \ ODV
FXHVWLRQHVUHODWLYDVDVXSURWHFFLyQJHVWLyQ\RUGHQDFLyQ
(Q (VSDxD OD ILUPD GHO &RQYHQLR GHO 3DLVDMH GH )ORUHQFLD FRQWHPSODED OD REOLJDFLyQ GH
LGHQWLILFDU \ FDUDFWHUL]DU ORV SULQFLSDOHV SDLVDMHV GH FDGD SDtV FXPSOLGR HQ SDUWH FRQ OD
HODERUDFLyQ D QLYHO QDFLRQDO GHO Atlas de los Paisajes de Espaa $GHPiV PXFKDV GH ODV
FRPXQLGDGHV DXWyQRPDV DO DPSDUR GH ODV GLVSRVLFLRQHV OHJDOHV D QLYHO QDFLRQDO WLHQHQ
GHVDUUROODGR XQ PDUFR OHJDO VREUH HO 3DLVDMH \ KDQ HODERUDGR QXPHURVRV WUDEDMRV
UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO FRQRFLPLHQWR \ REVHUYDFLyQ GHO SDLVDMH WUDEDMRV GH VHQVLELOL]DFLyQ
SODQLILFDFLyQJXtDVGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVDVtFRPRFRQJUHVRV\FRPXQLFDFLRQHVDOUHVSHFWR
/DLPSRUWDQFLDGHOD'LGiFWLFDGHO3DLVDMH
/D HGXFDFLyQ HQ SDLVDMH DGHPiV GH FRQWDU FRQ ODV DSRUWDFLRQHV GLVFLSOLQDUHV GHO
FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO PLVPR GHVGH OD *HRJUDItD OD +LVWRULD OD (FRORJtD HWF GHEH WHQHU HQ
FXHQWDHLQFRUSRUDUDVXHVWXGLRODVGLPHQVLRQHVSHUFHSWLYD\VRFLDO/DGLPHQVLyQSHUFHSWLYD
HVXQDFRQVHFXHQFLDOyJLFDGHODVFDSDFLGDGHV\OLPLWDFLRQHVGHORVVHQWLGRVTXHQXQFDVHUiQ
LJXDOHVHQGRVSHUVRQDV(QHODOXPQDGRVREUHWRGRHQHOGH(G,QIDQWLOHVWDGLPHQVLyQKDFH
UHIHUHQFLD DO HVSDFLR FRWLGLDQR FyPR SHUFLEHQ XQ ERVTXH XQD FLXGDG R XQ UtR UHPLWLHQGR
IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHDREMHWRVRHOHPHQWRVGHOSDLVDMH\QRDOXJDUHVVREUHWRGRPDUFDGRVSRU
XQ DUWLILFLDOLVPR GH ORV DVSHFWRV QDWXUDOHV 3LDJHW \ GHO TXH VH YDQ GHVSUHQGLHQGR
FRQIRUPHD VXFUHFLPLHQWR3RURWUDSDUWHKD\TXH WHQHU HQFXHQWD ORVILOWURVFXOWXUDOHVORV
YDORUHV\FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVVRFLDOHVTXHHMHUFHQGHOHQWHVTXHGHWHUPLQDQQXHVWUDDSUHFLDFLyQGHO
SDLVDMH 6RXWR (O DQiOLVLV SHUFHSWLYR GHO SDLVDMH SDUWLHQGR GH OD VXEMHWLYLGDG GHO
PLVPR SHUPLWH GHVFXEULU GHWHUPLQDGRV FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV DQWH pVWH WUDWD GH GHVDUUROODU XQD
DFWLWXGFUtWLFD\WROHUDQWHDVtFRPRLQWHQWDGHVFXEULUODFRPSOHMLGDGGHOIHQyPHQRHVWXGLDGR
'LFKR GH RWUR PRGR SHUR FRQ HO PLVPR FDUiFWHU TXH ORV HMHPSORV H[SXHVWRV DQWHULRUPHQWH
$UDQEXUXSVHxDODTXHHOSDLVDMHHVODinformacin TXHHOHQWRUQRHOPHGLR

DPELHQWH SURSRUFLRQD D ORV HVSHFWDGRUHV &RPR WRGD percepcin HVD LQIRUPDFLyQ H[WHUQD
WLHQH TXH SDVDU SRU HO ILOWUR GH ODV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV PHQWDOHV VXEMHWLYDV \ SRU HVWD UD]yQ HO
PLVPRSDLVDMHHVSHUFLELGRGHIRUPDGLIHUHQWHVVHJ~QODVFDWHJRUtDVPHQWDOHV8QDUWLVWDXQ
FLHQWtILFRRXQKDELWDQWHGHODFLXGDGREWLHQHQXQDLQIRUPDFLyQGLIHUHQWHGHOPLVPRSDLVDMH
6HSRGUtDDILUPDUSRUHOORTXHHOSDLVDMHFRPRDSDULHQFLDRLQIRUPDFLyQH[WHUQDTXHOOHJD
KDVWDHOREVHUYDGRUHVXQconstructo ecolgico-psicolgico
/D GLPHQVLyQ VRFLDO KDFH UHIHUHQFLD D ODV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV GHULYDGDV GH ODV DFFLyQ KXPDQD
VREUHHOPHGLR(QODDFWXDOLGDGODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVSDLVDMHVH[LVWHQWHVVRQHOUHVXOWDGRGH
ODV PRGLILFDFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDVSRU HOVHUKXPDQRD ORODUJRGHOWLHPSR SDUDREWHQHUUHFXUVRV
SDUD VDWLVIDFHU VXV QHFHVLGDGHV (VWD DFWXDFLyQ KD GDGR OXJDU D OD DSDULFLyQ GH XQD JUDQ
YDULHGDGGHSDLVDMHVPXFKRVGHHOORVGHJUDQULTXH]D\YDORUTXHVRQGLJQRVGHSURWHFFLyQ
3HURDODYH]KDVXSXHVWRODGHJUDGDFLyQGHRWURVHVSDFLRV\ODSpUGLGDGHULTXH]D\GLYHUVLGDG
QDWXUDO'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDHGXFDWLYRHQFXDQWRDODGLPHQVLyQVRFLDOHVQHFHVDULRSRQHU
HODFHQWRHQ ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV TXH GLFKD LQWHUYHQFLyQ KXPDQD KD WHQLGR HQ OD PRGLILFDFLyQ
GHO HVSDFLR\ GH ORV SUREOHPDV PHGLRDPELHQWDOHV TXH WRGR HOORKD JHQHUDGR 3RU OR TXHVH
GHEHUiLQWHQWDUIDYRUHFHUHOVHQWLGRGHUHVSRQVDELOLGDGWDQWRLQGLYLGXDOFRPRFROHFWLYDSDUD
ODFRQVHUYDFLyQ\SURWHFFLyQGHOSDLVDMH%XVTXHWVS
(OSDLVDMHKDVLGRREMHWRGHHVWXGLRSRUQXPHURVRVDXWRUHVDORODUJRGHODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDV
SHURGHVGHHOiPELWRHGXFDWLYRFREUDPD\RUUHOHYDQFLDGHVGHVXLQFOXVLyQGHPDQHUDH[SUHVD
HQORVFXUUtFXORVGHODHQVHxDQ]DREOLJDWRULDDSULQFLSLRVGHORVDxRVQRYHQWDGHOSDVDGRVLJOR
)XH HQ HVH PRPHQWR FXDQGR VH SURGXMR XQ FDPELR IXQGDPHQWDO HQ OD IRUPD GH DERUGDUOR
SXHV GH VHU XQ UHFXUVR SHGDJyJLFR KD SDVDGR D FRQYHUWLUVH HQ XQ REMHWLYR \ FRQWHQLGR
HGXFDWLYR HGXFDWLYR VHJ~Q HVWDEOHFH OD OHJLVODFLyQ HGXFDWLYD HVSDxROD FX\D PHWD HV
FRQFLHQFLDU DO DOXPQDGR VREUH OD QHFHVLGDG GHO PDQWHQLPLHQWR \ FRQVHUYDFLyQ GH ORV
GLIHUHQWHV HFRVLVWHPDV TXH GHILQHQ ORV SDLVDMHV WHUUHVWUHV 'HVGH HVWD SHUVSHFWLYD KD\ TXH
UHVDOWDUODDSRUWDFLyQGH*yPH]HQODTXHGHVWDFDHOSXQWRGHHQFXHQWURH[LVWHQWHHQWUH
ODVFLHQFLDVQDWXUDOHV\VRFLDOHVSDUDHOHVWXGLRGHOSDLVDMHSRQLHQGRGHPDQLILHVWRHOSDSHOGH
OD FLHQFLD JHRJUiILFD HQ HVWD GLDOpFWLFD SXHV HQWUH VXV SUHRFXSDFLRQHV HVWi H[SOLFDU ODV
LQWHUDFFLRQHVHQWUHORVIHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHV\FXOWXUDOHVHQHOHVSDFLR\HQHOWLHPSR
(QUHODFLyQDHVWR*yPH]DSXQWDHOWUDWDPLHQWRTXHGHVGHHOiPELWRHGXFDWLYRKDGHGDUVHDO
SDLVDMH3DUDHVWHDXWRUHQ,QIDQWLO\3ULPDULDGHEHXWLOL]DUVHXQHQIRTXHJOREDOL]DGRGRQGH
HOSDLVDMHVHDFDSWDGRFRPRXQWRGRWRPDQGRFRPRUHIHUHQFLDODSURSLDH[SHULHQFLD\VREUH
HOODHODERUDUQXHYRVFRQRFLPLHQWRV'HHVWH PRGRQRUHVXOWDGLItFLO WLSLILFDUJUDQGHVJUXSRV
GH SDLVDMHV HQ IXQFLyQ GH DWULEXWRV GRPLQDQWHV QDWXUDO UXUDO R XUEDQR H LQFOXVR OOHJDU D
GLVWLQJXLU OD DFFLyQ KXPDQD VREUH HO PHGLR 0LHQWUDV TXH (GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD VH GHEH
UHDOL]DU XQ HQIRTXH DQDOtWLFRVLQWpWLFR LGHQWLILFDQGR HQ XQD SULPHUD HWDSD FDGD XQD GH ODV
SDUWHV TXH FRPSRQHQ HO SDLVDMH \ SURIXQGL]DQGR HQ VX FRQRFLPLHQWR SDUD GHVSXpV OOHJDU D
FRPSUHQGHUORHQVXJOREDOLGDG(QDPERVFDVRVORVHVWXGLRVGHOSDLVDMHHQODHVFXHODWLHQHQ
TXH WHQHU XQD GREOH ILQDOLGDG SRU XQ ODGR LQVWUXLU \ HGXFDU DO DOXPQR HQ FRQWHQLGRV
HVSHFtILFRV\SRURWURJHQHUDUXQHVStULWXUHIOH[LYR\FUtWLFRKDFLDODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHOSDLVDMH
\GHOPHGLRDPELHQWH
2WURV DXWRUHV FRPR %XVTXHWV YDQ PiV DOOi GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV FRQFHSWXDOHV \
DFWLWXGLQDOHVGHOSDLVDMH\DSXQWDQODQHFHVLGDGGHDKRQGDUHQORVSURFHGLPLHQWRVDODKRUDGH
VXHVWXGLRDWUDYpVGHODOHFWXUDHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHOPLVPR(VHQ(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDFXDQGR
GHEHLQLFLDUVHDORVDOXPQRVHQODOHFWXUDVLVWHPiWLFDGHOSDLVDMH/RTXHVHSUHWHQGHHQHVWD
HWDSDHVTXHORVDOXPQRVVHDQFDSDFHVGHUHFRQRFHUORVGLIHUHQWHVHOHPHQWRVTXHOR


FRQVWLWX\HQ \ HVWDEOHFHU UHODFLRQHV VHQFLOODV HQWUH HOORV \ TXH DGTXLHUDQ ORV SURFHGLPLHQWRV
QHFHVDULRVSDUDODOHFWXUD\UHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHOSDLVDMH&RQHOORVHSUHWHQGHTXHDOILQDOL]DUOD
(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDORVDOXPQRVFXHQWHQFRQODVFDSDFLGDGHV\KHUUDPLHQWDVQHFHVDULDVSDUD
UHDOL]DUHODQiOLVLVJHRJUiILFRGHOSDLVDMHHQSURIXQGLGDGFXHVWLyQpVWDTXHVHDFRPHWHUiDOR
ODUJRGHOD(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD2EOLJDWRULDHQ(VSDxD
3RU VX SDUWH %DMR DILUPD TXH HO SDLVDMH HV XQ UHFXUVR FRQ HQRUPHV SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV
HGXFDWLYDV 'HVGH VX SXQWR GH YLVWD pVWH HV HQWHQGLGR FRPR XQ FRQFHSWR \ XQ REMHWR
FRPSOHMR \ SOXUDO TXH IRUPD SDUWH GHO SDWULPRQLR GH ORV LQGLYLGXRV \ GH ODV VRFLHGDGHV
WHQLHQGR XQ FDUiFWHU WDQWR REMHWLYR FRPR VXEMHWLYR 'HVGH HO iPELWR HGXFDWLYR HQ ODV
SULPHUDV HWDSDV HO SDLVDMH GHEH DERUGDUVH GH XQD PDQHUD JOREDOL]DGD FRPHQ]DQGR D
HQVHxDUVH D WUDYpV GHO HQWRUQR FRQFUHWR GH ORV QLxRV OD FDVD OD FDOOH HO EDUULR HOHPHQWRV
FRQVWLWXWLYRV GHO SDLVDMH FHUFDQR FDUJDGRV WRGRV HOORV GH XQD HQRUPH VXEMHWLYLGDG %DMR
(VWDSHUFHSFLyQGHOHQWRUQRSUy[LPRSHUPLWLUiDORVQLxRVLQWURGXFLUVHHQXQXQLYHUVR
VRFLDO FDGD YH] PiV DPSOLR \ FRPSOHMR DGTXLULHQGR SURJUHVLYDPHQWH OD GLPHQVLyQ REMHWLYD
GHO PLVPRHQHWDSDVSRVWHULRUHVFRQWULEX\HQGRDOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODUHDOLGDGHQHVWHFDVR
GHOSDLVDMH
$SRUWDFLRQHVGHLQWHUpVWDPELpQUHDOL]D/LFHUDVTXHSRQHGHPDQLILHVWRTXHHOSDLVDMH
VyOR VH DEUH D ORV RMRV GH TXLHQ VDEH LQWHUSUHWDUOR VHQWLUOR \ GLVIUXWDGR \ FX\R HVWXGLR HV
SRVLEOHLQFOXLUORHQFXDOTXLHUQLYHOGHHQVHxDQ]D3DUDHVWHDXWRUHOSDLVDMHHVXQDUHDOLGDG
HVSDFLR WHPSRUDO FRQFUHWD XQD H[SUHVLyQ IRUPDO SHUFLELGD H LQWHJUDGD SRU XQ FRQMXQWR GH
HOHPHQWRV WDQWR YLVLEOHV FRPR LQYLVLEOHV GH RULJHQ QDWXUDO ELROyJLFR \ DQWUySLFR
UHODFLRQDGRVHQWUHVtTXHFRQVWLWX\HQXQFRQMXQWRHQFRQWLQXDHYROXFLyQ\WUDQVIRUPDFLyQDO
TXHFDEHDVLJQDUOHYDORUHVFXOWXUDOHV\HVWpWLFRV\GHVFXEULUVLJQLILFDGRVTXHLQWHUHVDDSUHFLDU
\SURWHJHU/LFHUDVS

(/ 3$,6$-( (1 /26 5($/(6 '(&(726 '( ('8&$&,1 35,0$5,$ (1
(63$f$
/D/2*6(/H\2UJiQLFDGH2UGHQDFLyQ*HQHUDOGHO6LVWHPD(GXFDWLYRGH(VSDxD
\DFRQFHGtDJUDQUHOHYDQFLDDHVWDGLPHQVLyQDOWUDWDUHOSDLVDMHFRPREORTXHGHFRQWHQLGRV
PLHQWUDVTXHOD/2(HPSOHDEDXQHQIRTXHPiVJHQHUDOEDMRHOFRQFHSWRGH(OHQWRUQR\VX
FRQVHUYDFLyQ 6HJ~Q HVWD OHJLVODFLyQ /2( \ HO 5HDO 'HFUHWR HO REMHWLYR
SULPRUGLDO GHO UHD GH &RQRFLPLHQWR GHO 0HGLR 6RFLDO \ &XOWXUDO HUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH XQ
SHQVDPLHQWRFUtWLFRIUXWRGHODH[SORUDFLyQLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\DQiOLVLVEXVFDQGRODUHVROXFLyQ
GHSUREOHPDVFRWLGLDQRV\XQDHGXFDFLyQHQYDORUHVHQHOPHGLR(VWDHVODUD]yQSRUODTXH
KD\ TXH GHVSHUWDU OD FRQFLHQFLD VREUH HO FXLGDGR GHO PHGLR HQ HO TXH YLYLPRV DVt FRPR HO
DSURYHFKDPLHQWRGHVXVUHFXUVRV\ODDGDSWDFLyQDVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV$SHVDUGHHVWXGLDUVH
HQORVWUHVFLFORVGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDH[LVWtDXQDLPSRUWDQWHGLIHUHQFLDHQORVFRQWHQLGRV
LQFUHPHQWiQGRVHVXFRPSOHMLGDGGHIRUPDJUDGXDOSRUFXUVR(QHOSULPHUFLFORVHHQIRFDED
GHPDQHUDJHQHUDODOJXQRVWHPDVTXHPDQWLHQHQUHODFLyQFRQHOSDLVDMHFRPRHOXQLYHUVRVXV
HOHPHQWRV \ ORV IHQyPHQRV GHO PHGLR ItVLFR D WUDYpV GH OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ REVHUYDFLyQ
H[SORUDFLyQHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
(QFDPELRHQHOVHJXQGRFLFORVHSURIXQGL]DED\VHLQVHUWDEDQDOJXQRVFRQFHSWRVHQVLQWRQtD
FRQ HVWH WHPD FRPR HUDQ ODV QRFLRQHV GH WLHPSRHVSDFLR SXQWRV FDUGLQDOHV SODQRV
PRYLPLHQWRVWHUUHVWUHVYDULDEOHVPHWRGROyJLFDVHODJXDODDWPyVIHUD\VXFRQWDPLQDFLyQHO
UHOLHYH ORV HFRVLVWHPDV ORV DFFLGHQWHV JHRJUiILFRV ORV YDORUHV SDUD HO FXLGDGR GHO 0HGLR
$PELHQWH\FRPRFLWDH[SOtFLWDPHQWHHO5HDO'HFUHWRObservacin y descripcin

de distintos tipos de paisaje: interaccin de naturaleza y seres humanos(QHO~OWLPRFLFOR

HQFRQWUDEDPRV RWURV FRQWHQLGRV YLQFXODGRV DOJXQDV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV GHO HVSDFLR FRQRFLGR
IRWRJUDItDVDpUHDVFURTXLVRSODQRV\ODGLYHUVLGDGGHSDLVDMHVHQHOWHUULWRULRHVSDxRO
/D OHJLVODFLyQ YLJHQWH DFWXDO HQ PDWHULD HGXFDWLYD /H\ SDUD OD 0HMRUD GH OD &DOLGDG
(GXFDWLYD/20&(HQHO5HDO'HFUHWRGHGHIHEUHURSRUHOTXHVHHVWDEOHFH
HO FXUUtFXOR EiVLFR GH OD (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD HVWDEOHFH TXH HO SDLVDMH HV HVWXGLDGR HQ OD
DVLJQDWXUD WURQFDO GH &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV HQ HO EORTXH el mundo en que vivimos EDMR OD
GHQRPLQDFLyQGHORVVLJXLHQWHVFRQWHQLGRV
x La diversidad geogrfica de los paisajes de Espaa: relieve e hidrografa.
x La diversidad geogrfica de los paisajes de Europa: relieve, climas, e hidrografa.
(VWRVFRQWHQLGRVHVWiQYLQFXODGRVFRQORVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQVLJXLHQWHV
([SOLFDUTXHHVXQSDLVDMHHLGHQWLILFDUORVSULQFLSDOHVHOHPHQWRVTXHORFRPSRQHQ
'HVFULELUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOUHOLHYHGH(VSDxD\VXUHGKLGURJUiILFDORFDOL]iQGRORV
HQXQPDSD
,GHQWLILFDUODVSULQFLSDOHVXQLGDGHVGHOUHOLHYHGH(XURSDVXVFOLPDV\VXUHG
KLGURJUiILFDORFDOL]iQGRORVHQXQPDSD

/RVTXHGHVDUUROODQORVVLJXLHQWHVHVWiQGDUHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHHYDOXDEOHV
'HILQHSDLVDMHLGHQWLILFDVXVHOHPHQWRV\H[SOLFDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHORV
SULQFLSDOHVSDLVDMHVGH(VSDxD\(XURSDYDORUDQGRVXGLYHUVLGDG
/RFDOL]DHQXQPDSDODVSULQFLSDOHVXQLGDGHVGHOUHOLHYHGH(VSDxD\VXVYHUWLHQWHV
KLGURJUiILFDV
6LW~DHQXQPDSDORVPDUHVRFpDQRV\ORVJUDQGHVUtRVGH(VSDxD
/RFDOL]DHQXQPDSDHOUHOLHYHGH(XURSDVXVYHUWLHQWHVKLGURJUiILFDV\VXVFOLPDV
5HFRQRFHORVSULQFLSDOHVUDVJRVGHOUHOLHYHORVUtRV\HOFOLPDGH(XURSD

/D DSDULFLyQ GH ORV HVWiQGDUHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH HYDOXDEOHV VXSRQH XQD GH ODV PD\RUHV
QRYHGDGHV GHQWUR GH OD OHJLVODFLyQ /20&( \ HQ FLHUWD PHGLGD VXVWLWX\HQ D ORV DQWLJXRV
REMHWLYRVGLGiFWLFRVSXHVVRQODVPHWDV~OWLPDVTXHGHEHFRQVHJXLUHODOXPQDGR3RUHVWiQGDU
GH DSUHQGL]DMH VH HQWLHQGH OD FRQFUHFLyQ GH ORV FULWHULRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ TXH SHUPLWHQ GHILQLU
ORVUHVXOWDGRVGHODSUHQGL]DMH\TXHFRQFUHWDQORTXHHODOXPQDGRGHEHVDEHUFRPSUHQGHU\
VDEHU KDFHU 8Q DVSHFWR UHOHYDQWHV HV TXH GLFKRV HVWiQGDUHV GHEHQ VHU SHUIHFWDPHQWH
REVHUYDEOHV PHGLEOHV \ HYDOXDEOHV \ SHUPLWLU JUDGXDU HO UHQGLPLHQWR R ORJUR GH ORV
HVWXGLDQWHV$GHPiVHO5'HVWDEOHFHTXHORVHVWiQGDUHVVHUiQORVUHIHUHQWHVHQOD
SODQLILFDFLyQ FXUULFXODU \ HQ OD SURJUDPDFLyQ GRFHQWH \ SRU WDQWR FRQFUHFLRQHV GH ORV
FULWHULRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ 'H DKt OD LPSRUWDQFLD TXH FREUDQ HQ HO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D
DSUHQGL]DMHORTXHKDOOHYDGRDSODQWHDUVHFRPRVHDERUGDQHVWRVQXHYRVHOHPHQWRVUHIHULGRV
DOSDLVDMHHQHOFDVRTXHQRVRFXSDHQORV PDQXDOHVHVFRODUHVGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVXQRGH
ORVUHFXUVRVPiVXWLOL]DGRVSRUORVGRFHQWHVHQ(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD


2%-(72<0(72'2/2*$
(O REMHWLYR SULQFLSDO GH HVWH WUDEDMR HV FRQRFHU HQ TXp PHGLGD ORV QXHYRV PDQXDOHV GH
&LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV HQ (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD VH KDQ DGDSWDGR D OD DSDULFLyQ GH OD QXHYD
OHJLVODFLyQHGXFDWLYD/20&(HVSHFtILFDPHQWHORVFRQWHQLGRVYLQFXODGRVFRQHOHVWXGLRGHO
SDLVDMH(QWUDEDMRVSUHYLRV\DVHKDEtDLQFLGLGRHQODHQVHxDQ]DGHOSDLVDMHHQORVPDQXDOHV
HVFRODUHVGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVVREUHWRGRHQFyPRHOGHVDUUROORGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVLQIOX\HHQ
ODDGTXLVLFLyQ GH FRPSHWHQFLDV EiVLFDV SRU SDUWH GHO DOXPQDGR HQ HO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D
DSUHQGL]DMH WDQWR HQ OD OHJLVODFLyQ SDVDGD /2( FRPR HQ OD YLJHQWH /20&( 0DUWtQH]
YLOD,JXDOPHQWHHQHOFDVRTXHQRVRFXSDVHKDKHFKRHVSHFLDOKLQFDSLpHQHODQiOLVLV
GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV GH ORV OLEURV SXHV VRQ HMHPSORV ELHQ GHILQLGRV GH OR TXH HO DOXPQDGR
GHEHUiUHDOL]DUSDUDVXSHUDUFDGDHVWiQGDUGHDSUHQGL]DMH
3DUDOOHYDUDFDERHVWHWUDEDMRVHVHOHFFLRQDURQXQWRWDOGHGLHFLVpLVPDQXDOHVHVFRODUHVGHODV
SULQFLSDOHV HGLWRULDOHV HVSDxRODV HGLWDGRV HQ ORV DxRV \ \ DGDSWDGRV DO QXHYR
PDUFR HGXFDWLYR (Q WRWDO VH KDQ DQDOL]DGR OLEURV GH FXDWUR HGLWRULDOHV GHVGH WHUFHUR KDVWD
VH[WRFXUVR
(GLWRULDO 7tWXOR &XUVR $xR 3iJLQDV 88''

(GHEp &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV$QGDOXFtD
6DQWLOODQD*UD]DOHPD &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV6DEHUKDFHU
60 &LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV$QGDOXFtD6DYLD
9LFHQV9LYHV 6RFLDO6FLHQFH$FWLYH&ODVV
7DEOD/LEURVDQDOL]DGRVHOHVWXGLR(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

(OSULPHUSDVRDUHDOL]DUIXHDQDOL]DUORVFRQWHQLGRVWUDEDMDGRVHQFDGDPDQXDOSDUDFRQRFHU
HQTXHJUDGR\IRUPDFDGDXQRGHHOORVDERUGDEDHOHVWXGLRGHOSDLVDMH(QXQDSULPHUDIDVH
KXER TXH GHVFDUWDU FLQFR PDQXDOHV SXHV PD\RULWDULDPHQWH QR KDFtDQ UHIHUHQFLD DOJXQD D OD
HQVHxDQ]D GHO SDLVDMH \ VL OR PHQFLRQDEDQ HO Q~PHUR GH DFWLYLGDGHV D UHDOL]DU HUD SRFR
VLJQLILFDWLYRSDUDODPXHVWUDGRVPDQXDOHVWUDEDMDEDQHOSDLVDMHHQGRVDFWLYLGDGHV
(QVHJXQGROXJDUVHDQDOL]yFyPRVHRUJDQL]DEDHVWHFRQWHQLGRHQORVOLEURV6HJ~QDSDUHFH
HQ HO 5' FRPR FRQWHQLGRV D LPSDUWLU DSDUHFH la diversidad geogrfica de los
paisajes de Espaa: relieve e hidrografa\la diversidad geogrfica de los paisajes de

Europa: relieve, climas, e hidrografaRELHQHQIXQFLyQGHOHVWiQGDUDSUHQGL]DMHHYDOXDEOH

define paisaje, identifica sus elementos y explica las caractersticas de los principales
paisajes de Espaa y Europa, valorando su diversidad XQD IRUPD GH DERUGDUOR PiV
HVSHFtILFD\FODUDGHPD\RUULTXH]D\FRPSOHMLGDGFRQFHSWXDO3RUHOFRQWUDULRORVHVWiQGDUHV
TXH VH FRUUHVSRQGHQ GLUHFWDPHQWH D ORV FRQWHQLGRV FLWDGRV SUHVHQWDQ XQD JUDQ VLPSOLFLGDG
SXHV VyOR VH DYDO~DQ PHGLDQWH SURFHGLPLHQWRV GH SRFD FRPSOHMLGDG FRPR VRQ VLWXDU \
ORFDOL]DUHQHOPDSDORVSULQFLSDOHVDFFLGHQWHVJHRJUiILFRVGH(VSDxD\GH(XURSD'HOWRWDO
GHPDQXDOHVVHLVGHHOORVSRVHHQXQLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDV88''HVSHFtILFDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGDV
FRQODHQVHxDQ]DGHOSDLVDMHGHIRUPDLQGHSHQGLHQWH(OUHVWRFLQFRPDQXDOHVGRVORKDFHQ
YLQFXODGRVDOHVWXGLRGHOUHOLHYHGHODJXD\HQRWURVGRVFDVRVGHOFOLPDDSDUHFLHQGRDOILQDO
GHODXQLGDGXQDEUHYHUHIHUHQFLDDOWHPDGHHVWXGLR(QHVWRVVHKDFHHYLGHQWHTXHHOHVWXGLR
GHO SDLVDMH VH DERUGD GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD QDWXUDO SRQLHQGR HO SXQWR GH PLUD HQ ORV
HOHPHQWRVQDWXUDOHV\ODLQIOXHQFLDFOLPiWLFDGHMDQGRGHODGRORVSDLVDMHVKXPDQL]DGRV\ODV
PRGLILFDFLRQHV GHO HVSDFLR SRU SDUWH HO KRPEUH (VWD YLVLyQ VH DGDSWD FODUDPHQWH D OR
HVWLSXODGR HQ HO 5HDO 'HFUHWR GH HQVHxDQ]DV PtQLPDV YLVLyQ TXH KD VLGR FXHVWLRQDGD SRU
DOJXQRVDXWRUHV0DUWtQH]*DUFtD0DUWtQH]HWDO
&ODVLILFDFLyQ /LEURVGHWH[WRDQDOL]DGRV
8'HVSHFLILFDGHSDLVDMH
8'UHODFLRQD3DLVDMHFRQ5HOLHYH
8'UHODFLRQD3DLVDMHFRQ5HOLHYH\DJXD
8'UHODFLRQD3DLVDMHFRQ5HOLHYHDJXD\FOLPD
1LQJXQD8'WUDEDMDHOSDLVDMH
7DEOD)RUPDGHDERUGDUHOSDLVDMHHQORVOLEURVDQDOL]DGRV(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
$FRQWLQXDFLyQXQDYH]DERUGDGDODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHORVFRQWHQLGRVHQODVGLYHUVDVXQLGDGHV
GLGiFWLFDV VH GHFLGLy HPSOHDU ~QLFDPHQWH HO HVWiQGDU GHO DSUHQGL]DMH VREUH HO SDLVDMH SXHV
SDUHFtDPiVDFRUGHFRQHOILQGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ3DUDHOORVHGLVHxRXQDWDEODGHDQiOLVLVHQ
ODTXHVHGHVLQWHJUyHOHVWiQGDUHQXQWRWDOGHVLHWHtWHPTXHSHUPLWHQFODUDPHQWHFRQRFHUVLHO
DOXPQDGR VHUi FDSD] GH VXSHUDUOR GH IRUPD JOREDOL]DGD (VWRV tWHPV KDFtDQ UHIHUHQFLD D OD
GHILQLFLyQGHOFRQFHSWRLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHHOHPHQWRVFODVLILFDFLyQGHORVSDLVDMHVH[SOLFDFLyQ
GH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SULQFLSDOHV YDORUDFLyQ GH OD GLYHUVLGDG SDLVDMtVWLFD PRGLILFDFLyQ R
GHWHULRUR GHELGR D OD DFFLyQ DQWUySLFD \ ILQDOPHQWH RWUR WLSR GH DFWLYLGDGHV TXH DXQTXH
DERUGHQHOFRQWHQLGRVXILQDOLGDGQRHVWiYLQFXODGDDODVXSHUDFLyQGHOHVWiQGDU
7LSRORJtD
9DORUDFLyQ
([SOLFDFLyQ GHOD 2WURWLSR
'HILQLFLyQ ,GHQWLILFDFLyQ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHORV GLYHUVLGDG 0RGLILFDFLyQ GH
0DQXDO 7RWDO SDLVDMH GHHOHPHQWRV &ODVLILFDFLyQ SULQFLSDOHVSDLVDMH SDLVDMtVWLFD R 'HWHULRUR DFWLYLGDGHV
7DEOD)LFKDGHDQDOLVLVGHOSDLVDMHHQORVPDQXDOHVHVFRODUHV(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

7UDV HO GLVHxR OD WDEOD VH SURFHGLy D DQDOL]DU WRGDV ODV DFWLYLGDGHV TXH DSDUHFHQ VREUH HO
SDLVDMHHQGLH]GHORVPDQXDOHVSUHYLDPHQWHVHOHFFLRQDGRV
5(68/7$'26,1,&,$/(6
(ODQiOLVLVGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVVREUHODHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHGHOSDLVDMHHQORVOLEURVGHWH[WR
GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD SRQH GH PDQLILHVWR OD JUDQ GLVSDULGDG H[LVWHQWH GH XQRV D RWURV D OD
KRUD GH DERUGDUOR (Q SULPHU OXJDU FRQWUDVWD PXFKR HO WRWDO GH DFWLYLGDGHV GLFDGDV D HVWH
WHPDTXHYDQGHVGHODVTXHSUHVHQWDXQPDQXDOKDVWDODV(QJHQHUDOHOFRQFHSWRSDLVDMH
VH WUDEDMD PXFKR PiV HQ WHUFHUR \ FXDUWR FXUVR \ PHQRV HQ ORV ~OWLPRV GH OD HWDSD FRPR
SXHGHREVHUYDUVHHQODILJXUD(VWHKHFKRVHFRQVWDWDDGHPiVVLVHWLHQHHQFXHQWDTXHORV
PDQXDOHV TXH KDQ VLGR GHVFDUWDGRV FRUUHVSRQGHQ D TXLQWR \ VH[WR FXUVR /D PHGLD GH
DFWLYLGDGHV SRU PDQXDO HV GH DXQTXH HQ WHUFHUR \ FXDUWR HVWD VXEH KDVWD ODV \
DFWLYLGDGHVSRUFXUVR0X\SRVLEOHPHQWHVHGHEDDODDQWLJXDFRQILJXUDFLyQGHORVPDQXDOHV
HVFRODUHVSXHVHQODGHURJDGD/H\2UJiQLFDGH(GXFDFLyQ/2(HOHVWXGLRGHOSDLVDMHVROtD
DERUGDUVH HQ HO VHJXQGR FLFOR GH OD HWDSD GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ WHUFHU
FXUVR

K
D
s

/
)LJXUD5HVXOWDGRVDQiOLVLVtWHPVVREUHSDLVDMHVHJ~QHGLWRULDO(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
(QOtQHDVJHQHUDOHVWRGRVORVPDQXDOHVWUDEDMDQWRGRVORVtWHPVHQORVTXHVHKDGLYLGLGRHO
HVWiQGDUGHDSUHQGL]DMH+D\TXHGHVWDFDUHVSHFLDOPHQWHGRVDVSHFWRVTXHOODPDQODDWHQFLyQ
HQ SULPHU OXJDU OD JUDQ HVFDVH] R DXVHQFLD WRWDO GH DFWLYLGDGHV HQ ODV TXH VH WUDEDMH
GLUHFWDPHQWH HO FRQFHSWR SDLVDMH 6LHWH GH ORV PDQXDOHV VHOHFFLRQDGRV QR SRVHHQ QLQJXQD
DFWLYLGDG GH HVWH WLSR \ORV WUHV UHVWDQWHV VROR SRVHHQ XQD R GRV DFWLYLGDGHV < HQ VHJXQGR
OXJDU WDPELpQ FDEH GHVWDFDU HO H[FHVLYR Q~PHUR GH DFWLYLGDGHV TXH SUHVHQWDQ DOJXQRV
PDQXDOHV QR UHODFLRQDGDV GLUHFWDPHQWH FRQ HO FRQWHQLGR D WUDEDMDU TXH HQ DOJXQRV OOHJDQ D
VHU ODV PD\RULWDULDV 6H WUDWD JHQHUDOPHQWH GH DFWLYLGDGHV GH LQGDJDFLyQ GH EXVFD GH
LQIRUPDFLyQRGHEDWHQRGLUHFWDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOWHPDRYLQFXODGDVDRWURV


DVSHFWRV GHO FXUUtFXOR FRPR HO PHGLR DPELHQWH ORV FOLPDV R HO UHOLHYH SHUR TXH QR VLUYHQ
SDUDDERUGDUGLUHFWDPHQWHHOHVWiQGDUGHDSUHQGL]DMHDQDOL]DGR
2WURDVSHFWRDWHQHUHQFXHQWDSRUVXHVFDVH]HVHOUHODWLYRDODYDORUDFLyQGHODGLYHUVLGDG
SDLVDMtVWLFD 3UiFWLFDPHQWH QR VH WUDEDMD HVWH DVSHFWR TXH GHVGH QXHVWUD RSLQLyQ UHVXOWD
IXQGDPHQWDOHVSHFLDOPHQWHWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHOSDSHOSULPRUGLDOTXHRWRUJDHOFXUUtFXORDO
HVWXGLR GH ORV SDLVDMHV QDWXUDOHV PLHQWUDV TXH ORV SDLVDMHV KXPDQL]DGRV SDLVDMHV UXUDOHV
XUEDQRVHLQGXVWULDOHVRFRPRSURGXFWRGHODDFFLyQKXPDQDQRVXHOHQDSDUHFHU
(QUHODFLyQDORDQWHULRUHOtWHPTXHPiVVHGHVDUUROOD\WUDEDMDYLQFXODQGRGLUHFWDPHQWHDO
SDLVDMH HV OD LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GH ORV HOHPHQWRV /D PD\RUtD GH ORV PDQXDOHV H[LVWH XQ
SUHGRPLQLRGHHVWHWLSRGHDFWLYLGDGHVHQODVTXHJHQHUDOPHQWHVHDERUGDODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGH
ORVHOHPHQWRVQDWXUDOHVGHOSDLVDMHVREUHWRGRHOUHOLHYH\ODVIRUPDVGHPRGHODGRFREUDQGR
PHQRU LPSRUWDQFLD DVSHFWRV UHODWLYRV DO FOLPD R D OD YHJHWDFLyQ 5HVSHFWR D ORV HOHPHQWRV
DUWLILFLDOHV SURGXFWR GH OD DFFLyQ KXPDQD DSHQDV VH UHODFLRQDQ DXQTXH HQ FDVL WRGRV VL VH
KDEODGHVXH[LVWHQFLDHQHOFXHUSRGHOWH[WR
(OtWHPVREUHODFODVLILFDFLyQGHORVSDLVDMHVHVHOWHUFHURHQSUHVHQFLD\DGROHFHGHODPLVPD
FDUHQFLD 6H QRPEUDQ H LGHQWLILFDQ ORV WLSRV GH SDLVDMHV SHUR HVSHFLDOPHQWH ORV QDWXUDOHV
WDLJDWXQGUDGHVLHUWRVHOYDRYLQFXODGRVDOHVWXGLRGHOFOLPDDSDUHFLHQGRORVSDLVDMHVGHO
FOLPDPHGLWHUUiQHRGHORFHiQLFRRGHLQWHULRUDVtFRPRORVSDLVDMHVGHFOLPDWURSLFDO(QHO
FDVR GH ORV SDLVDMHV KXPDQL]DGRV FRPR VH KD PHQFLRQDGR \D VL OOHJDQ D DSDUHFH VyOR VH
QRPEUD VX H[LVWHQFLD SHUR QR VH FODVLILFDQ HQ VXEWLSRV HQ OD PD\RUtD GH ORV OLEURV
FRQVXOWDGRVVDOYRHQXQFDVRHQHOTXHFODUDPHQWHLGHQWLILFDORVSDLVDMHVUXUDOHVORVXUEDQRV
\HQ~OWLPROXJDUORVSDLVDMHVLQGXVWULDOHVYLVLyQTXHSDUHFHPXFKRPiVDGHFXDGDDODKRUDGH
RUJDQL]DUHOFXUUtFXORHQODVSRVWHULRUHVXQLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDVVREUHODVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV
\PHGLRVGHSURGXFFLyQTXHDSDUHFHQHQHOVLJXLHQWHEORTXHGHFRQWHQLGRVVivir en Sociedad
(QORTXHKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDOtWHPExplicacin caractersticas de los principales paisajes, HVHO
WHUFHUR HQ LPSRUWDQFLD DXQTXH HVSHFtILFDPHQWH HV PX\ WUDEDMDGR HQ GRV GH ORV PDQXDOHV
('\('6LJXLHQGRODOtQHDGHORVDVSHFWRVDQDOL]DGRVFRQDQWHULRULGDGFREUDHVSHFLDO
UHOHYDQFLDODH[SOLFDFLyQVHQFLOODGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHORVSDLVDMHVQDWXUDOHV(QHVWHFDVR
MXQWRFRQODidentificacin de los elementosHVHOTXHVHWUDEDMDHQ PD\RUPHGLGDPHGLDQWH
GHVFULSFLRQHVGHIRWRJUDItDVFRPSDUDFLyQGHODVPLVPDV\HQDOJXQDVRFDVLRQHVXWLOL]DQGRHO
HVSDFLR SUy[LPR TXH URGHD DO DOXPQDGR FRPR IXHQWH SDUD UHDOL]DU OD H[SOLFDFLyQ (Q HVWH
DSDUWDGR FDEUtD GHVWDFDU SRU DFHUWDGD OD SURSXHVWD GHO PDQXDO (' TXH HVWDEOHFH XQD
PHWRGRORJtD HVSHFtILFD SDUD UHDOL]DU XQ DQiOLVLV VLVWHPiWLFR GH XQ SDLVDMH PHGLDQWH OD
UHDOL]DFLyQ GH XQ ERVTXHMR HQ HO TXH VH LGHQWLILFDQ \ H[SOLFDQ ORV GLIHUHQWHV QLYHOHV GHO
SDLVDMHUHSUHVHQWDGR
)LQDOPHQWH HO tWHP TXH SRQH HQ UHOLHYH ODV PRGLILFDFLRQHV R ORV FDPELRV HQ HO SDLVDMH
WDPELpQVHHQFXHQWUDHQDOJXQRVPDQXDOHVSHURHOFXDUWRHQLPSRUWDQFLDGLUHFWDUHVSHFWRDO
FRQFHSWR DQDOL]DGR (V XQ tWHP TXH QR DSDUHFH HQ DOJXQRV OLEURV SHUR FXDQGR OR KDFH HVWi
GLUHFWDPHQWH YLQFXODGR FRQ OD DFFLyQ GHO KRPEUH \ ORV SUREOHPDV PHGLR DPELHQWDOHV WDOHV
FRPR HO FDPELR FOLPiWLFR R OD FRQWDPLQDFLyQ (VWH tWHP VH WUDEDMD HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ OD
FROHFFLyQ('VLUYLHQGRGH MXVWLILFDFLyQSDUDLQWURGXFLU OD VLJXLHQWHXQLGDGGLGiFWLFDVREUH
FRQVHUYDFLyQGHOPHGLR


)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDFLyQGHORVFXDWURtWHPVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVSRUFXUVRV(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

(Q~OWLPROXJDUVHKDUiUHIHUHQFLDEUHYHPHQWHDOWUDEDMRGHOFRQFHSWRSRUFXUVRV\HGLWRULDOHV
)LJXUD \ )LJXUD (Q HO SULPHU FDVR VH SXHGH REVHUYDU FRPR H[LVWH XQD LPSRUWDQFLD
GHFUHFLHQWH HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GHO FRQFHSWR SDLVDMH FRQIRUPH HO DOXPQDGR YD DVFHQGLHQGR GH
FXUVRKDVWDVXFDVLGHVDSDULFLyQDOILQDOL]DUODHWDSDHGXFDWLYDHQVH[WRGHSULPDULD&RPR\D
VH KD KHFKR UHIHUHQFLD HVWR GHEH HVWDU YLQFXODGR D OD DQWLJXD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGRV
/2(SXHVHQODYLJHQWHHVXQFRQFHSWRTXHSUiFWLFDPHQWHVHWUDEDMDHQWRGRVORVFXUVRVRDO
PHQRV HQ XQR GH FDGD FLFOR 0DUWtQH] HO DW < SRU tWHPV VH REVHUYD WDPELpQ TXH
FRQIRUPH DVFHQGHPRV HQ OD HWDSD H[LVWH XQ PD\RU HTXLOLEULR HQ HO WLSR GH DFWLYLGDGHV
GLVPLQX\HQGRQRWDEOHPHQWHODVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHHOHPHQWRV\H[SOLFDFLyQ
GHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDFLyQGHORVFXDWURtWHPVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVSRUHGLWRULDOHV(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD


(O DQiOLVLV GH UHVXOWDGRV SRU HGLWRULDOHV VL ELHQ QR HV HTXLYDOHQWH SXHV GH DOJXQDV VH KDQ
DQDOL]DGRQRVPDQXDOHV\GHRWUDVWUHVSHUPLWHDJUDQGHVUDVJRVREVHUYDUODLPSRUWDQFLDTXH
FDGDXQDGHHOODVKDRWRUJDGRDOHVWXGLRGHOSDLVDMH&RQUHVSHFWRDORVFXDWURtWHPVGHPD\RU
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ HQ ORV OLEURV VH SXHGH DILUPDU TXH HV OD HGLWRULDO (' OD TXH UHDOL]D XQ
WUDWDPLHQWR PiV KRPRJpQHR GHO HVWiQGDU DXQTXH QR VHD OD TXH WUDEDMH HQ PD\RU PHGLGD HO
FRQFHSWR'HVWDFDVREUHODVGHPiVOD('HVSHFLDOPHQWHHQORVFDPSRV\LGHQWLILFDFLyQ
GH HOHPHQWRV \ H[SOLFDFLyQ GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV IUHQWH D ODV RWUDV GRV HGLWRULDOHV TXH SRVHHQ
XQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQPXFKRPHQRU\HTXLOLEUDGDHVSHFLDOPHQWHOD('

&21&/86,21(6
(OSDLVDMHVHKDFRQYHUWLGRHQXQLPSRUWDQWHREMHWRGHHVWXGLRHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVGHELGRDOD
FUHFLHQWH SUHRFXSDFLyQ GH ODV VRFLHGDGHV SRU VX FRQVHUYDFLyQ \ SRU OD E~VTXHGD GH XQ
GHVDUUROORVRVWHQLEOHUHVSHWXRVRFRQHOPHGLRDPELHQWH
(OFRQFHSWRGHSDLVDMHKDLGRHYROXFLRQDQGRDORODUJRGHOWLHPSRDPSOLDQGR\HVWDEOHFLHQGR
XQD PD\RU SUHFLVLyQ HQ VX GHILQLFLyQ (Q HO &RQYHQLR (XURSHR GHO 3DLVDMH SRU pVWH VH
HQWHQGHUiFXDOTXLHUSDUWHGHOWHUULWRULRWDOFRPRODSHUFLEHODSREODFLyQFX\RFDUiFWHUVHDHO
UHVXOWDGRGHODDFFLyQ\ODLQWHUDFFLyQGHIDFWRUHVQDWXUDOHV\RKXPDQRV$XQTXHHO&RQYHQLR
QR KDFH UHIHUHQFLD GLUHFWD D OD HGXFDFLyQ HQ SDLVDMH Vt TXH HVWDEOHFH HQWUH VXV PHGLGDV
HVSHFtILFDV OD )RUPDFLyQ \ OD (GXFDFLyQ FXUVRV HVFRODUHV \ XQLYHUVLWDULRV TXH HQ ODV
GLVFLSOLQDV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV DERUGHQ ORV YDORUHV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ ORV SDLVDMHV \ ODV
FXHVWLRQHVUHODWLYDVDVXSURWHFFLyQJHVWLyQ\RUGHQDFLyQ
5HVSHFWRDODVDFWLYLGDGHVSURSXHVWDVHQUHODFLyQFRQHOHVWiQGDUGHDSUHQGL]DMHUHODFLRQDGR
FRQ HO SDLVDMH SRGHPRV REVHUYDU HO GLVSDU WUDWDPLHQWR TXH KDFHQ ODV GLIHUHQWHV HGLWRULDOHV
VHJ~Q ORV FXUVRV VLHQGR HVWH PiV WUDEDMDGR HQ WHUFHUR \ FXDUWR FXUVR \ GLVPLQX\HQGR HQ
LPSRUWDQFLDFRQIRUPHVHDYDQ]DHQHOFLFOR5HVSHFWRDORVGLIHUHQWHVtWHPVTXHFRPSRQHQHO
HVWiQGDUVHSRQHGHPDQLILHVWRFRPRDSHQDVVHWUDEDMDHOFRQFHSWRHQVtDXQTXHHODOXPQDGR
VHUiSHUIHFWDPHQWHFDSD]GHLGHQWLILFDUORVHOHPHQWRVTXHORFRPSRQHQHVSHFLDOPHQWHORVGH
WLSR QDWXUDO DVt FRPR H[SOLFDU ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SULQFLSDOHV GH ORV PLVPRV \ ODV
PRGLILFDFLRQHV TXH VH SURGXFHQ HQ HOORV HVSHFLDOPHQWH ODV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ HO PHGLR
DPELHQWH8QDVSHFWRDWHQHUHQFXHQWDHVTXHFDEUtDPHMRUDUHODSDUWDGRGHYDORUDFLyQGHOD
GLYHUVLGDG SDLVDMtVWLFD \ HVSHFLDOPHQWH WRGR OR UHIHUHQWH D ORV SDLVDMHV KXPDQL]DGRV VXV
WLSRV\FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSXHVFDVLWRGRVORVPDQXDOHVFDUHFHQGHHVWHWLSRGHSDLVDMHVGHELGRD
ODV FDUHQFLDV \D SXHVWDV GH PDQLILHVWR FRQ ODV TXH FXHQWD HO 5HDO 'HFUHWR GH (QVHxDQ]DV
%iVLFDV
(QGHILQLWLYD\VLJXLHQGRHO&RQYHQLR(XURSHRGHO3DLVDMHpVWHFRQWULEX\HDODIRUPDFLyQGH
ODVFXOWXUDVORFDOHVVLHQGRXQHOHPHQWRFODYHSDUDODFDOLGDGGHYLGDGHODVSREODFLRQHV\SDUD
HOELHQHVWDULQGLYLGXDO\VRFLDO3RUORTXHGHVGHHOiPELWRHGXFDWLYR\HVSHFLDOPHQWHGHVGH
OD *HRJUDItD \ ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV ORV GLVFHQWHV GHEHQ VHU FDSDFHV GH GLVFULPLQDU
LGHQWLILFDU\FODVLILFDUORVSULQFLSDOHVHOHPHQWRVQDWXUDOHV\KXPDQRVGHOSDLVDMHVXVWLSRV\
ORV LPSDFWRV TXH HQ HOORV WLHQH OXJDU \ VHDQ FDSDFHV GH UHFRQRFHUORV FRPR HO IUXWR GH OD
DFFLyQKXPDQDGHODVGLYHUVDVFXOWXUDVVREUHHOWHUULWRULR

%,%/,2*5$)$
$UDPEXUX)Medio ambiente y educacin6tQWHVLV(GXFDFLyQ0DGULG
%DMR 0 - (O SDLVDMH HQ HO FXUULFXOXP GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD GHQWUR GHO UHD GHO
&RQRFLPLHQWRGHO0HGLR1DWXUDO6RFLDO\&XOWXUDOAulaQSS
%XVTXHWV - /D OHFWXUD YLVXDO GHO SDLVDMH %DVHV SDUD XQD PHWRGRORJtD Iber,
Didctica de las Ciencias Sociales, Geografa e HistoriaQSS
%XVTXHWV - /D HGXFDFLyQ HQ SDLVDMH XQD RSRUWXQLGDG SDUD OD HVFXHOD Iber,
'HO 0LODJUR 0 GH )UXWRV 0 ,JOHVLDV ( 0DWDL[ & 7RUUHFLOOD , El Paisaje
0LQLVWHULRGH2EUDV3~EOLFDV\7UDQVSRUWHV&HQWURGH3XEOLFDFLRQHV0DGULG
*DUFLD GH OD 9HJD $ (O SDLVDMH XQ GHVDItR FXUULFXODU \ GLGiFWLFR Revista
Didcticas EspecificasQSS
*yPH] $ 5HIOH[LRQHV DFHUFD GHO FRQWHQLGR SDLVDMH HQ ORV FXUUtFXOD GH OD
(QVHxDQ]D2EOLJDWRULDRevista Interuniversitaria de Formacin del ProfesoradoQSS

+HUQiQGH] $ 0 (O YDORU GHO SDLVDMH FXOWXUDO FRPR HVWUDWHJLD GLGiFWLFD Tejuelo:
Didctica de la Lengua y la Literatura. Educacin
/LFHUDV$Observar e interpretar el paisaje. Estrategias didcticas*UDQDGD*UXSR
(GLWRULDO8QLYHUVLWDULR
/LFHUDV$'LGiFWLFDGHOSDLVDMH/RTXHHVORTXHUHSUHVHQWDFRPRVHYLYHIber,
0DUWtQH] ( Miradas sobre el paisaje. Paisaje y Teora. Biblioteca Nueva 0DGULG

0DUWtQH]5YLOD&(OSDLVDMHHQORVOLEURVGHWH[WRGH&RQRFLPLHQWRGHO0HGLRHQ
(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD(Q50DUWtQH]\0(7RQGD0RQOORUFRRUGNuevas perspectivas
conceptuales y metodolgicas para la educacin geogrfica9ROSiJV
0DUWtQH]5*DUFtD5(OFRQFHSWRSDLVDMHHQORVFXUULFXODGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOGH
ODV&RPXQLGDGHV$XWyQRPDVHVSDxRODV(Q50DUWtQH]\0(7RQGD0RQOORUFRRUG
Nuevas perspectivas conceptuales y metodolgicas para la educacin geogrfica9RO
SiJV
0DUWtQH] 5 /ySH] - $ 0HGLQD 6 *DUFtD 5 (Q SUHQVD /D HQVHxDQ]D GHO
SDLVDMHHQ(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDHQHOQXHYRPDUFRQRUPDWLYRGHOD/20&(8QLYHUVLGDGGH
*UDQDGD
3LDJHW - La representacin del mundo en el nio (GLFLRQHV 0RUDWD 0DGULG 5HDO
'HFUHWRGHGHGLFLHPEUHSRUHOTXHVHHVWDEOHFHQODVHQVHxDQ]DVPtQLPDVGHOD
(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD
5HDO 'HFUHWR GH GH IHEUHUR SRU HO TXH VH HVWDEOHFH HO FXUUtFXOR EiVLFR GH OD
(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD
6RXWR ; Didctica de la Geografa. Problemas sociales y conocimiento del medio
%DUFHORQD(GLFLRQHVGHO6HUEDO


'(6$552//2'(/$&203(7(1&,$(63$&,$/$75$9e6'(
/$6$3/,&$&,21(6'(*22*/(($57+<0$36(1*(2*5$)$
85%$1$81$(;3(5,(1&,$'($8/$(1(62

)UDQFLVFR-RVp0RUDOHV<DJR
Universidad Nacional de Educacin a Distancia
fjmorales@geo.uned.es
5(680(1
/DV DSOLFDFLRQHV GH *RRJOH D OD FDUWRJUDItD GLJLWDO KDQ VXSXHVWR XQD LPSRUWDQWH FRQWULEXFLyQ DO DXPHQWR GH
LQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDDSOLFDGDHQHODXOD(OSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRPXHVWUDODH[SHULHQFLDUHDOL]DGDSRUHODOXPQDGR
GH(62DWUDYpVGHOPDQHMRGHHVWDVKHUUDPLHQWDVHQHOHVWXGLRGHOHVSDFLRXUEDQRGHODFLXGDGGH0XUFLD
FRPRPDUFRGHUHIHUHQFLDSHURHYLGHQWHPHQWHWUDVODGDEOHDFXDOTXLHURWURHVSDFLRXUEDQR
(O DFFHVR D ODV GLIHUHQWHV HVFDODV OD SRVLELOLGDG GH LQFRUSRUDU IRWRJUDItDV LQIRUPDFLyQ HVFULWD R SODQWHDU
UHFRUULGRV XUEDQRV SRVLELOLWD HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD FRPSHWHQFLD HVSDFLDO HQ *HRJUDItD 8UEDQD HQ DVSHFWRV FRPR
HPSOD]DPLHQWRPRUIRORJtDHVWUXFWXUDRYtDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQLQWHUXUEDQDVHLQWUDXUEDQDV

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
&RPSHWHQFLDVHGXFDWLYDV*HRJUDItDXUEDQD(QVHxDQ]D6HFXQGDULD*RRJOH0DSDV

,1752'8&&,1
/DV DSOLFDFLRQHV GLJLWDOHV SURSRUFLRQDGDV SRU *RRJOH VRQ KHUUDPLHQWDV VRIWZDUH FRQ XQD
LPSRUWDQWHDSOLFDFLyQSHGDJyJLFDHQOD(QVHxDQ]D6HFXQGDULDSDUDODDVLJQDWXUDGH*HRJUDItD
H+LVWRULD&ODYDO\*XHUPRQG\$UUR\R$OWUDWDUVHGHDSOLFDFLRQHVJUDWXLWDV
XWLOL]DGDV SDUD HO PXQGR GH OD HGXFDFLyQ SURSRUFLRQDQ XQ VRSRUWH GLGiFWLFR GH JUDQ
PRWLYDFLyQ SDUD HO DOXPQDGR \D TXH OH SURSRUFLRQDQ XQD H[SHULHQFLD HGXFDWLYD LQQRYDGRUD
FRQ LPSRUWDQWHV UHVXOWDGRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH %DOH \ XQ WUDEDMR FRPSHWHQFLDO YDOLRVR
)DELDQ \ 'XQORS 6HJ~Q *RRJOH OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH *RRJOH 0DSV RIUHFH WHFQRORJtD
FDUWRJUiILFD SRWHQWH \ IiFLO GH XVDU WDPELpQ DSRUWD GDWRV YDULDGRV \ SHUPLWH UXWDV SDUD
GHVSOD]DUVHSRUHOHVSDFLRGHIRUPDGLUHFWD\ELHQRULHQWDGD/DRWUDJUDQDSOLFDFLyQ*RRJOH
(DUWKSHUPLWHGHVSOD]DUVHDFXDOTXLHUOXJDUGHOSODQHWDSDUDYHULPiJHQHVVDWpOLWHVPRQWDxDV
FXHQFDVKLGURJUiILFDVFLXGDGHVERVTXHVRFDPSRVGHFXOWLYRHQWDPDxRVDGLIHUHQWHVHVFDODV
WDPELpQVHSXHGHQKDFHUUHFRUULGRVSRUORVHVSDFLRVFRQLPiJHQHVDFWXDOL]DGDV
/RV PDSDV GLJLWDOHV DO LJXDO TXH ODVRWUDV DSOLFDFLRQHV GH *RRJOH DEUHQ XQ JUDQ DEDQLFR GH
SRVLELOLGDGHVHGXFDWLYDVFRQUHVSHFWRDOXVRGHORVPDSDVLPSUHVRVTXHVHKDQYHQLGRXVDQGR
KDVWD DKRUD /RV PDSDV HQ JHQHUDO D\XGDQ D FRQHFWDU FXDOTXLHU FRQRFLPLHQWR FRQ VX
ORFDOL]DFLyQ HVSDFLDO HQ HO PXQGR DGHPiV HO DOXPQDGR WLHQH OD SRVLELOLGDG GH LQWHUDFWXDU
JHQHUDQGR XQD PD\RU PRWLYDFLyQ HQ HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO HVSDFLR DFWXDO ORV SDLVDMHV \ VX
WUDQVIRUPDFLyQSRUHOSDVRGHOWLHPSR&DSHO
/D H[SHULHQFLD REWHQLGD HQ YDULRV FHQWURV GH 6HFXQGDULD HQ OD FLXGDG GH 0XUFLD QRV KD
SHUPLWLGR TXH HO DOXPQDGR FUHDUD PDSDV FRQ GLYHUVRV REMHWLYRV LPSOHPHQWDGR DVSHFWRV
YDULDGRVFRPRORVGLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHSODQRXUEDQRODORFDOL]DFLyQGHORVHVSDFLRVFRPHUFLDOHV
F.J.Morales Yago


R LQGXVWULDOHV R OD SRVLFLyQ GH ORV EDUULRV HQ HO FRQWH[WR GH ODV FLXGDGHV /D UHDOL]DFLyQ GH
PDSDV GLJLWDOHV VH SXHGH UHDOL]DU WDQWR HQ JUXSR FRPR FRODERUDWLYDPHQWH \ UHVXOWD
HVSHFLDOPHQWH LQWHUHVDQWH \ SHUWLQHQWH SDUD OD SUHSDUDFLyQ GH UHFRUULGRV XUEDQRV FRQ XQ
LQPLQHQWHYDORUSHGDJyJLFR\HGXFDWLYRTXHFRQGXFHQDODSRVWHULRUUHDOL]DFLyQGHWUDEDMRV
UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD HVWUXFWXUD \ IRUPD GH OD FLXGDGHV ORV WLSR GH KiELWDW OD GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ
VRFLDO R ODIXQFLRQDOLGDG GHO HVSDFLR VLQ ROYLGDU RWUDV FXHVWLRQHVIRUPDWLYDV FRPR VHUtDQ OD
RULHQWDFLyQ HVSDFLDO R OD PRYLOLGDG GH ORV VHUHV KXPDQRV DQWH OD RIHUWD GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV
PHGLRVGHWUDQVSRUWH'HHVWDPDQHUDHODSURYHFKDPLHQWRGHOFRQWHQLGRHGXFDWLYRGHXQYLDMH
VH PXOWLSOLFD \ FUHD XQ DPELHQWH GH DSUHQGL]DMH PRWLYDGRU VLJQLILFDWLYR \ FRRSHUDWLYR
(FKHLWD'tD]\<XV
*RRJOH0DSVHVXQVHUYLGRUGHDSOLFDFLRQHVGHPDSDVHQODZHETXHRIUHFHLPiJHQHV
GH PDSDV GHVSOD]DEOHV DVt FRPR IRWRJUDItDV SRU VDWpOLWH GHO PXQGR H LQFOXVR OD UXWD HQWUH
GLIHUHQWHV XELFDFLRQHV R LPiJHQHV D SLH GH FDOOH FRQ OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH *RRJOH 6WUHHW 9LHZ
([LVWHXQDYDULDQWHDQLYHOHQWRUQRGHHVFULWRULROODPDGD*RRJOH(DUWKVHWUDWDGH
XQ SURJUDPD LQIRUPiWLFR TXH PXHVWUD XQ JORER YLUWXDO TXH SHUPLWH YLVXDOL]DU P~OWLSOH
FDUWRJUDItDFRQEDVHHQODIRWRJUDItDVDWHOLWDO(OSURJUDPDIXHFUHDGREDMRHOQRPEUH
GH EarthViewer 3D SRU OD FRPSDxtD .H\KROH ,QF ILQDQFLDGD SRU OD $JHQFLD &HQWUDO GH
,QWHOLJHQFLD /D FRPSDxtD IXH FRPSUDGD SRU *RRJOH HQ DEVRUELHQGR OD DSOLFDFLyQ (O
PDSDGH*RRJOH(DUWKHVWiFRPSXHVWRSRUXQDVXSHUSRVLFLyQGHLPiJHQHVREWHQLGDV
SRULPiJHQHVVDWHOLWDOHVIRWRJUDItDVDpUHDVLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDSURYHQLHQWHGHPRGHORV
GH GDWRV 6,* GH WRGR HO PXQGR \ PRGHORV FUHDGRV SRU FRPSXWDGRUD (O SURJUDPD HVWi
GLVSRQLEOHHQYDULDVOLFHQFLDVSHURODYHUVLyQJUDWXLWDHVODPiVSRSXODUGLVSRQLEOH
SDUD GLVSRVLWLYRV PyYLOHV WDEOHWDV \ FRPSXWDGRUDV SHUVRQDOHV GH KHFKR HQ HO PXQGR
HGXFDWLYRHVWDYHUVLyQHVODPiVXWLOL]DGDSRUVXJUDWXLGDG\UDSLGH]HQODGHVFDUJDGHGDWRV
KWWSVHDUWKJRRJOHHV KWWSVZZZJRRJOHHVPDSV
)LJXUD:HE\ORJRVGHDFFHVRD*RRJOH(DUWK\0DSV

/DSULPHUDYHUVLyQGH*RRJOH(DUWKIXHODQ]DGDHQ\DFWXDOPHQWHHVWiGLVSRQLEOH
HQ3&SDUD:LQGRZV0DF\/LQX[*RRJOH(DUWKWDPELpQHVWiGLVSRQLEOHFRPRSOXJLQSDUD
YLVXDOL]DUVH GHVGH HO QDYHJDGRU ZHE (Q *RRJOH (DUWK VH KDEtD FRQYHUWLGR HQ HO
SURJUDPD PiV SRSXODU SDUD YLVXDOL]DU FDUWRJUDItD FRQ PiV GH PLO PLOORQHV GH GHVFDUJDV
0XFKRVXVXDULRVXWLOL]DQODDSOLFDFLyQSDUDDxDGLUVXVSURSLRVGDWRVKDFLpQGRORVGLVSRQLEOHV
F.J.Morales Yago

PHGLDQWHYDULDVIXHQWHVWDOHVFRPRHOBulletin Board Systems REORJV*RRJOH(DUWKHVFDSD]

GHPRVWUDUGLIHUHQWHVFDSDVGHLPDJHQHQFLPDGHODEDVH
/DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HGXFDWLYDV GH ODV DSOLFDFLRQHV FDUWRJUiILFDV GH *RRJOH VRQ GLYHUVDV \
P~OWLSOHV9LYDQFRVSXGLHQGRUHVXPLUVHHQGLYHUVDVDFWXDFLRQHVWDQWRHQHODXODFRPR
HQHOSURSLRKRJDUGHODOXPQDGRHQODWDEODSDVDPRVDUHVXPLUODVWHQLHQGRSUHVHQWHTXHOD
FRPSHWHQFLD GLJLWDO VH XWLOL]DUi HQ WRGDV HOODV SRU WHQHU FRPR EDVH XQ WUDEDMR UHDOL]DGR HQ
RUGHQDGRUHVSHUVRQDOHV
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVHGXFDWLYDV &RPSHWHQFLDVPiVVLJQLILFDWLYDV
&RQRFLPLHQWRVGHODUHGJHRJUiILFDSDUDOHORV\ 0DWHPiWLFDV&LHQFLD\
PHULGLDQRV 7HFQRORJtD
6LWXDFLyQHQODUHGGHFRRUGHQDGDVODWLWXG\ORQJLWXG 0DWHPiWLFDV&LHQFLD\
7HFQRORJtD
2EVHUYDUODPRUIRORJtDGHODWLHUUDUHOLHYHRFpDQRV $SUHQGHUDDSUHQGHU
UtRVHWF
%~VTXHGDVGHWRSyQLPRV\HVSDFLRVJHRJUiILFRV /LQJLVWLFD6RFLDO\FLXGDGDQD
7UD]DUUXWDVHQWUHYDULRVSXQWRVJHRJUiILFRV 0DWHPiWLFDV&LHQFLD\
7HFQRORJtD
&DOFXODUGLVWDQFLDV 0DWHPiWLFDV&LHQFLD\
7HFQRORJtD
&RQRFHUODDOWXUDGHXQSXQWRVREUHHOQLYHOGHOPDU 0DWHPiWLFDV&LHQFLD\
7HFQRORJtD
*XDUGDUOXJDUHVGHLQWHUpV\FRPSDUWLUORV &RQFLHQFLD\H[SUHVLyQFXOWXUDO
$FFHGHUDIRWRJUDItDVGHSDLVDMHVFLXGDGHVLQGXVWULDV 6RFLDO\FLXGDGDQD
HWF
,QWHUDFWXDUFRQODWLHUUDGHVGHHOHVSDFLRVREUHYRODQGR $SUHQGHUDDSUHQGHU
&UHDUXQPDSDFRQPDUFDGRUHVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQYLDMHV ,QLFLDWLYD\HVStWXHPSUHQGHGRU
0DUFDUUXWDVOLWHUDULDVKLVWyULFDVDUWtVWLFDVHWF /LQJLVWLFD6RFLDO\FLXGDGDQD
7DEOD&DUiFWHUtVWLFDVHGXFDWLYDVGHODVDSOLFDFLRQHVFDUWRJUiILFDVGH*RRJOH
/$6&203(7(1&,$6%6,&$6$75$9e6'(/$*(2*5$)$85%$1$
(QWUHODVP~OWLSOHVGLPHQVLRQHVGHOD(GXFDFLyQODDFWXDOOH\GH(GXFDFLyQ/20&(
VHxDODQODFDSDFLWDFLyQHQ&RPSHWHQFLDV%iVLFDV*DLUtQFRPRXQHOHPHQWREiVLFRHQ
ODIRUPDFLyQGHODOXPQDGRGHQXHVWURVLVWHPDHGXFDWLYR=DEDO]D(OLQIRUPH'H6H&R
GHILQH GLFKDV FRPSHWHQFLDV FRPR OD FRPELQDFLyQ GH KDELOLGDGHV SUiFWLFDV FRQRFLPLHQWRV
PRWLYDFLyQ YDORUHV pWLFRV DFWLWXGHV HPRFLRQHV \ RWURV FRPSRQHQWHV VRFLDOHV \ GH
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRVTXHVHPRYLOL]DQFRQMXQWDPHQWHSDUDORJUDUXQDDFFLyQHILFD]7DPELpQOD
5HG (XURSHD GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ VREUH OD (GXFDFLyQ (XU\GLFH LQGLFD GH IRUPD EUHYH TXH ODV
FRPSHWHQFLDV GHEHQ VHU OD FDSDFLGDG GH UHDOL]DU XQD WDUHD HQ XQ FRQWH[WR GHWHUPLQDGR.
)LQDOPHQWH \ WHQLHQGR FRPR PDUFR GH UHIHUHQFLD D OD 8QLyQ (XURSHD OD GHILQLFLyQ GH
FRPSHWHQFLDLQGLFDUtDODFRPELQDFLyQGHGHVWUH]DVFRQRFLPLHQWRV\DFWLWXGHVDGHFXDGDV DO
F.J.Morales Yago

FRQWH[WR FRQVLGHUDQGR FODYH DTXHOODV TXH WRGDV ODV SHUVRQDV SUHFLVDQ SDUD VX UHDOL]DFLyQ \
GHVDUUROORSHUVRQDODVtFRPRSDUDODFLXGDGDQtDDFWLYDODLQFOXVLyQVRFLDO\HOHPSOHR
(Q QXHVWUR SDtV ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV EiVLFDV TXHGDURQ GHVLJQDGDV WUDV OD SURPXOJDFLyQ GH OD
/20&( HQ VLHWH OLQJtVWLFDFRPXQLFDFLyQ PDWHPiWLFDFLHQFLD \ WHFQRORJtD GLJLWDO
VRFLDO \ FtYLFD FRQFLHQFLD \ H[SUHVLRQHV FXOWXUDOHV DSUHQGHU D DSUHQGHU \ OD ~OWLPD
LQLFLDWLYD\HVStULWXHPSUHQGHGRU
/DV FRPSHWHQFLDV EiVLFDV VRQ FRQRFLPLHQWR HQ DFFLyQ QR VH WUDWDQ SRU WDQWR GH XQ
FRQWHQLGR QXHYR VLQR OD IRUPD HILFD] GH XVDU HO FRQRFLPLHQWRSRU WDQWR VH WUDWDUtDQ GH XQ
VDEHUKDFHUTXHVHDSOLFDTXHHVVXVFHSWLEOHGHDGHFXDUVHDXQDGLYHUVLGDGGHFRQWH[WRV\
TXH WHQGUiQ XQ FDUiFWHU LQWHJUDGRU DEDUFDQGR FRQRFLPLHQWRV SURFHGLPLHQWRV KDELOLGDGHV \
DFWLWXGHV FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH ORJUDU XQD UHDOL]DFLyQ SHUVRQDO GHO DOXPQDGR HMHUFHU XQD
FLXGDGDQtDSDUWLFLSDWLYDLQYROXFUDGDHQODVRFLHGDGDQWHODLQFRUSRUDFLyQDODYLGDDGXOWDGH
IRUPD VDWLVIDFWRULD \ FRQ XQ UDVJR TXH YHQtD HQXQFLDGR GHVGH GpFDGDV DQWHULRUHV HO
DSUHQGL]DMHSHUPDQHQWHDORODUJRGHODYLGD
0$7(07,&$
&,(1&,$<
&21&,(1&,$<
7(&12/2*$
&2081,&$&,1 (;35(6,21(6
/,1*h,67,&$ &8/785$/(6
$35(1'(5$ ',*,7$/
1. $35(1'(5
&203(7(1&,$6%6,&$6
/20&(
,1,&,$7,9$< 62&,$/
(635,78 <&,9,&$
(035(1'('25
)LJXUD&RPSHWHQFLDV%iVLFDV
)XHQWH/20&(\(ODERUDFLyQ3URSLD
(VWXGLDU*HRJUDItD8UEDQD%DLOH\VLJQLILFDDQDOL]DUODVLWXDFLyQGHORVVHUHVKXPDQRV

HQ XQ HVSDFLR \ VRFLHGDG GHWHUPLQDGD HVWD WHPiWLFD SXHGH RIUHFHUQRV ODV SRVLELOLGDG GH
WUDEDMDUWRGDVODVFRPSHWHQFLDV('(%eSRUHOORVHUiLPSRUWDQWHODLQWHQFLRQDOLGDGHQ
ODHODERUDFLyQGHXQDXQLGDGGLGiFWLFDUHODFLRQDGDFRQHOHVSDFLRXUEDQR\VXVGLPHQVLRQHV
WDOHVFRPRODIRUPDXUEDQDHOGHVDUUROORGHODVFLXGDGHV\VXHYROXFLyQDORODUJRGHOWLHPSR
OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH ORV Q~FOHRV R OD SODQLILFDFLyQ GH ORV HVSDFLRV +DEUtD TXH LQLFLDUOD FRQ HO
HVWXGLR GH ORV FRQFHSWRV EiVLFRV GH *HRJUDItD 8UEDQD FRPR OD PRUIRORJtD \ HVWUXFWXUD
WLSRVGHSODQRXUEDQRUHGHVGHWUDQVSRUWHRGRWDFLyQGHHTXLSDPLHQWRV\VHUYLFLRV
*HQHUDOPHQWHVHKDFHXQHVWXGLREDVWDQWHWHyULFRGHVFULSWLYRGHOD*HRJUDItD8UEDQD=iUDWH
LQGLFDQGRODHVWUXFWXUDGHOHVWXGLRGHSODQRVXUEDQRVFRQFHSWRVFRPRGDPHURWUD]DGR
F.J.Morales Yago

UHJXODULUUHJXODUFRQQXUEDFLyQRFLXGDGGLIXVD7DPELpQVHLQGLFDQDVSHFWRVFRPRUHSDUWR
GHVLJXDORODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHXQRVEDUULRV\RWURVHQVDQFKHVRSHULIHULDV
(OHQIRTXHFRPSHWHQFLDOUHSUHVHQWDJUDQGHVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHGHVDUUROORDWUDYpVGHWDUHDV
VLJQLILFDWLYDV\VXFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDFRQXQDFRPSHWHQFLDEiVLFDWDEOD
7LSRGHFRPSHWHQFLD (MHPSOR
&RPXQLFDFLyQOLQJtVWLFD 3XHVWDHQFRP~Q([SOLFDUDORVFRPSDxHURVODIRUPDGHO
SODQRHQXQHVSDFLRFRQFUHWRVHYDORUDUiODH[SUHVLYLGDG
UHFXUVRVOLQJtVWLFRVHWF
0DWHPiWLFDFLHQFLD\WHFQRORJtD %XVFDUORVGDWRVGHGHQVLGDGGHSREODFLyQGHORVGLVWLQWRV
GLVWULWRVGHXQDFLXGDG\HODERUDUXQPDSDGHRFXSDFLyQ
GHOHVSDFLR
&RQFLHQFLD\H[SUHVLRQHV /DFLXGDGHVXQDGHODSULQFLSDOHVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVGHOD
FXOWXUDOHV KXPDQLGDGVHSURSRQHHODERUDUXQWUDEDMRIRWRJUiILFRFRQ
HVSDFLRVXUEDQRVGLIHUHQFLDGRV
'LJLWDO 7UDEDMDUODFRQIHFFLyQGHPDSDVGHFLXGDGHVDWUDYpVGHOD
DSOLFDFLyQGHJRRJOHPDSV(VWDDFWLYLGDGVHGHVDUUROODUi
HQHODXODGHLQIRUPiWLFDGHOFHQWUR
6RFLDO\&tYLFD (ODERUDUXQPXUDODWUDYpVGHIRWRJUDItDVHQGRQGHVH
H[SOLTXHORVHIHFWRVGHODSREODFLyQVREUHHOSDLVDMH
XUEDQRFKDERODVEDUULRVUHVLGHQFLDOHVGHDOWRQLYHO
]RQDVLQGXVWULDOHVFHQWURVFRPHUFLDOHVFDOOHV\DYHQLGDV
HWF
,QLFLDWLYD\HVStULWXHPSUHQGHGRU 6HSURSRQHDORVDOXPQRVXQWUDEDMRYROXQWDULRH[WUDOD
UHFRJLGD\E~VTXHGDGHQRWLFLDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQ
IHQyPHQRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODH[FOXVLyQVRFLDO\
GHOLFXHQFLDHQODVFLXGDGHV
$SUHQGHUDDSUHQGHU %XVFDUGDWRVGHSREODFLyQGHYDULDVFLXGDGHVDWUDYpVGHO
,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH(VWDGtVWLFD\FRPHQWDUHOWLSRGH
SREODFLyQ\VXVSHUVSHFWLYDVGHIXWXURGHFUHFLPLHQWRR
UHWURFHVRSREODFLRQDO\VXVFRQVHFXHQFLDVVREUHHOSDLVDMH
XUEDQR
7DEOD&RPSHWHQFLDVEiVLFDV\HMHPSORVGHDFWLYLGDGHVSURSXHVWDVSDUDHOHVWXGLRGHOWLHPSR
/$ $3/,&$&,1 '( *22*/( ($57+ < 0$36 81 (;3(5,(1&,$ (1 (/
$8/$
/D/20&(FRQWHPSODHQVXFXUULFXOXPHOHVWXGLRGHOD*HRJUDItDHQORVWUHVSULPHURVFXUVRV
GHOD(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULDTXHGDQGRORVFRQWHQLGRVGLYLGLGRVHQYDULRVGLIHUHQWHWHPiWLFDV
UHODFLRQDGDVFRQOD*HRJUDItD)tVLFDSDUDGH(62\FRQOD*HRJUDItD+XPDQD\HO$QiOLVLV
*HRJUiILFR5HJLRQDOFRQORVFXUVRGH\WDEOD
F.J.Morales Yago


(62 %ORTXH, %ORTXH,,
/D7LHUUD\HOXQLYHUVR (OFOLPD\ORVSDLVDMHVGHODWLHUUD
(O5HOLHYH /RVFRQWLQHQWHV
(ODJXDHQODWLHUUD (O6HUKXPDQR\HOPHGLRDPELHQWH
(OWLHPSR\HOFOLPD (OPHGLRItVLFRHQ(VSDxD
/DSREODFLyQPXQGLDO
/DSREODFLyQHXURSHD\HVSDxROD
(62 8QPXQGRGHFLXGDGHV
/DRUJDQL]DFLyQSROtWLFDGHODVRFLHGDG
(VSDFLR\6RFLHGDG
/DDFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFDGHODVRFLHGDG
/DVDFWLYLGDGHVDJUDULDV

/DVDFWLYLGDGHVLQGXVWULDOHV
(62 /DJHRJUDItDGHORVVHUYLFLRV
/DHFRQRPtDHVSDxROD
'HVLJXDOGDG\FRRSHUDFLyQ
/RVJUDQGHVUHWRVPHGLRDPELHQWDOHV
7DEOD&XUULFXOXP/20&(SDUDODDVLJQDWXUDGH*HRJUDItD

/DXWLOL]DFLyQGHFDUWRJUDItDHVLPSUHVFLQGLEOHHQWRGDVODVXQLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDVTXHFRQWHPSOD
HVWH 3ODQ GH (VWXGLRV SRU WDQWR OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH ODV DSOLFDFLRQHV GH *RRJOH VH SXHGHQ
LPSOHPHQWDUHQWRGDVHOODV

/DFRQVWUXFFLyQGHPDSDVPHQWDOHVGHODFLXGDGGH 0XUFLD
/DUHDOL]DFLyQGHPDSDVPHQWDOHVGHODFLXGDGGH0XUFLDKDIRUPDGRSDUWHGHODPHWRGRORJtD
HPSOHDGD EDVDGD HQ HO HQIRTXH GHVFULSWLYR GH /\QFK (VWH DXWRU HQ VXV HVWXGLRV
FHQWUyVXREMHWLYRHQHODQiOLVLVGHODFDOLGDGYLVXDOGHWUHVFLXGDGHVHVWDGRXQLGHQVHV-HUVH\
%RVWRQ\/RV$QJHOHV/\QFKFRQVLGHUDEDTXHODVSHUVRQDVHVWUXFWXUDQ\UHFXHUGDQHOSDLVDMH
XUEDQR D WUDYpV GH XQD VHOHFFLyQ GH GHWHUPLQDGRV FRPSRQHQWHV (VWRV FRPSRQHQWHV VRQ
KLWRV GLVWULWRV VHQGDV QRGRV \ ERUGHV /D FRPELQDFLyQ GH HVWRV HOHPHQWRV HQ HO SDLVDMH
XUEDQR GHWHUPLQD OD PD\RU R PHQRU OHJLOLELOLGDG GH OD FLXGDG \ VX PD\RU R PHQRU
LPDJLQDELOLGDG TXH HV OD SURSLHGDG GHO SDLVDMH XUEDQR GH HYRFDU LPiJHQHV PiV R PHQRV
QtWLGDVHQODPD\RUtDGHORVREVHUYDGRUHV3RUORWDQWRODPD\RUUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHXQDFLXGDG
SHUPLWHTXHHOREVHUYDGRUODUHFXHUGH\HYRTXHFRQIDFLOLGDG\SXHGDUHSURGXFLUHQODPHQWH
LPiJHQHVPX\SOiVWLFDVGHODPLVPD%DVDGRHQGRVVDOLGDVUHDOL]DGDVFRQHODOXPQDGRSRUOD
FLXGDG GH 0XUFLD OD FXPSOLPHQWDFLyQ GH XQDV HQFXHVWDV VREUH HVTXHPDV JUiILFRV
FDUWRJUDItD IRWRJUDItDV \ GHVFULSFLRQHV YHUEDOHV GH OD FLXGDG LQWHQWDPRV VHxDODU HQ ODV
LPiJHQHV PHQWDOHV GHO DOXPQDGR TXH HO SDLVDMH XUEDQR GH 0XUFLD HVWi IRUPDGD SRU FLQFR
HOHPHQWRVHVWUXFWXUDOHV
D 6HQGDV 6RQ ODV YtDV R FDPLQRV VHJXLGDV SRU FXDOTXLHU LQGLYLGXR QRUPDOPHQWH
RFDVLRQDOPHQWH R SRWHQFLDOPHQWH HQ VX GHDPEXODU SRU OD FLXGDG6RQ ODV FDOOHV FDQDOHV
YtDVGHIHUURFDUULO3DUDPXFKDVSHUVRQDVVRQORVHOHPHQWRVSULQFLSDOHVGHODFLXGDG
F.J.Morales Yago

E 1RGRV6RQSXQWRVHVWUDWpJLFRVGHODFLXGDGOXJDUHVGHFRQIOXHQFLDGHFLUFXODFLyQRGH
UXSWXUD GH WUDQVSRUWH FRPR SOD]DV SXHUWRV DHURSXHUWRV HVWDFLRQHV GH IHUURFDUULO R GH
DXWREXVHV $ PHQXGR HVWRV OXJDUHV FRQFHQWUDQ DFWLYLGDGHV FHQWUDOHV GH OD FLXGDG \
HQFLHUUDQYDORUHVVLPEyOLFRV\UHSUHVHQWDWLYRVGHODFLXGDGREDUULR
F %DUULRV 6RQ iUHDV XUEDQDV TXH ORV FLXGDGDQRV SHUFLEHQ FRPR HVSDFLRV ELHQ
GLIHUHQFLDGRV GH RWURV SRU UD]RQHV GH WLSR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR R SRU ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH VX
PRUIRORJtDVLJQLILFDGRIXQFLRQDO\FRPSRVLFLyQGHVXSREODFLyQ
G +LWRV6RQHOHPHQWRVGHOSDLVDMHXUEDQRTXHODPD\RUtDGHVXVKDELWDQWHVXWLOL]DQFRPR
SXQWRVGHUHIHUHQFLD\JXtDODWRUUHGHXQDLJOHVLDHOD\XQWDPLHQWRXQPRQXPHQWR
H %RUGHV 6RQ ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH VHSDUDQ HVSDFLRV GLIHUHQFLDGRV PRUIROyJLFD R
VRFLDOPHQWH 3XHGHQ VHU OtPLWHV PDWHULDOHV FRPR OtQHDV GH IHUURFDUULO PXUDOODV UtRV
IUHQWHVGHFRVWDXVRVGLVWLQWRVGHOVXHORROtPLWHVSHUFLELGRVFRPRiUHDVUHVLGHQFLDOHVGH
GHWHUPLQDGDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVVRFLDOHVR]RQDVGHPLHGR
$ SDUWH GHO HQIRTXH YLVXDO WDPELpQ FRQVLGHUDPRV ORV DVSHFWRV YDORUDWLYRV \ SUHIHUHQFLDO
=iUDWH TXH KDFHQ UHIHUHQFLD D OD GLPHQVLyQ DSUHFLDWLYD GH OD LPDJHQ FRQ YLVWDV DO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR \ D OD WRPD GH GHFLVLyQ 3DUD GHVDUUROODU OD FRPSRQHQWH DSUHFLDWLYD GH OD
LPDJHQ VH XWLOL]DPRV DVSHFWRV YDULDGRV TXH YDQ GHVGH HO FRQRFLPLHQWR QRPLQDWLYR GH ODV
FDOOHVSOD]DVPRQXPHQWRVRDYHQLGDVKDVWDHPSOHDUHOXVRGHGDWRVDWUDYpVGHWpFQLFDVPX\
VHQFLOODVTXHRIUHFHQODVDSOLFDFLRQHVGH*RRJOHFRPRODPHGLFLyQGHGLVWDQFLDVRFiOFXORGH
SHUtPHWURV OR TXH FRQGXMR D OD HODERUDFLyQ GH VHQFLOORV PDSDV SUHIHUHQFLDOHV \ GH ODV
SULQFLSDOHV LPiJHQHV PHQWDOHV GH OD FLXGDG $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ FRQ OD D\XGD GH XQ JUXSR GH
DOXPQRV GH (62 \ %DFKLOOHUDWR GHO &ROHJLR 1XHVWUD 6HxRUD GH OD 3D] HQ HO %DUULR GH ODV
$WDOD\DVGH0XUFLDGRQGHVROLFLWDPRVGLEXMDUDQXQSODQRGHODFLXGDGVHxDODQGRORVEDUULRV
\HOPD\RUQ~PHURGHHOHPHQWRVYLVLEOHVTXHUHFXHUGHQHQVXLQWHULRU\TXHSXGLHUDQVHUYLU
FRPRUHIHUHQFLDVGHRULHQWDFLyQSDUDFXDOTXLHULQGLYLGXRTXHQRFRQRFLHUDODFLXGDG\IXHUDD
YLVLWDUOD SRU SULPHUD YH] 3DUD UHDOL]DU HVWD WDUHD DFFHGLHURQD OD FDUWRJUDItD GH *RRJOH TXH
FRQVWLWX\yVXPD\RUIXHQWHGHWUDEDMRVLUYLpQGROHGHUHIHUHQFLDSDUDHOFiOFXORGHGLVWDQFLDV\
ODRULHQWDFLyQWDQWRHVSDFLDOFRPRGHORFDOL]DFLyQ
7DPELpQ GH IRUPD DOHDWRULD DOJXQRV DOXPQRV WUDMHURQ PDSDVFDOOHMHURV UHDOL]DGRV SRU HO
$\XQWDPLHQWRGHODFLXGDGTXHOHVVLUYLyGHUHIHUHQFLDSDUDFRQRFHUODWRSRQLPLDGHODVFDOOHV
\ORVGLYHUVRVHPSOD]DPLHQWRV
5HDOL]DFLyQFDUWRJUiILFDGHXQLWLQHUDULRXUEDQR
0XUFLDHVXQDFLXGDGGHWDPDxR PHGLRTXHRIUHFHJUDQGHVSRVLELOLGDGHVSDUD ODUHDOL]DFLyQ
GH UHFRUULGRV D SLH SRU ORV GLVWLQWRV HVSDFLRV \ EDUULRV GHO FRQMXQWR XUEDQR $ WUDYpV GH OD
DFWLYLGDGGHVDUUROODGDVHRIUHFLyODSRVLELOLGDGGHGLVHxDUXQPDSDHQHOFXDODSDUHFLHVHQORV
OXJDUHVPiVHPEOHPiWLFRVGHODFLXGDGFRPRPRWLYDFLyQDWUDYpVGHXQWUDEDMRFRRSHUDWLYR
ORV GLVWLQWRV JUXSRV IRUPDGRV DGTXLHURQ HO URO GH JXtDV WXUtVWLFRV GH OD FLXGDG &DGD JUXSR
HVWXYR IRUPDGR SRU FLQFR DOXPQDGR HO REMHWLYR IXQGDPHQWDO IXH SUHVHQWDU OD FLXGDG GH
0XUFLDDWUDYpVGHVXVSULQFLSDOHV PRQXPHQWRVPXVHRV\OXJDUHVVLJQLILFDWLYRV6HFUHDURQ
XQWRWDOGHVHLVJUXSRVGHWUDEDMRODGLQiPLFDVHJXLGDIXHODUHDOL]DFLyQGHXQOLVWDGRGHORV
OXJDUHVPiVFRQRFLGRVSRUHODOXPQDGRSDUDGHVSXHVORFDOL]DUORVVREUHHOPDSDGHODFLXGDG\
UHDOL]DUXQLWLQHUDULRFRKHUHQWH
F.J.Morales Yago

(O UHVXOWDGR GH HVWD H[SHULHQFLD FRQGXMR D OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ SRU RUGHQ GH SUHIHUHQFLD
VHxDODPRVORVHVSDFLRVPiVFRQRFLGRV\HOSRUFHQWDMHLQGLFDGRSRUORVJUXSRVGHWUDEDMR
/XJDURHVSDFLR
&DWHGUDOGH0XUFLD*ORULHWD\HQWRUQR
3OD]DGH6DQWR'RPLQJR
3OD]DGHOD)XHQVDQWD%XOHYDUGHO&RUWH,QJOpV
&DOOH7UDSHUtD
3OD]DGHO5RPHD\/DV&ODUDV
3DVHR$OIRQVR;(O6DELR
3OD]D&LUFXODU
3OD]DGH/DV)ORUHV
*UDQ9tD\3OD]DGH6DQWD,VDEHO
3XHQWH9LHMR\3ODQRGH6DQ)UDQFLVFR
&DOOH3ODWHUtD
8QLYHUVLGDGGH0XUFLD\]RQDGH/DV7DVFDV
0XVHR6DO]LOOR
3OD]DGH7RURV
3DVHRGHO0DOHFyQ
-DUGtQGH)ORULGDEODQFD
(VSDFLRVFRPHUFLDOHVSHULIpULFRV7KDGHU\1XHYD&RQGRPLQD
(VWDFLyQ5HQIHGH(O&DUPHQ
(VWDGLR9LHMD&RQGRPLQD
3DUTXHGH/D3yOYRUD/D6HGD
7DEOD(VSDFLRVPHMRUYDORUDGRVSDUDODYLVLWDWXUtVWLFDHQODFLXGDGGH0XUFLD
2WURV HVSDFLRV VLQJXODUHV FRPR HO (GLILFLR $OPXGt /RV 0ROLQRV GHO UtR OD 3OD]D GH 6DQWD
(XODOLDRHOMDUGtQGH/DV7UHV&RSDVWDPELpQVRQVHxDODGRVSRUORVHVWXGLDQWHVSHURDSHQDV
VRQ FDUWRJUDILDGRV HQ ORV PDSDV UHDOL]DGRV DO UHVSHFWR OR TXH VH LQWHUSUHVWD FRPR XQ
FRQRFLPLHQWR PDV HVFDVR R VLPSOHPHQWH XQD PHQRU YDORUDFLyQ R SUHIHUHQFLD VREUH HVWRV
HVSDFLRVSRFRVHxDODGRV
7DPELpQ GHVWDFDPRV HQ HVWRV WUDEDMRV UHDOL]DGRV HQ *RRJOH (DUWK \ 0DSV FRPHQWDULRV QR
GLUHFWDPHQWH UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ ORV OXJDUHV R HVSDFLRV ItVLFRV DSDUHFLHQGR HO VHQWLGR GH OR
HPRFLRQDO DVRFLDGR D HVSDFLRV GHWHUPLQDGRV SRU HMHPSOR OR UHODFLRQDGR FRQ OD WUDGLFLyQ
EHOHQtVWLFD GH 0XUFLD TXH LQGLFD ORV EHOHQHV LQVWDODGRV HQ HO 3DODFLR (SLVFRSDO MXQWR D OD
&DWHGUDO ODV )LHVWDV GH 3ULPDYHUD R 6HPDQD 6DQWD FRQ ORV LWLQHUDULRV GH OD FDEDOJDWD GHO
%DQGR GH OD +XHUWD HQ HO SULPHU FDVR \ ODV GLIHUHQWHV SURFHVLRQHV HQ HO VHJXQGR 7DPELpQ
IXHUD GHO FDVFR XUEDQR GH 0XUFLD HO DOXPQDGR FDUWRJUDItD RWURV HVSDFLRV GH IXHUWH
VLJQLILFDFLyQ HQ VXV YLYHQFLDV H LPiJHQHV PHQWDOHV FRPR VRQ HO6DQWXDULR GH /D )XHQVDQWD
HQ OD SHGDQtD GH $OJH]DUHV OD 8QLYHUVLGDG &DWyOLFD 6DQ $QWRQLR HQ OD SHGDQtD GH
*XDGDOXSH/DfRUDR(O&ULVWRHQHOPRQWtFXORGHODSHGDQtDGH0RQWHDJXGR
F.J.Morales Yago

)LJXUD6DQWXDULRGH/D)XHQVDQWD0XUFLD )LJXUD&ULVWRGH0RQWHDJXGR0XUFLD

)XHQWHZZZPXUFLDWXULVWLFDHV )XHQWHZZZPXUFLDHV
5HDOL]DFLyQFDUWRJUiILFDGHOD)RUPD8UEDQD
(Q (62 VH HVWXGLD GH IRUPD VLJQLILFDWLYD OD *HRJUDItD 8UEDQD D WUDYpV GH GLYHUVRV
DSDUWDGRV FRPR VRQ OD OHFWXUD H LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH OD FLXGDG HO SODQR FRPR H[SUHVLyQ GH OD
FLXGDG KHUHGDGD TXH HYROXFLRQD KDFLD QXHYD IRUPDV GHVDUUROODGDV SRU HO SODQHDPLHQWR OD
GRWDFLyQ \ MHUDUTXL]DFLyQ IXQFLRQDO GHO HVSDFLR XUEDQR LQFOX\HQGR OD GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ
UHVLGHQFLDO ODV iUHDV GH LQIOXHQFLD GH ODV FLXGDG HQ UHODFLyQ D OD UHG XUEDQD \ VX MHUDUTXtD
HVSDFLDO
(ODOXPQDGRDWUDYpVGHODVDSOLFDFLRQHV*RRJOHWXYRODRSRUWXQLGDGGHGHVDUUROODUHMHUFLFLRV
SUiFWLFRVQRVRODPHQWH GHOD FLXGDGGH0XUFLD WDPELpQ FRPRHMHUFLFLRSUHYLRSDUDIDFLOLWDU
HVWH WUDEDMR VH OHV SURSXVR FDUWRJUDItDU XQ HQFODYH VLJQLILFDWLYR TXH UHSUHVHQWDED PHQRV
GLILFXOWDGSRUVXVIRUPDVXUEDQDVWDQGHILQLGDVHLGHQWLILFDEOHVFRPRHVHOFDVRGHODFLXGDG
GH 7ROHGR HQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV VH REVHUYD FRPR ORV DOXPQRV VRQ FDSDFHV GH
FDUWRJUDItD HO SODQR LUUHJXODU GH OD FLXGDG ORV HQVDQFKHV HQ OD ]RQD QRUWH \ EDUULR GH
$QWHTXHUXHOD R OD LQIOXHQFLD GHO UtR 7DMR HQ HO WUD]DGR GH OD FLXGDG DVt FRPR ORV KLWRV PiV
LPSRUWDQWHVFRPROD&DWHGUDOHOOFD]DUSOD]DGH=RFRGRYHUPRQDVWHULRGH6DQ-XDQGHORV
5H\HVODVPXUDOODV\SXHUWDVGHDFFHVRDODFLXGDGRORVSXHQWHVPiVHPEOHPiWLFRVFRPRHO
GH OFDQWDUD (O SURFHGLPLHQWR GHO HMHUFLFLR TXHGy SURJUDPDGR D WUDYpV GH ORV VLJXLHQWHV
SDVRV
3UR\HFFLyQHQODSL]DUUDGLJLWDOGHLPiJHQHVGHODFLXGDGGH7ROHGRDWUDYpV
GH*RRJOH(DUWK\0DSV
6H OHV HQWUHJy XQ IROLR HQ EODQFR SDUD TXH IXHVHQ GLEXMDQGR OD IRUPD XUEDQD FRQ GLVWLQWRV
FRORUHV\HVFDODVVHOHYDQWDEDQGHVXVSXSLWUHVHLEDQFRPSOHQWDQGROHSHULPHWURGHODFLXGDG
ILMDGRSRUHOUtR7DMRHVWHVXU\RHVWH\ODPXUDOODQRUWH
F.J.Morales Yago

)LJXUD)LJXUDPHQWDOGH7ROHGRSRUXQDOXPQRGH(62
)LJXUD)LJXUDPHQWDOGH7ROHGRSRUXQDOXPQRGH(62
8WLOL]DFLyQGHODDSOLFDFLyQ6WUHHWYLHZ
$SDUWHGHWUDWDUVHGHXQDDSOLFDFLyQDPHQD\GLYHUWLGDSDUDHODOXPQDGRODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGH
KDFHUUHFRUULGRVSRUODVFDOOHVGH7ROHGRVHSXGLHURQREVHUYDUODDQJXVWXUDGHODVPLVPDORV
SULQFLSDOHV PRQXPHQWRV R OD IRUPD ODEHUtQWLFD GH ODV PLVPDV 6H LGHQWLILFDURQ OXJDUHV
HPEOHPiWLFRV\FRQFLHQFLDFLyQGHYRO~PHQHV\HVSDFLRVRFXSDGRVSRUHGLILFLRVSOD]ROHWDVR
PRQXPHQWRV PiV VLJQLILFDWLYRV WDPELpQ OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD WRSRJUDItD GLILFXOWDGHV GH
DFFHVLELOLGDGRGLPHQVLRQHVIXHURQPHMRUFRPSUHQGLGDVSRUHODOXPQDGR9HDPRVHOHMHPSOR
FRQIHFFLRQDGR SRU XQ DOXPQR GH OD 3OD]D &LUFXODU GH 0XUFLD FRPR XQR GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV
QRGRVGHFLUFXODFLyQGHOHQWUHPDGRXUEDQRGHODFLXGDG
F.J.Morales Yago

)LJXUD3OD]DFLUFXODUGH0XUFLDFRQPDUFDGRUHVJHQHUDGRVGHOXJDUHVVLQJXODUHV
LIUDPHVUF KWWSVZZZJRRJOHFRPPDSVHPEHG"SE PPPGG
GPLLIPPV[$[
]0]I&V'8-]0\/M(L7L$[ZU$Z1\F0&,OFHPVHVVXVYZLGWK
KHLJKW IUDPHERUGHU VW\OH ERUGHUDOORZIXOOVFUHHQ!LIUDPH!
2EWHQFLyQGHGRFXPHQWDFLyQIRWRJUiILFDWUDYpVGH*RRJOH(DUWK\0DSV
/D DSOLFDFLyQ GH 3DQRUDPLR HV XQD PDVKXS GHGLFDGD D H[KLELU ODV IRWRJUDItDV GH OXJDUHV R
SDLVDMHVTXHORVSURSLRVXVXDULRVFUHDQ\JHRUUHIHUHQFLDQ/DVLPiJHQHVTXHFXPSOHQFLHUWRV
UHTXLVLWRVSXHGHQVHUYLVWDVDWUDYpVGHODDSOLFDFLyQ*RRJOH(DUWK(ODOXPQDGRSXGRUHVFDWDU
IRWRJUDItDGHOD FLXGDG GH0XUFLDTXHVLUYLHURQSDUDKDFHU XQDVHULHGH PXUDOHV\SyVWHUHQ
GRQGH DSDUHFtDQ ORV OXJDUHV PRQXPHQWRV \ HVSDFLRV VHOHFFLRQDGRV HQ ORV WUDEDMRV
FDUWRJUiILFRVUHDOL]DGRVFRQDQWHULRULGDGTXHGDQGRHOIRUPDWRGHSUHVHQWDFLyQ\VXDFFHVRWDO
FRPR VHxDODPRV HQ OD VLJXLHQWH LPDJHQ 3OD]D GH 6DQWR 'RPLQJR D WUDYpV GH XQ HQODFH
FUHDGRHQ*RRJOH0DSV
)LJXUD)XHQWHKWWSVZZZJRRJOHHVPDSVSODFH3OD]D6DQWR'RPLQJR#
]GDWD PPV[[FFIIFPGG
F.J.Morales Yago

2EWHQFLyQGHLPiJHQHVHQ'WUDYpVGH*RRJOH(DUWK\0DSV
/D XWLOL]DFLyQ GH LPiJHQHV D WUDYpV GH ' IXH XQ HMHUFLFLR XWLOL]DGR SRU HO DOXPQDGR VH
SXGLHURQDSUHFLDUQXHYDVSHUVSHFWLYDV\GHWDOOHVTXHODVIRWRJUDItDVFRQYHQFLRQDOHVQRSXHGHQ
DOFDQ]DU YHDPRV XQ HMHPSOR GH HVWH WUDEDMR FRQ OD &DWHGUDO GH 0XUFLD D WUDYpV GH HVWD
IRWRJUDItD DPSOLiQGROD HQ OD SL]DUUD GLJLUDO GHO DXOD ORV DOXPQRV REVHUYDPRV UDVJRV
FRQVWUXFWLYRV GHVWDFDGRV FRPR DUERWDQWHV \ URVHWyQ JyWLFRV R DOPRKDGLOODGRV KRUQDFLQDV
QLFKRVRFDSLWHOHVSODWHUHVFRV
)LJXUD&DWHGUDOGH0XUFLDHQ'DWUDYpVGH*RRJOH(DUWK
&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6 ),1$/(6
(Q HVWH WUDEDMR VH KD SUHWHQGLGR GHPRVWUDU TXHODV KHUUDPLHQWDV SURSRUFLRQDGDV SRU *RRJOH
SDUDXWLOL]DFLyQHQHODXODGHHQVHxDQ]D6HFXQGDULD0DSV\(DUWKSUHVHQWDQDWUDYpVGHVXV
GLIHUHQWHV IRUPDWRV \ DSOLFDFLRQHV XQ SRWHQWR UHFXUVR SDUD OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD *HRJUDItD
8UEDQDTXHWRGRVORVGRFHQWHVGHEHUtDQWHQHUHQFXHQWD/DPRWLYDFLyQGHODOXPQDGRDWUDYpV
GH HVWDV DSOLFDFLRQHV KDQ FRQWULEXLGR REVWHQVLEOHPHQWH HQ XQD PHMRUD GHO SURFHVR GH
HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH KDQ SURSLFLDGR XQD XQD H[SHULHQFLD HGXFDWLYD LQQRYDGRUD WDPELpQ
KDQSHUPLWLGRXQWUDEDMRFRODERUDWLYR0DWHQHFHVDULRSDUDXQFOLPDGHDXODDJUDGDEOH
SURSRUFLRQDQGR OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH OD PD\RU SDUWH GH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV EiVLFDV ILMDGDV SRU OD
DFWXDO/H\GH(GXFDFLyQ
(VQHFHVDULDXQDIRUPDFLyQPtQLPDGHOSURIHVRUDGRHQORVSURJUDPDVDSOLFDGRV\TXHHODXOD
HQ GRQGH VH GHVDUUROOH OD DFWLYLGDG WHQJD HO HTXLSDPLHQWR QHFHVDULR UHVSHFWR D RUGHQDGRUHV
SL]DUUD GLJLWDO \ ORV HOHPHQWRV WHFQROyJLFRV QHFHVDULRV SDUD UHDOL]DU OD SUR\HFFLyQ GH HVWDV
DSOLFDFLRQHVHQXQIRUPDWRJUDQGHSXHVWRTXHHODOXPQDGRQHFHVLWDVHQWLUVHHQYXHOWRHQWUHODV
LPiJHQHVSUR\HFWDGDVSDUDLQWHUDFWXDUFRQHOODV\DSURYHFKDVODVDSOLFDFLRQHVH[LVWHQWHV
/D XWLOL]DFLyQ GH HVWDV DSOLFDFLRQHV HQ PX\ YDULDGD VH UHFRPLHQGD FHQWUDU ODV DFWLYLGDGHV
SDUDHOHVWXGLRGHOD*HRJUDItD8UEDQDGHGHOD(62HQDFWLYLGDGHVFRPRODFRQVWUXFFLRQHV
GHPDSDVPHQWDOHVGHXQHVSDFLRXUEDQRFRQRFLGRSRUHODOXPQDGRUHDOL]DFLyQFDUWRJUiILFD
GH XQ LWLQHUDULR XUEDQR ILMDQGR SXQWR GH VDOLGD HWDSDV LQWHUPHQGLDV \ SXQWR GH OOHJDGD
UHDOL]DFLyQGHFDUWRJUDItDGHGLFDGDDODIRUPDXUEDQDSDUDFRPSUHQGHUPHMRUHOFUHFLPLHQWR\
HYROXFLyQ GH ODV FLXGDGHV UHFXUULGR DO UHVFDWH GH LPiJHQHV HQ 3DQRUDPLR DSOLFDFLyQ 6WUHHW
F.J.Morales Yago

YLHZRFUHDFLyQGHLPiJHQHVHQ'SDUDHVWXGLDUFRQPiVGHWDOOHVDVSHFWRVGHYROXPHQFRQ
PiVQLWLGH]
/DV DSOLFDFLRQHV GH *RRJOH HQ 6HFXQGDULD SDUD HO HVWXGLR GH OD *HRJUDItD 8UEDQD HQ
SDUWLFXODUVHKDFRQVWLWXLGRDQXHVWURPRGRGHYHUHQXQDKHUUDPLHQWDLPSUHVFLQGLEOHSDUDDO
PHQRVHVWXGLDUHQGHWDOOHDVSHFWRVEiVLFRVLQGLFDGRVHQHO&XUULFXOXPWDOHVFRPRHOHVWXGLR
GH ORV SODQRV XUEDQRV DWHQGLHQGR D FRPSUHQGHU FRPR HO SODQR HV XQ SURGXFWR VRFLDO TXH
UHVXOWD GH OD DFFLyQ GH ODV IXHU]DV \ DJHQWHV TXH KDQ LQWHUYHQLGR H LQWHUYLHQHQ HQ OD
SURGXFFLyQ \GHVDUUROORGHODFLXGDGSRUHOOR LQWHUSUHWDUELHQOD FDUWRJUDItDUHDOL]DGDSRUHO
DOXPQDGR KD VXSXHVWR FRPSUHQGHU OD HYROXFLyQ XUEDQD FRQ IDVHV GH H[SDQVLyQ \
HVWDQFDPLHQWRWDPELpQKDPHMRUDGRHODOFDQFHHQODGHOLPLWDFLyQGHORVFHQWURVGHDFWLYLGDG
HQODFLXGDGWDOHVFRPRORVHVSDFLRVFRPHUFLDOHVUHVLGHQFLDOHVLQGXVWULDOHVRHGXFDWLYRVHQWUH
RWURVDOPLVPRWLHPSRTXHKDQFUHDGRXQDFRQFLHQFLDFLyQHQUHODFLyQDOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHORV
OXJDUHV \ PRQXPHQWRV HPEOHPiWLFRV OD LGHD GH XQ GHVDUUROOR VRVWHQLEOH GH OD FLXGDG
SUHVHUYDQGRORVYDORUHVDFXPXODGRVHQVXWUD\HFWRULDSRUHMHPSORHOGHVFXEULPLHQWRSDUDHO
FDVR GH 0XUFLD GH OD LPSRUWDQFLD TXH WLHQH HO SDVR GHO UtR 6HJXUD SRU OD FLXGDG R HO
DVHQWDPLHQWR HQ XQ HVSDFLR GH OODQXUD TXH KD IDFLOLWDGR HO FUHFLPLHQWR DOUHGHGRU GHO Q~FOHR
KLVWyULFR PDUFDGR SRU OD &DWHGUDO GH 0XUFLD TXH DQWHULRUPHQWH IXH OD DQWLJXD PH]TXLWD
PD\RU
3RU WRGR HOOR DQLPDPRV DO HYHQWXDO OHFWRU GH HVWH FDStWXOR D XWLOL]DU *RRJOH FRPR XQ
H[FHOHQWHKHUUDPLHQWDSHGDJyJLFDHQHODXODTXHFRQWULEX\HDODPRWLYDFLyQGHODOXPQDGR\
XQPD\RUFUHFLPLHQWRHQVXSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH
%,%/,2*5$)$
$UUR\R)8QDFXOWXUDJHRJUiILFDSDUDWRGRVHOSDSHOGHODJHRJUDItDHQODHGXFDFLyQ
SULPDULD\VHFXQGDULDHQEnsear geografa. De la teora a la prctica0DGULG6tQWHVLV

%DLOH\3Didctica de la Geografa0DGULG&LQFHO
%DOH-Didctica de la Geografa en la Escuela Primaria0DGULG(G0RUDWD
&DSHO + 8QD *HRJUDItD SDUD HO VLJOR ;;, Scripta Nova. Revista Electrnica de
Geografa y Ciencias Sociales>(QOtQHD@%DUFHORQD8QLYHUVLGDGGH%DUFHORQDGHDEULO
GHYRO,,Q
&ODYDO 3 *XHUPRQG < 'pEDW /HQVHLJHPHQW GH OD *pRJUDSKLH HQ Espace
GographiqueQW;9
'tD] $JXDGR 0-Aprendizaje Cooperativo. Hacia una nueva sntesis entre la eficacia
docente y la educacin en valores0DGULG6DQWLOODQD8&(7$0
(FKHLWD * (O DSUHQGL]DMH FRRSHUDWLYR 8Q DQiOLVLV SVLFRVRFLDO GH VXV YHQWDMDV
UHVSHFWRDRWUDVHVWUXFWXUDVGHDSUHQGL]DMHHQ)HUQiQGH]3\0HOHUR0$La interaccin
social en contextos educativos0DGULG(G6;;,
('(%eManual de Geografa e Historia(62%DUFHORQD
)DELDQ + 'XQORS $: 2XWFRPHV RI *RRG 3UDFWLFH LQ 7UDQVLWLRQ 3URFHVVHV IRU
&KLOGUHQ (QWHULQJ 3ULPDU\ 6FKRRO Paper Commissioned for the EFA Global Monitoring
Report 2007, Strong Foundations: Early Childhood Care and Education3DULV81(6&2
F.J.Morales Yago

*DLUtQ-&RPSHWHQFLDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\HODSUHQGL]DMHCuando
de pedagoga.
0DWp 0 Trabajo en grupo cooperativo y tratamiento de la diversidad $XOD Q
%DUFHORQD(G*UDy
9LYDQFRV-(DUWKTXHVW\*HRTXHVWGRVSURSXHVWDVGHDFWLYLGDGHV*HRLQWHUDFWLYDV
Comunicacin a la primeras jornadas sobre webquest %DUFHORQD KWWSZZZ[WHFHV
MYLYDQFRPLQXWVHDUWK JHRTXHVWBHVSG
<XV5'HVGHODFRRSHUDFLyQHQODHVFXHODDODFRRSHUDFLyQSDUDHOGHVDUUROOR8QD
UHOHFWXUD GHO SHQVDPLHQWR GH )UHLQHW HQ ORV DOERUHV GHO ;;, HQ Educacin, desarrollo y
participacin democrtica. Proyecti Y tCmo lo Ves?. 0DGULG $&685
KWWSFLSIXKHPHVHGXFDGRFVDUWHJRGRF
=DEDO]D 0$ (O FXUULFXOXP GH OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ HVFRODU QXHYDV DSRUWDFLRQHV
&RRUGSRU-RDTXtQ*DLUtQ\6HUDItQ$QW~QH]
=iUDWH0Lectura e interpretacin de la ciudad. . 0DGULG(GLWRULDO8QLYHUVLWDULDGHOD
81('
=iUDWH0Geografa Urbana. Dinmicas locales, procesos globales. 0DGULG(GLWRULDO
8QLYHUVLWDULD5DPyQ$UHFHV
F.J.Morales Yago

/$(16(f$1=$'(12&,21(6*(2*5),&$6$75$9e6'(/$
1$55$7,9$'(-8/,29(51(<*22*/(($57+
0DUtDGHO&DUPHQ0RUyQ0RQJH
Universidad de Huelva. Departamento de Didctica de las Ciencias Sociales
mcarmen.moron@dhis2.uhu.es
5(680(1
(O SUHVHQWH FDStWXOR UHFRJH XQD H[SHULHQFLD OOHYDGD D FDER FRQ ORV DOXPQRVDV GHO &XUVR GH $GDSWDFLyQ GH
*UDGRGHOFXUVRSDUDHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHQRFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDVHQHGXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD
3DUD HOOR SURSRQHPRV FRPR PDWHULDO GLGiFWLFR HO HPSOHR GH GLVWLQWRV WH[WRV SHUWHQHFLHQWHV D OD REUD GH -XOLR
9HUQH OD FXDO FRQWLHQH QXPHURVDV GHVFULSFLRQHV \ UHIHUHQFLDV JHRJUiILFDV FXOWXUDOHV \ HWQRJUiILFDV /RV
GLVWLQWRV HOHPHQWRV KLWRV HWF PHQFLRQDGRV HQ HO WH[WR HUDQ D VX YH] LGHQWLILFDGRV \ FRPSDUDGRV D WUDYpV GH
LPiJHQHVGHVDWpOLWHSURSRUFLRQDGDVSRU*RRJOH(DUWK
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
1RFLRQHV*HRJUiILFDV1DUUDWLYD-XOLR9HUQH*RRJOH(DUWK2EVWiFXORV\'LILFXOWDGHV
,1752'8&&,1
(OSUHVHQWH DUWtFXORGHVFULEHXQD H[SHULHQFLDGRFHQWH OOHYDGD D FDERFRQORVDOXPQRVDVGHO
FXUVRGH$GDSWDFLyQDO*UDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDGXUDQWHHOFXUVRDFDGpPLFR
HQOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH+XHOYD
&RQFUHWDPHQWHHVWDH[SHULHQFLDUHFRJHXQRGHORVWDOOHUHVGHWUDEDMRUHODWLYRDOFRQRFLPHQWR
GH QRFLRQHV JHRJUiILFDV HQ OD HGXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD (VWH WDOOHU VH SODQWHD QR VyOR FyPR XQD
LQWURGXFFLyQDODVQRFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDVPHGLDQWHHOHPSOHRGHODV1XHYDV7HFQRORJtDVGHOD
,QIRUPDFLyQ\OD&RPXQLFDFLyQSDUWLFXODUPHQWHPDQHMDQGRODLQIRUPDFLyQ\ODVKHUUDPLHQWDV
GHYLVXDOL]DFLyQRIUHFLGDVSRU*RRJOH(DUWKVLQRWDPELpQDERUGDSUREOHPDVPHWRGRORJLFRV\
FRQFHSWXDOHV FRPR ODV GLILFXOWDGHV \ REVWiFXORV TXH WLHQHQ ORV DOXPQRVDV HQ 3ULPDULD SDUD
FRQRFHUDVSHFWRVJHRJUiILFRV
(VWD H[SHULHQFLD FRPELQD PHWRGRORJtD WpFQLFDV \ UHFXUVRV GH FDUL] PiV WUDGLFLRQDOHV \
DQDOyJLFDV FRQ RWUDV GLJLWDOHV \ YLUWXDOHV (Q HVWH VHQWLGR HO SXQWR GH SDUWLGD SDUD HO WDOOHU
IXHURQ ODV QDUUDFLRQHV OLWHUDULDV GH OD REUD GH -XOLR 9HUQH la Vuelta al Mundo en ochenta
das La isla Misteriosa \ Viaje al Centro de la Tierra (VWDV QDUUDFLRQHV FRQ VXV
GHVFULSFLRQHV GH VLWLRV OXJDUHV SDLVDMHV KLWRV JHRJUiILFRV FRVWXPEUHV DVSHFWRV FXOWXUDOHV
HWFVLUYLHURQSDUDSRQHUHQPDUFKDHVWHWDOOHU
12&,21(6*(2*5),&$6(1/$('8&$&,135,0$5,$
/RV FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV \ SDUWLFXODUPHQWH ORV FDUWRJUiILFRV HQ OD (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD
TXHGDQ GH DOJXQD PDQHUD WUDWDGRV FXUULFXODUPHQWH HQ HO iUHD GH &RQRFLPLHQWR GHO 0HGLR
/2*6( 5HDO 'HFUHWR \ FRQ ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV \ &LHQFLDV 1DWXUDOHV
/20&(5HDO'HFUHWRHQODDFWXDOLGDG/RVFRQWHQLGRVJHRJUiILFRV\HQJHQHUDO
DTXHOORVUHODWLYRVDODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVGHVDUUROODGRVSRUHOFXUULFXOXPGHHGXFDFLyQ
M.C.Morn Monge

3ULPDULD KDQ VLGR DQDOL]DGRV HQ GHWDOOH SRU 'H 0LJXHO HVWDEOHFLHQGR GLIHUHQFLDV \
VLPLOLWXGHVHQWUHDPEDVQRUPDWLYDV(QWUHODVFXHVWLRQHVPiVOODPDWLYDVGHDPEDVQRUPDWLYDV
TXH GHVWDFD HO DXWRU DQWHULRU VRQ GH XQ ODGR OD VHSDUDFLyQ GH ODV &LHQFLDV 1DWXUDOHV \
&LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV DQWHV EDMR OD GHQRPLQDFLyQ GH &RQRFLPLHQWR GHO 0HGLR 3RU RWUD SDUWH
VHxDOD OD HOLPLQDFLyQ GH FLFORV GHQWUR GH OD 3ULPDULD \ OD GHILQLFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGRV
HVSHFtILFRV SRU FXUVR DVt LQGLFD HVWH DXWRU TXH QR VH FRQWHPSODQ QL GHWDOODQ REMHWLYRV R
FDSDFLGDGHVSURSLDVGHODDVLJQDWXUDGHFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVSRUHOFRQWUDULRWUDVHODSDUWDGRGH
ODLQWURGXFFLyQVHSDVDGLUHFWDPHQWHDORVFRQWHQLGRV
(VWRVFRQWHQLGRVVRFLDOHV\JHRJUiILFRVHQSDUWLFXODUTXHSURSRQHHOFXUULFXOXPRILFLDOHVWiQ
GHVDUUROODGRVGHVGHXQHQIRTXHWUDGLFLRQDO\DFDGHPLFLVWDGHOD*HRJUDItDFRPRGLVFLSOLQD\
FRPRFRQWHQLGRHVFRODU'HOPLVPRPRGRHQORVOLEURVGHWH[WRGHSULPDULDVHPDQWLHQHOD
GLYLVLyQ FOiVLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD VHSDUDQGR FODUDPHQWH OD *HRJUDItD )tVLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD
+XPDQDFXDQGRSUHFLVDPHQWH HVGXUDQWH HVWD HWDSDVHSODQWHDXQD HQVHxDQ]D\DSUHQGL]DMH
GHIRUPDPiVJOREDOL]DGRUD7DQWRHQHOFXUULFXOXPHVWDWDO5HDO'HFUHWRFRPRHO
DXWRQyPLFR2UGHQGHGHPDU]RGHVHSODQWHDXQDHVWUXFWXUDGHORVFRQWHQLGRVHQ
%ORTXHVFRPSDUWLHQGRODPLVPDGHQRPLQDFLyQHQDPERVFDVRV$VtHQFRQWUDPRVBloque 1
contenidos comunes Bloque 2 el Mundo en que vivimos, Bloque 3 Vivir en sociedad \ HO
Bloque 4 Las huellas del tiempo
/D*HRJUDItDHQ3ULPDULDDOLJXDOTXHRFXUUHHQ6HFXQGDULD0RUyQ0&VHGHVDUUROOD
EDMR XQRV SUHVXSXHVWRV HSLVWHPROyJLFRV \ FRQFHSWXDOHV GH FDUiFWHU SRVLWLYLVWD DOHMDQGR OD
*HRJUDItD DFDGpPLFD GH OD HVFRODU $Vt HQ OD DQWHULRU QRUPDWLYD /2*6( HQ ORV ~OWLPRV
FXUVRVTXHFRQIRUPDQOD3ULPDULD\KDEtDXQDLQWURGXFFLyQSURJUHVLYDHQFRQWHQLGRV
JHRJUiILFRVPiVHVSHFtILFRVSHURLQFRQH[RVHQWUHVtTXHPXHVWUDQXQDUHDOLGDGODGHQXHVWUR
SODQHWD GH IRUPD VHVJDGD H DLVODGD (V XQD *HRJUDItD DFDGpPLFD TXH QR VH DFHUFD D ORV
SUREOHPDV\FXHVWLRQHVUHOHYDQWHVGHOPXQGRDFWXDO\SRUWDQWRUHVXOWDDMHQDDODOXPQDGR\D
TXH QR HVWDEOHFH FRQH[LRQHV FRQ VXV LQWHUHVHV \ FRQ VX FRQWH[WR VRFLRFXOWXUDO \
PHGLRDPELHQWDOPiVLQPHGLDWR
6REUH HVWDV FXHVWLRQHV SRGUtDPRV VHJXLU DKRQGDQGR D~Q PiV SHUR QR VRQ REMHWR GH
DQiOLVLV GH HVWD DSRUWDFLyQ SRU HO FRQWUDULR Vt QRV LQWHUHVD FRQRFHU FyPR ORV QLxRVDV HQ OD
HWDSD SULPDULD FRQVWUX\HQ GHWHUPLQDGDV QRFLRQHV JHRJUiILFDV SRU HMHPSOR HO HVSDFLR HO
WHUULWRULR OD HVFDOD HO SDLVDMH OD FDXVDOLGDG \ OD GLQiPLFD GH ORV IHQyPHQRV
JHRJUiILFRV \ RWUDV FXHVWLRQHV TXH HVWiQ tQWLPDPHQWH OLJDGDV D WRGDV HVWDV FRPR OD
LGHQWLGDGODFXOWXUD\HOSDWULPRQLR
&RQRFHUFyPRFRQVWUX\HHODOXPQDGRODVLGHDV\QRFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDVHVXQHOHPHQWRFODYH
HQ HO GLVHxR GH ORV DSUHQGL]DMHV HQ &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV SDUD ORV GRFHQWHV 3RU HOOR KHPRV
SXHVWR HQ pQIDVLV HQ FRQRFHU HVWRV DVSHFWRV DVt FRPR HQ SURSRUFLRQDU XQD PHWRGRORJtD \
HVWUDWHJLDV GLGiFWLFDV SDUD TXH ORV GRFHQWHV SXHGDQ D\XGDU D VXSHUDU HVWRV REVWiFXORV GH
PDQHUDFRQMXQWDFRQHODOXPQDGR
3ULQFLSDOHV2EVWiFXORV\'LILFXOWDGHVHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHQRFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDV
/DVGLILFXOWDGHV\REVWiFXORVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQODHWDSDGHHGXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDHQUHODFLyQD
ODVQRFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDVVHPDQWLHQHQGXUDQWHODVLJXLHQWHHWDSDVLQRVHKDQVXSHUDGRGXUDQWH
HVWH SHULRGR 8QD FXHVWLyQ FHQWUDO HQ UHODFLyQ D FyPR VH FRQVWUX\HQ \ VH FRPSUHQGHQ ORV
DVSHFWRVJHRJUiILFRVHVWiYLQFXODGDFRQODFRQFHSFLyQGHHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR(VWHFRQFHSWR
M.C.Morn Monge


HVWiDVXYH]HVWUHFKDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGRFRQHOFRQFHSWRGHPHGLRTXHVHYDFRQVWUX\HQGRDOR
ODUJRGHODSULPDULD
(QHVWHVHQWLGR(VWHSD\*DUFtD'tD]VHxDODQTXHHVWDFRQFHSFLyQSODQWHDXQD
VHULHGHPDWLFHVGLIHUHQWHVDORODUJRGHODHWDSD(VWHDVSHFWRVHIXQGDPHQWDGHVGHHOSXQWR
GH YLVWD FRQFHSWXDO HQ OD LGHD TXH ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV GHO DOXPQDGR HVWiQ HQ XQ SURFHVR
FRQWLQXRGHUHRUJDQL]DFLyQ\HYROXFLyQVLHQGRXQSURFHVRDELHUWRHLUUHYHUVLEOHORQXHYRVH
UHHODERUD D SDUWLU GH OR DQWHULRU R ELHQ VH UHRUJDQL]D GH PDQHUD PiV DPSOLD JUDFLDV D XQD
UHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQGHORVFRQWHQLGRVHLGHDVSUHFHGHQWHV*DUFtD'tD]
/D FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH FRQFHSWR GH PHGLR WLHQH XQ FDUiFWHU SURJUHVLYR TXH SDUWH GHVGH ODV
FRQFHSFLRQHV PiV VHQFLOODV KDFLD RWUDV PiV FRPSOHMDV \ GHVHDEOHV D PRGR GH KLSyWHVLV GH
SURJUHVLyQ*DUFtD'tD]\(VWHSD'HLJXDOPRGRHVWRVDXWRUHVSODQWHDQYDULDV
IDVHV HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD FRQFHSFLyQ GH PHGLR (Q XQD SULPHUD IDVH H[LVWH XQD YLVLyQ
VLQFUpWLFDFDUDFWHUL]DGDSRUXQPHGLRLQGLIHUHQFLDGR\KRPRJpQHRVXVFRPSRQHQWHVDSDUHFHQ
VXHOWRV \ DLVODGRV (O PHGLR SRU WDQWR WLHQH XQ FDUiFWHU HVWiWLFR \ EiVLFDPHQWH GHVFULSWLYR
([SUHVD FODUDPHQWH XQD YLVLyQ HJRFHQWULFD GH ORV QLxRV WHQLHQGR SDUD HOORV HO PHGLR XQ
VHQWLGR XWLOLWDULVWD \ FRQWHPSODWLYR HO PHGLR HV SXHV XQ HVFHQDULR (Q XQD VHJXQGD IDVH VH
DYDQ]DKDFLDXQDYLVLyQDQiOLWLFDFX\RVUDVJRVSULQFLSDOHVHVTXHHOPHGLRWLHQHXQFDUiFWHU
VXPDWLYR VH DSOLFDQ UHODFLRQHV FDXVDOHV VLPSOHV HIHFWRFDXVD OD FRQFHSFLyQ GHO PHGLR HV
DQWURSRFpQWULFDHQGHILQLWLYDPXHVWUDXQDSHUVSHFWLYDVRFLRFXOWXUDOGHOVXMHWR)LQDOPHQWHHQ
XQDWHUFHUDIDVHVHWLHQGHKDFLDXQDYLVLyQVLVWpPLFDGHOPHGLRFX\RUDVJRPiVGHVWDFDEOHHV
TXHVHHVWDEOHFHQODVLQWHUUHODFLRQHVHQWUHODVGLVWLQWRVFRPSRQHQWHV\HOHPHQWRVGHOPLVPR
/DFDXVDOLGDGQRHVVyORODGLUHFWDVLQRTXHVHSODQWHDQGLIHUHQWHVSRVLELOLGDGHV\FDXVDVSDUD
H[SOLFDUODFRQILJXUDFLyQGHOPHGLRSRUWDQWRWLHQHXQFDUiFWHUGLQiPLFR\FDPELDQWH
6LQHPEDUJRHVWDFRQFHSFLyQGHOPHGLRQRHVVXILFLHQWHSDUDH[SOLFDUHOFRQFHSWRGHHVSDFLR
JHRJUiILFR \D TXH HQWUH VXV UDVJRV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV HVWi OD FXHVWLyQ GH TXH VH WUDWD GH XQ
HVSDFLR KXPDQL]DGR VRFLDO \ YLYLGR 3RU WDQWR H[LVWHQ RWUDV YDULDEOHV FODYHV GH FDUiFWHU
VRFLDO \ FXOWXUDO UHODWLYDV D ODV VRFLHGDGHV DFWXDOHV H KLVWyULFDV IXQGDPHQWDOHV SDUD
FRPSUHQGHUOR
$OLJXDOTXHHQHOFDVRGHODFRQFHSFLyQGHOPHGLRWDPELpQH[LVWHQXQDVHULHGHGLILFXOWDGHV
\REVWiFXORVSDUDFRPSUHQGHUYDULDEOHVVRFLDOHVFRPRVRQORVHOHPHQWRVGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQ
VRFLDO \ SROtWLFD GHO PHGLR ODV UHODFLRQHV FDXVDOHV FDPELR \ SHUPDQHQFLD \ ORV YDORUHV
(VWHSD (Q HO VLJXLHQWH FXDGUR UHFRJHPRV GH PDQHUD VLQWpWLFD OD HYROXFLyQ GH HVWDV
YDULDEOHV9HU7DEOD
M.C.Morn Monge

,1LYHO9LVLyQ6LQFUpWLFD\ ,,1LYHO9LVLyQ$QDOtWLFD ,,,1LYHO9LVLyQ6LVWpPLFD\

$UPyQLFR \'HVFULSWLYD FRPSOHMR
/RVHOHPHQWRVVRFLDOHVDSDUHFHQ /RVHOHPHQWRVVRFLDOHVVH /DGLIHUHQFLDFLyQVRFLDO
DLVODGRV\WLHQHQUDVJRV SHUFLEHQWDPELpQSRUVXV FRPSUHQGHDVSHFWRVOD
SHUFHSWLEOHV\HYLGHQWHV GLIHUHQFLDVSVLFROyJLFDVGH HGXFDFLyQIRUPDVGHYLGDQLYHO
1RVHUHFRQRFHHOHMHUFLFLRGH SHQVDPLHQWRPRWLYDFLyQHWF HFRQyPLFRHWF
SRGHUHQORVGLIHUHQWHV7HUULWRULRV 6HHPSLH]DQDFRPSUHQGHUODV 6HFRPSUHQGHHOSRGHUTXHHV
(OHPHQWRV
TXHVHLQFOX\HQXQRVHQRWURV UHODFLRQHVGHLQFOXVLyQ GLIHUHQFLDGRVHJ~QODVHVFDOD
RUJDQL]DFLyQ H[LVWHQWHVHQWUHXQLGDGHV WHUULWRULR\ODMHUDUTXL]DFLyQ
)DOWDGHXQDFRQFHSFLyQ
VRFLDO\SROtWLFD *HRJUiILFDVHQHMHUFLFLRGHO
RUJDQL]DGDGHORSROtWLFRORVRFLDO /DVRFLHGDGVHFRQFLEHFRPR
ORFXOWXUDO/DVRFLHGDGFRPRXQ SRGHU VLVWHPDGHVLVWHPDVFRQ
WRGRLQGLIHUHQFLDGR 6HHPSLH]DQDFRQVWUXLU VXEVLVWHPDVP~OWLSOHV
FRQMXQWRVGHKHFKRVVLVWHPDV
TXHQRVHFRQVLJXHQUHODFLRQDU
/DVUHODFLRQHVSROtWLFDV 5HFRQRFLPLHQWRGHUHODFLRQHV 5HFRQRFLPLHQWRGHUHODFLRQHV
VRFLDOHVVRQSHUVRQDOL]DVH MHUDUTXL]DGDVHQWUHSHUVRQDV MHUDUTXL]DGDVHQWUHLQVWLWXFLRQHV
LQGLYLGXDOHVYLVLEOHV\GLUHFWDV\ 5H\SUHVLGHQWHGH*RELHUQR DGLVLWLQWDVHVFDODV
ODVJHQHUDOL]DFLRQHVDSDUWLUGHXQ DOFDOGHHWF'LIHUHQFLDFLyQGH /DVUHODFLRQHVGHDPLVWDG\ODV
~QLFRHOHPHQWR IXQFLRQHV\WDUHDVHQOD SROtWLFDVVRQGLVWLQWDV\FDGDXQD
(OHMHUFLFLRGHOSRGHUFRPR MHUDUTXtDSROtWLFD VHULJHSRUVXVSURSLDVQRUPDV
5HODFLRQHV\ FDGHQDRGHOHJDFLyQGHIXQFLRQHV /RVMHIHVQRVyORSURKtEHQ /RVUHFXUVRVVRQHVFDVRV\
FDXVDOLGDG TXHQRVHGLIHUHQFLDQ/RVMHIHV WDPELpQHQVHxDQ\D\XGD OLPLWDGRVFRQIOLFWRV\XQD
WLHQHQXQSRGHUDEVROXWR\ FRQFHSFLyQPRUDOL]DGD\ GLVWULEXFLyQGHVLJXDO
SXUDPHQWHUHSUHVLYR EHQHIDFWRUD
1RKD\UHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOD 6HHPSLH]DDFRPSUHQGHUHO
HVFDVH]GHUHFXUVRV\GHORV FRQIOLFWR\ODGHVLJXDOGDGSRU
FRQIOLFWRVTXHFRQOOHYDQ0XQGR UD]yQGHHWQLDJpQHUR
VRFLDODUPyQLFR
3HQVDPLHQWRFRQVHUYDGRU\ILMLVWD 6HUHFRQRFHQHQODV 7LHPSRKLVWyULFR
PXQGRVRFLDOHVWiWLFRVLHPSUHKD VRFLHGDGHVKLVWyULFDVFDPELRV &RPSUHVLyQGHHUDV\
VLGRDVt/DVOH\HVQRVHSXHGHQ PHQRUHV\DQHFGyWLFRVIRUPDV FDOHQGDULRV+RUL]RQWHWHPSRUDO
FDPELDU GHYHVWLUDOJXQDVFRVWXPEUHV DPSOLRPLOHQRVRULJHQGHO
&DPELRVV~ELWRVSRFRUHDOLVWDVHQ /DPRYLOLGDGVRFLDOSURGXFLGD KRPEUHGHOSODQHWD7LHUUD
ODPRYLOLGDGVRFLDO GHSHQGHQGHODYROXQWDG\HO
&DPELR\ HPSHxR
7LHPSRSHUVRQDO\YLYLGR1R
WLHPSR
FRPSUHQVLyQGHFDUiFWHU 7LHPSRSHUFLELGRDSDUWLUGH
FRQYHQFLRQDOGHXQLGDGHV HVSDFLRVUHFRUULGRVH
WHPSRUDOHV LQWHUYDORV&RPLHQ]DD
+RUL]RQWHWHPSRUDOPX\OLPLWDGR FRPSUHQGHUODRUGHQDFLyQ
D\HUKR\\PDxDQDPHV\DxR WHPSRUDO+RUL]RQWHWHPSRUDO
JHQHUDFLRQHV
3UHGRPLQLRGHORDIHFWLYR 6XSHULRULGDGLGHROyJLFD /DQDFLyQLQWHJUDGDHQXQ
VREUHORFRJQLWLYR FRPREDVHGHORUJXOOR VLVWHPDLQWHUQDFLRQDO
)XHUWHDSHJRSRUVtPERORV QDFLRQDO 5HODWLYLVPRWROHUDQFLD
QDFLRQDOHV\GHVSUHFLRSRU $QWURSRFHQWULVPR HPSDWtD'HVFHQWUDPLHQWRVH
9DORUHV DWLHQGHDORQRDSDUHQWHORQR
RWUDVQDFLRQHV \VRFLRFHQWULVPR
KXPDQRDORSRVLEOHDOROHMDQR
(JRFHQWULVPRSULPDFtDGH VXSHUDFLyQ
ORVVXEMHWLYRSRFDWROHUDQFLD SURJUHVLYDGHOGRJPDWLVPR
GRJPDWLVPR
7DEOD+LSyWHVLVGH3URJUHVLyQSDUDODFRPSUHVLyQGHODVVRFLHGDGHVDFWXDOHVHKLVWyULFDV)XHQWH(VWHSD

3RUWDQWRHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRHQHOFXDOYLYHQODVVRFLHGDGHVKXPDQDVFRQVXVGLIHUHQWHV
H[SUHVLRQHV FXOWXUDOHV GLVWLQWDV PDQHUDV GH RUJDQL]DFLyQ VRFLDO \ FRQ P~OWLSOHV PDQHUDV GH
SHUFLELU\UHODFLRQDUVHFRQHO PHGLRQDWXUDO HV XQFRQFHSWRORVXILFLHQWHPHQWH FRPSOHMR HQ
WRGRVORVQLYHOHVGHOHWDSDGH3ULPDULDFRPRSDUDVLPSOLILFDUORHQXQDEDWHULDGH
M.C.Morn Monge

FRPSRQHQWHV \ HOHPHQWRV SODQWHDGRV GH PDQHUD OLQHDO \ HVWiWLFD WDO \ FRPR OR KDFH HO
FXUULFXOXPRILFLDO
(QHVWDPLVPDOtQHDHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRWLHQHSRUWDQWRXQDYHUWLHQWHVXEMHWLYD\HPRWLYD
DVSHFWRV TXH VRQ LPSRUWDQWHV HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ OD HGXFDFLyQ LQIDQWLO \ SULPDULD \ TXH
SUDFWLFDPHQWH VH SDVDQ SRU DOWR (V SRU HOOR TXH HO FRQFHSWR GHO HVSDFLR FRWLGLDQR QR VH
FRQWHPSOD FXDQGRVHWUDEDMDQQRFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDV6RXWRHVWH HVSDFLR HV HOYLYLGR
SHUFLELGR GHSHQGLHQWH GH ODV YDULDEOHV VRFLDOHV TXH GHVFULELPRV DQWHULRUPHQWH $VLPLVPR
GLFKR HVSDFLR WLHQH XQ FDUiFWHU FODUDPHQWH VXEMHWLYR YLQFXODGR FRQ GHO GHVDUUROOR FRJQLWLYR
GHO DOXPQDGR HQ HVWDV HGDGHV HV SRU HOOR TXH H[LVWH XQD HYROXFLyQ HQ HVWH VHQWLGR 6RXWR
LQGLFD TXH HO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR HV XQD UHVXOWDQWH GH OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH HO HVSDFLR
REMHWLYR JHRPpWULFR WRSRJUiILFR FDUWRJUiILFR FRQ XQ PDUFDGR FDUiFWHU FRQFHSWXDO \ HO
VXEMHWLYRYLYLGR\HPRFLRQDOWLHQHXQFDUiFWHUD[LROyJLFR\DSWLWXGLQDOSRUHOORHOHVSDFLR
JHRJUiILFRHVXQIHQyPHQRFRPSOHMR(QHVWDFODUDGXDOLGDGGHOHVSDFLROD*HRJUDItDIDFLOLWD
OD LQWHJUDFLyQ GHO UD]RQDPLHQWR DEVWUDFWR YLQFXODGR FRQ HO HVSDFLR DEVROXWR \ VX
VLPEROL]DFLyQ FRQ OD H[SHULHQFLD YLYLGD \ SHUFLELGD TXH DSRUWD HO HVSDFLR VXEMHWLYR 6RXWR
LQGLFD TXH H[LVWH FRPR \D DSXQWDEDPRV PiV DUULED XQD HYROXFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR
JHRJUiILFRREMHWLYR\HOVXEMHWLYRTXHKDGHWHQHUVHHQFXHQWDDODKRUDGHVXFRQVWUXFFLyQ\
WUDWDPLHQWRHQHODXOD
'HPDQHUDUHVXPLGDFRPRH[SOLFDHODXWRUDQWHULRUGLUHPRVTXHHOHVSDFLRREMHWLYRHQODV
SULPHUD HWDSDV HGXFDFLyQ LQIDQWLOLQLFLRV GH OD SULPDULD WLHQH XQ FDUiFWHU WRSROyJLFR HV
JOREDO H LQWLWXLWLYR ORV HOHPHQWRV UHSUHVHQWDGRV HVWiQ GHVFRQWH[WXDOL]DGR \ SHUWHQHFHQ D
REMHWRV\FRVDVGHODYLGDFRWLGLDQD\FHUFDQDGHORVQLxRVDV(QXQVHJXQGRPRPHQWRHQWUH
ORV D ORV DxRV DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH VH KDEOD GH XQ HVSDFLR SUR\HFWLYR HQ HVWH HVSDFLR
FRPLHQ]DQ D HVWDEOHFHUVH UHODFLRQHV HQWUH ORV FRPSRQHQWHV VH FRQWHPSODQ DOJXQDV OtQHDV
UHFWDV\IRUPDVJHRPpWULFDV\KD\LQLFLRGHVLPEROL]DFLyQGHVXVFRPSRQHQWHV(QOD~OWLPD
HWDSDVHHQFXHQWUDHOHVSDFLRGHQRPLQDGRFRPRHXFOLGLDQRUHSUHVHQWDGRSRUORVDOXPQRVDV
HQWUH \ DxRV HVWH HVSDFLR HV PHGLEOH \ JHRPpWULFR LQFOXVR SXHGH DSDUHFHU FRQ
VXSHUSRVLFLyQGHHVFDODVDGHPiVSXHGHUHSUHVHQWDUHOHVSDFLRXUEDQR
/D VLPEROL]DFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR \ VX DEVWUDFFLyQ HV WDPELpQ XQD LPSRUWDQWH GLILFXOWDG TXH
SUHVHQWDQ ORV DOXPQRVDV HQ OD 3ULPDULD H LQFOXVR HQ OD VHFXQGDULD SDUWLFXODUPHQWH HQ
UHODFLyQDODFDUWRJUDItD\VXVFRPSRQHQWHV(QHVWHVHQWLGR0DUUyQVHxDODHQUHODFLyQ
XQDVHULHGHDVSHFWRVTXHVRQFRPSOHMRV\GLItFLOHVGHFRPSUHQGHUUHODWLYRVDODFDUWRJUDItD
FRPR OD HVFDOD OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO UHOLHYH PHGLDQWH FXUYDV GH QLYHO OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHO
VRPEUHDGRRELHQHOSXQWRGHYLVWDHPSOHDGRSRUODFDUWRJUDItD)UHFXHQWHPHQWHODHQVHxDQ]D
GHO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR \ GHO WHUULWRULR VH DERUGD GHVGH OR FDUWRJUiILFR OR FXDO VXSRQH XQD
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQVHOHFWLYD\DEVWUDFWDGHODUHDOLGDGTXHQRHQFXHQWUDSDUDOHOLVPRVGLUHFWRVFRQ
ODFRPSUHQVLyQTXHORVQLxRVDV\MyYHQHVKDFHQGHHQWRUQRTXHOHVURGHD(VWRHVGHELGRD
TXHODSULPHUDWRPDGHFRQWDFWRTXHKDFHQFRQHOPXQGRHVPHGLDQWHODH[SHULHQFLDGLUHFWD\
ODREVHUYDFLyQ\QRDWUDYpVGHXQDFRGLILFDFLyQGHODUHDOLGDG$VtHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGLUHFWRHV
XQD SXHUWD GH HQWUDGD SDUD FRQRFHU VX UHDOLGDG SDUD WDPELpQ OR SXHGH VHU D WUDYpV GHO
FRQRFLPLHQWR LQGLUHFWR YHUEDO GHVFULSWLYR VLPEyOLFR HWF HVSHFLDOPHQWH SDUD FRQRFHU ORV
HVSDFLRVGLIXVRVROHMDQRV6RXWR
7RGRHVWRQRVOOHYDDGRVOtQHDVGHWUDEDMRXQDOtQHDGHVWLQDGDDDERUGDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGH
ODV QRFLRQHV JHRJUiILFDV D WUDYpV GHO FRQWDFWR GLUHFWR \ FXDQGR HVWH QR VHD SRVLEOH SRU
GLIHUHQWHVUD]RQHVSRGHPRVKDFHUORSRUPHGLRGHXQDVHJXQGDYtDGHPDQHUDLQGLUHFWD(VWD
WUDWDUtDGHFRQRFHUODUHDOLGDGDWUDYpVGHOOHQJXDMHHVFULWRGHVFULSFLRQHV\QDUUDFLRQHV3HUR
M.C.Morn Monge

FyPR OOHYDUOR DFDER VLQ FDHU HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GHO HVSDFLR REMHWLYR JHRPpWULFR \ OHMDQR"
SDUDHOORGHEHPRVWHQHUHQFXHQWDFyPRORVDOXPQRVDVFRQVWUX\HQVXVLGHDV\FRQFHSWRVGHO
PXQGR\VRQUHSUHVHQWDGDVHVSDFLDOPHQWH
/$6 1$55$&,21(6 '( -8/,2 9(51( < &212&,0,(172 '( /26

(63$&,26/(-$126
/DV SHTXHxDV GHVFULSFLRQHV \ QDUUDFLRQHV GH VLWLRV \ OXJDUHV UHDOHV R LPDJLQDULRV
HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ OD 3ULPDULD SHUPLWHQ DFHUFDU HO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR \ HQ FLHUWD PHGLGD
VXSHUDU DOJXQRV GH ORV REVWiFXORV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ QRFLRQHV JHRJUiILFDV /D QDUUDFLyQ GH
OLEURV GH YLDMH H[SORUDFLyQ UHODWRV GH DYHQWXUD RIUHFHQ XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD GHO PXQGR
FLHUWDPHQWHVXEMHWLYRSURGXFWRGHODYLVLyQGHODXWRU\SRUHVWDPLVPDUD]yQWDPELpQFHUFDQR
DO DOXPQDGR (O DQiOLVLV GH FRQWHQLGR GH ODV QDUUDFLRQHV SHUPLWH DERUGDU GH PDQHUD
VLVWHPiWLFD HO VLJQLILFDGR GH ORV UHODWRV GHVGH ORV DVSHFWRV PiV GHVFULSWLYRV KDFLD DTXHOORV
PiV ODWHQWHV \ GH FDUiFWHU PiV LQWHUSUHWDWLYR GHVGH XQ HQIRTXH JHRJUiILFR (VWR VXSRQH
GHVFRGLILFDU XQD LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH SHUPLWH SODQWHDU GLVWLQWDV LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV TXH SXHGHQ VHU
FRPSDUWLGDVGHPDQHUDFRRSHUDWLYDSRUHODOXPQDGR
([LVWHQGLIHUHQWHVWUDEDMRVTXHWDPELpQWUDWDQORVUHODWRVODQDUUDWLYDRORVFXHQWRVHQODHWDSD
SULPDULD H LQIDQWLO \ HQ HO LQLFLR GH OD VHFXQGDULD FRQ REMHWLYRV YDULDGRV 3RU HMHPSOR
*RQ]iOH] /DQGD \ 7HMHUR SODQWHD XQ XVR GHO UHODWR GH Los Molinos de Viento GH
&HUYDQWHVSDUDWUDEDMDUGHPDQHUDLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUDVSHFWRVUHODWLYRVDODOHQJXDSHURWDPELpQ
GH ODV FLHQFLDV H[SHULPHQWDOHV VREUH WHFQRORJtD HQHUJtDV UHQRYDEOHV\GHVDUUROOR VRVWHQLEOH
RULHQWDGRSDUDHOFLFORGHODHGXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD\HOSULPHUFXUVRGHOD6HFXQGDULD9HJD
'RPtQJXH] SURSRQH WUDEDMDU FRQ ORV FXHQWRV GH ORV +HUPDQRV *ULPP SDUD OD
DGTXLVLFLyQ GH YDORUHV HQ ORVDV QLxRVDV GH OD ~OWLPD HWDSD GH HGXFDFLyQ LQIDQWLO &RQ OD
PLVPD WHPiWLFD ORV FXHQWRV GH ORV +HUPDQRV *ULPP 3HLQDGR SURSRQH WUDEDMDU HQ
HGXFDFLyQLQIDQWLOFRQHOREMHWLYRGHHQVHxDUDGRFHQWHVGHHGXFDFLyQLQIDQWLODWUDEDMDUFRQ
RWUDV QXHYDV SHUVSHFWLYDV TXH SHUPLWDQ YDORUDU OD HTXLGDG GH JpQHUR FRQWULEX\HQGR D OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD LGHQWLGDG GH ORV QLxRV \ QLxDV HQ WpUPLQRV GH LJXDOGDG 1DYDUUR
SURSRQH OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD *HRJUDItD HQ XQ FROHJLR GH 5tR GH -DQHULR GH HGXFDFLyQ
6HFXQGDULD SRU PHGLR GH OD QDUUDWLYD TXH RIUHFHQ YLGHRV IRWRJUDItDV FX\DV FRPSRVLFLRQHV
QDUUDWLYDV SRGtDQ HPSOHDU R UHDOL]DU HO DOXPQDGR SDUD WUDWDU WHPDV FRQFUHWRV GH FDUL]
JHRJUiILFR2WURGHORV WUDEDMRVTXHHPSOHDQODQDUUDWLYDSDUWLFXODUPHQWH ODVOH\HQGDV HVHO
GH9DOGLYLHVRHVWHDXWRUSURSRQHWUDEDMDUGLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHOH\HQGDVHQODHGXFDFLyQ
SULPDULDSDUDHOHVWXGLRGHOD*HRJUDItD\GHVXGLYXOJDFLyQ(VWHWUDEDMRVHxDODFODUDPHQWH
FXiOHVHOYDORUJHRJUiILFRGHODVOH\HQGDVLQGLFDQGRTXHQRVyORSHUPLWHQFRQRFHUDVSHFWRV
FXOWXUDOHVVLQRWDPELpQRWURVTXHFRQWLHQHQUHIHUHQFLDVORFDOL]DEOHVQDWXUDOHVRVRFLDOHVDVt
FRPRGHVFULSFLRQHVGHSDLVDMHVQDWXUDOHV\XUEDQRV3DUWLFXODUPHQWHGHVWDFDTXHODVOH\HQGDV
PLWRWROyJLFDVSHUPLWHQH[SOLFDUHORULJHQGHDOJXQRVIHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHV
(QQXHVWURFDVRREWDPRVSRUWUDEDMDUFRQORVUHODWRVGH-XOLR9HUQHSRUTXHRIUHFHQXQEXHQ
Q~PHUR GH UHIHUHQFLDV \ GHVFULSFLRQHV GH FDUiFWHU JHRJUiILFR SHUR WDPELpQ FXHVWLRQHV
UHODWLYDV D OD FXOWXUD FRVWXPEUHV IHQyPHQRV \ SURFHVRV GH ODV &LHQFLDV 1DWXUDOHV \ GH OD
7LHUUD MXQWR FRQ RWURV DVSHFWRV YLQFXODGRV FRQ ORV DYDQFHV FLHQWtILFRVWHFQROyJLFRV GH OD
pSRFDHWFGHWDOODGRVFRQXQDJUDQSUHFLVLyQ\ULJRUFLHQWtILFR
3RURWUDSDUWHGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDPHWRGROyJLFRTXHUHPRVGHVWDFDUHOXVRGHODQDUUDWLYD
TXH SXHGH VHU HPSOHDGD FRPR UHFXUVR SHUR WDPELpQ FRPR SURFHGLPLHQWR &RPR UHFXUVR
SHUPLWHFRQRFHU\WUDEDMDUDVSHFWRV\FRQWHQLGRVHQHVWHFDVRGHFDUiFWHUVRFLDO\
M.C.Morn Monge


SDUWLFXODUPHQWH JHRJUiILFR <D TXH RIUHFH GHVFULSFLRQHV SUHFLVDV \ ORFDOL]DEOHV GH GLYHUVRV
OXJDUHV JHRJUiILFRV DVSHFWRV FXOWXUDOHV PRGRV GH YLGD FRVWXPEUHV HWF TXH HVWiQ VLWXDGDV
HQHOFRQWH[WRGRQGHVHKDQSURGXFLGRRIUHFLHQGRXQDDSUR[LPDFLyQDOIHQyPHQRPiVDPSOLD
\FHUFDQDSDUDHODOXPQDGR&RPRSURFHGLPLHQWRHVXQDKHUUDPLHQWDTXHSHUPLWHHODQiOLVLV
\ODVtQWHVLVGHLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHXQSUR\HFWRXQDDFWLYLGDGRXQDXQLGDGGLGiFWLFD3HUPLWH
DGHPiVFRPXQLFDU\GLYXOJDUUHVXOWDGRV0HMRUDODVFDSDFLGDGHVFRPXQLFDWLYD\GLYXOJDWLYD
GHODOXPQDGR(VXQLQVWUXPHQWRGHHYDOXDFLyQSDUDHOGRFHQWHTXHSHUPLWHYDORUDU\PHGLU
ORV DSUHQGL]DMHV HVSHFtILFRV GH ORV DOXPQRV GHWHFWDQGR ORV REVWiFXORV \ EDUUHUDV TXH HVWRV
SXHGHQWHQHUHQUHODFLyQDORVFRQWHQLGRVHVSHFtILFRVTXHVHWUDEDMDQSHURWDPELpQORVYDORUHV
\ODSHUFHSFLyQGHHVWRV$VLPLVPRSHUPLWHHYDOXDUFRQFUHWDPHQWHODFRPSHWHQFLDOLQJtVWLFD
\ODUHODWLYDDOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHPXQGRVRFLDO\FXOWXUDO
/RVUHODWRVGH-XOLRRIUHFHQXQDYLVLyQDPSOLDGHOPXQGRGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDJHRJUiILFR
GHVFULELHQGR FLXGDGHV \ OXJDUHV FLHUWDPHQWH OHMDQRV SDUD HO DOXPQDGR GHVGH OD ySWLFD TXH
SHUFLEtDQORVH[SORUDGRUHV\FLHQWtILFRVGHOILQDOHVGHOVLJOR;,;7UDEDMDUFRQODVQDUUDWLYDV
VXSRQHWDPELpQURPSHUFRQODYLVLyQPHFDQLFLVWDGHODORFDOL]DFLyQHVSDFLDO\VXDSUHQGL]DMH
FRQVLVWHQWH HQ WUDEDMDU ORV HQWRUQRV PiV FHUFDQRV FRQ ORV DOXPQRVDV GHO SULPHU FLFOR GH OD
SULPDULD H LU SURJUHVLYDPHQWH DXPHQWDQGR OD HVFDOD OD FRPDUFD ODV UHJLRQHV HWF HQ ORV
FLFORVVLJXLHQWHV6RXWR3RUHO FRQWUDULRODQDUUDWLYDSHUPLWH FRQWUDVWDUSUREOHPDV D
HVFDOD ORFDO \ FRPSDUDU ORV HIHFWRV D RWUDV HVFDODV PD\RUHV R ELHQ FRPSUHQGHU IHQyPHQRV
JOREDOHV\VXUHSHUFXVLyQHQORORFDOHQGHILQLWLYDRIUHFHODSRVLELOLGDGGHDERUGDUFXHVWLRQHV
UHOHYDQWHV \ VLJQLILFDWLYDV HQ XQ FDPLQR GH LGD \ YXHOWD GH OR JOREDO D OR ORFDO (Q HVWH
VHQWLGR SRGHPRV KDEODU GH OD HVFDOD JORFDO HQWHQGLGD FRPR TXH OD SHUVRQD VHD FDSD] GH
LPDJLQDUVHHQORJOREDO\ORORFDODOPLVPRWLHPSR&DVWHOOVS'HVGHHOSXQWR
GHYLVWDJHRJUiILFRFRQOOHYDHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHUHODFLRQHVGHDPEDVHVFDODVSDUDHQWHQGHU
XQ IHQyPHQR HQ WRGD VX H[WHQVLyQ HVSDFLDO \ WHPSRUDO FRPSUHQGLHQGR D VX YH] TXH ODV
IXHU]DVORFDOHVDFW~DQVREUHODVJOREDOHV\YLFHYHUVD0RUyQ0&\(VWHSD
/RV IUDJPHQWRV GH ORV UHODWRV FRQ ORV FXDOHV KHPRV WUDEDMDGR SHUWHQHFHQ D WUHV QRYHODV GH
-XOLR9HUQHLa Isla Misteriosa La Vuelta al Mundo en ochenta das \Viaje al
Centro a la Tierra (Q HVWDV QRYHODV VH PH]FOD OR IDQWiVWLFR SHUR WDPELpQ ODV
GHVFULSFLRQHV FHUWHUDV \ UHDOLVWDV GH ORFDOL]DFLRQHV JHRJUiILFDV FRQFUHWDV MXQWR FRQ DYDQFHV
FLHQWtILFRV WHFQROyJLFRV \D H[LVWHQWHV VXEPDULQR iFLGR VXOI~ULFR HWF \ RWURV TXH GpFDGDV
PiVWDUGHVHGHVDUUROODUtDQMXQWRDHVWRWDPELpQUHODWDIHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHVFRPRSRUHMHPSOR
FRPRHOYXOFDQLVPRODDXURUDERUHDOODILVLRJUDItDGHODVFRVWDVHWF(ODQiOLVLVGHODREUDGH
-XOLR 9HUQH QR VyOR VH EDVD HQ HO DQiOLVLV GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV \ RWURV HOHPHQWRV
VRFLDOHV\FXOWXUDOHVTXHHODOXPQDGRGHVXOHFWXUDHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGLUHFWDSXHGHQDQDOL]DU\
FRPSUHQGHU VLQR WDPELpQ VH DSR\D HQ KHUUDPLHQWDV GLJLWDOHV FRPR ODV TXH RIUHFH *RRJOH
(DUWK
*UDFLDV D ORV UHFXUVRV TXH SURSRUFLRQD HVWD KHUUDPLHQWD QRV RIUHFH XQD FRPSUHVLyQ PiV
JOREDO \ VLVWpPLFD GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV TXH HPHUJHQ GH OD OHFWXUD GLUHFWD GH ORV
WH[WRV GH 9HUQH \ SHUPLWHQ FRQHFWDU HVRV HVSDFLRV \ WHUULWRULRV GH XQ SDVDGR FHUFDQR
WUD\pQGRORV KDVWD OD DFWXDOLGDG 6XSRQH LQGDJDU FXHVWLRQHV FRPR OD GLQiPLFD GH ORV
IHQyPHQRVVRFLDOHV\QDWXUDOHVVXFDXVDOLGDGHOSDVRGHOWLHPSRHWF
(VWR QRV SHUPLWH IRUPXODU SUHJXQWDV FRPR SRU HMHPSOR FyPR VRQ HVRV OXJDUHV HQ OD
DFWXDOLGDG" FyPR HV HO LWLQHUDULR TXH UHDOL]DQ ORV SURWDJRQLVWD" TXp WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV
DQWUySLFDV SUHVHQWD HO PHGLR SDUD IDYRUHFHU ORV YLDMHV PDUtWLPRV FDQDO GH 6XH] FDQDO GH
3DQDPiHWF(VWRVHVSDFLRVJHRJUiILFRVFLXGDGHVUHJLRQHVHWFVRQFRQVLGHUDGRVFRPR
M.C.Morn Monge


GLIXVRV \ EDVWDQWH DOHMDGRV GH ORV HQWRUQRV FHUFDQRV GHO DOXPQDGR 3RU HOOR *RRJOH (DUWK
SHUPLWHXQDFHUFDPLHQWRPX\SUy[LPRDODUHDOLGDG\DODYLYHQFLDGLUHFWD
(Q GHILQLWLYD SHQVDPRV TXH ODV QDUUDFLRQHV UHODWRV \ FXHQWRV VRQ XQ UHFXUVR HVFDVDPHQWH
DSURYHFKDGRGHQWURGHODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDSHURWDPELpQHQJHQHUDOGHODV&LHQFLDV
6RFLDOHV MXQWR D HVWR FRPR YHUHPRV HQ ORV SUy[LPRV DSDUWDGRV SHUPLWH WUDEDMDU XQ EXHQ
Q~PHUR GH FRPSHWHQFLDV IRPHQWDQGR XQ VDEHU HVFRODU FUtWLFR \ UHIOH[LYR DO WLHPSR TXH XQ
FRQRFLPLHQWRJOREDOL]DGRU\GLQiPLFRGHQXHVWURPXQGR

*22*/(($57+<1$55$&,21(675$',&,1<02'(51,'$'
6REUH7HFQRORJtDVGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ\&RPXQLFDFLyQWDQWRHQHGXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDFRPRHQ
HGXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD VH YLHQH GLVFXWLHQGR HQ ODV GRV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV HQ HO VHQR GH OD
'LGiFWLFDGHODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\SDUWLFXODUPHQWHHQOD'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDFRQOR
FXDO QL HQ OD WHRUtD QL HQ OD SUiFWLFD HV XQD FXHVWLyQ QXHYD %X]R 5XELR *DUFLD
$OFDQWDUD 0RUD 5RGUtJXH] 'H 0LJXHO 5 'RQHUW . 0LOVRQ
&DQWHO 5LNNHQHQ'H0LJXHO $OOHQGHHWF6LQHPEDUJRODDSOLFDFLyQGH
HVWDVKHUUDPLHQWDVDOHQWRUQRHVFRODUKDVLGRPX\GLVSDU\FRQGLIHUHQWHVUHVXOWDGRV0DUWtQH]
)HUQiQGH]
(Q RFDVLRQHV VH WUDWD VRODPHQWH PiV XQD FXHVWLyQ GH IRUPD HQ HO VHQWLGR TXH HQ QXHVWUDV
DXODV VH KDQ LQWURGXFLGR SL]DUUDV GLJLWDOHV SRUWiWLOHV \ WDEOHWV SDUD HO DOXPQDGR \ HO
SURIHVRUDGR HWF FRQIRUPDFLyQ GH FHQWURV 7,& TXH SRVWHULRUPHQWH SRU UD]RQHV
SUHVXSXHVWDULDV \ HQ EXHQD PHGLGD GHELGR D OD FULVLV HFRQyPLFD GH ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV KDQ
GHMDGRGHWHQHUPDQWHQLPLHQWR\HQSRFDVRFDVLRQHVWXYLHURQXQDLPSOHPHQWDFLyQUHDOHQORV
SURFHVRV GH HQVHxDQ]D \ DSUHQGL]DMH -XQWR D HVWR DO SURIHVRUDGR GH SULPDULD \ WDPELpQ GH
VHFXQGDULD QR VH OHV KD SURSRUFLRQDGR XQD SUHSDUDFLyQ \ FXDOLILFDFLyQ HQ UHODFLyQ D HVWDV
1XHYDV 7HFQRORJtDV 6H KD KDEODGR GH LQQRYDFLyQ WHFQROyJLFD HTXLSDUiQGRVH D LQQRYDFLyQ
HGXFDWLYDFXDQGRHQUHDOLGDGVRQFXHVWLRQHVGLVWLQWDV\QRWLHQHQGLUHFWDPHQWHTXHOOHYDUOD
SULPHUD D OD VHJXQGD (Q RWUDV RFDVLRQHV VH KDQ DSOLFDGR EDMR PRGHORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH
WUDGLFLRQDOHV HQ GRQGH VROR VH KD FDPELDGR HO VRSRUWH \ HO GLVHxR GHO UHFXUVR SHUR QR ODV
ILQDOLGDGHVHGXFDWLYDV
$SHVDUGHWRGRHVWRODUHYROXFLyQWHFQROyJLFDHVXQSURFHVRLPSDUDEOHTXHWDUGHRWHPSUDQR
OOHJDUi D LPSODQWDUVH HQ QXHVWUDV DXODV \D TXH OR WHFQROyJLFR DEDUFD PXFKRV DVSHFWRV GH
QXHVWUDYLGDGLDULD\LQFOXVRFRQHVSHFLDOUHSUHVHQWDWLYLGDGHQHOHQWRUQRGRPpVWLFR
/DV 1XHYDV WHFQRORJtDV GH OD ,QIRUPDFLyQ \ GH OD &RPXQLFDFLyQ DSOLFDGDV DO FDPSR GH OD
*HRJUDILD KDQ VLGR FDOLILFDGDV FRPR 7HFQRORJtDV GH OD ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD 7,*
0DUWtQH] )HUQiQGH] GHQWUR GH HVWD GHQRPLQDFLyQ VH LQFOX\H XQ EXHQ Q~PHUR GH
KHUUDPLHQWDV \ DSOLFDFLRQHV TXH WLHQHQ FRPR GHQRPLQDGRU FRP~Q OD FRQVXOWD DSOLFDFLyQ
LQWURGXFFLyQ JHQHUDFLyQ HWF GH GDWRV JHRHVSDFLDOHV +HUUDPLHQWDV TXH HVWiQ FODUDPHQWH
UHODFLRQDGDVFRQORV6LVWHPDVGH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFD6,*/DDSOLFDFLyQGHORV6,*HQ
PDUFR GH OD HGXFDFLyQ HUD XQ DVSHFWR TXH \D VH UHFRJtD FRPR WHQGHQFLD GHVWDFDGD \
VLJQLILFDWLYDHQHOHandbook GLULJLGRSRU*HUEHUHQHO FXDOVHLQGLFDEDQQXPHURVRV
SUR\HFWRV HGXFDWLYRV TXH DSOLFDEDQ 7,&V SULQFLSDOPHQWH SHUWHQHFLHQWHV D OD HGXFDFLyQ
VHFXQGDULD \FX\DVHMHPSOLILFDFLRQHVVHUHPLWtDQSULQFLSDOPHQWH DSDtVHV DQJORVDMRQHV\GH
(XURSDGHO1RUWH
/DOOHJDGDRPiVELHQODDSOLFDFLyQGHORV6LVWHPDVGH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDORVFXDOHV\D
VHHPSOHDEDQHQHOPDUFRDFDGpPLFR\XQLYHUVLWDULRHQORVDxRVQRYHQWDHQSDtVHVGHGHKDEOD
M.C.Morn Monge

LQJOHVD VDOWDUyQ DO PDUFR HVFRODU HQ (VSDxD FRQ FLHUWD GHVIDVH 1R HV KDVWD ILQDOHV GH ORV
QRYHQWD \ SULQFLSLRV GHO QXHYR PLOHQLR FXDQGR SRGHPRV REVHUYDU ORV SULPHURV WUDEDMRV
UHODWLYRV D OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH 6,* \ HQ JHQHUDO GH ODV 7,&V HQ HQWRUQRV HVFRODUHV 0RUyQ \
(VWHSD (V UHFRQRFLGD OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH ORV 6,* FRPR KHUUDPLHQWD SULPRUGLDO \
FRPSOHPHQWDULD FRQ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV IXHUD GHO DXOD ELHQ SDUD OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH LWLQHUDULRV
WUDEDMRV GH FDPSR %X]R $OFDQWDUD 5XELR *DUFtD 0RUD 5RGUtJXH]
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHO SDLVDMH OYDUH] 2WHUR %X]R OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH REUDV
SLFWyULFDV \ SDLVDMH *DUFtD *RQ]iOH] HWF ODV WHPiWLFDV RULHQWDFLRQHV \ HVWUDWHJLDV
HGXFDWLYDV TXH WLHQH OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH ORV 6,* VRQ SUiFWLFDPHQWH LQILQLWDV FRPR OD SURSLD
SROLYDOHQFLD GH OD KHUUDPLHQWD 'HQWUR GH WRGDV HOODV GHVWDFDPRV *RRJOH (DUWK KHUUDPLHQWD
TXH FRPHQ]y VLHQGR XQD FXULRVLGDG \ TXH VH KD GHVYHODGR FRPR XQ LQVWUXPHQWR GH JUDQ
XWLOLGDGGHQWURGHOFRQWH[WRHVFRODUVLHQGRUHODWLYDPHQWHIiFLOGHPDQHMDUDGHPiVGHJUDWXLWD
(VWD KHUUDPLHQWD DXQTXH FRQRFLGD SRU ORV PDHVWURV \ PDHVWUDV GH SULPDULD QR VXHOH VHU
HPSOHDGDGHQWURGHVXVHVWUDWHJLDV\GLVHxRVFXUULFXODUHV
(Q QXHVWUD H[SHULHQFLD FRQ PDHVWURV \ PDHVWUDV GHO FXUVR GH DGDSWDFLyQ DO JUDGR OOHYDGR D
FDER SRU OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH +XHOYD HQ HO FXUVR DFDGpPLFR PDQLIHVWDURQ QR VX
GHVFRQRFLPLHQWRHQUHODFLyQDHVWDKHUUDPLHQWDSHURVtGHODVSRVLEOHVDSOLFDFLRQHVGLGiFWLFDV
D VXV HVWUDWHJLDV GRFHQWHV (Q QXHVWUR FDVR SHQVDPRV TXH HVWD KHUUDPLHQWD SUHVWD XQD JUDQ
FRPSOHPHQWDULDGD D ODV QDUUDWLYDV \ UHODWRV VREUH WRGR GH YLDMHV \D TXH HQ EXHQD PHGLGD
GHVFULEHQWHUULWRULRVOHMDQRVDYHFHVLPDJLQDGRV\HQRWUDVRFDVLRQHVUHSUHVHQWDQOXJDUHVGHO
SDVDGRUHFLHQWHTXHKD\TXHWUDHUDOSUHVHQWHSDUDTXHHODOXPQDGRSXHGDFRQRFHUORVPHMRU
(VWHFDPLQRHVSRFRH[SORUDGR\VLQHPEDUJRFRPELQDORPHMRUGHODV7,&V\GHODQDUUDWLYD
PiVGHVFULSWLYD\WUDGLFLRQDOVREUHYLDMHV\H[SORUDFLRQHV1RFLHUUDRWUDVSRVLELOLGDGHVQLVXV
FRPELQDFLRQHVFRQRWURVUHFXUVRVFRPRHOWUDEDMRGHFDPSRORVLWLQHUDULRVODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ
GHOSDLVDMHRODFDUWRJUDItDDQDOyJLFD(VPiVSHQVDPRVTXHSXHGHFRQIRUPDODIDVHSUHYLDHQ
HOGLVHxRGHDFWLYLGDGHVIXHUDGHODXODSURSRUFLRQDQGRXQDSULPHUDWRPDGHFRQWDFWRFRQOD
WHPiWLFD OD SUREOHPiWLFD R HO IHQyPHQR TXH VH TXLHUH DERUGDU HQ HO VLWLR -XQWR D HOOR
GHVWDFDPRVXQFRPSRQHQWHIXQGDPHQWDOTXHHVHOWLHPSRHOWLHPSRKLVWyULFRSHURWDPELpQHO
WLHPSRJHROyJLFRGRVQRFLRQHVTXHKDELWXDOPHQWHVXSRQHQXQLPSRUWDQWHREVWiFXORVQRVyOR
SDUD ORV DOXPQRVDV GH SULPDULD VLQR WDPELpQ GH VHFXQGDULD 3HUPLWH SRU WDQWR FRQRFHU
GLIHUHQWHVHVFDODVWHPSRUDOHV\HVSDFLDOHVFRQHOORWDPELpQDWHQGHPRVDRWUDFXHVWLyQVREUH
WRGR HQ ORV SULPHUR QLYHOHV GH OD SULPDULD \ HV OD SHUFHSFLyQ GHO PHGLR \ GHO HVSDFLR
JHRJUiILFR HO FXDO HV SHUFLELGR GH PDQHUD HVWiWLFD H LQQDPRYLEOH &DXVDOLGDG FDPELR \
GLQiPLFDVRQQRFLRQHVHVWUHFKDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGDV\TXHDWUDYpVGHHVWDKHUUDPLHQWD*RRJOH
(DUWK QRV SHUPLWH YDORUDU \ KDVWD FLHUWR SXQWR PHGLU *RRJOH (DUWK RIUHFH OD SRVLELOLGDG
GHSHQGLHQGRGHOiUHDJHRJUiILFDGHFRPSDUDUXQVLWLRHQXQLQWHUYDORGHWLHPSRFRQORFXDO
SXHGHYLVXDOL]DUVHORVGLVWLQWRVFDPELRVDFDHFLGRVHQXQWHUULWRULRFRQFUHWR
(QUHODFLyQDODVQDUUDFLRQHVSHUPLWHFRPSDUDUHVDVGHVFULSFLRQHVFRQODUHDOLGDGFRPRSRU
HMHPSORODTXHUHDOL]D-XOLR9HUQHHQHOViaje al Centro de la TierraHQODFXDOGHVFULEHFRQ
JUDQSUHFLVLyQGH,VODQGLD\GHOOXJDUH[DFWRHO0RQWH6QHIIOHVDFRQWLQXDFLyQUHSURGXFLPRV
XQIUDJPHQWRGHHVWDREUDHQUHODFLyQDHVWHKLWRJHRJUiILFR
.- Sgueme por la costa occidental de la isla. Ves su capital, Reykiavik?
Bien; pues remonta los innumerables fiordos de estas costas escarpadas por el mar,
y detente un momento debajo del grado 75 de latitud. Qu ves?
- Una especie de pennsula que semeja un hueso pelado y termina en una rtula
enorme.
M.C.Morn Monge

- La comparacin es exacta, hijo mo; y ahora. dime, no ves nada sobre era rtula?
- Veo un monte que parece surgir del mar.
- Pues ese es el Sneffels.
(VWH SHTXHxR IUDJPHQWR SHUWHQHFLHQWH DO LQLFLR GH HVWD REUD GHVFULEH HO SHULSOR GH ORV
SURWDJRQLVWDVD,VODQGLD\VXE~VTXHGDGHOYROFiQ6QIHOOVM|NXOOSDUDDFFHGHUDOLQWHULRUGHOD
7LHUUD *RRJOH (DUWK QRV DFHUFD D HVWRV OXJDUHV VLHQGR IiFLOPHQWH LGHQWLILFDEOHV SRU ODV
LPiJHQHV GH VDWpOLWH TXH SURSRUFLRQD \ TXH JXLDGRV SRU OD GHVFULSFLyQ H[DFWD GH 9HUQH
SRGHPRVLGHQWLILFDUFDVLVLQSHUGLGD(VWHOXJDUQRHVIUXWRGHODLPDJLQDFLyQGH9HUQHVLQR
GHVXH[WHQVR\SUROLMRFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRTXHVHYXHOFDHQPXFKDVGHVXVREUDV
2WURGHORVHMHPSORVGHORVP~OWLSOHVTXHVHSXHGHQUHFRJHUSHUWHQHFHDLa Vuelta al Mundo
en Ochenta das, GHHVWHUHODWRGHVWDFDPRVXQSHTXHxRIUDJPHQWR
Pero al propio tiempo Fix pudo cerciorarse de que Fogg no desembarcaba en
Suez y se iba directamente a Bombay.
-Est lejos Bombay? Pregunt Picaporte.
Bastante lejos respondi el agente. Todava necesitis unos doce das por mar.
Y dnde est Bombay?
-En la India.
- En Asia?
- Naturalmente...
(QHVWHFDVRHODFRPSDxDQWHGH3KLOHDV)RJJGHVFRQRFHGRUGHDPSOLRPXQGR\DOLJXDOTXH
KDUtDQ ORV QLxRV \ QLxDV GH SULPDULD SUHJXQWDUtD SRU OD OHMDQtD GHO WHUULWRULR *RRJOH (DUWK
SURSRUFLRQDQRVyORODORFDOL]DFLyQH[DFWDGHOOXJDUVLQRWDPELpQODUHODFLyQGHHVFDODVHQWUH
OXJDUHV FRQFUHWRV \ FRQWLQHQWHV IDFLOLWDQGR OD FRPELQDFLyQ GH YLVXDOL]DFLRQHV FRQ GLVWLQWRV
]RRP \ SRU WDQWR FRQ GLVWLQWDV HVFDODV ,JXDOPHQWH SHUPLWH PHGLU OD GLVWDQFLD \ GLVHxDU HO
LWLQHUDULRUHDOL]DGRSRUORVSURWDJRQLVWDV
(VWH UHODWR WDPELpQ LQFOX\H RWUD FXHVWLyQ FRPR HV OD GHO &DQDO GH 6XH] VX FRQVWUXFFLyQ
SHUPLWLy HO DFRUWDPLHQWR GH GLVWDQFLD \ WLHPSR SDUD OD QDYHJDFLyQ PDUtWLPD KDFLD $VLD
JUDFLDV DO SDVR FRQVWUXLGR HQWUH HO 0DU 0HGLWHUUiQHR \ HO 0DU 5RMR (VWH IXH XQ KLWR
WUDVFHQGHQWDO GH OD LQJHQLHUtD \ GHO GHVDUUROOR WHFQROyJLFR GH OD pSRFD FX\D FRQWUXFFLyQ
WHUPLQyHQVLHQGRLQFRUSRUDGDVXH[LVWHQFLDDOUHODWRGH9HUQHGiQGROHFRQVLVWHQFLDDO
DUJXPHQWRGHOPLVPR
/DVHMHPSOLILFDFLRQHVTXHSRGHPRVUHDOL]DUHQWRUQRDHVWDFXHVWLyQVRQGLYHUVDV\VLQJXODUHV
HQHOSUy[LPRDSDUWDGRSUHVHQWDPRVGHPDQHUDEUHYHFXDOHVVRQODVFRPSHWHQFLDVREMHWLYRV
\DOJXQRVGHORVFRQWHQLGRVTXHORVPDHVWURV\PDHVWUDVGHHVWHFXUVRGH$GDSWDFLyQDO*UDGR
SURSXVLHURQ SDUD WUDEDMDU GH PDQHUD FRPELQDGD ODV 1DUUDFLRQHV GH -XOLR 9HUQH \ *RRJOH
(DUWK

81$(;3(5,(1&,$18(9$3$5$'2&(17(6'(35,0$5,$
/D SXHVWD HQ SUiFWLFD GH OD DFWLYLGDG TXH WUDWDED GH PDQHUD FRPSOHPHQWDULD ORV UHODWRV GH
-XOLR9HUQH\*RRJOH(DUWKHVWiHQIRFDGDSDUDWUDEDMDUSULQFLSDOPHQWHQRFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDV
M.C.Morn Monge

DXQTXH WDPELpQ SUREOHPiWLFDV VRFLDOHV H KLVWyULFDV HQ JHQHUDO HQ 3ULPDULD &RQWy FRQ XQD
DFWLYLGDGSUHYLDUHODFLRQDGDFRQHOPDQHMRGHHVWDKHUUDPLHQWDJHRHVSDFLDO
3ULPHUDPHQWH SUHVHQWDPRV HVWD KHUUDPLHQWD \ UHDOL]DPRV WUHV YLVXDOL]DFLRQHV GLVWLQWDV GH
WUHV VLWLRV GLVWLQWRV D YDULDV HVFDODV \ HQ GLIHUHQWHV PRPHQWRV /D SULPHUD LPDJHQ
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D OD $PD]RQtD SDUWLFXODUPHQWH FHQWUDGD HQ HO QRUWH GH 6XGDPpULFD
XQDVHJXQGDGHODORFDOLGDGGH3DORVGHOD)URQWHUD+XHOYD\OD~OWLPD
LPDJHQ GHO &DPSXV GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH +XHOYD &RQ HVWDV LPiJHQHV
WUDEDMDPRV GHVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD SURFHGLPHQWDO \ WpFQLFR PDQHMDQGR HO LQWHUIDFH GH OD
*RRJOH(DUWKMXJDQGRFRQORVGLVWLQWRVSXQWRVGHYLVWD\RULHQWDFLRQHVTXHRIUHFHGHPDQHUD
PX\ UHDOLVWD %XVFDQGR OXJDUHV FRQRFLHQGR FXiO HUD OD GLVSRQLELOLGDG WHPSRUDO GH HVWDV
LPiJHQHV \ GH RWUDV TXH OHV LQWHUHVDURQ D ORV GRFHQWHV /DV LPiJHQHV TXH VHOHFFLRQDPRV
PRVWUDEDQ FDPELRV \ WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV SDWHQWHV HQ ORV WHUULWRULRV HQ HO LQWpUYDOR GH WLHPSR
TXHHOHJLPRV
/D REVHUYDFLyQ GH ORV FDPELRV HQ ORV WHUULWRULRV HQ XQD SULPHUD IDVH PiV GHVFULSWLYD
SHUPLWLR SDVDU DO DQiOLVLV GH ORV WLSRV GH WUDVQIRUPDFLRQHV \ VLWXDFLRQHV HQ ORV WHUULWRULRV
JUDFLDVDORVGLVWLQWRVSDWURQHVHVWUXFWXUDV\PRUIRORJtDVTXHRIUHFHQODVGLVWLQWDVLPiJHQHV
&RQWRGRHOORHQXQDWHUFHUDIDVHQRVSODQWHDPRVFXHVWLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODFDXVDOLGDG
GH ORV WUDVQIRUPDFLRQHV \ VX QDWXUDOH]D $VLPLVPR SODQWHiPRV XQD UHIOH[LyQ VREUH OD
LQFLGHQFLDGHORVIDFWRUHVORFDOHV\VXVSURFHVRVGHVGHODVHVFDODVORFDOHVDODJOREDO\YLFHUVD
LQWURGXFLHQGRHOFRQFHSWRGHHVFDODJORFDO
7RGRHVWRSHUPLWLyGLVFXWLUVREUHHOJUDGRGHLQFLGHQFLDGHORVSURFHVRV\IDFWRUHVDQWUySLFRV
\ORVQDWXUDOHVGHWHUPLQDQGRTXHH[LVWtDXQDLPEULFDFLyQGHDPERVFRPSRQHQWHVSDUDSRGHU
H[SOLFDU\FRPSUHQGHUGHPDQHUDPiVVLVWpPLFD\JOREDOORTXHDFRQWHFHHQQXHVWURSODQHWD
'HVSXpV GH HVWH SULPHUD DFWLYLGDG QRV SODQWHDPRV OD LQWURGXFFLyQ GH ORV UHODWRV GH -XOLR
9HUQH \ FyPR D WUDYpV GH ORV PLVPRVSRGtDPRV WUDEDMDU QRFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDV \ GH GLYHUVD
tQGROHVRFLDO\FXOWXUDO(VWDIXHXQDQRYHGDGSDUDORVGRFHQWHV\DTXHDVLPLODEDQHOWUDEDMR
FRQ WH[WRV QDUUDWLYRV DO iPELWR GH OD /HQJXD HVD IXH VX SULPHUD VRUSUHVD /D VHJXQGD
VRUSUHVDIXHODLQGHQWLILFDFLyQGHQXPHURVRVHOHPHQWRVIHQyPHQRVHWFTXHWUDVODOHFWXUDGH
ODV QDUUDFLRQHV HPHUJtDQ GHVSXpV GH XQ SHTXHxR DQiOLVLV GH FRQWHQLGR D WUDYpV GH ODV
SDODEUDV FODYHV \ GHVFULSWRUHV TXH WHQtDQ VLJQLILFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD \ VRFLDO HQ JHQHUDO (VWH
FRQMXQWR GH WpUPLQRV GH FDUL] JHRJUiILFR VXJHUtDQ GLIHUHQWHV SUREOHPiWLFDV \ FRQWHQLGRV D
WUDEDMDU SRU HMHPSOR DXURUD ERUHDO HUXSFLRQHV SUHVLyQ DWPRVIpULFD ODWLWXG HUXSFLRQHV
%RPED\ UtR *DQJHV &DOFXWD *KDWV 2FFLGHQWDOHV &DSH 7RZQ &DER GH %XHQD (VSHUDQ]D
HWF
/DV GHVFULSFLRQHV GH -XOLR 9HUQH IXHURQ FRQWUDVWDGDV FRQ OD UHDOLGDG TXH RIUHFtDQ ODV
LPiJHQHV GH *RRJOH (DUWK FRPSUREDQGR OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ OD ILVLRQRPtD GH ODV FRVWDV ODV
GLVWDQFLDV WDO YH] ORV DVSHFWRV PiV FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV GH OD *HRJUDItD ORFDFLRQDO 6LQ HPEDUJR
HVWRGLRSDVRDFRQRFHUFyPRORVGLVWLQWRVOXJDUHV\ORVVLWLRVKDEtDQFDPELDGRFyPRSRGUtD
VHU HO YLDMH GH ORV SURWDJRQLVWDV FRQ ORV PHGLRV DFWXDOHV GH WUDQVSRUWHV \ FRPXQLFDFLyQ
SDVDQGR SODQWHDUVH FXHVWLRQHV GH FDUiFWHU KLVWyULFR FRPR HO FRORQLDOLVPR EULWiQLFR HQ OD
,QGLDRLQWHQWDULPDJLQDUORVSDLVDMHVIDQWiVWLFRVGHODIsla MisteriosaDWUDYpVGHGLEXMRVR
FRPSUHQGHUIHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODDWPyVIHUDVXGLQiPLFD$XURUDERUHDOHV
SRUHMHPSORHQHOViaje al Centro de la TierraIHQyPHQRV\SURFHVRVJHROyJLFRVDFWLYLGDG
VtVPLFD\YXOFDQROyJLFDGHORVUHODWRVViaje al Centro de la Tierra RLa Isla Misteriosa
/DFDQWLGDGGHLQWHUURJDQWHV\FXHVWLRQHVDLQGDJDUHVSUDFWLFDPHQWHLQILQLWDWHQLHQGR FRPR
M.C.Morn Monge

SXQWRGHSDUWLGDORVUHODWRV\VXFRQH[LyQFRQODUHDOLGDGJHRJUiILFD\PHGLRDPELHQWDOD
WUDYpVGH*RRJOH(DUWK
(VWDVVRQDOJXQDVGHORVREMHWLYRVTXHORVPDHVWURV\PDHVWUDVGHSULPDULDVXJLULHURQTXHVH
SXHGHQDOFDQ]DUDWUDYpVGHHVWHWLSRGHUHFXUVRV
x (QWHQGHUODFRQH[LyQDWUDYpVGHGLVWLQWDVHVFDODVWHPSRUDOHV\JHRJUiILFDVSUHVHQWHV
x ([SOLFDUODFDVXDOLGDGGHORVIHQyPHQRVJHRJUiILFRV
x ,QFLWDUSUR\HFWRVGHFDUiFWHUFUHDWLYR
x &RQRFHU\FRPSUHQGHUFXHVWLRQHVSUREOHPDVVRFLDOHV
x (QWHQGHUODFRQH[LyQDWUDYpVGHGLVWLQWDVHVFDODVWHPSRUDOHV\JHRJUiILFDVSUHVHQWHV
x )RPHQWDU OD FDSDFLGDG GH REVHUYDFLyQ XVR GH ORV VHQWLGRV SDUD UHFRQRFHU
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVREVHUYDEOHVDVtFRPRODFDSDFLGDGSDUDFRPSDUDUFRQWUDVWDU\FODVLILFDUODV
LQIRUPDFLRQHVDSRUWDGDV
x 'HVDUUROODUODFXULRVLGDGSRUFRQRFHUIRUPDVGHYLGDKXPDQDHQHOSDVDGRYDORUDQGROD
LPSRUWDQFLD TXH WLHQH ORV UHVWRV SDUD HO FRQRFLPLHQWR \ HVWXGLR GH OD KLVWRULD \ FRPR
SDWULPRQLRFXOWXUDOTXHKD\TXHFXLGDU\OHJDU
x (QWHQGHUFXHVWLRQHVVRFLDOHVGHODpSRFD\SUR\HFWDUODVDODQXHVWUD
x $GTXLULU\XWLOL]DUHILFD]PHQWHGLIHUHQWHVFyGLJRVOLQJtVWLFRV
x 8VDUWpFQLFDVGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQYLVXDO
x 0RWLYDUHQODLQWHUFXOWXUDOLGDG
x ([SORUDUQXHYRVFRQWH[WRV
(QFXDQWRDODV&RPSHWHQFLDVHVWDVVRQDOJXQDVGHODVTXHORVGRFHQWHVDSXQWDURQODVFXDOHV
x /LQJtVWLFD
x 'LJLWDO
x $SUHQGHUDDSUHQGHU
x ,QLFLDWLYD\HVStULWXHPSUHQGHGRU
(QUHODFLyQDORV&RQWHQLGRV
x 8WLOL]DFLyQGHGLIHUHQWHVIXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQ
x 7UDEDMRLQGLYLGXDO\HQJUXSR
x $SUR[LPDFLyQH[SHULPHQWDODDOJXQDVFXHVWLRQHV
x 8VRDXWyQRPRGHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHWH[WRV
x &RQWHQLGRVFRQHO7LHPSR
x &RQH[LRQHVJHRJUiILFDVGLVWLQWDV\GHOHVSDFLRWLHPSR
x &RQFHSFLyQGHOPHGLR
x &RRUGHQDGDV\UHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODVORFDOL]DFLRQHV
M.C.Morn Monge

x /D7LHUUD\ORVFRQWLQHQWHV
x /DGLYHUVLGDG&XOWXUDOHOSDWULPRQLR\ODLGHQWLGDG
x )RUPDVGHUHSUHVHQWDUGHORVGLVWLQWRVWHUULWRULRV0DSDSODQRFURTXLV
x 'LVHxRGHLQWHUQDULRV
x 'LEXMRVGHSDLVDMHV
x 'LEXMRVGHHOHPHQWRVRSURFHVRVQDWXUDOHV
(QOD]DU GRV UHFXUVRV DSDUHQWHPHQWH WDQ GLVSDUHV UHVXOWy XQD H[SHULHQFLD QXHYD SDUD ORV
GRFHQWHVUHGHVFXEULHURQORVWH[WRV GH9HUQHDOJXQRVGHVXVUHODWRV HUDQ\DFRQRFLGRVSDUD
HOORV \ GHVFXEULHURQ *RRJOH (DUWK FRPR XQ UHFXUVR WHFQROyJLFR DO DOFDQFH GH VXV FHQWURV
HVFRODUHV\SDUDVXDOXPQDGR
&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
/DLQQRYDFLyQHGXFDWLYDQRHVWiWDQWRHQORVWLSRVGHUHFXUVRV\PDWHULDOHVTXHHPSOHDPRV
SXGLHQGRVHUPiVRPHQRVWHFQROyJLFRVRPiVWUDGLFLRQDOHVVLQRTXHHVWiHQHOHQIRTXHTXH
QRVRWURV FRPR GRFHQWHV SRGHPRV GDUOHV (Q HVWH VHQWLGR WUDEDMDU FRQ QDUUDFLRQHV UHODWRV
HWF GH YLDMHV GH H[SORUDFLRQHV HWF VH DFWLYDQ FRPR UHFXUVRV LQQRYDGRUHV FXDQGR ORV
HPSOHDPRVEDMRRWURHQIRTXHGLIHUHQWHDOKDELWXDO$VtHQHVWHFDVRVHtransforman FXDQGR
ORV HPSOHDPRV FRPR HVWUDWHJLDV SDUD VXSHUDU ORV REVWiFXORV \ GLILFXOWDGHV GHULYDGRV GH
WUDEDMDUQRFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDVFRQHODOXPQDGRGH3ULPDULD
6LDGHPiVDHVWHUHFXUVRORKDFHPRVDFRPSDxDUSRURWURLQVWUXPHQWRGLJLWDOFRPRHV*RRJOH
(DUWK DFWXDOL]DPRV OD LQIRUPDFLyQ OD KDFHPRV UHDO \ SUHVHQWH SHUR WDPELpQ QRV SHUPLWH
FRQIURQWDUKDVWDTXHSXQWRORTXHVHGHVFULEH\VHFXHQWDHQORVUHODWRVHVYHUtGLFRKDSRGLGR
FDPELDU PHGLU ODV GLPHQVLRQHV JHRJUiILFDV GH ORV OXJDUHV OD DFFHVLELOLGDG D ORV VLWLRV \
OXJDUHV GHVFULWRV HWF (Q FLHUWD PHGLGD QRV SHUPLWH vivenciar GH PDQHUD LQGLUHFWD HVRV
WHUULWRULRV \ OXJDUHV SHUR WDPELpQ SXHGHQ VHUYLU SDUD FRQRFHU ODV LGHDV SUHYLDV ODV
PRWLYDFLRQHVHLQWHUHVHVGHORVDOXPQRVDV
/R LQQRYDGRU QR HV ~QLFDPHQWH OD FRPELQDFLyQ GH GRV UHFXUVRV PX\ GLVWLQWRV HQ VX
QDWXUDOH]DVLQRTXHHVWHWLSRGHLQLFLDWLYDVVHIXQGDPHQWDHQXQDFRQVWUXFFLyQFRPSDUWLGDGH
ORV DSUHQGL]DMHV VLHQGR HO GRFHQWH HO JXtD GHO SURFHVR<D TXH WUDYpV GH OD OHFWXUD GH HVWRV
UHODWRVVHSXHGHQLQLFLDUGLIHUHQWHVSUREOHPDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVFRODU3RUWDQWRORVFDPLQRV
\ OtQHDV GH WUDEDMR TXH DOXPQDGR MXQWR FRQ HO SURIHVRU SXHGHQ GHFLGLU LQYHVWLJDU H LQGDJDU
DSDUWLUGHDTXtVRQP~OWLSOHV(VWRLPSOLFDURPSHUODVEDUUHUDVHQWUHVDEHUHVTXHDFWXDOPHQWH
OD DFWXDO OHJLVODFLyQ HGXFDWLYD KD YXHOWR D OHYDQWDU (V DVt TXH OD *HRJUDItD VH FRQYLHUWH HQ
XQD FRPSLODGRUD GH FRQWHQLGRV VHSDUDGRV HQWUH Vt OR ItVLFR GH OR KXPDQR PDUFDQGR PX\
FODUDPHQWH WDPELpQ OD IURQWHUD HQWUH FRQWHQLGRV WHyULFRV \ SUiFWLFRV YROYHPRV D SHUGHU OD
RSRWXUQLGDGGHXQD*HRJUDItDGHXWLOLGDGVRFLDO
/D *HRJUDItD HV XQD ciencia de multiples accesos FRPR LQGLFDED 3LHUUH *HRUJH
SXHVWRTXHUHFODPDHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVPpWRGRV\GHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHQXPHURVDVFLHQFLDV
DVRFLDGDVHVWHDVSHFWRODVLW~DHQXQOXJDUSULYLOHJLDGR\ODFRQIRUPDFRPRXQDFLHQFLDTXH
DSRUWDU XQD YLVLyQ JOREDO \ SROtpGULFD GH OD UHDOLGDG HQ OD TXH HO DOXPQDGR VH GHVHQYXHOYH
$VtHVWDVLQJXODULGDGHVGHJUDQXWLOLGDGSDUDORVSURFHVRVGHHQVHxDQ]D\DSUHQGL]DMHHQHO
iPELWRHVFRODU\FRWLGLDQR0RUyQ0&3RUHOORUHVXOWDYLWDOSDUDDSUR[LPDQRVDOD
FRPSUHQVLyQGHOPXQGRFDPELDQWH\KHWHURJpQHRHQHOTXHYLYLPRV
M.C.Morn Monge

%,%/,2*5$)$
$OFiQWDUD 0DQ]DQDUHV - 5XELR *DUFtD 6 \ 0RUD 0iUTXH] 0 *RRJOH (DUWK
FRPR KHUUDPLHQWD SDUD IRUPDGRUHV HQ OD SUHSDUDFLyQ GH LWLQHUDULRV GLGiFWLFRV HQ Nuevas
perspectivas conceptuales y metodolgicas para la educacin geogrfica 8QLYHUVLGDG GH
&yUGREDSS
%X]R,(VWUDWHJLDVGLGiFWLFDVLQQRYDGRUDVSDUDODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDFRQXQD
PHWRGRORJtDDFWLYDHQNuevas perspectivas conceptuales y metodolgicas para la educacin
geogrfica8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGREDSS
%X]R , /RV 6,* FRPR KHUUDPLHQWD SDUD HO HVWXGLR GHO SDLVDMH FXOWXUDO Iber:
Didctica de las ciencias sociales, geografa e historia
&DQWHOO + \ 5LNNHQHQ + 0D[LPLVLQJ WKH XVH RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV LQ
JHRJUDSKLFDO HGXFDWLRQ HQ 5 *HUEHU HG International Handbook on Geographical
Education'RUGUHFKW.OXZHU$FDGHPLF3XEOLVKHUSS
&DVWHOOV0La galaxia Internet: reflexiones sobre Internet, empresa y sociedad.
%DUFHORQD3OD]D\-DQpV
'H0LJXHO*RQ]iOH]5&LHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\GLGiFWLFDGHODJHRJUDItDHQHOFXUUtFXOR
GH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDGHOD/20&(HQNuevas perspectivas conceptuales y metodolgicas
para la educacin geogrfica. 8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGREDSS
'H0LJXHO,\$OOHQGH$)8VRGHXQDDSOLFDFLyQ6,*FRPRUHFXUVR'LGiFWLFRHQ
OD(QVHxDQ]D6HFXQGDULDIII Jornadas de Didctica de la GeografaSS
'H 0LJXHO 5 \ 'RQHUW . HGV . Innovative Learning Geography in Europe. New
Challenges for the 21st Century. 1HZFDVWOHXSRQ7\QH&DPEULGJH6FKRODUV3XEOLVKLQJ
(VWHSD - ,QYHVWLJDQGR ODV VRFLHGDGHV DFWXDOHV H KLVWyULFDV Proyecto Curricular
Investigando Nuestro Mundo (6-126HYLOOD'tDGDSS
*DUFtD'tD]-(Hacia una teora alternativa sobre los contenidos escolares6HULH
)XQGDPHQWRV1&ROHFFLyQ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ\(QVHxDQ]D6HYLOOD'tDGD
*DUFtD*RQ]iOH]-$(O*UHFRDWUDYpVGHORVVLVWHPDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
SDLVDMHVGH7ROHGRHQNuevas perspectivas conceptuales y metodolgicas para la educacin
geogrfica8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGREDSS
*HRUJH3Los mtodos de la Geografa%DUFHORQD2LNRV7DX
*HUEHU 5 (G International Handbook on Geographical Education 'RUGUHFKW
.OXZHU$FDGHPLF3XEOLVKHU
/DQGD0&*\5REOHGR(7/DDYHQWXUDGHORVPROLQRVGHYLHQWRLQQRYDFLyQ
WpFQLFD 5HFRPSRVLFLyQ WH[WXDO 9DORUHV HQ OD HGXFDFLyQ Didctica (Lengua y literatura)

0DUUyQ 0 - $SUR[LPDFLyQ DO FRQFHSWR GH HVFDOD HQ HOSULPHU FLFOR GH (GXFDFLyQ
3ULPDULD3UHVHQWDFLyQGHXQMXHJRSDUDVXWUDWDPLHQWRGHVGHODHQVHxDQ]DDFWLYDDidctica
geogrfica
0DUWtQH] )HUQiQGH] /& 'LVHxR GH XQ FDWiORJR GH UHFXUVRV HQ OD 5HG SDUD OD
HQVHxDQ]D DFWLYD GH OD *HRJUDItD HVFRODU HQ Nuevas perspectivas conceptuales y
metodolgicas para la educacin geogrfica. 8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGREDSS
M.C.Morn Monge

0LOVRQ $ 6,* HQ OD 1XEH :HE6,* SDUD OD HQVHxDQ]D GHOD *HRJUDItD 'LGiFWLFD
*HRJUiILFD 0XUFLD *UXSR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD GH OD $VRFLDFLyQ GH *HyJUDIRV
(VSDxROHVQSS
0RUyQ 0& \ (VWHSD - /DV QXHYDV WHFQRORJtDV GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ \ GH OD
FRPXQLFDFLyQFRPRUHFXUVRSDUDODLQQRYDFLyQHQODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDXQDUHIOH[LyQ
VREUH GLVWLQWDV H[SHULHQFLDV Geografa, Educacin y Formacin del Profesorado en el
Marco del Espacio Europeo de Educacin SuperiorSS
0RUyQ0&El paisaje en la Enseanza Secundaria Obligatoria: Anlisis de Libros
de texto y del curriculum Oficial, el abordaje patrimonial 7HVLV 'RFWRUDO 8QLYHUVLGDG GH
+XHOYD
2WHUR - $ ([SHULHQFLD FRODERUDWLYD \ 7,& HQ HO DXOD GH *HRJUDItD ORV SDLVDMHV
WXUtVWLFRVHQXQPDSDGH(VSDxDHQNuevas perspectivas conceptuales y metodolgicas para
la educacin geogrfica8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGREDSS
3HLQDGR5RGUtJXH]0&RQRFLPLHQWRGHOHQWRUQR HQ(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOXQDQiOLVLV
HQFODYHGHJpQHURDWUDYpVGHORVKHUPDQRV*ULPPHQNuevas perspectivas conceptuales y
metodolgicas para la educacin geogrfica8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGREDSS
6RXWR;0(OHVSDFLRFRWLGLDQRFRPRREMHWRGHDSUHQGL]DMHHQODVSULPHUDVHGDGHV
HVFRODUHV DxRV 99 $$ 'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD 3UREOHPDV VRFLDOHV \
FRQRFLPLHQWRGHOPHGLR%DUFHORQD'HO6HUEDOSS
9DOGLYLHVR ( 9 /D OH\HQGD XQ UHFXUVR SDUD HO HVWXGLR \ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD
*HRJUDItD ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ 8QLYHUVLWDULD 0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDULD Revista de Investigacin de la
Universidad Simn Bolvar
9HJD5RGUtJXH]$0. Los cuentos de los Hermanos Grimm y el valor educativo en la
literatura infantil7UDEDMRGH)LQGH0iVWHU8QLYHUVLGDGGH-DpQ
M.C.Morn Monge

(/(678',2'(02*5),&2/2&$/81&2167$17(<
&203(7(1&,$/5(&8562','&7,&2
-RVp53HGUD]D6HUUDQR
IES Averroes (Crdoba)1
joserramonps@gmail.com
5(680(1
/RVFRQWHQLGRVGHPRJUiILFRVSHUPLWHQFRPRQRPXFKRVVDEHUHVDFDGpPLFRVDOOHJDUDODOXPQDGRGH6HFXQGDULD
XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR FRPSHWHQFLDO JUDFLDV D OD VLJQLILFDWLYLGDG TXH SURGXFH HO WHPD SREODFLRQDO SRU HO KHFKR GH
VHQWLUVHDTXpOLQPHUVRFXDQGRHOREMHWRGHHVWXGLRVHKDFHORFDO\GHPDQHUDPXOWLHVFDODUVHFRQHFWD\FRWHMD
FRQRWURVWHUULWRULRV/DGHWHFFLyQGHHVHLQWHUpVGLVFHQWHKDVHUYLGRSDUDGLVHxDUGLIHUHQWHVHVWUDWHJLDV\UHFXUVRV
GLGiFWLFRVTXHDORODUJRGHORVDxRVKDQSHUPLWLGRHVWXGLDULQYHVWLJDQGRDGDSWDFLRQHVSURFHGLPHQWDOHVWDOOHUHV
FXOWXUDOHVRSUR\HFWRVLQWHJUDGRVKDQVLGRDOJXQRVGHHOORVHQXQiPELWRHVFRODUUXUDOGHPRQWDxD\DLVODGR
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV'HPRJUDItD(VWXGLRORFDO&RPSHWHQFLDV
&217(;78$/,=$&,1
$OOi SRU HO FXUVR UHFLpQ OOHJDGR DO ,(6 /D (VFULEDQD 9LOODYLFLRVD &yUGRED
DLVODGRQ~FOHRVHUUDQRDOQRUWHGH&yUGREDHQODFRPDUFDGHO9DOOHGHO*XDGLDWRFRQQRPiV
GHKDELWDQWHVFRQQXHVWURFRPSDxHURGH'HSDUWDPHQWRYHWHUDQRPDHVWUR\DODVD]yQ
SULPHU GLUHFWRU -RVp &DOGHUyQ 9DUJDV &&66 UHIOH[LRQDED VREUH OD LPSRUWDQFLD TXH HO
FHQWURWHQGUtDDQLYHOJHQHUDOFXOWXUDOIRUPDWLYRSURIHVLRQDO\GHPRJUiILFR
$FODUpPRQRV XQD ORFDOLGDG TXH DQWHV GH OD WUDFWRUL]DFLyQ \ PHFDQL]DFLRQHV DJUDULDV KDEtD
OOHJDGR D DOEHUJDU PiV GH KDELWDQWHV TXH GHELGR D XQ UpJLPHQ
GHPRJUiILFR WUDQVLFLRQDO DOWDV QDWDOLGDGHV \ EDMDV PRUWDOLGDGHV KDEtD GHSDUDGR XQ
H[WUDRUGLQDULR LQFUHPHQWR D OR ODUJR GH ORV VLJORV ;,; \ HVSHFLDOPHQWH ;; TXH FRQ ODV
VDOYHGDGHV QDFLRQDOHV JULSH GH R *XHUUD &LYLO \ SRVJXHUUD GDEDQ OXJDU D XQ YDVWR
FDVFRXUEDQRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDXQVLJQLILFDWLYRYROXPHQKDELWDFLRQDO\FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWHOD
PD\RU GHQVLGDG GHPRJUiILFD GH VX KLVWRULD GH PDQHUD SDUDGyMLFDXQD GH ODV PiV EDMDV GHO
WHUULWRULRQDFLRQDOHQSDUWHSRUHOGHVLHUWRGHPRJUiILFRTXHHVHOVHSWHQWULyQDQGDOX]6LHUUD
0RUHQDHQSDUWHDOYDVWRWpUPLQRPXQLFLSDONP
0iV DOOi GH OR TXH HO FXUUtFXOR RILFLDO HVWDEOHFH FRPR FRQWHQLGR GHPRJUiILFR FRQ HVSHFLDO
pQIDVLV HQ GH (62 HQ HO EORTXH JHRJUiILFR ODV FRQWLQXDV UHIHUHQFLDV D DVSHFWRV
SREODFLRQDOHVHQWRGRV\FDGDXQRGHORVFXUVRVKDQFRQYHUWLGRDODGHPRJUDItDPiVTXHHQ
XQD FLHQFLD DX[LOLDU HQ XQ HMH GLGiFWLFR H LQYHVWLJDWLYR D QLYHO ORFDO ELHQ D SDUWLU GH ODV
UHFXUUHQWHV UHIHUHQFLDV ad hoc HQ EXHQD SDUWH GH ORV Q~FOHRV EORTXHV R XQLGDGHV HQ ODV
DVLJQDWXUDV GH *HRJUDItD +LVWRULD (GXFDFLyQ SDUD OD &LXGDGDQtD (GXFDFLyQ eWLFR&tYLFD
3UR\HFWR,QWHJUDGRPELWRV6RFLROLQJtVWLFRVXRWUDVELHQDUDt]GHDFHUFDPLHQWRV

(ODXWRUIXHSURIHVRUGHO,(6/D(VFULEDQD9LOODYLFLRVD&yUGREDHQHOPRPHQWRGHODUHDOL]DFLyQGHORVWUDEDMRVREMHWRGH
HVWXGLR\GHODUHGDFFLyQGHODDSRUWDFLyQ\
J.R.Pedraza Serrano

SURFHGLPHQWDOHV SDUD SUDFWLFDU OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH SLUiPLGHV GH HGDGHV JUiILFRV VHFWRULDOHV R
OLQHDOHVELHQSDUDGDUOHXVRSUiFWLFRDOPpWRGRFLHQWtILFRDSOLFDGRDODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVHQ
GLIHUHQWHVLQGDJDFLRQHVQRUPDOPHQWHHQFLFORGHODHWDSD(VHFDUiFWHUD[LDOHQWURQFDGRU
GD XQD VLQJXODULGDG DO LQVWLWXWR TXH VLW~D DO VDEHU GHPRJUiILFR SRU VX H[WHQVLYLGDG \
UHFXUUHQFLD HQ XQ SODQR VLPLODU DO TXH WLHQHQ RWURV SLODUHV SHGDJyJLFRV FRPR VRQ OD
SUHYHQFLyQGHODVGURJRGHSHQGHQFLDVFRQHO&RQFXUVR1DFLRQDOGH9LGHRVHOSDLVDMHFRQ
HO &RQFXUVR DQGDOX] GH IRWRJUDItD SDLVDMtVWLFD DQGDOX]D OD FDUWRJUDItD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ HO
&RQFXUVR$QGDOXFtDHQXQPDSDODFRQYLYHQFLDUHFRQRFLGDUHLWHUDGDPHQWHHVWDIDFHWDD
WUDYpVGHYDULRVJDODUGRQHV\SUHPLRVRODIRUPDFLyQIDPLOLDUFRPRSXQWDGHLFHEHUJFRQOD
VHPDQDO(VFXHODGH0DGUHV\3DGUHVFRQTXLQFHDxRVGHYLGD
7RGDV HOODV WUDQVYHUVDOLGDGHV MXQWR D RWURV iPELWRV TXH FRQIRUPDQ \ PDQWLHQHQ XQD
LGHQWLGDG UXUDO FRQ SUR\HFFLyQ UHJLRQDO \ HVWDWDO JUDFLDV DO FDSLWDO KXPDQR GRFHQWH TXH GH
PDQHUDLQFRQIRUPLVWDKDSXHVWRDODORFDOLGDGHQHOPDSDHGXFDWLYRQDFLRQDO
2%-(7,926
&RQHFWDU DO DOXPQDGR FRQ VX HQWRUQR LQPHGLDWR D WUDYpV GH OD HOHFFLyQ GH WHPDV HQ
QXHVWUR FDVR ODGHPRJUDItD GH UDVWUHR \ FRPSLODFLyQGH IXHQWHV SHUILODFLyQ\ FRQWUDVWH
GHKLSyWHVLVFRQVWUXFFLyQGHFRQRFLPLHQWR\UHGDFFLyQGHWHVLVTXHSHUPLWDQFRQVWUXFWLYD
\ VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH FRQRFHU OD UHDOLGDG HQ VX GLQiPLFD VRFLDO DQWHFHGHQWHV SUHVHQWH
SHUVSHFWLYDV
3UDFWLFDU HO PpWRGR FLHQWtILFR D OR ODUJR GH ODV HQVHxDQ]DV PHGLDV FRPR IDVH
SVLFRHYROXWLYD QHFHVDULD SDUD FRQVWUXLU XQ SHQVDPLHQWR FUtWLFR \ DXWyQRPR TXH OH Gp DO
DOXPQDGRJDUDQWtDVGHp[LWRHQHVWXGLRVSRVWHULRUHVGHtQGROHKXPDQtVWLFD\FtYLFD
8WLOL]DU ORV FRQWHQLGRV GHPRJUiILFRV PRYLPLHQWRV QDWXUDOHV R JHRJUiILFRV
GLVWULEXFLRQHV RFXSDFLRQHV HVWUXFWXUDV SURVSHFWLYD SDUD GDU D FRQRFHU ORV P~OWLSOHV
SURFHGLPLHQWRV KHUUDPLHQWDV \R WpFQLFDV GH WUDEDMR TXH HQ HO iPELWR GH ODV &LHQFLDV
6RFLDOHVVH XVDQGH FRP~QSDUD FRWHMDUGLVWULEXLUFXDQWLILFDUUHSUHVHQWDU ORVSDUiPHWURV
PHQVXUDEOHVGHODFLHQFLDSREODFLRQDO
3UHGLVSRQHU DO GLVFHQWH D TXH HQFXHQWUH ODV FODYHV GH HQWHQGLPLHQWR GH ORV SURFHVRV
HVSHFtILFRVDQLYHOORFDO\TXHOHVLUYDSDUDSUHPHGLWDU\DQWLFLSDUSURSHGpXWLFDPHQWHORV
SRVLFLRQDPLHQWRVSROtWLFRVHQVHQWLGRJULHJRDQWHSURFHVRVFRQVWDWDGRV\FUHFLHQWHVFRPR
HOHQYHMHFLPLHQWRODWHUFLDUL]DFLyQHOGHVSREODPLHQWRHOSDURODVLJXDOGDGHVGHJpQHUR
6LJQLILFDU FRQWHQLGRV FRPR GHFtDPRV D QLYHO FRQWH[WXDO SHUR FRQVWUXFWLYD \
FRPSOHML]DGDPHQWHDQLYHOGLGiFWLFR\HGXFDWLYR
5(&8562687,/,=$'26
3URSLRGHODLQGDJDFLyQFLHQWtILFDHVKDOODUHOPD\RU\PiVYDULDGRQ~PHURGHIXHQWHVTXHQRV
SHUPLWDQFRPSOHWDU\REMHWLYDUHOREMHWRGHHVWXGLRYDOJDODUHGXQGDQFLD

ZZZFHUWDPHQHVFULEDQDFRP~OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH

KWWSVSDLVDMHGXFDWLYRZRUGSUHVVFRP\KWWSSDLVDMHVFULEDQDZL[FRPSDLVDMHVFULEDQD~OWLPRDFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH
J.R.Pedraza Serrano

$VtGHWRGRVORVUHFXUVRVXWLOL]DGRVHQORVGLIHUHQWHVHMHUFLFLRVHQWUHVDFDPRVRUGHQDGDPHQWH
ORVVLJXLHQWHV
D &RQWHQLGRV GHPRJUiILFRVJHQHUDOHV LPSDUWLGRVGHVGH ORV PDQXDOHVGH WH[WRSUHVFULWRV
DVtFRPRDTXHOORVPDWHULDOHVHGLWRULDOHVFRPSOHPHQWDULRV
E &RURJUDItDV FRQWHPSRUiQHDV FDVL WRGRV HOODV GH iPELWR SURYLQFLDO PiV RWUDV REUDV
UHFLHQWHV R FRHWiQHDV TXH UDGLRJUDItDQ HQ GLVWLQWRV PRPHQWRV KLVWyULFRV DO PXQLFLSLR DO
PRGR HQFLFORSpGLFR QR IDOWDQGR GDWRV VREUH YHFLQGDULR RFXSDFLRQHV \ RWURV DSXQWHV
DFFHVRULRVYHU$QH[RV
F 'RFXPHQWRVKLVWyULFRVVHOHFFLRQDGRV\SXEOLFDGRVFURQROyJLFDPHQWH HQHVWH FDVRSRU
HO FURQLVWD RILFLDO GH OD YLOOD GHVGH D 1HYDGR \ DUWtFXORV WDPELpQ
KLVWyULFRVGHHSLVRGLRVRDVSHFWRVYDULDGRVFRQUHIHUHQFLDVSDUFLDOHVRWDQJHQFLDOHVVREUH
SREODFLyQYHU$QH[RV
G ,QIRUPDFLyQ HVWDGtVWLFD GH LQVWLWXFLRQHV QDFLRQDOHV \ VREUH WRGR DXWRQyPLFDV
SURYLQFLDOHV \ PXQLFLSDOHV WDQWR DFWXDOHV FRPR SDVDGDV FRQ LPSRUWDQWH
YDULHGDG\ILDELOLGDGGHODV PLVPDV
/$,19(67,*$&,1*(1(5$/</26352&(',0,(1726(63(&),&26
'HODVUHLWHUDGDVSUHVHQFLDVGHOD'HPRJUDItDHQGLIHUHQWHVFXUVRVQLYHOHV\DFWXDFLRQHVOD
YLJHQFLDHQHOWLHPSRVXGLDFURQLVPRHVODPD\RUYLUWXGHGXFDWLYD8QPLVPRFRQWHQLGRTXH
JUDFLDV D VXV LQQXPHUDEOHV YDULDQWHV OH FRQILHUH XQD SRWHQFLDOLGDG LQXVXDO SDUD WUDEDMDU
WpFQLFDV KHWHURJpQHDV HQWUHYLVWD JUDILVPRV PDSDV FRPHQWDULRV GH WH[WR SDUD FRQHFWDU
DO DOXPQDGR FRQ VX PHGLR TXH HQ WDVDV HV FRWHMDGR FRQ RWUDV HVFDODV WHUULWRULDOHV D QLYHO
GHPRJUiILFR\IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHSDUDSHUVHYHUDUHQVXPDQWHQLPLHQWR\SUHHPLQHQFLDHQOD
SURJUDPDFLyQGHSDUWDPHQWDO
6HOHFFLRQDUHPRVHQGHVDUUROORFUHFLHQWHFXDWURSUHVHQFLDVGHOHVWXGLRGHPRJUiILFRORFDOHQ
FLUFXQVWDQFLDV\RIHUWDVGLGiFWLFDVGLVWLQWDV\GLVWDQWHV
D 9LOODYLFLRVDGH&yUGREDDSUR[LPDFLyQDOHVWXGLRJHQHUDOGHODYLOOD>@
7UDEDMRFRPSOHPHQWDULRSURJUDPDGRHQODDVLJQDWXUDGH9LGD0RUDO\5HIOH[LyQeWLFDGH
(62\TXHIXHODSULPHUDLQYHVWLJDFLyQORFDOVHULDHLQLFLDGRUDGHOPpWRGRFLHQWtILFR(O
WUDEDMRLQGLYLGXDOGHWHPiWLFDVKHWHURJpQHDVVXSXVRODFRQIHFFLyQGHXQSURWRPDQXDO
LOXVWUDGRTXHFRQHOWLHPSRVHFRQYLUWLyHQKLWRHVFRODU\DGHPiVHQUHIHUHQFLDGRFXPHQWDO
PXQLFLSDO
)LJXUD:HEGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVFRODUORFDO
J.R.Pedraza Serrano


/RV DSXQWHV GHPRJUiILFRV WXYLHURQ XQ UHVDOWDGR SDSHO GHQWUR GHO EORTXH JHRJUiILFR 6X
KHFKXUDFRUUHVSRQGLyDODOXPQR)HOLSH-RVp7HQD-LPpQH]\H[WUDFWDGDPHQWHFRQFOX\y\VH
LPSULPLy
*UDFLDV D XQD SLUiPLGH GHPRJUiILFD R GH HGDGHV UHIHUHQWH DO DxR SRGHPRV GHVFULELU
YDULDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV IXQGDPHQWDOHV \ UDVJRV HQ ORV FXDOHV QRV EDVDUHPRV SDUD GHVFULELU OD
VLWXDFLyQGHPRJUiILFDGHOSXHEOR(QODSLUiPLGHVHSXHGHQREVHUYDUPXHVFDVRGLHQWHVHQWUH
ODV HGDGHV GH KDVWD DxRV (VWR SXHGH HVWDU PRWLYDGR SRU ORV FRQIOLFWRV RFXUULGRV HQ
(VSDxDHQWUHHVWRVDxRV2WUDFRVDTXHSRGHPRVGHVWDFDUHVTXHHOQ~PHURGHQLxRV\QLxDVHV
PD\RU DO Q~PHUR GH DQFLDQRV 6H DSUHFLD FyPR D SHVDU GHO GHVFHQVR GH OD IHFXQGDFLyQ OD
WDVDGHQDWDOLGDGHVD~QLPSRUWDQWH
(OQ~PHURGHKDELWDQWHVHVGHGRQGHHOQ~PHURGHSHUVRQDVHQPD\RUFDQWLGDGHVWDED
FRUUHVSRQGLHQGR D ODV HGDGHV FRPSUHQGLGDV HQWUH ORV \ \ HQWUH ORV \ ORV TXH
FUHHPRVTXHVHUiFXDQGRVXUJLyXQJUDQDXPHQWRGHODSREODFLyQGHQRPLQDGREDE\ERRP
'HFDUDDODHQVHxDQ]DHQHOSXHEORRORTXHHVLJXDOHOQLYHOFXOWXUDOGHOPLVPRSRGHPRV
HVFULELUJUDFLDVDXQDWDEODHVWDGtVWLFDTXHHODQDOIDEHWLVPRHVGHPXMHUHVTXHGHFDUDDO
FyPSXWRJHQHUDOKDFHXQDFDQWLGDGGHO(VWRLQGLFDTXHKDVWDKDFHXQRVDxRVODIDOWD
GH HVFXHOD R DTXHOOR GH TXH OD PXMHU WLHQH PiV WDUHDV DVLJQDGDV FRQ OD FDUJD TXH HVWR
FRQOOHYDPLHQWUDVTXHHQHOVH[RPDVFXOLQRHOQLYHOGHDQDOIDEHWLVPRHVGHYDURQHVOR
TXHKDFHXQWRWDOGHO(VWRH[SOLFDORPDOFRQVLGHUDGDTXHHVWDEDODPXMHUHQHOSXHEOR
KDVWDKDFHXQRVDxRV\FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDLQQHJDEOHHVWDGLIHUHQFLDVRFLDO\FXOWXUDO
(OQ~PHURGHYLYLHQGDVHQHODxRHUDGHXQDVGHODVFXDOHVHUDQ SULQFLSDOHV
VHFXQGDULDV \ GHVRFXSDGDV OR TXH QRV OOHYD D SHQVDU HQ XQ DOWR JUDGR GH
GHVKDELWDFLyQRDEVHQWLVPRKDELWDFLRQDOWHPDSUHRFXSDQWHDQXHVWURMXLFLRTXHDQWHODIDOWD
GH VXHOR HGLILFDEOH SXHGH SURGXFLU SRU HMHPSOR XQ DO]D HQ HO SUHFLR GHO VXHOR SUREOHPDV
HVWpWLFRVKLJLpQLFRVDQLWDULRVHWF
/D PD\RUtD GH ODV FDVDV GHO SXHEOR FRQWHQtDQ OR VLJXLHQWH DJXD FRUULHQWH DJXD FDOLHQWH
FRFLQDHQHUJtDHOpFWULFDQRWRGDVWHQtDQWHOpIRQR\WDPELpQFRQWHQtDQEDxR\GXFKD
)LJXUD([SRVLFLyQS~EOLFDGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ

*UDFLDV D RWUD WDEOD HVWDGtVWLFD SRGHPRV REVHUYDU TXH HQ ORV DxRV TXH PiV YLYLHQGDV VH
FRQVWUX\HURQIXHHQWUHORVDxRV
(Q FXDQWR DO FUHFLPLHQWR QDWXUDO HO DxR PiV UHFLHQWH HQ HO FXDO QRV SRGHPRV EDVDU SDUD
UHFRSLODUGDWRVHVHODxR(OQ~PHURGHQDFLPLHQWRVHVGHSHUVRQDVPLHQWUDVTXHOD
WDVDGHQDWDOLGDGHVGHODSUR[LPDGDPHQWHHOQ~PHURGHPXHUWHVHVGHSHUVRQDV\
J.R.Pedraza Serrano

OD GH PRUWDOLGDG HV GHO GH OD SREODFLyQ (O FUHFLPLHQWR YHJHWDWLYR HV GH
GLVPLQX\ySHUVRQDVRORTXHHVORPLVPRHVWDPRVHQXQDDODUPDQWHVLWXDFLyQGHLQYROXFLyQ
GHPRJUiILFD(QHVWHPLVPRDxRHOQ~PHURGHQXSFLDVRGHERGDVIXHGH
$TXHO WUDEDMR QRV VLUYLy SDUD WHRUL]DU VREUH ORV PpWRGRV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HVFRODU 3HGUD]D
\ DGHPiV GH OD DXWRHGLFLyQ HQ OLEUR VH SUHVHQWy D OD ,9 HGLFLyQ GHO &RQFXUVR GH
PDWHULDOHV HVFRODUHV GLJLWDOHV OR TXH SHUPLWLy GDU D FRQRFHU \ GLVSRQHU KR\ GH DTXHO
DSUHQGL]DMHGHDSUHQGLFHV
E &OiVLFRVSURFHGLPLHQWRVFRQWH[WXDOL]DGRV>@
(OREOLJDGRFRQRFLPLHQWRTXHSRUpWLFDSURIHVLRQDOGHELHUDWHQHUWRGRGRFHQWHGHOhinterland
HVFRODU\QRVyORHOGH&&66FRPRVHVXHOHSUHVXSRQHULQGHELGDPHQWHXQDYH]REWHQLGR
GLFKR VDEHU \ QXQFD GHO WRGR HV FRQWULEXLU D TXH HO DOXPQDGR DGTXLHUD GHVWUH]DV TXH OH
SHUPLWD FRPSUHQGHU PLHQWUDV PiV HOHPHQWRV PHMRU GHO FRQJORPHUDGR GH IDFWRUHV
LQWHUDFWXDQWHVTXHGDQIRUPDDHVHVXPDWRULRGHLQJUHGLHQWHVTXHVHOODPDSDLVDMHYLYLGR(Q
HVWD ILORVRItD SHGDJyJLFD HQFDMD HO WUDEDMR GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ H LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH YDULDV
KHUUDPLHQWDVGHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHPRJUiILFR
3RU XQ ODGR OD SLUiPLGH GH HGDGHV FRQ OD TXH DFWXDPRV GHO VLJXLHQWH PRGR XQD YH]
H[SOLFDGRHOFRQFHSWRGHJUiILFRGHEDUUDVODHVWUXFWXUDSRUHGDGHV\VH[R\ODVWLSRORJtDV
EiVLFDVSDJRGDFDPSDQDEXOERVHOHVSURSRUFLRQDODWDEODORFDOGHGDWRVDEVROXWRVFRQ
ORV XPEUDOHV D UHSUHVHQWDU FRQVWUX\HQ OD SLUiPLGH \ D SDUWLU GH DKt VH DQDOL]D HQ VXV
FDUDFWHUHV PiV GHVWDFDGRV GH PDQHUD LQGLYLGXDO &RQ SRVWHULRULGDG VH SUR\HFWD OD
SLUiPLGH RILFLDO GH OD ORFDOLGDG SDUD FRUURERUDU R FRUUHJLU OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ \ OD
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ 7DO SURFHGLPLHQWR IRUPD SDUWH GH OD HYDOXDFLyQ \ GH OD SUXHED HVFULWD
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDxDGLpQGROHXQDFXHVWLyQFRPSHWHQFLDOSUREOHPiWLFDHQODTXHVHIXHUFH
ODFRQH[LyQFRQRWURVFRQWHQLGRVFRQWH[WXDOHVDSURYHFKDPLHQWRVDJUtFRODVXUEDQL]DFLyQ
HTXLSDPLHQWRVHVSDFLRVGHRFLRLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVGHDEDVWHFLPLHQWR
5HSUHVHQWDFLRQHV OLQHDOHV GH GLIHUHQWHV WLSRV GH WDVDV QDWDOLGDG PRUWDOLGDG &9
QXSFLDOLGDG YDORUHV DEVROXWRV KDELWDQWHV FHQVDGRV SDUD GHVDUUROODU HO PDQHMR GH OD
VHPLRORJtD GH OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ JUiILFD FRRUGHQDGDV VtPERORV OH\HQGDVOtQHDV FRORUHV
LQFRQYHQLHQFLDV DVt FRPR OD H[SUHVLyQ GH SRUFHQWDMHV GH SREODFLyQ HQ IXQFLyQ GHO
VHFWRU GH DFWLYLGDG D WUDYpV GH ORV LPSUHVFLQGLEOHV JUiILFRV VHFWRULDOHV TXHVRV
&RPSHWHQFLDV PDWHPiWLFDV EiVLFDV VH IXQGDPHQWDQ \ DSOLFDQ /D UHJOD GH WUHV DGTXLHUH
URVWUR
0DSDV GH ILJXUDV SURSRUFLRQDGDV 3DUD WUDEDMDU ORV SULQFLSLRV GH ORFDOL]DFLyQ
GLVWULEXFLyQ\SURSRUFLyQHOXVRGHPDSDVGHHVWHWLSRHQXQWpUPLQRPXQLFLSDOFRQGRV
Q~FOHRV9LOODYLFLRVD\(O9DFDU\DOJXQRVSREODPLHQWRVGLVSHUVRVFRUWLMRVSHUPLWHOD
FRQMXQFLyQ GH ODV KDELOLGDGHV JHRJUiILFDV SRU H[FHOHQFLD $OJXQDV UHIOH[LRQHV VREUH ODV
DGDSWDFLRQHV SURFHGLPHQWDOHV DO FRQWH[WR WHUULWRULDO \ VRFLRHFRQyPLFR GH ODV WpFQLFDV
JHRJUiILFDV GH WUDEDMR QR VyOR GHPRJUiILFDV IXHURQ SXEOLFDGDV FDWDORJDGDV \
UHFRPHQGDGDVDxRVDWUiV3HGUD]D

&IZZZMXQWDGHDQGDOXFLDHVDYHUURHVHVFULEDQDJHRJGHPRJKWP~OWLPRDFFHVRDJRVWR
J.R.Pedraza Serrano


)LJXUD(MHUFLFLRSURFHGLPHQWDOFRQWH[WXDOL]DGR

352<(&72,17(*5$'2'(&$5&7(535&7,&2
(Q GH (62 WUDV YDULRV FXUVRV HQ ORV TXH OD SREODFLyQ SUy[LPD OD tribu KD HVWDGR
YLYDPHQWHFHUFDQDGHVGHHOFXUUtFXORGHODV&&66HVHVSHUDEOHTXHXQJUXSRHOLMDHODSDUWDGR
GHPRJUiILFR SDUD UHWRPDU SURIXQGL]DU \ DFWXDOL]DU HO UHFXUUHQWH WHPD HQ HO TXH HOORV VH
LQWHJUDQFRPRQDFLGRVIXWXURVHPLJUDQWHVWUDEDMDGRUHV
&RQXQDYLVLyQJHRJUiILFDHVWRHVDFWXDO\VLJXLHQGRODVSDXWDVGDGDVVREUHHOHVStULWX\OD
QRUPDWLYD GH OD DVLJQDWXUD OD FRRSHUDFLyQ \ HO HVIXHU]R FRODERUDWLYR VREUH HO PpWRGR
FLHQWtILFR \ VREUH OD UHDOL]DFLyQ \ SUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO WUDEDMR HVFRODU HO HVWXGLR GHPRJUiILFR
VHJ~Q ORV DXWRUHV OR WUD]DURQ HQ EDVH D ORV FiQRQHV FOiVLFRV \ MHUiUTXLFRV GH GHVDUUROOR
FRQFHSWXDOHYROXFLyQKLVWyULFDGLVWULEXFLyQPRYLPLHQWRVQDWXUDOHV\FUHFLPLHQWRYHJHWDWLYR
HVWUXFWXUD SRU HGDG VH[R \ RFXSDFLyQ VHFWRUHV GH DFWLYLGDG PLJUDFLyQ \ FUHFLPLHQWR UHDO
QLYHOFXOWXUDOSHUVSHFWLYDV
)LJXUD3iJLQDGHOSUR\HFWRLQWHJUDGR

/DV DSRUWDFLRQHV PiV LQWHUHVDQWHV D QXHVWUR MXLFLR IXHURQ OD DFWXDOL]DFLyQ GH GDWRV FRQ
HVSHFLDOLQFLGHQFLDHQHO~OWLPROXVWURODVLVWHPDWL]DFLyQGHOSURFHVR
J.R.Pedraza Serrano

LQYHVWLJDGRU \ GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV OD FRQMXQFLyQ GH IXHQWHV OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ JUiILFD \ OD
FODULGDGGHOVLJQLILFDGRGHODVYDULDEOHV\ODSRVLWLYDFRODERUDFLyQODDVHUWLYLGDGFROHFWLYD
&RPRUHFLHQWHPHQWHKHPRVHVFULWR 3HGUD]D\ODDSRUWDFLyQTXHHVWHJUXSRGH
DOXPQRV KL]R ELHQ PHUHFtD OD HGLFLyQ PXQLFLSDO FRPR HO UHVWR GH LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV GHO
3UR\HFWR ,QWHJUDGR \D TXH PiV DOOi GHO RUJXOOR SDLVDQR SRU ODV FRQVHFXFLRQHV MXYHQLOHV
VXSRQHQSHUVSHFWLYDVGLUtDPRVTXHULJXURVDVSDUDTXHODSURSLDSREODFLyQREMHWRGHHVWXGLR
GHEDWD \ DIURQWH UHDOLGDGHV H[LVWHQWHV GH ODV TXH IXHUD GHO iPELWR DFDGpPLFR QR KD\
FRQFLHQ]XGDFRQFLHQFLD
817$//(5'(02*5),&2'(/$6(0$1$&8/785$/

&XDQGRXQD6HPDQD&XOWXUDOWLHQHGHGLFDFLyQWHPiWLFDDOD&LHQFLDSDUDGyMLFDPHQWHSDUD
TXHODVYRFDFLRQHVFLHQWtILFDVDXPHQWHQGHVGHHOEDUEHFKRDFWXDOFRPRVLORVTXHRSWDQSRU
HVWXGLRV VRFLDOHV QR HVWXYLHVHQ ELHQ HQFDUULODGRV >FLHQWtILFDPHQWH@ HQ HVD QXFOHDULGDG
DQWHGLFKDTXHWLHQHQGHWHUPLQDGRVWHPDVHODVLGHURGHPRJUiILFRVHQRVEULQGDEDFRPRXQD
LQGXGDEOH DGHFXDGD \ UHLWHUDGD RFDVLyQ SDUD H[SHULPHQWDU KDFLHQGR QXHVWUD GLVFLSOLQD
H[SHULPHQWDO
)LJXUD0XUDOFRQJUiILFDVSREODFLRQDOHV
-XQWRDRWURWDOOHUDUTXHROyJLFR\RWURVREUHSURJUDPDFLyQLQYHVWLJDGRUD\GLGiFWLFDHOWDOOHU
GHPRJUiILFR RFXSy D ORV FXUVRV GH \ HQ HO HVSDFLR UHVHUYDGR GHO $XOD GH
&RQYLYHQFLD HQ SHULRGRV GH HQ IXQFLyQ GHO FURQRJUDPD TXH ODV FRRUGLQDGRUDV GH OD
6HPDQDKDEtDQSODQLILFDGR
'HPDQHUDVXFLQWDSDVDPRVDGHVFULELUHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOWDOOHU
8QD GRFHQD GH DOXPQRVDV OOHJD DO DXOD GH &RQYLYHQFLD \ HQ HVFDVRV PLQXWRV VH OHV
H[SOLFD HO VHQWLGR GHO WDOOHU ORV REMHWLYRV \ ORV HVSDFLRV GHWUDEDMR (VWRV VRQ WUHV PHVD GH
FiOFXORVPXUDOGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ\JDOHUtDGHLPiJHQHV
(Q JUXSRV DVLPpWULFRV \ GH PDQHUD YROXQWDULD DOJXQRV FKLFRV RSHUDQ QXPpULFDPHQWH \
HVER]DEDQJUiILFDPHQWHFRQORVUHFXUVRVGRFXPHQWDOHVTXHKDEtDPRVSUHSDUDGR

3('5$=$6(55$12-RVp5$SUHQGHUDSURJUDPDU7DOOHUFXOWXUDOGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVSDUDDOXPQDGR
GH 6HFXQGDULD Websanta &yUGRED 5HYLVWD GLJLWDO GHO ,(6 /D )XHQVDQWD &yUGRED
KWWSZZZJHVGRFLHVODIXHQVDQWDFRPVSLSVSLSSKS"DUWLFOH
J.R.Pedraza Serrano

SUHYLDPHQWH +DELWDQWHV GHVGH HO VLJOR ;9,,, GHQVLGDG GHPRJUiILFD DOJXQRV WH[WRV
JHRJUiILFRV DYHULJXDFLyQ GH WDVDV QDWXUDOHV \ PLJUDWRULDV FUHFLPLHQWRV R GHFUHFLPLHQWRV
FDOFXODGRVHQEDVHDtQGLFHWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVODERUDOHV
/RVGDWRV\ERFHWRVTXHVDOtDQGHOODERUDWRULRSDVDEDQDOJUXSRPD\RULWDULRGHGLEXMDQWHV
GHOLQHDQWHVTXHHQIRUPDWRSDULHWDO\SUHYLDGLVWULEXFLyQ\RUGHQDFLyQGHFXDGUDQWHVIXHURQ
SODVPDQGR HQ JUDQ WDPDxR ODV SURGXFFLRQHV DQWHGLFKDV 8Q PRVDLFR FRQ JUiILFDV OLQHDOHV
VHFWRULDOHVWH[WRVKLVWRJUDPDVSLUiPLGHRHYROXFLyQSRUtQGLFHVLUYLHURQSDUDFRQVWUXLU
XQSDQHOGHVtQWHVLVFRQHOHVWDGRGHPRJUiILFRSDVDGR\SUHVHQWHGHOSXHEOR
&RQXQFRUWHPiVDUWtVWLFRPHQRVFLHQWtILFRSDUDGLYHUVLILFDUODSURSXHVWDVHEULQGyXQYLHMR
PDWHULDO GHO 5DOO\H IRWRJUiILFR 0LUDGDV GH 9LOODYLFLRVD 3HGUD]D VREUH UHWUDWRV GH
SHUVRQDV SDUD FRPSRQHU XQ PRQWDMH H[SRVLWLYR TXH GLHUD FRORU KXPDQR D WDQWD FLIUD OtQHD
HMHFRQFOXVLyQ
)LJXUD$OXPQRVGLEXMDQGRXQJUiILFRVHFWRULDO
(O WLHPSR IXH DSURYHFKDGR DO Pi[LPR OD LPSOLFDFLyQ IXH SOHQD \ HO SDU GH JUXSRV TXH
WUDEDMDURQSRUFXUVRXQRVDOXPQRVSULPHURVVHJXQGRV\WHUFHURFRQVLJXLHURQ
VXPDWLYDPHQWHWUDEDMDQGRXQRVGRQGHORGHMDURQRWURVXQPXUDOYLVXDOGHPRJUiILFRTXHIXH
OD DGPLUDFLyQ GHO DOXPQDGR GH GHO &ODXVWUR \ GH ODV IDPLOLDV HQ OD YLVLWD FOiVLFD TXH
UHDOL]DQGXUDQWHHO~OWLPRGtDGHOD6HPDQD&XOWXUDOGHIHEUHUR'HOD6HPDQD&XOWXUDO\
GHO RWUR WDOOHU 3URJUDPDFLyQ TXH WXYLPRV HO JXVWR GH LGHDU \ GDU KHPRV GDGR FXHQWD SRU
HVFULWR3HGUD]DTXHFRQHVWHDUWtFXORVHFRPSOHPHQWDVLUYLHQGRVXOHFWXUDGHIRQGR
HVFpQLFR SDUD FRPSUHQGHU PHMRU OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH GLFKD 6HPDQD \ HO HQWURQTXH GHO
'HSDUWDPHQWRGH&&66FRQHOSDLVDMHFLUFXQGDQWH
(9$/8$&,1
(QODFUyQLFDTXHHOSURIHVRU)UDQFLVFR&DUPRQDKDFtDGHOD6HPDQD&XOWXUDOVHGHFtD

'H QXHVWUR DUFKLYR GHPRJUiILFR QRV SDUHFH RSRUWXQR GHVWDFDU OD GRFXPHQWDFLyQ H[LVWHQWH WDQWR GHO 3UR\HFWR ,QWHJUDGR
FiOFXORV \ UHIHUHQFLDV TXHHO DOXPQDGR IXH DFXPXODQGR SDUD ODFRQIHFFLyQ GH VX HVWXGLRFRPRGHOWDOOHU GH OD 6HPDQD
&XOWXUDO GDWRV HVWDGtVWLFRV H KLVWyULFRV TXH OHV EULQGDPRV \ SXVLPRV VREUH OD PHVD SDUD TXH UHDOL]DUDQ HQ XQ WLHPSR
PtQLPR ORV FiOFXORV D UHSUHVHQWDU SDULHWDOPHQWH (V XQD GRFXPHQWDFLyQ GH iPELWR ORFDO TXH QR VXHOH VHU WUDEDMDGD GH
VyOLWRSRUHODOXPQDGR\TXHVLUYLySDUDFRQRFHUODVIXHQWHVSULPDULDV\VXXWLOLGDGPHWRGROyJLFDHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHO
FRQRFLPLHQWRFLHQWtILFR'HWRGRHOORKDFHPRVXQEUHYHH[WUDFWRLQYHQWDULDO1~PHURGHPRYLPLHQWRVSRUQDFLRQDOLGDGHV
3DGUyQ PXQLFLSDO ,QIRUPDFLyQ GH 9LOODYLFLRVD GH &yUGRED GHO ,QVWLWXWR $QGDOX] GH (VWDGtVWLFD \ &DUWRJUDItD VHULHV
KLVWyULFDVGHORVPXQLFLSLRVFRUGREHVHV\HVWDGRDFWXDOGHPRJUiILFRHFRQyPLFRVRFLDO\FXOWXUDO
J.R.Pedraza Serrano

6HPDQD&XOWXUDO
3XEOLFDGRHQPDU]RGHFDUPRQDIM
'XUDQWHODVHPDQDGHODOGHIHEUHURFHOHEUDPRVOD6HPDQD&XOWXUDOHQQXHVWUR
FHQWURHVWHDxRFHQWUDGDHQODV&LHQFLDV&RPRHQDxRVSDVDGRVWRGRVORVGHSDUWDPHQWRV
WUDEDMDURQGLIHUHQWHVWDOOHUHVFRQHODOXPQDGRHQORVFXDOHVVHHQIRFyHOWHPDGHODV
FLHQFLDVGHDFXHUGRDFDGDiUHD
7DOOHUHVVHPDQDFXOWXUDO

&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV(OPpWRGRFLHQWtILFRHQHOWUDEDMRDUTXHROyJLFR
&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV'HPRJUDItDGH9LOODYLFLRVD
/D 6HPDQD &XOWXUDO IXH HYDOXDGD SRU TXLHQ VXVFULEH FRPR -HIH GH 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH
)RUPDFLyQ(YDOXDFLyQH,QQRYDFLyQDWUDYpVGHXQDHQFXHVWDVROLFLWDGDGHVGHHO(7&3
1R VLHQGR QXHVWUR WDOOHU XQR GH ORV PiV O~GLFRV HQ ORV TXH VH LQWHQWy FRQ GLIHUHQWH WLQR
DOOHJDUOD&LHQFLDODYDORUDFLyQIXHDOWDSRUSDUWHGHODOXPQDGR
(QWHQGHPRVTXHODSRVLELOLGDGGHHOHJLUHOHVSDFLRDRFXSDUPiVODDGLFLyQGHHVIXHU]RVHQ
XQ SUR\HFWR FROHFWLYR \ HO KHFKR GH TXH OHV IXHUDQ FRQRFLGRV ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV H[SOLFD OD
IDYRUDEOHDFRJLGD\HYDOXDFLyQFRLQFLGHQWHFRQODVDFWLWXGHVPDQLIHVWDGDVHQVXVSXQWXDOHV
PDVULFDVLQWHUYHQFLRQHV
9HUGDGHUD FXOWXUD FLHQWtILFD GHPRJUiILFD HQ XQD VHPDQD FRQ UDtFHV \ FRQ IXWXUR /D
YDORUDFLyQGHODOXPQDGRODFRPSDUWLPRV\ODDJUDGHFHPRV(OWDOOHUPiVTXHXQFRURODULROR
HQWHQGHPRVFRPRRWUDPHWDYRODQWHKDFLDQXHYDVH[SHULHQFLDVGHPRJUiILFDV
&21&/86,21(6
(OHVWXGLRGHODSREODFLyQORFDORODDSOLFDFLyQGHODFLHQFLDGHPRJUiILFDDODVRFLHGDG
GHSHUWHQHQFLDHVSDUDHOiPELWRVRFLDO\FLXGDGDQRXQDLQPHMRUDEOHPDQHUDGHLPEULFDUDO
DOXPQDGR\DOSURIHVRUDGR FRQVX HQWRUQRGH GHVHQYROYLPLHQWRSHUVRQDO\HQXQIXWXUR
SURIHVLRQDO
/D YHUVDWLOLGDG \ PXOWLSOLFLGDG GH HQIRTXHV H LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV GHO REMHWR GH HVWXGLR
SHUPLWH RIHUWDU XQD KHWHURJpQHD JDPD GH DFWLYLGDGHV \ DFWXDFLRQHV GLGiFWLFDV TXH HO
WUDQVFXUULU GH DxRV SHUPLWH FDWDORJDU FRPR DILUPDPRV RWURUD HQ UHIHUHQFLD DO SDLVDMH
FRPR ySWLPR FRPSHWHQFLDO 3HGUD]D \ SRU HOOR HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH GH
FDOLGDG El xito instantneo es incompatible con la alta cultura. En cambio, el xito
espaciado puede ser compatible con la calidad
/RVSURFHGLPLHQWRV\WpFQLFDVGHWUDEDMRGHPX\YDULDGRWLSRSURSLRVGHOD*HRJUDItD
SXHGHQ SRQHUVH HQ MXHJR FRQ p[LWR HQ OD UHVROXFLyQ GH DFWLYLGDGHV FRPSOHMDV
SODQWHDPLHQWR UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ FRQFOXVLyQ \ WDPELpQ HO PpWRGR FLHQWtILFR HV
UHODWLYDPHQWH IiFLO GH GHVDUUROODU SRU OD HPSDWtD \ OD VLJQLILFDWLYLGDG WHPiWLFD \ SRU OD
GLVSRQLELOLGDGGHIXHQWHVFRPSOHPHQWDULDV

-25'(GXDUGR6LQPLHGRel Da de Crdoba6HULH(QWUiQVLWR
J.R.Pedraza Serrano

%,%/,2*5$)$
1HYDGR&DOHUR-*Documentos para la historia de Villaviciosa de Crdoba (1590-
1910). &yUGRED $\XQWDPLHQWR GH 9LOODYLFLRVD \ 'LSXWDFLyQ 3URYLQFLDO &RO %LEOLRWHFD
(QVD\R
3HGUD]D 6HUUDQR - 5 1XHVWUR SXHEOR SDOPR D SDOPR &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV HQ
9LOODYLFLRVDGH&yUGREDCuadernos de PedagogaSS
3HGUD]D 6HUUDQR - 5 (O FRQRFLPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR GHO HQWRUQR HVFRODU DFWLYLGDGHV
H[SHULPHQWDOHV GH REVHUYDFLyQ \ DQiOLVLV GHO SDLVDMH YLYLGR HQ A Inteligencia
Geogrfica na Educao Sculo XXI. $3* ,9 &RQJUHVR ,EpULFR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD
*HRJUDItD /D LQWHOLJHQFLD JHRJUiILFD HQ OD HGXFDFLyQ GHO VLJOR ;;, $VRFLDFLyQ GH
3URIHVRUHV GH *HRJUDItD GH 3RUWXJDO \ $VRFLDFLyQ GH *HyJUDIRV GH (VSDxD ;,
/LVERD
3HGUD]D 6HUUDQR - 5 (O UDOO\ IRWRJUiILFR XQ UHFXUVR LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU SDUD HO
FRQRFLPLHQWRGHOHQWRUQRAula de Innovacin EducativaSS%DUFHORQD*UDy
3HGUD]D 6HUUDQR - 5 (O SDLVDMH FRPR UHFXUVR FRPSHWHQFLDO \ FHQWUR GH LQWHUpV
GLGiFWLFR(O&RQFXUVRIRWRJUiILFRe-CO>(QOtQHD@&yUGRED5HYLVWDGLJLWDOGHO&HQWUR
GH3URIHVRUHV/XLVD5HYXHOWD
KWWSUHYLVWDHFRFHSFRUGREDRUJLQGH[SKS"RSWLRQ FRPBFRQWHQW YLHZ DUWLFOH LG HO
SDLVDMHFRPRUHFXUVRFRPSHWHQFLDO\FHQWURGHLQWHUHVGLGDFWLFRHOFRQFXUVR
IRWRJUDILFR FDWLG DUWLFXORV ,WHPLG !,661
3HGUD]D6HUUDQR-5/DSHUFHSFLyQJHRJUiILFDGHOPHGLRSDUWHGHOVHFWRUIDPLOLDU
FODYHHGXFDWLYDHQ6HFXQGDULDSDUDODSURWHFFLyQRUGHQDFLyQ\JHVWLyQGHOSDLVDMH
HQ'HOJDGR 3HxD-- 'H/i]DUR\7RUUHV0/0DUUyQ*DLWH0-Aportaciones de la
Geografa en el aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida. (GLW$*($3*8QLYHUVLGDGGH0iODJD
9&RQJUHVR,EpULFRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD$SRUWDFLRQHVGHOD*HRJUDItDDORODUJRGH
OD YLGD PHGLR DPELHQWH \ GHVDUUROOR WHUULWRULDO FRPR QXHYRV UHWRV HQ OD HUD GLJLWDO
8QLYHUVLGDGGH0iODJD$*($3*0iODJD\$UFKLGRQD
3HGUD]D 6HUUDQR - 5 3UR\HFWRV LQWHJUDGRV GH FDUiFWHU SUiFWLFR HO FRQRFLPLHQWR
FLHQWtILFRGHOHQWRUQRDWUDYpVGHXQD PHWRGRORJtDDFWLYD\FRODERUDWLYDRevista de feria y
fiestas de Villaviciosa 2013SS
3HGUD]D 6HUUDQR - 5 /D LQYHVWLJDFLyQ ORFDO GH WHPDV VRFLDOHV HQ Proyecto
Integrado de carcter prctico(QSUHQVD
J.R.Pedraza Serrano

$1(;26
/RV WH[WRV TXH VH LQFOX\HQ IXHURQ XWLOL]DGRV HQ GLVWLQWRV PRPHQWRV FRPR IXHQWHV
GHPRJUiILFDVSDUDGHVDUUROODUODVDFWLYLGDGHVFRPHQWDGDVHQHVWHWUDEDMR
$ 1(9$'2 &$/(52 -XDQ *UHJRULR 'RFXPHQWRV SDUD OD KLVWRULD GH

9LOODYLFLRVDGH&yUGRED&yUGRED$\XQWDPLHQWRGH9LOODYLFLRVD\'LSXWDFLyQ
3URYLQFLDO&RO%LEOLRWHFD(QVD\R
'RF,'RWDFLyQGHELHQHVDODHUPLWD
MXOLR6DQ/RUHQ]R>GH(O(VFRULDO@0DGULG$0&2&GRFV
I
TXH HQ OD VLHUUD H WpUPLQR GH HOOD HVWDED OD FDVD \ HUPLWD GH 1XHVWUD 6HxRUD GH
9LOODYLFLRVD HQ GHVSREODGR H PRQWHV EUDYRV \ HQ HOOD OD LPDJHQ GH 1XHVWUD 6HxRUD GH
9LOODYLFLRVD\HQHVDGLFKDFLXGDG\WRGDODSURYLQFLDOHWHQtDQJUDQGHYRFLyQ
YHLQWHDUDQ]DGDVGHYLxD
)LJXUD3RUWDGDGHOOLEUR
'RFXPHQWRV
'RF,,,/HJDOL]DFLyQGHODSURSLHGDGGHODWLHUUD
GLFLHPEUH%XHQ5HWLUR$0(/HJGRFVI
KDVWDHOQ~PHURGHFLHQWR\FXDUHQWD\GRVYHFLQRVGHODSREODFLyQGH9LOODYLFLRVD

IRUPDOPHQWH D WRGRV ORV SDUWLFXODUHV PRUDGRUHV GH OD FLWDGD SREODFLyQ GH 9LOODYLFLRVD
TXHKDEtDQRFXSDGRXVXUSDGRURWR\SODQWDGRYLxDV
TXHFRQHOPRWLYRGHLUVHSREODQGRODH[SUHVDGDGH9LOODYLFLRVDGHORVPRUDGRUHVTXHOD
FRPSRQtDQHPSOHiQGRVHSDUDGHpVWRVHQHOHMHUFLFLRGHODODERUSDUDDGTXLULUVXVXVWHQWR
J.R.Pedraza Serrano


KDEtDQKHFKR GLIHUHQWHV FHUFDGRV GHKHQR SDUD HO JDQDGR YDFXQRGH EXHQD IHVLQiQLPR GH
XVXUSDU D OD 5HDO +DFLHQGD DQWHV Vt DXPHQWDQGR VXV UHDOHV FRQWULEXFLRQHV KDEtDQ LGR
GHVPRQWDQGR ORV PRQWHV EUDYRV TXH SURGXFtDQ DTXHOODV WLHUUDV LQPHGLDWDV \ FRQ
LPSRQGHUDEOH WUDEDMR KDEtDQKHFKR ORV SODQWtRV GH YLxD TXH OD IXHU]D \WUDEDMRGH FDGD XQR
KDEtDQSRGLGRODEUDULPSHOLGRVGHODQHFHVLGDGHVWUHFKDGHQRWHQHURWURPRGRGHLQJHQLDUVH
SDUDVXPDQXWHQFLyQTXHHOGLFKRWUDWRSRUTXHODVDVSHUH]DV\HVWHULOLGDGGHWRGDVODVWLHUUDV
GHTXHFRPSRQtDDTXHOWpUPLQRQROHVKDEtDSHUPLWLGRQLSHUPLWtDRWURTXHHOGHODVLHPEUD
TXH VH KDFtD DWRGD FRVWD\FRQ OD PD\RU IDWLJD GH ORV PRUDGRUHV\ VH UHGXFtD VyOR D GDUOHV
HVFDVDPHQWHSDQSDUDVXVXVWHQWRGHPRGRTXHVRODPHQWHYLYLHQGRHQFRQWLQXDGDLQGLJHQFLD
WDQKHFKRVDVXPLVHULDSRGtDQKDELWDUDTXHOODSREODFLyQFRQHOREMHWRGHHVWRVFRUWRVIUXWRV
SDUDVXPDQWHQLPLHQWR\HOSHQRVRHPSOHRGHVXFRVWRVREHQHILFLR
SRUTXHVHOHVSHUSHWXDVHQGLFKDVWLHUUDV\GHHOODVVHOHVRWRUJDVHHVFULWXUDGH
SHUSHWXLGDG
ORVGLFKRVSHULWRVGHFODUDURQTXHWRGDVODVYLxDVPDMXHORVDTXtUHFRQRFLGRVHVWiQSXHVWRV
\SODQWDGRVHQWLHUUDVUHDOHQJDVGHYHLQWHDxRVDHVWDSDUWH

'RF9,3RGHUPDQFRPXQDGRSDUDFRQVHJXLUHOSULYLOHJLRGHYLOOD]JR
MXOLR(VSLHOILUPDGRHQ9LOODYLFLRVD$+31)2%DVLOLR0DQVRGHORV
6DQWRV9,,
8QiQLPHV \ FRQIRUPHV GLMHURQ TXH WHQLHQGR FRPR WLHQH HVWD SREODFLyQ PiV GH
GRVFLHQWRV YHFLQRV GLVWDQGR GH OD GLFKD YLOOD GH (VSLHO FRPR GRV OHJXDV \ PHGLD \ QR
KDELHQGRFRPRQRKD\MX]JDGRQLMXULVGLFFLyQSDUDHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVFDXVDVSOHLWRV\
QHJRFLRVTXHVHRFXUUHQSRUORTXHHVQHFHVDULRDFXGLUDGLFKDYLOODGHORTXHVHRFDVLRQDQ
SHUMXLFLRVDGLFKRVPRUDGRUHV\UHWDUGDFLyQGHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHMXVWLFLD\H[SHGLFLyQGH
ORV QHJRFLRV SDUD TXH FHVHQ GLFKRV SHUMXLFLRV KDQ FRQIHULGR YDULDV YHFHV \ ~OWLPDPHQWH
GHWHUPLQDGRKDFHUORUHIHULGRSUHVHQWHDVX0DMHVWDGHOUH\QXHVWURVHxRUTXH'LRVJXDUGH
SDUDTXHVH GLJQH FRQFHGHUDHVWDSREODFLyQOD H[HQFLyQGHODMXULVGLFFLyQGHGLFKDYLOODGH
(VSLHOKDFLpQGROD\FRQVWLWX\pQGRODYLOODSRUVt\VREUHVtFRQMXULVGLFFLyQFLYLO\FULPLQDO

6LJQLILFDGRKLVWyULFR\VRFLDO
$QWHHOHVFULEDQRVHSHUVRQDURQYHFLQRV
'HEHPRVWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHFRQHOFRQFHSWRGHYHFLQRVHLGHQWLILFDDOFDEH]DGH
IDPLOLD

'RF9,,,3HUPXWDGHODLJOHVLDSRUODHUPLWD
DJRVWR&yUGRED$+3&2-XDQ,JQDFLRGHO3LQR9,,,
SDUDHOYHFLQGDULRTXHFDGDGtDVHDXPHQWDPiV

'RF;*HVWLRQHVSDUDSHGLUXQSUpVWDPR\DIURQWDUJDVWRVGHODHQWUHJDGHODMXULVGLFFLyQ
MXQLR(VSLHO9LOODYLFLRVD
J.R.Pedraza Serrano

'HORVFDVLGRVFLHQWRVVLHPSUH DSDUHFtDQ FRPRLQWHUHVDGRVDKRUD VRODPHQWHILUPDQ

YHFLQRVKLSRWHFDQGRVXVELHQHV
'RF;,,3ULYLOHJLRGHYLOOD]JR
QRYLHPEUH6DQ/RUHQ]R>GH(O(VFRULDO0DGULG@
GLFKDSREODFLyQHVWiVLWXDGDGHQWURGHOD6LHUUD0RUHQRHQWpUPLQR\MXULVGLFFLyQGHOD
YLOOD GH (VSLHO \ WXYR SULQFLSLRV SRU DxRV GH PLO VHLVFLHQWRV RFKHQWD FRQ PRWLYR GH XQD
HUPLWD GHVWLQDGD D OD PLODJURVD LPDJHQ GH 1XHVWUD 6HxRUD FRQ OD YRFDFLyQ VLF GH
9LOODYLFLRVD TXH KR\ H[LVWH HQ HO FHQWUR GH OD SREODFLyQ D FX\R HIXJLR VLF VH DFRJLHURQ
DOJXQRV SREODGRUHV TXH H[LVWtDQ HQ ORV VLWLRV GH 9DOGHVpQLFR \ 1DYDIHUQDQGR \ VH IXHURQ
DXPHQWDQGR DEULHQGR \ ODEUDQGR PXFKDV WLHUUDV TXH KDVWD DOOt KDEtDQ VLGR LQFXOWDV \ VyOR
VHUYtDQGHKDELWDFLyQDORVDQLPDOHVQRFLYRVGHTXHDEXQGDODH[SUHVDGD6LHUUD0RUHQD\VXV
PDOH]DVDEULJRGHPDOKHFKRUHVKDFLpQGRODVIUXFWtIHUDV
VHRVRIUHFHQ\RFXUUHQHQXQYHFLQGDULRGHPiVGHGRVFLHQWRV\WUHLQWDYHFLQRVFRQTXH
VHKD\DGLFKDSREODFLyQ
TXHODGLFKDSREODFLyQVHFRPSRQHGHGRVFLHQWRVFLQFXHQWD\GRVYHFLQRVFRQWULEX\HQWHV
VHJ~QHOUHSDUWLPLHQWRTXHKL]RODYLOODGH(VSLHOHODxRSDVDGRGH PLOVHWHFLHQWRVVHWHQWD\
FXDWUR SDUD HO SDJR GH UHDOHV FRQWULEXFLRQHV \ (VSLHO GRVFLHQWRV VHWHQWD \ FXDWUR YHFLQRV

GRVFLHQWRVFLQFXHQWD\GRVYHFLQRVTXHKDFRQVWDGRWHQpLVYRV
VDFR \ OLEUR D YRV OD GLFKD SREODFLyQ GH 9LOODYLFLRVD GH OD MXULVGLFFLyQ GH OD LQVLQXDGD
YLOODGH(VSLHO\RVKDJRYLOODGHSRUVt\VREUHVt
ODYLOODGH9LOODYLFLRVD\HOWpUPLQR\WHUULWRULR
6H FXPSOHQ WRGRV ORV FRQGLFLRQDQWHV QHFHVDULRV SDUD OD YLDELOLGDG GHO SUR\HFWR
VHJUHJDFLRQLVWDQ~FOHRGHSREODFLyQFRQVLGHUDEOHVXSHULRUDORVGRVFLHQWRVYHFLQRVTXHHVOD
FDQWLGDG TXH FRPR QRUPD JHQHUDO VH HVJULPH HQ ODV VROLFLWXGHV GH VHJUHJDFLyQ SDUD TXH VH
FRQVLGHUH YLDEOH HO QXHYR FRQFHMR Q~FOHR GLVWDQWH GHO TXH VH SUHWHQGH VHSDUDU HVWD
FLUFXQVWDQFLD VLFKDFH TXH OD DFFLyQ GH OD MXVWLFLD QR VH HMHU]D FRQOD GLOLJHQFLD QHFHVDULD
FXHQWD FRQ XQD LJOHVLD SDUURTXLDO FXHQWD FRQ HO DSR\R GHO FRQFHMR HVSHOHxR TXH DYDOD OD
VHJUHJDFLyQPHGLDQWHDFXHUGRGHVXFDELOGR
(OGRFXPHQWRHVWDEOHFHODVFRQGLFLRQHVDODVTXHVHGHEHDWHQHUODQXHYDSREODFLyQGHMDQGR
SDWHQWHTXHFXHQWDFRQORVWUHVHOHPHQWRVFRQVWLWXWLYRVGHOPXQLFLSLRHOWHUULWRULRGHOLPLWDGR
FRQ SUHFLVLyQ VHxDODQGR ORV OtPLWHV FRQ FODULGDG SHUR TXH QR SHUMXGLTXH OD FRQVXHWXGLQDULD
FRPXQLGDG GH SDVWRV H[LVWHQWHV OD SREODFLyQ ORV YHFLQRV TXH VRQ ORV TXH VLUYHQ SDUD
FDOFXODU HO SUHFLR GH OD VHJUHJDFLyQ D UD]yQ GH PDUDYHGtHV FDGD XQR \ SRU ~OWLPR OD
MXULVGLFFLyQ FLYLO \ FULPLQDO DOWD \ EDMD PHUR PL[WR LPSHULR HQ SULPHUD LQVWDQFLD TXH
RVWHQWDUiQ ORV QXHYRV FDUJRV PXQLFLSDOHV TXH VHUiQ HOHJLGRV SRU HO FRQFHMR FRUGREpV FRPR
HQWLGDGTXHHMHUFHODWXWHODMXULVGLFFLRQDO
'RF;,92UGHQDQ]DVPXQLFLSDOHV
J.R.Pedraza Serrano

IHEUHUR 9LOODYLFLRVD GH &yUGRED 2UGHQDQ]DV PXQLFLSDOHV GH 9LOODYLFLRVD GH
&yUGRED
6(&&,1$UERODGRV$574XHGDSURKLELGRWLUDUSLHGUDVXRWURVREMHWRVDORV
iUEROHV \D VHDQ GH SDUWLFXODUHV \D VH KDOOHQ HQ ORV FDPLQRV R SDVHRV R WHUUHQRV FRPXQHV
VXELUVHDHOORVSDUDFRUWDUUDPDVRFDXVDUOHVGDxRVGHFXDOTXLHUDIRUPD
6(&&,1'HORVIXHJRVHQHOFDPSR$576HSURKtEHKDFHUIXHJRHQHOFDPSR
\PRQWHVVLQQHFHVLGDG(QFDVRGHQHFHVLGDGQRSRGUiQKDFHUIXHJRDPHQRVGHFLHQPHWURV
GHGLVWDQFLDGHODVFDVDVPRQWHVSREODGRVRGHSyVLWRVGHSDMD
% 5$05(= < '( /$6 &$6$6'(=$ /XLV 0DUtD &RURJUDItD KLVWyULFR
HVWDGtVWLFDGHODSURYLQFLD\RELVSDGRGH&yUGRED&yUGRED,PSUHQWDGH1RJXHU\ 0DQWp
9RO,,SS
&RQWLQXDQGRODFRQFXUUHQFLDiVXVDQWXDULRVHODEUyDOOtFHUFDXQPHVyQ\DOJXQDVFDVDV\DO
PLVPRWLHPSRVHFRPHQ]yiGHVPRQWDUHOWHUUHQRiSODQWDUYLxDV\IRUPDUKHUHGDGHVFRQOR
TXH VH GLR SULQFLSLR i XQD SREODFLyQ TXH WRPDQGR QRPEUH GHO WtWXOR GH OD LPDJHQ VH OODPy
9LOODYLFLRVD(QVHSRQHHOSULQFLSLRGHHVWDSREODFLyQTXHVHIXHLQFUHPHQWDQGRFRQORV
KDELWDQWHVGHODVDOGHDV1DYD)HUQDQGR\9DOGHVpQLFRDXQDOJXQRVGHOD1DYDGHO6HUUDQRVH
WUDVODGDURQDOOtTXHVHKDEtDDUUXLQDGRiSULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR;9,,
$ ILQHV GHO PLVPR KDELpQGRVH \D DXPHQWDQGR QRWDEOHPHQWH OD SREODFLyQ \ IRUPiQGRVH
FDOOHV WHQtDQ ORV YHFLQRV OD PROHVWLD GH LU i (VSLHO i UHFLELU ORV VDFUDPHQWRV SRU OR TXH HO
FDUGHQDO ' )U 3HGUR GH 6DOD]DU RELVSR GH &yUGRED OD VHSDUy GH OD IHOLJUHVtD GH (VSLHO
IXQGDQGRODLJOHVLDSDUURTXLDOHQ9LOODYLFLRVDFRQXQFXUDYLFDULR
<DFH OD SREODFLyQ HQ XQD QDYD SURIXQGD \ VX FOLPD HV IULR 5RGHiQOD ORV DOWRV \ IUDJRVRV
PRQWHVGHORVPiViVSHURVGH6LHUUD0RUHQD\FRQVWDGHFDOOHVSOD]DVFDVDVGHODV
TXHXQDVVRQGHPHMRUFRQVWUXFFLyQYHFLQRV\SHUVRQDVGHFRPXQLyQ(Q
WHQtDXQRVYHFLQRVFRQSHUVRQDVGHFRPXQLyQGHORTXHSXHGHLQIHULUVHHODXPHQWRGH
ODSREODFLyQ
7LHQH FDVD GH D\XQWDPLHQWR \ SyVLWR TXH VRQ PHGLDQRV HGLILFLRV XQD EXHQD WHUFLD \ XQD
PDODFiUFHO
(O FHPHQWHULR TXH HVWi VLWXDGR i OD VDOLGD GHO SXHEOR SDUD &yUGRED IXH FRQVWUXLGR HQ
/DVSRVDGDVVRQWUHV
+D\XQDVRODHVFULEDQtDS~EOLFD
(OSURIHVRUGHPHGLFLQD\FLUXMtDVLFGLVIUXWDODGRWDFLyQGHGXFDGRVGHFX\DFDQWLGDG
SDUWHHVUHSDUWLGDDOYHFLQGDULR\SDUWHVHVDFDGHOUHQGLPLHQWRGHODGHKHVDER\DO
+D\XQDHVFXHODTXHLQWHQWDGRWDUHOD\XQWDPLHQWR
7LHQHXQDDOIDUHUtDDOJXQRVWHMDUHV\VHLVIiEULFDVGHDJXDUGLHQWH
'HQWUR GH OD YLOOD QR KD\ IXHQWH DOJXQD SHUR Vt XQRV SR]RV GH H[FHOHQWH DJXD (Q OD
LQPHGLDFLyQGHOSXHEORVHHQFXHQWUDXQDIXHQWH
)XHURQYDULDVFRPR\DLQGLFDPRVODVDOGHDVTXHHQRWURVWLHPSRVVHFRQWDEDQHQHOWpUPLQR
TXH DKRUD FRUUHVSRQGH i 9LOODYLFLRVD /D DOGHD GH 9DOGHVpQLFR HUD UHVWRV GH OD DQWLJXD
SREODFLyQ OODPDGD /H\XOR GH GRQGH WRPy QRPEUH HO PRQDVWHULR GH 6 -XVWR \ 3DVWRU
GHQRPLQDGRWDPELpQ/H\XOHQVHSXHVFRPRiXQFXDUWRGHOHJXDGHOVLWLRTXHGLMHURQ)UDJD
J.R.Pedraza Serrano

HQ ORV SDVDGRV VLJORV TXH KR\ FRUUHVSRQGH DO SDJR TXH GLFHQ $OID\DWD i PHGLD OHJXD GH
9LOODYLFLRVD VH YHQ UXLQDV GH XQD SHTXHxD DOGHD QR OHMRV GHO *XDGLDWR \ VH GHVFXEUHQ
YHVWLJLRV GH FDVDV \ FDOOHV &RPR i PHGLD OHJXD GH /p\XOR R 9DOGHVpQLFR \ i XQD GH
9LOODYLFLRVDHQWUHQRUWH\RULHQWHKD\XQDFRIUDGtDTXHOODPDQOD*ULMXHODSDVDGRHO*XDGLDWR
\IUHQWHGHODGHKHVDTXHGLFHQ*DPRQRVDVHQFX\DFRUWLMDGDKD\PXFKDVFDVDVKXQGLGDV\
DOJXQDVH[LVWHQWHVGRQGHHQWLHPSRGHVHPHQWHUDV\UHFROHFFLyQKDELWDQDOJXQRVYHFLQRVGH
9LOODYLFLRVD
(QWUHQRUWH\SRQLHQWHiXQDOHJXDGHHVWDYLOODHVWXYRODSREODFLyQGH1DYD)HUQDQGRGHTXH
H[LVWHQ DOJXQDV SDUHGHV \ YHVWLJLRV GH FDVDV OD FXDO FRUUHVSRQGH SXQWXDOPHQWH i OD DQWLJXD
6LFLOLDQD
+DVWDSULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR;9,,H[LVWLyOD1DYDGHO6HUUDQRTXHHVWXYRVLWXDGDGRVOHJXDVDO
PHGLRGtDGH9LOODYLFLRVD\DFWXDOPHQWHHVXQDGHKHVDGHWUHVSDUWLFXODUHVGHHVWDYLOOD
$OOtVH HQFXHQWUDQ PXFKDVUXLQDV\VHFRQRFHGLVWLQWDPHQWHHOHGLILFLR TXHIXHLJOHVLDSXHV
GXUDQ SDUHGHV GH FXDWUR YDUDV GH HOHYDFLyQ 1DYD GHO 6HUUDQR FRUUHVSRQGH i OD DQWLJXD
5RMDQD
&RPR i PHGLD OHJXD DO PHGLRGtD GH OD 1DYD GHO 6HUUDQR \ GRV \ PHGLD GH 9LOODYLFLRVD
FDPLQR GH &yUGRED KD\ XQD SRVHVLRQ DO SDJR GHO 0RQHGHUR OODPDGD HO $OJDUYHMR GRQGH
HVWXYRHODQWLJXRPRQDVWHULRGH60DUWLQGH5RMDQDFX\RVYHVWLJLRVVHGHVFXEUHQWDPELpQ
VH KDQ KDOODGR HQ DTXHO WHUULWRULR DOJXQRV VHSXOFURV GH FULVWLDQRV (Q HO VLWLR SXHV GHO
PRQDVWHULR FDEDQGR VLF XQD YLxD FHUFD GH OD FDVD GH OD KHUHGDG VH GHVFXEULy HQ XQD
WDEODGHPiUPROGHGHGR\PHGLRGHJUXHVRFRPRGHWUHVFXDUWDVGHDOWR\PDVGHPHGLDYDUD
GHDQFKRFRQODERUHVWRGRDOUHGHGRUHQTXHVHOHtDXQDLQVFULSFLyQTXHGLFHDVt

$WUHVOHJXDVGH9LOODYLFLRVD\RWURWDQWRGH&yUGREDHVWiHOSDJRTXH\DLQGLFDPRVOODPDGR
HO 0RQHGHUR SREODGR GH YLxDV SHUGLGDV ROLYDUHV \ DOJXQRV RWURV iUEROHV IUXWDOHV (Q pO
GHSRQHQSHUVRQDVILGHGLJQDVKDEHUFRQRFLGRPXFKRVYHVWLJLRV\UXLQDVGHEXHQDVFDVDV\HV
GH FUHHU KXER PDV GH ODJDUHV TXH SRU VX EXHQ WHUUHQR DOHJUH \ WHPSODGD VLWXDFLRQ \
VDOXGDEOHVDJXDVVHUtDQRWURVWDQWRVMDUGLQHV7DPELHQVHHQFXHQWUDQDOOtIUDFPHQWRVGHWLQDMDV
\DOJXQDVHQWHUDV4XHGDQDXQDOJXQDVFDVDVDXQTXHPX\GHWHULRUDGDVKHFKDVGHDUJDPDVD
TXHFLHUWDPHQWHQRVHHPSOHDUtDVLQRHQHGLILFLRVGHDOJXQDLPSRUWDQFLD
$XQDOHJXDGH9LOODYLFLRVDSRUODSDUWHGHSRQLHQWHVHKDOODQORVYHVWLJLRVGHODQWLJXRFDVWLOOR
GH 1pYDOR GHVGH GRQGH VH GHVFXEUH HO GHO %DFDU WpUPLQR GH (VSLHO HO GH %HOPp] \ HO GH
$OPRGyYDUGHO5tR
& 257,*26$ 3(f$6 0DQXHO *HRJUDItD VXHOR TXHEUDGR \ PRQWXRVR HQ 99 $$
9LOODYLFLRVDGH&yUGREDHQ/RVSXHEORVGH&yUGRED
9LOODYLFLRVDFRQKDELWDQWHVHQKDVXIULGRXQGHVFHQVRGUDPiWLFRGHVXVHIHFWLYRV
GHPRJUiILFRVSRUODHPLJUDFLyQ6XQ~PHURHVWiHQQLYHOHVLQIHULRUHVDORVGHFRPLHQ]RVGH
VLJOR GHVSXpV GH DOFDQ]DU ORV KDELWDQWHV HQ /D HVWUXFWXUD SURIHVLRQDO GH OD
SREODFLyQUHYHODTXHODDJULFXOWXUD\ORVVHUYLFLRVVRQORVVHFWRUHVPiVLPSRUWDQWHV
/D SREODFLyQ VH HQFXHQWUD FRQFHQWUDGD HQ OD FDEHFHUD PXQLFLSDO VDOYR ORV SHTXHxRV
Q~FOHRVGH(O9DFDU\(VWDFLyQGH2EHMRTXHFRPSDUWHFRQRWURVPXQLFLSLRV
J.R.Pedraza Serrano

' 5$05(=<'(/$6&$6$6'(=$/XLV0&RURJUDItDKLVWyULFRHVWDGtVWLFDGHOD
3URYLQFLD\2ELVSDGRGH&yUGRED&yUGRED0RQWHGH3LHGDG\&DMDGH$KRUURV
'HVSXpVOD9LUJHQIXHFRQGXFLGDFRQJUDQDSDUDWR\IHVWHMRiVXHUPLWDGRQGHHOFDELOGR
HFOHVLiVWLFR SXVR XQ FDSHOOiQ TXH FXLGDVH GH HOOD IDEULFiQGROH FDVD FRPR DVL PLVPR
KRVSHGHUtD SDUD ORV TXH IXHVHQ i YLVLWDU HO VDQWXDULR SRU OR TXH TXHGy SRU SDWURQR \
DGPLQLVWUDGRUGHODLJOHVLD\ELHQHVGH1WUD6UD
&RQWLQXDQGRODFRQFXUUHQFLDiVXVDQWXDULRVHODEUyDOOtFHUFDXQPHVRQ\DOJXQDVFDVDV\DO
PLVPRWLHPSRVHFRPHQ]yDGHVPRQWDUHOWHUUHQRiSODQWDUYLxDV\IRUPDUKHUHGDGHVFRQOR
TXH VH GLR SULQFLSLR i XQD SREODFLyQ TXH WRPDQGR QRPEUH GHO WtWXOR GH OD LPDJHQ VH OODPy
9LOODYLFLRVD(QVHSRQHHOSULQFLSLRGHHVWDSREODFLyQTXHVHIXpLQFUHPHQWDQGRFRQORV
KDELWDQWHVGHODVDOGHDV1DYD)HUQDQGR\9DOGHVpQLFRDXQDOJXQRVGHOD1DYDGHO6HUUDQRVH
WUDVODGDURQDOOtTXHVHKDEtDDUUXLQDGRiSULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR;9,,
$ ILQHV GHO PLVPR KDELpQGRVH \D DXPHQWDGR QRWDEOHPHQWH OD SREODFLyQ \ IRUPiQGRVH
FDOOHV
+DELHQGRVHVXVFLWDGRYDULRVSOHLWRVHQWUHORVYHFLQRVGH(VSLHO\9LOODYLFLRVDFRQPRWLYRGH
HVWDU HVWD HQ WpUPLQR GH DTXHOOD VREUH SDVWRV MXULVGLFFLyQ \ RWURV SDUWLFXODUHV ORV YHFLQRV
KDFHQGDGRV GH 9LOODYLFLRVD DFXGLHURQ DO 5H\ SDUD TXH H[LPLHVH i HVWD SREODFLyQ GH OD
MXULVGLFFLyQGH(VSLHOFRPRORPDQGySRUFpGXODGHGH1RYLHPEUHGHFRQFHGLHQGRi
9LOODYLFLRVDHQVt\SDUDVtMXULVGLFFLyQRUGLQDULD\FULPLQDOFRQIDFXOWDGGHVHxDODUWpUPLQR
VHSDUDGRQRPEUDUDOFDOGHVUHJLGRUHVHVFULEDQR\RWURVPLQLVWURVYLQLHQGRSDUDODHJHFXFLyQ
sic GH WRGR HVWR XQ UHFHSWRU GHO FRQVHMR TXH OR GHMy RUGHQDGR \ GHVGH HO GH (QHUR GH
HPSH]y HO XVR GH OD MXULVGLFFLyQ VLHQGR SULPHU DOFDOGH 3HGUR 4XLQWHUR \ HVFULEDQR
0LJXHO&DEDOOHUR'HVGHHVWDpSRFDSULQFLSLyiIRPHQWDUVHPDVODSREODFLyQGH9LOODYLFLRVD
DOPLVPRWLHPSRTXH(VSLHOGHFDtD
<DFH OD SREODFLyQ HQ XQD QDYD SURIXQGD \ VX FOLPD HV IULR 5RGHiQOD ORV DOWRV \ IUDJRVRV
PRQWHVGHORVPiViVSHURVGH6LHUUD0RUHQD\FRQVWDGHFDOOHVSOD]DVFDVDVGHODV
TXHXQDVVRQGHPHMRUFRQVWUXFFLyQYHFLQRV\SHUVRQDVGHFRPXQLyQ(Q
WHQtDXQRVYHFLQRVFRQSHUVRQDVGHFRPXQLyQGHORTXHSXHGHLQIHULUVHHODXPHQWRGH
ODSREODFLyQ
)XHURQYDULDVFRPR\DLQGLFDPRVODVDOGHDVTXHHQRWURVWLHPSRVVHFRQWDEDQHQHOWpUPLQR
TXHDKRUDFRUUHVSRQGHi9LOODYLFLRVD
$EXQGD HO WpUPLQR GH PRQWH EDMR \ DOFRUQRTXHV SHUR WLHQH SRFDV HQFLQDV (O SODQWtR GH
ROLYRV SRGtD VHU HVWHQVR PDV IDOWDQ EUD]RV SDUD ODEUDU WDQWR WHUUHQR QR VLHQGR EDVWDQWH OD
PXFKDODERULRVLGDGGHORVQDWXUDOHV
( 0$'2= 3DVFXDO 'LFFLRQDULR JHRJUiILFRHVWDGtVWLFRKLVWyULFR GH (VSDxD \

VXVSRVHVLRQHVGH8OWUDPDU&yUGRED9DOODGROLG(GLWRULDOHV$QGDOX]DV8QLGDV\PELWR
)DFVtPLO
9,//$9,&,26$7LHQH&$6$632%/YHFDOP
) %(51,(5/848(-XDQ&yUGREDWLHUUDQXHVWUD&yUGRED0RQWHGH3LHGDG\

&DMDGH$KRUURV
J.R.Pedraza Serrano

9LOODYLFLRVD YHUDQHR GH PRQWDxD &XDQGR OOHJD HO 3XHUWR GHO $LUH ERUGHDPRV OD
FXPEUHGHPHWURVIUHQWHDO&HUURGHOD3ODWD\GHFLGLGDPHQWHHOSDLVDMHGH9LOODYLFLRVD
VHQRVSUHVHQWD~QLFRFRPRXQFLUFRLQPHQVRGHFXPEUHVVREUHFXPEUHVSHURQRVDOYDMHQL
GHKLULHQWHVSHUILOHVVLQRGHGRPpVWLFRVORPRV\YDOOHVKHQGLGRVGRQGHODKXHOODGHOKRPEUH
FRQ VXV ROLYDUHV VXV YLxHGRV VXV SHTXHxDV SDUFHODV UREDGDV D OD YHUWLFDO VXV PROLQRV
HVFRQGLGRVHQORVDUUR\RVQRVPXHVWUDQHOPi[LPRDSURYHFKDPLHQWRGHXQDWLHUUDKHFKDVyOR
SDUD FRQWHPSODU VX EHOOH]D 3RU HVR DTXt FXDQGR XQD LQWULQFDGD VHOYD GH SLQRV \ GH
HQFLQDVKDFtDD~QPiVXPEUtRHVWHSDUDMHORVEXHQRVKRPEUHVPRQMHVGHOVLJOR;SODQWDURQ
VXPRQDVWHULROHMRVGHOPXQGR\VREUHWRGROHMRVGHODFDQtFXOD%LHQDYHQWXUDGRVDTXHOORV
PRQMHV GHO /HJXOHQVH MXQWR DO FHUUR GH ODV FUXFHV VREUH WRGRSRU VX DQWLFLSR FOLPiWLFRGHO
FLHOR
3RUWLHUUDVGHO%HPEp]DUHQWUH+RUQDFKXHORV\9LOODYLFLRVD&DUUHWHUDDO1RUWHGH3RVDGDV
\DSLVDPRVODWLHUUDSULYLOHJLDGDGHORVHQFLQDUHVGRQGHDSHQDVKD\XQVLWLRVLQTXHVHDOFHOD
HVSOpQGLGD DUEROHGD HO PDWRUUDO YHUGH RVFXUR TXH HO LQYLHUQR UHVEODQGHFH HQ VX K~PHGD
EUXPDHQXQSDLVDMHDJUHVWHDUDWRVHQWUHFROLQDVTXHFRQIRUPHFDPLQDPRVFDUUHWHUDDUULED
VH YXHOYHQ PRQWHV HQ LQWULQFDGR ODEHULQWR GRQGH OD VROHGDG KXPDQD GHMD HO SDUDtVR D ODV
ILHUDV\DQLPDOHVVDOYDMHV
< VREUH WRGR SHQVDPRV TXH \D HV KRUD GH TXH HVWDV FDUUHWHUDV VHUUDQDV GH 3RVDGDV \
+RUQDFKXHORV VH XQDQ FRQ ODV GH 9LOODQXHYD GHO 5H\ \ )XHQWH 2EHMXQD \ FXEUDQ HVD ]RQD
HQRUPHGRQGHQRHVSRVLEOHOOHJDUVLQRFRQHOEXHQPXORRORVEXHQRVSLHV3RUTXHHVWD]RQD
HVWRGDYtDXQ)DU:HVWFRUGREpVGRQGHWRGDYtDQRKDSRGLGROOHJDUQL%~IDOR%LOO

J.R.Pedraza Serrano

48e38('($3257$5/$*(2*5$)$/$+,6725,$</$6'(06
&,(1&,$662&,$/(6$18(67526-9(1(6(678',$17(6'((62"81$
(;3(5,(1&,$(1(/&$1$/'(/2635(626
-RVp$QWRQLR3LQHGD$OIRQVR
Departamento de Didctica de las Ciencias Experimentales y Sociales
Universidad de Sevilla
apineda@us.es
5(680(1
6HGHVFULEHXQSUR\HFWRH[SHULPHQWDGRHQXQEDUULRSHULIpULFRGHODFLXGDGGH6HYLOODFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUVHUXQ
HVSDFLRGHIURQWHUDPDUFDGRSRUODGHVLJXDOGDGODVHJUHJDFLyQ\HOFRQIOLFWR(OFHQWURHGXFDWLYRHQHOTXHVHKD
UHDOL]DGR OD H[SHULHQFLD VH KD LQFRUSRUDGR D ORV SODQHV \ SUR\HFWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD FRQYLYHQFLD TXH VH
RIUHFHQ GHVGH ODV DGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV HGXFDWLYDV SHUR IUHQWH DO GLVFXUVR GH OR SHGDJyJLFDPHQWH FRUUHFWR ODV
SUiFWLFDV UHDOHV FRQ UHVSHFWR D OD FRQYLYHQFLD KDQ FRQYHUWLGR DOJXQRV GH HVWRV SUR\HFWRV HQ XQ PHUR
SURFHGLPLHQWR GH FRQWURO \ YLJLODQFLD PiV HVWULFWR VREUH ORV DOXPQRVSUREOHPD R ELHQ HQ OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH
WpFQLFDV UHQRYDGDV GH JHVWLyQ GH ODV FRQGXFWDV SHUR VLQ XQD DXWpQWLFD UHIOH[LyQ VREUH ODV FDXVDV GH ORV
FRQIOLFWRV SXHV WRGDV ODV UHJXODFLRQHV SXHVWDV HQ MXHJR DSHQDV OOHJDQ D WHQHU XQD LQIOXHQFLD HSLGpUPLFD HQ OD
YLGDGHO&HQWURTXHGDQGRDPHQXGRIDJRFLWDGDVSRUODFXOWXUDSURIHVLRQDOPD\RULWDULDGHOSURIHVRUDGR
(16(f$5 &,(1&,$6 62&,$/(6 (1 81 (63$&,2 '( &21)/,&72 < (1 81
7,(032'(&5,6,6
7RUUHEODQFDHVXQEDUULRGHODSHULIHULDGH6HYLOODSREODGRGHVGHHOVLJOR;,;SRUMRUQDOHURV
GH VX KLQWHUODQG TXH DFXGtDQ D OD FLXGDG D OD E~VTXHGD GH HPSOHR 7UDV OD *XHUUD &LYLO
HVSDxRODHVWHDVHQWDPLHQWRRULJLQDULRVHIXHDOLPHQWDQGRFRQODOOHJDGDGHIDPLOLDUHVGHORV
SUHVRV FRQGHQDGRV D WUDEDMRV IRU]DGRV HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO &DQDO GHO %DMR *XDGDOTXLYLU
eVWRVKDEtDQVLGRDGHPiVGHVWHUUDGRVGHVXVOXJDUHVGHRULJHQHQGLVWLQWRVSXQWRVGH(VSDxD\
MXQWRFRQVXVIDPLOLDUHVTXHDFXGLHURQSDUDDVLVWLUORVVHDVHQWDURQHQFKDERODV\FKR]DVTXH
FRQ HO WLHPSR VH IXHURQ FRQYLUWLHQGR HQ YLYLHQGDV SUHFDULDV GH DXWRFRQVWUXFFLyQ HQ XQD
FRPXQLGDGFRQJUDYHVFDUHQFLDVGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV$FRVWDHWDO
$ SDUWLU GH OD GpFDGD GH HO 5HDO 3DWURQDWR GH &DVDV EDUDWDV FRQVWUX\y XQD VHULH GH
YLYLHQGDVXQLIDPLOLDUHVSDUDDORMDUDODSREODFLyQFKDEROLVWDSURYHQLHQWHGHORVVXEXUELRVGH
ODFLXGDG\HQORVDxRVSUHYLRVDIDPLOLDVH[SXOVDGDVGHGLVWLQWRVDVHQWDPLHQWRVVREUH
WRGRJLWDQRVSRUWXJXHVHVIXHURQXELFDGDVHQXQDVHULHGHYLYLHQGDVTXHFRQHOWLHPSRVHKD
FRQYHUWLGRHQXQHVSDFLRGHJUDGDGR\HQHOSXQWRGHPD\RUYHQWDGHGURJDVGHOD]RQD
&RPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH HVWR HO DLVODPLHQWR \ OD VHJUHJDFLyQ GHO EDUULR FRQ UHVSHFWR D OD
FLXGDG VH UHSURGXMR DO LQWHULRU GH OD FRPXQLGDG DO TXHGDU GLYLGLGD HQ XQD ]RQD RULJLQDULD
7RUUHEODQFD OD 9LHMD KDELWDGD SRU SREODFLyQ SURYHQLHQWH GH ORV SXHEORV \ ]RQDV UXUDOHV

(OFRQWHQLGRGHHVWHFDStWXORUHFRJHDOJXQRVUHVXOWDGRVGHO3UR\HFWR,'FRQUHIHUHQFLD('8ILQDQFLDGRSRU
HO0LQLVWHULRGH&LHQFLDH,QQRYDFLyQGHO*RELHUQRGH(VSDxD\SRU)RQGRV)('(5WLWXODGR(VWUDWHJLDVGHIRUPDFLyQGHO
SURIHVRUDGRSDUDHGXFDUHQODSDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQD

Diagnstico de territorios desfavorecidos en la ciudad de Sevilla5HFXSHUDGRGH,QWHUQHW
KWWSZZZHPSOHRJREHVUHGUHWRVHVFRQWHQLGRVDFWXDOLGDG'LDJQRVWLFRBGHBWHUULWRULRVBGHVIDYRUHFLGRVBRSWSGI
J.A.Pineda-Alfonso
FLUFXQGDQWHV\SRUORVGHVFHQGLHQWHVGHORVSUHVRV\VXVIDPLOLDUHVSHURQRVHxDODGRVGHVGHHO
SXQWRGHYLVWDVRFLDOSRUVXUD]DRVXSURFHGHQFLD<7RUUHEODQFDOD1XHYDTXHIXHVXUJLHQGR
FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH OD XELFDFLyQ SRU SDUWH GH ORV GLVWLQWRV JRELHUQRV PXQLFLSDOHV GH
SREODFLyQ TXH KDELWDED HQ LQIUDYLYLHQGDV GH GLVWLQWRV Q~FOHRV FKDEROLVWDV GH OD FLXGDG GH
6HYLOOD\TXHDGHPiVGHHVWDUHQFRQGLFLRQHVHFRQyPLFDVSUHFDULDVVRSRUWDEDQORVHVWLJPDV
GH OD PDUJLQDFLyQ \ OD H[FOXVLyQ VRFLDO 9i]TXH] $YHOODQHGD \ /ySH]&DQWL 'HVGH
HQWRQFHVDPEDV]RQDVGHOEDUULRKDQJHQHUDGRLGHQWLGDGHVTXHVHDILUPDQSRURSRVLFLyQ\FRQ
UHODFLRQHVGLItFLOHV
3RUWDQWRGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDKLVWyULFR\JHRJUiILFR7RUUHEODQFDVHFRQILJXUyFRPRXQ
HVSDFLRDLVODGR\VHSDUDGRGHODFLXGDGGH6HYLOODSXHVDODVHJUHJDFLyQHFRQyPLFD\VRFLDO
RULJLQDULDPDUFDGDSRUHOFRQIOLFWRFDPSRFLXGDGVHXQLyDGHPiVHOHVWLJPDGHODGLVLGHQFLD
SROtWLFD FRQILJXUDQGR XQ HVSDFLR GH IURQWHUD IUDJPHQWDGR DGHPiV LQWHUQDPHQWH SRU HO
FRQIOLFWRVRFLDO\UDFLDO
(OSUREOHPDGHODFRQYLYHQFLDHVXQRGHORVFDEDOORVGHEDWDOODGHORVFHQWURVGHHGXFDFLyQ
VHFXQGDULD HQ $QGDOXFtD \ HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ XQD FRPXQLGDG HQ ]RQD GH FRQIOLFWR (Q ODV
~OWLPDVGpFDGDVVHKDQSXHVWRHQPDUFKDPXOWLWXGGHLQLFLDWLYDVTXHVHGLULJHQDHQFDUDUORV
SUREOHPDV GH FRQGXFWD HVFRODU HVWDEOHFLHQGR QXHYDV HVWUDWHJLDV D WUDYpV GH XQ GpGDOR GH
SODQHV \ SUR\HFWRV TXH SUHWHQGHQ IRUPDU D SURIHVRUHV\ DOXPQRVHQ QXHYDV WpFQLFDV SDUD HO
PDQHMRGHORVFRQIOLFWRVHQODVVLWXDFLRQHVFRWLGLDQDVGHFRQYLYHQFLDHQODHVFXHOD
3HURDSHVDUGHODVEXHQDVLQWHQFLRQHVGHORVSODQHV\SUR\HFWRVGHORVUHFXUVRVLQYHUWLGRV\
GHO WUDEDMR DEQHJDGR GH PXFKRV SURIHVRUHV \ GLUHFWLYRV ORV UHVXOWDGRV QR VRQ PX\
DOHQWDGRUHVFRPRSDUHFHGHVSUHQGHUVHGHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQHGXFDWLYDTXHXWLOL]yHODQiOLVLV
GH FDVR HQ GRV FHQWURV GH 6HFXQGDULD GH OD FLXGDG GH 6HYLOOD 3LQHGD$OIRQVR (Q
PXFKRV FHQWURV HGXFDWLYRV ORV SODQHV \ SUR\HFWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD FRQYLYHQFLD QR KDQ
KHFKR PiV TXHDxDGLUVHDORVTXH \DH[LVWtDQ IRUPDQGRXQD PDGHMDGHGLItFLOFRPSUHQVLyQ
SXHV ORV SURJUDPDV DSDUHFHQ \ GHVDSDUHFHQ GH OD PDQR GH XQ FLHUWR SURIHVRUDGR
FRPSURPHWLGR\YROXQWDULRVRTXHORVOOHYDDFDERSHURVLQTXHHOORWHUPLQHGHLPSUHJQDUOD
FXOWXUDGHOFHQWUR
)UHQWHDORSHGDJyJLFDPHQWHFRUUHFWRODVSUiFWLFDVUHDOHVFRQUHVSHFWRDODFRQYLYHQFLDKDQ
FRQYHUWLGRDOJXQRVGHHVWRVSUR\HFWRVHQXQPHURSURFHGLPLHQWRGHFRQWURO\YLJLODQFLDPiV
HVWULFWRVREUHORVDOXPQRVSUREOHPDRELHQHQODDSOLFDFLyQGHWpFQLFDVUHQRYDGDVGHJHVWLyQ
GHODVFRQGXFWDVSHURVLQXQDDXWpQWLFDUHIOH[LyQVREUHODVFDXVDVGHORVFRQIOLFWRV$VtSXHV
HQODSUiFWLFDDSHVDUGHOGLVFXUVRGHFODUDWLYRSUHGRPLQDODYLJLODQFLDHOFRQWURO\HOFDVWLJR
FRPRIRUPDGHJHVWLRQDUORVFRQIOLFWRVGHWDOIRUPDTXHODQDUUDWLYDGHODFRQYLYHQFLDVHKD
LGRGHVOL]DQGRKDFLDHOGLVFXUVRGHODGLVFLSOLQD$XQTXHODVQRUPDVGLFHQSUHWHQGHUXQFOLPD
DGHFXDGR GH FRQYLYHQFLD HQ HO &HQWUR \ HO QRUPDO GHVDUUROOR GH ODV WDUHDV GRFHQWHV WRGR
FRQGXFH FXDQGR VH WUDWD GH OD FRQYLYHQFLD DO PLVPR OXJDU ODUHJXODFLyQ PLQXFLRVD GH ORV
HVSDFLRV\GHORVWLHPSRVHVFRODUHV\GHODVFRQGXFWDVOLPLWDQGRDOPi[LPRODVLQWHUDFFLRQHV
FRPRHVWUDWHJLDSDUDHYLWDURPLQLPL]DUODVRFDVLRQHVGHFRQIOLFWR$VtVHSXHGHREVHUYDUHQ
HVWRVIUDJPHQWRVGHO5HJODPHQWRGH2UJDQL]DFLyQ\)XQFLRQDPLHQWR52)GHXQFHQWUR
2. Sobre el orden y la disciplina.
Los alumnos vendrn al Instituto vestidos de acuerdo con el carcter educativo del
Centro, no permitindose en todo caso prendas que oculten la totalidad o parte del
rostro.
Los alumnos acudirn al centro siempre provistos de su carn escolar.
J.A.Pineda-Alfonso
Los alumnos evitarn: gritar, correr en los pasillos.

En caso de que un profesor falte, esperarn dentro del aula las indicaciones del
profesor de guardia. Si ste no acude, el Delegado de curso (o un responsable del
grupo) avisar en la sala de profesores.
Se procurar utilizar los aseos del Centro en los recreos, y slo en casos de
necesidad, que irn en los cambios de clase. Una vez que el Profesor est en el aula
solamente saldrn con su permiso y en casos excepcionales.
Durante los recreos ningn alumno podr permanecer dentro de las aulas: estarn
en los espacios destinados al alumnado dentro del recinto del Centro: patio de
recreo, cafetera y biblioteca y en caso de que las condiciones meteorolgicas lo
impidan podrn permanecer en el vestbulo. Podrn salir a la calle solamente los
alumnos de 2 de Bachillerato, los de los Ciclos formativos o los alumnos mayores
de edad, siempre que se muestre el carn de estudiante a la salida.
Slo se podr comer o beber durante el recreo y en los recintos autorizados (patio,
cafetera y pasillo adyacente).
Solamente se pueden utilizar aparatos electrnicos (telfonos mviles, cmaras,
mp3, auriculares, etc.), en aquellos casos excepcionales en los que lo requiera el
profesor.
Los alumnos no podrn establecer contacto con otras personas desde ventanas o
vallado exterior del centro.
Los padres no podrn acceder a los espacios destinados a los alumnos (aulas,
patio de recreo, biblioteca, saln de actos, etc). Cuando necesiten entablar
contacto con sus hijos se dirigirn a la conserjera del Centro.
2WURV DVSHFWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH ORV HVSDFLRV WDPELpQ VH UHVXHOYHQ
~QLFDPHQWHFRQUHVWULFFLRQHV\SURKLELFLRQHVFRPRHOPDQWHQHUODVDXODVFHUUDGDV\ODVOODYHV
EDMRFXVWRGLD
(...) Los alumnos slo podrn utilizar el Saln de actos en compaa de un profesor
responsable, y la Biblioteca slo podr ser utilizada por los alumnos de enseanza
postobligatoria, pues el resto de alumnos slo podr acceder a ella acompaados
por un profesor, con el objetivo de educar en la responsabilidad. Los alumnos no
entrarn en la Sala de profesores, ni en la Conserjera, Sala de Reprografa, ni
Secretara, y a la zona deportiva solo podrn acceder durante el recreo en las
ocasiones en que existan actividades extraescolares (ROF del centro).
3DUHFHHYLGHQWHTXHFRQWRGDVHVWDVUHVWULFFLRQHVHOHVSDFLRHVFRODUXQHVSDFLRWHyULFDPHQWH
GH WRGD OD FRPXQLGDG HVFRODU WHUPLQD SRU VHU XQ HVSDFLR DMHQR DO DOXPQDGR \ FRQWURODGR
VXSXHVWDPHQWHSRUHOSURIHVRUDGRVLELHQHODOXPQDGRFRPRUHDFFLyQWHQGHUiDDSURSLDUVH
GHFLHUWDV]RQDVGHGLFKRHVSDFLREXVFDQGRFRQWLQXDPHQWHORVUHVTXLFLRV\RFDVLRQHVTXHOD
QRUPDWLYDQRSXHGHFRQWURODU
2WUDGHODVHVWUDWHJLDVSDUD PHMRUDU ODFRQYLYHQFLDKDVLGR ODSURPRFLyQGHODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ
GHO DOXPQDGR \ GH VXV IDPLOLDV HQ OD YLGD GH OD HVFXHOD 3HUR FXDQGR VH GHPDQGD OD
SDUWLFLSDFLyQGHODVIDPLOLDVVHSLGHFRODERUDFLyQSDUDPRGLILFDUODFRQGXFWDGHODOXPQR
J.A.Pineda-Alfonso


FRQIOLFWLYR\SDUDTXHpVWHPHMRUHVXSHUFHSFLyQGHOFHQWUR\GHOSURIHVRUDGRSUHVXSRQLHQGRTXH
HVWD SHUFHSFLyQ QHJDWLYD IRUPD SDUWH GHO SUREOHPD (Q HIHFWR DXQTXH ORV GLVFXUVRV GH ORV
GHFUHWRV\GLVSRVLFLRQHVKDFHQXQOODPDPLHQWRDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHDOXPQRV\IDPLOLDVFRPR
HVWUDWHJLDSDUDPHMRUDUODFRQYLYHQFLDHQODSUiFWLFDVRORVHGHPDQGDFRQVHQWLPLHQWR(VWRV
GDWRV QRV SHUPLWHQ FRQVWDWDU OR TXH SRQHQ GH PDQLILHVWR GLYHUVRV HVWXGLRV DO UHIHULUVH D OD
SDUWLFLSDFLyQIUHFXHQWHPHQWHILFWLFLDGHQLxRV\MyYHQHVEDMRHOFRQWUROGHORVDGXOWRV+DUW
*DUFtD 3pUH] \ 'H $OED %RVFK 0HVWUH \ *RQ]iOH] 0RQIRUW 'H HVWD
IRUPD VH SURPXHYH XQD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH ORV DOXPQRV DGDSWDGD D ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH OD
FXOWXUDHVFRODUPD\RULWDULDSRUWDQWRXQVXFHGiQHRGHYHUGDGHUDSDUWLFLSDFLyQFRKHUHQWHSRU
RWUD SDUWH FRQ HO OXJDU TXH RFXSDQ ORV DOXPQRV HQ HO PDUFR GH OD FRQYLYHQFLD HVFRODU
$FHLWXQR6LOYDHWDO$QJXHUD\6DQWLVWHEDQ
3RU OR GHPiV REVHUYDPRV TXH HQ UHDOLGDG HO VXSXHVWR REMHWLYR GH PHMRUD GH ORV DOXPQRV
FRQIOLFWLYRV HVWi HQ IXQFLyQ GH RWUR REMHWLYR IDFLOLWDU HO WUDEDMR GH VXV FRPSDxHURV QR
FRQIOLFWLYRV\GHOSURIHVRU'HORVGDWRVGHOHVWXGLRFLWDGRVHGHVSUHQGHTXHXQSRUFHQWDMHPX\
HOHYDGR GH OD FRQIOLFWLYLGDG DWULEXLGD VH FRQFHQWUD HQ DOXPQRV TXH QR VLJXHQ HO ULWPR
DFDGpPLFR GH VXV FRPSDxHURV \ KDQ WHUPLQDGR QR VyOR SRU DEDQGRQDU VXV WDUHDV HVFRODUHV
VLQR SRU OODPDU OD DWHQFLyQ HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ VX VLWXDFLyQ LPSLGLHQGR HO GHVHQYROYLPLHQWR
KDELWXDO GH ODV FODVHV VH SRQH DVt GH PDQLILHVWR OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH p[LWR HVFRODU \
FRQIOLFWLYLGDG(VWDUHODFLyQHQWUHIUDFDVRDFDGpPLFR\SUREOHPDVGHFRQYLYHQFLDHVHYLGHQWH
SXHVPXFKRVGHORVDOXPQRVVDQFLRQDGRVDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHXQWHUFLRVRQUHSHWLGRUHV\3,/
ORVTXHSURPRFLRQDQSRULPSHUDWLYROHJDO3LQHGD$OIRQVR

(/ &21)/,&72 < /$ &219,9(1&,$ &202 &217(1,'2 3$5$ 6(5
(16(f$'2(1&/$6('(&,(1&,$662&,$/(6
7RGR OR DQWHULRU SRQH GH PDQLILHVWR TXH ORV SODQHV \ SUR\HFWRV TXH WUDWDQ GH UHJXODU HO
FRQIOLFWR \ OD FRQYLYHQFLD HQ ORV FHQWURV HGXFDWLYRV DSHQDV OOHJDQ D WHQHU XQD LQIOXHQFLD
HSLGpUPLFDTXHGDQGRDPHQXGRIDJRFLWDGRVSRUODFXOWXUDHVFRODU\SURIHVLRQDOPD\RULWDULD
GHO SURIHVRUDGR \ SRU OD LQHUFLD GHO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR EXURFUiWLFR GH ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV
$GHPiV HQ HVWH HQIRTXH HO FRQIOLFWR \ OD FRQYLYHQFLD VROR WLHQHQ HO YDORU GH SUHUUHTXLVLWR
SDUD FXPSOLU HO SURJUDPD DFDGpPLFR SHUR QR VRQ FRQVLGHUDGRV HQ Vt PLVPRV XQD
SUREOHPiWLFDGHLQWHUpVSDUDVHUWUDEDMDGDFRQORVDOXPQRVFRPRFRQWHQLGR
8Q KHFKR ELHQ FRQRFLGR \ UHSHWLGDPHQWH REVHUYDGR HQ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HGXFDWLYD HV OD
GHVDIHFFLyQGHORVDOXPQRVSRUORVFRQWHQLGRVTXHVHOHVSURSRQHQVREUHWRGRHQ6HFXQGDULD
FRGLILFDGRV HQIRUPDWRDFDGpPLFRDVLJQDWXUL]DGR\H[SUHVDGRVHQHO GLVFXUVRGHOOLEURGH
WH[WR 3XHV HVWR QR SDUHFH WHQHU PXFKR VHQWLGR SDUD HOORV QR OHV D\XGD D FRPSUHQGHU HO
PXQGRHQHOTXHYLYHQQLDGHILQLUVXSURSLDLGHQWLGDGFRPRFLXGDGDQRVFRQFDSDFLGDGSDUD
LQWHUYHQLU\SDUWLFLSDUHQORVDVXQWRVTXHOHVDIHFWDQ(QUHODFLyQFRQHVWRVHKDGHVFULWRHO
FKRTXH GH FXOWXUDV GH HGDG \ GH JHQHUDFLyQ \ D YHFHV WDPELpQ HO FRQIOLFWR VRFLDO HQWUH OD
FXOWXUD SRSXODU GHO DOXPQR \ OD FXOWXUD XUEDQD GH FODVH PHGLD LOXVWUDGD GHO SURIHVRU TXH
FRQVWLWX\H D OD HVFXHOD HQ XQD HQFUXFLMDGD GH FXOWXUDV 3pUH] *yPH] 9LxDR HW DO
*DUFtDHWDO

'HVGHORVHVWXGLRVSLRQHURVGH/DZUHQFH6WHQKRXVH\-KRQ(OOLRWWHQHO&$5(KDVWDODVPiVUHFLHQWHVDSRUWDFLRQHV0/
0$11,1* .7%8&+(5&ODVVURRPPDQDJHPHQW0RGHOVDSSOLFDWLRQVDQGFDVHVQGHG8SSHU6DGGOH5LYHU
1- 3HDUVRQ0HUULOO3UHQWLFH +DOO 1. 0$57,1 '$ 6$66 7$ 6&+0,77 7HDFKHU HIILFDF\ LQ VWXGHQW
HQJDJHPHQW LQVWUXFWLRQDO PDQDJHPHQW VWXGHQW VWUHVVRUV DQG EXUQRXW $ WKHRUHWLFDO PRGHO XVLQJ LQFODVV YDULDEOHV WR
SUHGLFWWHDFKHUVLQWHQWWROHDYHTeaching and Teacher Education28 SS
J.A.Pineda-Alfonso

)UHQWH D HVWH HVWDGR GH FRVDV \ GHQWUR GHO PDUFR JHQHUDO GH XQ SUR\HFWR FXUULFXODU TXH
RUJDQL]DED ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH OD DVLJQDWXUD GH &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV GH GH (62 HQ WRUQR DO
&RQIOLFWR\&RQYLYHQFLDQRVSURSXVLPRVXWLOL]DUODVSRWHQFLDOLGDGHVGHOD*HRJUDItDGHOD
+LVWRULD \ GH ODV GHPiV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV SDUD FRQYHUWLU HVWDSUREOHPiWLFD HQ XQ REMHWR GH
HVWXGLR H LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SDUD WUDEDMDU FRQ QXHVWURV DOXPQRV 8Q iPELWR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
HVFRODU VHUtD SXHV D PRGR GH XQ RUJDQL]DGRU FXUULFXODU TXH HQJORED XQ FRQMXQWR GH
SUREOHPDV UHODWLYRV D XQ WySLFR R FDPSR GH FRQWHQLGRV GHWHUPLQDGR HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ ORV
FXDOHV VH YDQ DSRUWDQGR FRQFOXVLRQHV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GLGiFWLFD \ GH H[SHULPHQWDFLyQ
FXUULFXODUGHPDWHULDOHV*DUFtD3pUH]\3RUOiQ
(QXQDSURSXHVWDLQLFLDOTXHHQFDGDFDVRSXHGHYDULDUHQIXQFLyQGHODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHORV
DOXPQRV HO iPELWR VH HVWUXFWXUD HQ WRUQR D XQD VHULH GH SUREOHPDV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO
FRQIOLFWR \ OD FRQYLYHQFLD TXH D VX YH] VLUYHQ GH HMH H LQWURGXFFLyQ D XQD WUDPD GH
VXESUREOHPDVTXHSUHWHQGHPRVTXHSURJUHVLYDPHQWHYD\DQGHILQLHQGRORVDOXPQRV$VtSXHV
ORV FRQWHQLGRV TXHGDQ RUJDQL]DGRV HQ WRUQR D SUREOHPDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SHUR WDPELpQ
XWLOL]DPRVHOFRQIOLFWRFRPRVLQyQLPRGHSUREOHPDVRFLDO\FRPRFRQFHSWRHVWUXFWXUDQWHHQ
ODHQVHxDQ]DGHODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVTXHQRVSHUPLWHFRQVWUXLUODLGHDGHUHODFLRQHVGHSRGHU
WDQ LPSRUWDQWH SDUD FRPSUHQGHU ORV SURFHVRV VRFLDOHV H KLVWyULFRV %HQHMDP 7ULEy

<HOFRQFHSWRGHHVFDODTXHSRUVXFDUiFWHUHVWUXFWXUDQWH\RUJDQL]DGRUGHFRQWHQLGRVQRV
SHUPLWHSDUWLUGHODQiOLVLVGHFRQIOLFWRVFHUFDQRVGHODH[SHULHQFLDGHVLWXDFLRQHVGHFRQIOLFWR
FRWLGLDQR SDUD SDVDU DO DQiOLVLV GH ORV FRQIOLFWRV HQ XQD RUJDQL]DFLyQ QXHVWUD HVFXHOD \
ILQDOPHQWH XWLOL]DQGR OD DQDORJtD \ OD FRPSDUDFLyQ SDVDU D OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VREUH ORV
FRQIOLFWRVFROHFWLYRVKLVWyULFRV\DFWXDOHV/DWUDPDGHSUREOHPDVVLUYHHQWRGRFDVRFRPR
LQWURGXFFLyQ\HVWUXFWXUDLQLFLDOGHODSURSXHVWDGHFRQWHQLGRVVLJXLHQWH
x %ORTXH 3RU TXp RFXUUHQ ORV FRQIOLFWRV" &XiOHV VRQ ODV HVFDODV GHO FRQIOLFWR"
)RUPD HO FRQIOLFWR SDUWH GH QXHVWUD FRQYLYHQFLD" &yPR SRGHPRV JHVWLRQDU ORV
FRQIOLFWRV"(VSRVLEOHDSUHQGHUGHHOORV"
x %ORTXH 7LHQHQ ODV PLVPDV FDXVDV \ ODV PLVPDV FRQVHFXHQFLDV ORV FRQIOLFWRV
LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV\ORVFRQIOLFWRVVRFLDOHVFLYLOHVRLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV"6RQHODXWRULWDULVPR
HOIDQDWLVPR\ODLQWROHUDQFLDORVFDXVDQWHVGHOIUDFDVRGHODFRQYLYHQFLD"
x %ORTXH &yPR YLYLHURQ QXHVWURV DEXHORV" 4Xp QRV TXHGD GH DTXHOOD pSRFD"
3RGUtDYROYHUDRFXUULUXQJROSHGHHVWDGRRXQDJXHUUDFLYLOHQ(VSDxD"
x %ORTXH(VODJXHUUDXQQHJRFLR"/DFRGLFLD\HOGHVHRGHSRGHUIRUPDQSDUWHGH
QXHVWUD QDWXUDOH]D" 6RQ ODV JXHUUDV SUHVHQWHV XQD IRUPD GH OXFKD SRU ORV UHFXUVRV
HVFDVRV"
x %ORTXH (V SRVLEOH OD SD] GHVSXpV GH XQD JXHUUD" 6RPRV FDSDFHV GH UHFRQRFHU
QXHVWURVHUURUHV"
x %ORTXH 3RGUtD XQD JXHUUD QXFOHDU GHVWUXLU QXHVWUR SODQHWD" (V HO KRPEUH XQ
DQLPDOUDFLRQDO"
x %ORTXH+DVXVWLWXLGRODOXFKDGHFLYLOL]DFLRQHVDOHQIUHQWDPLHQWRLGHROyJLFR"6RQ
QHFHVDULRVORVHQHPLJRVSDUDDILUPDUORTXHVRPRV"
J.A.Pineda-Alfonso


$VtSXHVFRQHVWRVHSUHWHQGHTXHODSURSXHVWDGHFRQWHQLGRVWHQJDUHOHYDQFLDGLGiFWLFDHQXQ
WULSOHVHQWLGR
D 5HOHYDQFLDSDUDORVDOXPQRVSXHVODWHPiWLFDUHVSRQGHDVXVQHFHVLGDGHVHGXFDWLYDVH
LQWHUHVHV\FRQHFWDFRQVXUHDOLGDG
E 5HOHYDQFLD VRFLDO SXHV HO FRQWH[WR HV HO GH XQ &HQWUR GH $WHQFLyQ 3UHIHUHQWH FRQ
JUDYHV SUREOHPDV GH FRQYLYHQFLD \ HVWDV SUREOHPiWLFDV VXSRQHQ D QLYHO VRFLDO OD
PDQLIHVWDFLyQVLQWRPiWLFDGHRWURVPXFKRVPDOHVTXHDTXHMDQDOPXQGRFRQWHPSRUiQHR
F 5HOHYDQFLD GHVGH HO SXQWR GHYLVWD GHOFRQRFLPLHQWR GLVFLSOLQDU GH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV
VRFLDOPHQWHFRQVWUXLGRV\GHOFXUUtFXOXPSUHVFULWR

3RUWDQWRHVWHiPELWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQSHUPLWHWUDEDMDULPSRUWDQWHVEORTXHVGHFRQWHQLGRVGHO
FXUUtFXOR SUHVFULWR (VWR LQFOX\H SUREOHPiWLFDV TXH IDFLOLWDUtDQ FRQVHJXLU XQD PHMRU
FRPSUHQVLyQGHO PXQGRDFWXDOSRUSDUWHGHORVDOXPQRV FRPR DQWHVDODGHOSRVLFLRQDPLHQWR
pWLFR\ODSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQORVDVXQWRVS~EOLFRVTXHOHVDIHFWDQ(VDGHPiVXQDSUREOHPiWLFD
UHOHYDQWHGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHODVGLVFLSOLQDVDFDGpPLFDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQOD*HRJUDItD
OD+LVWRULD\ODVGHPiV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV
0HWRGROyJLFDPHQWH OD HQVHxDQ]D GH HVWH iPELWR DVXPH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HVFRODU
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHO0RGHOR'LGiFWLFRGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQHQOD(VFXHOD*DUFtD3pUH](Q
HVH VHQWLGR ODV XQLGDGHV GLGiFWLFDV VLJXHQ XQ SDWUyQ GH VHFXHQFLD GH DFWLYLGDGHV TXH
FRPLHQ]D FRQ OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ GH XQD WHPiWLFD SDUD PRWLYDU DFWLYDU \ H[SUHVDU ODV
FRQFHSFLRQHVHLGHDVGHODOXPQDGRVREUHODSUREOHPiWLFDREMHWRGHHVWXGLRWUDVXQGHEDWHVH
YDQ SODQWHDQGR SUHJXQWDV FXHVWLRQHV \ GLOHPDV TXH HO SURIHVRU VXJLHUH \ TXH SUHWHQGH TXH
VHDQ XQ UHWR LQWHOHFWXDO VHxDODQGR FRQH[LRQHV HQWUH KHFKRV H LGHDV H LQFRKHUHQFLDV R
SDUDGRMDVODVSUHJXQWDVIRUPXODGDVHQHOGLVHxRGHODVXQLGDGHVVRQXQDSURSXHVWDDELHUWDD
OD DSRUWDFLyQ GH ORV DOXPQRV GH HVWH GHEDWH GHEHUtD VDOLU XQD UHFDSLWXODFLyQ GH LGHDV XQ
SULPHUSODQWHDPLHQWRGHSUREOHPDVFRQXQDEDWHUtDGHSUHJXQWDVTXHYDQDVHUHOPRWRUHKLOR
FRQGXFWRU GHO GHVDUUROOR GH OD XQLGDG \ SRVLEOHV KLSyWHVLV SURYLVLRQDOHV FRPR UHVSXHVWDV D
ODVFXHVWLRQHVSODQWHDGDV/DIRUPXODFLyQGHSUREOHPDVVXSRQHSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHXQHMHUFLFLR
GH UHIOH[LyQ \ GH DWULEXFLyQ GH VLJQLILFDGRV GH DOWR YDORU IRUPDWLYR XQD EXHQD SUHJXQWD
VXSRQH XQD VXHUWH GH FRQGHQVDFLyQ GH VLJQLILFDGRV XQD PHWiIRUD TXH UHVXPH ORV GLVWLQWRV
DVSHFWRVGHXQDSUREOHPiWLFD
8QD YH] GHILQLGRV ORV SUREOHPDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SODQLILFDPRV VX UHVROXFLyQ D WUDYpV GHO
PDQHMRGHGLVWLQWDVIXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQ'HQWURGHOSURFHVRFRQWHPSODPRVPRPHQWRVGH
FRQVROLGDFLyQ GH OR DSUHQGLGR TXH UHDOL]DPRV D WUDYpV GH LQIRUPHV GH UHFDSLWXODFLyQ
WRPDQGR FRPR JXtD ODV SUHJXQWDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ IRUPXODGDV HO REMHWLYR HQ HVWH FDVR HV
RUGHQDU\VLVWHPDWL]DUODVLGHDVDQWHVGHFRQWLQXDU(OSURFHVRVHFLHUUDFRQODUHDOL]DFLyQGH
XQ LQIRUPH ILQDO GH FRQFOXVLRQHV TXH HYLWH OD PHUD UHSHWLFLyQ GH LQIRUPDFLRQHV \ GDWRV
IDFWXDOHVXWLOL]iQGRODVSRUHOFRQWUDULRSDUDUHVSRQGHUDODVFXHVWLRQHVSODQWHDGDVGHPDQHUD
FUHDWLYD D WUDYpV GH OD HODERUDFLyQ SHUVRQDO (VWDV UHVSXHVWDV GHEHUiQ VHU UHIOH[LYDV
DUJXPHQWDGDV\UHDOL]DGDVGHIRUPDQDUUDWLYDSDUDVHUSXHVWDVHQFRP~QHQSHTXHxRJUXSR \

6HJ~Q OD 2UGHQ GH GH DEULO GH GH OD &RQVHMHUtD GH (GXFDFLyQ GH OD -XQWD GH $QGDOXFtD XQ &HQWUR GH $WHQFLyQ
3UHIHUHQWHVHUiXQFHQWURHGXFDWLYRTXHSRUVX]RQDGHXELFDFLyQ\ODSUREOHPiWLFDTXHHQFRQVHFXHQFLDSUHVHQWDEXHQD
SDUWHGHVXDOXPQDGRUHTXLHUDXQDDFFLyQFRPSHQVDGRUD3DUDHOORGHEHUiFRQWDUFRQORVPHGLRVTXHOHSHUPLWDQGDUOD
UHVSXHVWDHGXFDWLYDDGHFXDGD
J.A.Pineda-Alfonso

GHILQLUFRQFOXVLRQHVGHFRQVHQVR\SRVLEOHVDSRUWDFLRQHVGLVFUHSDQWHVTXHVHUiQFRPXQLFDGDV
HQJUDQJUXSR3RUORGHPiVODVFRQFOXVLRQHVGHEHUtDQTXHGDUDELHUWDV\FRQSRVLELOLGDGHVGH
HQOD]DUFRQQXHYRVSUREOHPDV
/D DOWHUQDWLYD PHWRGROyJLFD GHO 0RGHOR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ OD (VFXHOD 0,( SUHWHQGH
GHVDUUROODU DXWRQRPtD GH SHQVDPLHQWR HQ OD UHVROXFLyQ GH SUREOHPDV (VWR VXSRQH XQ
UHSODQWHDPLHQWR GHO SDSHO GHO SURIHVRU TXH GHMD GH VHU XQ PHUR WUDQVPLVRU GH XQ OHJDGR
FXOWXUDOFRQVLGHUDGRYHUGDGHUR\YDOLRVR\DVXPHHOSDSHOGHOtGHUGHPRFUiWLFR\JXtDHQHO
SURFHVR GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV SRU SDUWH GH ORV DOXPQRV 7RGDV ODV XQLGDGHV
GLGiFWLFDV GH HVWH iPELWR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HVFRODU VLJXHQ XQ PLVPR SDWUyQ HQ FXDQWR D OD
VHFXHQFLDGHDFWLYLGDGHV*DUFtD3pUH]
Experiencias introductorias$FWLYLGDGHVGHLQWURGXFFLyQPRWLYDFLyQ\DFWLYDFLyQGHOD
SREODFLyQGHLGHDVGHORVDOXPQRV&DGDVHFXHQFLDFRPLHQ]DFRQXQDDFWLYLGDGFRQODTXH
SUHWHQGHPRV PRYLOL]DU ODV LGHDV \ RSLQLRQHV GH ORV DOXPQRV HQ WRUQR D XQD WHPiWLFD
3URSRQHPRV XQ JXLyQ R FXHVWLRQDULR SDUD HO DQiOLVLV \D VHD XQ WH[WR XQ GRFXPHQWDO R
FXDOTXLHU RWUR UHFXUVR \ XQ GHEDWH SRVWHULRU HQ HO TXH VH GHVSOLHJDQ \ H[SUHVDQ LGHDV \
RSLQLRQHV SHUVRQDOHV GH VHQWLGR FRP~Q &RQ HVWDV KLSyWHVLV LPSOtFLWDV YDPRV D WUDEDMDU
GXUDQWHWRGDODVHFXHQFLD
Experiencias de formulacin de problemas de investigacin: 3ULPHUR SHGLPRV D
QXHVWURVDOXPQRVTXHLQGLYLGXDOPHQWHIRUPXOHQSUREOHPDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQDSDUWLUGHOD
OOXYLDGHLGHDVTXHKDVXUJLGRGHODDFWLYLGDGLQWURGXFWRULD6HJXLGDPHQWH FDGDJUXSRGH
WUDEDMR GHILQH ODV FXDWUR R FLQFR SUHJXQWDV TXH OH SDUHFHQ PiV DGHFXDGDV \ ILQDOPHQWH
UHFDSLWXODPRV SRQHPRV HQ FRP~Q \ VHOHFFLRQDPRV HQ HO JUXSRFODVH ORV SUREOHPDV TXH
JXLDUiQ HO SURFHVR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ 3DUD HVWR HO SURIHVRU SRQH HMHPSORV GH GLOHPDV TXH
UHSUHVHQWDQXQDFRQWUDGLFFLyQHQHOGLVFXUVRGHORVIHQyPHQRVTXHHVWDPRVHVWXGLDQGR\
DQLPD D FRQHFWDU FRQ OD SURSLD FXULRVLGDG (O REMHWLYR HV HPSH]DU D GHVDUUROODU OD
FDSDFLGDG GH SUREOHPDWL]DU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR \ DSUHQGHU D WUDEDMDU FRQ SUREOHPDV GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ 6ROHPRV HQFRQWUDU DOJXQDV GLILFXOWDGHV WtSLFDVORV DOXPQRV QR SHUFLEHQ HO
VHQWLGR GH WUDEDMDU FRQ SUREOHPDV HVWiQ DFRVWXPEUDGRV D ORV FRQWHQLGRV DFDEDGRV \
FRGLILFDGRV TXH YLHQHQ GHO SURIHVRU R GHO OLEUR GH WH[WR &RQVLGHUDPRV TXH WUDEDMDU FRQ
SUREOHPDVLPSOLFDLQWHUURJDUVHVREUHODUHDOLGDG\VREUHXQRPLVPR\SDVDUGHODLPLWDFLyQ
\ODUHSHWLFLyQDODUHIOH[LyQ\ODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOSURSLRFRQRFLPLHQWR
Experiencias de planificacin 3URSRQHPRV D QXHVWURV DOXPQRV TXH SODQLILTXHQ OD
UHVROXFLyQ GH ORV SUREOHPDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH KHPRV VHOHFFLRQDGR (Q XQ SULPHU
PRPHQWROHVSHGLPRVTXHGLVHxHQXQSODQSDUDUHVROYHUORVSUREOHPDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQ
XQ PRPHQWR SRVWHULRU HO SURIHVRU RIUHFH LQIRUPDFLyQ \ H[SOLFD TXp SDVRV VH VLJXHQ SDUD
UHVROYHUORV(OREMHWLYRHVWUDEDMDUODVGHVWUH]DVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQXQPHWDSURFHGLPLHQWROD
UHVROXFLyQGHSUREOHPDVTXHFRQVLGHUDPRVGHJUDQSRWHQFLDOLGDGHGXFDWLYDSXHVSHUPLWH
KDFHUUHDOLGDGHOWDQPDQRVHDGRDSUHQGHUDDSUHQGHU
Experiencias de elaboracin de hiptesis provisionales (O REMHWLYR HV TXH QXHVWURV
DOXPQRVDQWLFLSHQH[SOLFDFLRQHVSURSLDVVREUHODSUREOHPiWLFDFRQVWUX\HQGRKLSyWHVLVGH
WUDEDMR TXH ODV XWLOLFHQ FRPR JXtD \ TXH ODV FRPSDUHQ FRQ ODVFRQFOXVLRQHV ILQDOHV SDUD
HYDOXDUHOSURFHVR
Experiencias de bsqueda y recogida de informacin (O SURIHVRU JXtD OD E~VTXHGD
SURSRQH\DSRUWDLQIRUPDFLRQHV(OREMHWLYRHVGHVDUUROODUXQDSHUVSHFWLYDGHOSURFHVRTXH
D\XGHDGLVFULPLQDUODVLQIRUPDFLRQHVTXHVRQ~WLOHV\UHOHYDQWHVSDUDODUHVROXFLyQGHORV
SUREOHPDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHQRVKHPRVSODQWHDGR
J.A.Pineda-Alfonso
Experiencias de tratamiento de la informacin $QDOL]DPRV VLQWHWL]DPRV \

VHOHFFLRQDPRV ODV LQIRUPDFLRQHV \ GDWRV TXH QRV SHUPLWDQ FRQVWUXLU LGHDV \ DUJXPHQWRV
SDUD UHVSRQGHU D QXHVWURV SUREOHPDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ (O REMHWLYR HV XWLOL]DU ODV
LQIRUPDFLRQHV \ ORV GDWRV SDUD FRQVWUXLU FRQRFLPLHQWR FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH DSRUWDU
VROXFLRQHVDORVSUREOHPDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
Experiencias de elaboracin de conclusiones3HGLPRVDQXHVWURVDOXPQRVTXHUHDOLFHQ
GH PDQHUDLQGLYLGXDOHQVXFXDGHUQRGHFODVHXQLQIRUPHILQDOGH FRQFOXVLRQHVHQ HO
TXH UHVSRQGDQ D ODV SUHJXQWDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH PDQHUD DUJXPHQWDGD XWLOL]DQGR SDUD
HOORODVLQIRUPDFLRQHV\GDWRVTXHKHPRVUHFDEDGRGXUDQWHHOSURFHVR(VWDVFRQFOXVLRQHV
ODV FRPSDUDPRV FRQ QXHVWUDV KLSyWHVLV LQLFLDOHV \ YDORUDPRV HO JUDGR GH SURJUHVR
DOFDQ]DGR(OREMHWLYRHVDFFHGHUDODHODERUDFLyQSHUVRQDOORVREVWiFXORVHQHVWHDVSHFWR
SURYLHQHQ GH OD LQHUFLD GH OD UHSHWLFLyQ \ OD FRSLD )LQDOPHQWH H[SRQHPRV QXHVWUDV
FRQFOXVLRQHV\ODVGHEDWLPRVHQJUDQJUXSR
Experiencias de transferencia del conocimiento: aplicar lo aprendido a otros
contextos. 6HWUDWDGHDFWLYLGDGHVTXHUHTXLHUDQDSOLFDUORVFRQFHSWRVGHVWUH]DV\DFWLWXGHV
WUDEDMDGDV D VLWXDFLRQHV GLVWLQWDV GH ODV H[SHULPHQWDGDV HQ HO SURFHVR HVFRODU DQWHULRU
$GHPiVGHVHUXQDDFWLYLGDGGHFRQVROLGDFLyQGHORDSUHQGLGRSHUPLWHHYDOXDUHOJUDGRGH
FRQVHFXFLyQGHORVREMHWLYRV
Experiencias de propuesta de nuevos problemas de investigacin(OREMHWLYRHVWRPDU
FRQFLHQFLD GH TXH OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR HV XQ SURFHVR DELHUWR \ SDUD HVWR
SURSRQHPRV D QXHVWURV DOXPQRV TXH IRUPXOHQ ILQDOPHQWH RWURV SRVLEOHV SUREOHPDV GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQVREUHODWHPiWLFDHVWXGLDGDHQIRUPDGHQXHYDVSUHJXQWDV
6LJXLHQGR OD KLSyWHVLV JHQHUDO GH SURJUHVLyQ TXH VH SURSRQH GHVGH HO 3UR\HFWR ,5(6
*DUFtD 3pUH] \ 3RUOiQ SUHWHQGHPRV WUDEDMDU XQD VHULH GH FRQFHSWRV GH JUDQ
SRWHQFLDOLGDG H[SOLFDWLYD $Vt SXHV KHPRV HVWDEOHFLGR XQD SURJUHVLyQ HQ FXDQWR D OD
FDSDFLGDG SDUD FRPSUHQGHU ORV IHQyPHQRV VRFLDOHV TXH SDUWH GH XQD YLVLyQ GHVFULSWLYD
FHQWUDGDHQORFHUFDQR\SHUFHSWLEOH\HQODFRQGXFWDLQGLYLGXDOSDVDQGRSRUODFRQVWUXFFLyQ
GH FRQFHSWRV GH WUDQVLFLyQ URO R IXQFLyQ VRFLDO HVFDOD HVSDFLDO \ WHPSRUDO
RUJDQL]DFLyQLQVWLWXFLyQ OLGHUD]JR VRFLDO LGHRORJtD HWF SDUD OOHJDU D XQD
FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ \ FRPSUHQVLyQ FRPSOHMD GH OD FRQGXFWD LQGLYLGXDO \ VRFLDO (VWR VXSRQH
WHQHU HQ FXHQWD ORV IDFWRUHV FDXVDOHV GH WLSR VRFLDO HVSDFLDO SROtWLFR HFRQyPLFR R GH
PHQWDOLGDGFROHFWLYDTXHFRQGLFLRQDQHOFRQIOLFWR\ODFRQYLYHQFLD
3RU RWUD SDUWH FRQWHPSODPRV RWUD KLSyWHVLV GH SURJUHVLyQ *DUFtD 'tD] HQ OD
FRPSUHQVLyQGHORVIHQyPHQRVVRFLDOHVTXHSDUWHGHXQDFRQFHSFLyQGHODKLVWRULDEDVDGDHQ
ODYROXQWDGGHOLEHUDGD\DXWRFRQVFLHQWHGHORVJUDQGHVSURWDJRQLVWDVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQGHORV
IHQyPHQRV VRFLDOHV 5LYLHUH SDUD SDVDU D XQD FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ TXH WHQJD HQ
FXHQWD ORV SURFHVRV \ ORV LQWHUHVHV \ PRWLYDFLRQHV QR SHUFHSWLEOHV \ OOHJDU D XQD
FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ FRPSOHMD TXH FRQWHPSOH HO FDUiFWHU LUUDFLRQDO H LQFRQVFLHQWH GH DOJXQDV
FRQGXFWDV\PRWLYDFLRQHVLQGLYLGXDOHV\FROHFWLYDVHQVLWXDFLRQHVGHFULVLV\WHQVLyQSURSLDV
GHODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVTXHURGHDQHOFRQIOLFWR\ODYLROHQFLD
(Q RUGHQ D FRQVHJXLU HVWD FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ FRPSOHMD GH OD FRQGXFWD VRFLDO H LQGLYLGXDO
FRQVLGHUDPRV OD UDFLRQDOLGDG \ HQ TXp PRPHQWRV SDUHFH TXH VH VXVSHQGH HQ IDYRU GH OD
LUUDFLRQDOLGDGFRPRRWURFRQFHSWRPHWDGLVFLSOLQDUFRQJUDQFDSDFLGDGSDUDDJOXWLQDU\GDU
VHQWLGRDRWUDVWUDPDVGHVLJQLILFDGRV7RGRHVWRSXHGHFRQWULEXLUDPRGLILFDUOD
J.A.Pineda-Alfonso
FRVPRYLVLyQGHODOXPQRKDFLDIRUPDVPiVFRPSOHMDVHQXQWHUUHQRHOGHORVLPSXOVRV\ODV
HPRFLRQHV TXH QRV DIHFWD SURIXQGDPHQWH (V HYLGHQWH TXH HO FRQIOLFWR \ OD YLROHQFLD VRQ
XQDFRQVWDQWHHQODKLVWRULDTXHUHVSRQGHDIDFWRUHVLQYDULDQWHVGHODFRQGXFWDKXPDQD\GH
ODRUJDQL]DFLyQVRFLDO(VWDVLQYDULDQWHVODVSRGHPRVREVHUYDUHQHOPLFURFRVPRVGHODXOD\
HQ QXHVWUR HQWRUQR LQPHGLDWR SDUD HVWDEOHFHU DQDORJtDV \ DQiOLVLV FRPSDUDWLYRV TXH QRV
SHUPLWDQFRPSUHQGHUORVSURFHVRVVRFLDOHV
(Q FXDQWR D ORV SURFHGLPLHQWRV FRQWHPSODPRV XQD FDWHJRUtD MHUiUTXLFDPHQWH VXSHULRU GH
PHWDSURFHGLPLHQWRV TXH VH FRQFUHWDUtD HQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD FDSDFLGDG GH SODQWHDU \
WUDEDMDU FRQ SUREOHPDV SUREOHPDWL]DU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR OR TXH LPSOLFD SRU XQD SDUWH XQ
SURIXQGRFDPELRGHPHQWDOLGDGHQFXDQWRDODQDWXUDOH]D\DOYDORUGHOVDEHU\SRURWUDOD
FDSDFLGDG GH SODQLILFDU HMHFXWDU \ UHVROYHU ORV SUREOHPDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SUHYLDPHQWH
SODQWHDGRV
,JXDOPHQWH LPSRUWDQWH FRQVLGHUDPRV OD FDSDFLGDG SDUD H[SUHVDU \ GHIHQGHU OD SURSLD
RSLQLyQ GH PDQHUD DUJXPHQWDGD ULJXURVD \ WROHUDQWH UHVSHWDQGR RWURV DUJXPHQWRV \
RSLQLRQHV \ GHVDUUROODQGR HO VHQWLGR UHODWLYLVWD GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR (Q HVWH VHQWLGR
FRQWHPSODPRVHOWUDEDMRFRQIXHQWHVGLYHUVDVHOGHVDUUROORGHODFRPSUHQVLyQOHFWRUD\GHO
DQiOLVLV GHO GLVFXUVR HVFULWR KDEODGR R YLVXDO $ RWUR QLYHO WHQGUtDPRV XQD VHULH GH
SURFHGLPLHQWRV WpFQLFRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD E~VTXHGD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ WDQWR HQ WH[WRV
HVFULWRVFRPRHQ,QWHUQHWFRQODUHGDFFLyQ\HVWUXFWXUDFLyQGHORVWUDEDMRVHVFULWRV\GHODV
H[SRVLFLRQHV RUDOHV \ FRQ ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV GLJLWDOHV GH E~VTXHGD WUDWDPLHQWR \
SUHVHQWDFLyQGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ
3RU ~OWLPR HV HYLGHQWH TXH OD SUREOHPiWLFD WUDWDGD HQ HVWH iPELWR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ WLHQH
LPSOLFDFLRQHVHYLGHQWHVHQFXDQWRDORVYDORUHVGHOGLiORJR\ODQRYLROHQFLD$OJXQRVGHORV
PHWDFRQRFLPLHQWRV H[SXHVWRV LPSOLFDQ ODV DFWLWXGHV TXH FRQVLGHUDPRV LPSRUWDQWHV \ TXH
SRGHPRV WUDEDMDU HQ HVWH iPELWR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ (VWDV DFWLWXGHV JLUDQ HQ WRUQR D OD
FDSDFLGDG SDUD HVFXFKDU GH IRUPD HPSiWLFD SDUD IRUPDUVH RSLQLyQ SHUVRQDO \ H[SUHVDUOD
SDUD FRPSURPHWHUVH \ FRODERUDU HQ XQD WDUHD \ HQ GHILQLWLYD SDUD DSUHQGHU D FRQYLYLU D
WUDYpV GHO FRQIOLFWR \ OD GLVFUHSDQFLD -XQWR D HVWR YDORUDPRV OD DXWRQRPtD WDQWR
LQVWUXPHQWDO FRPR LQWHOHFWXDO HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD FDSDFLGDG GH SHQVDUVH D Vt PLVPR R
FRQVWUXLUVHDVtPLVPR\ODSUHRFXSDFLyQSRUHOULJRUFRPRDFWLWXGpWLFD
&029,9,(52118(67526$%8(/26"
(Q HO PDUFR GH OD H[SHULPHQWDFLyQ FXUULFXODU GHO iPELWR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HVFRODU VREUH HO
FRQIOLFWR\ODFRQYLYHQFLDTXHVHKDH[SXHVWRXQDGHODVVHFXHQFLDVGLGiFWLFDVRFRQMXQWRGH
DFWLYLGDGHVSODQWHDGDVDQXHVWURVDOXPQRVIXHLQGDJDUHQORVRUtJHQHVGHQXHVWUREDUULRHQOD
YLGDGHVXVDEXHORV\DEXHODVDVtFRPRHQVXVSUREOHPDVSUHVHQWHV\HQVXVSRWHQFLDOLGDGHV
GHIXWXUR8QKHFKRFRQVWDWDEOHHVODLPDJHQQHJDWLYDTXHSHVDVREUHODFRPXQLGDGGRQGHVH
GHVDUUROOyHVWHWUDEDMR\ODHVFDVH]GHUHIHUHQWHVSRVLWLYRVSDUDORVMyYHQHVVLQHPEDUJRDOD
YLVWDGHQXHYDVLQIRUPDFLRQHV\UHIOH[LRQHVHVSRVLEOHODUHFXSHUDFLyQGHODPHPRULDGHORV
IXQGDGRUHV\SLRQHURVSDUDUHDOL]DUXQDUHVLJQLILFDFLyQGHODLGHQWLGDGFRPXQLWDULD
&RQHOREMHWLYRGHXWLOL]DUOD*HRJUDItD\OD+LVWRULDVXVFRUSXVFRQFHSWXDOHVVXVPpWRGRV\
VXV OyJLFDV SDUD GHILQLU XQ REMHWR GH HVWXGLR FRQ VHQWLGR SDUD MyYHQHV GH GH (62
RUJDQL]DPRVORVFRQWHQLGRVFXUULFXODUHV\GLVFLSOLQDUHVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODVHJUHJDFLyQVRFLDO
\ HVSDFLDO GHO EDUULR \ FRQ VX SDVDGR GHVGH OD *XHUUD &LYLO (VSDxROD HO )UDQTXLVPR \ OD
7UDQVLFLyQSDUDWUDEDMDUODVSUREOHPiWLFDVTXHHVWDEDQHQHORULJHQGHODPHPRULDKLVWyULFD\
J.A.Pineda-Alfonso


GH OD LGHQWLGDG SHUGLGD GH OD FRPXQLGDG $ SDUWLU GH DTXt GHILQLPRV FRQ ORV DOXPQRV
SUREOHPDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHLQGDJDPRVHQGLYHUVDVIXHQWHVHQWUHRWUDVODVIXHQWHVRUDOHVHO
WHVWLPRQLRGHORVDEXHORV\DEXHODVGHOEDUULR
'HHVWDIRUPDSUHWHQGtDPRVDWUDYpVGHODUHFXSHUDFLyQGHXQDLGHQWLGDGSRVLWLYDGHEDUULR\
GH FRPXQLGDG IRPHQWDU OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH SUR\HFWRV GH YLGD EXHQD TXH KLFLHUDQ SRVLEOH
IUHQWH D OD SHUVSHFWLYD GH FLXGDGDQtD DVLVWLGD DVLVWHQFLDO \ GHSHQGLHQWH IRPHQWDGD SRU ODV
DGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV DOFDQ]DU PD\RUHV QLYHOHV GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDGFDSDFLGDG GH RUJDQL]DFLyQ \
GHFLVLyQSURSLRVGHXQDFLXGDGDQtDHPDQFLSDGD2UDLVyQ\3pUH]\HVWRSDVDEDSRUOD
UHFXSHUDFLyQGHODDXWRHVWLPD\SRUODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDLGHQWLGDGSRVLWLYDGHFRPXQLGDG
FRPR SUHUUHTXLVLWR SDUD OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ VRFLDO ([SRQGUHPRV EUHYHPHQWH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV
UHDOL]DGDV
&RPHQ]DPRV QXHVWUD LQWHUYHQFLyQ FRQ XQ GRFXPHQWDO /RV SUHVRV GHO VLOHQFLR TXH
XWLOL]DPRV FRPR DFWLYLGDG LQWURGXFWRULD SDUD SUHVHQWDU QXHVWUD SURSXHVWD (VWH GRFXPHQWDO
UHODWD OD UHSUHVLyQ IUDQTXLVWD SRVWHULRU D OD *XHUUD &LYLO \ FyPR ORV SUHVRV UHSXEOLFDQRV
IXHURQ XWLOL]DGRV FRPR PDQR GH REUD HVFODYD SDUD UHDOL]DU REUDV S~EOLFDV HQ HVWH FDVR VH
WUDWDED GH OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO &DQDO GHO %DMR *XDGDOTXLYLU TXH SDVD SRU QXHVWUR EDUULR GH
7RUUHEODQFDSDUDSRQHUHQUHJDGtRODVILQFDVGHORVWHUUDWHQLHQWHVGHOD]RQD/DVPXMHUHVH
KLMRVGHORVSUHVRVYHQLGRVGHWRGD(VSDxDVHDVHQWDURQDRULOODVGHO&DQDOSDUDVRFRUUHUORV\
GHHVWHQ~FOHRGHFKR]DVQDFLyHOEDUULRGH7RUUHEODQFD
$SDUWLUGHHVWDVLWXDFLyQHVWtPXORLQLFLDOORVDOXPQRVFRPHQ]DURQDIRUPXODUSUREOHPDVGH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ H KLSyWHVLV VREUH HVWD WHPiWLFD VHOHFFLRQDQGR ILQDOPHQWH XQD VHULH GH
FXHVWLRQHV TXH SDUHFtDQ UHSUHVHQWDU ORV LQWHUHVHV \ FXULRVLGDGHV GHO JUXSRFODVH (VWRV
SUREOHPDVJLUDEDQHQWRUQRDORVVLJXLHQWHVWHPDV

(ORULJHQGHOEDUULR\ODYLGDGHORVSUHVRV\VXVIDPLOLDUHVFXiOHVHORULJHQGHQXHVWUR
EDUULR" GH GyQGH YHQtDQ ORV SUHVRV" SRU TXp HVWDEDQ SUHVRV \ FRQGHQDGRV D WUDEDMRV
IRU]DGRV" TXp HV XQ SUHVR SROtWLFR" FyPR YLYtDQ HQ OD &RORQLD 3HQLWHQFLDULD
0LOLWDUL]DGD"FyPRHUDHOWUDEDMRHQHO&DQDO"
/DFRQVWUXFFLyQGHO&DQDOSRUTXpVHKL]R"SDUDTXpVHUYtD"DTXLpQEHQHILFLDED"
(O FRQWH[WR KLVWyULFR TXp SDVy HQ (VSDxD SDUD TXH KXELHVH SUHVRV SROtWLFRV" FyPR
OOHJy)UDQFRDOSRGHU"FyPRHUDVXUpJLPHQSROtWLFR"
/DYLGDFRWLGLDQD&yPRYLYLHURQQXHVWURVDEXHORVHQOD'LFWDGXUDGH)UDQFR"
SDVDURQKDPEUH"FyPROHVDIHFWyODSHUVHFXFLyQSROtWLFD"FyPRYHVWtDQ"FyPRHUDQ
VXVYLYLHQGDV"FyPRVHGLYHUWtDQ"FyPRHUDODHVFXHODDODTXHIXHURQ"
(OSUHVHQWH\HOIXWXURGHPLEDUULRSRUTXpHVWiQXHVWUREDUULRDLVODGRGHODFLXGDG\
URGHDGRGH]RQDVQRXUEDQL]DGDV"TXpFRVDVEXHQDV\TXpFRVDVPDODVWLHQHPLEDUULR"
SRUTXpKD\H[FOXVLyQVRFLDOHQPLEDUULR"FXiOHVHOSUHVHQWH\HOIXWXURGHOEDUULR\GHO
SDtV" TXp SUREOHPDV GHEHPRV DIURQWDU" SRGUtD YROYHU D RFXUULU XQ JROSH GH HVWDGR R
XQDGLFWDGXUDHQ(VSDxD"WHQHPRVXQDYHUGDGHUDGHPRFUDFLD"

&RQHVWRVHLQLFLyXQSURFHVRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVFRODUFRRUGLQDGRSRUHOSURIHVRUHQHOTXHVH
PDQHMDURQGLVWLQWDVIXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQ\VHYLYLHURQGLVWLQWDVH[SHULHQFLDVUHODFLRQDGDV

9LGHR5HFXSHUDGRGH,QWHUQHWKWWSZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y &,XK9ZFJ
J.A.Pineda-Alfonso

FRQ HVWD WHPiWLFD $OJXQDV GH HOODV VH GHVFULEHQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ WDO FRPR ODV GLVHxDPRV \
GHVDUUROODPRV HQ VX PRPHQWR 7UDEDMDPRV FRQ QXHVWURV DOXPQRV OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ GHO EDUULR
VREUHXQPDSDGHODFLXGDGGH6HYLOODSDUDWRPDUFRQFLHQFLDGHFyPRVHKDLGRFRQVWUX\HQGR
HO HVSDFLR ItVLFR \ VRFLDO D OR ODUJR GHO WLHPSR FyPR HV SHUFLELGR \ HQ TXp OXJDU QRV
HQFRQWUDPRV $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ UHDOL]DPRV XQD VDOLGD D PRGR GH LWLQHUDULR XUEDQR HQ OD TXH
YDPRVVHxDODQGROtPLWHVHKLWRVGHQWURGHODWUDPDYLDULDGHOEDUULRGHVWDFDQGRORVTXHWLHQHQ
VLJQLILFDGRVRFLDOSXHVVHSDUDQFRPXQLGDGHV\GHQRWDQHVWLJPDV
0DQHMDPRV XQFRPSHQGLRGHWH[WRVUHHODERUDGRVSRUHOSURIHVRUVREUH ODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHO
&DQDO\VREUHODYLGDGHORVSUHVRVH[WUDtGRVGHOGRFXPHQWDO/RVSUHVRVGHOVLOHQFLR\GHO
OLEUR(O&DQDOGHORV3UHVRV$FRVWDHWDO&RQFUHWDPHQWH
x 7H[WRVREUHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGH(O&DQDOGHO%DMR*XDGDOTXLYLU6HWUDWDGHXQWH[WR
LQIRUPDWLYRTXHQDUUDODFUHDFLyQGHODV&RORQLDV3HQLWHQFLDULDV0LOLWDUL]DGDV\HOSDSHOGH
ORVSUHVRVSROtWLFRVHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHO&DQDOGHO%DMR*XDGDOTXLYLU/RDFRPSDxDGRV
FRQXQHVTXHPDUHVXPHQ
x 7H[WRTXHQDUUDODYLGDFRWLGLDQDGHORVSUHVRV\GHVXVIDPLOLDVHQHO&DQDO
x )UDJPHQWRVGHWH[WRVH[WUDtGRVGHOGRFXPHQWDO/RVSUHVRVGHOVLOHQFLR\GHOOLEUR(O
&DQDO GH ORV 3UHVRV OD VLWXDFLyQ HQ OD FiUFHO HO SXQWR GH YLVWD GH ORV YHQFHGRUHV \ HO
WHVWLPRQLRGHXQSUHVRTXHWUDEDMyHQHO9DOOHGHORV&DtGRV0DGULG
$GHPiVSURSRQHPRVDQXHVWURVDOXPQRVLQYHVWLJDUHOSDVDGRGHQXHVWURVPD\RUHVXWLOL]DQGR
GRVIXHQWHVODIRWRJUDItDFRQKLVWRULD\HOWHVWLPRQLRRUDO$PDGyQ5HDOL]DPRVXQD
YLVLWDDO&HQWUR&tYLFRGH7RUUHEODQFD\HQWUHYLVWDPRVDORVDEXHORV\DEXHODVGHOEDUULRSDUD
LQGDJDUHQODVH[SHULHQFLDVGHQXHVWURVPD\RUHVDFHUFDGHFyPRODSpUGLGDGHODOLEHUWDGHO
PLHGR \ ODV SULYDFLRQHV FRQIRUPDURQ VXV YLGDV 3DUD HOOR GLVHxDPRV FXHVWLRQDULRV \
UHDOL]DPRVHQWUHYLVWDVDQXHVWURVPD\RUHVDFHUFDGHFyPRYLYLHURQGXUDQWHOD*XHUUD&LYLO\
HOIUDQTXLVPR7UDWDPRVGHLQGDJDUHQODVYLYHQFLDVFRQUHIHUHQFLDFRQFUHWDDODFRQVWUXFFLyQ
GHO&DQDOGHORV3UHVRVGHQXHVWUREDUULR\WDPELpQHQODVFRQGLFLRQHVPDWHULDOHVGHYLGDHO
KDPEUHODPLVHULD\ODVXSHUYLYHQFLD$FRVWDHWDO)LQDOPHQWHLQYHVWLJDPRVODYLGD
FRWLGLDQDHQODVGLVWLQWDVpSRFDVGHOIUDQTXLVPR\WHUPLQDPRVSUHJXQWDQGRTXpUHFXHUGDQFRQ
DIHFWR\TXpOHVJXVWDUtDROYLGDU$OPLVPRWLHPSRKDFHPRVXQDE~VTXHGDGHIRWRVDQWLJXDV
SDUD LQYHVWLJDU HO LPDJLQDULR IDPLOLDU \ VRFLDO D WUDYpV GH OD LPDJHQ SDUD FRPSRQHU XQD
SUHVHQWDFLyQTXHFRPELQHODVLPiJHQHV\ORVWHVWLPRQLRVGHORVHQWUHYLVWDGRV&DGDJUXSRVH
RUJDQL]D SDUD SODQLILFDU ODV DFWLYLGDGHV FRQ OD D\XGD GHO SURIHVRU \ ILQDOPHQWH KDUi VXV
FRQFOXVLRQHVHQIRUPDGHSUHVHQWDFLyQ3URSRQHPRVLQGDJDUHQODVVLJXLHQWHVSDUFHODV
D /LEHUWDGHV\SHUVHFXFLyQSROtWLFD/RVSUHVRVSROtWLFRV\ORVWUDEDMRVIRU]DGRV
E (OWUDEDMR\HOKDPEUHODVXSHUYLYHQFLDHOHVWUDSHUORODVFDUWLOODVGHUDFLRQDPLHQWR
F /DVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGDYLYLHQGDVDQHDPLHQWRYHVWLGRHWF
G /D YLGD FRWLGLDQD FRVWXPEUHV MXHJRV \ GLYHUVLRQHV ILHVWDV \ ULWRV GH SDVR
FHOHEUDFLRQHV
H /DHVFXHOD\ODUHOLJLyQ
J.A.Pineda-Alfonso
&RQ HVWD DFWLYLGDG SUHWHQGHPRV DSUHQGHU GH OD H[SHULHQFLD GH QXHVWURV PD\RUHV SDUD
FRPSUHQGHUDORWURDWUDYpVGHVXKLVWRULD\XWLOL]DUHOEDJDMHGHORVTXHQRVSUHFHGLHURQSDUD
UHSHQVDUQXHVWURSUHVHQWH\QXHVWURIXWXUR3DUDUHIOH[LRQDUVREUHODHGXFDFLyQIUDQTXLVWDVXV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV\HOSDSHOGHODHVFXHODHQHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHODLGHRORJtDGHOUpJLPHQ\GHO
RUGHQ VRFLDO DGHPiV GH ODV YLYHQFLDV FRQWDGDV SRU ORV PD\RUHV QRV LQWHUHVDED LQGDJDU HQ
RWUDVIXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQDWDOILQPDQHMDPRVDOJXQRVPDQXDOHVHVFRODUHVGH+LVWRULD\
GH8UEDQLGDG)7'6HWUDWDGHXQDVYLxHWDV\GHXQRVIUDJPHQWRVGHWH[WRHQORVTXH
DSDUHFHQ LPiJHQHV GHO QLxR ELHQ HGXFDGR \ PDO HGXFDGR \ HQ ODV TXH VH WUDQVPLWHQ ORV
YDORUHVLPSHUDQWHVHQODpSRFDODREHGLHQFLDODUHVLJQDFLyQODFRQWHQFLyQGHORVGHVHRVOD
FDSDFLGDG SDUD GLVLPXODU FRPR IRUPD GH XUEDQLGDG OD KXPLOGDG \ HO HVStULWX GH VHUYLFLR
OLJDGR DO VDFULILFLR (Q HOODV VH GHVFULEH OD UHODFLyQ FRQ ODV GRV ILJXUDV GH DXWRULGDG
FRQVLGHUDGDVVDJUDGDVHOSDGUH\HOPDHVWUR(OQLxRGHEHREHGHFHU\DFHSWDUFRQKXPLOGDG
ODV FRUUHFFLRQHV \ UHSULPHQGDV $VLPLVPR VH XWLOL]DQ XQRV IUDJPHQWRV GH WH[WRV GH XQ
PDQXDOGH+LVWRULDGHODHVFXHODIUDQTXLVWDHQORVTXHVHGHVFULEHQORVYDORUHV\HOFDUiFWHU
SDWULR FRPR H[LVWHQWHV SUiFWLFDPHQWH GHVGH OD SUHKLVWRULD \HQ OD OtQHD GH OD +LVWRULD FRPR
magistra vitaeVHWHUPLQDFRQXQDFRQFOXVLyQPRUDOL]DQWH(OREMHWLYRVHUtDUHIOH[LRQDUVREUH
ODHGXFDFLyQHQHOSDVDGRVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV\HOSDSHOGHODHVFXHODHQHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHO
RUGHQVRFLDO
&RQ HVWDV DFWLYLGDGHV SUHWHQGHPRV RIUHFHU LQIRUPDFLRQHV TXH QRV D\XGHQ D VLWXDU HQ VX
FRQWH[WRKLVWyULFRHOHSLVRGLRGHUHSUHVLyQYLVWRHQODH[SHULHQFLDGHODYLGDGHORVSUHVRVGHO
&DQDORIUHFLHQGRXQDYLVLyQSDQRUiPLFDGHODUJDGXUDFLyQTXHFRPSUHQGDEXHQDSDUWHGHOD
KLVWRULDGHOVLJOR;;HQ(VSDxD4XHUHPRVVLWXDUHOSUREOHPDGHODGLFWDGXUD\ODGHPRFUDFLD
HQVXFRQWH[WRKLVWyULFR\YHUFyPROtGHUHVDXWRULWDULRV\OtGHUHVGHPRFUiWLFRVUHIRUPLVWDVKDQ
DIURQWDGRORVSUREOHPDVGHOSDtVHQGLVWLQWDVFR\XQWXUDV3DUDHOORXWLOL]DPRVHOYLVLRQDGRGHO
FDStWXORGH0HPRULDVGH(VSDxDGHGLFDGRDOD5HS~EOLFD\OD*XHUUD&LYLO\DOD'LFWDGXUD
GH)UDQFR 3HGLPRVDQXHVWURVDOXPQRVTXHREVHUYHQ\UHJLVWUHQODVFDXVDVTXHGLHURQOXJDU
DODGYHQLPLHQWRGHOD5HS~EOLFD\ORVSUREOHPDVTXHpVWDWXYRTXHDIURQWDU$FRPSDxDPRVHO
GRFXPHQWDO FRQ XQ FRPSHQGLR GH WH[WRV UHODWLYRV D OD DEGLFDFLyQ GH $OIRQVR ;,,,
SURFODPDFLyQ GH OD ,, 5HS~EOLFD )UDQTXLVPR \ 7UDQVLFLyQ 3DUD HO WUDEDMR FRQ ORV WH[WRV
SURSRUFLRQDPRVHOVLJXLHQWHJXLyQGHDQiOLVLV
x &XiOHVFUHHVTXHIXHURQODVFDXVDVGHODGYHQLPLHQWRGHOD5HS~EOLFD"
x &RQTXpSUREOHPDVVHHQFRQWUyOD5HS~EOLFD"
x (UDQSUREOHPDVIiFLOHVGHUHVROYHUHQSRFRWLHPSR"+DEtDXUJHQFLDHQUHVROYHUORV"
x 4XpIXHU]DVHLQWHUHVHVVRFLDOHVFROLVLRQDURQHQOD6HJXQGD5HS~EOLFD\OD*XHUUD
&LYLO"
x 4XpUHSUHVHQWDEDHOEDQGRIUDQTXLVWD"<HOEDQGRUHSXEOLFDQR"
x &UHHVTXHODOXFKDHQWUHGLFWDGXUD\GHPRFUDFLDFRQWLQ~D"
<YROYHPRVDODVFXHVWLRQHVLQLFLDOHV

$FFHVLEOHHQHODUFKLYRGRFXPHQWDOGH579(KWWSZZZUWYHHVDODFDUWDYLGHRVPHPRULDGHHVSDQD
J.A.Pineda-Alfonso
x 3RGUtDRFXUULUXQQXHYRJROSHGHHVWDGRHQ(VSDxD"
x 4XpKDVLGR\TXHVHUiGHODPHPRULDGHQXHVWURVDEXHORV"VHUiLQ~WLOWRGRORTXH
SDVDURQ"(VQXHVWURGHEHUQRROYLGDUOR"
x 4XpSDSHOFXPSOLyODFLXGDGDQtDHO)"<ODSUHQVDOLEUH"
6HWUDWDGHUHIOH[LRQDUDFHUFDGHOSDSHOGHODPHPRULDKLVWyULFD\GHFyPRHOPLHGR\ODIDOWD
GH OLEHUWDG DIHFWD D ODV SHUVRQDV 0DQHMDPRV GRFXPHQWDOHV \ WH[WRV VREUH OD WUDQVLFLyQ
HVSDxROD HO LQWHQWR GH JROSH GH HVWDGR GHO GH IHEUHUR GH \ GLYHUVDV LQIRUPDFLRQHV
VREUH ORV FROHFWLYRV GH UHFXSHUDFLyQ GH OD PHPRULD KLVWyULFD )LQDOPHQWH XWLOL]DPRV ORV
DUJXPHQWRV TXH KHPRV LGR FRQVWUX\HQGR HQ HO SURFHVR SDUD UHVSRQGHU D ORV SUREOHPDV GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ PHGLDQWH XQ ,QIRUPH GH FRQFOXVLRQHV \ XQD SUHVHQWDFLyQ SDUD FRPXQLFDU HO
SUR\HFWRDOUHVWRGHFRPSDxHURVGHFODVH
$/*81$6&21&/86,21(6
/DSUREOHPiWLFDGHOEDUULRGH7RUUHEODQFDWLHQHVXFRUUHODWRGHQWURGHODHVFXHODHQHOIUDFDVR
HVFRODU HO DEVHQWLVPR OD GHSHQGHQFLD LQVWDODGD \ DVXPLGD FRPR SDUWH GH OD LGHQWLGDG OD
GHVFRQILDQ]DHOPLHGRDOIUDFDVR\ODHVFDVDDXWRHVWLPDSXHVHOHVSDFLRFRQQRWDVXVHVWLJPDV
\GHQRWDLGHQWLGDGHVFRPXQLWDULDV3RUORGHPiVHQODDFWXDOVLWXDFLyQGHFUHFLHQWHSURFHVR
GHH[FOXVLyQVRFLDO\HPSREUHFLPLHQWRHQHOTXHODGHSHQGHQFLDGHODDFFLyQDVLVWHQFLDOGHO
(VWDGRSDUHFHPiVQHFHVDULDGLVWLQWRVSURJUDPDVHGXFDWLYRVWUDWDQGHSDOLDUODVFDUHQFLDVGH
XQD SREODFLyQ D OD TXH VH DWULEX\HQ UDVJRV FRPR VX SDVLYLGDG LQDFFLyQ LQFXOWXUD IDOWD GH
HVStULWXHPSUHQGHGRURVXLQFDSDFLGDGSDUDRUJDQL]DUVHFRPRFDXVDGHVXVLWXDFLyQ'HVGHOD
PLUDGD GH FODVH PHGLD LOXVWUDGD TXH SURFHGH GHO FHQWUR GH OD FLXGDG HV GHFLU GHVGH XQ
GHWHUPLQDGR LPDJLQDULR VRFLDO WRGRV HVWRV VRQ UDVJRV TXH HVWDUtDQ HQ HO RULJHQ GH OD
SUREOHPiWLFD GHO EDUULR \ SRU WDQWR KDEUtD TXH DVLVWLUORV SDUD ORJUDU VX GHVDUUROOR 7RGRV
HVWRV HOHPHQWRV UHVSRQGHUtDQ D OD FRQFHSFLyQ GH XQD FLXGDGDQtD DVLVWLGD FRPR DQWHV VH KD
VHxDODGR3HURIUHQWHDHVDFRQFHSFLyQGLVWLQWRVDXWRUHVKDQSRVWXODGRODDOWHUQDWLYDGHXQD
FLXGDGDQtD HPDQFLSDGD D WUDYpV GH XQD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHPRFUiWLFD OLEUH \ DXWyQRPD FRQ
UHVSHFWRDODVDFFLRQHVSDWHUQDOLVWDVGHO(VWDGR'H$OEDHWDO
(QHVDOtQHDFRQVLGHUDPRVTXHHQODVFRPXQLGDGHVPiVYXOQHUDEOHVVLWXDGDVHQXQHVSDFLR
SHULIpULFR \ IURQWHUL]R GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD VRFLDO FX\DV LGHQWLGDGHV VH KD\DQ
FRPSURPHWLGDV\HQSHUPDQHQWHDPELJHGDGEXHQDSDUWHGHODEDWDOODGHODHPDQFLSDFLyQVH
GLULPH HQ HO FDPSR GH ODV LGHQWLGDGHV HQ HO VHQWLGR GH XQD UHFXSHUDFLyQ GH OD PHPRULD
KLVWyULFD\GHODFRQFLHQFLDGHFRPXQLGDGTXHKDJDSRVLEOHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHSUR\HFWRVGH
YLGD EXHQD TXH SHUPLWDQ OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FUtWLFDSDUD HQIUHQWDUVH GHVGH ODFRPXQLGDG D ORV
UHWRV TXH SODQWHD HO PXQGR JOREDO (VWH SURFHVR LPSOLFD TXH IUHQWH D OD SHUVSHFWLYD
DVLVWHQFLDO PDQWHQLGD \ DOLPHQWDGD GHVGH OD OyJLFD GHO SRGHU SROtWLFR VH DSXHVWH SRU XQD
VDOLGD GH OD GHSHQGHQFLD SDUD DOFDQ]DU PD\RUHV QLYHOHV GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDG FDSDFLGDG SDUD
FRPSURPHWHUVHHQWDUHDVFROHFWLYDVFDSDFLGDGGHRUJDQL]DFLyQ\GHGHFLVLyQHWF<WRGRHVWR
QRHVSRVLEOHVLQXQDSUHYLDRSDUDOHODUHFXSHUDFLyQGHODFRQFLHQFLDVRFLDO\GHODPHPRULD
KLVWyULFDGHORVSLRQHURV\IXQGDGRUHVGHODFRPXQLGDG
(Q HVH VHQWLGR SRU OR GHPiV QXHVWUD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ PXHVWUD OD SRWHQFLDOLGDG HGXFDWLYD GHO
WUDWDPLHQWR GH ODV FXHVWLRQHV UHODWLYDV DO FRQIOLFWR \ OD FRQYLYHQFLD FRPR FRQWHQLGRV
FXUULFXODUHVHQHOiUHDGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVURPSLHQGRDVtODVIURQWHUDVHVSDFLDOHVGHODXOD
J.A.Pineda-Alfonso


FRQUHVSHFWRDOFHQWUR\GHOFHQWURFRQUHVSHFWRDOEDUULR\ODVIURQWHUDVWHPSRUDOHVPHGLDQWH
ODDPSOLDFLyQGHHVFDODGHVGHHOWLHPSRGHODVH[SHULHQFLDVFRWLGLDQDVDOWLHPSRKLVWyULFR

5()(5(1&,$6%,%/,2*5),&$6
$FHLWXQR 6LOYD ' 0XxR] /DEUDxD & \ 9iVTXHV /H\WRQ * (QVHxDQ]D \
DSUHQGL]DMHGHODSDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQDHQ&KLOHXQHVWXGLRVREUHDOXPQRV\SURIHVRUHVGH
+LVWRULDGH DxRGH(QVHxDQ]D0HGLD HQ1'H$OED)HUQiQGH]))*DUFtD3pUH]\$
6DQWLVWHEDQ(GVEducar para la participacin ciudadana en la enseanza de las Ciencias
Sociales6HYLOOD$VRFLDFLyQ8QLYHUVLWDULDGH3URIHVRUDGRGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\
'tDGD(GLWRUD'LVSRQLEOHHQKWWSGLDOQHWXQLULRMDHVVHUYOHWOLEUR"FRGLJR
$FRVWD * HW DO El Canal de los Presos (1940-1962). Trabajos forzados: de la
represin poltica a la explotacin econmica0DGULG(G&UtWLFD
$PDGyQ-)XHQWHVGRPpVWLFDVSDUDODHQVHxDQ]DGHOSUHVHQWH/DUHFRQVWUXFFLyQGH
ODPHPRULDKLVWyULFDGHQWURGHODXODIber. Didctica de las Ciencias Sociales, Geografa e
HistoriaSS
$QJXHUD & \ $ 6DQWLVWHEDQ $ (O FRQFHSWR GH IXWXUR HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH ODV
FLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\VXLQIOXHQFLDHQODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHPRFUiWLFDHQ1'H$OED)HUQiQGH]
)) *DUFtD 3pUH] \ $ 6DQWLVWHEDQ (GV Educar para la participacin ciudadana en la
enseanza de las Ciencias Sociales, 6HYLOOD $VRFLDFLyQ 8QLYHUVLWDULD GH
3URIHVRUDGR GH &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV \ 'tDGD (GLWRUD 'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSGLDOQHWXQLULRMDHVVHUYOHWOLEUR"FRGLJR
%HQHMDP 3 /D RSRUWXQLGDG GH LGHQWLILFDU FRQFHSWRV FODYH TXH JXtHQ OD SURSXHVWD
FXUULFXODU GH FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV. ber. Didctica de las Ciencias Sociales, Geografa e
HistoriaSS
%RVFK 0HVWUHV ' \ *RQ]DOH]0RQIRUW 1 &yPR SHUFLEHQ ORV DOXPQRV VX
SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ ORV FHQWURV GH 6HFXQGDULD" 8QD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VREUH ODV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV
VRFLDOHVGHORVDOXPQRVHQ1'H$OED)HUQiQGH]))*DUFtD3pUH]\$6DQWLVWHEDQ(GV
Educar para la participacin ciudadana en la enseanza de las Ciencias SocialesYROSS
6HYLOOD $VRFLDFLyQ 8QLYHUVLWDULD GH 3URIHVRUDGR GH &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV \ 'tDGD
(GLWRUD'LVSRQLEOHHQ
'H$OED)HUQiQGH]1*DUFtD3pUH]))\6DQWLVWHEDQ)HUQiQGH]$HGVEducar
para la participacin ciudadana en la enseanza de las ciencias sociales6HYLOOD$VRFLDFLyQ
8QLYHUVLWDULDGH3URIHVRUDGRGH'LGiFWLFDGHODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\'tDGD(GLWRUD
)7' Cartilla moderna de urbanidad. Coleccin de textos escolares %DUFHORQD
(GLFLyQ)DFVtPLO(G)7'
*DUFtD'tD]-(Hacia una teora alternativa sobre los contenidos escolares6HYLOOD
'tDGD
*DUFtD'tD]-(HWDO6RQLQFRPSDWLEOHVODHVFXHOD\ODVQXHYDVSDXWDVFXOWXUDOHV"
Investigacin en la EscuelaSS
J.A.Pineda-Alfonso


*DUFtD 3pUH] )) \ 3RUOiQ 5 (O 3UR\HFWR ,5(6 ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ \ 5HQRYDFLyQ
(VFRODUBiblio 3W. Revista Bibliogrfica de Geografa y Ciencias SocialesYRO9Q
'LVSRQLEOHHQKWWSZZZXEHGXJHRFULWEZKWP
*DUFtD3pUH]))8QPRGHORGLGiFWLFRDOWHUQDWLYRSDUDWUDQVIRUPDUODHGXFDFLyQHO
0RGHOR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ OD (VFXHOD Scripta Nova Revista Electrnica de Geografa y
Ciencias Sociales, ,9QKWWSZZZXEHGXJHRFULWVQKWP
*DUFtD 3pUH] )) \ 'H $OED )HUQiQGH] 1 /D HGXFDFLyQ SDUD OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ
FLXGDGDQD HQWUH GRV SRORV HO VLPXODFUR HVFRODU \ HO FRPSURPLVR VRFLDO HQ 1 'H $OED
)HUQiQGH]))*DUFtD3pUH]\$6DQWLVWHEDQ)HUQiQGH]HGVEducar para la participacin
ciudadana en la enseanza de las ciencias sociales 6HYLOOD $VRFLDFLyQ 8QLYHUVLWDULD GH
3URIHVRUDGR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV \ 'tDGD (GLWRUD 9RO SS
'LVSRQLEOHHQKWWSGLDOQHWXQLULRMDHVVHUYOHWOLEUR"FRGLJR
+DUW5La participacin de los nios en el desarrollo sostenible%DUFHORQD(GLFLRQHV
3DX
0DQQLQJ 0/ %XFKHU .7 Classroom management: Models, applications, and
cases (2nd ed.). 8SSHU6DGGOH5LYHU1-3HDUVRQ0HUULOO3UHQWLFH+DOO
0DUWLQ 1. 6DVV '$ 6FKPLWW 7$ 7HDFKHU HIILFDF\ LQ VWXGHQW HQJDJHPHQW
LQVWUXFWLRQDOPDQDJHPHQWVWXGHQWVWUHVVRUVDQGEXUQRXW$WKHRUHWLFDOPRGHOXVLQJLQFODVV
YDULDEOHVWRSUHGLFWWHDFKHUVLQWHQWWROHDYHTeaching and Teacher Education28SS

2UDLVyQ 0 \ 3pUH] $ 0 (VFXHOD \ SDUWLFLSDFLyQ (O GLItFLO FDPLQR GH OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQGHFLXGDGDQtDRevista Iberoamericana de EducacinSS
3pUH]*yPH]$,/DHVFXHODHQFUXFLMDGDGHFXOWXUDVInvestigacin en la Escuela
SS
3LQHGD$OIRQVR-$El conflicto y la convivencia. Experimentacin de un mbito de
investigacin escolar y anlisis del desarrollo profesional docente 7HVLV 'RFWRUDO
8QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOODKWWSVLGXVXVHV[POXLKDQGOH
5LYLHUH$7KHFRJQLWLYHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI+LVWRU\HQ0&DUUHWHUR\-9RVV(GV
Cognitive and Instructional Processes in History and Social Sciences1HZ-HUVH\/DZUHQFH
(DUOEDXP$VVRFLDWHVSS
5LYLHUH $ HW DO /D LQIOXHQFLD GH ORV IDFWRUHV LQWHQFLRQDOHV \ SHUVRQDOHV HQ HO
UHFXHUGR GH ORV WH[WRV KLVWyULFRV 8QD SHUVSHFWLYD HYROXWLYD HQ 0 &DUUHWHUR \ -) 9RVV
&RPSVAprender y pensar la historia%XHQRV$LUHV$PRUURUWX(GLWRUHVSS
7ULEy*/RVFRQFHSWRVFODYHHQODVSURSXHVWDVFXUULFXODUHVber. Didctica de las
Ciencias Sociales, Geografa e Historia, SS
9i]TXH] $YHOODQHGD -- \ /ySH]&DQWL -( El Canal de los Presos. Bajo
Guadalquivir. 6HYLOOD 0$30(' +XP 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH 3UR\HFWRV $UTXLWHFWyQLFRV
(76$
9LxDR$Sistemas educativos, Culturas escolares y Reformas0DGULG0RUDWD
J.A.Pineda-Alfonso
,1129$&,1'2&(17(<029,/,'$'85%$1$6267(1,%/(
&216758<(1'20$3$63($721$/(6
-XOLR3OD]D7DEDVFR
+pFWRU60DUWtQH]6iQFKH]0DWHRV
Dpto. de Geografa y Ordenacin del Territorio, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha

Julio.Plaza@uclm.esHectorS.Martinez@uclm.es
5(680(1
(QHVWHFDStWXORH[SRQHPRVXQDH[SHULHQFLDFHQWUDGDHQODPRYLOLGDGXUEDQDFRPELQDGDHQWUHODVHVIHUDVGHOD
HQVHxDQ]DODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\ODWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHFRQRFLPLHQWRTXHRIUHFHGHVGHQXHVWURSXQWRGHYLVWDXQDJUDQ
YHUVDWLOLGDG SDUD FRQHFWDU HVWRV WUHV iPELWRV SURIHVLRQDOHV $O PLVPR WLHPSR GHVDUUROOD XQ SUR\HFWR GH
LQQRYDFLyQGRFHQWHWUDQVYHUVDOHQWUHHOQLYHOHGXFDWLYRGHVHFXQGDULD\ODHQVHxDQ]DXQLYHUVLWDULDDSOLFDQGROD
H[SHULHQFLD0HWURPLQXWRFDUWRJUDItDSHDWRQDOXUEDQDHQFLXGDGHVGHWDPDxRSHTXHxR
(O SUR\HFWR LQFRSRUD WDUHDV TXH LQYHVWLJDQ IHQyPHQRV FRPR OD FRQJHVWLyQ OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH DFWLYLGDGHV \ OD
VRVWHQLELOLGDG HQ HVWD HVFDOD \ SURGXFLHQGR UHVXOWDGRV GH IiFLO WUDQVIHUHQFLD D OD VRFLHGDG \ ~WLOHV D GLIHUHQWHV
DFWRUHVLPSOLFDGRV$\XQWDPLHQWRVRFLHGDGVHFWRUSURGXFWLYRHWFFRPRHVHOPDSDFDOOHMHURFRQODLQGLFDFLyQ
GHORVLWLQHUDULRVSHDWRQDOHVPiVHPSOHDGRVHQODFLXGDG
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
0RYLOLGDG XUEDQD 7HFQRORJtDV GH OD ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD &DUWRJUDItD WHPiWLFD (GXFDFLyQ VHFXQGDULD
(GXFDFLyQXQLYHUVLWDULD
$352;,0$&,1 $/ &21&(372 '( 029,/,'$' 85%$1$ 6267(1,%/( <

68$3/,&$&,1(1'2&(1&,$
/DPRYLOLGDGXUEDQDHVXQDVSHFWRUHOHYDQWHHQQXHVWURVPXQLFLSLRV\FLXGDGHVGHILQLHQGRHQ
JUDQPHGLGDDVSHFWRVIXQFLRQDOHV\PRUIROyJLFRVGHODVPLVPDV(VFUXFLDO\GHWHUPLQDQWHHQ
iUHDV PHWURSROLWDQDV \ FLXGDGHV GH JUDQ WDPDxR SHUR WDPELpQ HQ FLXGDGHV PHGLDV \
SHTXHxDV (Q ORV HVSDFLRV XUEDQRV SRGHPRV DSUHFLDU SDWURQHV GH PRYLOLGDG TXH GHULYDQ HQ
GLIHUHQWHV SUREOHPiWLFDV DFWXDOHV FRQ GLIHUHQWH LQWHQVLGDG SURWDJRQLVPR GHO YHKtFXOR
SULYDGR FRQVXPR GH VXHOR SDUD YtDV \ DSDUFDPLHQWRV GHGLFDGRV D pO FRQJHVWLyQ GpILFLW GH
WUDQVSRUWH S~EOLFR \ SUREOHPDV GH UHQWDELOLGDG R H[FOXVLyQ GH DOJXQRV JUXSRV VRFLDOHV SRU
DFFHVLELOLGDGFRVWHGHWUDQVSRUWHOLPLWDFLRQHVHWFHQWUHRWUDV
'HQWUR GHO IHQyPHQR GH OD PRYLOLGDG XUEDQD VH UH~QHQ LQJUHGLHQWHV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD
PRUIRORJtD \ FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH OD FLXGDG VX HVWUXFWXUD \ IXQFLyQ DVt FRPR ODV GLQiPLFDV
SUHVHQWHVHQODPLVPD$GHPiVWRGDODSREODFLyQHVWiLQFOXLGDHQHOOD\VHDSUHFLDQSDWURQHV
GH PRYLOLGDG HQ UHODFLyQ D ORV GLIHUHQWHV JUXSRV VRFLDOHV GLVWLQJXLHQGR SHUILOHV SRU HGDG
JpQHURLQJUHVRVHWF(OORFRQILHUHDHVWHWHPDXQSRWHQFLDOJUDQGHGHWUDEDMRGHVGHGLIHUHQWHV
ySWLFDV \ HQIRTXHV FRQ JUDQ FDSDFLGDG GH GHVDUUROOR HQ DFWLYLGDGHV GRFHQWHV D GLIHUHQWHV
QLYHOHV
/RV FXUUtFXORV GH *HRJUDItD GH (GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD \ %DFKLOOHUDWR GLVSRQHQ GH WHPDV
YLQFXODGRVDOHVWXGLR\DQiOLVLVGHODFLXGDG*HRJUDItD8UEDQDDVtFRPRWHPDVFRQ HQIRTXH
J.Plaza Tabasco, H.S.Martnez Snchez-Mateos

DPELHQWDOHQORVTXHVHLQWURGXFHQFRQFHSWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODVRVWHQLELOLGDG/DPRYLOLGDG
XUEDQD IDFLOLWD OD LQWHJUDFLyQ GH DVSHFWRV PRUIROyJLFRV \ IXQFLRQDOHV GH ODV FLXGDGHV DO
WLHPSRTXHVHUHYLVDQHOHPHQWRVYLQFXODGRVDOPHGLRDPELHQWHXUEDQR'HIRUPDDxDGLGDHV
XQWHPDGHUHOHYDQFLDDFDGpPLFDHLQYHVWLJDGRUDTXHSHUPLWHH[SORUDUHVWRVHOHPHQWRVGHVGH
SHUVSHFWLYDV PiVHVSHFLDOL]DGDVVLQ SHUGHU HO FDUiFWHUGLGiFWLFRLQLFLDO 3RU~OWLPR HVWH WLSR
GHWUDEDMRVDSOLFDGRVSXHGHQFRQVWLWXLUVHHQXQDOtQHDGHWUDEDMRGHJUDQGHPDQGDTXHD\XGH
DOHPSUHQGLPLHQWRGHORVHJUHVDGRV
5HWRVGHODPRYLOLGDGXUEDQDVRVWHQLEOH
/D PRYLOLGDG SHUVRQDO VH SHUFLEH FRPR XQ IDFWRU TXH GHILQH HO JUDGR GH GHVDUUROOR GH XQD
VRFLHGDG \ VX FDSDFLGDG SDUD GHVHQYROYHUVH HQ ORV SDUiPHWURV DVRFLDGRV DO SURJUHVR
HFRQyPLFR 'HVGH KDFH DOJXQDV GpFDGDV HV QHFHVDULR UHODFLRQDU GLUHFWDPHQWH OD PRYLOLGDG
FRQODFRQVROLGDFLyQGHOYHKtFXORSULYDGRGHQWURGHODVRFLHGDGRFFLGHQWDOIRUPDQGRSDUWHGH
ODV FODYHV GH LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH OD JOREDOL]DFLyQ (O LQFUHPHQWR FRQWLQXDGR GH FRFKHV \ VX
PD\RU XVR SURYRFy XQ LPSRUWDQWH FDPELR HQ ODV FLXGDGHV \ ORV WHUULWRULRV EDVFXODQGR OD
SODQLILFDFLyQ XUEDQD KDFLD ORV LQWHUHVHVGHO FRFKH\ SURYRFDQGR LPSRUWDQWHV FDPELRV HQ ORV
SDWURQHVGHORFDOL]DFLyQWDQWRGHDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVFRPRUHVLGHQFLDOHV(OIHQyPHQRGH
OD PRYLOLGDG LQGLYLGXDO VH IXH DEULHQGR FDPLQR FRQ IXHU]D HQ OD VRFLHGDG FDSLWDOLVWD GH OD
SRVJXHUUD PXQGLDO \ ORV IHQyPHQRV GH GLIXVLyQ \ GLVSHUVLyQ XUEDQD FREUDURQ XQ
SURWDJRQLVPRHVSHFLDO0LUDOOHV*XDVFK
(OPRGHORXUEDQREDVDGRHQHOLQWHQVRXVRGHOFRFKHKDJHQHUDGRFLXGDGHVGHXUEDQL]DFLyQ
GLVSHUVDFRQPD\RUH[WHQVLyQ\DXPHQWRSURJUHVLYRGHODVGLVWDQFLDV\ODVHSDUDFLyQHQWUHORV
GLIHUHQWHVXVRVSULPRUGLDOHVUHVLGHQFLDOODERUDOVHUYLFLRVFRPHUFLDO HWFHQXQIHQyPHQR
FRQRFLGR FRPR urban sprawl %XUFKHOO et al (Q (XURSD HVWRV SURFHVRV PXHVWUDQ
PDWLFHVGLIHUHQWHVGDGRHOYDORUUHIHUHQFLDOGHORVFHQWURVKLVWyULFRVODPHQRUGLVSRQLELOLGDG
GHVXHORHQODVSHULIHULDV\XQDGLVFLSOLQDXUEDQtVWLFDPiVRULHQWDGDDPRGHORVFRPSDFWRV$
SHVDUGHHOORHQOD~OWLPDIDVHH[SDQVLYDOLEHUDOORVSDWURQHVGHGLVSHUVLyQVHKDQDFHQWXDGR
HQ QXHVWUR FRQWH[WR LJXDOPHQWH FRQ HMHPSORV D WRGDV ODV HVFDODV WDQWR JUDQGHV iUHDV
PHWURSROLWDQDV FRPR HQ FLXGDGHV PHGLDV \ SHTXHxDV 6HD FXDO VHD HO PRGHOR XUEDQR OD
PRWRUL]DFLyQ HV OD SURWDJRQLVWD HQ PDWHULD GH PRYLOLGDG WDQWR GH SHUVRQDV FRPR GH
PHUFDQFtDV\VHUHODFLRQDGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQHOQLYHOGHGHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFR0RQ]yQ
S 6DOYR XQ EUHYH ODSVR HQ ORV ~OWLPRV WUHLQWD DxRV KDQ YLVWR FyPR VH
LQFUHPHQWDEDHOQ~PHURGHYHKtFXORVSRUKDELWDQWHHQ(VSDxDKDVWDODFLIUDGHSRUFDGD
KDELWDQWHV (85267$7 GDQGR FRPR UHVXOWDGR XQ GH KRJDUHV HVSDxROHV
FRQDFFHVRDOPHQRVDXQYHKtFXORWDO\FRPRVHxDODHO~OWLPR&HQVRGH
(Q (VSDxD OD UHOHYDQFLD GH OD PRYLOLGDG GHQWUR GH OD SODQLILFDFLyQ XUEDQD HV XQ IHQyPHQR
UHODWLYDPHQWHUHFLHQWH/DQHFHVLGDGGHDERUGDUODVFXHVWLRQHVGH PRYLOLGDGGHODSREODFLyQ
GHIRUPDLQWHJUDGD\JHQHUDOVXUJHGHIRUPDSDWHQWHHQODVHJXQGD PLWDGGHOVLJOR;;\VH
LQWHQVLILFDGHIRUPDFUHFLHQWH\UiSLGDHQ(XURSD/L]iUUDJDSHURHQ(VSDxDFRPLHQ]D
DDGTXLULUDOJRPiVGHLQWHUpV\DDOILQDOGHOVLJOR\PX\UHODFLRQDGRFRQODVJUDQGHViUHDV
XUEDQDVGHOSDtV
(QWUH RWUDV SRVLEOHV LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV HV HYLGHQWH HO LPSDFWR TXH HVWD WHQGHQFLD WLHQH HQ ODV
FLXGDGHVFXDOTXLHUDTXHVHDVXWDPDxR8QDSDUWHHVHQFLDOGHODSODQLILFDFLyQ\JHVWLyQGHODV
PLVPDVVHFHQWUDH[FOXVLYDPHQWHHQHOWUiILFRVXVH[WHUQDOLGDGHV\ODRUGHQDFLyQGHHVSDFLRV
/D $VRFLDFLyQ ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH ORV 7UDQVSRUWHV 3~EOLFRV 87,3 YDORUy HO VXHOR
FRQVXPLGRSRUORVGLIHUHQWHVPRGRVGHWUDQVSRUWHHQODVFLXGDGHVXVDQGRXQDPHGLGDTXH

H[SUHVDHOHVSDFLRQHFHVDULR\HOWLHPSRTXHVHRFXSDP SRUKRUD\HOFRFKHFRQVXPH

YHFHVPiVHVSDFLRSRUXQLGDGGHWLHPSRTXHHOWUDQVSRUWHS~EOLFRSDUDODPRYLOLGDGREOLJDGD
\ YHFHV PiV SDUD ORV GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV SRU FRPSUDV X RFLR 8QR GH ORV GHEDWHV PiV
LPSRUWDQWHVHQHVWDPDWHULDKDVLGRODWUDQVLFLyQGHVGHHOFRQFHSWRGHWUiILFRDOGHPRYLOLGDG
KHFKR TXH LPSOLFD DPSOLDU OD YLVLyQ DO IHQyPHQR HVSDFLDO HQ VX FRQMXQWR \ QR VyOR D ORV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV TXH RFXUUHQ 9HOi]TXH] \ (VWHEDUDQ] (VWR LPSOLFD FXHVWLRQHV GH
ORFDOL]DFLyQHVSDFLDOFRQWH[WRVRFLDOHOHPHQWRVHFRQyPLFRV\DVSHFWRVFXOWXUDOHVTXHDIHFWDQ
DODPRYLOLGDGHQODVFLXGDGHV
(Q HVWH SXQWR FRQYLHQH VHxDODU HO KHFKR GH TXH OD PRYLOLGDG XUEDQD VH VRVWLHQH VREUH XQ
UHFXUVRFROHFWLYR\OLPLWDGRHOHVSDFLRS~EOLFR(OPRGHORGHPRYLOLGDGVHEDVDHQODJHVWLyQ
\ DVLJQDFLyQ GH XVRV \ HVSDFLRV FX\D UHJXODFLyQ \ FRQVROLGDFLyQ HVWi VXMHWD D XQD
SULRUL]DFLyQ TXH VXSRQH XQD HOHFFLyQ VREUH GLIHUHQWHV DOWHUQDWLYDV 'HVWLQDU XQ HVSDFLR D
DSDUFDPLHQWR GHVDUUROODU XQD FLFORYtD R DPSOLDU HO HVSDFLR SHDWRQDO HV XQD GHFLVLyQ TXH
PDUFD OD PRUIRORJtDODIXQFLyQ\HOSHUILOGHODFLXGDG'HIRUPDUHFLHQWHODVFLXGDGHVVRQ
FDGDYH]PiVFRQVFLHQWHVGHODVLPSRUWDQWHVOLPLWDFLRQHVTXHWLHQHFHGHUEXHQDSDUWHGHHVH
UHFXUVR ILQLWR TXH HV HO VXHOR DO FRFKH TXH KD HQFRQWUDGR VXV SURSLRV OtPLWHV GH XVR
JHQHUDQGR LPSRUWDQWHV SUREOHPDV GH HVSDFLR \ FRQJHVWLyQ \ REOLJDQGR D LPSRUWDQWHV
LQLFLDWLYDVGHFRQWURO\JHVWLyQGHOWUiILFRGHFRFKHV
/DSUHVLyQGHOYHKtFXORVREUHODVFLXGDGHVQRVHOLPLWDDOFRQVXPRGHVXHOR\DTXHHOHIHFWR
GH HVWH GRPLQLR WDPELpQ WLHQH LPSRUWDQWHV LPSDFWRV VREUH HO FRQVXPR GH HQHUJtD \ VXV
FRQVHFXHQFLDV SROXFLyQ \ SHOLJURVLGDG 7RGR HOOR VRQ H[WHUQDOLGDGHV GHULYDGDV GH XQD
PRYLOLGDG GRPLQDGD SRU HO FRFKH \ ODV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV DVRFLDGDV DO PLVPR TXH JHQHUDQ
EDUUHUDV\IUDJPHQWDFLyQHVSDFLDOHV
(O FRQWH[WR DFWXDO GH OD PRYLOLGDG VH RUJDQL]D HQ UHODFLyQ D GLIHUHQWHV PRGRV GH WUDQVSRUWH
TXHVHPDQHMDQHQWUHODLQWHUGHSHQGHQFLD\ODFRPSHWHQFLDSRUTXHXQXVXDULRQRSXHGHXVDU
GRVPRGRVDODYH]SDUDHOPLVPRWUD\HFWRWRPDXQDGHFLVLyQDOPLVPRWLHPSRTXHSDUDXQ
LWLQHUDULRSXHUWDDSXHUWDHVKDELWXDOHOXVRGHPiVGHXQPRGRGHWUDQVSRUWH(QHVWHVHQWLGR
HOFRFKHKDVLGRFODUDPHQWHSULYLOHJLDGRSUiFWLFDPHQWHGHVGHVXDSDULFLyQ6WHDGSHUR
HVHQFLDOPHQWHGHVGHPLWDGGHOVLJOR;;HQDGHODQWHDGDSWDQGRHOPHGLRDVXVQHFHVLGDGHV\
D\XGDQGR D VX FUHFLPLHQWR \ GRPLQLR +DVWD TXH HO HTXLOLEULR GHO VLVWHPD KD OOHJDGR D
VtQWRPDV WDQ LQVRVWHQLEOHV TXH QHJDUORV HVWi IXHUD GH WRGD GXGD SDUD OD PD\RUtD GH OD
VRFLHGDG
(Q RWURV SDtVHV VH DSUHFLDQ HIHFWRV PHQRV HVWUXFWXUDOHV SHUR VH LQLFLDQ SROtWLFDV GH FRQWURO
XUEDQR FRPR HVSDFLRV SULRULWDULRV GH WUDQVSRUWH S~EOLFR DSDUFDPLHQWR OLPLWDGR \ WDVDGR R
UHVWULFFLRQHV FUHFLHQWHV GH FLUFXODFLyQ 1R REVWDQWH HO FUHFLPLHQWR GH YHKtFXORV HQ ODV
FLXGDGHVVHUHFXSHUDGHIRUPDUiSLGDHVHQFLDOPHQWHDOVHUXQPHUFDGRHVWUDWpJLFRGHQWURGHO
SDUDGLJPDGHOGHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFRDFXPXODGR
/RVSDtVHVHXURSHRVGLVSRQHQGHPRGHORVXUEDQRVPiVFRPSDFWRV\FRQDOWDYDORUDFLyQGHORV
FHQWURV KLVWyULFRV SRU OR TXH KDQ LGR IRPHQWDQGR SROtWLFDV XUEDQDV WUDWDQGR GH FRQWURODU \
HTXLOLEUDU OD YDULDEOH GH OD PRYLOLGDG 3XFKHU \ %XHKOHU 3RU WDQWR KD\ XQD JUDQ
FDSDFLGDGGHREWHQHUUHVXOWDGRVySWLPRVLQFOXVRGHFDUDDFDPELDUORVPRGHORVGHPRYLOLGDG
\ KDFHUOR VLQ UHGXFLU OD FDSDFLGDG DFWXDO GH ORV LQGLYLGXRV SDUD HMHUFHU VX PRYLOLGDG HQ ODV
FLXGDGHV(VWHSRWHQFLDOHVWDQWRPD\RUHQFLXGDGHVSHTXHxDV\PHGLDVSRUUD]RQHVHYLGHQWHV
GHWDPDxR\GLVWDQFLDV
(Q GHILQLWLYD OD PRYLOLGDG VRVWHQLEOH DIHFWD D HVIHUDV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ HO XUEDQLVPR OD
RUGHQDFLyQGHOWHUULWRULRHOGLVHxR\VHOHFFLyQGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVGHWUDQVSRUWH\XQ

GHWHUPLQDGR VLVWHPD HFRQyPLFR \ ILVFDO %DMR HVWDV HVIHUDV HQFRQWUDPRV HOHPHQWRV

UHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOXVRGHOVXHORORFDOL]DFLyQGHDFWLYLGDGHV\HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHSULRULGDGHV
SROtWLFDV \ VRFLDOHV TXH DGHPiV GHEHQ LPEULFDUVH FRQ OD QHFHVDULD SHGDJRJtD KDFLD OD
VRFLHGDG
/DFRQH[LyQGRFHQWHGHODPRYLOLGDGXUEDQDVRVWHQLEOH
&RPRKHPRVYLVWRGHIRUPDLQWURGXFWRULDODPRYLOLGDGXUEDQDHVXQHOHPHQWRFRWLGLDQRFRQ
P~OWLSOHV IDFHWDV \ iQJXORV GH LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ 3DUD OD ySWLFD GRFHQWH SUHVHQWD FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
GH DSOLFDFLyQ HQ P~OWLSOHV QLYHOHV HGXFDWLYRV VREUH WRGR HQ OD HGXFDFLyQ VHFXQGDULD \
HGXFDFLyQVXSHULRUXQLYHUVLWDULD
'HVGH HO 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH *HRJUDItD \ 2UGHQDFLyQ GHO 7HUULWRULR GH OD 8QLYHVLGDG GH
&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKDGLVSRQHPRVGHXQDOtQHDGHWUDEDMRHQPRYLOLGDGVRVWHQLEOHWDQWRXUEDQD
FRPR LQWHUXUEDQD TXH KHPRV LQFRUSRUDGR UHFLHQWHPHQWH D YDULDV DVLJQDWXUDV RSWDWLYDV GH
FDUiFWHUSURIHVLRQDOL]DQWHHQFRQFUHWRD6LVWHPDVGH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFD$SOLFDFLRQHV
\'HVDUUROOR7HUULWRULDOGRQGHKHPRVFRPSUREDGRODXWLOLGDGGHWUDEDMDUHVWRVDVSHFWRVHQ
FODVHFRQGLYHUVDVHVWUDWHJLDVGHDSUHQGL]DMHEDVDGDVHQ
x (ODSUHQGL]DMHFRODERUDWLYRLQWHUSUHWDQGRHQJUXSRODIRWRJUDItDDpUHDGHODFLXGDG\VX
FDUWRJUDItD XUEDQD REWHQLHQGR LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH OD PRYLOLGDG \ WRPDQGR GHFLVLRQHV
VREUHFyPRUHSUHVHQWDUHVWDLQIRUPDFLyQHQXQPDSD
x (ODSUHQGL]DMHSRUGHVFXEULPLHQWRHQODPHGLGDTXHHODOXPQRLGHQWLILFDORVFRQFHSWRVD
SDUWLUGHVXVSURSLDVUHIHUHQFLDVHVSDFLRWHPSRUDOHV
x (ODSUHQGL]DMHVLJQLILFDWLYRFRQWUDVWDQGRODLQIRUPDFLyQUHFLELGDHQODVH[SRVLFLRQHV
WHyULFDVFRQODLQIRUPDFLyQHQFRQWUDGDHQODSUiFWLFD
x (O DSUHQGL]DMH LQQRYDGRU UHIRUPXODQGR SUREOHPDV FRPR SXHGH VHU OD GHFLVLyQ GH
FDPELDUFRORUHVHQXQPDSDRHOHJLUVtPERORVSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUODLQIRUPDFLyQGHODIRUPD
PiVDWUDFWLYDSRVLEOH
x (ODSUHQGL]DMHYLVXDOTXHSHUPLWLUiUHFRUGDU\DSUHQGHUORVFRQFHSWRVDWUDYpVGHOD
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHOPDSDRODIRWRJUDItDDpUHD
x <SULQFLSDOPHQWHHODSUHQGL]DMHEDVDGRHQSUREOHPDV$%3
(VWDV HVWUDWHJLDV VRQ DVLPLVPR H[WUDSRODEOHV D XQ HQWRUQR HGXFDWLYR GLIHUHQWH (Q HO
GHVDUUROOR GH HMHUFLFLRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD PRYLOLGDG HQ OD (62 \ HO %DFKLOOHUDWR SHUVLJXH
SRQHU HQ SUiFWLFD FRQRFLPLHQWRV XQ VDEHU KDELOLGDGHV XQ VDEHU KDFHU \ DFWLWXGHV
SHUVRQDOHV XQ VDEHU VHU R VDEHU HVWDU $GHPiV GDGD OD UHOHYDQFLD GHO WHPD GHQWUR GH OD
JHVWLyQXUEDQD\ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQDFDGpPLFDHOLQWHUpVGLGiFWLFRVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQWHPDFRQ
XQDHQRUPHWUDQVYHUVDOLGDG
/DVFRPSHWHQFLDVDGHVDUUROODUEDMRHVWHHQIRTXHGHEHQ
D IDFLOLWDUHODSUHQGL]DMHGHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRV
E FRQVLGHUDUVXFDUiFWHUDSOLFDGR
F WHQHUFDUiFWHUGLQiPLFRLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\WUDQVYHUVDO\
G VHUDFWXDOHV\~WLOHVSDUDORVFLXGDGDQRV

&RQFUHWDPHQWH GHEHPRV D\XGDU D FRQVHJXLU ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV FODYH TXH VH SHUVLJXHQ HQ
(QVHxDQ]D6HFXQGDULD/D PRYLOLGDGXUEDQDVRVWHQLEOHVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQFRQFHSWRDPSOLR
TXHSHUPLWHFRQHFWDUHVWDVFRPSHWHQFLDV\GHVDUUROODUODVGHIRUPDLQQRYDGRUDWDQWRHQHODXOD
FRPR IXHUD GH HOOD UHODFLRQiQGRODV FRQ ODV XQLGDGHV GLGiFWLFDV \ DGPLWLHQGR HOHPHQWRV
LQQRYDGRUHVHQVXGHVDUUROOR
'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGRFHQWH HO PpWRGRGH HQVHxDQ]DTXHVHSURSRQH HVLQGXFWLYRHQ OD
PHGLGD TXH EXVFDPRV HO UD]RQDPLHQWR D SDUWLU GH OD REVHUYDFLyQ GH FDVRV SDUWLFXODUHV HO
SODQR XUEDQR GH XQD SREODFLyQ \ VXV GLQiPLFDV GH PRYLOLGDG SHDWRQDO SDUD GHVFXEULU
SULQFLSLRV JHQHUDOHV UHODWLYRV D OD PRUIRORJtD XUEDQD HO FUHFLPLHQWR GH ODV FLXGDGHV OD
RUGHQDFLyQ GH ORV XVRV GHO VXHOR \ ODV WLSRORJtDV HGLILFDWRULDV VLJXLHQGR SDWURQHV
JHQHUDOL]DGRV \ OD IXQFLRQDOLGDG GHQWUR GH OD FLXGDG OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV
HFRQyPLFDVDSURYHFKDQGRODFHQWUDOLGDGXUEDQDORFDOL]DFLyQGHDFWLYLGDGHVOyJLFDVLQWHUQDV
\WHQGHQFLDV
(/0$3$3($721$/0(72'2/2*$<$3/,&$&,1
'HQWUR GH OD PRYLOLGDG XUEDQD VRVWHQLEOH ORV PRGRV QR PRWRUL]DGRV WUDQVSRUWH D SLH \
ELFLFOHWD VRQ HO REMHWR SULQFLSDO GH SURPRFLyQ GDGR TXH HOORV VRQ ORV TXH JDUDQWL]DQ HQ
PD\RUPHGLGDHOFDPELRGHWHQGHQFLDHQORVHQWRUQRVXUEDQRVFRQSUREOHPDV(QFLXGDGHVGH
WDPDxR PHGLDQR \ JUDQGH OD ELFLFOHWD VH FRQYLHUWH HQ OD PHMRU RSFLyQ SXHVWR TXH ODV
GLVWDQFLDV\YHORFLGDGHVTXHGHVDUUROODVHDGDSWDQPHMRUSDUDXQXVRFRWLGLDQR(QFLXGDGHV
GHPHQRUWDPDxRHOWUDQVSRUWHDSLHHVODVROXFLyQTXHRIUHFHPiVYHQWDMDVVLQGXGDDOWLHPSR
TXHQRVXHOHRIUHFHUUHVLVWHQFLDVDOXVRFRPRSXHGHRFXUULUFRQODELFLFOHWD
%DMR HVWH HQIRTXH VXUJH OD FDUWRJUDItD SHDWRQDO TXH FXHQWD FRQ HO OODPDGR PHWURPLQXWR
FRPRSXQWRGHUHIHUHQFLD%DMRXQSUR\HFWRGHPRYLOLGDGGHO$\XQWDPLHQWRGH3RQWHYHGUDVH
GHVDUUROODHVWDLGHDHQTXHFRQVLVWHHQFRQVWUXLUXQDLPDJHQVLQySWLFDGHODFLXGDG\VXV
OXJDUHV PiV SRSXODUHV )LJXUDD SDUWLU GH OD EDVH FDUWRJUiILFDUHDO HQ IRUPDWR GLJLWDO (O
UHVXOWDGR HV XQD LPDJHQ GH OD FLXGDG TXH VHxDOD OD FRQH[LyQ GH VXV SXQWRV GHVWDFDGRV
PHGLDQWHYHFWRUHVGHGLVWLQWRFRORUHLQGLFDODORQJLWXGGHFDGDXQRGHHOORV\ODYHORFLGDGHQ
UHFRUUHUORVDSLHDUD]yQGHXQDYHORFLGDGGH.PK
(QORVPDSDVmetrominuto VHDSOLFDQORVSULQFLSLRVEiVLFRVGHORFDOL]DFLyQGHKLWRVRSXQWRV
XUEDQRVGHUHIHUHQFLD\VXXQLyQPHGLDQWHLWLQHUDULRVIXQFLRQDOHVSHDWRQDOHV2EYLDPHQWHVH
DGDSWDQRLQFRUSRUDQQRYHGDGHVHQUHODFLyQDORVFULWHULRVTXHHVWDEOHFHFDGDFLXGDGFRPRHO
DxDGLGR GH UHIHUHQFLDV SDUD OD ELFLFOHWD XUEDQD DSDUFDPLHQWR FLFORYtDV R WLHPSRV HQ
ELFLFOHWD 8QD GH ODV GHELOLGDGHV TXH WLHQH metrominuto HV OD SpUGLGD GH UHIHUHQFLDV UHDOHV
FRQHOSODQRGHODFLXGDG/DVLQRSVLV\VXSUHVLyQGHFDOOHVUHGXFHODFDSDFLGDGGHXVROHFWXUD
H LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHO SODQR VREUH OD FLXGDG GLVPLQX\HQGR VX HILFDFLD (VWD GHILFLHQFLD VH
UHVXHOYH FRQ OD LQFOXVLyQ D PRGR GH IRQGR FDUWRJUiILFR GH OD FDUWRJUDItD XUEDQD GH
PDQ]DQDVXUEDQDVRGHXQDIRWRJUDItDDpUHDGHODFLXGDGTXHD\XGDDODVLWXDFLyQHVSDFLDO
3RU RWUR ODGR HO GLVHxR DEVWUDFWR GH OD FDUWRJUDItD XUEDQD GH OD FLXGDG D\XGD DO OHFWRU D
GHVDUUROODUVXVFDSDFLGDGHVWRSROyJLFDVJHRPpWULFDV\GHDEVWUDFFLyQ

&RPXQLFDFLyQOLQJtVWLFD&RPSHWHQFLDPDWHPiWLFD\FRPSHWHQFLDVEiVLFDVHQFLHQFLD\WHFQRORJtD&RPSHWHQFLDGLJLWDO
&RPSHWHQFLD GH $SUHQGHU D DSUHQGHU &RPSHWHQFLDV VRFLDOHV \ FtYLFDV 6HQWLGR GH LQLFLDWLYD \ HVStULWX HPSUHQGHGRU \
&RQFLHQFLD\([SUHVLyQFXOWXUDO

)LJXUD(MHPSORGH0HWURPLQXWRGHODFLXGDGGH3RQWHYHGUD
)XHQWHKWWSZZZSRQWHYHGUDHXPRYHWH
6HD FXDO IXHUH OD RSFLyQ PHWRGROyJLFD UHVXOWD LQQHJDEOH OD FDSDFLGDG GH HVWH WLSR GH
FDUWRJUDItDVSDUDUHVDOWDUODSHUPHDELOLGDGSHDWRQDOGHODVFLXGDGHV\VXVFLWDUHOGHEDWHVREUH
HOPRGHORXUEDQRGHQWURGHODQHFHVLGDGFROHFWLYDTXHHVODPRYLOLGDG
(O SURSyVLWR GH HVWDV LQLFLDWLYDV HQ PDWHULD GRFHQWH HV FRQWUDVWDU OD GLGiFWLFD GH OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQGHPDSDVEDMRODKLSyWHVLVGHTXHHOGLVHxRGHHVWRVPDSDVSRUORVFLXGDGDQRV
GH FXDOTXLHU HGDG \ QLYHO FXOWXUDO D\XGD D XQD PD\RU HGXFDFLyQ \ VHQVLELOLGDG VREUH OD
FLXGDG (VSHFLDOPHQWH HQ ODV HGDGHV WHPSUDQDV metrominuto SXHGH VXVFLWDU OD VHQVLELOLGDG
KDFLD FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV FtYLFRV \ VRVWHQLEOHV \ PRWLYDU HO HPSUHQGLPLHQWR GHVGH P~OWLSOHV
HQIRTXHV 3RU HMHPSOR DO DQDOL]DU OD HVWUXFWXUD XUEDQD \ OD GLVWULEXFLyQ HVSDFLDO GH
DFWLYLGDGHV FRPR HO FRPHUFLR HO DOXPQR YDORUD VX RIHUWD \ GHPDQGD OR DVRFLD FRQ OD
SREODFLyQUHVLGHQWHHLWLQHUDQWHFRQORVUHFXUVRVWXUtVWLFRVFRQODFDOLGDGGHOHVSDFLRXUEDQR
HWF
(-(03/2 '( 352<(&72 '( ,1129$&,1 '2&(17( $1/,6,6 <

029,/,'$' 85%$1$ (1 (/ ,(6 +(50*(1(6 52'5*8(= +(5(1&,$
&,8'$'5($/
7UDV HO DQWHFHGHQWH GH WUDEDMR HQ PRYLOLGDG SHDWRQDO FRQ XQ HQIRTXH DFDGpPLFR HQ HO
FRQWH[WRGHORVHVWXGLRVXQLYHUVLWDULRVGHO*UDGRGH*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULRVH
SUHVHQWy OD RSRUWXQLGDG GH DSOLFDU HVWD PHWRGRORJtD GHQWUR GH XQ SUR\HFWR GH LQQRYDFLyQ

GRFHQWH GH HGXFDFLyQ VHFXQGDULD HQ FRODERUDFLyQ FRQ HO ,QVWLWXR GH (QVHxDQ]D 6HFXQGDULD
+HUPyJHQHV5RGUtJXH]GHODORFDOLGDGGH+HUHQFLD&LXGDG5HDO
3DUD HOGHVDUUROORGH HVWHSUR\HFWR VHSURSRQHOD LQQRYDFLyQGHIDFLOLWDUODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH
DOXPQRV GHO *UDGR GH *HRJUDItD \ 2UGHQDFLyQ GHO 7HUULWRULR TXH WHQGUiQ OD IXQFLyQ GH
H[SOLFDU HO SUR\HFWR HQ FODVH \ GLULJLU ORV SDVRV RUJDQL]DWLYRV GH ORV DOXPQRV GHO ,(6
+HUPyJHQHV5RGUtJXH]DVtFRPRODDFODUDFLyQGHODVGXGDVHQHOPDQHMRGHODVIXHQWHV\HO
GLVHxR GH ORV PDSDV WDQWR HQ SDSHO FRPR GLJLWDOHV (VWR SHUPLWLUi HO LQWHUFDPELR GH LGHDV
HQWUHMyYHQHVGHGLVWLQWDVHGDGHV\QLYHOHVHGXFDWLYRV\HOGHVDUUROORGHKDELOLGDGHVVRFLDOHVH
LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV
/RVDQWHFHQGHQWHVGHOSUR\HFWRODH[SHULHQFLDMetrominuto Tomelloso
$ LQLFLDWLYD GHO $\XQWDPLHQWR GH 7RPHOORVR &LXGDG 5HDO VH SXVR HQ PDUFKD XQ SUR\HFWR
SLORWR EDVDGR HQ OD H[SHULHQFLD Metrominuto de Pontevedra HQWUH ORV PHVHV GH IHEUHUR \
MXQLRGH(OSODQWHDPLHQWRLQLFLDOGHHVWDDFWLYLGDGVHFHQWUDEDHQXQFRQFXUVRGHLGHDV
HQWUHDOXPQRVGHO*UDGRGH*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULRGHORV~OWLPRVFXUVRVFRQ
H[SHULHQFLD HQ DVLJQDWXUDV WpFQLFDV (VWD YLVLyQ VH VXVWLWX\HSRU RWUD GH FDUiFWHU GLGiFWLFR \
HQIRFDGRDODSUHQGL]DMHFRODERUDWLYRHQXQHQWRUQRUHDOHVGHFLUVHSODQWHDODFRQVWUXFFLyQ
GHXQHTXLSRGHWUDEDMRFRRUGLQDGRTXHGHVDUUROODODLGHD/DRULHQWDFLyQGHOWUDEDMRVHGLULJH
DGRVWLSRVGHS~EOLFRHOORFDOWUDWDQGRGHVHQVLELOL]DUHQPDWHULDGHPRYLOLGDGVRVWHQLEOH\
HOH[WHUQRLQFRUSRUDQGRHOHPHQWRVGHLQWHUpVWXUtVWLFR(QHVWH~OWLPRFDVRHOUHWRFRQVLVWHHQ
ODQ]DUXQDDOWHUQDWLYDTXHSHUPLWDDXQXVXDULRGHHVWDFDUWRJUDItDRULHQWDUVHHQODFLXGDGVLQ
GLVSRQHUGHVXVSURSLDVUHIHUHQFLDVHQODFLXGDG
&RQHVWDEDVHVHGHILQHXQFURQRJUDPDGHDFFLyQHQGRVIDVHV
x 'HILQLFLyQPHWRGROyJLFD\UHFRJLGDGHLQIRUPDFLyQ
x *HVWLyQGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ\GHVDUUROORGHUHVXOWDGRV
(O PDUFR RSHUDWLYR GHILQH GRV HTXLSRV GH WUDEDMR FRRUGLQDGRV SRU ORV GRFHQWHV GH ODV
DVLJQDWXUDV 6,* $SOLFDFLRQHV \ 'HVDUUROOR 7HUULWRULDO GHO *UDGR GH *HRJUDItD \
2UGHQDFLyQ GHO 7HUULWRULR GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD XQ HTXLSR GH WUDEDMR
FRPSXHVWR SRU ORV DOXPQRV GH 6,* $SOLFDFLRQHV HQFDUJDGRV GHO GHVDUUROOR GH OD EDVH
FDUWRJUiILFD \ RWUR JUXSR IRUPDGR SRU ORV DOXPQRV GH 'HVDUUROOR 7HUULWRULDO HQFDUJDGRV
GHOSUR\HFWRGHDQiOLVLV GH PRYLOLGDGORFDO(VWRVHTXLSRV GHVDUUROODQGLIHUHQWHV DFWLYLGDGHV
GHQWUR GH XQD PHWRGRORJtD GH DSUHQGL]DMH EDVDGD HQ SUR\HFWRV FRQ HQIRTXH FRODERUDWLYR \
DFFLyQ GLUHFWD HQ HO WHUULWRULR TXH GD FRPR UHVXOWDGR XQ metrominuto TXH HPSOHD HO
$\XQWDPLHQWRGHQWURGHVXHVWUDWHJLDGHPRYLOLGDGXUEDQD\KDVLGRSUHVHQWDGRHQOD6HPDQD
(XURSHDGHOD0RYLOLGDGHQVHSWLHPEUHGH
(O$\XQWDPLHQWRGH7RPHOORVRFXHQWDFRQWUHVSURGXFWRVFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHODLQLFLDWLYD
x &DUWHO$GHOMetrominuto Tomelloso SDUDODVPDUTXHVLQDVGHDXWRE~V\HGLILFLRV
S~EOLFRV
x 'tSWLFRGHPDQRSDUDHQWUHJDDYLDQGDQWHV\SHDWRQHV)LJXUDD\E

KWWSVQRWLFLDVFLXGDGUHDOFRPWRPHOORVRHVWDEOHFHUHODFLRQHVFRQODXFOP\VHUDXQDGHODVVHGHVGHORV
FXUVRVGHYHUDQR

KWWSHQWRPHOORVRFRPUHFRUUHUWRPHOORVRDSLHHVPDVIDFLOJUDFLDVDPHWURPLQXWR

x 0HPRULDGHH[SORWDFLyQGHOHVWXGLRGHFDPSRVREUHPRYLOLGDGXUEDQDVRVWHQLEOH
)LJXUDD3RUWDGDGHOGtSWLFR0HWURPLQXWR7RPHOORVR(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
)LJXUDE0DSDGHOGtSWLFRMetrominuto Tomelloso(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

/D H[SHULHQFLD IXH DOWDPHQWH VDWLVIDFWRULD GHVGH WRGRV ORV SXQWRV GH YLVWD \ SHUPLWLy
RSHUDWLYL]DU XQD PHWRGRORJtD VHQFLOOD TXH SHUPLWH DO DOXPQR XQLYHUVLWDULR SRQHU HQ SUiFWLFD
FRPSHWHQFLDV SURIHVLRQDOL]DQWHV DO WLHPSR TXH KDFH XVR GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV WHyULFRV GH RWUDV
DVLJQDWXUDV GH OD FDUUHUD (VWD H[SHULHQFLD SUHYLD GHVDUUROODGD HQ HO PDUFR GH OD GRFHQFLD
XQLYHUVLWDULD DEUH QXHYRV FDPLQRV DO WUDEDMR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ PRYLOLGDG VRVWHQLEOH
LQFRUSRUDQGR QXHYRV DVSHFWRV GH FDUiFWHU FRPSOHPHQWDULR TXH UHIXHU]DQ DGHPiV OD
WUDQVIHUHQFLDGHOWUDEDMRDFDGpPLFRDODVRFLHGDG
2EMHWLYRVGHODFRODERUDFLyQGRFHQWHWUDQVYHUVDO
&RQ OD H[SHULHQFLD DQWHULRU \ GDGRV ORV P~OWLSOHV DVSHFWRV FRWLGLDQRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD
PRYLOLGDG\ODWUDQVYHUVDOLGDGFRQRWURVQLYHOHVHGXFDWLYRVVHDEULyHOFDPLQRSDUDFRODERUDU
FRQ,QVWLWXWRVGH(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULDHQUHODFLyQDOGHVDUUROORGHFRPSHWHQFLDVHVSHFtILFDV
HQ ODV PDWHULDV GH &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV \ *HRJUDItD \ OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GH WHPDV WUDQVYHUVDOHV
FRPRHOXVRGHODV7,&\ODHGXFDFLyQHQFRQFLHQFLDDPELHQWDO\GHVDUUROORVRVWHQLEOHHQWUH
RWUDVVHJXULGDGYLDORHVStULWXHPSUHQGHGRUSRUHMHPSOR
1XHVWUR REMHWLYR HV TXH ORV DOXPQRV SDUWLFLSDQWHV GHO ,(6 +HUPyJHQHV 5RGUtJXH] GH
+HUHQFLDFRQVWUX\DQHOPDSDmetrominuto GHODVWUHVSREODFLRQHVGRQGHUHVLGHQORVDOXPQRV
GHO ,QVWLWXWR +HUHQFLD 9LOODUWD GH 6DQ -XDQ \ 3XHUWR /iSLFH 3DUD HOOR FRQWDUiQ FRQ OD
FRODERUDFLyQ\WXWRUtDGHHVWXGLDQWHVGHO*UDGRGH*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULRGHOD
8QLYHUVLGDG GH &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD \ VHUiQ GLULJLGRV SRU ORV SURIHVRUHV GH ODV DVLJQDWXUDV
SDUWLFLSDQWHVGHDPEDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV
/RVJUXSRVLPSOLFDGRVHQHOSUR\HFWRVRQGH(62HQODDVLJQDWXUDGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV
GH %DFKLOOHUDWR HQ *HRJUDItD \ ODV DVLJQDWXUDV GH 6,* $SOLFDFLRQHV \ 'HVDUUROOR
7HUULWRULDO GHQWUR GHO *UDGR GH *HRJUDItD \ 2UGHQDFLyQ GHO 7HUULWRULR GH OD 8&/0 3DUD
VLQWHWL]DUHOSUR\HFWR\VLPSOLILFDUODDFFLyQGRFHQWHODWDEODPXHVWUDODVHFXHQFLDGHIDVHV\
WDUHDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOSUR\HFWRGHWDOODQGRORVFRQWHQLGRV\ODVFRPSHWHQFLDVLPSOLFDGDV
HQFDGDXQDGHHOODV
8Q DVSHFWR UHOHYDQWH GHO SUR\HFWR HV OD LQQRYDFLyQ GRFHQWH QR VyOR D WUDYpV GH OD SURSLD
LQWHUDFFLyQHQWUHQLYHOHVHGXFDWLYRV\ODDSOLFDFLyQGHOUHVXOWDGRVLQRSRUODFRQVROLGDFLyQGH
ORVVLJXLHQWHVREMHWLYRVFRQFUHWRV
x 3HUIHFFLRQDUODPHWRGRORJtDGRFHQWHSDUDDILDQ]DUFRQFHSWRV\FRQRFLPLHQWRVSURSLRV
GHODVDVLJQDWXUDVLQGLFDGDV
x 'HVDUUROODUODVFRPSHWHQFLDVSURSLDVGHFDGDFXUVRRJUXSRGHDOXPQRV
x 0RWLYDUDORVDOXPQRVHQODIRUPDFLyQDFFLyQHODSUHQGL]DMHVLJQLILFDWLYR\HO
DSUHQGL]DMHEDVDGRHQSUREOHPDV
x &UHDUFRQFLHQFLDFLXGDGDQD\HPSUHQGHGRUD
(O SODQ GH WUDEDMR SODQWHDGR HQ OD WDEOD WLHQH XQD DSOLFDFLyQ GLIHUHQWH SDUD FDGD SHUILO GH
DOXPQRDGDSWiQGRVHWDQWRODVUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVFRPRODVWDUHDVFRQFUHWDVHQFDGDFDVRWDO\
FRPRGHVDUUROODPRVHQORVVLJXLHQWHVHStJUDIHV


&RPSHWHQFLDV
)DVH 7DUHD 'HVFULSFLyQ 0pWRGR 0DWHULDOHV (62 %DFK 8QLY
%DVH 5HFRJLGDGHLQIRUPDFLyQ %~VTXHGDHQ (
&DUWRFLXGDG &' &'
FDUWRJUiILFD FDUWRJUiILFDGHEDVH EDVHVGLJLWDOHV *
6HOHFFLyQGHORVSXQWRVGH )RWR312$
UHIHUHQFLDHLWLQHUDULRV $QiOLVLV &6& &6& (
+LWRV\VHQGDV SUHIHUHQWHVGHODWUDPD XUEDQR

3DWULPRQLRVHUYLFLRV 6DOLGDGH )RWR312$ &$$ &$$ *
'RFXPHQWDFLyQ S~EOLFRVFRPHUFLRHWF FDPSR 6,(( 6,(( 77
5HFRJLGD 0HGLFLyQGH $UF0DS
GH GLVWDQFLDV\ &iOFXORGHORVWLHPSRVGH &0&7 &0&7 (
LQIRUPDFLyQ WLHPSRV WUDVODGRHQORVLWLQHUDULRV 6,*
&UHDFLyQGH )RWR312$
&&/ &&/ *
DUFKLYR 'RFXPHQWDFLyQIRWRJUiILFD 6DOLGDGH
&$$ &$$ 77
IRWRJUiILFR GHORVDVSHFWRVUHOHYDQWHV FDPSR
([FHOO *
5HFRJLGDGHLQIRUPDFLyQ $FFHVV 7
&&/ &&/
9DORUDFLRQHV\ VREUHODSHUFHSFLyQORFDO (QFXHVWD\ 7
H[SHFWDWLYDV GHODPRYLOLGDG HQWUHYLVWDV 7
9ROFDGR 7UDVODGRGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ $UF0DS
&0&7 &0&7
(
7UDWDPLHQWR LQIRUPiWLFR DODEDVHFDUWRJUiILFD 6,* (
GHOD 6366 (
LQIRUPDFLyQ 9ROFDGR 7UDWDPLHQWRHVWDGtVWLFRGH 3DTXHWH ([FHOO &0&7 &0&7 (
HVWDGtVWLFR ODVHQFXHVWDV RILPiWLFD (
'UDZ3OXV &' (
&'
'HILQLFLyQGHXQ 'LVHxR 6,(( *
6,((
6DOLGDVJUiILFDV SURGXFWRLPSUHVR FDUWRJUiILFR &&(& 77
(VWUDWHJLDGH +HUUDPLHQWDV &&/ &&/
*
FRPXQLFDFLyQGHORV 7UDEDMR GLJLWDOHV
*
3URGXFFLyQ &RPXQLFDFLyQ UHVXOWDGRV FRODERUDWLYR &6& &6&
GH 6,(( 6,((
6HVLyQGH 3DTXHWH (
UHVXOWDGRV 7UDQVIHUHQFLD 5HIXHU]RFRQORV FRQWURO \ RILPiWLFD &$$ &$$
7
LQWHUQD FRQWHQLGRVGRFHQWHV UHVXPHQ
3DTXHWH (
,QIRUPH RILPiWLFD &$$ &$$ (
7UDQVIHUHQFLD (ODERUDFLyQGHXQ WpFQLFR\R &6& &6& *
H[WHUQD GRFXPHQWRGHVtQWHVLV DFDGpPLFR 77
7DEOD&XDGURGHWDUHDV\FRPSHWHQFLDVUHODFLRQDGDVSRUQLYHOHGXFDWLYR

3ODQGHWUDEDMRHQGHOD(62
(QGH(62SURSRQHPRVODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODIRWRJUDItDDpUHD\FDUWRJUDItDXUEDQDGHODV
SREODFLRQHV \ OD FUHDFLyQ GH XQ PDSD GH SXQWRV TXH ORFDOLFHQ ORV HGLILFLRV R OXJDUHV PiV
VLJQLILFDWLYRV GH OD FLXGDG D\XQWDPLHQWR FHQWURV HGXFDWLYRV DGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV FRPHUFLR
HPSUHVDV HWF (O PDSD VH DFRPSDxDUi GH XQD OH\HQGD \ VLPERORJtD GHWHUPLQDGD GH PRGR
TXH HO DOXPQR DSUHQGD D RUJDQL]DU OD UHFRJLGD RUGHQDGD \ VHFXHQFLDO GH LQIRUPDFLyQ (VWH
WUDEDMRSRGUiDFRPSDxDUVHGHIRWRJUDItDV\GRFXPHQWRVVRQRURVRYLGHRVVREUHH[SOLFDFLRQHV
GHSHUVRQDVGHHGDGDFHUFDGHORVOXJDUHVVLJQLILFDWLYRVGHODSREODFLyQ

(OOLVWDGRGHFRPSHWHQFLDVSRUFDGDQLYHOHGXFDWLYRVHPXHVWUDHQODWDEODDQH[DDOILQDOGHOWH[WR

$WHQGLHQGRDODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHGHVFXEUDQORVDOXPQRVDSDUWLUGHODIRWRJUDItDDpUHDSH
]RQDV XUEDQDV UHVLGHQFLDV R LQGXVWULDOHV XVRV DJUDULRV HVSDFLRV GH PRQWDxD OODQXUDV GH
LQXQGDFLyQHWF\DODTXHUHFRMDQGLUHFWDPHQWHHQWUDEDMRGHFDPSRUHDOL]DUiQXQDWLSRORJtD
GHHVSDFLRV\DFWLYLGDGHVKXPDQDV\FRPHQWDUiQODVUD]RQHVGHVXORFDOL]DFLyQHVSDFLDO
/RVUHVXOWDGRVSRGUiQSODVPDUVHHQXQ PDSD HQSDSHO HQ XQEORJRHQXQDZHE GH*RRJOH
0DSV HQ XQ WUDEDMR HVFULWR HWF (O DOXPQR GHFLGLUi HO PRGR GH SUHVHQWDFLyQ GH OD
LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH KD REWHQLGR VHJ~Q VXV FDSDFLGDGHV \ DSRUWDUi XQD PHPRULD HVFULWD GH
FXDWURSiJLQDVVREUHHOSURFHVRUHDOL]DGRTXHLQFOXLUiWDPELpQPDSDV\IRWRJUDItDV7RGRHOOR
FRQHODSR\RRGLUHFFLyQGHXQDJXtDRHVTXHPDGHWUDEDMRTXHLQFOXLUiORVSXQWRVHVHQFLDOHV
TXHGHEHFRPHQWDU
7RGDV HVWDV SUiFWLFDV VH UHODFLRQDQ FRQ ODV XQLGDGHV GLGiFWLFDV GHO %ORTXH (O HVSDFLR
KXPDQRGH(VSDxD\&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKDGHOD3URJUDPDFLyQGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVGHGH
(62 GHO ,(6 +HUPyJHQHV 5RGUtJXH] /D FLXGDG \ HO SURFHVR GH XUEDQL]DFLyQ /RV
VLVWHPDV\VHFWRUHVHFRQyPLFRV\(ODSURYHFKDPLHQWR\IXWXURGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV
2EMHWLYRVFRQFUHWRV\SODQGHWUDEDMRHQGH%DFKLOOHUDWR
(QGH%DFKLOOHUDWRSODQWHDPRVTXHORVDOXPQRVDERUGHQGLUHFWDPHQWHODGHILQLFLyQGHORV
PDSDVGHPRYLOLGDGSHDWRQDODSDUWLUGHXQDEUHYHLQWURGXFFLyQVREUHFXiOHVVRQORVREMHWLYRV
TXHSHUVHJXLPRV/HVSURSRQGUHPRVLQLFLDOPHQWHTXHXWLOLFHQ,QWHUQHWSDUDHQFRQWUDUDOJXQRV
HMHPSORV GH ORV PDSDV metrominuto \D SXEOLFDGRV HQ RWUDV FLXGDGHV /D SUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO
SUR\HFWRWDPELpQFRQWHPSODUiODGHILQLFLyQFRODERUDWLYDGHXQDPHWRGRORJtDGHWUDEDMRSDUD
RUJDQL]DU ODV WDUHDV GH PRGR TXH HQVHxHPRV WpFQLFDV GH SODQLILFDFLyQ GH SUR\HFWRV D ORV
DOXPQRV
/RVDOXPQRVVHxDODUiQORVLWLQHUDULRVSHDWRQDOHVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVFXDQWLILFDQGRODVGLVWDQFLDV
\ ORV WLHPSRVQHFHVDULRV SDUD WUDQVLWDUORV DUD]yQ GH NPK (OWUDEDMR VHUi UHDOL]DGR HQ HO
DXOD \ HQ ODV KRUDV GH WUDEDMR DXWyQRPR &XDQGR VH GLVSRQJD GH XQ ERUUDGRU HQ SDSHO VH
LQGLFDUiQ ORV SDVRV SDUD SURGXFLU XQ PDSD GLJLWDO VLPLODU D ORV HQFRQWUDGRV HQ ,QWHUQHW FRQ
D\XGD GH FDUWRJUDItD GLJLWDO VRIWZDUH GH JHVWLyQ GH LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD \ VRIWZDUH GH
GLVHxRJUiILFR
(VWDSUiFWLFDVHUHODFLRQDSULQFLSDOPHQWHFRQOD8QLGDG'LGiFWLFD(O(VSDFLR8UEDQRGHOD
3URJUDPDFLyQ GH OD DVLJQDWXUD *HRJUDItD GH GH %DFKLOOHUDWR GHO ,(6 +HUPyJHQHV
5RGUtJXH]TXHVHGHVJORVDHQORVVLJXLHQWHVSXQWRV
x (OFRQFHSWR\ODLPSRUWDQFLDGHODFLXGDG
x (OSURFHVRGHXUEDQL]DFLyQ(WDSDVSUHLQGXVWULDOLQGXVWULDO\SRVWLQGXVWULDO
x /DPRUIRORJtDXUEDQDHPSOD]DPLHQWRVLWXDFLyQSODQRWUDPDHGLILFDFLyQ\XVRVGHO
VXHOR
x /DHVWUXFWXUDXUEDQDFDVFRDQWLJXRFLXGDGLQGXVWULDOSHULIHULD\DJORPHUDFLRQHV
XUEDQDV

6HGHVDUUROODUiQJXtDVGHGLJLWDOL]DFLyQGHORVGDWRVHQFRRUGLQDFLyQFRQHOSURIHVRUGHODDVLJQDWXUD\HOQLYHOTXHHO
REVHUYHGHFDSDFLWDFLyQWHFQROyJLFDGHODOXPQDGR

x 3UREOHPDVGHODVFLXGDGHVHVSDxRODVGHULYDGRVGHODDJORPHUDFLyQHFRQyPLFRV
GHPRJUiILFRVVRFLDOHV\PHGLRDPELHQWDOHV
x /DRUGHQDFLyQGHOHVSDFLRXUEDQR\HOXUEDQLVPR(WDSDVLQGXVWULDO\SRVWLQGXVWULDO
x (OVLVWHPDXUEDQRHVSDxROFRPSRQHQWHVMHUDUTXtDXUEDQDRUJDQL]DFLyQHVSDFLDOHQ
HMHV\FDPELRVUHFLHQWHVLQFRUSRUDFLyQDORVVLVWHPDVXUEDQRVHXURSHR\JOREDO
(OWUDEDMRDXWyQRPRVREUHODFDUWRJUDItD\ODIRWRJUDItDDpUHDIDFLOLWDUiQDODOXPQRXQDPSOLR
DSUHQGL]DMH\HVWXGLRVLJQLILFDWLYRGHODVFXHVWLRQHVWHyULFDVYLVWDVHQFODVH
3ODQGHWUDEDMRSDUDORVDOXPQRVXQLYHUVLWDULRV
/D UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GH ORV DOXPQRV XQLYHUVLWDULRV HV PiV HOHYDGD \D TXH HOORV DSOLFDQ
FRPSHWHQFLDV SURIHVLRQDOL]DQWHV HQ PDWHULD GH FRRUGLQDFLyQ \ GHVDUUROOR GH SUR\HFWRV
DSOLFDGRVFRQYHUWLHQWHWHUULWRULDO6XVWDUHDVVHUiQ
x &RODERUDUFRQORVGRFHQWHVGHO,(6+HUPyJHQHV5RGUtJXH]HQODUHODFLyQGHORV
FRQWHQLGRVGHFODVHFRQORVDVSHFWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOSUR\HFWRGHmetrominuto
x &RRUGLQDUODVWDUHDVTXHHIHFW~HQORVDOXPQRVGHVHFXQGDULDHLQFRUSRUDUODVDOGRVVLHU
GHWUDEDMRFRQMXQWR
x &RQFOXLUFDGDIDVHGHOWUDEDMRGHIRUPDVDWLVIDFWRULDHQFRRUGLQDFLyQFRQORVGRFHQWHV
XQLYHUVLWDULRV
&DGD XQD GH ODV WDUHDV VH GLVHxDQ FRPR WDOOHUHV EDMR HO HQIRTXH GHO DSUHQGL]DMH EDVDGR HQ
SUREOHPDV TXH SHUPLWH HO GLVHxR GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV GHQWUR \ IXHUD GHO DXOD FRQ PD\RU
IOH[LELOLGDG DGDSWiQGRQRV D ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH HVWD LQLFLDWLYD $xDGLGR D HVWR H[LVWH OD
SRVLELOLGDGGHUHDOL]DUXQDFRQYRFDWRULDGHSUiFWLFDVH[WHUQDVH[WUDFXUULFXODUHVSDUDDOXPQRV
GH *UDGR FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH TXH XQ DOXPQR R DOXPQD SXHGD GHVHPSHxDU HO SDSHO GH OD
FRRUGLQDFLyQJHQHUDO'HHVWDIRUPDVHDXPHQWDHOSHUILOSURIHVLRQDOL]DQWHGHODDFWLYLGDGVH
GRWD D OD PLVPD GH XQ SHUVRQDO HVSHFtILFR\VHJDUDQWL]D OD DWHQFLyQ DO WUDEDMR D GHVDUUROODU
SDUDREWHQHUORVUHVXOWDGRVHVSHUDGRV
&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
(O SUR\HFWR GRFHQWH TXH SUHVHQWDPRV GLVSRQH GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV VLQJXODUHV TXH OR KDFHQ
LQWHUHVDQWH(QSULPHUOXJDUHVWUDQVYHUVDOLQFRUSRUDQGRWUHVQLYHOHVHGXFDWLYRVGLIHUHQWHV/D
SRVLELOLGDG GH UHDOL]DU HVWD LQWHJUDFLyQ OD RIUHFH HO WHPD GH GHVDUUROOR TXH HV OD PRYLOLGDG
XUEDQDVRVWHQLEOH&RPRKHPRVYLVWRHQODLQWURGXFFLyQHVXQWHPDGHDFWXDOLGDGUHODFLRQDGR
FRQDVSHFWRVGHO DQiOLVLV\GHVDUUROORXUEDQRFRQHOHPHQWRVGHFRQH[LyQFRQODDFWLYLGDG\
IXQFLyQGHQXHVWURVPXQLFLSLRV\GHQWURGHOGLVFXUVRGHODVRVWHQLELOLGDGDPELHQWDOVRFLDO\
HFRQyPLFD 3HUPLWH D ORV DOXPQRV WUDEDMDU HQ FXHVWLRQHV DFWXDOHV UHIRU]DQGR FRQWHQLGRV GH
VXV UHVSHFWLYDV DVLJQDWXUDV \ HQIRFDU HO WUDEDMR D OD SURGXFFLyQ GH UHVXOWDGRV TXH SXHGHQ
FRPXQLFDU\GHEDWLUFRQSRVWHULRULGDG
&RQVLGHUDPRV TXH OD RSRUWXQLGDG SDUD JHQHUDU HVWH WLSR GH SUR\HFWRV WUDQVYHUVDOHV QR GHEH
GHVGHxDUVH (Q XQD FR\XQWXUD FRPR OD DFWXDO HQ HO TXH OD YLVLELOLGDG GH OD *HRJUDItD HV
PHQRUSRUGLIHUHQWHVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVHVQHFHVDULRTXHLQWHJUHPRVQXHVWURWUDEDMRHQLQLFLDWLYDV
FRQ XQD YRFDFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD D OD VRFLHGDG\DTXH DVt UHIRU]DPRV WDQWR D OD GLVFLSOLQD
FRPRDODVGLIHUHQWHVYHUWLHQWHVDSOLFDGDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODPLVPD


/DWUDQVIHUHQFLDH[WHUQDTXHJHQHUDHVWDLQLFLDWLYDVHFRQFUHWDHQGLIHUHQWHVQLYHOHV3RUXQD
SDUWH LQFLGH HQ OD FRQH[LyQ \ FRPXQLFDFLyQ HQWUH OD HGXFDFLyQ VXSHULRU \ OD HGXFDFLyQ
VHFXQGDULDPHMRUDQGRODWUDQVLFLyQHQWUHDPEDV\D\XGDQGRDTXHORVDOXPQRVGHVHFXQGDULD
FRPLHQFHQ D IDPLOLDUL]DUVH FRQ ORV HVWXGLRV XQLYHUVLWDULRV GH XQD IRUPD DSOLFDGD 'H RWUR
ODGR ORV UHVXOWDGRV LQFOXLGRV HQ HO SUR\HFWR VXSRQHQ XQD UHIOH[LyQ VREUH ORV PXQLFLSLRV
DQDOL]DGRVTXH DEUHXQDYtDGHGHEDWHVRFLDOVREUHOD PRYLOLGDGXUEDQD\VREUHODVSRVLEOHV
VROXFLRQHVGHQWURGHORVSDUiPHWURVGHODVRVWHQLELOLGDG
)LQDOPHQWHODFLXGDGVHGRWDGHXQQXHYRGRFXPHQWRJUiILFRVREUHVXVRSRUWXQLGDGHVFRPR
HVSDFLR YLWDO FRQVWUXLGR SRU VXV MyYHQHV TXH VH VHQWLUiQ PiV LGHQWLILFDGRV FRQ VX SURSLR
OXJDU

%,%/,2*5$)$
(85267$7Transport. Road Transport: Motorisation rate/X[HPEXUJR2ILFLQDGH
SXEOLFDFLRQHVRILFLDOHVGHODV&RPXQLGDGHV(XURSHDV>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSHFHXURSDHXHXURVWDWZHEWUDQVSRUWGDWDPDLQWDEOHV!>~OWLPRDFFHVRMXOLR@
/L]iUUDJD&0RYLOLGDGXUEDQDVRVWHQLEOHXQUHWRSDUDODVFLXGDGHVGHOVLJOR;;,
Economa, Sociedad y TerritorioYRO9,QSS
0LUDOOHV*XDVFK&Ciudad y transporte: el binomio imperfecto%DUFHORQD$ULHO
0RQ]yQ $ (O WUDQVSRUWH HQ (VSDxD HQ 99$$ Informe Espaa 2012. Una
interpretacin de su realidad social0DGULG)XQGDFLyQ(QFXHQWURSS
3XFKHU-\%XHKOHU5HGCity Cycling&DPEULGJH0,73UHVV
6WHDG'/DVSROtWLFDVGHWUDQVSRUWH\GHRUGHQDFLyQGHOWHUULWRULRVHKDQFRMXJDGR
UHDOPHQWH"Revista Internacional de Ciencias SocialesSS
87,3 $VRFLDFLyQ ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH 7UDQVSRUWH 3~EOLFR Desplazarse mejor en la
ciudad0DGULG&RQVRUFLR5HJLRQDOGH7UDQVSRUWHVGH0DGULG
%XUFKHOO 5: et al. 7KH FRVWV RI VSUDZO UHYLVLWHG Informe del Programa
Cooperativo de Investigacin sobre Transporte n 39, Washington DC, Transportation
Research Board. >(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSRQOLQHSXEVWUERUJRQOLQHSXEVWFUSWFUSBUSWBDSGI! >~OWLPR DFFHVR VHSWLHPEUH
@
9HOi]TXH]-0\(VWHEDUDQ]$GLULa estrategia espaola de movilidad sostenible
y los gobiernos locales0DGULG)(03

$1(;2
&&/FRPXQLFDFLyQOLQJtVWLFD
&0&7&RPSHWHQFLDPDWHPiWLFD\FRPSHWHQFLDVEiVLFDVHQFLHQFLD\WHFQRORJtD
&'FRPSHWHQFLDGLJLWDO
(62
&$$DSUHQGHUDDSUHQGHU
&6&FRPSHWHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\FtYLFDV
6,((VHQWLGRGHLQLFLDWLYD\HVStULWXHPSUHQGHGRU
&&/FRPXQLFDFLyQOLQJtVWLFD
&0&7&RPSHWHQFLDPDWHPiWLFD\FRPSHWHQFLDVEiVLFDVHQFLHQFLD\WHFQRORJtD
%$&+,//(5$72
&'FRPSHWHQFLDGLJLWDO
&$$DSUHQGHUDDSUHQGHU
&6&FRPSHWHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\FtYLFDV
6,((VHQWLGRGHLQLFLDWLYD\HVStULWXHPSUHQGHGRU
&&(&&RQFLHQFLD\H[SUHVLRQHVFXOWXUDOHV
()RPHQWDUODGLYXOJDFLyQ\ODSDUWLFLSDFLyQVRFLDOHQORVSURFHVRVGH2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULR
(3UHSDUDUSDUDODDSOLFDFLyQGHGLIHUHQWHVWpFQLFDVHQIXQFLyQGHORVREMHWLYRVILMDGRV\ODHVFDODGHDQiOLVLV
(5HDOL]DFLyQGHGLDJQRVLVLQWHJUDGDVGHOWHUULWRULR\GHODDFFLyQS~EOLFD
('LIHUHQFLDU\GLDJQRVWLFDUXQLGDGHV\SUREOHPDVWHUULWRULDOHVHQEDVHDODQiOLVLVJHRJUiILFR
(5HDOL]DUSURSXHVWDVGHJHVWLyQWHUULWRULDO
*&RUUHFWDFRPXQLFDFLyQRUDO\HVFULWD
*5$'2(1*(2*5$)$<25'(1$&,1'(/7(55,725,2
*&RQRFLPLHQWRVGHODV7HFQRORJtDVGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ\OD&RPXQLFDFLyQ7,&
*&RPSURPLVRpWLFR\GHRQWRORJtDSURIHVLRQDO
7$GTXLVLFLyQGHKiELWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODRUJDQL]DFLyQ\SODQLILFDFLyQGHOWUDEDMRLQGLYLGXDO\FROHFWLYRTXH
SHUPLWDOLGHUDU\VXSHUYLVDUHTXLSRVPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDUHV
7&RRSHUDFLyQFRQRWURVSURIHVLRQDOHVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODVGLQiPLFDVGHFDUiFWHUWHUULWRULDO
7$GDSWDFLyQDQXHYDVVLWXDFLRQHVDVXPLHQGRFDSDFLGDGHVGHOLGHUD]JR
7$XWRQRPtDHQODREWHQFLyQ\JHVWLyQGHGDWRVUHOHYDQWHV
7$SWLWXGSDUDODDSOLFDFLyQGHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVDVXWUDEDMRGHXQDIRUPDSURIHVLRQDO
75HVSRQVDELOLGDGHQODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVUHVROXFLyQGHSUREOHPDVGHtQGROHWHUULWRULDO\VDEHUWUDQVPLWLUOD
LQIRUPDFLyQDXQS~EOLFRJHQHUDOLVWD\HVSHFLDOL]DGR
76HQVLELOLGDG\FRPSURPLVRpWLFRDQWHORVSUREOHPDVWHUULWRULDOHV
($SUHQGHUDJHVWLRQDU\DDQDOL]DUODLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
($SOLFDUODLQIRUPiWLFD\ODJHVWLyQGHEDVHVGHGDWRVHQHOGLVHxRFDUWRJUiILFR
(*HQHUDULQIRUPDFLyQHQIRUPDWRGLJLWDO
(6DEHUHODERUDUHLQWHUSUHWDULQIRUPDFLyQHVWDGtVWLFD
(+DELOLWDUSDUDHOVXPLQLVWURGHGDWRVTXHSHUPLWDODHODERUDFLyQGHVLVWHPDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDDSOLFDEOHV
DODSUHYHQFLyQ\JHVWLyQGHULHVJRVQDWXUDOHV
*&RUUHFWDFRPXQLFDFLyQRUDO\HVFULWD
*&RQRFLPLHQWRVGHODV7HFQRORJtDVGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ\OD&RPXQLFDFLyQ7,&
7$GTXLVLFLyQGHKiELWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODRUJDQL]DFLyQ\SODQLILFDFLyQGHOWUDEDMRLQGLYLGXDO\FROHFWLYRTXH
SHUPLWDOLGHUDU\VXSHUYLVDUHTXLSRVPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDUHV
7$SWLWXGSDUDODDSOLFDFLyQGHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVDVXWUDEDMRGHXQDIRUPDSURIHVLRQDO
7DEOD/LVWDGRGHFRPSHWHQFLDVSRUQLYHOHGXFDWLYRLPSOLFDGRHQHOSUR\HFWR

,,,7(5&(5$3$57(
EL ENTORNO Y LA
EDUCACIN COMO
RECURSOS EDUCATIVOS

/263$6(26(6&2/$5(6(1/$6(6&8(/$66(9,//$1$6$
35,1&,3,26'(/;;$/*20648(81,17(172'(
,1129$&,1','&7,&$
-RVp$OPXHGR3DOPD
IES Velzquez y Universidad Pablo de Olavide.
jalmpal@upo.es
5(680(1
/DV LGHDV GH 3HVWDOR]]L \ )URHEHO GH TXH OD LQWXLFLyQ \ OD LQGXFFLyQ HUDQ ODV HVWUDWHJLDV HVHQFLDOHV SDUD HO
FRQRFLPLHQWRGHOQLxRKLFLHURQGHORVSDVHRV\H[FXUVLRQHVHVFRODUHVXQLQVWUXPHQWRSHGDJyJLFRIXQGDPHQWDO
(Q HO FDVR HVSDxRO VHUtD OD ,QVWLWXFLyQ /LEUH GH (QVHxDQ]D OD JUDQ SUHFXUVRUD GH HVWDV SUiFWLFDV 7HQHPRV
LQIRUPDFLyQGHTXHHQ6HYLOODDSDUWLUGHDSURSXHVWDGHOD'HOHJDFLyQSURYLQFLDOGH,QVWUXFFLyQ3~EOLFD
VHOOHYDUDQDFDERSDVHRVHQODVHVFXHODVS~EOLFDVTXHQRVSXHGHQVHUYLUSDUDYDORUDUHOJUDGRLQQRYDGRUGHORV
PDHVWURV GH OD FLXGDG $XQTXHGLFKRVSDVHRVIXHURQ SODQWHDGRV QR VyOR FRQ XQD ILQDOLGDG HGXFDWLYD VLQR TXH
DQWHHOKDFLQDPLHQWR\HOPDOHVWDGRGHODPD\RUSDUWHGHODVHVFXHODVVHSODQWHDURQWDPELpQFRQODLGHDGHTXH
ORVQLxRV\QLxDVSXGLHVHQUHVSLUDUDLUHSXUR\KDFHUHMHUFLFLRWXYLHURQXQDILQDOLGDGKLJLHQLVWD
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
3DVHRVHVFRODUHVLQQRYDFLyQSHGDJyJLFDSULQFLSLRVGHO;,;(VFXHOD3ULPDULDVHYLOODQDKLJLHQH
,1752'8&&,1
/RV SHGDJRJRV 3HVWDOR]]L \ HO TXH IXHUD VX GLVFtSXOR )URHEHO
VRVWHQtDQ TXH OD LQWXLFLyQ \ OD LQGXFFLyQ HUDQ ODV GRV HVWUDWHJLDV HVHQFLDOHV SDUD HO
FRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVQLxRVSURSRQLHQGRVDOLUGHODHVFXHODSDUDSRWHQFLDUODV6DOLUGHOUHFLQWR
HVFRODUIDYRUHFtDODREVHUYDFLyQ\ODDWHQFLyQDGHPiVGHIRUWDOHFHUHOFXHUSR\ODPHQWHGHO
DOXPQR /RV SDVHRV \ ODV H[FXUVLRQHV GLGiFWLFDV VH GHEtDQ FRQYHUWLU HQ XQ LQVWUXPHQWR
SULPRUGLDO HQ OD HGXFDFLyQ 0DUWt+HQQHEHUJ (Q (VSDxD OD ,QVWLWXFLyQ /LEUH GH
(QVHxDQ]D TXHVXVWHQWDEDVX PpWRGR HGXFDWLYR HQ ODV LGHDV GHHVWRV GRV SHGDJRJRV VH
FRQYHUWLUi HQ XQD JUDQ GHIHQVRUD GH HVWDV SUiFWLFDV 0ROHUR 3LQWDGR VLHQGR HO
JHyJUDIRLQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWD5DIDHO7RUUHV&DPSRVHOSULPHURHQOOHYDUODVDFDERHQODVLHUUD
PDGULOHxD 5RGUtJXH] (VWHEDQ PLHQWUDV 0DQXHO %DUWRORPp &RVVLR LQFLGLUtD HQ
ODVTXHWHQtDQXQFDUiFWHUDUWtVWLFR )XHURQQXPHURVRVORVDUWtFXORVSXEOLFDGRVHQ HO%ROHWtQ
GH OD ,QVWLWXFLyQ VREUH OD XWLOLGDG GHO H[FXUVLRQLVPR \ GH ODV YLVLWDV GLGiFWLFDV R VREUH ORV
WUDEDMRV GH FDPSR UHDOL]DGRV HQ ODV H[FXUVLRQHV 0iV WDUGH ODV GLIHUHQWHV HVFXHODV
UDFLRQDOLVWDVHLQFOXVRODVFDWyOLFDVIXQGDGDVSRU0DQMyQ3RYHGDDGRSWDURQODVVDOLGDVFRPR
SDUWHGHVXVSURJUDPDVHGXFDWLYRV

(QHO5pJLPHQHVFRODUGHOD,QVWLWXFLyQ/LEUHGH(QVHxDQ]DVHSURJUDPDEDTXHODVYLVLWDVVHUHDOL]DUtDQORVViEDGRVSRUOD
PDxDQD
J.Almuedo Palma


&RPR HQ RWUDV FXHVWLRQHV ORV SRGHUHV S~EOLFRV WHUPLQDURQ SRU DVXPLU DOJXQDV GH ODV
SURSXHVWDVGHOD,QVWLWXFLyQ/LEUHGH(QVHxDQ]D\DFDEDURQOHJLVODQGRVREUHODVH[FXUVLRQHV
HVFRODUHVTXL]iVFRQFLHUWRUHWUDVR
(Q HO FDVR GH 6HYLOOD GLVSRQHPRV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH OD SURPRFLyQ GHVGH ODV DXWRULGDGHV
HGXFDWLYDVHQFRQFUHWRGHVGHOD'HOHJDFLyQ5HJLDGH,QVWUXFFLyQ3~EOLFDGHSDVHRVHVFRODUHV
HQ ODV HVFXHODV S~EOLFDV GH OD FLXGDG (Q GRV H[SHGLHQWHV GHO $UFKLYR 0XQLFLSDO GH 6HYLOOD
SRGHPRVVHJXLUVXRUJDQL]DFLyQ\SXHVWDODSXHVWDHQSUiFWLFDHQORVFXUVRV\
(Q HO SULPHUR GH HOORV -XQWD /RFDO GH 3ULPHUD (QVHxDQ]D $xR VH UHFRJH OD
LQIRUPDFLyQ UHIHUHQWH D OD FRQVXOWD SUHYLD HQWUH ORV PDHVWURV \ PDHVWUDV ODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV
GHILQLWLYDVSDUDVXRUJDQL]DFLyQHLQIRUPDFLyQUHIHUHQWHDORVSDVHRVGHOFXUVR(QHO
VHJXQGR -XQWD /RFDO GH 3ULPHUD (QVHxDQ]D $xR OD LQIRUPDFLyQ VH UHILHUH D ORV
SDVHRV GHO FXUVR &RPR YHUHPRV PiV DGHODQWH QR VyOR VH EXVFDED LQQRYDU
SHGDJyJLFDPHQWHVLQRTXHHUDQPRWLYRVGHFDUiFWHUKLJLHQLVWDVORVTXHODVSURPRYLHURQ

/26 3$6(26 (6&2/$5(6 (1 /$6 (6&8(/$6 3%/,&$6 '( 6(9,//$
&85626<
(V HO 'HOHJDGR 5HJLR GH ,QVWUXFFLyQ 3~EOLFD GH OD SURYLQFLD IXH TXLHQ FRQ IHFKD GH GH
RFWXEUHGHTXLHQFRPXQLFDDORVPDHVWURV\PDHVWUDVGHODFLXGDGTXHVHSUHWHQGtDFUHDU
XQUpJLPHQGHSDVHRVHVFRODUHV(VSXHVXQDLQLFLDWLYDTXHOOHJDGHVGHDUULED(QXQDLQXVXDO
DFWLWXGGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHPRFUiWLFDVHSLGLyTXHORVPDHVWURVPDQLIHVWDVHQVXVRSLQLRQHVDO
UHVSHFWR SDUD TXH FRQ HOODV OD 'HOHJDFLyQ HODERUDVH ORV REMHWLYRV HO UHJODPHQWR \ HO
SURJUDPD6HSURSRQtDFRPRHMHPSORXQDYLVLWDERWiQLFDDOSDUTXHGH0DUtD/XLVD
7UDV HO VRQGHR VH UHDOL]y XQ LQIRUPH TXH FRPHQ]DED PDQLIHVWDQGR TXH /D JHQHUDOLGDG GH
ORV 0DHVWURV VRQ SDUWLGDULRV GH ORV SDVHRV HVFRODUHV 7DPELpQ KDEtD XQDQLPLGDG HQ HO
Q~PHUR\WLSRGHDOXPQRVTXHGHEHUtDQKDFHUORVQRGHEtDQH[FHGHUVHHOQ~PHURGHYHLQWH\
VHUVHOHFFLRQDGRVHQWUHORVPiVDSOLFDGRV\GHPD\RUHGDG3HURH[LVWtDQGLYHUJHQFLDVVREUH
HO SULQFLSDO REMHWLYR GH ODV VDOLGDV 8Q JUXSR SUHWHQGtD TXH WXYLHVHQ XQ FDUiFWHU PiV
LQVWUXFWLYRVHGHEtDQYLVLWDUIiEULFDVWDOOHUHVHGLILFLRVS~EOLFRVJUDQMDVDJUtFRODVRUHDOL]DU
H[FXUVLRQHV ERWiQLFDV \ JHRJUiILFDV GHELHQGR HO DOXPQR UHGDFWDU XQDV EUHYHV PHPRULDV
VREUH ODV H[FXUVLRQHV 2WURV RSLQDEDQ TXH HO REMHWLYR SULPRUGLDO GHEtD VHU TXH ORV QLxRV
DVSLUHQ ORV DLUHV SXURV GHO FDPSR DGHPiV D OD SDU GH IDYRUHFHU VX GHVDUUROOR ItVLFR HO
PDHVWUR LQFXOFDUtD D ORV DOXPQRV HO VHQWLPLHQWR GH OR EHOOR VLUYLHQGR WDPELpQ SDUD OD
HGXFDFLyQ PRUDO SRU OD FRQWHPSODFLyQ GH ORV HQFDQWRV GH OD 1DWXUDOH]D FRQVLJXLpQGRVH
GHVWHUUDUHQHOORVODFUXHO DGYHUVLyQVLFTXH DOJXQRVVLHQWHQDORVSiMDURV\DORViUEROHV
6LHPSUHVHGHEHUtDQUHDOL]DUSRUODVDIXHUDVGHODFLXGDGVLJQLILFDQGRDGHPiVTXHHOWLSRGH
YLVLWDV FRQ XQ FDUiFWHU PiV FXOWXUDO \ DUWtVWLFR UHTXHUtDQ GH XQD SUHSDUDFLyQ HVSHFLDO SRU
SDUWH GH ORV 0DHVWURV FRPR GH ORV DOXPQRV \ GH XQRV SHUPLVRV SDUD ODV YLVLWDV TXH QR
VLHPSUHVHUtDQIiFLOHVGHFRQVHJXLU6yORGRVPDHVWUDVVHGHFODUDURQFRQWUDULDVDORVSDVHRV
DUJXPHQWDQGR XQD GH HOODV TXH HUDQ PiV SURSLRV SDUD QLxRV SRUTXH DOJXQDV SHUVRQDV PDO
HGXFDGDVGLULJHQDODVQLxDVSDODEUDVTXHRIHQGHQVXLQRFHQFLD\ODRWUDTXHODVQLxDVTXH

3RUOD5HDO2UGHQGHGHDEULOGHVHSHUPLWLUiTXHVHSXHGDUHDOL]DUXQDVHVLyQVHPDQDOSDUDH[FXUVLRQHV\SDVHRV
HVFRODUHV\SRUXQD&LUFXODUGHOD'LUHFFLyQ*HQHUDOGH3ULPHUD(QVHxDQ]DGHVHGHFODUDREOLJDWRULRKDFHUDOPHQRV
XQDVDOLGDDOPHV

(QDTXHOORVPRPHQWRVHQODVHVFXHODVS~EOLFDVVHYLOODQDVGHSULPDULDH[FHSWXDQGRODVHVFXHODVGHSiUYXORVHQVHxDEDQ
PDHVWURV\PDHVWUDV
J.Almuedo Palma


FRQFXUUHQ D VX (VFXHOD VRQ GH IDPLOLDV WDQ QHFHVLWDGDV TXH FDUHFHQ GH FDO]DGR \ URSD
DGHFXDGDSDUDSUHVHQWDUVHFRQHODVHR\GHFRURTXHHOFDVRUHTXLHUH
/D-XQWD/RFDOGH3ULPHUD(QVHxDQ]DWHUPLQySRUUHGDFWDUXQDVEDVHVVREUHORVSDVHRVGRQGH
VHUHFRJtDQJUDQSDUWHGHODVSURSXHVWDVTXHKLFLHURQORVPDHVWURVFRQORVVLJXLHQWHVSXQWRV
6HUHDOL]DUiQWRGRVORVMXHYHVSRUODWDUGH
/RVJUXSRVORIRUPDUtDQDOXPQRVHVFRJLGRVHQWUHORVPiVDSOLFDGRVTXHVHUtDQ
DFRPSDxDGRVSRUHO0DHVWURRHO$X[LOLDU
(OSULQFLSDOREMHWLYRHVTXHORVQLxRVUHVSLUHQDLUHSXUR(OPDHVWURGHEHUiHVWDU
HVSHFLDOPHQWHSUHRFXSDGRSRULQFXOFDULGHDVGHFDUiFWHUPRUDO\HVWpWLFDV
/DVOHFFLRQHVSUiFWLFDVGHEHUiQYHUVDUHVSHFLDOPHQWHVREUHJHRJUDItD\DJULFXOWXUD
/RVDOXPQRVTXHQRVDOLHVHQHQORVSDVHRVGHEHUiQSHUPDQHFHUHQFODVHFRQXQRGHORV
SURIHVRUHVGHELpQGRVHSURFXUDUTXHORVDOXPQRVTXHVDOLHVHQIXHVHQURWDQGR
'HORVUHVXOWDGRVGHFDGDH[FXUVLyQVHGDUiFXHQWDDOD'HOHJDFLyQ5HJLDGH
,QVWUXFFLyQ3~EOLFD
$QDOL]DU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH WUDV ORV SDVHRV UHPLWLHURQ ORV PDHVWURV D OD 'HOHJDFLyQ 5HJLD
SXHGHVHUYLUQRVSDUDFRQRFHUORVQLYHOHVGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQORVGHVWLQRV\ORVREMHWLYRVGHODV
H[FXUVLRQHV \ DGHPiV SRGUHPRV FRQRFHU OD DFWLWXG GH ORV GRFHQWHV DQWH OD SURSXHVWD GH
LQQRYDFLyQSHGDJyJLFDTXHUHSUHVHQWDEDQ

&21
&21 &21
126( 6,1 ,1)250$&,1
,1)250$&,1 ,1)250$&,1
25*$1,=$1 ,1)250$&,1 6,11,1*1
(6&8(7$ '(7$//$'$
'(7$//(

7DEOD3DVHRVHVFRODUHVGHODVHVFXHODVS~EOLFDVVHYLOODQDV&XUVRV\3RUFHQWDMHV)XHQWH

(ODERUDFLyQSURSLDDSDUWLUGH$UFKLYR0XQLFLSDOGH6HYLOOD-XQWD/RFDOGH3ULPHUD(QVHxDQ]D$xR
([SHGLHQWH\$UFKLYR0XQLFLSDOGH6HYLOOD-XQWD/RFDOGH3ULPHUD(QVHxDQ]D$xR([SHGLHQWH

(QXQORV PDHVWURVUHFRQRFLHURQTXHQRVHOOHYDURQ DFDER DUJX\pQGRVHSDUDHOORODV
VLJXLHQWHV UD]RQHV WHQHU TXH DVLVWLU D DFWRV UHOLJLRVRV HO PDO HVWDGR GHO WLHPSR FXHVWLRQHV
SHUVRQDOHVGHOPDHVWURRUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODHVFXHOD0LHQWUDVTXHHQXQQRVHHQYLy
LQIRUPDFLyQ D OD 'HOHJDFLyQ SURYLQFLDO FRPR HUD SUHFHSWLYR SRU OR TXH QR VDEHPRV VL HQ
UHDOLGDGVHOOHJDURQDUHDOL]DU<HQXQVyORVHLQIRUPyTXHVHKDEtDUHDOL]DGRVLQGDU
QLQJ~QWLSRGHGHWDOOHVLQHVSHFLILFDUVLTXLHUDHOOXJDUGRQGHVHOOHYDURQDFDER3RUORTXH
SRGHPRV GHGXFLU TXH H[DFWDPHQWH OD PLWDG GH ORV PDHVWURV R HVWXYLHURQ HQ FRQWUD TXH HVWH
WLSRGHDFWLYLGDGHVRPRVWUDURQHVFDVRLQWHUpVSRUHOODV
(QDOJR PiVGHXQDWHUFHUDSDUWHODV PHPRULDVHUDQHVFXHWDVQRVHHQWUDEDDKDFHUPXFKDV
SUHFLVLRQHVVREUHORVSDVHRVUHDOL]DGRORVPDHVWURVTXHODVUHGDFWDURQQRVHPRVWUDEDQPX\
FRPSURPHWLGRVFRQHVWDVDFWLYLGDGHV\QRUHYHODEDQQLQJ~QHQWXVLDVPRSRUHOODVPiVELHQ

$FDGDJUXSRFODVHDODTXHGHQRPLQDEDHQWRQFHVHVFXHODSRGtDWHQHUDOUHGHGRUGHDOXPQRVQRFRQYLHQHROYLGDUHO
DOWRJUDGRGHDEVHQWLVPRHVFRODU\FRQWDEDFRQXQ0DHVWUR\XQ$X[LOLDU
J.Almuedo Palma


ODV FRQVLGHUDEDQ XQDV WDUHDV LPSXHVWDV SRU OR TXH VX LQIRUPH QR HUD PiV TXH XQ WUiPLWH
QHFHVDULR6yORHQHOGHODVPHPRULDVUHGDFWDGDVHQFRQFUHWRSRUGHXQWRWDOGHORV
PDHVWURVS~EOLFRVGHHQVHxDQ]DSULPDULDGHODFLXGDGVH PDQLIHVWDEDQH[SOtFLWDPHQWHOD
VDWLVIDFFLyQ R UHODWDURQ ODUJDPHQWH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV \ H[SOLFDFLRQHV UHDOL]DGDV UHFDOFDQGR OR
LQVWUXFWLYDVTXHKDEtDQVLGRODVVDOLGDV

&(5&$1$6 -$5',1(6 3(5,)(5,$ $)8(5$66,1 27526
'(/52 3%/,&26 25,(17$/ (63(&,),&$5 081,&,3,26

7DEOD/XJDUHVGRQGHVHUHDOL]DEDQORVSDVHRV3RUFHQWDMHV)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLDDSDUWLUGH$UFKLYR

0XQLFLSDOGH6HYLOOD-XQWD/RFDOGH3ULPHUD(QVHxDQ]D$xR([SHGLHQWH\$UFKLYR0XQLFLSDOGH
6HYLOOD-XQWD/RFDOGH3ULPHUD(QVHxDQ]D$xR([SHGLHQWH

7RGDV ODV VDOLGDV VH UHDOL]DEDQ FDPLQDQGR SRU OR TXH ORV OXJDUHV TXH VH HOLJLHURQ HUDQ
FHUFDQRV D OD FLXGDG LQFOXVR FXDQGR VH VDOtD GHO PXQLFLSLR VH KL]R D SXHEORV SUy[LPRV
&DPDV\&DVWLOOHMDGHOD&XHVWDDQRPiVGHVHLVNLOyPHWURV3DUDHOPD\RUQ~PHURGHODV
H[FXUVLRQHV VH HOLJLHURQ ODV FHUFDQtDV GHO UtR HO UtR \ VX YHJD VH HQWHQGLHURQ FRPR ORV
UHIHUHQWHVJHRJUiILFRVFRQPD\RULPSDFWR\FRQDOWDVSRVLELOLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDV/RVMDUGLQHVGH
ODFLXGDGVHUtDQORVVHJXQGRVPiVYLVLWDGRVHQHVSHFLDOHO3DUTXHGH0DUtD/XLVD(QPHQRU
PHGLGDORVSDVHRVVHGLULJtDQDODSHULIHULDRULHQWDOKDFLpQGRVHPHQFLyQHQODPD\RUtDGHORV
FDVRVGHODFHUFDQtDGHODVHVWDFLRQHVGHIHUURFDUULO\DOWHQGLGRIHUURYLDULR

&,(1&,$6 025$/< $*5,&8/785$
*(2*5$)$ ,1'8675,$ $57( *(20(75$
1$785$/(6 32/7,&$ <*$1$'(5$

7DEOD&RQWHQLGRVGLGiFWLFRVH[SOLFDGRVSRUORVPDHVWURVDVHQODVSDVHRV3RUFHQWDMHV)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQ

SURSLDDSDUWLUGH$UFKLYR0XQLFLSDOGH6HYLOOD-XQWD/RFDOGH3ULPHUD(QVHxDQ]D$xR([SHGLHQWH\
$UFKLYR0XQLFLSDOGH6HYLOOD-XQWD/RFDOGH3ULPHUD(QVHxDQ]D$xR([SHGLHQWH

/DVH[SOLFDFLRQHVTXHORVPDHVWURVGLMHURQKDEHUUHDOL]DGRGXUDQWHORVSDVHRVHQVXPD\RUtD
HUDQ GH FDUiFWHU JHRJUiILFR LQFLGLpQGRVH VREUH WRGR HQ OD KLGURORJtD \ OD FOLPDWRORJtD /DV
FLHQFLDVGHODQDWXUDOH]DHVSHFLDOPHQWHODERWiQLFDIXHURQODVFXHVWLRQHVWUDWDGDVHQVHJXQGR
OXJDU /RV DVXQWRV PRUDOHV R SROtWLFRV OR TXH HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG UHFLELUtDQ HO QRPEUH GH
HGXFDFLyQHQYDORUHVHUDQGHORPiVYDULDGRVODQHFHVLGDGGHYDORUDU\UHVSHWDUODQDWXUDOH]D
ODFDULGDGODERQGDGGHOPRQDUFDHOUHVSHWRDODSURSLHGDGHLQFOXVRVREUHHODXWRULWDULVPR
GHODSROLFtDIUHQWHDORVSREUHV/DDJULFXOWXUDGHOYDOOHGHO*XDGDOTXLYLUIXHWDPELpQXQWHPD
WUDWDGR OOHJiQGRVH D YLVLWDU HQ GRV RFDVLRQHV XQD H[SORWDFLyQ DJUDULD 6H YLVLWDURQ WDPELpQ
FXDWUR IiEULFDV OD GH OR]D GH OD &DUWXMD XQD GH FixDPR RWUD GH FRUFKR \ XQD ERGHJD HQ
&DPDV/DVDOXVLRQHVDOSDWULPRQLRDUWtVWLFRGHODFLXGDGIXHURQPX\HVFDVDV\VyORVHKL]R
UHIHUHQFLDDODDUTXLWHFWXUDKDFLpQGRVHKLQFDSLpHQODVWpFQLFDVGHFRQVWUXFFLyQPiVTXHHQHO
YDORU DUWtVWLFR GH ORV HGLILFLRV /DV IRUPDV JHRPpWULFDV \ HO FiOFXOR GH VXSHUILFLHV VyOR VH
WUDWDURQ HQ GRV RFDVLRQHV 7DPELpQ IXHURQ HVFDVDV ODV RFDVLRQHV VH PHQFLRQDEDQ ORV
HMHUFLFLRV JLPQiVWLFRV TXH UHDOL]DURQ DVt FRPR ORV MXHJRV SHUR HQ WRGRV ORV FDVRV VH
DSXQWDEDHOHVSHFLDOLQWHUpVTXHORVQLxRVPRVWUDEDQSRUHOORV
J.Almuedo Palma


&21&/86,21(6
7HQHPRV SRFD LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH LQLFLDWLYDV PHWRGROyJLFDV UHQRYDGRUDV HQWUH ORV PDHVWURV
VHYLOODQRVDSULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR;;VLQRVDWHQHPRVDODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHQRVSURSRUFLRQDQ
HVWDV H[FXUVLRQHV HVFRODUHV TXH DGHPiV GH SRU UD]RQHV KLJLpQLFDV \ PRUDOHV VH SODQWHDURQ
FRPRXQDSURSXHVWDGHLQQRYDFLyQSHGDJyJLFDSRGHPRVGHFLUTXHHOQ~PHURGHPDHVWURVTXH
PRVWUDURQ HQWXVLDVPR SRU QXHYRV PpWRGRV QR HUD PX\ JUDQGH (QWUH ORV HQWXVLDVWDV GH ORV
SDVHRV \ FRQ HOOR GH OD LQQRYDFLyQ HQFRQWUDPRV HO PLVPR Q~PHUR GH PDHVWURV TXH GH
PDHVWUDV H LJXDOPHQWH KXER XQ UHSDUWR PX\ HTXLWDWLYR GHO JpQHUR GH ORV GRFHQWHV TXH QR
UHDOL]DURQ ODV H[FXUVLRQHV GH ORV TXH QR LQIRUPDURQ GH HOODV R UHDOL]DURQ LQIRUPHV PX\
HVFXHWRV TXL]iV VyOR HQFRQWUDUtDPRV XQD GHVDIHFFLyQ OHYHPHQWH PD\RU HQWUH ODV PDHVWUDV
3DUD H[SOLFDU OD HVFDVD GLVSRVLFLyQ GH ORV PDHVWURV DQWH QXHYDV SURSXHVWDV PHWRGROyJLFDV
SRGHPRVDSXQWDUXQDVHULHGHFDXVDV
/DVH[FXUVLRQHVURPStDQHOULWPRKDELWXDOGHODVHVFXHODVUHSUHVHQWDQGRXQUHWRSDUDHO
PDHVWUR SRU VX QRYHGDG &RPR \D VH SXVR GH PDQLILHVWR HQ ODV HQFXHVWDV SUHYLDV
SUHSDUDUODVVXSRQtDQXQWUDEDMRH[WUDLQFOXVRDODPD\RUSDUWHHOHQYtRGHODVPHPRULDVOHV
SDUHFLyXQDIRUPDOLGDGLQQHFHVDULD
0XFKRV PDHVWURV QR DFDEDEDQ GH HQWHQGHU OD XWLOLGDG GLGiFWLFD GH ORV SDVHRV HQWUH
RWUDV FRVDV SRUTXH HUD PD\RULWDULD OD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GH TXH XQD SDUWH LPSRUWDQWH GH ORV
DOXPQRVQRWHQtDQODVXILFLHQWHSUHSDUDFLyQ\PRWLYDFLyQSDUDTXHOHVIXHVH~WLO
/DV SpVLPDV FRQGLFLRQHV ODERUDOHV QR SUHGLVSRQtDQ D ORV GRFHQWHV D QLQJ~Q WLSR GH
LQQRYDFLRQHV
6LQ HPEDUJR DQWH ODV PDODV FRQGLFLRQHV KLJLpQLFDV GH OD PD\RUtD GH ODV HVFXHODV
S~EOLFDV VHYLOODQDV \ OD SRVLELOLGDG GH UHDOL]DU HMHUFLFLR ItVLFR DO DLUH OLEUH XQD SDUWH
LPSRUWDQWH GH ORV PDHVWURV QR WXYLHURQ LQFRQYHQLHQWH HQ FRQVLGHUDU OD LPSRUWDQFLD
KLJLpQLFDTXHSRGtDQWHQHUORVSDVHRV

%,%/,2*5$),$
0DUWt+HQQHEHUJ - 3HVWDOR]]L \ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD *HRJUDItD HQ HO FDQWyQ 9DXG
6XL]DGXUDQWHHOVLJOR;,;(QRevista de Geografa, QSiJV
0ROHUR 3LQWDGR $ La Institucin Libre de Enseanza. Un proyecto de reforma
pedaggica. 0DGULG%LEOLRWHFD1XHYD
5RGUtJXH](VWHEDQ-$5DIDHO7RUUHV&DPSRV\HOH[FXUVLRQLVPRJHRJUiILFR
(QBoletn de la Real Sociedad GeogrficaQSiJV
J.Almuedo Palma


/$,17(535(7$&,1'(/3$,6$-('(/26+80('$/(6&202
5(&8562','&7,&23$5$/$*(2*5$)$

-RQDWDQ$ULDV*DUFtD
-RVp*yPH]=RWDQR
(PLOLR0DUWtQH],EDUUD

Departamento de Anlisis Geogrfico Regional y Geografa Fsica (Universidad de Granada)
jariasgarcia@ugr.es; jgzotano@ugr.es; emibarra@ugr.es
5(680(1
/RVKXPHGDOHVWDQWRSRUVXVHVSHFLILFLGDGHVELRItVLFDVFRPRSRUODVVHFXODUHVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVTXHKDQVXIULGR
FRQVWLWX\HQHQ HO iPELWRHGXFDWLYRHVSDFLRV JHRJUiILFRVHQORVTXHSXHGHQ REVHUYDUVH\ HVWXGLDUVHQXPHURVRV
FRQFHSWRVIHQyPHQRV\DQWHWRGRSURFHVRVWHUULWRULDOHV\SDLVDMtVWLFRVTXHSHUPLWHQDODOXPQDGRFRPSUHQGHU
OD FRPSOHMD LQWHUUHODFLyQ VRFLHGDGPHGLR (Q HVWH FDSWtXOR VH SUHVHQWD XQD SURSXHVWD GH JXtD GH WUDEDMR TXH
SRVLELOLWD SRU XQD SDUWH WUDEDMDU GLIHUHQWHV FRQWHQLGRV FXUULFXODUHV FRQ HO REMHWLYR GH PRVWUDU HO YDORU
HGXFDWLYR GH ODV ]RQDV K~PHGDV FRPR HVSDFLRV FRPSOHMRV TXH FRQGXFHQ D OD UHIOH[LyQ \ GHEDWH SRU RWUD
XWLOL]DU OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHO SDLVDMH FRPR PpWRGR GH DFHUFDPLHQWR ILVLRQyPLFR DO DQiOLVLV WHUULWRULDO HQ
*HRJUDItD

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
+XPHGDOHVLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHOSDLVDMHJXtDGHWUDEDMRGLGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD

,1752'8&&,1
/DV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH OD VRFLHGDG \ HO PHGLR REMHWR GH HVWXGLR GH OD FLHQFLD JHRJUiILFD VH
FRQFUHWDQ HQ HO SDLVDMH TXH VH KD FRQYHUWLGR HQ XQD PDWHULD FRQVWDQWH \ HVHQFLDO GH OD
*HRJUDItD*yPH]=RWDQR\5LHVFR&KXHFD(Q(XURSDODVHQVHxDQ]DVXQLYHUVLWDULDV
UHODWLYDV DO SDLVDMH VH KDQ SODQWHDGR GHVGH GLIHUHQWHV HQIRTXHV GLVFLSOLQDUHV FRQFHSWXDOHV \
PHWRGROyJLFRV6LQHPEDUJRWUDVODHQWUDGDHQYLJRUGHO&RQYHQLR(XURSHRGHO3DLVDMH&(3
HQ HO DxR OD HGXFDFLyQ HQ HVWD PDWHULD VXSRQH XQ QXHYR UHWR SDUD OD (GXFDFLyQ
6XSHULRU (O SDLVDMH HVWi H[SHULPHQWDQGR XQ LPSRUWDQWH SURFHVR GH UHQRYDFLyQ XQ
UHQDFLPLHQWRFRQFHSWXDO\ PHWRGROyJLFR HQHOTXHOD*HRJUDItDMXHJD XQSDSHOIXQGDPHQWDO
HQODSURPRFLyQGHODVHQVLELOLGDGVRFLDOHLQWHUpVS~EOLFRTXHUHTXLHUHODFXHVWLyQSDLVDMtVWLFD
*yPH] =RWDQR \ 5LHVFR &KXHFD $ORPDU*DUDX *yPH] =RWDQR $ULDV
*DUFtD $GHPiV OD LPSRUWDQFLD TXH WLHQHQ ORV SDLVDMHV HQ OD FDOLGDG GH YLGD \ HQ OD
FXOWXUDODGHJUDGDFLyQGHPXFKRVGHHOORVDVtFRPRODFUHFLHQWHGHPDQGDGHHVSHFLDOLVWDVHQ
VX SURWHFFLyQ JHVWLyQ \ RUGHQDFLyQ VRQ UD]RQHV VXILFLHQWHV SDUD TXH ORV GRFHQWHV KDJDQ
OOHJDUDODOXPQDGRORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVPiVUHFLHQWHVDOUHVSHFWR
3RU RWUD SDUWH VRQ P~OWLSOHV ODV PRGDOLGDGHV FRQ TXH SXHGH DERUGDUVH OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD
*HRJUDItD IXHUD GHO DXOD FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH KDFHU FRPSUHQVLEOHV \ DSUHKHQVLEOHV
GHWHUPLQDGRV FRQRFLPLHQWRV FLHQWtILFRV FRPR SRU HMHPSOR FRQWUDVWDU HQ OD UHDOLGDG ORV
KHFKRV TXH GHILQHQ HO SDLVDMH PHGLDQWH VX LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ 7HQLHQGR FRPR SUHFHSWR TXH OD
PHMRUIRUPDGHDSUHQGHUHOSDLVDMHHVYLVLWiQGRORREVHUYiQGROR\DQDOL]iQGRORHOWUDEDMRGH
FDPSR DGTXLHUH XQD UHOHYDQFLD SUHGRQGHUDQWH (Q HVWH VHQWLGR VRQ QXPHURVRV ORV WUDEDMRV
TXHKDQSXHVWRGHPDQLILHVWRTXHODH[SHULHQFLDGHODVVHVLRQHVGHFDPSRSHUPLWHPHMRUDU OD
J.Arias Garca, J.Gmez Zotano, E.Martnez Ibarra


FRPSUHQVLyQGHOHQWRUQRDVtFRPRSODQWHDUSUREOHPiWLFDVFRQFUHWDV\FRPSOHMDVPHGLDQWHODV
TXH UHODFLRQDU ODV GLIHUHQWHV UDPDV GH FRQRFLPLHQWR GH OD *HRJUDItD JHRPRUIRORJtD
FOLPDWRORJtD ELRJHRJUDItD HWF .DW] *DUFtD 5XL] .HQW *LOEHUWVRQ +XQW
&RUUDOHV 0RUHLUD0RQWLOOD3DFKHFR
(Q HO FDVR FRQFUHWR GH ORV KXPHGDOHV FDEH GHVWDFDU TXH pVWRV SUHVHQWDQ XQ DPSOLR YDORU
HGXFDWLYRGHELGRDTXHVHWUDWDGHWHUULWRULRVGRQGHFRQYHUJHQP~OWLSOHVIXQFLRQHV\YDORUHV
HFROyJLFRV VRFLDOHV \ FXOWXUDOHV 9LxDOV $ULDV *DUFtD *yPH] =RWDQR
&RQVWLWX\HQ DXODV DELHUWDV GRQGH VH SXHGHQ REVHUYDU FRQRFHU \ DQDOL]DU FRQFHSWRV
IHQyPHQRV \ SURFHVRV PX\ VLQJXODUHV $QGHUVRQ 0RVV &ODUNVRQ $XVVHLO
*HUEHDX[6HWUDWDGHiUHDVDGHFXDGDVSDUDHOSODQWHDPLHQWRGHDFWLYLGDGHVGHHQIRTXH
KROtVWLFR\FRQVWLWX\HQSRUWDQWRXQEXHQHMHPSORSDUDUHDOL]DUXQDDSUR[LPDFLyQJOREDODO
PHGLRJHRJUiILFRTXHSHUPLWDDODOXPQDGRFRPSUHQGHUODFRPSOHMLGDGWHUULWRULDODWUDYpVGHO
SDLVDMH3DSDSDQDJRX7LQLDNR\ *HRUJLDGLV*DUFtD)HUQiQGH]6iQFKH](PHWHULR
6iQFKH] 5DPRV (Q HVWH VHQWLGR VH KDFH QHFHVDULR UHVLJQLILFDU HO FRQWHQLGR
UHODFLRQDGRFRQODVSRVLELOLGDGHVHGXFDWLYDVTXHRIUHFHQODV]RQDVK~PHGDV0iVDOOiGHXQD
DSUR[LPDFLyQ D HVWRV HVSDFLRV GHVGH XQD ySWLFD H[FOXVLYDPHQWH HFRVLVWpPLFD VH SUHFLVD GH
XQDDSUR[LPDFLyQKROtVWLFDHLQWHJUDGRUDTXHSHUPLWDDODOXPQDGRDGTXLULUXQDDFWLWXGFUtWLFD
\SURSRVLWLYDFODYHHQVXIRUPDFLyQFRPRJHyJUDIR
&RQVLGHUDQGRODVFXHVWLRQHVDQWHULRUHVHQHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRVHSURSRQHXQDGua de Trabajo
GLVHxDGD SDUD ORV +XPHGDOHV \ 7XUEHUDV GH 3DGXO 3DUTXH 1DWXUDO GH 6LHUUD 1HYDGD
*UDQDGD HVSDFLR KLVWyULFDPHQWH VRPHWLGR D GUiVWLFDV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV WHUULWRULDOHV \
SDLVDMtVWLFDVTXHFRQVWLWX\HXQEXHQHMHPSORGLGiFWLFRTXHSHUPLWDDODOXPDQGRFRPSUHQGHU
OD FRPSOHMLGDG TXH DOFDQ]D LQWHUUHODFLyQ VRFLHGDGPHGLR \ VX PDQLIHVWDFLyQ D WUDYpV GHO
SDLVDMH/DHODERUDFLyQ\SXHVWDHQSUiFWLFDGHHVWDJXtDGHWUDEDMRVHHQPDUFDHQHOFRQWH[WR
GHODDVLJQDWXUD/DVRFLHGDG\VXPHGLRJHRVLVWHPDWHUULWRULR\SDLVDMHPDWHULDREOLJDWRULD
GHFXUVRGHO*UDGRHQ*HRJUDItD\*HVWLyQGHO7HUULWRULRGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH*UDQDGDDVt
FRPR HQ HO 3UR\HFWR GH ,QQRYDFLyQ 'RFHQWH +DFLD OD H[FHOHQFLD GRFHQWH HQ HO *UDGR HQ
*HRJUDItD\*HVWLyQGHO7HUULWRULRQXHYDVPHWRGRORJtDV\UHFXUVRVGLGiFWLFRV3,'
GHVDUUROODGRHQWUH
/DJXtDSURSXHVWDFRQVWDGHIDVHV)DVH6HVLyQGHDXODSUHYLDDODVSUiFWLFDVGHFDPSR\
)DVH 6HVLyQ GH FDPSR $ WUDYpV GH HVWDV GRV IDVHV VH KD GLVHxDGR XQ FRQMXQWR GH
DFWLYLGDGHV TXH SHUPLWDQ DO DOXPQDGR LQLFLDUVH HQ ODV SUiFWLFDV GH FDPSR FRPR PpWRGR GH
DSUHQGL]DMH HQ *HRJUDItD DGTXLULU XQD DFWLWXG SURDFWLYD HQ FXDQWR D OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ \
YDORUDFLyQ GHO SDLVDMH \ GHVDUUROODU XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR LQWHJUDGR GHO PHGLR JHRJUiILFR HQ
JHQHUDO\GHORVKXPHGDOHVHQSDUWLFXODUDVtFRPRHOFRQRFLPLHQWRVHFWRULDOGHVXVHOHPHQWRV
PiVVLJQLILFDWLYRV

0$7(5,$/<0e72'26
PELWRGHHVWXGLR
(OiPELWRGHHVWXGLRFRQVLGHUDGRSDUDODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHODJXtDGHWUDEDMRSURSXHVWDVH
FRUUHVSRQGHFRQORV+XPHGDOHV\7XUEHUDVGH 3DGXO*UDQDGD6HWUDWDGHXQKXPHGDOGH
WLSR WXUEHUD FRQVWLWXLGR SRU XQ FRQMXQWR GH SHTXHxRV UHGXFWRV ODJXQDUHV ORFDOL]DGRV HQ OD
YHUWLHQWH VXURFFLGHQWDOGH 6LHUUD 1HYDGD 12 D P VREUH HO QLYHO
GHOPDU/RVOtPLWHVGHOiPELWRGHHVWXGLRFRLQFLGHQFRQORVHVWDEOHFLGRVSDUDODSURWHFFLyQ
GHOKXPHGDOHQHO3DUTXH1DWXUDOGH6LHUUD1HYDGD/H\GHGHMXOLRSRUODTXHVH


DSUXHEDHOLQYHQWDULRGHHVSDFLRVQDWXUDOHVSURWHJLGRVGH$QGDOXFtD\VHHVWDEOHFHQPHGLGDV
DGLFLRQDOHV SDUD VX SURWHFFLyQ (O KXPHGDO FRQVWLWX\H XQD =(3$ FyGLJR (6 \
GHVGH HVWi LQFOXLGR HQ OD OLVWD 5DPVDU GH +XPHGDOHV GH ,PSRUWDQFLD ,QWHUQDFLRQDO
)LJXUD
)LJXUD0DSDGHORFDOL]DFLyQGHORV+XPHGDOHV\7XUEHUDVGH3DGXO

&RQXQDGLPHQVLyQGHKHFWiUHDVHOKXPHGDORFXSDSDUWHGHXQDGHSUHVLyQWHFWyQLFDGH
FDUiFWHU HQGRUUHLFR FROPDWDGD GH PDWHULDOHV GH QDWXUDOH]D GHWUtWLFD TXH DOWHUQDQ FRQ
IRUPDFLRQHVGHWLSRODFXVWUHFRPRDUHQDV\WXUED(OFOLPDHVPHGLWHUUiQHRFRQWLQHQWDO7PD
GH & 3PP ODxR +LGUROyJLFDPHQWH OD FXHQFD YHUWLHQWH SUHVHQWD XQD UHGXFLGD
GHQVLGDG GH GUHQDMH SRU OR TXH HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO KXPHGDO HVWi UHJXODGR SRU GRV
LPSRUWDQWHVDFXtIHURVFDUERQDWDGRVHQHOHQWRUQRGHODGHSUHVLyQ9LOOHJDV0ROLQD
/RV VXHORV GH FDUiFWHU KLGURPRUIR VRQ KLVWRVROHV WpUULFRV \ ItEULFRV FRQ DOWR FRQWHQLGR HQ
PDWHULDRUJiQLFD6iQFKH]GHOUERO6REUHHOORVVHGHVDUUROODXQDYHJHWDFLyQKLGUyILOD
\KHORItWLFDFDUDFWHUL]DGDSRUDVRFLDFLRQHVGHFDUUL]DOHV(Phragmites australis) \HVSDGDxDUHV
(Typha dominguensis) TXHDOWHUQDFRQSHTXHxDVROPHGDVGHODVHULHHedero helicis-Ulmetum
minoris 3pUH]5D\D\/ySH]1LHWR
/RV HVWXGLRV UHDOL]DGRV VREUH OD IDXQD KDQ LQYHQWDULDGR QXPHURVDV HVSHFLHV GH DYHV TXH
XWLOL]DQHVWHKiELWDWFRPRiUHDGHUHSURGXFFLyQ(Rallus aquaticus, Acrocephalus scirpaceus)
LQYHUQDGD (Phylloscopus collybita, Remiz pendulinus) R GHVFDQVR (Charadrius hiaticula,
Tringa glareola). 7DPELpQGHVWDFDQGLYHUVDVHVSHFLHVGHSHFHV(Cyprinus carpio, Pleurodeles
waltl) UHSWLOHV (Mauremys leprosa) \ PDPtIHURV (Talpa occidentalis, Mustela nivalis)
FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV GH KiELWDWV ODFXVWUHSDOXVWUHV OYDUH] )HUQiQGH] *RQ]iOH] &DFKLQHUR
5LYDV)HUQiQGH] 0RUHQR5XHGD
/DIHUWLOLGDG\SURIXQGLGDGGHORVVXHORVMXQWRFRQODDEXQGDQFLDGHDJXDKDQIDYRUHFLGRXQD
H[SORWDFLyQ DQWUySLFD VHFXODU GHO KXPHGDO $ SDUWLU GHO VLJOR ;9,,, VH LQWHQVLILFDQ ORV
VXFHVLYRVSURFHVRVGHGHVHFDFLyQSRUFXHVWLRQHVGHVDOXEULGDGPHGLDQWHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGH


FDQDOHV GH GUHQDMH 9LOOHJDV 0ROLQD $ULDV *DUFtD (Q OD DFWXDOLGDG FRQWLQ~D
VRPHWLGRDLQWHQVRVSURFHVRVGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQH[WUDFFLyQGHWXUEDFDQWHUDVDJULFXOWXUD\
XUEDQL]DFLyQ

0HWRGRORJtD
/DPHWRGRORJtDSURSXHVWDFRQVWDGHGRVIDVHV
Fase 1. Sesin de aula previa a las prcticas de campo: WLHQH OD ILQDOLGDG GH GHILQLU ORV
FRQWHQLGRV FRQFHSWXDOHV SURFHGLPHQWDOHV \ DFWLWXGLQDOHV SUHYLRV D OD VHVLyQ GH FDPSR (Q
SULPHUOXJDUVHFRQFUHWDURQORVFRQWHQLGRVFRQFHSWXDOHVLQFOX\HQGR,3DLVDMHFRQFHSWR\
WLSRV EiVLFRV HOHPHQWRV FRQVWLWXWLYRV \ PHWRGRORJtDV SDUD VX DQiOLVLV ,, +XPHGDO
FRQFHSWR \ FODVLILFDFLyQ SULQFLSDOHV SURFHVRV GH WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ PDUFR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR GH
SODQLILFDFLyQ \ JHVWLyQ D QLYHO LQWHUQDFLRQDO &RQYHQFLyQ 5HODWLYD D ORV +XPHGDOHV GH
,PSRUWDQFLD,QWHUQDFLRQDOHVSHFLDOPHQWHFRPR+iELWDWGH$YHV$FXiWLFDV&RQYHQLR5DPVDU
QDFLRQDO3ODQ(VWUDWpJLFR(VSDxROSDUDOD&RQVHUYDFLyQ\8VR5DFLRQDOGHORV+XPHGDOHV
\ UHJLRQDO 3ODQ $QGDOX] GH +XPHGDOHV ,,, 6LWXDFLyQ H[WHQVLyQ \ OtPLWHV GHO iPELWR GH
HVWXGLRSURSXHVWRSDUDODSUiFWLFDHQHOFRQWH[WRUHJLRQDO\ORFDO
(Q VHJXQGR OXJDU VH GHILQLHURQ ORV FRQWHQLGRV SURFHGLPHQWDOHV FRQ HVSHFLDO pQIDVLV HQ ODV
WpFQLFDV H LQVWUXPHQWRV SDUD HO WUDEDMR GH FDPSR HQ *HRJUDItD E~VTXHGD \ UHFRSLODFLyQ GH
GDWRVFXDOLWDWLYRV\FXDQWLWDWLYRVIXHQWHVFDUWRJUiILFDV~WLOHVSDUDHOWUDEDMRGHFDPSRPDSDV
WRSRJUiILFRV \ WHPiWLFRV D GLVWLQWDV HVFDODV FODYHV SDUD OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH IRWRJUDItDV GH
SDLVDMHQRFLRQHVEiVLFDVSDUDODHODERUDFLyQGHFURTXLVSDLVDMtVWLFRV\DVSHFWRVFODYHSDUDOD
VtQWHVLV \ FODVLILFDFLyQ GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SDLVDMtVWLFD UHV~PHQHV ILFKDV LQIRUPHV \
HVTXHPDV
(QWHUFHUOXJDUVHFRQFUHWDURQORVFRQWHQLGRVDFWLWXGLQDOHVGHVDUUROODUHOHVStULWXJHRJUiILFR
GHGHVFXEULU\UHFRQRFHUHOWHUULWRULRGHVDUUROODUODFDSDFLGDGGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQFRODERUDFLyQ\
WUDEDMRHQHTXLSRGHVDUUROODUXQDDFWLWXGFUtWLFDHQODGHWHFFLyQGHSUREOHPDVDPELHQWDOHV\
SDLVDMtVWLFRV SURSRQHU VROXFLRQHV DOWHUQDWLYDV \ SURPRYHU HO XVR GH OD gua de trabajo de
campo FRPRHOHPHQWRLPSUHVFLQGLEOHSDUDODVREVHUYDFLRQHV\UHFRJLGDGHGDWRV
Fase 2. Diseo de la gua de trabajo e implementacin en campo: VH GLVHxy XQD JXtD GH
WUDEDMR SRU SDUWH GHO SURIHVRUDGR UHVSRQVDEOH GH OD DVLJQDWXUD FRQ XQD VHFXHQFLD GH
DFWLYLGDGHV IXQGDPHQWDGD HQ ORV SUHFHSWRV GHO SDLVDMH VLVWpPLFR R LQWHJUDGR DVt FRPR HQ OD
PHWRGRORJtD EULWiQLFD Landscape Character Assessment 6ZDQZLFN 0HGLDQWH HVWH
FXHUSRWHyULFRPHWRGROyJLFRVHFRQFLEHDOSDLVDMHFRPRXQVLVWHPDIRUMDGRSRUODLQWHUDFFLyQ
GH IXQGDPHQWRV QDWXUDOHV UHOLHYH FOLPD KLGURORJtD ELRFOLPD YHJHWDFLyQ IDXQD \ VXHORV
IXQGDPHQWRVVRFLRHFRQyPLFRV\FXOWXUDOHVXVRV\FREHUWXUDVGHOVXHORHYROXFLyQKLVWyULFD
SHUPDQHQFLDV \ GLQiPLFDV WHUULWRULDOHV \ HVWUXFWXUDV YLVXDOHV HVFpQLFDV \ SHUFHSWXDOHV (O
DQiOLVLVVHFWRULDOGHFDGDXQRGHHVRVIXQGDPHQWRVDVtFRPRVXSRVWHULRUVtQWHVLVDWUDYpVGH
XQD VHULH GH DFWLYLGDGHV SURSXHVWDV FRQVWLWX\y JUDQ SDUWH GHO FRQWHQLGR GH OD JXtD
3RVWHULRUPHQWH\FRQODILQDOLGDGGHTXHDOXPQDGRDGTXLULHVHXQDDFWLWXGDFWLYD\FUtWLFDVH
GLVHxDURQXQFRQMXQWRGHDFWLYLGDGHVHQUHODFLyQFRQODGHWHFFLyQ\YDORUDFLyQGHIXQFLRQHV\
UHFXUVRVSDLVDMtVWLFRVGHORVKXPHGDOHV/DJXtDGHWUDEDMRFRQFOX\HFRQXQD~OWLPDDFWLYLGDG
FRQVLVWHQWH HQ OD JHQHUDFLyQ GH XQ JORVDULR HODERUDGR SRU HO DOXPQR FRQ OD WHUPLQRORJtD
FLHQWtILFDDSUHQGLGDHQODVGRVVHVLRQHVGHWUDEDMR(QHOGLVHxRGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVGHODJXtD
VHWXYRHQFXHQWDODWHPSRUDOLGDGGHODMRUQDGDGHFDPSRGHKRUDVDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH


5(68/7$'26',6(f2<6(&8(1&,$'($&7,9,'$'(635238(67$6

)DVH6HVLyQGHDXODSUHYLDDODVSUiFWLFDVGHFDPSR
(QHVWDVHVLyQVHSUHWHQGHSRUXQDSDUWHTXHHODOXPQDGRDGTXLHUDORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVSUHYLRV
QHFHVDULRVUHVSHFWRDODVDSUR[LPDFLRQHVWHyULFRPHWRGROyJLFDVHQSDLVDMH\ODVSRVLELOLGDGHV
TXH RIUHFH HO WUDEDMR GH FDPSR SDUD VX DQiOLVLV H LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ SRU RWUD IDFLOLWDU ORV
LQVWUXPHQWRV\PDWHULDOHVQHFHVDULRVSDUDGHVDUUROODUHOWUDEDMRGHFDPSR
(Q SULPHU OXJDU VH UHDOL]D XQD SUHVHQWDFLyQ JHQHUDO GHO iPELWR GH HVWXGLR +XPHGDOHV \
7XUEHUDV GH 3DGXO \ VX LQWHJUDFLyQ D GLVWLQWDV HVFDODV HVSDFLDOHV 6H H[SRQHQ DGHPiV ORV
SULQFLSDOHVFRQIOLFWRVGHULYDGRVGHODUHODFLyQVRFLHGDGPHGLRHQWHUULWRULRVDVRFLDGRVD]RQDV
K~PHGDVHQJHQHUDO\GHOHVSDFLRDYLVLWDUHQSDUWLFXODU6HJHQHUDDVtXQSULPHUGHEDWHHQWUH
HODOXPQDGRTXHOHSHUPLWHDGTXLULUFRQRFLPLHQWRVSUHYLRVGHXQSDLVDMHTXHYLVLWDUiQin situ
SHURGRQGHXQDVHULHGHGXGDVHLQFyJQLWDVORVVHSDUDGHODSOHQDLQWHJUDFLyQFRQHVHSDLVDMH
(Q VHJXQGR OXJDU VH H[SRQH OD JXtD GH WUDEDMR FRQIHFFLRQDGD SDUD ODV SUiFWLFDV GH FDPSR
H[SOLFiQGRVHGHIRUPDGHWDOODGDODILQDOLGDGGHODPLVPD\ORVREMHWLYRVDDOFDQ]DUFRQFDGD
XQDGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVSURSXHVWDV6HIDFLOLWDDGHPiVHO PDWHULDOFRPSOHPHQWDULRQHFHVDULR
SDUDODHMHFXFLyQGHODSUiFWLFDPDSDVWRSRJUiILFRVWHPiWLFRVIRWRJUDItDViUHDVHWF

)DVH'LVHxRGHODJXtDGHWUDEDMRHLPSOHPHQWDFLyQHQFDPSR
/D JXtD GH WUDEDMR SURSXHVWD FRQVWD GH EORTXHV , &RQWH[WXDOL]DFLyQ \ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
JHQHUDOHVGHORV+XPHGDOHV\7XUEHUDVGH3DGXO,,$FWLYLGDGHVDGHVDUUROODUHQODVDOLGDGH
FDPSR(QHOSULPHUEORTXHVHVLQWHWL]DQODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVJHRJUiILFDVGHOiPELWRGHHVWXGLR
SUHYLDPHQWHH[SXHVWDVHQODVHVLyQGHDXODIDVHLQFOX\HQGRXQPDSDFRQODGHOLPLWDFLyQ
GHO HVSDFLR GHO KXPHGDO D YLVLWDU GXUDQWH OD SUiFWLFD (O VHJXQGR EORTXH TXH FRQVWLWX\H HO
JUXHVRGHODJXtDLQFOX\HXQFRQMXQWRGHDFWLYLGDGHVDWUDEDMDUGHIRUPDLQGLYLGXDOSRUHO
DOXPQDGR1RREVWDQWHVHSHUPLWLyHQWRGRPRPHQWRTXHORVDOXPQRVLQWHUDFWXDVHQHQWUHVt
FRQODILQDOLGDGGHTXHSXGLHVHQGLVFXWLU\GHEDWLUDTXHOORVDVSHFWRVTXHSXGLHVHQSODQWHDUOHV
GXGDVFRPXQHV
x $FWLYLGDG5HFRQRFLPLHQWRHLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHORVIXQGDPHQWRVQDWXUDOHVGHOSDLVDMH
o Actividad 1.1. Identificacin de caractersticas clave y manifestaciones
paisajsticas (evidencias) del subsistema abitico.
&RQODFDUWRJUDItDWHPiWLFDIDFLOLWDGDIDVHMXQWRFRQODVH[SOLFDFLRQHVGHOSURIHVRUDGRVH
SUHWHQGHTXHHODOXPQDGRVHDFDSD]GHUHFRQRFHUHLGHQWLILFDUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVFODYHGHFDGD
XQR GH ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH FRPSRQHQ HO VXEVLVWHPD DELyWLFR DVt FRPR VX PDQLIHVWDFLyQ R
HYLGHQFLDHQHOSDLVDMH(QHVWDDFWLYLGDGHODOXPQRKDGHFXPSOLPHQWDUXQDILFKDGHVtQWHVLV
7DEOD


)81'$0(17261$785$/(6'(/3$,6$-(68%6,67(0$$%,7,&2
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDV&ODYH 0DQLIHVWDFLRQHV(YLGHQFLDV
(OHPHQWR
&/ SDLVDMtVWLFDV
)RUPDV
&/ &RORUHV
Litologa &/ 7H[WXUDV
&RQWUDVWHV
2WURV
)RUPDV
&/ &RORUHV
Geomorfologa
&/ 7H[WXUDV
&RQWUDVWHV
2WURV
&/WpUPLFDV (YLGHQFLDFOLPiWLFD
Clima
&/SOXYLRPpWULFDV (YLGHQFLDFOLPiWLFD
&ODVLILFDFLyQFOLPiWLFD

&/UHGGHGUHQDMH
(YLGHQFLDKLGUROyJLFD
Hidrologa superficial &/UpJLPHQKtGULFR
(YLGHQFLDKLGUROyJLFD
&/WLSRGHKXPHGDO

&/KLGURSHUtRGRKXPHGDO
&/DFXtIHURV
Hidrologa subterrnea &/LQFLGHQFLDHQHO (YLGHQFLDKLGURJHROyJLFD
KXPHGDO (YLGHQFLDKLGURJHROyJLFD
2WUDV&/
Termotipos (T) &/7 (YLGHQFLDV7
Bioclima
Ombrotipos (O) &/2 (YLGHQFLDV2
7DEOD)LFKDGHVtQWHVLVGHORVIXQGDPHQWRVQDWXUDOHVGHOSDLVDMH,DFXPSOLPHQWDUSRUHODOXPQR

o Actividad 1.2. Identificacin de caractersticas clave y manifestaciones
paisajsticas (evidencias) del subsistema bitico.
3DUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH ODV HVSHFLHV YHJHWDOHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO KXPHGDO VH IDFLOLWD DO
DOXPQDGRXQDWDEODLQFRPSOHWDTXHLQFOX\HIRWRJUDItDGHODHVSHFLHGHQRPLQDFLyQQRPEUH
FRP~Q \ FLHQWtILFR \ FODVLILFDFLyQ HQ autctona R extica 7DEOD (O DOXPQR KD GH
FXPSOLPHQWDUODWDEODDORODUJRGHOUHFRUULGR


(63(&,(69(*(7$/(6&$5$&7(567,&$6'(/26+80('$/(6<
785%(5$6'(3$'8/*5$1$'$
)RWRJUDItD 'HQRPLQDFLyQ $XWyFWRQDRH[yWLFD"

&DUUL]R
(Phragmites australis) "

" $XWyFWRQD

-XQFRHVSLQRVR

$XWyFWRQD
(Juncus acutus)

7DEOD)UDJPHQWRGHODWDEODSURSXHVWDHQODJXtDGHWUDEDMRSDUDLGHQWLILFDUODVHVSHFLHVYHJHWDOHV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOKXPHGDO

3DUDODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHODVHVSHFLHVIDXQtVWLFDVVHIDFLOLWyDODOXPQDGRXQGRVVLHUIRWRJUiILFR
TXHLQFOXtDHOQRPEUHFRP~Q\FLHQWtILFRGHFDGDHVSHFLH3DUDODFRQIHFFLyQGHOGRVVLHUVH
WXYRHQFXHQWDODHVWDFLyQHQODTXHUHDOL]DUtDODSUiFWLFDLQYLHUQRSXHVODIDXQDDVRFLDGDDO
KXPHGDO HVSHFLDOPHQWH OD DYLIDXQD HV PX\ YDULDEOH D OR ODUJR GH ODV HVWDFLRQHV 3RU
FRQVLJXLHQWH HO GRVVLHU IRWRJUiILFR LQFOXtD IRWRJUDItDV GHO KiELWDW IDXQtVWLFR VHGHQWDULR H
LQYHUQDQWH $ SDUWLU GHO GRVVLHU IDFLOLWDGR HO DOXPQR GHEtD VHxDODU OD HVSHFLH SHUFLELGD \ HO
SXQWRGHREVHUYDFLyQ
3RURWUDSDUWHSDUDODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHORVWLSRVGHVXHORVGHOKXPHGDOVHIDFLOLWyDODOXPQR
XQ PDSD GH XQLGDGHV HGiILFDV GHO iPELWR GH HVWXGLR DFRPSDxDGR SRU XQD H[SRVLFLyQ GHO
SURIHVRUDGRin situ HQUHODFLyQFRQODVSULQFLSDOHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHFDGDWLSRGHVXHOR3RUVX
HVSHFLILFLGDG VH GHWDOODURQ ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH ORV VXHORV GH WXUED KLVWRVRO ItEULFR TXH
GHEtDQVHULGHQWLILFDGRV\IRWRJUDILDGRVSRUHODOXPQR
x $FWLYLGDG5HFRQRFLPLHQWRHLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHORVIXQGDPHQWRVVRFLRHFRQyPLFRV\
FXOWXUDOHVGHOSDLVDMH


7UDVHODQiOLVLVGHORVIXQGDPHQWRVQDWXUDOHVGHOSDLVDMHODVHJXQGDDFWLYLGDGSURSXHVWDWLHQH
FRPRREMHWLYRTXHHODOXPQDGRVHDSUR[LPHDODFRPSOHMDLQWHUDFFLyQVRFLHGDGPHGLRHQODV
]RQDV K~PHGDV HYROXFLyQ GH ORV XVRV GHO VXHOR H LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GH SURFHVRV FODYH
WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ3DUDHOORODJXtDGHWUDEDMRFRQWLHQHXQDWDEODGHGREOHHQWUDGDHQODTXHKDQ
GH VLQWHWL]DUVH FXDOHV KDQ VLGR ORV XVRV GHO VXHOR SUHGRPLQDQWHV DVt FRPR HO VLVWHPD GH
H[SORWDFLyQ GHO iPELWR GH HVWXGLR HQ ORV SULQFLSDOHV SHUtRGRV KLVWyULFRV 3UHKLVWRULD (GDG
$QWLJXD(GDG0HGLD(GDG0RGHUQD\(GDG&RQWHPSRUiQHD$GHPiVGHODVH[SOLFDFLRQHV
in situ SRU SDUWH GHO SURIHVRUDGR VH IDFLOLWy DO DOXPQDGR XQ GRVVLHU FRPSOHPHQWDULR FRQ
IXHQWHVKLVWyULFDVWDOHVFRPRFDUWRJUDItDFURTXLVRFUyQLFDVGHOiPELWRGHHVWXGLR(M/LEUR
GH $SHR GH 3DGXO &DWDVWUR GH (QVHQDGD 3ODQ GH 'HVHFDFLyQ GH OD /DJXQD GH
3DGXO 'LFFLRQDULR JHRJUiILFRHVWDGtVWLFRKLVWyULFR GH 3DVFXDO 0DGR]
/LEURGH$PLOODUDPLHQWRVGH3DGXOHWFDVtFRPRIRWRJUDItDVDpUHDVUHSUHVHQWDWLYDVGH
ORVSULQFLSDOHVFDPELRVHQORVXVRVGHOVXHOR\WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHOKXPHGDO)LJXUD$O
PLVPRWLHPSRHVWDDFWLYLGDGSHUPLWLyODFRPSUHQVLyQGHGLQiPLFDV\SUHVLRQHVWHUULWRULDOHV
DFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVFRQIOLFWRVDPELHQWDOHVDVtFRPRODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHSHUPDQHQFLDV
HQWHQGLGDV FRPR HOHPHQWRV GHO OHJDGR KLVWyULFR TXH SHUGXUDQ HQ HO SDLVDMH LQFOX\HQGR
ELHQHV SDWULPRQLDOHV HGLILFDWRULRV DUTXLWHFWyQLFRV DUTXHROyJLFRV HWQROyJLFRV KLWRV
SDLVDMtVWLFRVGHVLJQLILFDFLyQKLVWyULFDRFXOWXUDORHOHPHQWRVLQWDQJLEOHVTXHIRUPDQSDUWHGHO
SDLVDMHFXOWXUDOWLSRORJtDGHSDUFHODULRWpFQLFDVDJUtFRODVHWF
)LJXUD/DJXQDGH3DGXOIRWRJUDItDVDpUHDVIDFLOLWDGDVDODOXPQDGR,]TXLHUGD2UWRIRWRJUDItDGLJLWDO
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOYXHORDPHULFDQR6HULH%'HUHFKD*RRJOH(DUWK

x $FWLYLGDG$SUR[LPDFLyQDORVWLSRVGHSDLVDMHVHQORV+XPHGDOHV\7XUEHUDVGH
3DGXO,GHQWLILFDFLyQ\FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ
7UDVHODQiOLVLVVHFWRULDOGHORVIXQGDPHQWRVQDWXUDOHV\VRFLRHFRQyPLFRVGHOSDLVDMHFRQHVWD
DFWLYLGDG VH SUHWHQGH TXH HO DOXPQR VHD FDSD] GH GLVWLQJXLU \ FODVLILFDU ILVLRJUiILFDPHQWH
GLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHSDLVDMH3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHFDGDDOXPQRKDGHUHDOL]DUWUHVFURTXLVDVtFRPR
IRWRJUDItDV SDQRUiPLFDV TXH FRUUHVSRQGDQ D GLIHUHQWHV SDLVDMHV GHO KXPHGDO \ D
FRQWLQXDFLyQVREUHFDGDFURTXLVFODVLILFDUPHGLDQWHVtPERORVORVHOHPHQWRVDELyWLFRV


ELyWLFRV \ DQWUySLFRV )LJXUD 'H HVWD PDQHUD HQ IXQFLyQ GHO JUXSR GRPLQDQWH GH
HOHPHQWRV VH GHGXFH HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR DFWXDO GHO SDLVDMH \ FXiOHV VRQ ODV HQHUJtDV TXH OR

PDQWLHQHQHQODDFWXDOLGDGQDWXUDODQWUySLFDRPL[WD
)LJXUD&ODVLILFDFLyQGHORVHOHPHQWRVDELyWLFRVELyWLFRV\DQWUySLFRVGHOSDLVDMHDWUDYpVGHFURTXLV

+XPHGDOHV\7XUEHUDVGH3DGXO

3RVWHULRUPHQWHVHSURFHGHDODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ\FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHFDGDSDLVDMHPHGLDQWHXQD
EUHYHGHVFULSFLyQ(QHVWHVHQWLGRVHHQWLHQGHSRUFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQODFRPELQDFLyQSDUWLFXODU
UHFRQRFLEOH \ FRQVLVWHQWH GH HOHPHQWRV SUHVHQWHV HQ XQ GHWHUPLQDGR SDLVDMH TXH OR KDFHQ
GLIHUHQWHDRWUR/DFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQQRLPSOLFDXQDYDORUDFLyQVLQRTXHVXUJHDSDUWLUGHXQD
FRPELQDFLyQ SDUWLFXODU GH ORV IDFWRUHV QDWXUDOHV DELyWLFRV \ ELyWLFRV VRFLDOHV \ FXOWXUDOHV
XVRV GHO VXHOR WLSRV GH H[SORWDFLyQ SDWURQHV GH DVHQWDPLHQWR KXPDQR HWF SUHYLDPHQWH
DQDOL]DGRV6HWUDWDSRUWDQWRGHLGHQWLILFDUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVFODYHRGLVWLQWLYDVGHWUHVWLSRV
GHSDLVDMHVLQOOHYDUDFDERMXLFLRVYDORUDWLYRVSUHYLVWRVHQODDFWLYLGDG
x $FWLYLGDG9DORUDFLyQ\SURSXHVWDV
7UDVODLGHQWLILFDFLyQ\FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHWUHVSDLVDMHVGLIHUHQFLDGRVHOHJLGRVSRUHODOXPQR
OD FXDUWD DFWLYLGDG WLHQH FRPR REMHWLYR HVWDEOHFHU XQD YDORUDFLyQ \ VLJQLILFDFLyQ GH ORV
PLVPRVDVtFRPRHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHSRVLEOHVOtQHDVGLUHFWULFHVGHDFWXDFLyQSDUDVX


SURWHFFLyQJHVWLyQ\RUGHQDFLyQ(QHVWHVHQWLGRHQODJXtDGHWUDEDMRVHIDFLOLWDXQDWDEODD
FXPSOLPHQWDU SRU HO DOXPQR 7DEOD (VWD WDEOD FRQWLHQH XQ FRQMXQWR GH FULWHULRV GH
YDORUDFLyQ SUHHVWDEOHFLGRV DVt FRPR DOJXQRV SDUiPHWURV GH HYDOXDFLyQ RULHQWDWLYRV TXH
VLUYHQFRPRHMHPSORGHODDFWLYLGDGDGHVDUUROODU3RUVXSDUWHWDQWRODYDORUDFLyQFXDOLWDWLYD
FRPR ODV SURSXHVWDV GH DFWXDFLyQ \ JHVWLyQ KDQ GH VHU GHVFULWDV SRU HO DOXPQR (Q
FRQVHFXHQFLDFRQHVWDDFWLYLGDGVHSUHWHQGHTXHHODOXPQDGRVHDSUR[LPHDODYDORUDFLyQGH
SDUiPHWURV \ SURSRVLFLyQ GH PHGLGDV LQLFLiQGRVH GH IRUPD SURDFWLYD HQ OD WRPD GH
GHFLVLRQHV

9$/25$&,1<35238(67$6
9DORUFXDOLWDWLYR
&ULWHULRVGH 3URSXHVWDVGHDFWXDFLyQ\
3DUiPHWURVHYDOXDGRV
YDORUDFLyQ $OWR0HGLR%DMR JHVWLyQ
'LYHUVLGDGGHJHRIRUPDV

*UDGRGHFRQVHUYDFLyQGHODFXELHUWD
YHJHWDO
Ecolgicos
6LQJXUDOLUGDG\RHVSHFLILFLGDGGHO
KiELWDWIDXQtVWLFR
;
([SORWDFLyQGHUHFXUVRVYHJHWDOHV

5HFXUVRVKtGULFRV
Productivos
5HFXUVRVHGiILFRVWXUED
;
,QIUDHVWUXFWXUDVKLGUiXOLFDVKLVWyULFDV

Histrico- <DFLPLHQWRVDUTXHROyJLFRV\R
patrimoniales SDOHRQWROyJLFRV
;
$FFHVLELOLGDGLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVGHXVR
S~EOLFR
Uso social
$FWLYLGDGHVFLHQWtILFDV\HGXFDWLYDV
;
/H\HQGDV
Mitolgicos,
espirituales y 6tPERORVLGHQWLWDULRV
simblicos
;
([SRVLFLyQYLVXDO

&RQWUDVWHVFURPiWLFRV
Visuales y estticos
&RQWUDVWHVWH[WXUDOHV
;
7DEOD7DEODGHYDORUDFLyQ\SURSXHVWDVSDLVDMtVWLFDV

x $FWLYLGDG(ODERUDFLyQGHXQJORVDULR
&RQHVWD~OWLPDDFWLYLGDGVHSUHWHQGHTXHHODOXPQDGRVHDFDSD]GHHODERUDUXQOLVWDGRFRQOD
WHUPLQRORJtDFLHQWtILFDDGTXLULGDGXUDQWHODVGRVIDVHVGHOGHVDUUROORGHODSUiFWLFD(QHVWH


VHQWLGR FXDQGR HO DOXPQR WLHQH OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GH FUHDU ODV GHILQLFLRQHV HV PXFKR PiV
SURSHQVR D UHFRUGDU HO FRQFHSWR \ OD GHILQLFLyQ FRUUHFWD $GHPiV VH OH SHUPLWH LQWHUDFWXDU
FRQHOUHVWRGHFRPSDxHURVSDUDTXHSXHGDQGHEDWLU\UHILQDUXQJORVDULR~WLO

',6&86,1<&21&/86,21(6
/DJXtDGLGiFWLFDSURSXHVWDWLHQHFRPRILQDOLGDGTXHHODOXPQDGRFRPSUHQGDODFRPSOHMLGDG
GHO PHGLR JOREDO JHRJUiILFR HQ WHUULWRULRV WDQ GLQiPLFRV FRPR ORV KXPHGDOHV PHGLDQWH XQD
VHFXHQFLD GH DFWLYLGDGHV DJUXSDGDV HQ GRV IDVHV 3RU WDQWR SHUPLWH FRPSUHQGHU ODV
LQWHUUHODFLRQHV H[LVWHQWHV HQWUH ORV GLYHUVRV HOHPHQWRV TXH FRQVWLWX\HQ HO SDLVDMH DVt FRPR
TXH OD LQWHUDFFLyQ VRFLHGDGPHGLR VH ORFDOL]D HQ XQ HVSDFLR WDQJLEOH \ PHQVXUDEOH \ QR GH
IRUPDDLVODGDHLQFRQH[D
/D SULPHUD IDVH VHVLyQ GH DXOD VXSRQH XQ SURFHVR GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ XQLGLUHFFLRQDO HQWUH
GRFHQWH \ GLVFHQWH TXH SHUPLWH XQD SULPHUD DSUR[LPDFLyQ FRQFHSWXDO PHWRGROyJLFD \ GH
FRQFUHFLyQGHREMHWLYRVSDUDODVSUiFWLFDVGHFDPSR3RUVXSDUWHODVHJXQGDIDVHVHVLyQGH
FDPSRIDFLOLWDXQSURFHVRGHFRPXQLFDFLyQPXOWLGLUHFFLRQDORSHHUWRSHHUHQWUHWRGRVORV
PLHPEURVGHODFRPXQLGDGGHDSUHQGL]DMHSURIHVRUHV\DOXPQDGR'HDFXHUGRFRQ*DUFtD
)HUQiQGH]6iQFKH](PHWHULR 6iQFKH]5DPRVHVWDPHWRGRORJtDKDGHPRVWUDGRVHU
PX\ HIHFWLYD HQ ORV SURFHVRV GH HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH \D TXH HO GLVFHQWH FRPSDUWH VXV
LQTXLHWXGHV H LQWHUURJDQWHV FRQ VXV FRPSDxHURV WRPDQGR FRQFLHQFLD GH OD HYROXFLyQ GH VX
DSUHQGL]DMHPHGLDQWHXQSURFHVRGHUHIOH[LyQPHWDFRJQLWLYD
3RU RWUD SDUWH FDEH GHVWDFDU TXH HO WUDEDMR GH FDPSR UHVXOWD FUXFLDO SDUD OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH
FRQFHSWRVDEVWUDFWRVTXHSXHGHQVHUGHGLItFLODSUHKHQVLyQSRUSDUWHGHODOXPDQGRGHSULPHU
FXUVRDVtFRPRSDUDODFRPSUHQVLyQGHORVIDFWRUHVTXHULJHQODVUHODFLRQHVVRFLHGDGPHGLR
(QHVWHVHQWLGRWUDEDMRVSUHYLRV*yPH]2UWL]*yPH]=RWDQR 5LHVFR&KXHFD
KDQGHVPRVWUDGRTXHODVVDOLGDVGHFDPSRFRQVWLWX\HQXQDDFWLYLGDGGHJUDQYDORUIRUPDWLYR
LQWHOHFWXDOSXHVHODOXPQDGRSXHGHYLYLUXQSURFHVRPHQWDOGHFUHDFLyQGHORSDUWLFXODUDOR
JHQHUDO GHO FDVR FRQFUHWR DO SULQFLSLR PiV DPSOLR $GHPiV GH DFXHUGR FRQ -HUH] *DUFtD
GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD SHGDJyJLFR HO WUDEDMR GH FDPSR QR SXHGH RULHQWDUVH D OD
VLPSOHWUDQVPLVLyQGHXQDLQIRUPDFLyQHODERUDGDSRUHOSURIHVRUDGRVREUHXQREMHWRRHVSDFLR
JHRJUiILFR3RUHOORFRQODJXtDGHWUDEDMRSURSXHVWDGRQGHHODOXPQDGRKDGHDGTXLULUXQD
DFWLWXGSURDFWLYDpVWHDOFDQ]DUiXQDPD\RUFRQFLHQFLDGHOSDLVDMHHQJHQHUDO\GHOSDLVDMHGH
ORV KXPHGDOHV HQ SDUWLFXODU GH VX FRQFHSFLyQ KROtVWLFD \ GH ORV SUREOHPDV FRQH[RV XQD
FRPSUHQVLyQEiVLFDGHOSDLVDMHHQVXFRPSOHMLGDGORTXHHQWUDxDXQDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGFUtWLFD
\ SURSRVLWLYD \ OD FDSDFLGDG SDUD FODVLILFDU LGHQWLILFDU \ FDUDFWHUL]DU ORV SDLVDMHV GH ORV
KXPHGDOHV HQ IXQFLyQ GH ORV IDFWRUHV HFROyJLFRV HFRQyPLFRV VRFLDOHV HVWpWLFRV
SHUFHSWXDOHVHWF
6HFRQVWDWDSRUWDQWRTXHODV]RQDVK~PHGDVSXHGHQFRQFHELUVHQRVRORFRPRXQODERUDWRULR
HFROyJLFR R DPELHQWDO VLQR TXH FRQVWLWX\HQ XQ YHUGDGHUR ODERUDWRULR VRFLDO TXH RIUHFH OD
SRVLELOLGDG GH WUDEDMDU GLYHUVDV HVWUDWHJLDV GH HQVHxDQ]D DERUGDQGR XQD DPSOLD YDULHGDG GH
FRQWHQLGRVFXUULFXODUHV(QODOtQHDGHORHVWDEOHFLGRSRU5DPRV0HGLDYLOOD\&DOYR\
5XL] 9i]TXH] 'tH] 0DQROXFRV OD FRPSOHMLGDG GHO KXPHGDO SHUPLWH DO GRFHQWH
WUDEDMDU FRQWHQLGRV UHOHYDQWHV GH GLVWLQWD FRPSOHMLGDG HVFDOD \ GLQDPLVPR TXH SXHGHQ VHU
WUDWDGRV GHVGH OD PXOWLSHUVSHFWLYLGDG \ TXH FRQVWLWX\HQ SRU Vt PLVPRV REMHWRV GH HVWXGLR
PRYLOL]DGRUHV GH FRQFHSWRV \ WpFQLFDV GH WUDEDMR $GHPiV HO DERUGDMH GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV
GHVGH OD PXOWLSHUVSHFWLYLGDG SHUPLWH JHQHUDU HQ HO DOXPQDGR LQTXLHWXGHV FRJQLWLYDV TXH
GHULYHQHQDSUHQGL]DMHVVLJQLILFDWLYRV


)LQDOPHQWHFDEHGHVWDFDUTXHODJXtDGHWUDEDMRSURSXHVWDHVWiFLPHQWDGDHQXQPDUFRWHyULFR
FRP~Q \ XQ OHQJXDMH FRPSDUWLGR FRQ HO UHVWR GH (XURSD SDUD OD DSOLFDFLyQ GHO &RQYHQLR
(XURSHRGHO3DLVDMH&(3$FRUGHFRQHO(VSDFLR(XURSHRGH(GXFDFLyQ6XSHULRU((6OD
JXtD SURSXHVWD SHUPLWH DO DOXPQDGR DGTXLULU ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV UHTXHULGDV HQ HO SURFHVR GH
DSUHQGL]DMH GH XQD FRQFHSFLyQ \ VDEHU KDFHU GHO SDLVDMH FRQIRUPH D ODV 2ULHQWDFLRQHV
HVWDEOHFLGDVSRUHO&(3

%,%/,2*5$)$
$ORPDU*DUDX * *yPH]=RWDQR - $ULDV*DUFtD - 7HDFKLQJ /DQGVFDSH LQ
6SDQLVK8QLYHUVLWLHV/RRNLQJIRU1HZ$SSURDFKHVLQ*HRJUDSK\Journal of Geography in
Higher Education HQSUHQVD
OYDUH])HUQiQGH]6*RQ]iOH]&DFKLQHUR-0$YLIDXQDDFXiWLFDGHODWXUEHUDGH
3DGXO*UDQDGDOxyura;,SS
$QGHUVRQ 6 0RVV % +RZ ZHWODQG KDELWDWV DUH SHUFHLYHG E\ FKLOGUHQ
FRQVHTXHQFHV IRU FKLOGUHQV HGXFDWLRQ DQG ZHWODQG FRQVHUYDWLRQ International Journal of
Science Education, SS
$ULDV *DUFtD - Identificacin, caracterizacin y cualificacin de los paisajes de las
grandes cuencas endorreicas de Andaluca: ensayo metodolgico para la implementacin del
Convenio Europeo del Paisaje en sistemas lacustre-palustres. *UDQDGD(GLWRULDO8QLYHUVLGDG
GH*UDQDGD&ROHFFLyQ7HVLV'RFWRUDOHV>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOH
HQKWWSGLJLEXJXJUHVKDQGOH>OWLPRDFFHVRGHMXOLRGH@
$ULDV*DUFtD - *yPH]=RWDQR - /D SODQLILFDFLyQ \ JHVWLyQ GH ORV KXPHGDOHV GH
$QGDOXFtDHQHOPDUFRGHO&RQYHQLR5DPVDUInvestigaciones Geogrficas, SS
>(QOtQHD@'2,KWWSG[GRLRUJ,1*(2>OWLPRDFFHVRGHMXQLRGH
@
&LG2=RQDVK~PHGDVHVSDFLRVHGXFDWLYRVRevista Ciclos, SS
&ODUNVRQ % 5 $XVVHLO $ * ( *HUEHDX[ 3 :HWODQG HFRV\VWHP VHUYLFHV
Ecosystem services in New Zealand: conditions and trends. 0DQDDNL:KHQXD3UHVV/LQFROQ
SS
&RUUDOHV -0 0RUHLUD $ ([SHULHQFLD HVSDxROD VREUH HGXFDFLyQ FRPXQLFDFLyQ \
SDUWLFLSDFLyQHQKXPHGDOHV5DPVDURevista Ciclos, Q~P
*DUFtD)HUQiQGH] % 6iQFKH] (PHWHULR *\6iQFKH] 5DPRV ' /D WUDQVSRVLFLyQ
GLGiFWLFDGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQKXPHGDOHVEstudios sobre el Mensaje Periodstico, 9RO
SS
*DUFtD5XL]$&ULWHULRVGLGiFWLFRVSDUDODREVHUYDFLyQ\FRPSUHQVLyQGHOSDLVDMH
II Jornadas de Didctica de la Geografa. 0DGULG*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD$VRFLDFLyQGH
*HyJUDIRV(VSDxROHVSS
*yPH] 2UWL] $ (O SDLVDMH FRPR HOHPHQWR GH UHIHUHQFLD SDUD HO HVWXGLR GH ORV
GLYHUVRVDVSHFWRVJHRJUiILFRV8QDDSUR[LPDFLyQDVXVLJQLILFDGRFXUULFXODUII Jornadas de
Didctica de la Geografa. 0DGULG *UXSR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD $VRFLDFLyQ GH *HyJUDIRV
(VSDxROHVSS


*yPH]=RWDQR-5LHVFR&KXHFD3FRRUGMarco conceptual y metodolgico para
los paisajes espaoles. Aplicacin a tres escalas espaciales. 6HYLOOD &HQWUR GH (VWXGLRV
3DLVDMH\7HUULWRULR&RQVHMHUtDGH2EUDV3~EOLFDV\7UDQVSRUWHV-XQWDGH$QGDOXFtD
*yPH]=RWDQR-5LHVFR&KXHFD3/DLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHORVSDLVDMHVHQ*HRJUDItD
'H OD H[FXUVLyQ WUDGLFLRQDO DO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH LWLQHUDULRV \ GLVHxR GH ILFKDV SDUD OD
DSOLFDFLyQ GHO &RQYHQLR (XURSHR GHO 3DLVDMH HQ 3 3DQHTXH 6DOJDGR -) 2MHGD 5LYHUD
HGVEl viaje en la Geografa moderna6HYLOOD6HUYLFLRGH3XEOLFDFLRQHVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG
,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH$QGDOXFtD
-HUH] *DUFtD 2 3DLVDMH \ *HRJUDItD )tVLFD 'H OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FLHQWtILFD D OD
WUDQVSRVLFLyQ GLGiFWLFD HQ 0- 0DUUyQ *DLWH - 6DORP &DUUDVFR ;0 6RXWR *RQ]iOH]
HGV Las competencias geogrficas para la educacin ciudadana. *UXSR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD
.DW]&3OD\LQJWKH)LHOG4XHVWLRQVRI)LHOGZRUNLQ*HRJUDSK\The professional
GeographerSS
.HQW0*LOEHUWVRQ''+XQW&2)LHOGZRUNLQ*HRJUDSK\7HDFKLQJDFULWLFDO
UHYLHZRIWKHOLWHUDWXUHDQGDSSURDFKHVJournal of Geography in Higher Education,
SS
0RQWLOOD3DFKHFR$(OWUDEDMRGHFDPSRHVWUDWHJLDGLGiFWLFDHQODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD
JHRJUDItDGeoenseanza, SS
3DSDSDQDJRX(7LQLDNRX$\*HRUJLDGLV7(QYLURQPHQWDOHGXFDWLRQLQZHWODQG
HFRV\VWHPVJournal of Biological Education, SS
3pUH]5D\D)/ySH]1LHWR-09HJHWDFLyQDFXiWLFD\KHORItWLFDGHODGHSUHVLyQGH
3DGXOActa Botnica MalacitanaSS
5DPRV)0HGLDYLOOD&&DOYR6/DHGXFDFLyQDPELHQWDO\ODJHVWLyQGHOPHGLR
ORV FRQYHQLRV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV VREUH HO PHGLR DPELHQWH (O FDVR GHO &RQYHQLR 5DPVDU
Revista Ciclos,
5LYDV )HUQiQGH] -0 0RUHQR 5XHGD * Gua de Aves Humedales y Turberas de
Padul. *UDQDGD$\XQWDPLHQWRGH3DGXO
5XL] 6 9i]TXH] 0 'tH] 3 0DQROXFRV -$ ([SHULHQFLD GLGiFWLFD HQ XQ
KXPHGDO GH OD FLXGDG GH 5tR *DOOHJRV FRPR ODERUDWRULR VRFLDO Cardinalis, $xR 1
VHPHVWUHSS
6iQFKH]GHOUERO0$(OPHGLRELRItVLFRGHODGHSUHVLyQGH3DGXO9DOOH$OWRGH
/HFUtQHQ-*yPH]=RWDQR)2UWHJD$OEDHGVEl sector central de las Bticas: una visin
desde la geografa fsica. *UDQDGD(GLWRULDO8QLYHUVLGDGGH*UDQDGDSS
6ZDQZLFN&Landscape Character Assessment. Guidance for England and Scotland.
(GLPEXUJR7KH&RXQWU\VLGH$JHQF\6FRWWLVK1DWXUDO+HULWDJH
9LOOHJDV 0ROLQD ) /DJXQD GH 3DGXO HYROXFLyQ JHROyJLFRKLVWyULFD Estudios
GeogrficosSS
9LxDOV 0- FRRUG El patrimonio cultural de los humedales. 0DGULG 0LQLVWHULR GH
0HGLR$PELHQWH


/$$*(1&,$78567,&2086,&$/81352<(&72'(
$35(1',=$-(3$5$/$','&7,&$'(/$*(2*5$)$(1
('8&$&,135,0$5,$

$QD0DUtD%DUUDQFR'RPtQJXH]
aniya_100292@hotmail.com
5(680(1
3UHVHQWDPRV XQ SUR\HFWR GH DSUHQGL]DMH HQIRFDGR SDUD HO DOXPQDGR GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD HQ HO TXH VH
WUDEDMDQ GH IRUPD FRQMXQWD YDULDV GH ODV PDWHULDV TXH FRQIRUPDQ HO FXUUtFXOR GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD HQ
$QGDOXFtD WDOHV FRPR /HQJXD &DVWHOODQD \ /LWHUDWXUD 0~VLFD 3OiVWLFD &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV &XOWXUD \ 3UiFWLFD
'LJLWDO H ,QJOpV (O SUR\HFWR VH SODQWHD FRPR XQD $JHQFLD 7XUtVWLFD SHUR FRQ XQ PDWL] LQQRYDGRU OD P~VLFD
FRPR KLOR FRQGXFWRU GHO DSUHQGL]DMH JHRJUiILFR (O DOXPQDGR VH PHWHUi HQ OD SLHO GH XQ WUDEDMDGRU GH HVWH
iPELWR\ H[SHULPHQWDUi GHSULPHUD PDQR VXVGLVWLQWDVODERUHV FRQWULEX\pQGRVH DVt DO GHVDUUROOR FRPSHWHQFLDO
GHOPLVPR
'H HVWD PDQHUD FRQFHSWRV FRPR HO SDWULPRQLR QDWXUDO \ FXOWXUDO OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH WXULVPR \ SDWULPRQLR \ OD
LPSRUWDQFLDGHODGLIXVLyQVHUiQDSUHQGLGRVGHVGHODSURSLDH[SHULHQFLDGHVDUUDLJiQGRVHGHHVHPDWL]DEVWUDFWR
GHOTXHHQFLHUWDVRFDVLRQHVVXHOHQLULPSUHJQDGRV$GHPiVSRQGUHPRVHQVXVPDQRVXQDIRUPDGHWUDEDMRTXH
IRPHQWDUiORVHVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMHSURSXHVWRVSRU$ORQVR*DOOHJR\+RQH\VLHQGRpVWRVHOHVWLORDFWLYRHO
HVWLORWHyULFRHOHVWLORUHIOH[LYR\HOHVWLORSUDJPiWLFR

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
0~VLFD'LGiFWLFDGHODJHRJUDItD(VWLORVGH$SUHQGL]DMH\3UR\HFWRGH$SUHQGL]DMH

,1752'8&&,1
(VWH SUR\HFWR YD GLULJLGR D DOXPQRVDV GHO WHUFHU FLFOR GH SULPDULD FRQFUHWDPHQWH DO
DOXPQDGR GHO FXUVR GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD 1R REVWDQWH VH WUDWD GH XQD H[SHULHQFLD
DGDSWDEOHDORVGLIHUHQWHVFXUVRVGHODHWDSDGH3ULPDULD6HFXQGDULD\%DFKLOOHUDWR
6HWUDWDGHXQSUR\HFWRFHQWUDGRHQHODSUHQGL]DMHJOREDOL]DGR\DTXHWUDEDMDODVPDWHULDVTXH
FRPSRQHQHOFXUUtFXORHQHVWHFDVRGHGHSULPDULD
x &LHQFLDV 1DWXUDOHV 6H WUDEDMDUi DO DERUGDU DVSHFWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD ERWiQLFD OD
]RRORJtD\HOPHGLRQDWXUDOKXPDQRLPSOLFDGRVHQHOLWLQHUDULRWXUtVWLFR
x &LHQFLDV VRFLDOHV 6H DIURQWDUiQ DVSHFWRV GH WLSR JHRJUiILFR H KLVWyULFRV TXH HVWpQ
GLUHFWDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOLWLQHUDULRWXUtVWLFR
x (GXFDFLyQ )tVLFD (O DOXPQDGR GHEHUi WHQHU HQ FXHQWD DVSHFWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD
KLJLHQHSRVWXUDOSDUDHYLWDUOHVLRQHVWDQWRHQHOORVPLVPRVFRPRHQORVYLVLWDQWHV
x /HQJXD&DVWHOODQD\/LWHUDWXUD(VWDPDWHULDHVWDUiLPSOLFDGDHQORVDVSHFWRVGHOHFWXUD
\ SURFHVDPLHQWR GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ H[SUHVLyQ HVFULWD \ FRPXQLFDFLyQ H LQWHUDFFLyQ RUDO
HQWUHRWURV
x 0DWHPiWLFDV $O WUDWDUVH GH XQD DJHQFLD WXUtVWLFD YD D VHU IXQGDPHQWDO HO DERUGDU HO
DVSHFWRHFRQyPLFRILQDQFLHURGHODHPSUHVDSRUORTXHODDULWPpWLFDYDDWHQHUXQSDSHO
A.M.Barranco Domnguez


IXQGDPHQWDO $VLPLVPR HO FXDGUDU JUXSRV FUHDU SUHVXSXHVWRV YDORUDU JDVWRV H LQJUHVRV
FRPSUDYHQWD GH PDWHULDOHV HWF YDQ D VHU DVSHFWRV FODYHV D WUDEDMDU GH IRUPD SUiFWLFD
GHVGHHOiUHDGH0DWHPiWLFDV
x (GXFDFLyQ $UWtVWLFD 9D HVWDU LPSOLFDGD HQ OD FUHDFLyQ GH DQXQFLRV SURPRFLRQDOHV HQ
ORV TXH VH FRPELQDUiQ ORV DVSHFWRV DXGLRYLVXDOHV GHO iUHD DGHPiV HO PDUNHWLQJ FRQ
SDQIOHWRV FDUWHOHUtD ORJR GH HPSUHVD DVt FRPR OD E~VTXHGD GH OD P~VLFD TXH JXtH \
DFRPSDxH QXHVWUR UHFRUULGR WXUtVWLFR YDQ D VHU DVSHFWRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV GLUHFWDPHQWH
UHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOGHVDUUROORDUWtVWLFRGHODOXPQDGR
x &XOWXUD \ SUiFWLFD GLJLWDO (O PDQHMR GH ODV WHFQRORJtDV YD D VHU LPSUHVFLQGLEOH VREUH
WRGRHQORVDVSHFWRVFHQWUDGRVHQODGLIXVLyQGHOSUR\HFWR\GHODHPSUHVDDVtFRPRGHOD
HODERUDFLyQ GH SURGXFWRV FRPR ORV SDQIOHWRV \FDUWHOHV OD DWHQFLyQ GH ORV FOLHQWHV YtD H
PDLORDWUDYpVGHUHGHVVRFLDOHVODFUHDFLyQGHSUHVXSXHVWRVODE~VTXHGDGHLQIRUPDFLyQ
HWF
x 9DORUHV VRFLDOHV \ FtYLFRV 6HUi WUDEDMDGR D WUDYpV GHO EXHQ XVR GH ODV 7,& \ GH ORV
PDWHULDOHVHLQVWDODFLRQHVGHOFHQWURDVtFRPRFRQHOWUDEDMRFRRSHUDWLYRODUHVROXFLyQGH
FRQIOLFWRVODD\XGDPXWXDHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHQRUPDVHODERUDGDVSRUHOSURSLRDOXPQDGR
SDUDWUDEDMDUHQXQDHPSUHVDHWF
x /HQJXDH[WUDQMHUD(QODDFWXDOLGDG$QGDOXFtD\HQHOFDVRGHODSURYLQFLDGH0iODJD
HO WXULVPR HV XQD GH ODV SULQFLSDOHV IXHQWHV VXVWHQWDGRUDV GH OD HFRQRPtD VLHQGR GH
P~OWLSOHV QDFLRQDOLGDGHV ODV DVLVWHQWHV D QXHVWUD FRPXQLGDG SDUD FRQRFHU ODV PDUDYLOODV
TXHpVWDDSRUWD(VSRUHOORTXHVHUiQHFHVDULRWHQHUSUHYLVWRPDWHULDOHQYDULRVLGLRPDVDVt
FRPRODVPLVPDVYLVLWDVFRQHOREMHWRGHDEULUQRVDOPi[LPRGHWXULVWDV/RVLGLRPDVFRQ
ORV TXH YDPRV D WUDEDMDU VHUiQ LQJOpV \ FDVWHOODQR GHELGR D TXH VRQ ORV SUHVHQWHV HQ
QXHVWURFHQWURHGXFDWLYR
(OSUR\HFWRFRQVLVWHHQODFUHDFLyQGHXQDDJHQFLDWXUtVWLFDFRQHOPDWL]LQQRYDGRUGHUHDOL]DU
YLVLWDVFRQXQKLORFRQGXFWRUPXVLFDO(ODOXPQDGRVHFRQYHUWLUiHQXQYHUGDGHURWUDEDMDGRU
TXHIRUPHSDUWHGHODSODQWLOODKDELWXDOGHXQDDJHQFLDWXUtVWLFDFRQHOREMHWLYRGHFRQRFHUGH
FHUFD HVWH FDPSR \ GHVDUUROODU ODV GLIHUHQWHV FRPSHWHQFLDV FODYHV GHVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD
SUiFWLFR FHQWUDGR HQ OD SURSLD H[SHULHQFLD GHO DOXPQDGR VLHQGR HVWH SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D
DSUHQGL]DMHO~GLFRPRWLYDGRUHLQFOXVRGLYHUWLGR
(VWH SUR\HFWR HV XQD VLPXODFLyQ UHDO OD FXDO VH XELFDUtD EDMR HO HVWLOR SUDJPiWLFR GH
DSUHQGL]DMH \D TXH SHUPLWH DO DOXPQDGR DSUHQGHU GH OD H[SHULHQFLD \ GH IRUPD GLUHFWD
SRQLHQGR HQ SUiFWLFD VXV FRQRFLPLHQWRV YLHQGR TXH pVWRV WLHQHQ XQD YDOLGH] \ XWLOLGDG
LQPHGLDWDHQODUHDOLGDG
1RREVWDQWHSDUDPRQWDUXQDDJHQFLDWXUtVWLFDHODOXPQDGRSUHYLDPHQWHGHEHUiDVXPLUHOURO
GH LQYHVWLJDGRU HQ HO HQWRUQR DQDOL]DQGR HO WHUULWRULR GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD JHRJUiILFR
KLVWyULFR\QDWXUDOFRQHOREMHWRGHORFDOL]DUTXpUXWDVVHYDQDRIUHFHUTXpYDQDFRQWHQHU\
FyPRVHYDQDGHVDUUROODU
3RU RWUR ODGR ORV YLVLWDQWHV VHUiQ DOXPQRV GH RWURV FHQWURV HGXFDWLYRV D ORV TXH GDUHPRV D
FRQRFHUHVWHSUR\HFWR
&RQ HVWH SUR\HFWR YDPRV D FRQWULEXLU GLUHFWDPHQWH D OD ILQDOLGDG HGXFDWLYD GH OD(GXFDFLyQ
3ULPDULDVHJ~QOD/H\2UJiQLFDGHGHPD\RGH(GXFDFLyQPRGLILFDGDSRUOD/H\
2UJiQLFDGHGHGLFLHPEUHSDUDOD PHMRUDGHODFDOLGDG(GXFDWLYDTXHVHxDODTXH
GLFKD ILQDOLGDG HV IDFLOLWDU D ORV DOXPQRV \DOXPQDV ORV DSUHQGL]DMHV GH OD H[SUHVLyQ \


FRPSUHQVLyQRUDOODOHFWXUDODHVFULWXUDHOFiOFXORODDGTXLVLFLyQGHQRFLRQHVEiVLFDVGHOD
FXOWXUD \ HOKiELWR GH FRQYLYHQFLD DVt FRPR ORV GH HVWXGLR\WUDEDMRHO VHQWLGR DUWtVWLFR OD
FUHDWLYLGDG\ODDIHFWLYLGDGFRQHOILQGHJDUDQWL]DUXQDIRUPDFLyQLQWHJUDOTXHFRQWULEX\DDO
SOHQRGHVDUUROORGHODSHUVRQDOLGDGGHORVDOXPQRV\DOXPQDV\GHSUHSDUDUORVSDUDFXUVDUFRQ
DSURYHFKDPLHQWRODHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDREOLJDWRULD

(/$35(1',=$-(%$6$'2(1352<(&726
(VWH SUR\HFWR VH FHQWUD HQ OD PHWRGRORJtD GHO DSUHQGL]DMH EDVDGR HQ SUR\HFWRV $%3 TXH
FRQVLVWHHQXQDHVWUDWHJLDGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHDOWHUQDWLYDDODHQVHxDQ]DWUDGLFLRQDOTXH
SHUPLWH DXQDU EDMR HVWD IRUPD GH WUDEDMR D DOXPQDGR FRQ HVWLORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH WDOHQWRV \
KDELOLGDGHV GLIHUHQWHV FRQVWLWX\HQGR XQD IRUPD HTXLWDWLYD GH WUDEDMDU HQ HO DXOD 5HEROOR

(O $%3 VH UHVXPHQ HQ SODQWHDU XQD SUREOHPiWLFD UHDO D XQ JUXSR GH DOXPQRV SDUD FX\D
VROXFLyQWHQGUiQTXHWUDEDMDUGHIRUPDFRODERUDWLYDHQXQSUR\HFWRTXHWHQGUiQTXHGLVHxDU
VLJXLHQGR XQDV SDXWDV LQLFLDOHV PDUFDGDV SRU HO SURIHVRU \ GRQGH FDGD DOXPQR WLHQH XQ URO
LQGLYLGXDOL]DGRFRQXQRVREMHWLYRVDVHJXLU5HEROOR
(O $%3 KDFH DO DOXPQDGR DSOLFDU XQRV FRQRFLPLHQWRV DGTXLULGRV HQ XQ IRFR FRQFUHWR GH
PDQHUD TXH OD WHRUtD FREUD VHQWLGR DO VHU OOHYDGD D OD SUiFWLFD SDUD GDU UHVSXHVWD D XQD
SUREOHPiWLFDUHDO\HQODTXHHODOXPQRVHYHLQPHUVR5RGUtJXH]6DQGRYDO9DUJDV6RODQR
/XQD&RUWpV(QQXHVWURFDVRHODOXPQDGRUHDOL]DUiXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQWHyULFDSDUD
FUHDUODDJHQFLDWXUtVWLFD\ORVGLIHUHQWHVLWLQHUDULRVFRQVXVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVKLORVPXVLFDOHV
FRQGXFWRUHVGHODYLVLWDYLpQGRVHWRGRHOWUDEDMRDSOLFDGRDOUHDOL]DUODVLPXODFLyQUHDOGHODV
YLVLWDV
&RQHVWDPHWRGRORJtDHODOXPQRVHFRQYLHUWHHQHOYHUGDGHURSURWDJRQLVWDGHVXDSUHQGL]DMH
FRQVWUX\HVXFDPLQRLQYHVWLJD\FUHFHGHIRUPDLQWHJUDOFRPRLQGLYLGXR\FRPRSURIHVLRQDO
HQQXHVWURFDVRGHXQDDJHQFLDWXUtVWLFD

(67,/26'((16(f$1=$$35(1',=$-(
/RVHVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMHVRQORVPRGRVFDUDFWHUtVWLFRVSRUORVTXHXQLQGLYLGXRSURFHVDOD
LQIRUPDFLyQ VLHQWH \ VH FRPSRUWD HQ VLWXDFLRQHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH 6PLWK (O
WUDEDMDU FRQ ORV HVWLORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH QR FRQOOHYD OD LPSODQWDFLyQ GH PHWRGRORJtDV QXHYDV
VLPSOHPHQWH EDVWD FRQ XQD DGDSWDFLyQ GH ODV DTXHOODV H[LVWHQWHV D ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO
DOXPQDGR\DTXHORV(VWLORVGH$SUHQGL]DMHVRQODVFRQGLFLRQHVHGXFDWLYDVEDMRODVTXHXQ
GLVFHQWHHVWiHQODPHMRUVLWXDFLyQGHDSUHQGHU+XQW
$OWUDEDMDUHQXQDXODFRQORVHVWLORVQRVGHVHQYROYHUHPRVEDMRXQDFRQFHSFLyQVXVWHQWDGDHQ
ODV EDVHV GHO FRQVWUXFWLYLVPR \ GHO DSUHQGL]DMH VLJQLILFDWLYR SRU OR TXH VHUi LQGLVSHQVDEOH
WHQHU HQ FXHQWD ODV LGHDV SUHYLDV GH ORV GLVFHQWHV FRQ HO REMHWR GH FRQVWUXLU ORV QXHYRV
DSUHQGL]DMHVGHIRUPDVLJQLILFDWLYD\FRKHUHQWHSDUDHODOXPQDGR
1R REVWDQWH QR GHEHPRV OLPLWDU DO DOXPQDGR D WUDEDMDU HQ VXV HVWLORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH
SUHGLOHFWRV \D TXH FRPR VHxDOy +HUYiV HQ VX FRQIHUHQFLD HQ ODV , -RUQDGDV 1DFLRQDOHV GH
(YDOXDFLyQ(GXFDWLYDHQVLHOGRFHQWHHQVHxDH[FOXVLYDPHQWHHQHOPRGRTXHSUHILHUH
VXDOXPQDGRODFRQVHFXHQFLDVHUiTXHHVWRVQRGHVDUUROODUiQODFDSDFLGDGFRJQLWLYDQHFHVDULD
SDUDHOHYDUVXSRWHQFLDODOPi[LPR(OREMHWLYRTXHWHQHPRVDOHPSOHDUORVHVWLORVGH


DSUHQGL]DMHHQHOGHVDUUROORGHHVWHSUR\HFWRHVFRQWULEXLUDOGHVDUUROORLQWHJUDOGHODOXPQDGR
SRU OR TXH XWLOL]DU ORV HVWLORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH SURSXHVWRV SRU $ORQVR *DOOHJR \ +RQH\
GDUiOXJDUDTXHHODEDQLFRGHGHVWUH]DVGHODOXPQDGRVHYHDLQFUHPHQWDGRHYLWDQGR
DVtTXHTXHGHQKDELOLGDGHVSRUGHVDUUROODU
/RVHVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMHDORVTXHQRVUHIHULPRVVRQ(VWLOR$FWLYR(VWLOR7HyULFR(VWLOR
5HIOH[LYR\(VWLOR3UDJPiWLFR$FRQWLQXDFLyQYDPRVDHQXQFLDUFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHFDGDXQR
GHORVHVWLORV\TXHWHQGUiQOXJDUHQHVWHSUR\HFWRGHDSUHQGL]DMH
x (VWLORDFWLYRODH[SHULHQFLDHVHOPRWRUGHDSUHQGL]DMHGHHVWRVLQGLYLGXRV3RUHMHPSOR
DFWLYLGDGHVJUXSDOHVMXHJRVGHUROHVFRQYHUWLUVHHQJXtDWXUtVWLFRRODGUDPDWL]DFLyQ
x (VWLORUHIOH[LYRODUHIOH[LyQHVODFODYHGHVXDSUHQGL]DMH3RUHMHPSORDFWLYLGDGHVGH
REVHUYDFLyQGHUHYLVLyQLQYHVWLJDUHWF
x (VWLORWHyULFRVHFHQWUDQHQUDFLRQDOL]DU3RUHMHPSORDFWLYLGDGHVHVWUXFWXUDGDVFRQXQ
ILQHVFODUHFLGR
x (VWLOR SUDJPiWLFR VRQ DTXHOORV LQGLYLGXRV TXH EXVFDQ XQD DSOLFDFLyQ GH VXV
FRQRFLPLHQWRVVREUHODUHDOLGDG3RUHMHPSORDFWLYLGDGHVGHVLPXODFLyQH[SHULPHQWDFLyQ
RSUREOHPDVUHDOHV
3DUD LGHQWLILFDU HQ HO DXOD ORV SHUILOHV GH DSUHQGL]DMH GH QXHVWUR DOXPQDGR HPSOHDUHPRV HO
FXHVWLRQDULR &+$($-XQLRU 6RWLOOR 3DUWLHQGR GH HVWH SXQWR HODERUDUHPRV HO
SUR\HFWR\ORVJUXSRVGHWUDEDMRGHOSUR\HFWRGHIRUPDTXHURWHQGHIRUPDHTXLWDWLYDSRUODV
GLIHUHQWHVDFWLYLGDGHVXELFDGDVHQORVHVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMH
)LJXUD&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHFDGDXQRGHORVHVWLORVGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH5HFXSHUDGR
GHKWWSESEORJVSRWFRPB'W0LB28
EUR743RX$N(JB,$$$$$$$$$-JM8T,P($4V&+$($(67,/2635()(5(1&,$6&$5$&7(
5,67,&$631*31*

$XQTXHLGHQWLILTXHPRVORVHVWLORVSUHGRPLQDQWHVHQHODXODYDPRVDWUDEDMDUSDUWLHQGRGHOD
LGHDGHGHVDUUROODUGHIRUPDVLPXOWiQHDORVHVWLORVDFWLYRUHIOH[LYRSUDJPiWLFR\WHyULFR
'H KHFKR DO XWLOL]DU XQ HQIRTXH PHWRGROyJLFR HFOpWLFR HQ HO TXH FRPELQHPRV OD WHRUtD GH
HVWLORV HO $%3 \ ODV WHFQRORJtDV QRV YD D SHUPLWLU FRPELQDU XQD VHULH GH SURFHVRV \
DFWLYLGDGHVTXHSURYHDQDO DOXPQDGRGH P~OWLSOHVH[SHULHQFLDVYDULDGDVTXHFRQWULEX\DQQR
VyORDODPRWLYDFLyQVLQRDIDFLOLWDUHQWRUQRVGHDSUHQGL]DMHTXHOHKDJDQVDOLUGHOD]RQDGH
FRQIRUWSDUDDOFDQ]DUOD]RQDGHDSUHQGL]DMH


)LJXUD=RQDGHFRQIRUW\]RQDGHDSUHQGL]DMH5HFXSHUDGRGHKWWSESEORJVSRWFRP]KQ=\M&8KD)L
1Y9),$$$$$$$$%24K:'4H+5F[VLPDJHMSHJ

/$06,&$&202+,/2&21'8&725'(/$$*(1&,$78567,&$
/D LQQRYDFLyQ GH HVWD DJHQFLD WXUtVWLFD UHVLGH HQ OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GH OD P~VLFD FRPR KLOR
FRQGXFWRU GH ODV YLVLWDV GH ORV WXULVWDV 6H SUHWHQGH UHFXUULU D P~VLFD TXH D\XGH D
FRQWH[WXDOL]DUODYLVLWDGHIRUPDTXHQRVKDJDWUDVSRUWDUQRVHQHOWLHPSRGHXQDIRUPDPiV
UHDO3RUHMHPSORLPDJLQDPRVTXHQXHVWURLWLQHUDULRWXUtVWLFRVHFHQWUDHQXQUHFRUULGRSRUORV
PRQXPHQWRVKLVWyULFRVGHOFDVFRDQWLJXRGH0iODJDHQHOTXHKD\DPRVHQWUHRWURVHOWHDWUR
URPDQRSDUDGLFKDSDUWHGHODYLVLWDSRGUHPRVUHFXUULUDP~VLFDGHODpSRFDFRQLQVWUXPHQWRV
UHSUHVHQWDWLYRVFRPRODOLUD
$VLPLVPRDOVHUODP~VLFDXQOHQJXDMHXQLYHUVDO\DEVWUDFWRQRVSHUPLWLUiOOHYDUDOYLVLWDQWH
HPRFLRQHVVHQVDFLRQHVHLPSUHVLRQHVTXHYDQPiVDOOiGHODFRQFUHFLyQGHODVSDODEUDV
(QORTXHUHVSHFWDDODOXPQDGRHOUHDOL]DUXQDUHFRSLODFLyQPXVLFDOGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWD
KLVWyULFRFXOWXUDO QR VyOR OH HQULTXHFHUi FRPR LQGLYLGXR \ D QLYHO LGHQWLWDULR VLQR TXH QRV
D\XGDUi D DILDQ]DU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR D WUDYpV SRU HMHPSOR GH ORV SDORV GHO
IODPHQFR FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV GH OXJDUHV FRQFUHWRV GH $QGDOXFtD $GHPiV VHUYLUi GH UHFXUVR
PQHPRWpFQLFRHQYLVWDVDOIXWXURLQPHGLDWRGHODOXPQDGR

/$$*(1&,$78567,&$
/D PD\RU SDUWH GH ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV SDUD (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD FRQWLQ~DQ
DERUGDQGR HO SURFHVR GH DSUHQGL]DMH GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD EDVWDQWH WUDGLFLRQDO GH OD
HQVHxDQ]D FHQWUiQGRVH HQ OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH WDUHDV VLQ XQD ILQDOLGDG VLJQLILFDWLYD SDUD HO
DOXPQDGR 6LQ HPEDUJR FUHHPRV QHFHVDULR HO GHVOLJDUQRV GH HVD WHQGHQFLD KRPRJpQHD
DIURQWDQGR OD HQVHxDQ]D GH ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV \ HQ HVWH FDVR GH OD JHRJUDItD GHVGH XQD
SHUVSHFWLYDDFWLYDUHODFLRQDGDFRQDVSHFWRVODWHQWHV\YLYRVGHODVRFLHGDGDFWXDO
&RQHVWDSURSXHVWDGHLQWHUYHQFLyQSUHWHQGHPRVLUPiVDOOiGHORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVSXUDPHQWH
JHRJUiILFRV GHVDUUROODQGR KDELOLGDGHV GHVWUH]DV \ YDORUHV TXH VRQ LQHYLWDEOHPHQWH
QHFHVDULRVSDUDYLYLUHQVRFLHGDG\SDUDHOGHVDUUROORLQWHJUDOGHORVLQGLYLGXRVGHOVLJOR;;,
$VLPLVPRHVWDIRUPDGHDERUGDUHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHVHUiFRQVHFXHQWHFRQHO
PDUFRFXUULFXODUYLJHQWHTXHDSDUHFHQUHIOHMDGRVHQORV5HDOHV'HFUHWRV'HFUHWRV\yUGHQHV
TXHUHJXODQODHGXFDFLyQSULPDULDHQ(VSDxD


(O VHFWRU VHUYLFLRV HV GHFLU HO WHUFLDULR VHUi HO SURWDJRQLVWD GH QXHVWUR SUR\HFWR GH DJHQFLD
WXUtVWLFDHOFXDOKHPRVSODQWHDGRFRPRODFUHDFLyQGHXQSUR\HFWRFROHFWLYR\SHUVRQDOTXH
WHQJDXQDDSOLFDFLyQHQHOFRQWH[WRLQPHGLDWRGHODOXPQDGR(OFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVVHFWRUHV
GH SURGXFFLyQ VH VLW~D GHVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD GH HQVHxDQ]D WUDGLFLRQDO PX\ OHMDQR DO
DOXPQDGR HV SRU HOOR TXH OD H[SRVLFLyQ \ DQiOLVLV WHyULFR QR HV VXILFLHQWH SDUD OOHYDU DO
DOXPQDGRKDFLDHVWRVUHVXOWDGRVGHEHPRVWUDEDMDURWRUJDQGRDODOXPQDGRXQSDSHODFWLYR
$VLPLVPR GLIHUHQWHV UDPDV GH OD JHRJUDItD VH SRQGUiQ GH PDQLILHVWR \ VH DFHUFDUiQ DO
DOXPQDGRJHRJUDItDFXOWXUDOJHRJUDItDSROtWLFDJHRJUDItDItVLFDHWF
$ODKRUDGHSODQWHDUPLSURSXHVWDSDUWRGHFXHVWLRQDULRKHFKRDODOXPQDGRSDUDYHULILFDUVXV
HVWLORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH VH WUDWD GHO FXHVWLRQDULR &+$($ $VLPLVPR SDUWLUHPRV GH XQD
DFWLYLGDGGHFRQRFLPLHQWRVSUHYLRV\DTXHSDUDTXHFXDOTXLHUHQVHxDQ]DVHDHIHFWLYD\SRU
WDQWRSDUDTXHHODSUHQGL]DMHWHQJDOXJDUHVIXQGDPHQWDOTXHSDUWDGHORTXHHODOXPQDGRHV
FDSD] GH KDFHU 6yOR D SDUWLU GH DKt HO DOXPQR SRGUi FRQVWUXLU FRQ VHJXULGDG QXHYRV
DSUHQGL]DMHV9DOGLYLD
7UDV DQDOL]DU ORV GDWRV REWHQLGRV HQ HO FXHVWLRQDULR ODV DFWLYLGDGHV TXH VH OOHYDUiQ D FDER
FRPELQDUiQORVHVWLORV
3DUD HOOR QRV YDPRV D VHUYLU GHO DSUHQGL]DMH EDVDGR HQ SUR\HFWRV $%3 \D TXH HQ VX
GHVDUUROORVHSXHGHQSODQWHDUDFWLYLGDGHVTXHVHHQPDUTXHQEDMRORVHVWLORVGHHQVHxDQ]D
DSUHQGL]DMH $GHPiV SHUPLWLUi DO DOXPQDGR VHU HO SURWDJRQLVWD GHO FDPLQR D UHFRUUHU DVt
FRPRGHVDUUROODUVHGHIRUPDLQWHJUDOFRPRLQGLYLGXR\SURIHVLRQDO
(O $%3 VH FRQVWUX\H D SDUWLU GH XQD SUREOHPiWLFD UHWR R FXHVWLRQDPLHQWR TXH VH SURSRQH
DIURQWDU D ORV GLVFHQWHV FRQVWLWX\HQGR OD UHVSXHVWD DO SUREOHPD OD PHWD TXH TXHUHPRV
DOFDQ]DU 3DUD HODERUDU OD SUHJXQWD R SODQWHDU XQD SUREOHPiWLFD VREUH OD TXH WUDEDMDU
GHEHUHPRV DFXGLU DO FXUUtFXOXP HVWDEOHFLGR SRU HO PDUFR YLJHQWH FRQFUHWDPHQWH D ORV
FULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQ7UXMLOOR
(O $%3 FRQVWLWX\H XQD PHWRGRORJtD TXH FRQWULEX\H D XQ JUDQ GHVDUUROOR FRPSHWHQFLDO GHO
DOXPQDGRDVtFRPRGHDGTXLVLFLyQVLJQLILFDWLYDGHORVFRQWHQLGRVTXHSURSRQHHOFXUUtFXOXP
YLJHQWH6HGLIHUHQFLDGHODHQVHxDQ]DWUDGLFLRQDOHQTXHYDPiVDOOiGHODPHUDWUDQVPLVLyQ
YHUWLFDOGHFRQRFLPLHQWRV\RSWDSRUXQSURFHVRGHWUDEDMRHQWUHGLVFHQWHV\GRFHQWHHQHOTXH
HVWH ~OWLPR DFW~D GH JXtD \ RULHQWDGRU GHO PLVPR \ HO DOXPQDGR HV HO SURWDJRQLVWD DFWLYR
/DUPHU 0HUJHQGROOHU
(OUROGHOGRFHQWHVHUiHOGHE~VTXHGDGHUHFXUVRV\PDWHULDOHVODJHVWLyQGHOWUDEDMRJUXSDO
ODYDORUDFLyQ\VHJXLPLHQWRGHOGHVDUUROORGHOSUR\HFWRHOSUHVWDUD\XGDHQODUHVROXFLyQGH
GLILFXOWDGHV\FRQIOLFWRVHOOOHYDUXQFRQWUROGHOULWPRGHWUDEDMRHODFWXDUGHIDFLOLWDGRUGHO
SURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH\SRUVXSXHVWRHOGHYDORUDGRUGHOUHVXOWDGR
/RVHVWLORVGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHVHYHUiQGHVDUUROODGRVDWUDYpVGHORVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGH
DFWLYLGDGHVTXHVHGHVDUUROODQHQHOSUR\HFWRGHIRUPDTXHVHSRWHQFLHHOGHVDUUROORLQWHJUDO
GHODOXPQDGR

3URGXFWRILQDO
(OSURGXFWRILQDOGHQXHVWURSUR\HFWRGHDSUHQGL]DMHVHUiOD$JHQFLD7XUtVWLFD'LYHUWLODQGLD
RELHQHOQRPEUHTXHHOJUXSRFODVHGHFLGDRWRUJDUOHDGLFKDDJHQFLD


*UXSRV
/RVJUXSRVVHUiQKHWHURJpQHRVSRUORTXHHVWDUiQIRUPDGRVSRUSDULGDGGHQLxRV\QLxDVDVt
FRPR DOXPQRV FRQ GLIHUHQWHV ULWPRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH EXVFDQGR TXH KD\D GLYHUVLGDG (O
Q~PHURGHDOXPQRVSRUJUXSRVVHUiGH
/RV UROHV TXH VH HVWDEOHFHUiQ VHUiQ ORV VLJXLHQWHV \ WHQGUiQ FDUiFWHU URWDWLYR FDGD GRV
VHPDQDVpVWRVVHUiQORVTXHVHSODQWHDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
x &RRUGLQDGRUFRQRFHFODUDPHQWHODWDUHDDUHDOL]DULQGLFDODVWDUHDVTXHFDGDXQRGHEH
UHDOL]DUHQFDGDPRPHQWRFRPSUXHEDTXHWRGRVFXPSOHQFRQVXWDUHD\DQLPDDOHTXLSRD
VHJXLUDGHODQWH
)LJXUD7DUMHWDUHFRUGDWRULDGHOUROGH&RRUGLQDGRU5HFXSHUDGRGHKWWSVVPHGLDFDFKH
DNSLQLPJFRP[HFHFIIHIGIGEMSJ

x 6HFUHWDULRUHFXHUGDODVWDUHDVSHQGLHQWHVFRPSUXHEDTXHWRGRVDQRWHQODWDUHD\DQRWD
HOWUDEDMRUHDOL]DGRHQHOFXDGHUQRGHHTXLSR


)LJXUD7DUMHWDUHFRUGDWRULDGHOUROGH6HFUHWDULR5HFXSHUDGR
GHKWWSZZZLPDJHQHVHGXFDWLYDVFRPZSFRQWHQWXSORDGVVHFUHWDULRMSJ

x &RQWURODGRUFRQWURODORVWLHPSRVFXVWRGLDORVPDWHULDOHVVXSHUYLVDHOQLYHOGHUXLGR
\FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHOJUXSR\YLJLODTXHWRGRTXHGDOLPSLR\UHFRJLGR
)LJXUD7DUMHWDUHFRUGDWRULDGHOUROGH&RQWURODGRU5HFXSHUDGRGHKWWSZZZLPDJHQHVHGXFDWLYDVFRPZS
FRQWHQWXSORDGV52/'(&21752/$'25MSJ


x 3RUWDYR]SUHJXQWDODVGXGDVDOSURIHVRUSUHVHQWDDOUHVWRGHFRPSDxHURVODVWDUHDV
UHDOL]DGDV\UHVSRQGHDODVSUHJXQWDVTXHVHKDFHQ
)LJXUD7DUMHWDUHFRUGDWRULDGHOUROGH3RUWDYR]5HFXSHUDGR
GHKWWSZZZLPDJHQHVHGXFDWLYDVFRPZSFRQWHQWXSORDGVSRUWDYR]MSJ

6H SRGUiQ HPSOHDU WDUMHWDV UHFRUGDWRULDV GHO URO SDUD TXH HO DOXPQDGR WRGRV ORV GtDV SXHGD
UHFRUGDUFXiOHVVRQVXVIXQFLRQHVFRQHOREMHWRGHTXHODVFXPSODQORPHMRUSRVLEOHvase
)LJXUD)LJXUD)LJXUD\)LJXUD

2EMHWLYRVGHOSUR\HFWR
x &RQRFHULGHQWLILFDU\YDORUDUHOSDWULPRQLRQDWXUDOFXOWXUDODUWtVWLFRJDVWURQyPLFR
HQROyJLFR\ORVHTXLSDPLHQWRVPXVHtVWLFRVORFDOHV
x 5HFRQRFHU\H[SORWDUODVSRWHQFLDOLGDGHVGHODORFDOLGDGDQLYHOWXUtVWLFR
x )RPHQWDUODFXOWXUDHPSUHQGHGRUD\ODFUHDWLYLGDGHQHODOXPQDGR
x )RUPDUJXtDVWXUtVWLFRVGHGLYHUVDVWLSRORJtDVSDUDGDUGLIXVLyQDOSDWULPRQLRORFDO


x $ERUGDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOHQWRUQRGHVGHORVGLIHUHQWHViPELWRVGHODJHRJUDItD
(YLGHQWHPHQWH DO UHODFLRQDUOR FRQ ODV GHPiV PDWHULDV GHO FXUUtFXOR VH DERUGDUiQ PiV
REMHWLYRVGLUHFWDPHQWHOLJDGRVDRWUDViUHDVFRPRODFRPXQLFDFLyQRUDOiUHDGH/HQJXD1R
REVWDQWHKHPRVGHMDGRUHIOHMDGRVDTXHOORVTXHHVWiQUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV
GHQWURGHODTXHHQFRQWUDPRVDOD*HRJUDItD

7LSRVGHFRPSHWHQFLDVTXHVHGHVDUUROODQ
/DVFRPSHWHQFLDVTXHVHYDQDWUDEDMDUHQHVWHSUR\HFWRVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV
x &RPSHWHQFLDHQFRPXQLFDFLyQOLQJtVWLFD&&/
6HWUDEDMDUiDOHPSOHDUHOGLiORJRFRPRUHFXUVRSDUDODFRPXQLFDFLyQHQODUHGDFFLyQ
GHODLQIRUPDFLyQHQODHODERUDFLyQGHORVSDQIOHWRVHQHOGLVFXUVRGHOJXtDWXUtVWLFRHQ
ODFRPXQLFDFLyQGHODYLVLWDHQGLIHUHQWHVLGLRPDVLQJOpVHWF
x &RPSHWHQFLDPDWHPiWLFD\FRPSHWHQFLDVEiVLFDVHQFLHQFLD\WHFQRORJtD&0&7
6H WUDEDMDUi PHGLDQWH OD JHVWLyQ HFRQyPLFD GH OD DJHQFLD WXUtVWLFD HQ HO DQiOLVLV
KLVWyULFRDUWtVWLFR\FLHQWtILFRGHORVGLIHUHQWHVHOHPHQWRVSDWULPRQLDOHVHWF
x &RPSHWHQFLDGLJLWDO&'
6H GHVDUUROODUi D WUDYpV GHO PDQHMR GH GLIHUHQWHV SURJUDPDV LQIRUPiWLFRV KRMD GH
FiOFXORSDUDODJHVWLyQHFRQyPLFD3RZHU3RLQWSDUDODFUHDFLyQGHSDQIOHWRVHWFFRQ
ODFUHDFLyQGHXQDZHESDUDODDJHQFLD\FRQODE~VTXHGDHQLQWHUQHW
x &RPSHWHQFLDSDUDDSUHQGHUDDSUHQGHU&3$$
VHWUDEDMDUiDOSODQWHDUHOSXQWRGHSDUWLGDGHOJUXSRFRQHOSODQWHDPLHQWRGHHVWUDWHJLDV
SDUDODUHDOL]DFLyQGHWDUHDV PHGLDQWHHOSODQWHDPLHQWRGHHVWUDWHJLDVGHSODQLILFDFLyQ
GHO WUDEDMR JUXSDO DVt FRPR FRQ OD HYDOXDFLyQ HO SURSLR SURFHVR GH DSUHQGL]DMH HQWUH
RWURV
x 6HQWLGRGHODLQLFLDWLYD\HVStULWXHPSUHQGHGRU6,(
6H WUDEDMDUi FRQ OD UHVROXFLyQ GH SUREOHPDV FRQ OD JHVWLyQ \ SODQLILFDFLyQ FRQ OD
SURSXHVWDGHLGHDVLPDJLQDWLYDV\FUHDWLYDVPHGLDQWHODQHJRFLDFLyQHWF
x &RQFLHQFLD\H[SUHVLRQHVFXOWXUDOHV&(&
0HGLDQWHHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\YDORUDFLyQGHOSDWULPRQLRFRQODDSOLFDFLyQGHKDELOLGDGHV
GH SHQVDPLHQWR SHUFHSWLYDV FRPXQLFDWLYDV \ HVWpWLFDV FRQ HO HPSOHR GH WpFQLFDV
DXGLRYLVXDOHVHQHOSUR\HFWRFRQHOUHVSHWRDODGLYHUVLGDGFXOWXUDO\FRQODYDORUDFLyQ
GHODOLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQ\HOJXVWRSRUODFXOWXUD$VLPLVPRVHVHOHFFLRQDUiP~VLFD
TXH VLUYD GH KLOR FRQGXFWRU D FDGD XQD GH ODV YLVLWDVEXVFDQGR FRPXQLFDUD WUDYpV GH
RWURV OHQJXDMHV VHQVDFLRQHV \ HPRFLRQHV TXH KDJDQ YLDMDU DO YLVLWDQWH D WUDYpV GHO
SDWULPRQLRFXOWXUDOTXHYLVLWD
x &RPSHWHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\FtYLFDV&6&
0HGLDQWHODDSOLFDFLyQGHORVFyGLJRVGHFRQYLYHQFLDHQVRFLHGDGODUHVROXFLyQSDFtILFD
GH SUREOHPDV SDUWLFLSDQGR HQ OD WRPD GH GHFLVLRQHV GHPRFUiWLFDV HWF $VLPLVPR HO
DFHUFDPLHQWR DO SDWULPRQLR \ DO HQWRUQR LQPHGLDWR GHVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD KLVWyULFR
FXOWXUDO\JHRJUiILFR


&RQWHQLGRVDWUDEDMDU
x (OSDWULPRQLR\ODVWLSRORJtDVGHWXULVPR
x (OVHFWRUWHUFLDULRHOWXULVPR\VXLPSDFWRHQODHFRQRPtDORFDO
x (OPDUNHWLQJ\ODSXEOLFLGDGFRPRHOHPHQWRVHVHQFLDOHVSDUDODGLIXVLyQ\GHVDUUROOR
HFRQyPLFRGHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVSDWULPRQLDOHV\WXUtVWLFDV
x /DILJXUDGHOJXtD\HOHGXFDGRUVRFLRFXOWXUDOHQORVLWLQHUDULRVWXUtVWLFRV
x 0DQHMRGHSURJUDPDVHVSHFtILFRVSDUDODHODERUDFLyQGHSDQIOHWRVJHVWLyQHFRQyPLFD\
FUHDFLyQGHXQDZHE
x /DVGLIHUHQWHVUDPDVGHODJHRJUDItD\VXDSOLFDFLyQSDUDODHODERUDFLyQGHORV
LWLQHUDULRVWXUtVWLFRV

$FWLYLGDGHV
x 7DUHD
(QXQDSULPHUDWRPDGHFRQWDFWRKDUHPRVXQDDVDPEOHDSDUDKDFHUXQDOOXYLDGHLGHDV
VREUH QXHVWUD FRQFHSFLyQ GH SDWULPRQLR \ WXULVPR VHJXLGD GH DTXHOODV FXHVWLRQHV H
LQWHUURJDQWHVTXHTXHUHPRVUHVROYHUDWUDYpVGHHVWHSUR\HFWR
x 7DUHD
5HFDEDUHPRVLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHHOSDWULPRQLR\HOWXULVPRHQODORFDOLGDGPHGLDQWHOD
E~VTXHGD HQ LQWHUQHW \ ODV HQWUHYLVWDV D SDLVDQRV &DGD JUXSR UHFDEDUi LQIRUPDFLyQ
SRQLpQGRVHpVWDHQFRP~QHQDVDPEOHDGHFODVH
x 7DUHD
8QD YH] UHFDEDGD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ GHWHFWDUHPRV HO FRQFHSWR GH SDWULPRQLR \ ODV
GLIHUHQWHV WLSRORJtDV GH WXULVPR GLVWULEX\pQGRODV HQWUH ORV GLIHUHQWHV JUXSRV FXOWXUDO
QDWXUDO JDVWURQyPLFR HQROyJLFR O~GLFR \ PXVHtVWLFR 6H SODQWHDUi OD FUHDFLyQ GH XQ
LWLQHUDULRWXUtVWLFRHVSHFtILFRSDUDFDGDJUXSRHQUHODFLyQDVXWLSRORJtDGHWXULVPRSDUD
HOTXHWHQGUiQTXHUHFDEDULQIRUPDFLyQ\UHDOL]DUXQERUUDGRU'LFKRLWLQHUDULRGHEHUi
HVWDUHQGRVPRGDOLGDGHVHQHVSDxRO\HQLQJOpV
x 7DUHD
$VLVWHQFLDGHHVSHFLDOLVWDVHQFUHDFLyQGHLWLQHUDULRVSHUWHQHFLHQWHDOVHUYLFLRGHWXULVPR
ORFDOVHLUiQSDVDQGRSRUORVJUXSRVSDUDYDORUDUORVLWLQHUDULRV\D\XGDUORVHQSRVLEOHV
DVSHFWRVDPHMRUDU/HVPRVWUDUiQHMHPSORVHWF
x 7DUHD
'LVHxR GH ORV SDQIOHWRV GHO LWLQHUDULR FUHDU XQ SURWRWLSR \ XQD YH] KHFKR VDOLU D
YDORUDUOR SLGLHQGR RSLQLyQ D FRPSDxHURV IDPLOLDUHV HWF SDUD UHDOL]DU PHMRUDV \
RSWLPL]DUHOSDQIOHWR8QDYH]UHPRGHODGRVDFDUHPRVXQDWLUDGDGH
x 7DUHD
3XHVWD HQ FRP~Q GH WRGRV ORV LWLQHUDULRV \ PXHVWUD GH ORV SDQIOHWRV HQ DVDPEOHD 6H
SODQWHDUiODFUHDFLyQGHXQDZHESDUDODDJHQFLDHQODTXHVHSUHVHQWHQORVGLIHUHQWHV
LWLQHUDULRV\VHKDUiGLIXVLyQSDUDHOORVHEXVFDUiQYtGHRVHQODZHEGHORVHOHPHQWRV


SDWULPRQLDOHVGHODORFDOLGDG\VHSRQGUiQHQODZHEFRQHOREMHWRGHGDUSXEOLFLGDG6H
FUHDUiXQVORJDQSDUDODDJHQFLD
x 7DUHD
6H GHEDWLUi HQ JUXSRV TXp P~VLFD VH GHEH DVLJQDU D FDGD SDUWH GH ORV LWLQHUDULRV
UHDOL]DGRV FRQ HO REMHWR GH UHDOL]DU XQD YLVLWD PiV FRPSOHWD HQ WRGRV ORV VHQWLGRV (O
DOXPQDGR UHFRSLODUi FDQFLRQHV GH HQWUH ODV TXH HQ DVDPEOHD VH VHOHFFLRQDUiQ ODV
GHILQLWLYDV
x 7DUHD
6HUi QHFHVDULR HVWDEOHFHU XQDV WDULIDV SDUD ORV LWLQHUDULRV SODQWHDGRV SDUD OR TXH FDGD
JUXSRGHEHUiKDFHUODFRQWDELOLGDGHFRQyPLFDGHORVJDVWRVGHODDJHQFLDHQIXQFLyQGH
ORV FXDOHV VH HVWDEOHFHUi HO SUHFLR GH OD YLVLWD 6H HPSOHDUi ([FHO \ ORV SUHFLRV VH
DQXQFLDUiQHQODZHE
x 7DUHDILQDO
6HLQYLWDUiDXQFHQWURHVFRODUGHRWUDORFDOLGDGSDUDUHDOL]DUXQDYLVLWDJXLDGDEDMRORV
GLIHUHQWHVLWLQHUDULRVSURSXHVWRVVLHQGRXQDSDUWHGHODYLVLWDHQLQJOpV

(YDOXDFLyQ
'HGLFDUHPRV XQD DVDPEOHD D OD UHIOH[LyQ VREUH HO GHVDUUROOR GHO SUR\HFWR GHVGH VX LQLFLR
DSOLFDUHPRVODWpFQLFDGHOVHPiIRURSDUDYDORUDUVLHOSUR\HFWRQRVKDJXVWDGRYHUGHVLQRV
KD JXVWDGR UHJXODU QDUDQMD \ VL QR QRV KD JXVWDGR URMR \ WDPELpQ KDUHPRV XQD PDWUL]
'$)2'HELOLGDGHV$PHQD]DV)RUWDOH]DV\'HELOLGDGHV
$VLPLVPR KDUHPRV XQD PHPRULD GHO SUR\HFWR DWHQGLHQGR D ODV GLILFXOWDGHV HQFRQWUDGDV
ORJURVHWF

&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
(VWHWLSRGHSUR\HFWRHGXFDWLYRQRVSHUPLWHDERUGDUODHQVHxDQ]DGHGLYHUVDVPDWHULDV\HQ
FRQFUHWR GH OD JHRJUDItD GH XQD IRUPD O~GLFD \ FRQWH[WXDOL]DGD FRQ HO REMHWR GH TXH HO
DOXPQDGR DGTXLHUD XQ DSUHQGL]DMH VLJQLILFDWLYR \ UHOHYDQWH GLVIUXWDQGR GHO SURFHVR GH
DSUHQGL]DMH \ GHVDUUROODQGR HO JXVWR SRU HO DFHUFDPLHQWR D OD FXOWXUD \ DO SDWULPRQLR GHO
HQWRUQRLQPHGLDWRFRQWULEX\pQGRVHDVtDFRQIRUPDUDVtODLGHQWLGDGFXOWXUDOGHOLQGLYLGXR
&RQ HVWH SUR\HFWR PRVWUDPRV QXHVWUD IRUPD GH WUDEDMR HQ HO DXOD DVt FRPR QXHVWUDV
SHUVSHFWLYDV H LGHDV OLJDGDV DO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH GH ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV
GHVOLJiQGRQRV GHO OLEUR GH WH[WR HQ IDYRU GH OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR D SDUWLU GH OD
SURSLDH[SHULHQFLD

%,%/,2*5$)$
$ORQVR & *DOOHJR ' \ +RQH\ 3 Los Estilos de Aprendizaje. Procedimientos de
diagnstico y Mejora. HG%LOEDR(GLFLRQHV0HQVDMHUR
+XQW'(Learning Styles and Students Needs: An Introduction to Conceptual Level.
Students Learning Styles: Diagnosing and Prescribing Programs. 9LUJLQLD5HVWRQ


/DUPHU - \ 0HUJHQGROOHU - 5 7KH 0DLQ &RXUVH 1RW 'HVVHUW Buck Institute for
Education. 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSELHRUJREMHFWGRFXPHQWPDLQBFRXUVHBQRWBGHVVHUW!
/H\2UJiQLFDGHGHPD\RGH(GXFDFLyQ
/H\2UJiQLFDGHGHGLFLHPEUHSDUDODPHMRUDGHODFDOLGDG(GXFDWLYD
5HEROOR6$SUHQGL]DMHEDVDGRHQSUR\HFWRVInnovacin y experiencias educativas,
'LVSRQLEOH HQ
ILOH&8VHUV$QQLH'RZQORDGV$35(1',=$-(%$6$'2(1352<(&726
621,$B5(%2//2B$5$1'$SGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
5RGUtJXH]6DQGRYDO ( 9DUJDV6RODQR (0 /XQD&RUWpV - (YDOXDFLyQ GH OD
HVWUDWHJLD DSUHQGL]DMH EDVDGR HQ SUR\HFWRV Educacin y educadores SS
'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZUHGDO\FRUJSGISGI! >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
6PLWK50Learning how to Learn. 0LOWRQ.H\QHV2SHQ8QLYHUVLW\
7UXMLOOR)Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos. 0DGULG,17()
9DOGLYLD ) ,QGLYLGXDOL]DQGR OD HQVHxDQ]D D WUDYpV GH OD (YDOXDFLyQ LQLFLDO HQ
0DGULG'&RRUGEvaluando aprendizajes en contextos educativos0DGULG'\NLQVRQSS



/26(1725126)/89,$/(685%$126$352;,0$&,21(6$68
327(1&,$/&202(63$&,26'($35(1',=$-(
$JXVWtQ&XHOOR*LMyQ
Universidad de Sevilla. Fundacin Nueva Cultura del Agua.
agustin.cuellogijon@mail.uca.es
5(680(1
6H H[SRQHQ ODV LGHDV EiVLFDV UHVXOWDGR GH OD IDVH LQLFLDO GH XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH WLHQH FRPR REMHWLYRV
FDUDFWHUL]DU ORV HQWRUQRV IOXYLDOHV XUEDQRV FRPR HVSDFLRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH \ GHWHUPLQDU ODV GLILFXOWDGHV \ ORV
REVWiFXORVTXHWLHQHHOSURIHVRUDGRSDUDVXXWLOL]DFLyQHQHODXOD6HGDODSDUDGRMDGHTXHHQQXHVWURSDtVGRQGH
ODV GRV WHUFHUDV SDUWHV GH VXV FDSLWDOHV GH SURYLQFLD VRQ FLXGDGHV IOXYLDOHV \ GRQGH VH KDQ OOHYDGR D FDER
QXPHURVDV\FRVWRVtVLPDVREUDVGHUHVWDXUDFLyQIOXYLDOHLQWHJUDFLyQXUEDQtVWLFDHOXVR\ODDFWLYLGDGHGXFDWLYD
HQ ORV HVSDFLRV IOXYLDOHV XUEDQRV HV FDVL LQH[LVWHQWH HQ FRQWUDVWH FRQ ORV WUDPRV GH UtR HQ FRQWH[WRV QDWXUDOHV
GRQGHORVUHFXUVRV\ODVRIHUWDVGHDSUHQGL]DMHVRQPX\QXPHURVDV

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
(QWRUQRVIOXYLDOHVXUEDQRVUtRVGHDSUHQGL]DMHHQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRJUDItDUtR\FLXGDG

,1752'8&&,1
/RVUtRVVRQFRQWHQLGRVHVFRODUHVFOiVLFRV\VHWUDWDQFRPRHOHPHQWRVGHOFLFORGHODJXDRGHO
SDLVDMHFRPRHFRVLVWHPDVRDJHQWHVJHROyJLFRVH[WHUQRV*HQHUDOPHQWHHOUtRVHFRQFLEHHQ
XQFRQWH[WRQDWXUDODJUDULR\UDUDVYHFHVFRPRSDUWHGHOHVSDFLRXUEDQRDSHVDUGHYLYLUHQXQ
SDtVGHFLXGDGHVIOXYLDOHV$GLIHUHQFLDGHORVWUDPRVGHUtRHQFRQWH[WRVQDWXUDOHVGRQGHORV
UHFXUVRV\ODVRIHUWDVHGXFDWLYDVVRQQXPHURVDV0XxR]ORVHVSDFLRVIOXYLDOHVXUEDQRV
DGROHFHQ GH HVWH WLSR LQLFLDWLYDV VLHQGR PX\ HVFDVDV ODV H[SHULHQFLDV GH DSUHQGL]DMH \
H[FHSFLRQDOHVODVTXHWUDWDQODVUHODFLRQHVUtRFLXGDGGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDLQWHJUDGDSURSLD
GHODJHRJUDItDRODHGXFDFLyQDPELHQWDO6HGDDGHPiVODSDUDGRMDGHTXHHQORV~OWLPRVDxRV
FRVWRVtVLPDVREUDVGHUHVWDXUDFLyQIOXYLDOHLQWHJUDFLyQXUEDQtVWLFDKDQDPSOLDGRODVRSFLRQHV
GHXVRHQHVWHVHQWLGR
(Q OD DSRUWDFLyQ VH H[SRQH XQD VHULH GH UHIOH[LRQHV DFHUFD GHO SRWHQFLDO HGXFDWLYR GH ORV
HQWRUQRV IOXYLDOHV XUEDQRV \ ODV GLILFXOWDGHV TXH WLHQH HO SURIHVRUDGR SDUD VX XWLOL]DFLyQ
WRGR HOOR HQ EDVH D ORV UHVXOWDGRV TXH KD DSRUWDGR OD SULPHUD IDVH GH XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH
WHVLV GRFWRUDO GLULJLGD SRU HO 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV GH OD
8QLYHUVLGDG GH 6HYLOOD &XHOOR /RV GDWRV UHFRJLGRV FRQILUPDQ HQ XQD SULPHUD
DSUR[LPDFLyQ OD ULTXH]D HGXFDWLYD GH ORV WUDPRV IOXYLDOHV XUEDQRV \D TXH D OD
ULTXH]D HFROyJLFD \ JHRPRUIROyJLFD SURSLD GH ORV UtRV PiV R PHQRV DOWHUDGDV KD\ TXH
LQFRUSRUDU ORV DVSHFWRV KLVWyULFRV FXOWXUDOHV \ SDWULPRQLDOHV GH OD FLXGDG \ ODV WHQVLRQHV
GHOELQRPLRFLXGDGUtRSRUHOVXHORHODJXD\RWURVUHFXUVRV/DLQYHVWLJDFLyQKDSXHVWR
GHPDQLILHVWRODH[LVWHQFLDGHREVWiFXORV\GLILFXOWDGHVSDUDHOXVRHGXFDWLYRGHORVUtRVHQ
ODV FLXGDGHV REVWiFXORV TXH HQ OD PD\RUtD GH ORV FDVRV VH DWULEX\HQ D OD HVFDVD
FRQYLFFLyQ \ DFWLWXG GHO SURIHVRUDGR DOLPHQWDGD SRU XQD GHILFLHQWH IRUPDFLyQ LQLFLDO \
SHUPDQHQWH \ XQD UtJLGD HVWUXFWXUD GH WLHPSRV \ HVSDFLRV HQ ORV FHQWURV HVFRODUHV
$GHPiV KD\ TXH WHQHU HQ FXHQWD OD SHUFHSFLyQ QHJDWLYD TXH VH WLHQH GH ORV HQWRUQRV
IOXYLDOHVUHODFLRQDGDFRQHOULHVJROD PDUJLQDOLGDGRHOGHWHULRUR\HODEDQGRQR\TXHDXQ
UHVSRQGLHQGRHQPXFKRVFDVRVDODUHDOLGDGQRVXSRQHQ
A.Cuello Gijn


REMHWLYDPHQWH REVWiFXORV UHOHYDQWHV (Q PXFKDV GH ODV SREODFLRQHV GRQGH VH KDQ OOHYDGR D
FDERHVWXGLRVGHFDPSRHVWDFRQGLFLyQGHHVSDFLRGHJUDGDGR\WUDVHURKDFDPELDGRRHVWiHQ
SURFHVR GH KDFHUOR \D VHD SRU REUDV GH FDUiFWHU KLGUiXOLFR XUEDQtVWLFR R DPELHQWDO
UHVWDXUDFLyQ GH HVSDFLRV GH HGLILFLRV HWF SHUR ORV FDPELRV QR JHQHUDQ OD DFWLYLGDG
HGXFDWLYD TXH SRGUtD HVSHUDUVH QL HQ HO SURIHVRUDGR QL HQ ODV GLVWLQWDV DGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV
&XHOOR
(V DFHUWDGR FRQVLGHUDU ORV UtRV HQ OD FLXGDG FRPR UHFXUVRV SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH SDUD HO
GHVDUUROOR GH OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ \ OD PHMRUD GH ORV SURSLRV HQWRUQRV IOXYLDOHV 6H GHPDQGDQ
H[SHULHQFLDV GH FRQRFLPLHQWR SUiFWLFR SDUD HO SURIHVRUDGR DVt FRPR OD LPSOLFDFLyQ GH ORV
D\XQWDPLHQWRVHQODJHQHUDFLyQGHLQLFLDWLYDVTXHLPSOLTXHQDORVFROHFWLYRVFLXGDGDQRV\DOD
HVFXHODSDUDSRWHQFLDUHODSUHQGL]DMHVRFLDO8QDGHODVFXHVWLRQHVVREUHODVTXHHVQHFHVDULR
SURIXQGL]DU HQ VXFHVLYDV IDVHV GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HV OD LQFLGHQFLD GH ODV LQWHUYHQFLRQHV
XUEDQtVWLFDVHKLGUiXOLFDVHQODVRSRUWXQLGDGHVGHDSUHQGL]DMHHQORVUtRVQRVRORDQLYHOGH
GLVHxR \ FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH HTXLSDPLHQWR VLQR WDPELpQ D QLYHO GH SURFHVRV GH DQiOLVLV GH
SUREOHPDVSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVHQHOGLVHxRODJHVWLyQHWF

(1725126)/89,$/(685%$126(63$&,26'($35(1',=$-(
(OUtRHQODFLXGDG
/RVUtRVKDQVLGRIDFWRUHVJHRJUiILFRV\HFRQyPLFRVGHWHUPLQDQWHVSDUDHOQDFLPLHQWRGHODV
JUDQGHVFLYLOL]DFLRQHVKLVWyULFDV\DRWUDHVFDODSDUDHODVHQWDPLHQWRGHFLXGDGHV\GHVDUUROOR
GH FRQXUEDFLRQHV DFWXDOHV 6REUH HOORV VH KD FRQVWUXLGR HQ JUDQ PHGLGD OD FLHQFLD
JHRPRUIROyJLFD\ODKLGUiXOLFDKDQSURYRFDGRHVSHFLDOL]DFLRQHVHQODSODQLILFDFLyQ\JHVWLyQ
WHUULWRULDO \ HQ HO RUGHQ MXUtGLFR (Q QXHVWUR SDtV HO SDSHO GH ORV UtRV HQ OD RUGHQDFLyQ \
FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH SREODPLHQWR HV PX\ UHOHYDQWH GH ODV FDSLWDOHV GH SURYLQFLD GH OD
(VSDxDSHQLQVXODUVRQIOXYLDOHVORTXHVXSRQHTXHHOGHODVSHUVRQDVTXHYLYHQHQODV
JUDQGHV FLXGDGHV \ iUHDV PHWURSROLWDQDV OR KDFHQ SUy[LPRV D XQ UtR /DV UHODFLRQHV GH ODV
FLXGDGHVFRQORVUtRVKDQVLGR\VLJXHQVLHQGRFRQWUDGLFWRULDVVRODSiQGRVHODGHSHQGHQFLD\
OD FHUFDQtD FRQ HO WHPRU \ HO UHFKD]R VLWXDFLRQHV TXH KDQ GHMDGR KXHOOD HQ OD PRUIRORJtD
XUEDQDHQODFXOWXUD\HOSDWULPRQLRDUTXLWHFWyQLFR\HQODVSHUFHSFLRQHVTXHODVVRFLHGDGHV
XUEDQDVKDQFRQVWUXLGRDORODUJRGHOWLHPSRVREUHORVUtRV
+DVWDHOELHQHQWUDGRHOVLJOR;;ODFRQH[LyQItVLFDGHODVFLXGDGHVFRQVXVUtRVPDQWXYRHQ
JUDQ PHGLGDHOFDUiFWHUQDWXUDODOLJXDOTXHODVUHODFLRQHVGH PXFKRVGHVXVKDELWDQWHVTXH
PDQWHQtDQODSHVFDHOJDQDGRODPROLQHUtDORVODYDGHURVHLQFOXVRHOKiELWDWHQODVULEHUDV
(QDxRVSRVWHULRUHVODUHJXODFLyQ\ODLPSODQWDFLyQGHPHGLGDVHVWUXFWXUDOHVGHGHIHQVDIUHQWH
DODVFUHFLGDVIDYRUHFLHURQHOFUHFLPLHQWRXUEDQRKDFLDODVULEHUDV\OODQXUDVGHLQXQGDFLyQ
FDQDOL]DQGRVRWHUUDQGRRGHVYLDQGRFDXFHVKDFLDODVDIXHUDVGHODFLXGDG*RQ]iOH]
DOHMDQGRFRQHOORYLVXDO\FXOWXUDOPHQWHORVUtRVGHORVFLXGDGDQRV\FLXGDGDQDV1RHVKDVWD
HO~OWLPRFXDUWRGHOSDVDGRVLJORFXDQGRHODYDQ]DGRGHWHULRURGHORVUtRV\ODHVFDVDHILFDFLD
GHODVPHGLGDVHVWUXFWXUDOHVIUHQWHDODVDYHQLGDVSURYRFDQODJpQHVLVGHXQQXHYRSDUDGLJPD
HQ HO WUDWDPLHQWR GH ORV UtRV HQ ODV FLXGDGHV WDQWR HQ HO iPELWR KLGUROyJLFR FRPR HQ HO
XUEDQtVWLFR \ QRUPDWLYR 6DQWDVXVDJQD \ 7RUW HQ EDVH D FXDO VH KDQ SURPRYLGR
DEXQGDQWHV \YDULDGRVSUR\HFWRV\SODQHVGHUHFXSHUDFLyQUHVWDXUDFLyQ PHMRUD HWFFRQ HO
ILQGHLQWHJUDUHOUtRHQODFLXGDGGHYROYHUHOUtRDODSREODFLyQ
(VWDV LQWHUYHQFLRQHV KD SURSLFLDGR OD SXHVWD HQ YDORU ODV ULEHUDV OD UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ GH
HGLILFDFLRQHVKLGUiXOLFDVDEDQGRQDGDVODFUHDFLyQGHHVSDFLRVSDUDHORFLR\GLVIUXWHGHORV
A.Cuello Gijn


UtRVHWF=KDROOHJDQGRHQPXFKRVFDVRVDGHPROHUREVWiFXORVDEULUFDXFHVFHUUDGRV
DQWHULRUPHQWHROOHYDUDFDERLQWHQVDVRSHUDFLRQHVGHUHYHJHWDFLyQ\UHVWDXUDFLyQSDLVDMtVWLFD
$OWpUPLQRGHODVDFWXDFLRQHVORVREMHWLYRVXUEDQtVWLFRVVHKDQFXPSOLGRHQPXFKDVGHHVWDV
REUDVRIUHFLHQGRDODFLXGDGXQDQXHYDLPDJHQGHOHVSDFLRIOXYLDOPiVVDOXGDEOHIXQFLRQDO\
S~EOLFR UHYDORUL]DQGR ORV HVSDFLRV ULEHUHxRV \ IDFLOLWDQGR OD DSDULFLyQ GH VLQHUJLDV
HFRQyPLFDVLPSRUWDQWHV2VXQD

/DFLXGDGUtRHQODHVFXHOD
/DLPSRUWDQFLDGHORVUtRVFRPRYHUWHEUDGRUHVGHOWHUULWRULR\VXPLQLVWUDGRUHVGHVHUYLFLRV\
UHFXUVRVEiVLFRVSDUDODYLGDWLHQHSUHVHQFLDYLVLEOH\FRQVWDQWHHQHOFXUUtFXORGHFDVLWRGRV
ORVQLYHOHVHGXFDWLYRVWDQWRGHiUHDVVRFLDOHVFRPRQDWXUDOHV0XxR]DORVTXHVHKD
LQFRUSRUDGR UHFLHQWHPHQWH OD SHUVSHFWLYD DPELHQWDOLVWD /RV UtRV KDQ VLGR XQ FOiVLFR GHVGH
ODVUHWDKtODVFDQWDGDVGHOXJDUHV\DIOXHQWHVRHOFRORUHRGHODVUHGHVIOXYLDOHVHQORVPDSDV
PXGRV DO HVWXGLR GH ORV PDFURLQYHUWHEUDGRV FRPR VHQVRUHV GH FRQWDPLQDFLyQ D SDUWLU GH
DSOLFDFLRQHV GH PyYLO (O GLVFXUVR GLGiFWLFR GH ORV UtRV VH DVRFLD JHQHUDOPHQWH DO HVSDFLR
QDWXUDO FRPR HFRVLVWHPD FRPR HOHPHQWR GHO SDLVDMH SDUWLFLSDQWH GH SURFHVRV
JHRPRUIROyJLFRVRSLH]DLPSUHVFLQGLEOHGHOFLFORGHODJXD$QWRUDQ]\0DUWtQH]1R
REVWDQWHODVUHODFLRQHVUtR\FLXGDGHVWiQSUiFWLFDPHQWHDXVHQWHVDSHVDUGHYLYLUHQXQSDtVGH
FLXGDGHV IOXYLDOHV GRQGH ORV ULHVJRV SRU FUHFLGDV VRQ PX\ HOHYDGRV \ GRQGH HO HVWDGR
DPELHQWDO GH ORV UtRV HV PX\ SUHFDULR GHELGR D ORV SURFHVRV GH XUEDQL]DFLyQ \ VXV HIHFWRV
&XDQGR VH UHODFLRQDQ FRQ OD FLXGDG ORV UtRV VH WUDWDQ FRPR IXHQWH GH DEDVWHFLPLHQWR \
VXPLQLVWUR HQHUJpWLFR R FRPR SUREOHPD \D VHD SRU HO ULHVJR GH FUHFLGDV R FRPR OXJDUHV
FRQWDPLQDGRV
/DV UHODFLRQHV FLXGDGUtR WLHQHQ VX Pi[LPD H[SUHVLyQ HQ ODV iUHDV XUEDQDV LQIOXHQFLDGDV
GLUHFWD R LQGLUHFWDPHQWH SRU HO UtR OR TXH GHQRPLQDPRV HQ HVWH WUDEDMR entornos fluviales
urbanos \ TXH D GLIHUHQFLD GH VXV HTXLYDOHQWHV HQ ORV HVSDFLRV QDWXUDOHV QR WLHQHQ OD
DWHQFLyQ HGXFDWLYD TXH GHELHUDQ HQ RUGHQ D VX ULTXH]D FRPR UHFXUVRV SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH
+DEODPRVGHHVSDFLRVPL[WRVTXHHQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVLQWHJUDQORVDVSHFWRVQDWXUDOHV
GHOHFRVLVWHPDIOXYLDOFRQORVHVWULFWDPHQWHXUEDQRVJHQHUDQGRQXHYRVHOHPHQWRVSURFHVRV\
SUREOHPDV SURSLRV GH HVWD LQWHUDFFLyQ HQULTXHFLHQGR FRQ HOOR VX YHUVDWLOLGDG FRPR UHFXUVR
HGXFDWLYR/DFXOWXUDIOXYLDOTXHKL]RSRVLEOHHOHQRUPHSDWULPRQLRH[LVWHQWHHQORVWUDPRV
GH UtR XUEDQRV HVWi HQ EXHQD SDUWH ROYLGDGD GDQGR OXJDU D XQ GLVWDQFLDPLHQWR HQWUH OD
VRFLHGDG\VXVUtRVFRQJUDYHVFRQVHFXHQFLDVHQORViPELWRVHGXFDWLYR\DPELHQWDO/RVUtRV
KDQSDVDGRGHVHUXQELHQDVHUXQUHFXUVRSHUGLpQGRVHFRQHOORVXFDSDFLGDGGHHYRFDFLyQ\
VX YDORU VLPEyOLFR FRPR HOHPHQWRV GH IHFXQGLGDG \ YLGD FRPR SDWULPRQLR FXOWXUDO GH XQ
SXHEOR3ODQ'LUHFWRUGH5LEHUDVGH$QGDOXFtD/DVLQWHUYHQFLRQHVXUEDQtVWLFDVSDUDOD
SXHVWD HQ YDORU GH ORV HVSDFLRV IOXYLDOHV XUEDQRV HQ ODV TXH FRQ IUHFXHQFLD VH UHDOL]DQ
UHVWDXUDFLRQHVGHHGLILFLRVKLVWyULFRV\FRQVWUXFFLyQGHHTXLSDPLHQWRVSDUDODGLYXOJDFLyQGH
ORV YDORUHV SDWULPRQLDOHV HVWiQ FRQVLJXLHQGR HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV FDPELDU ODV VLWXDFLRQHV GH
DEDQGRQR HQ ODV TXH HVWDEDQ VXPLGRV (Q RWURV ORV PiV OD SRFD UHODFLyQ GH HVWDV
LQWHUYHQFLRQHV FRQ ODV QHFHVDULDV PHGLGDV UtR DUULED \ UHVWR GH OD FXHQFD R HO HVFDVR HFR
VRFLDOKDQKHFKRLQ~WLOHVODVLQYHUVLRQHV\ORVHVIXHU]RV
5HFXSHUDUOD FRQH[LyQYLVXDO\ItVLFDGHOUtR FRQODFLXGDGVLELHQSXHGHGRWDUODGHQXHYRV
HVSDFLRV SDUD HO SDVHR LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV R HTXLSDPLHQWRV \ HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV XQD PHMRUD
DPELHQWDO QR DVHJXUD OD UHFXSHUDFLyQ GH ORV VDEHUHV IOXYLDOHV SHUGLGRV HQ HO SDVR
JHQHUDFLRQDOQLJDUDQWL]DODIRUPDFLyQHQFRPSHWHQFLDVFLXGDGDQDVQHFHVDULDVSDUD HVWDEOHFHU
A.Cuello Gijn


XQQXHYRPRGHORGHUHODFLRQHVFRQHOUtR/DVREUDVQRKDQVXSXHVWRFDPELRVFXDOLWDWLYRVHQ
HO DSUHQGL]DMH FROHFWLYR R HQ OD FRQFLHQFLD FLXGDGDQD UHVSHFWR GHO YDORU GHO SDWULPRQLR
QDWXUDOHWQRJUiILFRRDUTXLWHFWyQLFRUHFXSHUDGR3DUDORJDUREMHWLYRVGHHVWDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
VRQ QHFHVDULDV LQWHUYHQFLRQHV HGXFDWLYDV \ GH SDUWLFLSDFLyQ 3HWWV LQVWUXPHQWRV \
HVWUDWHJLDV SHGDJyJLFDV HVSHFtILFDV TXH FRQFLEDQ ODV UHODFLRQHV FLXGDGUtR FRPR XQ VLVWHPD
FRPSOHMRLQWHJUDGRHQXQWHUULWRULRFRQGLPHQVLyQKLVWyULFD\DODFLXGDGDQtDFRPRSDUWHGHO
VLVWHPDFRQFDSDFLGDGGHGHFLVLyQ\GHSRVLWDULDGHXQSDWULPRQLRTXHKD\TXHGHMDUPHMRUDGR
D ORV TXH QRV VXFHGHQ 'HVGH HVWD SHUVSHFWLYD ODV LQWHUYHQFLRQHV HGXFDWLYDV GDQ PD\RU
VHQWLGRDODVREUDV\SUR\HFWRVGHUHVWDXUDFLyQR PHMRUDIOXYLDODSRUWDQGRODGLPHQVLyQGHO
DSUHQGL]DMHHVFRODURVRFLDODODDPELHQWDOSDLVDMtVWLFDRGHRFLRTXHHVGRQGHDTXHOORVVXHOHQ
TXHGDUVH0DUWtHWDO

&$5$&7(567,&$6'(/$,19(67,*$&,1
(OFDStWXORUHFRJHSDUWHGHODVFRQFOXVLRQHVGHODSULPHUDIDVHGHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHGHEH
ILQDOPHQWH IUDJXDUVH HQ WHVLV GRFWRUDO GLULJLGD GHVGH HO 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH &LHQFLDV
([SHULPHQWDOHV \ 6RFLDOHV GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 6HYLOOD &XHOOR /DV FXHVWLRQHV GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQVXUJLHURQDSDUWLUGHXQHVWXGLROOHYDGRHQYDULRVFHQWURVHGXFDWLYRVGH
OD FDSLWDO FRUGREHVD \ FRQ XQ JUXSR GH SURIHVRUHV SDUWLFLSDQWHV HQ XQ FXUVR GH
LWLQHUDULRVIOXYLDOHVTXHSXVRGHPDQLILHVWRHOHVFDVRFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOUtR*XDGDOTXLYLUSRU
SDUWH GH ORV DOXPQRV \ XQD VHULH GH DVSHFWRV TXH GLILFXOWDEDQ HO XVR GHO UtR SRU SDUWH GHO
SURIHVRUDGR DXQ DGPLWLHQGR TXH FRQVWLWXtD XQ LQWHUHVDQWH UHFXUVR HGXFDWLYR /D
LQYHVWLJDFLyQVHSODQWHDHQ WRUQRDODVVLJXLHQWHVFXHVWLRQHV
6RQUHDOPHQWHORVHQWRUQRVIOXYLDOHVXUEDQRVUHFXUVRVHGXFDWLYRVUHOHYDQWHV"
4XpH[SHULHQFLDVHGXFDWLYDVVHHVWiQOOHYDQGRDFDER"
4XpWLSRGHREVWiFXORV\GLILFXOWDGHVWLHQHHOSURIHVRUDGRSDUDKDFHUXVRHGXFDWLYRGH
ORVUtRV"
(QTXpPHGLGDORVSUR\HFWRVGHUHVWDXUDFLyQIOXYLDO\PHMRUDGHORVHVSDFLRVXUEDQRV
SXHGHQFRQWULEXLUDOXVRHGXFDWLYRGHORVUtRVHQODVFLXGDGHV"
(O PDUFR WHyULFR TXH QRV VLUYH FRPR UHIHUHQWH HVWi GHILQLGR SRU FXDWUR JUDQGHV HMHV ODV
FRQFHSFLRQHV GH OD 1XHYD &XOWXUD GHO $JXD 0DUWtQH] 3HOOLFHU \ 2OOHUR
)LQGOD\\7D\ORUODFLXGDGVRVWHQLEOH\HGXFDGRUD&HO\0RUHOO\)HUQDQGR
HOPRGHORGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQHQOD(VFXHOD*DUFtD\3RUOiQ*DUFtD\OD
HGXFDFLyQ DPELHQWDO%HQD\DVHWDO.UDPHU(QHVWH PDUFR DOUtRVH SHUFLEH
FRPR XQ VLVWHPD FRPSOHMR \ FDPELDQWH DO TXH KD\ TXH FRQVLGHUDU GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD
FUtWLFD\FRPRHVSDFLRVRFLDOGHDSUHQGL]DMHSDUDORJUDUFDPELRVGHVGHHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\OD
SDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQD8QGLVHxRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQFXDOLWDWLYR$O]LQDGHVFULSWLYR\
FUtWLFR&RKHQHWDOSXHGHDSUR[LPDUQRVDODVUHVSXHVWDVGHODVFXHVWLRQHVSODQWHDGDV
VLHQGRQHFHVDULRSDUDHOORGLVHxDUXQRVLQVWUXPHQWRVYDULDGRV\IOH[LEOHVTXHVHDQFDSDFHVGH
UHFRJHULQIRUPDFLyQGHGLIHUHQWHVHVFHQDULRV\PXHVWUDV$UQDO5RGUtJXH]HWDO
/RVLQVWUXPHQWRVSDUDODUHFRJLGDGHLQIRUPDFLyQTXHVHKDQXWLOL]DGRHQHVWDSULPHUDIDVHGH
OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ KDQ VLGR FXHVWLRQDULRV SDUD DOXPQRV \ SURIHVRUDGR HQWUHYLVWDV D JHVWRUHV \
WpFQLFRVPXQLFLSDOHV%ODVFR\2WHUR\WUDEDMRVGHH[SORUDFLyQGHFDPSRGRQGHVHKD
UHFRJLGRLQIRUPDFLyQGLUHFWDGHHQWRUQRVIOXYLDOHVXUEDQRVHQSREODFLRQHVGHODVFXHQFDV
DWOiQWLFDVDQGDOX]DV*XDGDOTXLYLU*XDGDOHWH\%DUEDWHWDEOD/DLQIRUPDFLyQUHFRJLGDVH
A.Cuello Gijn


KDFRPSOHPHQWDGRFRQUHYLVLyQGRFXPHQWDOELEOLRJUiILFD\ZHEJUiILFD/DVPXHVWUDVFRQODV
TXH VH KD WUDEDMDGR HQ FXHVWLRQDULRV HVFRODUHV KDQ VLGR VHLV FXUVRV GH VH[WR FXUVR GH
HGXFDFLyQ SULPDULD \ FXDWUR GH VHJXQGR GH (62 GH FHQWURV HGXFDWLYRV GH &yUGRED FDSLWDO
3DUD HO FXHVWLRQDULR GHO SURIHVRUDGR VH KD WUDEDMDGR FRQ XQ JUXSR GH SURIHVRUHV
SDUWLFLSDQWHV HQ XQ FXUVR GH IRUPDFLyQ SHUPDQHQWH HQ OD 6LHUUD GH &iGL] /DV HQWUHYLVWDV D
JHVWRUHVPXQLFLSDOHV\WpFQLFRVKDQVLGRHQSREODFLRQHVGHODVFXHQFDVDQWHVLQGLFDGDV/RV
IRUPDWRV\QDWXUDOH]DGHODLQIRUPDFLyQWLHQHFDUiFWHUKHWHURJpQHR\DTXHVHKDQFRPELQDGR
UHJLVWURVRUDOHVFRQRWURVWH[WXDOHV\JUiILFRVSRUORTXHHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHORVGDWRVKDVLGR
PD\RULWDULDPHQWH FXDOLWDWLYR SRU XQLGDGHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ DQiOLVLV GH GLVFXUVR H LPDJHQ
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHO SDLVDMH HWF \ KD H[LJLGR OD FRQVWUXFFLyQGH XQD PDOOD GH FDWHJRUtDV TXH
SXGLHUD ILOWUDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ UHWHQHUOD RUGHQDUOD H LQWHUSUHWDUOD \ SRGHU HODERUDU
ILQDOPHQWHODVFRQFOXVLRQHV/ySH]&RKHQ\0DQLRQ

3URYLQFLD 5tR 3REODFLRQHV
&iGL] *XDGDOHWH =DKDUDGHOD6LHUUD3XHUWR6HUUDQR9LOODPDUWtQ%RUQRV
$UFRVGHOD)URQWHUD-HUH]3WR6WD0DUtD
*XDGDOHWH7UHMR $OFDOiGHO9DOOH6HWHQLOGHODV%RGHJDV
*XDGDOHWH0DMDFHLWH (O%RVTXH
%DUEDWH $OFDOiGHORV*D]XOHV9HMHUGHOD)URQWHUD%DUEDWH
&yUGRED *XDGDMR] &DVWURGHO5tR
%HPEp]DU +RUQDFKXHORV
6HYLOOD *XDGDLUD $OFDOiGH*XDGDLUD
&yUGRED *HQLO 3XHQWH*HQLOeFLMD
6HYLOOD
6HYLOOD *XDGDOTXLYLU $OFDOiGHO5tR$OFROHDGHO5tR/RUDGHO5tR
&yUGRED 3DOPDGHO5tR3RVDGDV$OPRGyYDUGHO5tR&yUGRED
$OFROHDGH&yUGRED9LOODIUDQFDGH&yUGRED0RQWRUR
9LOODGHO5tR
-DpQ $QG~MDU
7DEOD5HODFLyQGHSREODFLRQHVIOXYLDOHVFRQVLGHUDGDVHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ

',6&86,1<&21&/86,21(6
/RV GLIHUHQWHV LQVWUXPHQWRV GH E~VTXHGD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ H[SXHVWRV FRQ DQWHULRULGDG VH KDQ
GLULJLGRGLUHFWDPHQWHDGDUUHVSXHVWDDODVFXHVWLRQHVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\DLQGLFDGDV\TXHVRQ
HOKLORDUJXPHQWDOGHWRGRHOHVWXGLR(OWUDWDPLHQWR\RUGHQDFLyQGHODLQIRUPDFLyQUHFRJLGD
QRVDSUR[LPDDXQDVLWXDFLyQULFD\FRPSOHMDDODEULUFDPLQRVTXHDOLQLFLRGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
HVWDEDQYHODGRVRHVFRQGLGRVHQWUHODUHDOLGDGGLIXVD\TXHPDUFDQQXHYDVOtQHDVHLQFyJQLWDV
TXHGHEHUiQDERUGDUVHHQIDVHVVXFHVLYDV/DPHWRGRORJtDVHJXLGDVHKDEDVDGRHQHOFUXFHGH
ORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVFRQORVGLVWLQWRVLQVWUXPHQWRVLQYHVWLJDFLyQFRQGLIHUHQWHVFDWHJRUtDV
TXHDWLHQGHQDFDGDXQDGHODVFXHVWLRQHVSUHYLDPHQWHHVWDEOHFLGDVGDQGROXJDUDXQDSDUULOOD
GH XQLGDGHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH DTXt VH PXHVWUDQ HQ IRUPD GH GLVFXUVR RUGHQDGR \
VLPSOLILFDGR
A.Cuello Gijn


5HOHYDQFLDGHORVHQWRUQRVIOXYLDOHVXUEDQRVFRPRUHFXUVRVHGXFDWLYRV
$ QLYHO LQIDQWLO \ DGROHVFHQWH HO UtR HV XQ JUDQ GHVFRQRFLGR QL VX VLWXDFLyQ QL HO
SURWDJRQLVPR HQ OD KLVWRULD GH OD FLXGDG QL VX UHODFLyQ FRQ ODV GHPiV SLH]DV XUEDQDV VX
HFRORJtD R VXV KLVWRULDV VRQ FRQRFLGDV /D XELFDFLyQ GHO UtR HQ XQ WHUULWRULR PiV DPSOLR
FXHQFDRFRPDUFDQRFRUUHVSRQGHHQDEVROXWRDODUHDOLGDG\VXFRQFHSFLyQFRPRFRQH[LyQ
HQWUHFLXGDGHVQRH[LVWH/DLPSRUWDQFLDGHOUtRHQODVFLXGDGHVIOXYLDOHVDQLYHOGHSHUVRQDV
DGXOWDVVLJXHSDWHQWH6HFRQRFHFRQPiVRPHQRVULJRUKLVWyULFRJHRJUiILFRHOSDSHOGHOUtR
HQODFLXGDGVXSURWDJRQLVPRHQHOGHVDUUROORXUEDQtVWLFRHFRQyPLFR\HQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGH
ODV VHxDV GH LGHQWLGDG GH OD SREODFLyQ GH OD TXH HV XQD SLH]D FODYH (VWD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GH
KRQGDKXHOODHQODFLXGDGWLHQHXQFRPSRQHQWHSUHWpULWRJHQHUDOPHQWHXQLGRDXQFRQMXQWR
GHKHFKRVHGLILFLRVFRVWXPEUHVGHORVTXHVRORTXHGDQYHVWLJLRV(QODDFWXDOLGDGHOUtRHVWi
UHFXSHUDQGR SUHVHQFLD GH IRUPD OHQWD \ GHVLJXDO UHFRQRFLpQGRVH XQ WLHPSR SDVDGR PX\
SUy[LPRDODDFWXDOLGDGHQHOTXHHVHSURWDJRQLVPRKDHVWDGRROYLGDGRGLVSHUVRYHODGR
/DUHODFLyQGHOUtRFRQODUHDOLGDGItVLFD\VRFLRHFRQyPLFDGHODFLXGDGHVODTXHPXOWLSOLFDVX
FDSDFLGDGHGXFDGRUD(QODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVHOUtRXUEDQRVLJXHPDQWHQLHQGRUHWD]RVGH
ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH QDWXUDOHV SURSLDV GHO HFRVLVWHPD IOXYLDO DO TXH LQFRUSRUD QXHYRV
HOHPHQWRVUHVXOWDGRGHODVQXHYDVFRQGLFLRQHVDPELHQWDOHVGHOiPELWRXUEDQR6LVHPDQWLHQH
ODSHUPHDELOLGDGOLQHDOHOWUDPRIOXYLDOVLJXHDFWXDQGRFRPRSDVLOORRFRUUHGRUSHUPLWLHQGR
ODFRQH[LyQ\HOWUiQVLWRFRQODViUHDVSHULIpULFDV3HURHOVDOWRFXDOLWDWLYRUHVSHFWRDODIDFHWD
QDWXUDOGHOUtRORRIUHFHODGLPHQVLyQVRFLDOTXHVLQHVWDUDXVHQWHHQORViPELWRVQDWXUDOHVR
UXUDOHVHQODFLXGDGDGTXLHUHXQFDUiFWHU~QLFR/DVRFLHGDGODFLXGDGDQtDHQVXLQWHUDFFLyQ
FRQ HO UtR KD GHVDUUROODGR XQD FXOWXUD IOXYLDO OOHQD GH UHDOL]DFLRQHV ItVLFDV LQJHQLHUtD
DSURYHFKDPLHQWRV DUTXLWHFWXUD SHUR WDPELpQ GH H[SUHVLRQHV DUWtVWLFDV GH HPRFLRQHV \
VHQVDFLRQHV GH SUREOHPDV \ WHQVLRQHV GH KLVWRULDV \ IDQWDVtDV GH XQ HQRUPH DFHUYR
SDWULPRQLDO GHO TXH FDUHFHQ RWURV VLVWHPDV XUEDQRV \ RWURV WUDPRV IOXYLDOHV IXHUD GH ODV
FLXGDGHV
/RVDVSHFWRVPiVGHVWDFDGRVGHOUtRVRQORVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODVFRPXQLGDGHVELROyJLFDV\
HQVHJXQGRWpUPLQRORVWHPDVSDWULPRQLDOHV1RREVWDQWHVHSRGUtDKDFHUXQOLVWDGRSUROLMR\
GLYHUVRGHFRQWHQLGRVUHODWLYRVDOUtRSHURVHKDSUHIHULGRVLQWHWL]DUORV\DJUXSDUORVHQVHLV
JUDQGHVJUXSRVTXHSRQHQGHPDQLILHVWRODFRPSOHMLGDG\GLYHUVLGDGH[LVWHQWH
x 5tRFRPRKiELWDWSDUDODGLYHUVLGDGELROyJLFDHOUtRQDWXUDO
x 3HUVRQDV\KHFKRVDORODUJRGHOWLHPSRHOUtRYLYLGR\VHQWLGR
x 8VRV\DSURYHFKDPLHQWRVGHOUtR\ODULTXH]DGHODJXDHOUtRH[SORWDGR
x /RVSUREOHPDVDPELHQWDOHVODVVROXFLRQHVGDGDV\ORVUHWRVSHQGLHQWHVHOUtR
DPHQD]DGR\HOUtRSURWHJLGR
x /RVSDLVDMHVGHOUtRHQHOWLHPSR\HQHOHVSDFLRHOUtRFDPELDQWH
x (OGLiORJRUtRFLXGDG\HOGLiORJRUtR\VLVWHPDGHFLXGDGHV
+D\XQDQLPLGDGHQWUHHOSURIHVRUDGR\PXFKDVUHIHUHQFLDVVREUHHOSRWHQFLDOTXHWLHQHQHOUtR
FRPRIDFWRULQWHJUDGRUGHDSUHQGL]DMHVFRPRRSRUWXQLGDGSDUDXVRGHGLYHUVDVPHWRGRORJtDV
\ HO WUDWDPLHQWR LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU SOXULGLVFLSOLQDU HMH FRQGXFWRU GH PXFKDV PDWHULDV
DJOXWLQDGRUGHFRPSHWHQFLDVEiVLFDVHWF/DSRWHQFLDOLGDGHGXFDWLYDGHOUtRUDGLFDHQEXHQD
PHGLGD HQ VX SUR[LPLGDG \ OD IDFLOLGDG GH DFFHVR WDQWR HQ JUDQGHV FLXGDGHV FRPR HQ
SHTXHxDVSREODFLRQHV\HOORDSHVDUGHTXHHQPXFKDVRFDVLRQHVHOUtRQRHVYLVLEOHGHELGRD
A.Cuello Gijn


ODDOWXUDGHORVSUHWLOHVDUERODGRYLDULRLQWHUPHGLRHWF6DOYRH[FHSFLRQHVHODFFHVRDOUtRHV
SRVLEOH\HOWUiQVLWRDORODUJRGHEXHQDSDUWHGHVXULEHUDWDPELpQ2WUDSRVLELOLGDGWDPELpQ
JHQHUDOL]DGDHVODTXHVHRIUHFHGHVGHSDVHRVFDPLQRV\SXHQWHVVREUHHOUtRFRQH[FHOHQWHV
FXHQFDVYLVXDOHVKDFLDHOUtR\VXVULEHUDV/RVOXJDUHVVXVFHSWLEOHVGHXWLOL]DUFRPRHVSDFLRV
GH DSUHQGL]DMH VRQ P~OWLSOHV SXGLpQGRVH KDFHU LJXDO TXH FRQ ORV FRQWHQLGRV XQ OLVWDGR
H[KDXVWLYR \ OOHQR GH RSFLRQHV SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH HVD FLXGDG HGXFDGRUD TXH VH SODQWHDED
FRPRSDUDGLJPDHQHOPDUFRWHyULFR(QUHDOLGDGWRGRHOHVSDFLRGHWHUPLQDGRSRUODLQWHUID]
FLXGDGUtRHVXQFRQMXQWRGHFRQWH[WRV~WLOHVGHRSRUWXQLGDGHVSDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMHVLHPSUH
HQIXQFLyQGHORVREMHWLYRVGHFDGDSURSXHVWD
(QWUH ORV FRQWHQLGRV HGXFDWLYRV PiV DWUDFWLYRV \ JHQHUDGRUHV GH FRPSOHMLGDG HVWiQ ODV
DYHQLGDV \ ODV LQXQGDFLRQHV 'H OD LQIRUPDFLyQ UHFRJLGD VH GHVSUHQGH TXH ODV DYHQLGDV VRQ
HSLVRGLRVSURSLRVGHODQDWXUDOH]DGHORVUtRVVREUHWRGRHQHOUpJLPHQPHGLWHUUiQHR\HVWiQ
DVRFLDGDVDFDPELRVHVWDFLRQDOHVHQORVTXHWDPELpQVRQQRUPDOHVORVUHSHQWLQRVDJXDFHURV\
IXHUWHVWRUPHQWDVLQFOXVRVHOHRWRUJDQFRQVHFXHQFLDVSRVLWLYDVPiVDOOiGHORUD]RQDEOH+D\
FRLQFLGHQFLD HQ FRQVLGHUDU OD RFXSDFLyQ KXPDQD GH ORV OHFKRV GH LQXQGDFLyQ FRPR FDXVD
SULPHUDGHORVGHVDVWUHVTXHRFDVLRQDQODVLQXQGDFLRQHVHOUtRWDUGHRWHPSUDQREXVFDVX
VLWLR (O REMHWLYR HGXFDWLYR SULQFLSDO D FRQVHJXLU HV DVXPLU OD DYHQLGD FRPR XQD VHxDO GH
VDOXGIXQFLRQDOGHOUtR3DUDDERUGDUXQWUDWDPLHQWRHGXFDWLYRGHODVLQXQGDFLRQHVODSUHQVD
LPiJHQHVDQWLJXDVWHVWLPRQLRVSHUVRQDOHVHWFVRQIXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQPX\YDOLRVDVDO
LJXDOTXHVHxDOHV\YHVWLJLRVTXHVXHOHQSHUPDQHFHUHQDOJXQRVOXJDUHV6RQGHGHVWDFDUODV
PRGHVWDVLQLFLDWLYDVGHDOJXQRVPXQLFLSLRVSDUDUHFXSHUDUODPHPRULDGHOUtRFRORFDQGRHQHO
OXJDU GRQGH OOHJy HO DJXD XQD SODFD FRQPHPRUDWLYD &DVWUR GHO 5tR R &yUGRED SRU SRQHU
DOJXQRV HMHPSORV 6HJ~Q ODV ORFDOLGDGHV SRGHPRV HQFRQWUDU LQXQGDFLRQHV PX\
GRFXPHQWDGDV\DVHDSRUHO WUDEDMR GHO FURQLVWD GH ODYLOODR SRU WUDWDUVH GH VXFHVRV PX\
UHOHYDQWHV VLHQGR HQ HVWRV FDVRV HO DUFKLYR PXQLFLSDO HO OXJDU GH E~VTXHGD /RV DVSHFWRV D
WHQHUHQFXHQWDHQHOHVWXGLRGHODVDYHQLGDVHLQXQGDFLRQHVVRQPX\YDULDGRVHLQYLWDQDXQ
HVWXGLRHQH[FOXVLYD
/DV UHODFLRQHV UtRFLXGDG VRQ RWUR GH ORV FRQMXQWRV GH LGHDV TXH SODQHD VREUH PXFKD GH OD
LQIRUPDFLyQ UHFRJLGD GH FyPR ODV FLXGDGHV HQ VX FUHFLPLHQWR KDQ WUDWDGR ORV FDXFHV \
PiUJHQHV IOXYLDOHV RFXSDQGR ORV WHUULWRULRV GH LQXQGDFLyQ R GHIHQGLHQGR OD FLXGDG GH ODV
DYHQLGDV GHO UtR /RV DYDQFHV HQ LQJHQLHUtD XUEDQtVWLFD \ ORV PRGHORV HFRQyPLFRV GH
GHVDUUROORXUEDQRLPSHUDQWHVDSDUWLUGHORVDxRVKDQWUDQVIRUPDGRODVSHULIHULDVDJUtFRODV
\QDWXUDOHV GHODFLXGDG PHGLDQWHJUDQGHV PRYLPLHQWRVGHWLHUUDOD FRQVWUXFFLyQGHWDOXGHV
HQ ODGHUDV SHGUDSOHQHV SXHQWHV PXURV GHFRQWHQFLyQ HWF RFXSDQGRORVHVSDFLRV IOXYLDOHV
FRQ SROtJRQRV LQGXVWULDOHV HTXLSDPLHQWRV GHSRUWLYRV \ HGXFDWLYRV\ QXHYDV EDUULDGDV KDVWD
GHVFRQILJXUDU WRWDOPHQWH ODV DXUHRODV DJUtFRODV \ GH SDVWR GH GRQGH VH DEDVWHFtD OD FLXGDG
DQWHULRUPHQWH FRPSDFWD \ HQ JUDQ PHGLGD DXWRVXILFLHQWH /RV SURFHVRV GH FDPELR
HYROXFLyQ XUEDQD FUHFLPLHQWR IUHQWH D GHVDUUROOR PRGHORV HFRQyPLFRV GH FLXGDG \ JHVWLyQ
XUEDQtVWLFDGHSHQGHQFLDHWFVRQDOJXQRVGHORVFRQFHSWRVTXHSXHGHQDERUGDUVHDSDUWLUGH
ORV FDPELRV VXIULGRV HQ OD UHG KLGUROyJLFD \ VXV FRQVHFXHQFLDV HQ HO WUDPR HVWULFWDPHQWH
XUEDQR/RVFRQWUDVWHVHQWUHHOWUDWDPLHQWRTXHVHKDGDGRDOUtRHQODVSHULIHULDVGHODFLXGDG
HQUHODFLyQDOGDGRHQODFLXGDGFRQVROLGDGDDORODUJRGHVXKLVWRULDVRQWDPELpQFXHVWLRQHV
GHLQWHUpV&RPRHQRWURVFDVRVHOHVWXGLRGHODFDUWRJUDItD\ODIRWRJUDItDDpUHDGHGLVWLQWDV
IHFKDVODVLPiJHQHVDQWLJXDVGHODFLXGDG\ORVGLIHUHQWHVGRFXPHQWRVGHSODQLILFDFLyQVRQ
GRFXPHQWRV TXH SXHGHQ DSRUWDU JUDQ LQIRUPDFLyQ \ QXHYDV FXHVWLRQHV GH HVWXGLR 8Q WHPD
PX\DWUDFWLYRHVHO HVWXGLRGHODWRSRQLPLDGHFDOOHVSOD]DVREDUULDGDVSHULIpULFDVTXH HQ
PXFKRVFDVRVUHFRJHGHQRPLQDFLRQHVGHODV]RQDVUXUDOHVDQWHULRUHVDVXXUEDQL]DFLyQ
A.Cuello Gijn


LQGLFDQGR OD XELFDFLyQ GH DUUR\RV IXHQWHV FKDUFDV ]RQDV LQXQGDEOHV PHDQGURV X RWUDV
ORFDOL]DFLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOVLVWHPDKLGUROyJLFRGHVDSDUHFLGRDIDYRUGHOFUHFLPLHQWR
GHODFLXGDG
(OUtRFRPRLQVSLUDGRUGHSUREOHPDVHVWDPELpQUHFXUVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH/RVWUDPRVXUEDQRV
SDUWLFLSDQ GH ORV PLVPRV SUREOHPDV TXH ORV UtRV HQ JHQHUDO SHUR DGHPiV LQFRUSRUDQ ORV
SURSLRVGHOiPELWRXUEDQRFDQDOL]DFLyQGHFDXFHVDXVHQFLDGHYHJHWDFLyQGHULEHUDIDOWDGH
FRQWLQXLGDG HQ ODV WUHV GLPHQVLRQHV LQYDVLyQ HVSHFLHV H[yWLFDV LQYDVLyQ GH ODV OODQXUDV GH
LQXQGDFLyQ HQ GHILQLWLYD DQXODFLyQ GH VX IXQFLRQDOLGDG \ WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ HQ FDQDOHV PiV R
PHQRV DMDUGLQDGRV \ DWUDFWLYRV SDUD XQ FLHUWR FRQFHSWR GHO SDVHR 8Q DVSHFWR UHSHWLGR \
KHFKR H[SOtFLWR FRQ IUHFXHQFLD HV HO UHODFLRQDGR FRQ HO YDQGDOLVPR \ VX SRVLELOLGDG GH
WUDWDPLHQWR SRU YtD HGXFDWLYD (O WUDEDMR HVFRODU FRQ SUREOHPDV HQ WRUQR D ORV UtRV HQ HO
iPELWR JHRJUiILFR GH HVWXGLR QR H[LVWH (Q ORV FRQWH[WRV FLXGDGDQRV ODV H[SHULHQFLDV VRQ
PX\ LQWHUHVDQWHV SHUR QR VH WLHQH LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH VX SUR\HFFLyQ HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH VRFLDO
TXHFRQVHJXULGDGVHYLHQHQSURGXFLHQGR
(O UtR VLJXH VLHQGR ~WLO VH VLJXH XWLOL]DQGR \ OD FLXGDG VLJXH GHSHQGLHQGR GH pO SHUR HVWDV
UHODFLRQHV QR VH KDFHQ YLVLEOHV $EDVWHFLPLHQWR GHDJXD XVRGH VXHOR IOXYLDO HVSDFLRV SDUD
SDVHRRFLR \GHSRUWH ]RQDYHUGHSDUD OD FLXGDGOXJDUGH YHUWLGRGH DJXDVGHSXUDGDV"\
GHVDJHHQpSRFDVGHOOXYLDGLYHUVLGDGGHSDLVDMHHWFVRQVHUYLFLRVGHOUtRDODFLXGDGTXH
GHEHQSRQHUVHHQYDORUSDUDQRSHUGHUODFRQFLHQFLDGHUHODFLyQGHGHSHQGHQFLDH[LVWHQWH8Q
DVSHFWR GH LQWHUpV VRQ ORV FDPELRV \ OD HYROXFLyQ HQ ORV XVRV \ DFWLYLGDGHV TXH SURSLFLD OD
UHODFLyQFLXGDGUtR\FRPRHQODDFWXDOLGDGVLPXOWDQHDQXVRVHPHUJHQWHVSLUDJLVPRIRRWLQJ
R FLFORWXULVPR FRQ RWURV WUDGLFLRQDOHV FRQVLGHUDGRV KR\ PDUJLQDOHV SDVWRUHR R
DVHQWDPLHQWRVQyPDGDV
'HVGH HO REVHUYDGRU XUEDQR OD SHUFHSFLyQ GHO UtR FRPR FXHQFD QR H[LVWH (O UtR VH SHUFLEH
FRPR XQ HVSDFLR TXH QR HV FLXGDG QL QDWXUDOH]D XQ HVSDFLR GH GLItFLO GHILQLFLyQ TXH HQ
QLQJ~Q PRPHQWR WLHQH XQ OXJDU DQWHV R GHVSXpV GH OD FLXGDG /DV SREODFLRQHV UtR DUULED \
DEDMRHVWiQ XQLGDVSRUODFDUUHWHUD\DORVXPRSRUHOIHUURFDUULOSHUR QRSRUHOUtR(OUtR
GHELHUD IDYRUHFHU OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH XQ iPELWR PiV DPSOLR IDFLOLWDQGR HO DFHUFDPLHQWR DO
FRQFHSWR GH FXHQFD GH UHG GH SREODFLRQHV IOXYLDOHV \ VX SDSHO HQ HO SDVDGR FRPR
FRPXQLFDFLyQYtDGHWUDQVSRUWH\FRQILJXUDGRUGHXQDWUDPDGHUHODFLRQHVHQWUHFLXGDGHV
&RQFOX\HQGR ORV HVSDFLRV XUEDQRV IOXYLDOHV \ ORV WUDPRV GH ORV UtRV URGHDGRV GH FLXGDG
FRQVWLWX\HQFRQMXQWRVGHH[FHOHQWHVUHFXUVRVSDUDFRQVWUXLUFRQRFLPLHQWRHVFRODU\GHVDUUROODU
DSUHQGL]DMH VRFLDO \ FLXGDGDQR /RV SUREOHPDV VRFLDOHV \ DPELHQWDOHV VRQ WDQ QXPHURVRV
FRPSOHMRV \ GLYHUVRV TXH XUJH DFRPHWHU DFWXDFLRQHV HGXFDWLYDV SDUD VX FRQRFLPLHQWR \
DSUR[LPDUQRVMXQWRFRQRWURWLSRGHPHGLGDVDVXVROXFLyQ

([SHULHQFLDVHGXFDWLYDVHQODVFLXGDGHVIOXYLDOHV
/D FLXGDG HQ VX FRQMXQWR WLHQH PHQRV SURWDJRQLVPR HGXFDWLYR TXH ODV iUHDV QDWXUDOHV R
UXUDOHVQRVRORDQLYHOGHXVRHGXFDWLYRDXWyQRPRVLQRWDPELpQDQLYHOGHRIHUWDGHVGHORV
DFWRUHVFRPHUFLDOHV\GHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQ(OXVRGHUtRVHQHQWRUQRVXUEDQRVHVDQHFGyWLFR
(Q ORV FDVRV HQ TXH VH XWLOL]D HO UtR GH OD FLXGDG GHVGH FHQWURV R SURSXHVWDV GH OD SURSLD
FLXGDG VH KDFH VREUH WUDPRV GHO UtR \ iUHDV IOXYLDOHV H[WHULRUHV R GH OD SHULIHULD UXUDO
FRQVLGHUDQGRTXHHVWDVVRQPiVULFDV\RIUHFHQPiVUHFXUVRV
/RV SURJUDPDV HGXFDWLYRV HQ UtRV XUEDQRV SURPRYLGRV SRU ORV D\XQWDPLHQWRV TXH VH KDQ
SRGLGRFRQVXOWDUHQWUHYLVWDVGRFXPHQWDFLyQHLQIRUPDFLyQZHEVHFHQWUDQSULQFLSDOPHQWH
A.Cuello Gijn


HQ WHPDV \D WUDGLFLRQDOHV FRPR ORV UHVLGXRV SUHGRPLQDQWH SDUTXHV \ MDUGLQHV VHJXULGDG
YLDO\DJXDFLFORXUEDQR6HFRUURERUDOR\DVHxDODGRSRUDQWHULRUHVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVVREUHOD
DXVHQFLDGHOUtRGHODFLXGDGHQHVWDVSURSXHVWDVFHQWUDGDVHQHODJXDRVREUHODFLXGDGHQVX
FRQMXQWR 6H DERUGD HO WHPD GHVGH OD SHUVSHFWLYD GHO UHFXUVR \ GHO VHUYLFLR S~EOLFR GH
DEDVWHFLPLHQWR \ GHSXUDFLyQ /RV UtRV TXHGDQ DO PDUJHQ D QR VHU TXH OD WRPD SDUD
SRWDELOL]DGRUD R HO YHUWLGR WUDV OD ('$5 SXHGDQ IRUPDU SDUWH GH OD YLVLWD D HVWDV
LQVWDODFLRQHV(OWUDWDPLHQWRHGXFDWLYRGHOUtRDOSDVRSRUODFLXGDGHVDQHFGyWLFR\HQIRFDGR
SUHIHUHQWHPHQWH D IDXQD DYHV \ IORUD iUEROHV R DVSHFWRV GHSRUWLYRV (Q ODV SREODFLRQHV
FRQHOHPHQWRVDWUDFWLYRVFHUFDQRVFRPRSXHGHVHUXQHPEDOVHSDUTXHRUHVHUYDQDWXUDOVRQ
HVWRVORVTXHDGTXLHUHQHOSURWDJRQLVPRHGXFDWLYR
(QWUH ORV WH[WRV FRQVXOWDGRV VREUH HO HVWXGLR GH OD FLXGDG OD SUHVHQFLD GH ORV UtRV HV
WHVWLPRQLDO GHVHTXLOLEUDGD UHVSHFWR GHO Q~PHUR GH FLXGDGHV IOXYLDOHV H[LVWHQWHV HQ OD
JHRJUDItD HVSDxROD 'H ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR VROR VH KD KHFKR XQD UHYLVLyQ VXSHUILFLDO VLHQGR
XQRGHORVWHPDVTXHH[LJHPiVSURIXQGLGDGQRREVWDQWHODVREVHUYDFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDVVLJXHQ
ODPLVPDSDXWDLQGLFDGDDQWHULRUPHQWH(QRWURWLSRGHPDWHULDOFRQREMHWLYRVWXUtVWLFRVRGH
LQIRUPDFLyQ GH OD FLXGDG OD LQIRUPDFLyQ IOXYLDO YD XQLGD D OD H[LVWHQFLD GH HOHPHQWRV
SDWULPRQLDOHVSXHQWHVDFHxDVD]XGHVHWF\HVHQWRGRFDVRPX\~WLOFRPRFRPSOHPHQWR
SDUDODHODERUDFLyQGHPDWHULDOHVPiVHVSHFtILFRV6REUHODSUHVHQFLDGHOUtRHQODLFRQRJUDItD
GH OD FLXGDG VDOYR ODV H[FHSFLRQHV HQ ODV TXH DUWLVWDV UHOHYDQWHV KDQ GHMDGR VX LPSURQWD
$OFDOiGH*XDGDLUD6HYLOODR&yUGREDQRVHDSUHFLDQVLJQRVGHLQWHUpV
/DVFRQFHSFLRQHVGHOUtRHQWUHHOSURIHVRUDGRUHVSRQGHQDXQHVTXHPDVLPSOLVWDSUHGRPLQD
XQD SHUFHSFLyQ GHO PHGLR GLVJUHJDGD VXPDWRULD \ H[FHVLYDPHQWH QDWXUDOLVWD FRQ DOJXQDV
H[FHSFLRQHV TXH VH DSUR[LPDQ D SODQWHDPLHQWRV PiV FRPSOHMRV (O SURWDJRQLVPR GH ORV
WpUPLQRV IORUD \ IDXQD HQ ODV UHVSXHVWDV REHGHFH SRU XQ ODGR D OD YLVLyQ VXSHUILFLDO GHO
VLVWHPD IOXYLDO H[WHULRUL]DQGR GH DOJXQD IRUPD OD FRQFHSFLyQ DGLWLYD GHO HQWRUQR TXH HQ
FXDOTXLHUFDVRGHEHUtDHVWDUVXSHUDGDDQLYHOSURIHVLRQDO3HURDGHPiVWLHQHTXHYHUFRQODV
IRUPDV HQ TXH ORV UtRV VRQ GLYXOJDGRV HQWUH OD SREODFLyQ PHGLDQWH SUHQVD IROOHWRV
SXEOLFLWDULRV GH ORV HVSDFLRV QDWXUDOHV \ RWURV PHGLRV GHVGH GRQGH VH RIUHFH XQD LPDJHQ
H[FHVLYDPHQWHQDWXUDOLVWD\H[HQWDGHWHQVLRQHV\FRQIOLFWRV(VWDREVHUYDFLyQMXVWLILFDUtDHQ
FLHUWD PHGLGD OD DXVHQFLD GH SUREOHPDV DPELHQWDOHV FRPR HOHPHQWR GH LQWHUpV HGXFDWLYR HQ
ORVUtRV(O LQWHUpV HGXFDWLYRVHIRFDOL]DJHQHUDOPHQWH HQ DOJ~QSURFHVRRHOHPHQWRVLHPSUH
TXHHVWpYLVLEOHQXQFDFRQSURFHVRVRUHODFLRQHVPiVFRPSOHMDVFX\RVHOHPHQWRVHVWpQSRFR
H[SOtFLWRVGLIXVRVRHQPDVFDUDGRVHQUHGHVGHUHODFLRQHVXQWDQWRYHODGDV
(O SULQFLSLR HGXFDWLYR GH REVHUYDFLyQ \ FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD LQPHGLDWD HO DSUHQGL]DMH HVWi
WDPELpQSUHVHQWH(VQRWRULRHOKHFKRGHTXHHQWUHORVDVSHFWRVGHLQWHUpVHGXFDWLYRHQXQUtR
TXHERUGHDODFLXGDGHVWDQRDSDUH]FDHQWUHHOORVDXQVLHQGRGHWHUPLQDQWHSDUDLQWHUSUHWDUHO
SDLVDMHIOXYLDO\ODVWHQVLRQHVTXHVXIUHHOUtR /D FLXGDGTXHGDDMHQD DODVYDORUDFLRQHVGHO
SRWHQFLDO HGXFDWLYR GH HVWRV WUDPRV IOXYLDOHV TXH VL ELHQ WUDQVFXUUHQ SRU WHUUHQR QDWXUDO \
UXUDOXQHQRERUGHDQHVSDFLRVXUEDQRV\HVWiQGLUHFWDPHQWHLQIOXHQFLDGRVSRUHOORV
8Q JUXSR UHGXFLGR GHO SURIHVRUDGR YDORUD OD SRWHQFLDOLGDG GHO UtR FRPR GHVHQFDGHQDQWH GH
SURFHVRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH SRU LQYHVWLJDFLyQ XQD IRUPD DYDQ]DGD GH SUR\HFWR H[SORUDWRULR
TXH D OD REVHUYDFLyQ PiV R PHQRV GLULJLGD XQH LQIRUPDFLyQ H[WHUQD GH H[SHUWRV GHEDWHV
RSLQLRQHVFRQWUDULDVHWF/RVREMHWRVGHHVWXGLRHQHVWRVFDVRVVRQPiVFRPSOHMRV\ULFRVHQ
RSFLRQHV GLGiFWLFDV ORV HFRVLVWHPDV HYROXFLyQ GHO UtR HQ HO WLHPSR SURFHVRV GH
DUWLILFLDOL]DFLyQHVWXGLRVFRPSDUDGRVFLXGDGFDPSRSUR\HFWRVGHIXWXURHWF/RVREMHWLYRV
A.Cuello Gijn


GLULJLGRV D DSRUWDU VROXFLRQHV D ORV SUREOHPDV \ ODV DFFLRQHV GLUHFWDV VREUH ORV PLVPRV
WDPELpQHVWiQSUHVHQWHVHQHVWHQLYHO
6HSXHGHDILUPDUTXHHOSURIHVRUDGRFRQSRFDVH[FHSFLRQHVVLJXHFRQVLGHUDQGRODVVDOLGDVDO
HQWRUQR FRPR XQD PHWRGRORJtD HILFD] SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH VREUH WRGR HQ DTXHOODV iUHDV
UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ OR VRFLDO \ OR QDWXUDO 6LQ HPEDUJR HVWDV SUiFWLFDV HVFRODUHV KDQ
GLVPLQXLGR HQRUPHPHQWH HQ ORV ~OWLPRV YHLQWH DxRV \ VH GD OD SDUDGRMD GH TXH HQ DTXHOODV
SREODFLRQHV HQ ODV TXH HO UtR HV XQ HOHPHQWR XUEDQR GH LPSRUWDQFLD QR DSDUHFH FRPR
FRQWHQLGRHVFRODUQLFRPROXJDUSDUDODUHDOL]DFLyQGHDFWLYLGDGHVHVFRODUHV(OSURIHVRUDGR
HVPiVSURFOLYHDOXVRGHORVUHFXUVRV\SURSXHVWDVRIUHFLGDVGHVGHiPELWRVH[WHUQRVDODXOD
SRU HPSUHVDV GH WXULVPR DFWLYR HGXFDFLyQ DPELHQWDO PXOWLDYHQWXUD OD PD\RUtD GH HOODV
LQVHUWDVHQSURJUDPDVGHXVRS~EOLFRGHORVHVSDFLRVQDWXUDOHVSURWHJLGRV(QHVWHPHUFDGR
ORVUtRVXUEDQRVQRVRQGHVGHORHFRQyPLFRREMHWLYRVDWUDFWLYRVSRUORTXHHOSURIHVRUDGR
GHSHQGLHQWHQRSXHGHDFFHGHUDHOORV
5HVSHFWR D ORV HTXLSDPLHQWRV GH LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ DPELHQWDO R GLYXOJDFLyQ OD VLWXDFLyQ HV D
WHQRU GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ UHFRJLGD HQ SHTXHxDV \ JUDQGHV SREODFLRQHV PX\ GHILFLWDULD /D
SUROLIHUDFLyQTXHKDWHQLGRODGRWDFLyQGHHTXLSDPLHQWRVGHHVWHWLSRHQORVHVSDFLRVQDWXUDOHV
SURWHJLGRVQRVHKDYLVWRFRUUHVSRQGLGDFRQHVSDFLRVGHVLPLODULPSRUWDQFLDHQORViPELWRV
XUEDQRV DXQ VLHQGR ]RQDV /,& =(3$ R PRQXPHQWR QDWXUDO FRPR HV HO FDVR GH &yUGRED
GRQGHQRH[LVWHHTXLSDPLHQWRDOJXQRGHGLFDGRDORV6RWRVGHOD$OERODILD6LQHPEDUJRVRQ
IUHFXHQWHVODVVLWXDFLRQHVGHH[SHFWDWLYDDODHVSHUDGHTXHVHKDJDHVWiHQSUR\HFWRHWF
8QLGR D HVWDV H[SUHVLRQHV GH IXWXUR KD\ SUHYLVLRQHV GH SURJUDPDV HVFRODUHV \ FLXGDGDQRV
SDUD VX XVR HQ ORV TXH VH UHIOHMDQ GH QXHYR HVTXHPDV GH DSUHQGL]DMH IUiJLOHV \
VXSHUILFLDOHVEDVDGRVHQODREVHUYDFLyQFKDUODVDSUHQGHUGLUHFWDPHQWHHWF6HGDODSDUDGRMD
GH OD H[LVWHQFLD GH QXPHURVRV HGLILFLRV IOXYLDOHV UHVWDXUDGRVVREUH WRGR PROLQRV \ EDWDQHV
DEDQGRQDGRV GH QXHYR \ HQ SURFHVR GH GHWHULRUR \ WDPELpQ FHQWURV FRQ ILQHV WXUtVWLFRV R
GHSRUWLYRV TXH SXGLHUDQ DOEHUJDU DXQTXH IXHVH GH IRUPD FRPSOHPHQWDULD DFWLYLGDGHV
HGXFDWLYDV 0iV SDUDGyMLFR HV HO DEDQGRQR GH FHQWURV HVSHFtILFDPHQWH GHGLFDGRV D OD
HGXFDFLyQ\GLYXOJDFLyQGHWHPDVIOXYLDOHV
/DV DFWLYLGDGHV GH SDUWLFLSDFLyQ UHODWLYDV D SODQHDPLHQWR XUEDQtVWLFR REUDV HQ FDXFHV \
ULEHUDV HWF HV DQHFGyWLFD HQ OR FXDQWLWDWLYR \ VXSHUILFLDO HQ OR FXDOLWDWLYR /RV SURFHVRV GH
SDUWLFLSDFLyQ VH OLPLWDQ D PRVWUDU HO SUR\HFWR \D UHDOL]DGR XWLOL]DQGR WpFQLFDV PiV R PHQRV
DWUDFWLYDVFRPRH[SRVLFLyQFKDUODVHLQFOXVRGHEDWHVFXDQGRODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHLQFLGLUHQ
HOGLVHxRGHOSUR\HFWRVRQQXODV&XDQGRVHWUDWDGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHDOXPQDGRHVWHVHOLPLWD
D SODQWDFLRQHV VLPEyOLFDV HQ ULEHUDV TXH FRQ IUHFXHQFLD WLHQHQ HVFDVtVLPRV SRUFHQWDMHV GH
PDUUDV

2EVWiFXORV\GLILFXOWDGHVSDUDHOXVRHGXFDWLYRGHORVUtRV
2EVWiFXORV\GLILFXOWDGHVSURSLDVGHOiPELWRHGXFDWLYR
$QLYHOGH(VFXHODFRPRLQVWLWXFLyQDSDUHFHQXQDVHULHGHFXHVWLRQHVGHHQRUPHLQWHUpVTXH
SODQWHDQOtQHDVGHLQGDJDFLyQGHPD\RUSURIXQGLGDG
x (OJUDGRGHFRQH[LyQGHOWUDEDMRGHDXODFRQHOHQWRUQRLQPHGLDWRHVPX\GpELO6HSRQH
HQGXGDODXWLOLGDGGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRHVFRODUSDUDSRWHQFLDUODVUHODFLRQHVGHORVHVFRODUHV
FRQVXHQWRUQR
A.Cuello Gijn


x (O DSR\R \ FRQVLGHUDFLyQ LQVWLWXFLRQDO KDFLD HO SURIHVRUDGR SDUD TXH LQFRUSRUH ORV
SUREOHPDV WHUULWRULDOHV D ORV FRQWHQLGRV HVFRODUHV HV HVFDVR R QXOR (V IUHFXHQWH VLQ
HPEDUJR HO KRVWLJDPLHQWR \ HO UHFKD]R HQ FDVR GH OLGHUDU GHVGH OD HVFXHOD DFFLRQHV
HGXFDWLYDVGHDFFLyQVREUHHVWRVSUREOHPDV
x /RVSURFHVRVHGXFDWLYRVRULHQWDGRVDODVSUiFWLFDVSDUWLFLSDWLYDV\DODGHPRFUDWL]DFLyQ
GHOFHQWURHGXFDWLYRVRQLPSUHVFLQGLEOHVSDUDDVHJXUDUODSDUWLFLSDFLyQIXWXUDRSUHVHQWH
GHODOXPQDGRHQODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\FROHFWLYRVVRFLDOHV(VWHWLSRGHSURFHVRVVRQHVFDVRVR
LQH[LVWHQWHV
+D\GLILFXOWDGHVHQDERUGDUHOWUDWDPLHQWRLQWHJUDGRHLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUGHOUtRHQODFLXGDGOD
ULJLGH]RUJDQL]DWLYDGHORVFHQWURVODIRUPDFLyQGLVFLSOLQDUGHOSURIHVRUDGRODGLILFXOWDGGH
IOH[LELOL]DUXQiUHDSDUDLQWURGXFLUWUDWDPLHQWRVWUDQVYHUVDOHVODSRFDH[SHULHQFLD\GHILFLHQWH
IRUPDFLyQ LQLFLDO GHO SURIHVRUDGR HQ PHWRGRORJtDV DELHUWDV \ HQ HO GLVHxR GH XQLGDGHV
GLGiFWLFDV R SUR\HFWRV LQWHJUDGRV OD GLILFXOWDG GH WUDEDMDU HQ HTXLSR R OD DXVHQFLD GH
OLGHUD]JRHQWDUHDVGHFRRUGLQDFLyQORVSUREOHPDVTXHSODQWHDODHYDOXDFLyQHWFVRQDOJXQDV
GH HOODV /D QRUPDWLYD YLJHQWH RIUHFH UHVTXLFLRV GH HQRUPH LQWHUpV FRPR ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV
EiVLFDVORVSUR\HFWRVLQWHJUDGRVRODDXWRQRPtDGHORVFHQWURVTXHFRQYLHQHLQYHVWLJDUSDUD
VDFDUYHQWDMDVHQHVWHVHQWLGR
(OSURIHVRUDGRGHQRWDDLVODPLHQWR\IDOWDGHDSR\RHQGLVWLQWRVDVSHFWRV
x *XtDVSDUDDWHQGHUDSR\DUDFRPSDxDUHQODVVDOLGDVIXHUDGHODXOD
x 'RFXPHQWDFLyQLQIRUPDFLyQGLYHUVDWH[WRVIROOHWRVHWFSDUDIDFLOLWDUHOWUDEDMRWDQWR
HQHODXODFRPRIXHUDGHODXOD
x )DFLOLGDGHQHOiPELWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYRHQFXDQWRDIOH[LELOLGDGGHKRUDULRVIOH[LELOLGDG
GHFRQWHQLGRVDSR\RGHFRPSDxHURV\VHJXULGDG
x )RUPDFLyQVREUHORVSURSLRVFRQWHQLGRV\VREUHPpWRGRVSDUDDERUGDUORV
x 3URSXHVWDVGHDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHVRFROHFWLYRV
6H SXHGH HVWDEOHFHU XQ JUDGLHQWH UHVSHFWR GH OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH HVWDV QHFHVLGDGHV GHVGH
LQQHFHVDULDVXRSRUWXQDVSDUDSURIHVRUDGRPRWLYDGRH[SHULPHQWDGR\FRQLQLFLDWLYDVDPX\
FRQYHQLHQWHVHLPSUHVFLQGLEOHVHQSURIHVRUDGRPiVDFRPRGDGRHVFDVDPHQWHFRPSURPHWLGRR
PHQRV DWUHYLGR /D H[LJHQFLD HQ UHFXUVRV GH DSR\R HV LQYHUVDPHQWH SURSRUFLRQDO D OD
IRUPDFLyQ\PRWLYDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGR
'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHODPHMRUDHQODFRPSHWHQFLDSURIHVLRQDOXQDEXHQDIRUPDFLyQHQ
HO SURIHVRUDGR QR FRQVLGHUDUtD WDQ QHFHVDULD OD H[LVWHQFLD GH JXtDV R IROOHWRV \D TXH VX
HODERUDFLyQSRGUtDVHUSDUWHGHOWUDEDMRGHDXOD\FRQWDUFRQPRQLWRUHVSDVDUtDDVHUXQDSR\R
FRPSOHPHQWDULR 6H SHUFLEH FLHUWD FRPRGLGDG HQ OD WDUHD SURIHVLRQDO PLHGR D SURGXFLU
FRQRFLPLHQWR D SDUWLU GH XQD UHDOLGDG GHVFRQRFLGD 3DUD XQ WLSR GH SURIHVRUDGR TXH
SRGUtDPRV VLWXDU HQ XQ PRGHOR GH HQVHxDQ]D FHUFDQR DO WUDGLFLRQDOWHFQROyJLFR YHU PDUFR
WHyULFR OD DXVHQFLD GH PDWHULDO GLGiFWLFR VXSRQH XQ REVWiFXOR LPSRUWDQWH SDUD WUDWDU
ORV FRQWHQGLGRV IOXYLDOHV HQ HO DXOD /D DFWLYLGDG GRFHQWH WLHQH OXJDU HQ HO DXOD GRQGH VH
HVWDEOHFH OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH OD UHDOLGDG \ HO DOXPQR \ HO DFFHVR DO HQWRUQR VH UHDOL]D
YLUWXDOPHQWH R HQ EDVH D PRGHORV \H[SHULHQFLDV WUDQVPLWLGDV SRU HO SURIHVRU (Q EDVH D ODV
RSLQLRQHV GH EXHQD SDUWH GHO SURIHVRUDGR SDUHFH GHGXFLUVH TXH VL QR H[LVWHQ PDWHULDOHV \D
HODERUDGRV \ QR KD\ DSR\R GH PRQLWRUHV GLItFLOPHQWH SRGUHPRV KDFHU XVR HGXFDWLYR GH XQ
UtR
A.Cuello Gijn


(OSURIHVRUDGRQRHV DMHQRDODV FRQFHSFLRQHVGHODVRFLHGDGHQODTXHYLYHQSDUWLFLSDQ HQ
LJXDOPDQHUDGHODVLGHDVPHUFDQWLOLVWDV\WHFQRFUiWLFDVGHODJXD\GHFyPRGHEHQWUDWDUVHORV
UtRV DO SDVR SRU ODV FLXGDGHV (Q HVWH VHQWLGR OD FXOWXUD GHO DJXD TXH GLPDQD GH ODV
LQVWLWXFLRQHV\DVHDHQIRUPDGHGLVFXUVRRFRQODVLQWHUYHQFLRQHVHQORVFDXFHVIOXYLDOHVHV
WDQSRWHQWH\SHUVLVWHQWHTXHORVGRFHQWHVHQVXPD\RUtDQRVRQFRQVFLHQWHVGHODLQIOXHQFLD
TXHHMHUFHHQHOORV$VtVHDVXPHQQDWXUDOHV\QRUPDOHVREUDVGHFRQWUROIOXYLDODQFODGDVHQ
WUDGLFLRQHV KLGUiXOLFDV \D GHQRVWDGDV SHUR FRQ IXHUWH SHVR HQ OD PHPRULD FRPR VRQ
FDQDOL]DFLRQHVUHFWLILFDFLRQHVPRWDVHWF
/D IRUPDFLyQ LQLFLDO GHO SURIHVRUDGR SDGHFH XQ SURFHVR GH DOHMDPLHQWR GH ODV SUiFWLFDV GH
DSUHQGL]DMH HQ FRQWDFWR FRQ HO HQWRUQR HQ JHQHUDO \ FRQ ORV HVSDFLRV IOXYLDOHV XUEDQRV HQ
SDUWLFXODU SRU OR TXH OD DXVHQFLD GH H[SHULHQFLDV GH HVWH WLSR FRQGLFLRQD IXHUWHPHQWH ODV
SUiFWLFDV GH HQVHxDQ]D IXWXUDV (VWHSXHGH VHU HO PRWLYR GHO UHWURFHVR GH OD LPSOLFDFLyQ GHO
SURIHVRUDGR HQ HO GLVHxR \ GHVDUUROOR GH DFWLYLGDGHV IXHUD GHO DXOD GHULYDQGR KDFLD ORV
DJHQWHVH[WHUQRVHPSUHVDVGHOVHFWRUHGXFDWLYRDPELHQWDORWXUtVWLFRODUHDOL]DFLyQGHHVWDV
DFWLYLGDGHV DXVHQWiQGRVH HO SURIHVRUDGR HQ SDUWH GH VXV SURSLDV UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV \
TXHKDFHUHV SURIHVLRQDOHV (Q FXDOTXLHU FDVR HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH ORV UtRV SRU SDUWH GHO
SURIHVRUDGRQRDVHJXUDODXWLOL]DFLyQSRVWHULRUHQVXWDUHDSURIHVLRQDOSXGLHQGRGLIHUHQFLDU\
VHSDUDUHOXVRRFLRVRRGHSRUWLYRGHORVHVSDFLRVIOXYLDOHVGHVXXWLOL]DFLyQHGXFDWLYD

2EVWiFXORV\GLILFXOWDGHVLQKHUHQWHVDORVHVSDFLRVXUEDQRV\IOXYLDOHV
(PHUJHXQDSHUFHSFLyQGHORVHVSDFLRVIOXYLDOHVXUEDQRVFRQJUDQFDUJDQHJDWLYD\PDUJLQDO
TXH JHQHUD XQ UHFKD]R PiV R PHQRV H[SOtFLWR 3DUHFH KDEHU XQD MXVWLILFDFLyQ GH tQGROH
SVLFROyJLFD DQFHVWUDO EDVDGD HQ HO ULHVJR SHUR WDPELpQ DQWURSROyJLFD UHODFLRQDGD FRQ ORV
OXJDUHV GH YLGD PDUJLQDO YDJDEXQGD \ GHVDKXFLDGD (Q ORV HVSDFLRV IOXYLDOHV GH OD FLXGDG
SHUVLVWH D~Q HQ OR XUEDQtVWLFR \ DPELHQWDO HVWH SDLVDMH GH DEDQGRQR WUDVHUD GH YHUWHGHUR
FDRVHLQGHILQLFLyQ\WRGRHOORPDQWLHQHHQEXHQDPHGLGDHOUHFKD]RGHODSREODFLyQ6HKD
REVHUYDGR TXH HQ ODV QXHYDV EDUULDGDV \ HQ ORV FHQWURV HVFRODUHV XELFDGRV HQ ORV WHUUHQRV
JDQDGRVDOUtRRHQODVSHULIHULDVIOXYLDOHVDQWHULRUPHQWHPDUJLQDOHVODFRQFHSFLyQGHOUtR
HVGLIHUHQWHTXHHQORVFHQWURVTXHKDQIRUPDGRVLHPSUHSDUWHGHODFLXGDGIOXYLDOVLHQGRHQ
HVWRVPiVDSDFLEOH\ERQGDGRVD
(QWUH ORV DVSHFWRV TXH PRWLYDQ UHFKD]R HQ HO SURIHVRUDGR SDUWLFLSDQWH HQ ORV FXHVWLRQDULRV
GHVWDFDQ
x 9HUWLGRVGHDJXDVUHVLGXDOHVVLQWUDWDPLHQWRVREUHHOFDXFH
x $FXPXODFLyQGHHVFRPEURV\EDVXUDV
x (VWDGRPDUJLQDOFDyWLFR\GHVHVWUXFWXUDGRHGLILFDFLRQHVGHWRGRWLSRDEDQGRQDGDV\
GHPDODVSHFWR
x $EDQGRQRGHODVDFHxDVPROLQRV\RWURVHGLILFLRVGHLQWHUpVKLVWyULFR
x 3UHVHQFLDGHLQVWDODFLRQHV\WRUUHVGHODUHGHOpFWULFDWXERVGHVDQHDPLHQWRDO
GHVFXELHUWR
x 5HOOHQRVGHWDOXGHVFRQXQDPDODFRPSDFWDFLyQORTXHHQWUDxDULHVJRVHURVLYRV\
GHVOL]DPLHQWR
x )DOWDGHDFFHVLELOLGDGDOUtR
A.Cuello Gijn


(Q HVWH RUGHQ GH FRVDV QR VROR HO SURIHVRUDGR R UHVSRQVDEOHV S~EOLFRV HQ OD JHVWLyQ GH
SURJUDPDVHGXFDWLYRVVLQRWDPELpQDOXPQDGR\FLXGDGDQtDHQJHQHUDOVLHQWHQUHFKD]RDQWH
SRVLEOHVDFWLYLGDGHVHQHOUtRRSHRUD~QHQVXVSUHYLVLRQHVPHQWDOHVHOUtR\VXVHVSDFLRVQR
HQWUDQ D IRUPDU SDUWH GH ORV OXJDUHV SRVLEOHV SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH DFWLYLGDG DOJXQD (Q ORV
HVSDFLRVHQORVTXHVHKDQOOHYDGRDFDERRSHUDFLRQHVGHUHVWDXUDFLyQ\FRQH[LyQGHOUtRFRQ
VXHQWRUQRXUEDQRVHSLHUGHODVHQVDFLyQGHUtRSUREOHPDDOWUDQVIRUPDUODUHDOLGDGIOXYLDOHQ
XQMDUGtQRXQSDUTXHPiVGHODFLXGDG
/RV REVWiFXORV \ GLILFXOWDGHV TXH VLJXHQ UHDOHV \ OOHQRV GH UHIHUHQFLDV HQ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ
REWHQLGDHQQLQJ~QPRPHQWRLPSLGHQODXWLOL]DFLyQGHORVUtRVSDUDSURFHVRVGHDSUHQGL]DMH
HVFRODU R FLXGDGDQR (Q DOJ~Q FDVR SRGUtDQ OLPLWDU HO XVR GH XQ OXJDU FRQFUHWR R HQ XQD
pSRFDGHWHUPLQDGDRH[LJLUtDQFLHUWDVSUHYLVLRQHV\SUHFDXFLRQHV
/D DFFHVLELOLGDG YLVXDO \ ItVLFD GHEHUtD VHU FDSD] GH IDYRUHFHU OD DFFHVLELOLGDG FRJQLWLYD
HPRFLRQDO\VHQVLWLYD
*yPH] 2UGyxH] LOXVWUD HVWH SUREOHPD /D FLXGDG VH VLHQWH IOXYLDO \ VLQ HPEDUJR
GHVGH HOOD HO UtR FDVL QL VH YH \ HQ DOJXQRV VLWLRV HQ TXH SXHGH YHUVH QR UHVXOWD JUDWD VX
SUHVHQFLDSRUTXHHQVXVRULOODVVHKDQDVHQWDGRLQGXVWULDVDOPDFHQHV\HOIHUURFDUULOFRQVXV
YLHMDVLQVWDODFLRQHV DFWLYLGDGHV \ HGLILFLRV FX\DSUHVHQFLD HV GH GLItFLO DUPRQL]DFLyQ FRQ OD
QDWXUDOH]DGHOPDUFRIOXYLDOODFLXGDGHQXQDOWR]DQRGHFRWDPHWURVPiVDOWDTXHHOQLYHO
GHODVDYHQLGDVFHQWHQDULDVKDGLVSXHVWRHQDOJ~QWUDPRGHVXIDFKDGDXQSDVHRPLUDGRUTXH
HQEXHQDSDUWHVHKDGRWDGRGHXQDSDUHGSDUDRFXOWDUODVYLVWDVGHORVWHFKRVGHILEURFHPHQWR
\ORVVLORVTXHGRPLQDQODVULEHUDVSUy[LPDV
(Q UHODFLyQ DO HVWDGR ItVLFR GH ORV UHFRUULGRV SRU ORV UtRV HO SURIHVRUDGR HQ JHQHUDO YDORUD
FRPR LGyQHR HO VHQGHUR DFRQGLFLRQDGR TXH RIUH]FD VHJXULGDG EDUDQGLOODV SDVDUHODV
YLJLODQFLD FRPRGLGDG UDPSDV HVFDORQDGR WDULPDV EDQFRV \ DFFHVLELOLGDG
DSDUFDPLHQWRV HQ LQLFLR \ ILQDO DFODUHR GH YHJHWDFLyQ VLQHPEDUJR HQVDO]D FRPR YDORU
SHGDJyJLFRGHODDFWLYLGDGHOUHVSHWR\HOFRQWDFWRFRQODQDWXUDOH]D3DUHFHDWHQRUGHODV
RSLQLRQHV TXH ORV VHQGHURV SRU FDXFHV \ ULEHUDV IOXYLDOHV GHEHQ DMXVWDUVH D GHWHUPLQDGRV
SDWURQHV IRUPDOHV \ HVWpWLFRV SDUD TXH SXHGDQ UHFRUUHUVH \ VREUH WRGR SDUD TXH SXHGDQ
XWLOL]DUVH HQ XQD DFWLYLGDG GH DSUHQGL]DMH FRQ XQ JUXSR GH HVFRODUHV /RV LWLQHUDULRV
VHxDOL]DGRV\DFRQGLFLRQDGRVWLSRHVSDFLRSURWHJLGR\ODVREUDVGHDGHFXDFLyQSDLVDMtVWLFD
R UHVWDXUDFLyQ DPELHQWDO HQ ULEHUDV XUEDQDV KDQ FUHDGR XQD LPDJHQ HVWHUHRWLSDGD GH
VHQGHURIOXYLDOFRQHQWDULPDGRVGHPDGHUDNLORPpWULFRVEDQFRVIDURODVEDUDQGLOODVYLDULRV
UHFWLOtQHRVRGHVLQXRVLGDGDUWLILFLDOFDPLQRVSDYLPHQWDGRVHWFHQVXVWLWXFLyQGHODLPDJHQ
WUDGLFLRQDOGHOFDPLQRIOXYLDOKDFLHQGRGLItFLOODFRQFHSFLyQGHUHFXUVRHGXFDWLYRDSOLFDGRD
ODYHUHGDQDWXUDOQRDFRQGLFLRQDGDQLXUEDQL]DGD
3RU SDUWH GHO VHFWRU GH OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ ORFDO OD IDOWD GH DFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR GH HVSDFLRV
IOXYLDOHV HQ HO VHQWLGR DQWHULRUPHQWH H[SXHVWR VH HQWLHQGH FRPR XQD GHILFLHQFLD GHO OXJDU
SRU OR TXH FXDOTXLHU XVR HGXFDWLYR GHO PLVPR HVWi VXSHGLWDGR D OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH GLFKR
DFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWR R DGHFXDFLyQ (V UHFXUUHQWH OD H[SUHVLyQ VH HVWi SHQGLHQWH GH OD
UHDOL]DFLyQ GH XQ SUR\HFWR TXH YD D SHUPLWLU MXVWLILFDQGR TXH ODV REUDV GH
DFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWRGHWDORFXDOFDPLQRRODUHDOL]DFLyQGHODSDVDUHODVRQLPSUHVFLQGLEOHV
SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH SURJUDPDV HGXFDWLYRV $UJXPHQWR VLPLODU VH XWLOL]D HQ UHSHWLGDV
RFDVLRQHV UHVSHFWR GH OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH XQ FHQWUR GH LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ R DXOD GH OD QDWXUDOH]D
GHGLFDGD DO UtR $SR\DUtDQ HVWH SODQWHDPLHQWR SURIHVRUDGR \ SDUWH GH OD FLXGDGDQtD TXH
UHFKD]DORVHVSDFLRVIOXYLDOHVSRUVXDVSHFWRODIDOWDGHHQWUDGDVFyPRGDVODVSHQGLHQWHVHO
EDUURRHOJDQDGR
A.Cuello Gijn


3RUHOFRQWUDULRRWURVHFWRUGHODSREODFLyQ\GHOSURIHVRUDGRVRVWLHQHTXHODVDFWXDFLRQHVHQ
ORVUtRVVREUHWRGRVXHQFDX]DPLHQWR\DMDUGLQDGRUHVWDULTXH]DDOUtRHLQWHUpVSDUDVXXVR
HGXFDWLYRFDVLHVPHMRUGDUFODVHGHMDUGLQHUtDTXHGHHFRORJtDIOXYLDO
(QGHILQLWLYDODVFDXVDVTXHGLILFXOWDQHOXVRHGXFDWLYRGHORVUtRVHQODFLXGDGSDUHFHQVHU
P~OWLSOHV DWULEXLGDV VHJ~Q RULJHQ \ UHVSRQVDELOLGDG D WUHV JUDQGHV iPELWRV tQWLPDPHQWH
UHODFLRQDGRVHO6LVWHPD(GXFDWLYRHOiPELWRSHUVRQDOSHUFHSWLYR\ODQDWXUDOH]DGHOHQWRUQR
(O 6LVWHPD (GXFDWLYR SXHGH VHU XQ FRQMXQWR GH REVWiFXORV LQVDOYDEOHV R GH RSRUWXQLGDGHV
VHJ~QVHUHILHUDQpOSURIHVRUDGRQRIDYRUDEOHDOXVRGHOUtRRSURIHVRUDGRSUHGLVSXHVWRDHOOR
$XQ VLHQGR REMHWLYD OD YDORUDFLyQ DPELHQWDO QHJDWLYD GH OD PD\RUtD GH ORV HQWRUQRV ODV
GLVWLQWDVSHUFHSFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHVFRQVLGHUDQGHIRUPDGLIHUHQWHODLGRQHLGDGHGXFDWLYDGHORV
OXJDUHV\FRQHOORODVSRVLELOLGDGHVUHDOHVGHXVR6HSXHGHFRQFOXLUTXHORVREVWiFXORVUHDOHV
SDUD HO XVR GH ORV UtRV HVWiQ DORMDGRV SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ OD DFWLWXG GHO SURIHVRUDGR \ HQ
PHQRU PHGLGD SHUR LQIOX\HQGR VREUH pO HQ HO PRGHOR GH HQWRUQR TXH LPSRQH HO VLVWHPD
VRFLRHFRQyPLFR

&RQWULEXFLyQGHORVSUR\HFWRVGHUHVWDXUDFLyQIOXYLDO\PHMRUDGHORV
HVSDFLRVXUEDQRVDOXVRORVUtRVHQODVFLXGDGHV
(O FRQWH[WR IOXYLDO XUEDQR HVWi HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG VRPHWLGR D XQD VHULH GH WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV \
FDPELRVTXHGHIRUPDPiVRPHQRVGLUHFWDYDQDLQFLGLUHQVXVFXDOLGDGHV\SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV
FRPRHVSDFLRVGHDSUHQGL]DMH/DFXHVWLyQHVFDUDFWHUL]DUHVWDLQFLGHQFLD\VXSURIXQGLGDG\
VLORVDJHQWHVLPSOLFDGRVSURIHVRUDGRFROHFWLYRVDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHVWRPDQFRQFLHQFLDGHHOOD
\SXHGHQDSURYHFKDUOD
8QRGHORVIDFWRUHVTXHDQLPDQHVWDVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVHVOD'LUHFWLYD0DUFRGH$JXDV8(
'LUHFWLYD &( /ODPD OD DWHQFLyQ OD DXVHQFLD GH OD 'LUHFWLYD HQ WHVWLPRQLRV
UHVSXHVWDV GHFODUDFLRQHV HWF GH ODV GLIHUHQWHV SHUVRQDV TXH KDQ DSRUWDGR LQIRUPDFLyQ D OD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQOOHYDQGRDSHQVDUTXHWRGRHOSRWHQFLDOGHHVWDQRUPDFRPXQLWDULDSXHGDHVWDU
SDVDQGRGHPRPHQWRGHVDSHUFLELGRHQHOiPELWRHGXFDWLYR'HVSXpVGHGLHFLVpLVDxRVGHVX
DSUREDFLyQ HQ HO 3DUODPHQWR (XURSHR \ WUHFH GH VX LQWHJUDFLyQ HQ OD SROtWLFD GH DJXDV HQ
(VSDxDQRSDUHFHKDEHUWHQLGRLQIOXHQFLDDOJXQDHQORVFHQWURVHVFRODUHVRHQODVSUHYLVLRQHV
GH HGLWRULDOHV R HQ OD IRUPDFLyQ GHO SURIHVRUDGR /D DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ SRU VX SDUWH VLJXH VLQ
KDFHUQDGDDOUHVSHFWRVLUYDQFRPRHMHPSORORVSURFHVRVGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQSDUDODUHGDFFLyQ
GHORV~OWLPRVSODQHVKLGUROyJLFRV
(QHOiPELWRXUEDQtVWLFRJHQHUDGRUGHSUR\HFWRVREUDVHLQWHUYHQFLRQHVGHHQYHUJDGXUDORV
UHVXOWDGRVVRQPXFKRPiVYLVLEOHV\FRQSURIXQGDVUHSHUFXVLRQHVHQORVHVFHQDULRVIOXYLDOHV
/RVSUR\HFWRVSHQGLHQWHVHQOLFLWDFLyQHQGHVDUUROORRHMHFXWDGRVVRQIUHFXHQWHVHQHOiPELWR
JHRJUiILFR GH HVWXGLR \ HQ ODV E~VTXHGDV UHDOL]DGDV HQ QXPHURVDV FLXGDGHV (Q JHQHUDO ODV
LQWHUYHQFLRQHVSUHWHQGHQUHVROYHUSUREOHPDVGHLQXQGDFLRQHVDODYH]TXHJDQDUVXHORSDUDOD
FLXGDG 6H HPSOHD FRQ IUHFXHQFLD HO DUJXPHQWR GH UHFXSHUDU OD LPDJHQ GHO UtR SDUD OD
FLXGDG \ XQ SUREOHPD SXHVWR \D GH PDQLILHVWR HO GHVDSHJR GH OD FLXGDGDQtD \ HO UtR /DV
REUDV HQ HVWH WLSR GH LQWHUYHQFLRQHV VRQ PX\ YDULDGDV HQFDX]DPLHQWRV UHIRUHVWDFLyQ GH
PiUJHQHVFUHDFLyQGHUHGHVGHSDVHRVHQODVULEHUDV\DFFHVRVDODVPLVPDVFRQVWUXFFLyQGH
HPEDUFDGHURV UHKDELOLWDFLyQ GH DFHxDV \ RWURV HGLILFLRV IOXYLDOHV UHVWDXUDFLyQ GH HVSDFLRV
GHJUDGDGRV FUHDFLyQ GH iUHDV UHFUHDWLYDV SOD\DV SDUTXHV GH RFLR WUDPR GH DJXDV EUDYDV
SXHVWRV GH SHVFD HWF /RV REMHWLYRV EiVLFRV VRQ HO DXPHQWR GH OD FDSDFLGDG GH HYDFXDFLyQ
GHIHQVD FRQWUD LQXQGDFLRQHV \ DXPHQWR GHO VXHOR GLVSRQLEOH SDUD OD FLXGDG DO WLHPSR TXH
SRWHQFLDQORVXVRVGHOHQWRUQRGHOUtRFUHDQGRSXQWRVGHHQFXHQWURSDUDODFLXGDGDQtD
A.Cuello Gijn


/RVGHQRPLQDGRVSXQWRVGHHQFXHQWURVRQHQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVSXQWRVSUR\HFWDGRV
HQ OR ItVLFR \ HQ OR YLVXDO SHUR QR HQ OR FRJQLWLYR R OR DIHFWLYR +D\ DSDUDWR WpFQLFR GH
LQJHQLHUtD DUTXLWHFWXUD R XUEDQLVPR GLULJLGR DO UtR \ VX HVSDFLR SHUR QR VH GLVHxDQ
HVWUDWHJLDVGHGHVDUUROORHGXFDWLYRQLSDUWLFLSDWLYRTXHFRQHFWHQGHIRUPDLQWHQFLRQDGDHVWRV
DSDUDWRVFRQODPHMRUDGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODSREODFLyQ1RKD\DSURYHFKDPLHQWRHGXFDWLYR
SODQLILFDGR GH HVWDV LQWHUYHQFLRQHV 1R VH FRQVLGHUD HO XVR HGXFDWLYR FRPR XQR GH ORV
SRVLEOHV XVRV HQ ORV QXHYRV HVFHQDULRV FUHDGRV WUDV ODV LQWHUYHQFLRQHV 1R REVWDQWH KD\ TXH
UHVDOWDUTXHHQFDVLWRGRVRVSUR\HFWRVFRQVXOWDGRVDSDUHFHQSURSXHVWDVGHDOXVRHGXFDWLYR
SHURODUHDOLGDGHVTXHQRVHHMHFXWDQ\HQORVFDVRVHQTXHOOHJDQDWpUPLQRILQDOPHQWHQRVH
XVDQ SDUD ORV REMHWLYRV HGXFDWLYRV SUHYLVWRV /RV SURFHVRV GH SODQLILFDFLyQ \ GLVHxR \D VH
SRGUtDQFRQVLGHUDUFRPRUHFXUVRVGHDSUHQGL]DMH\OOHYDUORVDODXODPHGLDQWHODVDGDSWDFLRQHV
GLGiFWLFDVQHFHVDULDV
+D\ DFXHUGR HQ TXH ODV REUDV TXH VH HVWiQ UHDOL]DQGR PHMRUDQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV ItVLFDV GH
SUR[LPLGDG HO DFFHVR \ WUiQVLWR OD VHJXULGDG FUHDQ HVSDFLRV VXVFHSWLEOHV GH XWLOL]DFLyQ
DEUHQQXHYDVPLUDGDVUHFXSHUDQSDWULPRQLR\PHMRUDQODVFRQGLFLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV3HURSRU
RWUD SDUWH WDPELpQ VXSRQHQ XQ JUDGR GH DUWLILFLDOL]DFLyQ PX\ QHJDWLYR OD RFXOWDFLyQ GHO
YHUGDGHUR FDUiFWHU IOXYLDO HO HQPDVFDUDPLHQWR GHO ULHVJR ODFRQVROLGDFLyQ GH XQD IRUPD GH
GRPLQLRGXUDODFUHDFLyQGHREVWiFXORVHWF
8QD GH ODV VRUSUHVDV GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ KD VLGR HO HQFXHQWUR FRQ XQ IDFWRU LQHVSHUDGR TXH
SXHGH IRUWDOHFHU HO XVR HGXFDWLYR GH ORV UtRV HO 7XULVPR \ HV TXH ORV UtRV KDQ OODPDGR OD
DWHQFLyQGHHVWHVHFWRUGHVHUYLFLRVTXHKDWHQLGRTXHEXVFDUHQHOWXULVPRGHLQWHULRU\UXUDO
QXHYRV KRUL]RQWHV 6RQ QXPHURVRV ORV SUR\HFWRV WXUtVWLFRV DVRFLDGRV D FXUVRV IOXYLDOHV
XUEDQRV D ORV HVSDFLRV UHVXOWDQWHV GH ODV LQWHUYHQFLRQHV KLGUROyJLFDV \ XUEDQtVWLFDV \ D OD
UHVWDXUDFLyQ GH SLH]DV DUTXLWHFWyQLFDV GHO SDWULPRQLR IOXYLDO ,QLFLDWLYDV GH LWLQHUDULRV D OR
ODUJRGHO*XDGDOTXLYLU7DMR\(EURUHFXSHUDFLyQGHYtDVURPDQDVSURSXHVWDVPRQXPHQWDOHV
HQ HO *XDGLDQD DFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWRV HQ HO 0LxR HWF SXHGHQ VHU HMHPSORV GH HVWH LPSXOVR
/RVREMHWLYRVGHHVWDVRSHUDFLRQHVVRQEiVLFDPHQWHHFRQyPLFRVSHURWLHQHQXQDSUR\HFFLyQ
GH HQRUPH LQWHUpV HQ HO iPELWR HGXFDWLYR SRU OD HGLFLyQ GH PDWHULDOHV SRU OD FUHDFLyQ \
PHMRUD GH HVSDFLRV OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH HTXLSDPLHQWRV OD JHQHUDFLyQ GH LGHDV HWF 6LQ
HPEDUJRVXSRQHRWUD PXHVWUDGHROYLGRRGHVLQWHUpVSRUOR HGXFDWLYRSXHVFRQ ODV PLVPDV
LQYHUVLRQHV VH SRGUtDQ LQFRUSRUDU SURSXHVWDV GLVHxDGDV HVSHFtILFDPHQWH HQ HVWH VHQWLGR
IRUWDOHFLHQGR OD IDFHWD HGXFDWLYD GHO WXULVPR \ D OD YH] DEULHQGR YtDV HGXFDWLYDV VREUH HO
SDWULPRQLR

%,%/,2*5$)$
$O]LQD 5 % Metodologa de la investigacin educativa 9RO (GLWRULDO /D
0XUDOOD
$QWRUDQ] 0$ \ - 0DUWtQH] *LO (O DJXD \ HO VLVWHPD HGXFDWLYR HVSDxRO III
Congreso Ibrico sobre Gestin y Planificacin del Agua )XQGDFLyQ 1XHYD &XOWXUD GHO
$JXDS
%HQD\DV-*XWLpUUH]-\+HUQiQGH]1La investigacin en Educacin Ambiental en
Espaa0DGULG(G0LQLVWHULRGH0HGLR$PELHQWH
%ODVFR +HUQiQGH] 7 2WHUR *DUFtD / 7pFQLFDV FRQYHUVDFLRQDOHV SDUD OD UHFRJLGD
GHGDWRVHQLQYHVWLJDFLyQFXDOLWDWLYD/DHQWUHYLVWD,Nure Investigacin
A.Cuello Gijn


&HO\ 5RGUtJXH] $ &RQVWUXFFLyQ VRFLRFXOWXUDO GH ORV WHUULWRULRV XUEDQRV 8QD
LQGDJDFLyQGHVGHODHGXFDFLyQAnekumene
&RKHQ / 0DQLRQ / 0RUULVRQ . Research methods in education 0LOWRQ 3DUN
$ELQJGRQ2[RQ>(QJODQG@5RXWOHGJH
&XHOOR $ Los Caminos del Ro, una Estrategia Educativa Global para el Ro
Guadalquivir y su entorno urbano&yUGRED$\XQWDPLHQWRGH&yUGRED
&XHOOR$/RVWUDPRVIOXYLDOHVXUEDQRVFRPRiPELWRVGHDSUHQGL]DMH8QDYDORUDFLyQ
GHVXSRWHQFLDOHGXFDWLYR\ORVREVWiFXORVTXHSODQWHDVXXWLOL]DFLyQ0-XQ\HQW3XELOO\/
&DQR0XxR]&RRUGVInvestigar para avanzar en educacin ambiental
)LQGOD\6- 7D\ORU03:K\UHKDELOLWDWHXUEDQULYHUV\VWHPV"Area,

*DUFtD'tD]-(Educacin ambiental, constructivismo y complejidad. Una propuesta
integradora6HYLOOD'tDGD(GLWRULDO
*DUFtD 3pUH] )) \ 3RUOiQ 5 (O 3UR\HFWR ,5(6 ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ \ 5HQRYDFLyQ
(VFRODU Biblio 3W. Revista Bibliogrfica de Geografa y Ciencias Sociales %DUFHORQD
8QLYHUVLGDGGH%DUFHORQDYRO9Q
*yPH] 2UGyxH] -/ $QG~MDU XQD FLXGDG MXQWR DO *XDGDOTXLYLU Revista del
Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos Canales y PuertosQ
*RQ]iOH] 0 $\ /DVWUD,GHOD /DXUEDQL]DFLyQ\ VXHIHFWRHQ ORV UtRV0HVD GH
7UDEDMR HQ 0LQLVWHULR GH 0HGLR $PELHQWH \ 8QLYHUVLGDG 3ROLWpFQLFD GH 0DGULG HG
Estrategia Nacional de Restauracin de Ros y Riberas'LVSRQLEOH
HQ KWWSZZZPDJUDPDJREHVHVDJXDSXEOLFDFLRQHVXUEDQL]DFLRQBHIHFWRVBHQBULRVBMXOLRB
BBWFPSGI
/ySH] 1RJXHUR ) (O DQiOLVLV GH FRQWHQLGR FRPR PpWRGR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ XXI.
Revista de educacin
0DUWt&LULTXLiQ3*DUFtD0D\RU&1RODVFR&LUXJHGD$7UDQVIRUPDFLyQXUEDQD
HVSDFLR S~EOLFR \ VX SHUFHSFLyQ VRFLDO (O UtR 6HJXUD D VX SDVR SRU 2ULKXHOD \ 5RMDOHV
Polgonos. Revista de Geografa
0DUWtQH]*LO-/DQXHYDFXOWXUDGHODJXDHQ(VSDxD%LOEDR(GLWRULDO%DNHD]
0RUHOO 6 )HUQDQGR - &RRUG La ciudad educadora %DUFHORQD $MXQWDPHQW GH
%DUFHORQD
0XxR] (VSLQRVD ( 0 /RV FDXFHV IOXYLDOHV FRPR HMHV GLGiFWLFRV (Q La
investigacin e innovacin en la enseanza de la Geografa SS 6HUYLFLR GH
3XEOLFDFLRQHV8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWH
2VXQD 3pUH] ) Crdoba y el Guadalquivir: permanencia y flujo, cuatro miradas
ciudad-ro, atravesando el tiempo8QLYHUVLGDGGH*UDQDGD
3HOOLFHU&RUHOODQR)2OOHUR2MHGD$(/DJXD\ODFLXGDG8QRGHORVSULQFLSDOHV
UHWRVGHODKXPDQLGDGHQHOVLJOR;;,Boletn de la A.G.EQS
3HWWV - /HDUQLQJ DERXW OHDUQLQJ OHVVRQV IURPSXEOLF HQJDJHPHQW DQG GHOLEHUDWLRQ
RQXUEDQULYHUUHVWRUDWLRQThe geographical journal,
A.Cuello Gijn


5RGUtJXH] *yPH] * *LO )ORUHV - *DUFtD -LPpQH] ( Metodologa de la
Investigacin Cualitativa. $UFKLGRQD(GLFLRQHV$OMLEH
6DQWDVXVDJQD5LX$7RUW'RQDGD-$SURSyVLWRGHODLQWHUID]FLXGDGUtR5HWRV\
RSRUWXQLGDGHV GH ORV HVSDFLRV IOXYLDOHV XUEDQRV (Q 8. Congresso Ibrico de Gesto e
Planeamento da gua SS
8QLyQ(XURSHD'LUHFWLYD&(GHO3DUODPHQWR(XURSHR \GHO&RQVHMRGH
GHRFWXEUHGHSRUODTXHVHHVWDEOHFHXQPDUFRFRPXQLWDULRGHDFWXDFLyQHQHOiPELWR
GHODSROtWLFDGHDJXDVDiario Oficial n L 327 de 22/12/2000.
=KDR < : <DQJ = ) ;X ) 7KHRUHWLFDO IUDPHZRUN RI WKH XUEDQ ULYHU
UHVWRUDWLRQSODQQLQJEnvironmental Informatics Archives
A.Cuello Gijn


(/(678',2'(/(63$&,2*(2*5),&2&(5&$12(1
('8&$&,1,1)$17,/,7,1(5$5,2','&7,&23$5$(/
&212&,0,(172'(/$&,8'$''(9$//$'2/,'

-XOLR)HUQiQGH]3RUWHOD

Departamento de Didctica de las Ciencias Experimentales, Ciencias Sociales y de la Matemtica. Facultad de
Educacin Campus Duques de Soria. Universidad de Valladolid
julio.fernandez@uva.es
5(680(1
(OFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRPiVLQPHGLDWRHVXQRGHORVFRQWHQLGRVTXHORVPDHVWURVGH(GXFDFLyQ
,QIDQWLOWLHQHQTXHWUDQVPLWLUDVXVDOXPQRV/DPLVLyQGHOSURIHVRUHVTXHFRQR]FDQORVHOHPHQWRVTXHIRUPDQ
SDUWHGHVXHVSDFLRPiVFHUFDQRHQHVWDRFDVLyQGHODORFDOLGDGHQODTXHYLYHQ
(O REMHWLYR GH HVWH FDStWXOR FRQVLVWH HQ SODQWHDU XQD SURSXHVWD SHGDJyJLFD D WUDYpV GH XQD VHULH GH
LWLQHUDULRV XUEDQRV SRU OD FLXGDG GH 9DOODGROLG TXH VH HVWUXFWXUD HQ WUHV UHFRUULGRV XQR XUEDQR SRU HO
FHQWURRWURSRUORVMDUGLQHVGHO&DPSR*UDQGH\ILQDOPHQWHRWURSRUODULEHUDGHOUtR3LVXHUJD(QFDGDXQR
GHHOORVVH SODWHD ODILQDOLGDG GH ORVPLVPRVTXp HOHPHQWRVTXHUHPRVTXHORVQLxRVFRQR]FDQ\XQDVHULHGH
DFWLYLGDGHVSDUDDGTXLULUORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVHVWDEOHFLGRVHQHOFXUUtFXOR

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
9DOODGROLGLWLQHUDULRXUEDQR(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOSURSXHVWDSHGDJyJLFD

,1752'8&&,1
(O FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO HVSDFLR HV XQR GH ORV DVSHFWRV PiV UHSUHVHQWDWLYRV TXH ORV QLxRV GH
VHJXQGRFLFORGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOWLHQHQTXHDTXLULUHQWUHORV\ORVDxRV(QHVWDHWDSD
GRPLQD XQD FRQFHSFLyQ VXEMHWLYD GHO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR HQ OD TXH HO QLxR HV VLHPSUH HO
SURWDJRQLVWDVHHQFXHQWUDHQHOFHQWURGHWRGRHVGHFLUXQHVSDFLRYLYLGR\SHUFLELGR9DD
DGTXLULUXQ PD\RUFRQRFLPLHQWRD PHGLGDTXHYDFUHFLHQGR\YDDSDVDUGHVXHQWRUQRPiV
SUy[LPRFRPRHVVXFDVD\ODVGLIHUHQWHVVDODVTXHODFRPSRQHQODHVFXHODDODTXHDFXGHQR
VXFDOOHKDVWDOOHJDUDOEDUULR\SRVWHULRUPHQWHDVXSXHEORRODFLXGDGHQODTXHYLYH
/DVSULPHUDVQRFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVTXHORVQLxRVDGTXLHUQ\TXHOHVYDQDD\XGDUDGHVSOD]DUVH
VRQ ODV GH SUR[LPLGDG GH RULHQWDFLyQ GH SRVLFLyQ GH FRQWRUQR\GH RUGHQ $UDQGD
5HIHUHQFLDV TXH VHUiQ ~WLOHV SDUD WUDEDMDU GHQWUR \ IXHUD GHO DXOD SXHV GH HVWD IRUPD YDQ D
SRGHULGHQWLILFDUORVGLIHUHQWHVHOHPHQWRVTXHFRPSRQHQHOHVSDFLRDWUDEDMDUELHQVHDXUEDQR
RQDWXUDO
/DRUJDQL]DFLyQGHVXFDVDGHODSURSLDFODVHRGHOSDUTXHHQHOTXHMXHJDQVRQORVSULPHURV
HVSDFLRVDWUDEDMDUSHURHVLQWHUHVDQWHGDUXQSDVR PiV DOOi\WUDEDMDUFRQHOORVODFLXGDG\
WRGRVORVHOHPHQWRVTXHODFRPSRQHQSUHVHQWHVHQHOFXUUtFXOR8QDIRUPDGHUHDOL]DUORHVD

(OSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRVHHQPDUFDHQHOSUR\HFWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ&62&3ILQDQFLDGRSRUOD'LUHFFLyQ
*HQHUDOGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ&LHQWtILFD\7pFQLFDGHO0LQLVWHULRGH(FRQRPtD\&RPSHWLWLYLGDG
J.Fernndez Portela


WUDYpV GH ODV VDOLGDV GH FDPSR HQ FRQFUHWR XWLOL]DQGR LWLQHUDULRV GLGiFWLFRV LGHD HQ OD TXH
FRLQFLGH'H/RV5H\HV
6L VH DFXHUGD TXH HQ OD HGXFDFLyQ HOHPHQWDO XQR GH ORVREMHWLYRV SULQFLSDOHV GHEHVHU
FRQRFHU \ RULHQWDUVH HQ ORV HVSDFLRV FHUFDQRV D VX YLYLHQGD \ FHQWUR HVFRODU OD
UHDOL]DFLyQGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVRULHQWDGRVFRQOOHYDUtDXQDHVWUDWHJtDGLGiFWLFDHQIRFDGD
DODVDOLGDHVFRODUFRPRDFWLYLGDGSUHIHUHQWH/RVSDVHRV\UHFRUULGRVGLGiFWLFRVVDOWDQ
HOQLYHOGHOSURSLREDUULRSDUDGHVFXEULUXQDSDUWHGHODFLXGDGTXHRIUHFHSRVLELOLGDGHV
QRHQFRQWUDGDVHQODFDVDHOFROHJLRRHOEDUULR

(/ ,7,1(5$5,2 &202 35238(67$ ','&7,&$ 3$5$ (/
&212&,0,(172'(/(63$&,2(1('8&$&,1
&RPR VH KD DGHODQWDGR OD VDOLGD GH FDPSR WDQWR SRU HO PHGLR UXUDO SRU XQ SXHEOR XQD
PRQWDxDRODFLXGDGHVXQUHFXUVRLPSRUWDQWHSDUDH[SOLFDUXQDVHULHGHFRQWHQLGRVVDOLHQGR
GH OD UXWLQD GLDULD GHO DXOD HQ HO TXH YDQ D FRQIOXLU GLYHUVRV HOHPHQWRV FRPR SXHGHQ VHU
DVSHFWRV JHRPRUIROyJLFRV ELRJHRJUiILFRV HFRQyPLFRV R FXOWXUDOHV (VWR VH UHIOHMD HQ ORV
QXPHURVRV HVWXGLRV UHDOL]DGRV HQ ORV TXH VH SODQWHD HO LWLQHUDULR GLGiFWLFR FRPR XQD
KHUUDPLHQWD~WLOSDUDH[SOLFDUGHWHUPLQDGRVFRQWHQLGRVFRQFHSWXDOHV3HURHVWHUHFXUVRQRHV
QXHYR\DTXHODVVDOLGDVHVFRODUHVIXHURQLQWURGXFLGDVFRQILQHVSHGDJyJLFRVHQHOVLJOR;,;
SRUOD,QVWLWXFLyQ/LEUHGH(QVHxDQ]D$VLPLVPR0DUtD0RQWHVVRULFRPSDUWHODQHFHVLGDGGH
ODVDOLGDDOFDPSRFRPRPpWRGRDFWLYRGHHQVHxDQ]DSDUDORVDOXPQRV&RUGHUR
3HUR4XpHVXQLWLQHUDULR"6HJ~Q,QVDXQLWLQHUDULRHVXQUHFRUULGRRFDPLQRD
VHJXLU FRQ GLIHUHQWHV SXQWRV GH SDUDGD R GH LQWHUpV HQ GHWHUPLQDGRV HOHPHQWRV GH YDORU
SDWULPRQLDO R FXOWXUDO 8QD VDOLGD GH FDPSR RUJDQL]DGD SUHYLDPHQWH HQ HO DXOD SRU HO
PDHVWUR\TXHWLHQHFRPRREMHWLYRUHDOL]DUXQDVHULHGHSDUDGDVHQDTXHOORVOXJDUHVTXHGHVHH
GDU D FRQRFHU D ORV DOXPQRVSHUR TXH QR WLHQHQ TXH VHU SDWULPRQLDOHV RFXOWXUDOHV SXHV VL
TXHUHPRVFRQRFHUSRUHMHPSORODVDFWLYLGDGHVFRPHFLDOHVGHXQDFLXGDGFRPRSXHGHQVHUHO
PHUFDGR \ ORV GLVWLQWRV WLSRV GH FRPHUFLR H[LVWHQWHV WDPELpQ VH SXHGH HPSOHDU HVWD
KHUUDPLHQWDGLGiFWLFD(QGHILQLWLYDVHWUDWDGHXQDKHUUDPLHQWDTXHRWRUJDODVFODYHVSDUDOD
FRPSUHQVLyQ\ OD HQVHxDQ]DGHO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR FRQVWLWX\HQGR PRPHQWRVGH DSUHQGL]DMH
ULFRV\SURIXQGRVTXHGHVSLHUWDQHOLQWHUpVDOPLVPRWLHPSRTXHHQVHxDQDOQLxRDREVHUYDU
YDORUDU\UHIOH[LRQDUVREUHHOPHGLRTXHOHURGHD*DUFtD
([LVWHQGLYHUVRVWLSRVGHLWLQHUDULRVSRVLEOHVHQWUHHOORVORVGHFDUiFWHUXUEDQRTXHHVHQHO
TXHVHFHQWUDHVWHWUDEDMRHQHOTXHSODQWHDPRVXQUHFRUULGRSRUODFLXGDG3DUDVXGLVHxRKD\
TXH WHQHU HQFXHQWD WUHV UHTXtVLWRV PtQLPRV DOD KRUDGHGLVHxDUXQDVDOLGDGHFDPSRHQ XQ
PHGLR XUEDQR TXH QR VRQ DSOLFDEOHV D RWUD WLSRORJtD GH LWLQHUDULRV LQWHQWDU TXH QR KD\D
GHPDVLDGRV SXQWRV GH SDUDGD \ HYLWDU OD GLVWDQFLD H[FHVLYD HQWUH pVWRV EXVFDU SXQWRV GH
LQWHUpV GRQGH QR SDVH GHPDVLDGR WUiILFR QL KD\ GHPDVLDGRV UXLGRV \ ILQDOPHQWH GHVGH HO
OXJDUTXHHOLMDPRVFRPRSDUDGDTXHVHWHQJDODPiVVLJQLILFDWLYD\PD\RUYLVWDSRVLEOHGHO
HOHPHQWRVHOHFFLRQDGR,QVD
/D XWLOLGDG GH HVWD KHUUDPLHQWD SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH FRQWHQLGRV FRQFHSWXDOHV
SURFHGLPHQWDOHV \ DFWLWXGLQDOHV DVt FRPR SDUD OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH FRPSHWHQFLDV FODYH TXH
GHEHQDGTXLULUORVQLxRVFRPRSXHGHQVHUODFRPSHWHQFLDVRFLDO\FLXGDGDQDODFRPSHWHQFLD
FXOWXUDO DUWtVWLFD R OD GHO PXQGR ItVLFR HQWUH RWUDV TXHGD GHPRVWUDGR HQ ORV WUDEDMRV GH
LQYHVWLJDGRUHV TXH YHQ HQ HO LWLQHUDULR GLGiFWLFR XQ EXHQ UHFXUVR SDUD HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH
GHWHUPLQDGRV DVSHFWRV /RV SULPHURV DxRV GH YLGD GHO QLxR VH FDUDFWHUL]DQ SRU SRVHHU XQD
J.Fernndez Portela


JUDQDFWLYLGDGItVLFDORTXHYDDSHUPLWLUPDQWHQHUXQFRQWDFWRGLUHFWRHQWUHpO\HOPHGLRHQ
HOTXHVHHQFXHQWUD\VHJ~Q&DVWUR
el docente de los primeros aos tiene bajo sus responsabilidad la seleccin y
desarrollo de itinerarios y actividades escolares que favorezcan en los nios su
conocimiento geomtrico y el desarrollo de su capacidad de representacin.
(O LWLQHUDULR HV XQ UHFXUVR GLGiFWLFR XWLOL]DGR HQ WRGRV ORV QLYHOHV HGXFDWLYRV SRU OR TXH VH
SXHGHH[WUDHUODLPSURQWDTXHDGTXLHUHHQODSUiFWLFDGRFHQWH3RUGHVWDFDUDOJXQRVHMHPSORV
VH HQFXHQWUD HO WUDEDMR WLWXODGRMi casa, mi calle, mi ciudad: experiencias sobre el espacio
infantil en el Madrid histrico GH'H/RV5H\HVHQHOTXHSODQWHDXQSDVHRGLGiFWLFR
SRU HO FHQWUR GH OD FLXGDG GH 0DGULG FRQ WUHV LWLQHUDULRV TXH VH DMXVWDQ SOHQDPHQWH D ODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH ORV QLxRV HQ HO HWDSD GH VHJXQGR FLFOR GH (GXFDFLyQ ,QIDQWLO XQR SRU HO
0DGULGGHORV$XVWULDVSRUHOHQWRUQRGHOD3OD]D0D\RUHOGH&DUORV,,,GHVGHOD*ORULHWD
GH&DUORV9KDVWDOD3XHUWDGH$OFDOi\XQSDVHRKLVWyULFRPHGLRDPELHQWDOSRUHO3DUTXHGHO
5HWLUR
(Q (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD SDUD HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR VH SODQWHDQ VHLV
LWLQHUDULRVHQODFLXGDGGH6HJRYLD\VXHQWRUQRPiVLQPHGLDWRSDUDORVGLIHUHQWHVFXUVRVTXH
FRQIRUPDQ HVWH QLYHO HGXFDWLYR LQWURGXFLHQGR FRQWHQLGRV GH *HRJUDItD SUHVHQWHV HQ ODV
DVLJQDWXUDV GH &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV \ &LHQFLDV GH OD 1DWXUDOH]D /RV DXWRUHV 0DUWtQH]
)HUQiQGH]9HJD\0ROLQDSODWHDQHQXQSULPHUPRPHQWRXQDGHVFULSFLyQGHODUXWDD
UHDOL]DU LOXVWUiQGROD FRQ XQ PDSD XQD ILFKD PHWRGROyJLFD GHO UHFRUULGR \ ILQDOPHQWH ORV
PDWHULDOHV GLGiFWLFRV D XWLOL]DU 6X REMHWLYR HV HODERUDU XQD JXtD SDUD TXH HO PDHVWUR SXHGD
XWLOL]DUODHQVXVFODVHV
7DPELpQHVLQWHUHVDQWHHOHMHPSORTXHSODQWHD6DQWRODULDSDUDHOFDVRGHOD(GXFDFLyQ
6HFXQGDULD 2EOLJDWRULD SUHVHQWDQGR WUHV LWLQHUDULRV XQR SRU FDGD WULPHVWUH \ TXH SHUPLWLUi
FRQRFHUODKLVWRULDGH9DOHQFLDDWUDYpVGHORVGLIHUHQWHVSHULRGRVWHPSRUDOHVGHOD9DOHQFLD
3UHKLVWyULFDDODDFWXDOHQORVTXHVHPH]FODQHOHPHQWRVGHOD+LVWRULD\GHOD*HRJUDItD'H
HVWDIRUPDORVDOXPQRVSXHGHQYHUDSLHGHFDOOHDTXHOORTXHHVWiQHVWXGLDQGRHQHODXOD\GH
HVWDIRUPDFRQFLHQFLDUORVVREUHHOUHVSHWR\YDORUDFLyQGHOSDWULPRQLR
)LQDOPHQWHRWURHMHPSORDGHVWDFDUSHURHQHVWDRFDVLyQEDVWDQWHPiVHVSHFtILFR\GHVWLQDGR
DXQQLYHOHGXFDWLYRPD\RUFRPRSXHGHQVHUORVHVWXGLDQWHVGH%DFKLOOHUDWRRORVDOXPQRVGH
8QLYHUVLGDGHVHOTXHSODQWHD*DUFtD\*DUFtDFRQHOGLVHxRGHXQLWLQHUDULRGLGiFWLFR
SDUD FRQRFHU ODV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV GHO SDWULPRQLR EpOLFR GH OD *XHUUD &LYLO (VSDxROD HQ
FRQFUHWR GH ORV KRVSLWDOHV GH OD FLXGDG GH 9DOHQFLD \ FX\R REMHWLYR HV GLYXOJDU HVWH
SDWULPRQLRGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDFLYLO\GHVSROLWL]DGR&RQHVWHWLSRGHVDOLGDVVHSUHWHQGH
FDSWDUODDWHQFLyQGHORVDOXPQRVKDFLHQGRTXHODDVLJQDWXUDUHVXOWHDWUDFWLYD\FRPSOHWDQGR
ODVFODVHVWHyULFDVWUDGLFLRQDOHV

(/0(',285%$12(1(/&855&8/22),&,$/'(6(*81'2&,&/2'(
('8&$&,1,1)$17,/
/DLQWHJUDFLyQGHODVGLIHUHQWHViUHDVGHOFXUUtFXOR\GHORVGLIHUHQWHVFRQWHQLGRVHVXQRGHORV
DVSHFWRV PiVVLJQLILFDWLYRVTXHXQPDHVWURWLHQHTXH OOHYDUDFDERHQVXDXODGH(GXFDFLyQ
,QIDQWLO'HHVWDIRUPDVHSXHGHQLQWHJUDUHQXQDDFWLYLGDGFRQWHQLGRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQOD
J.Fernndez Portela


YHJHWDFLyQORVDQLPQDOHVORVHGLILFLRVFDUDFWHUtVWLFRVGHXQDFLXGDGORVRILFLRVORVFRORUHVH
LQFOXVRODVIRUPDVJHRPpWULFDVHQWUHRWURV
/DLQWHQFLyQGHHVWHWUDEDMRFRPRVHYHUiHQHOVLJXLHQWHDSDUWDGRHVODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHXQD
VHULHGHLWLQHUDULRVRSDVHRVGLGiFWLFRVSRUODFLXGDGGH9DOODGROLGSDUDTXHORVDOXPQRVGHO
6HJXQGR&LFORGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOFRQR]FDQHOPHGLRXUEDQRHQHOTXHYLYHQ3DUDHOOR\
SDUD SRGHU HVWUXFWXUDU HVWH UHFRUULGR HV QHFHVDULR YHU TXp FRQWHQLGRV GHO FXUUtFXOR RILFLDO
KDFHQUHIHUHQFLDGHIRUPDGLUHFWDDHOHPHQWRVGHOPHGLRXUEDQRDGHPiVGHUHPDUFDURWURV
FRQWHQLGRVGHRWUDViUHDVTXHSRGUiQWUDEDMDUVHHQODVDFWLYLGDGHVTXHVHSODQWHHQ
(O'HFUHWRGHGHGLFLHPEUHSRUHOTXHVHHVWDEOHFHHOFXUUtFXORGHVHJXQGRFLFOR
GH OD (GXFDFLyQ ,QIDQWLO HQ OD &RPXQLGDG GH &DVWLOOD \ /HyQ VH HVWUXFWXUD HQ WUHV iUHDV
VLHQGR OD GH FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO HQWRUQR HO TXH DJUXSD OD PD\RU SDUWH GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV
UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO HVWXGLR GHO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR DXQTXH WDPELpQ VH WUDEDMDUiQ RWURV GH
IRUPD FRPSOHPHQWDULD SHUWHQHFLHQWHV DO iUHD GH &RQRFLPLHQWR GH Vt PLVPR \ DXWRQRPtD
SHUVRQDODVtFRPRDODGH/HQJXDMHVFRPXQLFDFLyQ\UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
'XUDQWH ORV GLYHUVRV LWLQHUDULRV TXH VH YDQ D SODQWHDU SRU OD FLXGDG GH 9DOODGROLG VH YDQ D
WUDEDMDU SULQFLSDOPHQWH ORV VLJXLHQWHV FRQWHQLGRV GHO iUHD &RQRFLPLHQWR GHO HQWRUQR GHO
%ORTXH$FHUFDPLHQWRDODQDWXUDOH]DDTXHOORVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQORVVHUHVYLYRVDQLPDOHV\
SODQWDV ORV HOHPHQWRV GH OD QDWXUDOH]D \ HO SDLVDMH KDFLHQGR HVSHFLDO pQIDVLV D WRGRV ORV
UHODWLYRVDORVHOHPHQWRVTXHLQWHJUDQHOSDLVDMH\VXYDORUDFLyQ\FRQVHUYDFLyQGHO%ORTXH
/D FXOWXUD \ OD YLGD HQ VRFLHGDG HVSHFLDOPHQWH DTXHOORV GH OD ORFDOLGDG FRPR SXHGH VHU
UHFRQRFHU FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \ HOHPHQWRV GH OD ORFDOLGDG HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV GH OD PLVPD \
SURGXFWRV TXH VXPLQLVWUDQ IXQFLRQHV \ RILFLRV KDELWXDOHV QRUPDV GH XUEDQLGDG
UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GH ORV PHGLRV GH WUDQVSRUWH HWF DVt FRPR ORV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD FXOWXUD
FRPR SXHGHQ VHU ORV HVSDFLRV PiV UHSUHVHQWDWLYRV GHO HQWRUQR GHGLFDGRV D DFWLYLGDGHV
FXOWXUDOHV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV \ ILHVWDV SRSXODUHV UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GH FRQVWXPEUHV \ VHxDV GH
LGHQWLGDGHWFpWHUD

/26,7,1(5$5,26','&7,&26'(/$&,8'$''(9$//$'2/,'
9DOODGROLGHVODFDSLWDOGHODSURYLQFLDGHOPLVPRQRPEUH\GHODUHJLyQGH&DVWLOOD\/HyQ
&XHQWD FRQXQDSREODFLyQGHVHJ~QHO3DGUyQDGH HQHURGH\GHELGRDVX
ORFDOL]DFLyQ KD VLGR XQD FLXGDG FRQ XQ SDSHO PX\ GHVWDFDGR D OR ODUJR GH OD KLVWRULD 8QD
LPSRUWDQFLD TXH VH UHIOHMD HQ HO SDWULPRQLR KLVWyULFRDUWtVWLFR TXH SRVHH HQ HO FXDO HQ
QXPHURVDVRFDVLRQHVVHYDQDORFDOL]DUSDUWHGHORVVHUYLFLRVTXHRIUHFHHVWDFLXGDG
6HHQFXHQWUDVLWXDGDHQHOYDOOHGHO3LVXHUJDUtRTXHODDWUDYLHVDGHQRUWHDVXU$GHPiVKD\
TXHPHQFLRQDUODH[LVWHQFLDGHRWURFXUVRIOXYLDOHOUtR(VJXHYD\RWURDUWLILFLDOFRPRHVHO
&DQDOGH&DVWLOODHOHPHQWRVTXHKDQFRQGLFLRQDGR\FRQGLFLRQDQHOFUHFLPLHQWR\HVWUXFWXUD
GHODFLXGDGDORODUJRGHOWLHPSR

,WLQHUDULRVXUEDQRV&DPSR*UDQGH\ODULEHUDGHOUtR3LVXHUJD
/DSURSXHVWDTXHVHSUHVHQWDDFRQWLQXDFLyQHVXQLWLQHUDULRGLGiFWLFRGHFDUiFWHUXUEDQRSRU
ODFLXGDGGH9DOODGROLG(OREMHWLYRGHHVWDDFWLYLGDGHVTXHORVDOXPQRVGHVHJXQGRFLFORGH
(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOFRQR]FDQHOHVSDFLRPiVLQPHGLDWRTXHORVURGHDHVGHFLUTXHVHSDQTXp
HOHPHQWRVORFRQIRUPDQTXpFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSRVHHQODWLSRORJtDH[LVWHQWHHWFpWHUD
J.Fernndez Portela


3DUDHOORVHYDDWHQHUHQFXHQWDHOFXUUtFXORRILFLDOSXHVGHpOVHYDQDH[WUDHUORVFRQWHQLGRV
TXHVHWUDEDMDUiQHQHODXODFRQORVDOXPQRVDVtFRPRHQODVGLIHUHQWHVVDOLGDVGHFDPSRTXH
VHUHDOLFHQDORODUJRGHOFXUVR
/D SURSXHVWD VH GLYLGH HQ FXDWUR LWLQHUDULRV GLIHUHQWHV FRQ RFKR HOHPHQWRV HQ FDGD XQR GH
HOORVGRVGLVFXUUHQSRUHOFHQWURGHODFLXGDGXQRSRUHOSDUTXHGHO&DPSR*UDQGH\RWUR
SRUODULEHUDGHO5tR3LVXHUJDFRQHOREMHWLYRGHDEDUFDUXQDPSOLRFRQMXQWRGHHOHPHQWRV\
IXQFLRQHVTXHSRVHHXQDFLXGDGWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHOQLYHOHGXFDWLYRSDUDHOTXHVHGLVHxDQ
(QSULPHUOXJDUVHUHDOL]DUiXQDYLVLWDJHQHUDOGHWRGRHOUHFRUULGRSDUDREVHUYDUWRGRDTXpOOR
TXH VH YD D HVWXGLDU GHVSXpV HQ HO DXOD 'H FDGD XQR GH ORV HOHPHQWRV VH UHDOL]DUi XQD
DFWLYLGDG SRU OR TXH HQ WRWDO VHUiQ RFKR SRU UHFRUULGR TXH WHQGUiQ XQD GXUDFLyQ GH GRV
VHPDQDVFDGDXQRUHSDUWLGRVVHJ~QYHDHOSURIHVRUHODYDQFHGHODVFODVH-XQWRDWRGRHOORVH
HODERUDUiXQDPDTXHWDGHOUHFRUULGRDUHDOL]DUTXHD\XGHDOQLxRDXELFDUVHHQHOHVSDFLRFRQ
ODVSLH]DVTXHFRPSRQHQHOLWLQHUDULR
/D GLYLVLyQ GHO LWLQHUDULR XUEDQR HQ GRV VH GHEH DO WDPDxR GHO FHQWUR GH OD FLXGDG GH
9DOODGROLG \ D OD GLYHUVLGDG GH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV TXH SRVHH SRU OR TXH VH KD FRQVLGHUDGR
RSRUWXQRSODQWHDUGRVSDUDSRGHUDEDUFDUORFRQPD\RUIDFLOLGDGSDUDORVDOXPQRV/RTXHVH
SUHWHQGHHVDWUDYpVGHODVDOLGDGHFDPSR\GHODVDFWLYLGDGHVTXHVHUHDOL]DUiQDQWHVGHOD
YLVLWD \ GHVSXpV TXH ORV DOXPQRV UHFRQR]FDQ HO HGLILFLR R FRPSRQHQWH HQ FRQFUHWR GH VX
FLXGDGVXXWLOLGDGVXVIXQFLRQHVRVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV7DEOD

,WLQHUDULRXUEDQR ,WLQHUDULRXUEDQR &DPSR*UDQGH 5LEHUDGHO3LVXHUJD
&DOOH6DQWLDJR ,QVWLWXWR=RUULOOD (QWUDGDGHO3UtQFLSH 3LVWDVGHSRUWLYDV
3OD]D0D\RU ,JOHVLDGH6DQ3DEOR (VWDQTXH 3OD\D
&DVD&RQVLVWRULDO 3DODFLR5HDO )XHQWHGHOD)DPD 5tR3LVXHUJD
&RUUHRV &DWHGUDO (VWDWXDV /H\HQGDGHO3LVXHUJD
6DQ%HQLWR 0XVHRGH(VFXOWXUD )DXQD\IORUD $QLPDOHV
3OD]DGHO9DO -X]JDGRV (VFXGRGH9DOODGROLG 9HJHWDFLyQ
3DWLR+HUUHULDQR 7HDWUR&DOGHUyQ 3OD]DGH&ROyQ 3XHQWH0D\RU
$UFKLYR6DQ$JXVWtQ 8QLYHUVLGDG (VWDFLyQGHWUHQ +DULQHUD
7DEOD,WLQHUDULRVGLGiFWLFRVSRU9DOODGROLG

(O LWLQHULR XUEDQR \ HO LWLQHUDULR XUEDQR SUHWHQGHQ GDU XQD YLVLyQ GH ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH
FRPSRQHQHOVLVWHPDSROtWLFRVRFLDOHFRQyPLFR\FXOWXUDOGHODFLXGDG6HKDQVHOHFFLRQDGR
LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV \ VHUYLFLRV PX\ YDULDGRV GH GRV VHFWRUHV GH OD FLXGDG TXH DXQTXH QR VH
HQFXHQWUDQ PX\ DOHMDGRV HQWUH Vt VH KD GHFLGLGR GLYLGLUORV HQ GRV GHELGR D OD FDQWLGDG GH
LQIRUPDFLyQTXHVXPLQLVWUDQHQVXFRQMXQWR
(QHOFDVRGHOLWLQHUDULRXUEDQR)LJXUDVHKDQVHOHFFLRQDGRHOHPHQWRVGHOHQWRUQRGHOD
3OD]D0D\RUGHODFLXGDGVLHQGRODPLVPDSOD]DXQDGHODVSDUDGDVGHOLWLQHUDULRDOVHUXQRGH
ORVHPEOHPDV\FHQWURQHXUiOJLFRGHODYLGDFXOWXUDO\VRFLDOGH9DOODGROLGKD\TXHDxDGLUOD
FDOOH6DQWLDJRXQDFDOOHFRPHUFLDOFRQXQDJUDQYDULHGDGGHWLHQGDVHOVHUYLFLRGHFRUUHRV
HOD\XQWDPLHQWRFRPRFHQWURGHFRQWUROODRILFLQDGHFRUUHRV\VXIXQFLyQGHHQYtRGHFDUWDV
\SDTXHWHVOD,JOHVLDGH6DQ%HQLWRSDUDTXHFRQR]FDQGLYHUVRVHVWLORVDUTXLWHFWyQLFRV\ XVR
J.Fernndez Portela


TXH VH GD D VX LQWHULRU FRPR HVSDFLR GH FXOWR OD 3OD]D GHO 9DO XQ PHUFDGR WUDGLFLRQDO GH
DEDVWRV FRQ FDUQLFHUtDV IUXWHUtDV HWF HO 0XVHR GH $UWH &RQWHPSRUiQHR GRQGH SRGUiQ
FRQRFHU REUDV GH DUWH PiV YDQJXDUGLVWDV \ HO DUFKLYR GH 6DQ $JXVWtQ FRPR XQ HVSDFLR
GHVWLQDGRDODOPDFHQDMHGHGRFXPHQWDFLyQGHFDUiFWHUKLVWyULFR

)LJXUD,WLQHUDULRVXUEDQR)XHQWH*RRJOH(DUWK(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

(OLWLQHUDULRXUEDQR)LJXUDYDDFRQWLQXDUSRURWUDSDUWHGHOFHQWURKLVWyULFRGHODFLXGDG
\WLHQHFRPRREMHWLYRFRPSOHWDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVDOXPQRVDWUDYpVGHODFHUFDPLHQWRD
RWUDV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV FRQ VXV IXQFLRQHV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH FRPR HO ,QVWLWXWR GH (GXFDFLyQ
6HFXQGDULD-RVp=RUULOODHO3DODFLR5HDODQWLJXDUHVLGHQFLDUHDO\FXDUWHOPLOLWDUHO3DODFLR
3LPHQWHOTXHIXHUHVLGHQFLDGHODQREOH]D\HQODDFWXDOLGDGHVVDODGHH[SRVLFLRQHVOD,JOHVLD
GH6DQ3DEORXQRGHORVHPEOHPDVDUWtVWLFRVGHODFDSLWDOHO0XVHRGH(VFXOWXUDTXHDOEHUJD
HQ VX LQWHULRU XQD LPSRUWDQWH FROHFFLyQ GH REUDV GH DUWH GHVGH OD %DMD (GDG 0HGLD KDVWD HO
VLJOR ;,; HO HGLILFLR GH ORV MX]JDGRV OD DQWLJXD XQLYHUVLGDG HO 7HDWUR &DOGHUyQ FRPR
HVSDFLRGHRFLR\ILQDOPHQWHODFDWHGUDO
J.Fernndez Portela


)LJXUD,WLQHUDULRVXUEDQR)XHQWH*RRJOH(DUWK(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

(OLWLQHUDULRGHO&DPSR*UDQGH)LJXUDHVLPSUHVFLQGLEOHVLVHTXLHUHFRQRFHUODFLXGDGGH
9DOODGROLG(VHOSDUTXHKLVWyULFRSRUH[FHOHQFLD\VHORFDOL]DHQHOFHQWURGHODPLVPD(VWH
UHFRUULGRSHUPLWLUiFRQRFHUHOHPHQWRVUHSUHVHQWDWLYRVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQVXVLQPHGLDFLRQHV
FRPRHVOD HVWDFLyQ GH WUHQ DOJXQRV GH ORV SHUVRQDMHV PiV UHSUHVHQWDWLYRV GH OD KLVWRULD GH
9DOODGROLGDWUDYpVGHODVHVWDWXWDVXELFDGDVSRUHOSDUTXHHOHPHQWRVGHOPHGLRItVLFRFRPR
SXHGHQVHUODIORUD\ODIDXQDPiVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHHVWHHVSDFLRSXHVHOSDUTXHFXHQWDFRQ
DQLPDOHV WDOHV FRPR SDYRV UHDOHV DUGLOODV SDORPDV R SDWRV DVt FRPR OD YHJHWDFLyQ SURSLD
GHOOXJDURODHQWUDGDSULQFLSDOFRQODSXHUWDGHOSUtQFLSHDQWLJXDHQWUDGDDODFLXGDGSRUHO
VXU
J.Fernndez Portela


)LJXUD,WLQHUDULRVGHO&DPSR*UDQGH)XHQWH*RRJOH(DUWK(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

)LQDOPHQWHHOFXDUWRLWLQHUDULRHVHOGHODULEHUDGHOUtR3LVXHUJD)LJXUD$OLJXDOTXHHQHO
&DPSR*UDQGHVHHVWXGLDUiQHOHPHQWRVGHOSDLVDMHQDWXUDOFRPRHVHOSURSLRUtR\ODIDXQD\
IORUDDVRFLDGDVDOPLVPRSHURFRQHVSHFLDODWHQFLyQDORVHIHFWRVGHODLQWHUYHQFLyQKXPDQD
VREUH HVWH WLSR GH SDLVDMH QDWXUDO \SUHVWDQGR LPSRUWDQFLD D ODV DFWLWXGHV GH FRODERUDFLyQ \
FRQVHUYDFLyQGHOPHGLRDPELHQWH7DPELpQVHWHQGUiQHQFXHQWDHOHPHQWRVGHOPHGLRXUEDQR
FRPRHVHO3XHQWH0D\RUHOSULPHUSXHQWHTXHWXYRODFLXGDG\ODHQWUDGDGHVGHHOQRUWHOD
DQWLJXD KDULQHUD XELFDGD HQ XQ SHTXHxR UDPDO XUEDQR GHO &DQDO GH &DVWLOOD PHGLRV GH
WUDQVSRUWH FRPR HV HO EDUFR FRQ OD /H\HQGD GHO 3LVXHUJD XQ EDUFR TXH KDFH XQ UHFRUULGR
IOXYLDO SRU HO 3LVXHUJD R ODV SLVWDV GHSRUWLYDV \ ORV SDUTXHV HQ ORV TXH VH SRGUi WUDEDMDU
DFWLYLGDGHVGHH[SORUDFLyQDODLUHOLEUH
J.Fernndez Portela


)LJXUD,WLQHUDULRV5LEHUDGHOUtR3LVXHUJD)XHQWH*RRJOH(DUWK(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

$FWLYLGDGHV
3DUD WUDEDMDU FDGD XQR GH HVWRV LWLQHUDULRV VH SODQWHDQ XQD VHULH GH DFWLYLGDGHV TXH
FRQWULEXLUiQDDILDQ]DUORVFRQWHQLGRVTXHVHTXLHUHQWUDQVPLWLUHQFDGDXQRGHORVHOHPHQWRV
TXHFRPSRQHQORVFXDWURLWLQHUDULRV&RPR\DVHKDFRPHQWDGRVHSODQWHDXQDDFWLYLGDGSRU
FDGD XQR GH HOORV SRU OR TXH HQ WRWDO VHUiQ RFKR DFWLYLGDGHV SRU LWLQHUDULR (VWRV HMHUFLFLRV
TXHVHSURSRQHQVRQGHH[SORUDFLyQGHDSUHQGL]DMHVLVWHPiWLFRGHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQLQWHJUDFLyQ
\ HYDOXDFLyQ 3DUD HOOR VH GLVHxDUiQ DFWLYLGDGHV GH GLYHUVD tQGROH FRPR SXHGHQ VHU XQ
FDPELRGHUROHVGLEXMRVFRQHOXVRGHYDULRVPDWHULDOHVXVRGHSURJUDPDVLQIRUPiWLFRVGH
FiPDUDV GH IRWRV HWF $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH PXHVWUD GH IRUPD UHVXPLGD XQ HMHPSOR GH ODV
DFWLYLGDGHVGLVHxDGDVSDUDFDGDHOHPHQWRHQFDGDXQRGHORVGLIHUHQWHVLWLQHUDULRV9HUWDEODV
\
J.Fernndez Portela


,WLQHUDULRXUEDQR
&DOOH6DQWLDJR 7UDEDMDUHOFRPHUFLR5RGHDGHFDGDFRORUORVSURGXFWRVTXHVHYHQGHQHQFDGD
FRPHUFLR
3OD]D0D\RU (ODERUDFLyQGHXQSHTXHxRYtGHRFRQD\XGDGHORVSDGUHVHQHOTXHGHEHUiQ
FRQWDUHODVSHFWRItVLFRGHOD3OD]D0D\RU\ODVDFWLYLGDGHVTXHVHUHDOL]DQ
&DVD&RQVLVWRULDO 'LEXMDUODIDFKDGDGHOD\XQWDPLHQWRFRQGLYHUVRVPDWHULDOHVDOJRGyQD]~FDU
SDVWDHWF
&RUUHRV 'HFRUDUHOHGLILFLRGHFRUUHRVFRQHOSURJUDPD3DLQWXWLOL]DQGRODVDSOLFDFLRQHV
TXHRIUHFHHVWHVRIWZDUH
6DQ%HQLWR &UHDUXQSX]OHFRQXQDIRWRJUDItDGHODIDFKDGDGHOD,JOHVLDGH6DQ%HQLWR/RV
QLxRVGHEHUiQXQLUHVWDVSLH]DV
3OD]DGHO9DO &UHDUXQDEDUDMDGHFDUWDVFRQGLEXMRVTXHVHSXHGHQHQFRQWUDUHQHOPHUFDGR
GHORVGLIHUHQWHVSURGXFWRV'HEHUiQUHXQLUFDGDSURGXFWRFRQVXIDPLOLD
3DWLR+HUUHULDQR )UDVFRVGHFRUDWLYRVGHVDO\WL]DV&DPELDUODVDOGHFRORUFRQODVWL]DV\
PHWHUODHQXQDSHTXHxDERWHOODGHFULVWDODODTXHKDEUiTXHLUGDQGRIRUPDV
$UFKLYR6DQ$JXVWtQ $SUHQGHUDDUFKLYDUORVGLEXMRV\ORVUHFRUWHVKHFKRVHQFODVHHQXQDFDMD
7DEOD$FWLYLGDGHVGHO,WLQHUDULR8UEDQR

,WLQHUDULRXUEDQR
,QVWLWXWR=RUULOOD 5HDOL]DUXQPXUDOFRQXQDLPDJHQGHOLQVWLWXWRODFXDOGHEHUiQFRORUHDUFRQ
GLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHSLQWXUDVFHUDDFXDUHODSDVWHOHWF
,JOHVLDGH6DQ3DEOR &RQODSL]DUUDGLJLWDOXWLOL]DUXQDLPDJHQGHOD,JOHVLD\IUDJPHQWDUODHQ
GLYHUVDVILJXUDVJHRPpWULFDV
3DODFLR5HDO 5HDOL]DUXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHXQIUDJPHQWRGHODKLVWRULDGH9DOODGROLG
FXDQGRIXHFDSLWDOGH&DVWLOOD
&DWHGUDO 5HDOL]DUXQDPDTXHWDGHSDSHOGHODFDWHGUDO
0XVHRGH(VFXOWXUD 5HDOL]DUXQDHVFXOWXUDFRQSODVWLOLQD
-X]JDGRV -XHJRGHURO6LPXODUXQDHVSHFLHGHMXLFLRHQHODXODHQHOTXHORVQLxRV
WHQGUiQTXHOOHJDUDXQDFXHUGRGHXQWHPDHOHJLGRSRUHOSURIHVRU
7HDWUR&DOGHUyQ 'LVHxRGHPDULRQHWDVSDUDKDFHUOXHJRXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQWHDWUDOFRQHQHOODV
8QLYHUVLGDG (ODERUDUXQELUUHWHGHJUDGXDGRFRQFDUWXOLQD
7DEOD$FWLYLGDGHVGHO,WLQHUDULR8UEDQR
J.Fernndez Portela


,WLQHUDULR&DPSR*UDQGH
(QWUDGDGHO3UtQFLSH 8QLUIRWRJUDItDVGHGLIHUHQWHVpSRFDVGHOD(QWUDGDGHO3UtQFLSH
(VWDQTXH 6HUHDOL]DUiXQSDVHRHQHOEDUFRGHOHVWDQTXH\OXHJRHQHODXODVHKDUiXQ
EDUFRGHSDSHOVLPXODQGRDOTXHH[LVWHHQHO&DPSR*UDQGH
)XHQWHGHOD)DPD 5HDOL]DUXQGLEXMRFRQ*RPD(YDGHOD)XHQWHGHOD)DPD
(VWDWXDV &RQDUFLOODHVFXOSLUHOUHWUDWRGHXQRGHORVSHUVRQDMHVGHODVHVWDWXDV
)DXQD\IORUD $FWLYLGDGDUHDOL]DUHQRWRxR5HFRJHUODVKRMDVGHORViUEROHVTXHHQFXHQWUHQ
SRUHOVXHOR\OXHJRHQHODXODKDFHUXQPXUDOGHHVWDHVWDFLyQ
(VFXGRGH9DOODGROLG +DFHUHOHVFXGRGHODFLXGDGGH9DOODGROLGFRQFDUWyQ\SLQWDUORFRQWHPSHUDV
3OD]DGH&ROyQ 'LVHxRGHXQPDSDFRQHOSULPHUYLDMHGH&ULVWyEDO&ROyQ
(VWDFLyQGHWUHQ 5HDOL]DFLyQGHXQPXUDOGLIHUHQFLDGRORVWUHQHVDQWLJXRV\ORVDFWXDOHV
7DEOD$FWLYLGDGHVGHO,WLQHUDULR&DPSR*UDQGH

,WLQHUDULR5LEHUDGHOUtR3LVXHUJD
3OD\D %~VTXHGDGHOWHVRURHQODDUHQDGHODSOD\DXWLOL]DQGRXQPDSD
5tR3LVXHUJD 4Xp KD\ HQ HO UtR 3LVXHUJD" (Q XQD ILFKD ORV DOXPQRV GHEHUiQ URGHDU TXp
HOHPHQWRV DQLPDOHV YHJHWDOHV \ KXPDQRV SXHGHQ HQFRQWUDU HQ XQD SOD\D \
FXiOHVQR
/H\HQGDGHO3LVXHUJD 5HDOL]DFLyQGHXQPXUDOSDUDWUDEDMDUORVGLVWLQWRVPHGLRVGHWUDQVSRUWH
WHUUHVWUHVDFXiWLFRV\DpUHRVTXHH[LVWHQ
$QLPDOHV ,GHQWLILFDU\FRORUHDUXQDQLPDOWHUUHVWUHDFXiWLFR\RWURDpUHRTXHVH
HQFXHQWUHQHQODULEHUDGHOUtR3LVXHUJD
9HJHWDFLyQ (QFXHQWUDVXSDUHMD&RQIRWRJUDItDVORVDOXPQRVGHEHUiQUHODFLRQDUORV
iUEROHVTXHKDQYLVWRGXUDQWHODVDOLGDGHFDPSRFRQVXIUXWR\VXWLSRGHKLMR
3XHQWH0D\RU &RQVWUXLUFRQFDUWyQHO3XHQWH0D\RU
+DULQHUD0DUTXpVGHOD 5HDOL]DUXQDPDVDGHSL]]DFRQKDULQD\DJXD
(QVHQDGD
3LVWDVGHSRUWLYDV &UHDFLyQGHXQPXUDOXWLOL]DQGRPDWHULDOHVGLYHUVRVFRQORVGHSRUWHVTXHVH
SXHGHQSUDFWLFDUDODLUHOLEUH\FXiOHVVHWLHQHQTXHUHDOL]DUHQHOLQWHULRU
7DEOD$FWLYLGDGHVGHO,WLQHUDULR5LEHUDGHOUtR3LVXHUJD

&21&/86,1
/D VDOLGD GH FDPSR D FXDOTXLHU HVSDFLR HV XQ UHFXUVR GLGiFWLFR TXH D\XGD D H[SOLFDU HO
HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR \ ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH HQ HO VH HQFXHQWUDQ +DQ VLGR QXPHURVRV ORV
LQYHVWLJDGRUHV TXH KDQ HVFULWR VREUH HVWH WLSR GH KHUUDPLHQWD \ VX XWLOLGDG HQ OD SUiFWLFD
GRFHQWHSXHVDWUDYpVGHOGLVHxRGHLWLQHUDULRVSRUHOPHGLRUXUDOSHURHVSHFLDOPHQWHSRUHO
PHGLR XUEDQR VH SXHGHQ DGTXLULU ORV FRQWHQLGRV SUHVHQWHV HQ HO FXUUtFXOR GH XQD IRUPD
GLVWLQWD SDUD HO DOXPQR SHUR TXH FRPSOHPHQWD ODV FODVHV WHyULFRSUiFWLFDV LPSDUWLGDV HQ HO
DXOD
J.Fernndez Portela


&RQ HVWH WUDEDMR \ YLVWR HO SDSHO TXH MXHJDQ ORV LWLQHUDULRV GLGiFWLFRV HQ OD HGXFDFLyQ VH
SODQWHDXQDSURSXHVWDGHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRPiVFHUFDQRSDUDORVDOXPQRV
GH VHJXQGR FLFOR GH (GXFDFLyQ ,QIDQWLO HQ OD FLXGDG GH 9DOODGROLG 3DUD HOOR VH SURFHGH D
GLVHxDUFXDWURLWLQHUDULRVGRVGHFDUiFWHUXUEDQRSRUHOFHQWURGHODFLXGDGXQRSRUHOSDUTXH
GHO &DPSR *UDQGH \ ILQDOPHQWH RWUR SRU OD ULEHUD GHO UtR 3LVXHUJD TXH VH GHVDUUROODUiQ
SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ HO ~OWLPR FXUVR GH HVWD HWDSD VHJ~Q FUHD FRQYHQLHQWH HO SURIHVRU SHUR
UHFRPHQGDQGR KDFHUOR R D FRPLHQ]RV GHO RWRxR R ILQDOHV GH OD SULPDYHUD SRU UD]RQHV
FOLPiWLFDV(VWRVLWLQHUDULRVYDQDVRFLDGRVDXQDVHULHGHDFWLYLGDGHVFHQWUDGDVHQHOHPHQWRV
GH FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO HQWRUQR SHUVRQDO SHUR TXH SHUPLWLUiQ WUDEDMDU RWURV FRQWHQLGRV
HVWDEOHFLGRVHQHOFXUUtFXOR
/D SURSXHVWD TXH VH KD UHDOL]DGR VH SODQWHD FRPR HMHPSOR SDUD TXH ORV IXWXURV SURIHVRUHV
WHQJDQLGHDVSDUDDERUGDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOWHUULWRULR\YHDQODVSRVLELOLGDGHVTXHWLHQHQODV
VDOLGDVGHFDPSRHQODSUiFWLFDGRFHQWHSXHVSHUPLWHQODLQWHUDFFLyQGLUHFWDGHODOXPQRFRQ
HO PHGLR \ IDFLOLWD HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH GHWHUPLQDGRV FRQWHQLGRV QR VROR FRQFHSWXDOHV VLQR
WDPELpQ DFWLWXGLQDOHV (VWH HMHPSOR TXH VH SUHVHQWD GH OD FLXGDG GH 9DOODGROLG SXHGH
H[WUDSRODUVHDFXDOTXLHURWUDFLXGDG\SXHGHQSURJUDPDUVHRWURWLSRGHLWLQHUDULRVGHSHGLHQGR
GHOWHPDTXHTXLHUDWUDWDUHOSURIHVRU\GHODVFDUDFWHULVWLFDVSURSLDVGHFDGDQ~FOHRXUEDQR
3RUWRGRHOORODVDOLGDGHFDPSRDWUDYpVGHXQLWLQHUDULRGLGiFWLFRVHFRQVROLGDFRPRXQD
KHUUDPLHQWD FODYH SDUD HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR PiV LQPHGLDWR TXH ORV QLxRV
GH HQWUH \ DxRV GHEHQ FRQRFHU SHUPLWLHQGR OOHJDU D ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH XQD PDQHUD PiV
GLQiPLFDLQGXFWLYDFUHDWLYD\PiVO~GLFDTXHODVFODVHVLPSDUWLGDVHQHODXOD3RUXQODGR
HVWH WLSR GH SODQWHDPLHQWR HGXFDWLYRYDV D VHU ~WLO DO SURIHVRUDGR D OD KRUD GH SODQLILFDU ODV
FODVHV SHUPLWLpQGROHV GLVHxDU VHVLRQHV \ DFWLYLGDGHV PiV GLQiPLFDV IXHUD GHO DXOD TXH
SHUPLWLUiQFDSWDUODDWHQFLyQ\ODPRWLYDFLyQGHODOXPQDGRUHIRU]DQGRHODSUHQGL]DMH3RURWUR
ODGRHVWHWLSRGHLWLQHUDULRVVRQQHFHVDULRVSXHVSHUPLWHQDORVDOXPQRVODLQWHUDFLyQGLUHFWD
FRQ HO PHGLR \ FRQ VXV FRPSDxHURV IXHUD GHO DXOD FRQWULEX\HQGR D DGTXLULU FRPSHWHQFLDV
EiVLFDV FRPR SRU HMHPSOR OD FRPSHWHQFLD GHO PXQGR ItVLFR OD FXOWXUDO DUWtVWLFD R OD
FRPHSWHQFLDVRFLDO\FLXGDGDQDHQWUHRWUDV

%,%/,2*5$)$
$UDQGD $0 Didctica del conocimiento del medio social y cultural en Educacin
Infantil. 0DGULG6tQWHVLV
&DVWUR-(OGHVDUUROORGHODQRFLyQGHHVSDFLRHQHOQLxRGH(GXFDFLyQ,QLFLDO
Accin PedaggicaSS
&RUGHUR 5 0DUtD 0RQWHVVRUL \ HO PHGLR DPELHQWH FRPR PpWRGR DFWLYR HQ
*RQ]iOH] -1 \ 7RGG /( FRRUGV Veinte experiencias exitosas en el mundo 0RQWHUUH\
0p[LFR&HQWURGH$OWRV(VWXGLRVH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ3HGDJyJLFDSUR\HFWRDGPLQLVWUDGRSRUHO
&ROHJLR GH (VWXGLRV &LHQWtILFRV \ 7HFQROyJLFRV GHO (VWDGR GH 1XHYR /HyQ &(&\7( 1/
SS
'H/RV5H\HV-/0LFDVDPLFDOOHPLFLXGDGH[SHULHQFLDVVREUHHOHVSDFLRLQIDQWLO
HQHO0DGULGKLVWyULFRTerra Plural, SS
J.Fernndez Portela


*DUFtD $/ /RV LWLQHUDULRV GLGiFWLFRV XQD GH ODV FODYHV SDUD OD HQVHxDQ]D \
FRPSUHQVLyQGHOD*HRJUDItDIber. Didctica de las ciencias sociales, geografa e historia
SS
*DUFtD6\*DUFtD,,WLQHUDULRGLGiFWLFRSRUORVKRVSLWDOHVGHOD9DOHQFLDHQJXHUUD
Didctica de las Ciencias Experimentales y SocialesSS
,QVD<,WLQHUDULRVXUEDQRVUHFXUVRV\PDWHULDOHVGLGiFWLFRVSDUDH[SOLFDUODFLXGDG
Iber. Didctica de las ciencias sociales, geografa e historiaSS
0DUWtQH] /& )HUQiQGH]9HJD % \ 0ROLQD , 3URSXHVWD GLGiFWLFD SDUD OD
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR OD FLXGDG GH 6HJRYLD \ VX HQWRUQR Didctica
GeogrficaSS
6DQWRODULD$/DFLXGDGFRPRUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFREdetaniaSS
J.Fernndez Portela


*(23+2723(',$815(326,725,2'(/,%5($&&(62'(
)272*5$)$6'(/7(55,725,2

3DEOR)UDLOH-XUDGR
Departamento de Geografa Fsica y A.G.R., Universidad de Sevilla
pfraile@us.es
5(680(1
*HRSKRWRSHGLD HV XQ UHSRVLWRULR GH IRWRJUDItDV GHO WHUULWRULR GH OLEUH DFFHVR \ GLIXVLyQ PHGLDQWH OLFHQFLD
&UHDWLYH &RPPRQV (O SURSyVLWR GH HVWH UHSRVLWRULR HV RIUHFHU LPiJHQHV JHRUUHIHUHQFLDGDV VHOHFWDV \ GH DOWD
FDOLGDGDVRFLDGDVDFRQFHSWRVJHRJUiILFRVTXHSHUPLWHQDORVXVXDULRVUHDOL]DUE~VTXHGDVEDVDGDVHQFRQWHQLGR
\RORFDOL]DFLyQ(VWHUHSRVLWRULRHVWiUHDOL]DGRDSDUWLUGHFRODERUDFLRQHVGHVLQWHUHVDGDVGHXQDH[WHQVDUHGGH
PiV GH XVXDULRV PD\RULWDULDPHQWH HVWXGLDQWHV \ GRFHQWHV GH *HRJUDItD &RQWLHQH LPiJHQHV
JHRUUHIHUHQFLDGDV\FODVLILFDGDVHQIXQFLyQGHVXVFRQWHQLGRVDSDUWLUGHFULWHULRVJHRJUiILFRVORFXDOSHUPLWHOD
UHDOL]DFLyQGHE~VTXHGDVWHPiWLFRHVSDFLDOHVPHGLDQWHXQVLVWHPDGHHWLTXHWDGR

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
5HSRVLWRULRIRWRJUDItDOLFHQFLD&UHDWLYH&RPPRQV7,&

,1752'8&&,1
'XUDQWHOD~OWLPDGpFDGD\SDUDOHORDODUHYROXFLyQGLJLWDOVHKDSURGXFLGRXQIHQyPHQRGH
LQFUHPHQWR H[SRQHQFLDO GH OD FDQWLGDG GH LPiJHQHV GLVSRQLEOHV SRU FXDOTXLHU SHUVRQD FRQ
DFFHVRDHQWRUQRVGLJLWDOHV/DVFDXVDVGHHVWHIHQyPHQRQRVHGHEHQWDQWRDODSUROLIHUDFLyQ
GHFRQWHQLGRVZHEFRPRDODGLVSRQLELOLGDGSRUSDUWHGHFXDOTXLHUXVXDULRGHWHOpIRQRPyYLO
FRQ FiPDUDV GLJLWDOHV FRQ UHVROXFLRQHV PHGLDV \ DOWDV DVt FRPR DO DEDUDWDPLHQWR GH ORV
SUHFLRVGHODVFiPDUDVIRWRJUiILFDVQRYLQFXODGDVDWHOpIRQRVPyYLOHV&RQHOGHVDUUROORGHODV
UHGHVVRFLDOHVVHKDQPXOWLSOLFDGRHQLQWHUQHWGLIHUHQWHVUHSRVLWRULRVIRWRJUiILFRV\DVHDQ
LQFOXLGRV HQ UHGHV VRFLDOHV )DFHERRN ,QVWDJUDP R ELHQ HVSHFtILFRV IOLFNU SDQRUDPLR
RFDVLRQDOPHQWHJHRUUHIHUHQFLDGRV\JUDWXLWRV8QDSHTXHxDDXQTXHVLJQLILFDWLYDSDUWHGHODV
IRWRJUDItDVFRQWHQLGDVGHQWURGHHVWHWLSRGHUHSRVLWRULRVVRQODVIRWRJUDItDVGHSDLVDMH6LELHQ
OD XWLOLGDG GH HVWH WLSR GH PHJDUHSRVLWRULRV SXHGH VHU HYLGHQWH GHVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD
GRFHQWHGHELGRDTXHHVWiQIUHFXHQWHPHQWHJHRUUHIHUHQFLDGRVH[LVWHXQYDFtRLPSRUWDQWHHQ
FXDQWR D OD SURFHGHQFLD GH ODV IRWRJUDItDV HQ OD PHGLGD HQ TXH VRQ VXELGDV SRU DXWRUHV QR
QHFHVDULDPHQWH FXDOLILFDGRV SRU OR TXH OD H[LVWHQFLD GH HUURUHV HQ OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ \R
ORFDOL]DFLyQGHODLPDJHQVRQFRPXQHV
2WURVSUREOHPDVIUHFXHQWHPHQWHDVRFLDGRVDOXVRGHODVIRWRJUDItDVGHIiFLODFFHVRHQLQWHUQHW
VRQ ORV UHODWLYRV D OD SURSLHGDG GH ODV IRWRV /DV LPiJHQHV FRQWHQLGDV HQ OD PD\RUtD GH ODV
UHGHV VRFLDOHV DOJXQDV FRQ SiJLQDV GH JUDQ GLIXVLyQ VXHOHQ VHU SURSLHGDG GH OD SURSLD UHG
VRFLDOSRUORTXHVXXVRDFDGpPLFRHVWiOLPLWDGRRVHQFLOODPHQWHQRSHUPLWLGR
$GLFLRQDOPHQWH OD VDWXUDFLyQ GH LPiJHQHV H[LVWHQWH HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG LPSOLFD TXH SDUD HO
XVXDULRHQHVWHFDVRGRFHQWHRHVWXGLDQWHTXHUHTXLHUHGHXQWLSRGHLPDJHQHVSHFtILFRVH
P.Fraile Jurado


HQFXHQWUH D PHQXGR DQWH YHUGDGHUDV PDUDxDV GH FROHFFLRQHV GH IRWRJUDItDV SREUHPHQWH
FODVLILFDGDVGHHVFDVDFDOLGDGRGHWHPiWLFDVDEVROXWDPHQWHDMHQDVDVXVQHFHVLGDGHV
3RUWRGRHOORHQRFWXEUHGH\GHQWURGHODVIXQFLRQDOLDGHVGHODDQWLJXD%LEOLRWHFDGH
*HRJUDItD GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 6HYLOOD XQ JUXSR GH LQWHUHVDGRV GRFHQWHV HVWXGLDQWHV GH
WHUFHU FLFOR HJUHVDGRV HQ OD IRWRJUDItD GHO SDLVDMH \ VXV DSOLFDFLRQHV SDUD OD *HRJUDItD
JHQHUDURQXQDHVWUXFWXUDGHUHSRVLWRULRTXHVXEVDQDVHORVVLJXLHQWHVGpILFLWVREVHUYDGRVFRQ
FDUiFWHU JHQHUDO (Q SULQFLSLR HO UHSRVLWRULR D FUHDU GHEHUtD SRVHHU ODV VLJXLHQWHV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
x 4XHODVIRWRJUDItDVIXHUDQVXELGDVH[FOXVLYDPHQWHVSRUH[SHUWRV
x +DEHUFODVLILFDGRGHDFXHUGRFRQXQRVFULWHULRVFRPXQHVODVLPiJHQHVGHOUHSRVLWRULR
x 7HQHUOLFHQFLDGHOLEUHXVR\GLIXVLyQ
x (VWDUJHRUUHIHUHQFLDGDV
x (VWDULQFOXLGDVHQXQ~QLFRUHSRVLWRULRGHDFFHVRVHQFLOOR
x 5HVXOWDUDFFHVLEOHDODKRUDGHVXELUIRWRJUDItDVSDUDFXDOTXLHUXVXDULRH[SHUWRHQ
*HRJUDItDSHURQRHQHOVLVWHPDGHVXELGD
x 1RSRVHHUURVWURVUHFRQRFLEOHVHQSULPHUSODQRFHQWUiQGRVH~QLFDPHQWHHQDVSHFWRV
SDLVDMtVWLFRVRGHUHOHYDQFLDJHRJUiILFD
(OUHSRVLWRULRFUHDGRVHDORMyHQXQSRUWDOJUDWXLWRIOLFNUFRQODVUHVWULFFLRQHVHVWUXFWXUDOHV
TXHHOORVXSRQHDODKRUDGHPRGLILFDUODVFDUDFHWHUtVWLFDVGHODEDVHGHGDWRVRGHSHUPLWLUD
ORV JHVWRUHV GH OD EDVH GH GDWRV DFFHGHU D ORV FRQWHQLGRV VXELGRV SRU XVXDULRV 8QD WDUHD
SHQGLHQWHGHHVWHUHSRVLWRULRFRQVLVWHHQREWHQHUILQDQFLDFLyQVXILFLHQWHFRPRSDUDPLJUDUOD
EDVHGHGDWRVJHQHUDGDDXQVHUYLGRUSURSLRHQHOTXHVHSXHGDQUHDOL]DUPRGLILFDFLRHQVOLEUHV
GHODEDVHGHGDWRVDXQTXHGHVGHRFWXEUHGHDODDFWXDOLGDGHVWRQRKDVLGRSRVLEOHSRU
ODFDUHQFLDGHIRQGRV
(OREMHWLYRGHHVWDDSRUWDFLyQHVGDUDFRQRFHUHOUHSRVLWRULRHQHOFRQWH[WRGHOD'LGiFWLFDGH
OD*HRJUDItDHVSDxRODFRQHOILQGHTXHVHDH[SORWDGRSRUGRFHQWHV\HVWXGLDQWHVDVtFRPR
LQVWDUDUHFLELUFRODERUDFLRQHV

*(23+2723(',$(6758&785$<&217(1,'26
(VWUXFWXUDGH*HRSKRWRSHGLD
*HRSKRWRSHGLD GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 6HYLOOD HV XQ UHSRVLWRULR GH IRWRJUDItDV GH FRQWHQLGR
JHRJUiILFR JHRUUHIHUHQFLDGDV \ FODVLILFDGDV WHPiWLFDPHQWH SRU JHyJUDIRV SURIHVLRQDOHV \
FLHQWtILFRVGHGLVFLSOLQDVDILQHV7RGDIRWRTXHPXHVWUHLPiJHQHVGHOWHUULWRULRHVVXVFHSWLEOH
GHVHULQFOXLGDHQ*HRSKRWRSHGLD(VWRLPSOLFDXQDOtQHDWHPiWLFDH[FHSFLRQDOPHQWHDPSOLD
SXHVWR TXH VH LQFOX\H GHVGH IRWRJUDItDV GH HVFHQDULRV XUEDQRV D SDLVDMHV UXUDOHV ItVLFRV
DJUDULRVWUDQVSRUWHVGHWDOOHVGHSODQWDVRDQLPDOHVHWF
/DV IRWRJUDItDV HVWiQ DORMDGDV HQ HO SRUWDO JUDWXLWR )OLFNU SHUWHQHFLHQWH D <DKRR 6H HOLJLy
HVWHVLVWHPDSRUVXJUDWXLGDGSRUSHUPLWLUFDSDFLGDGHVGHDOPDFHQDPLHQWRH[FHSFLRQDOPHQWH
DPSOLDVSDUDFDGDXVXDULRDFWXDOPHQWH7E\SRUSRVHHUXQVLVWHPDGHHWLTXHWDGRHQFDGD
IRWRJUDItDTXHJDUDQWL]DXQFLHUWRRUGHQHQODFODVLILFDFLyQGHODVIRWRV$VLPLVPR\IUHQWHD
RWURVSRUWDOHVGHDOPDFHQDPLHQWR\UHSURGXFFLyQGHIRWRJUDItDV)OLFNULQFRUSRUDOD
P.Fraile Jurado


SRVLELOLGDGGHDJUHJDULQIRUPDFLyQVREUHODVFRRUGHQDGDVJHRJUiILFDVGHOOXJDUGHWRPDGHOD
IRWRJUDItD /D H[LVWHQFLD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ WHPiWLFD \ HVSDFLDO DVRFLDGD D FDGD IRWRJUDItD
SHUPLWHUHDOL]DUGHIRUPDVHQFLOODE~VTXHGDVWHPiWLFRHVSDFLDOHVGHJUDQFRPSOHMLGDG
'HQWURGH)OLFNUHOUHSRVLWRULRIRWRJUiILFRHVWiDORMDGRHQXQJUXSROODPDGR*HRSKRWRSHGLD
GHOD%LEOLRWHFDGH*HRJUDItDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOOD'HQWURGHHVWHSRUWDOXQJUXSRHV
XQFRQMXQWRGHIRWRJUDItDVVXELGDVSRUGLIHUHQWHVXVXDULRVFRQXQDWHPiWLFDFRP~QHQHVWH
FDVR OD SDLVDMtVWLFD JHRJUiILFD \ FRQ XQD VHULH GH FULWHULRV PiV R PHQRV HVWULFWRV TXH VRQ
YLJLODGRVSRUORVDGPLQLVWUDGRUHVGHOJUXSR/RVPLHPEURVGHOJUXSRGHEHQVHUSHUVRQDVFRQ
IRUPDFLyQHQ*HRJUDItDRGLVFLSOLQDVDILQHVFDSDFHVGHLGHQWLILFDUORVHOHPHQWRV\SURFHVRV
TXH DSDUH]FDQ HQ ODV LPiJHQHV TXH LQFRUSRUHQ D *HRSKRWRSHGLD /RV DGPLQLVWUDGRUHV GHO
JUXSR *HRSKRWRSHGLD VRQ DOJXQRV PLHPEURV GH OD FRPXQLGDG HGXFDWLYD GH ORV HVWXGLRV GH
*HRJUDItDHQOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOODSURIHVRUHV\HVWXGLDQWHVHJUHVDGRVGHODPLVPD8QD
FRPSOHWDGHVFULSFLyQGH*HRSKRWRSHGLDVHHQFXHQWUDHQ3DODFLRVet al

&RQWHQLGRVGHFDGDIRWRJUDItD
&DGD IRWRJUDItD SXEOLFDGD HQ *HRSKRWRSHGLD DGHPiV GH VHU GH DOJ~Q WLSR GH WHPiWLFD
WHUULWRULDOKDGHWHQHUORVVLJXLHQWHVFRQWHQLGRVPtQLPRV
7tWXORDWUDYpVGHOFXDOVHGHILQHFRPSOHWDPHQWHHOHOHPHQWRRIHQyPHQRUHSUHVHQWDGR
DVt FRPR OD UHIHUHQFLD JHRJUiILFD EiVLFD (Q HO FDVR GH TXH VH WUDWH GH IRWRJUDItDV
WRPDGDV GHQWUR GH (VSDxD VH GHEHUi LQFOXLU HO WtWXOR VHJXLGR GH XQD FRPD \ GH OD
SURYLQFLDHQODTXHVHWRPyODLPDJHQ6LVHWUDWDGHXQDIRWRJUDItDWRPDGDHQXQSDtV
TXH QR VHD (VSDxD HO WtWXOR GHEH LU VHJXLGR GH XQD FRPD \ HO QRPEUH GHO SDtV HQ
FXHVWLyQ
(WLTXHWDV TXH SHUPLWHQ FODVLILFDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ PiV UHOHYDQWH GH OD IRWRJUDItD DVt
FRPRMHUDUTXL]DUODiUHDFLHQWtILFDDODTXHVHDVRFLDWRSyQLPRVYLQFXODGRVHOHPHQWRV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV GH OD IRWRJUDItD FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV IRWRJUiILFDV (Q SULQFLSLR ODV HWLTXHWDV
GHEHQ HVWDU HQ HVSDxRO DXQTXH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH OD PLWDG GH ORV WpUPLQRV WDPELpQ
DSDUHFHQHQLQJOpVTXHGDQGRHVWH~OWLPRDVSHFWRFRPRGHFLVLyQGHOXVXDULRTXHVXEH
OD IRWRJUDItD (Q ODV ILJXUDV D VH KDQ PRVWUDGR DOJXQRV HMHPSORV GHO
IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO VLVWHPD GH HWLTXHWDGR GH *HRSKRWRSHGLD (VWH VLVWHPD UHVXOWD
FUtWLFR D OD KRUD GH TXH ORV XVXDULRV TXH FRQVXOWHQ *HRSKRWRSHGLD SXHGDQ UHDOL]DU
E~VTXHGDVGHQWURGHOUHSRVLWRULR\HQFRQWUDUORVUHVXOWDGRVGHVHDGRV
)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDWLWXODGD3XHUWRGHO3RUWDWOHW+XHVFD/DVHWLTXHWDVDVRFLDGDVDHVWDIRWRJUDItDVRQ
IURQWHUDQXYHVQXEHFORXGFORXGV*HRJUDItDItVLFD3K\VLFDO*HRJUDSK\FOLPWRORJtDFOLPDWRORJ\DOWD
PRQWDxDKJKPRXQWDLQPRXQWDLQPRQWDxDQHYHVQRZVXPPLWSHDNSLFR3LFGX0LGLG2VVDX)XHQWH
3LULQHtVWD*HRSKRWRSHGLD
P.Fraile Jurado


)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDWLWXODGD&LPD\JODFLDUGHO0RQW%ODQF)UDQFLD,WDOLD/DVHWLTXHWDVDVRFLDGDVDHVWD
IRWRJUDItDVRQmontaa, alta montaa, mountain, high mountain, turismo, tourism, nieve, snow, hielo, ice, cima,
summit, top, peak, border, frontera. )XHQWH3DEOR)UDLOH*HRSKRWRSHGLD

)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDWLWXODGD$XURUDERUHDO,VODQGLD/DVHWLTXHWDVDVRFLDGDVDHVWDIRWRJUDItDVRQIslandia,
Iceland, fotografa nocturna, aurora boreal, aurora polar, aurora borealis, atmsfera, cielo, cielo nocturno,
contaminacin lumnica, Geografa Fsica, Physical geograhy, por regions, night sky, regiones polares. )XHQWH
(QULTXH$ULDV,EixH],QVWDJUDP#HQULTXHDUHDVSKRWR*HRSKRWRSHGLD

)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDWLWXODGD9LVWDGHO0LGWRZQ1XHYD<RUN((88/DVHWLTXHWDVDVRFLDGDVDHVWDIRWRJUDItD
VRQrascacielos, skyscraper, ciudad, city, urban, urbano, Human Geography, Geografa Humana, skyline,
paisaje urbano, urban landscape, panormica, panorama, nocturna, nocturno, night, arquitectura S. XX.
)XHQWH3DEOR)UDLOH*HRSKRWRSHGLD
P.Fraile Jurado


)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDWLWXODGD&KHIFKDXHQ0DUUXHFRV/DVHWLTXHWDVDVRFLDGDVDHVWDIRWRJUDItDVRQ
Marruecos,Chauen, Xauen, Chefchauen, motnaas del Rif, poblacin bererber, placa tectnica africana,
terciario, Arco de Gibraltar, calizas, orogenia alpna, cadena alpina, metamorfismo, turismo, valle fluvial,
Geografa urbana, Geografa Fsica, Rif, urbano, urbanismo, ciudad, relieve, orografa, vegetacin, nubes.
)XHQWH/XLV0LJXHO*RQ]iOH]*HRSKRWRSHGLD

)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDWLWXODGD3REODGRFKDEROLVWDGH(O9DFLH6HYLOOD/DVHWLTXHWDVDVRFLDGDVDHVWDIRWRJUDItD
VRQGeografa Humana, urbanismo, Geografa Urbana, chabolismo, chabolas, marginacin, desgiualdad,
Geografa Radical, pobreza Andaluca, Andalusia, shack, shanty, city public facilities, human Geography, urban
geography, espacio degradado, deteriorated area.. )XHQWH'DQLHO6iQFKH](VFDOHUD*HRSKRWRSHGLD
P.Fraile Jurado


)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDWLWXODGD$VWXULDV6DULHJRSDUURTXLDGH1DU]DQD/DVHWLTXHWDVDVRFLDGDVDHVWDIRWRJUDItD
VRQAsturias, Sariego, paisaje rural, paisaje agrario, prados, La Rimada)XHQWH9tFWRU)HUQiQGH]6DOLQDV
*HRSKRWRSHGLD

)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDWLWXODGD'HVLHUWRGH7DEHUQDV$OPHUtD/DVHWLTXHWDVDVRFLDGDVDHVWDIRWRJUDItDVRQ
Geografa Fsica, Physical Geography, semidesierto, clima semidesrtico, espinal, tabular, panormica.
panorama, Geomorfologa, Geomorphology, biogeografa, biogeography, badlands, paisaje natural, natural
landscape. )XHQWH3DEOR)UDLOH*HRSKRWRSHGLD

)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDWLWXODGD3XHUWRGH.RSHU(VORYHQLD/DVHWLTXHWDVDVRFLDGDVDHVWDIRWRJUDItDVRQbarco,

transporte, portacontenedores, MAERSK, comercio internacional, mar, remolcador, sea ship, trade,
inernational trade, container ship, cargo, vessel, tugboat. )XHQWH(QULTXH$ULDV,EixH],QVWDJUDP
#HQULTXHDUHDVSKRWR*HRSKRWRSHGLD
P.Fraile Jurado


)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDWLWXODGD0XURVGH%HOIDVW%HOIDVW,UODQGDGHO1RUWH/DVHWLTXHWDVDVRFLDGDVDHVWD
IRWRJUDItDVRQIrlanda del Norte, muros, protesta, expresin, barrera, conclictos culturales, arte, centro ciudad,
arte urbano, turismo, tourism, historia reciente, historia contempornea, geografa urbana, urbano, urbanismo,
liberad, art, urban art, wall, urban, protest. )XHQWH3ULVFLOD9DOGHYLUD6DOYDGRU*HRSKRWRSHGLD

)LJXUD )RWRJUDItD WLWXODGD +LJKODQGV (VFRFLD /DV HWLTXHWDV DVRFLDGDV D HVWD IRWRJUDItD VRQ Escocia,
Scotland, loch, lago, bosque, prados, atardecer, sunset, nubes, paisaje natural, natural landscape. )XHQWH
1XULDB3&*HRSKRWRSHGLD
P.Fraile Jurado


)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDWLWXODGD$OPDGUDED3XHUWRGH%DUEDWH&iGL]/DVHWLTXHWDVDVRFLDGDVDHVWDIRWRJUDItD
VRQBarbate harbour, atn, tuna, barco atunero, tuna fishing boat, descarga de atn, tuna unloading, Thunnus,
gra, crane, brazo de gra, boom, barco de pesca, fishing boat, pescadores, fishermen, Oceno Atlantico,
Estrecho deGibraltar, Gibraltar Stait, Geografa Humana. )XHQWH&RQVXHOR7HUQHUR*HRSKRWRSHGLD

)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDWLWXODGD&DER%XVWR$VWXULDV/DVHWLTXHWDVDVRFLDGDVDHVWDIRWRJUDItDVRQGeografa
Fsica, acantilado, cliff, clima templado ocenico, costa, coast erosin marina, Cantbrico, sierras prelitorales,
rasa, Atlntico, Asturias . )XHQWH$LGD&RUUDOHV*HRSKRWRSHGLD
P.Fraile Jurado


)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDWLWXODGD$VWXULDV6DULHJRSDUURTXLDGH1DU]DQD/DVHWLTXHWDVDVRFLDGDVDHVWD
IRWRJUDItDVRQAsturias, rural, Geografa Humana, prado, oveja, ganadera)XHQWH9tFWRU)HUQiQGH]6DOLQDV
*HRSKRWRSHGLD
)LJXUD)RWRJUDItDWLWXODGD7DIRQLHQ%LQt*XUGy(7/DVHWLTXHWDVDVRFLDGDVDHVWDIRWRJUDItDVRQ

tafoni, taffoni, Geografa fsica, Physical Geography, arenisca, sanstone, nido de abeja, geomorfologa,
geomorphology, geologa, geology, Menorca, Minorca, Balearis Islands, Islas Baleares)XHQWH0LJXHO(VFREDU
*yPH]*HRSKRWRSHGLD
P.Fraile Jurado


&RRUGHQDGDV HVSDFLDOHV 6L ELHQ FDGD YH] PiV FiPDUDV IRWRJUiILFDV WDQWR GLJLWDOHV
FRPR ODV SURSLDV TXH HVWiQ LQFOXLGDV HQ WHOpIRQRV PyYLOHV FRQWLHQHQ XQ *36 TXH
JHRUUHIHUHQFLD DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH OD IRWRJUDItD SDUD DTXHOODV LPiJHQHV TXH QR WLHQHQ
FRRUGHQDGDV [\ )OLFNU WLHQH XQ VHQFLOOR VLVWHPD GH SRVLFLRQDPLHQWR GHO OXJDU GH
WRPDGHODLPDJHQHPSOHDQGRHOIRQGRFDUWRJUiILFRGH1RNLD0DSV
/LFHQFLD&UHDWLYH&RPPRQV6HWUDWDGHXQDOLFHQFLDGHSURSLHGDGTXHSHUPLWHXQXVR
WRWDOPHQWHOLEUHGHODIRWRJUDItDFRQODREOLJDFLyQGHFLWDUDODXWRUGHODPLVPD\GH
GLVWULEXLU HO SURGXFWR TXH VH GHULYH GHO XVR GH OD IRWRJUDItD EDMR HO PLVPR WLSR GH
OLFHQFLD4XHGDEDMRGHFLVLyQGHOXVXDULRODRSFLyQGHSHUPLWLUHOXVRFRPHUFLDORQR
GHFDGDIRWRJUDItDVXELGD
$XQTXH ORV SRWHQFLDOHV XVRV GH *HRSKRWRSHGLD VRQ GH FDUiFWHU WUDQVYHUVDO \ GHSHQGHQ
HVHQFLDOPHQWH GH ODV QHFHVLGDGHV GHO XVXDULR ODV LPSOLFDFLRQHV SDUD OD GLGiFWLFD GH OD
*HRJUDItDVRQHYLGHQWHVDOWUDWDUVHGHXQUHSRVLWRULRTXHD~QDXQFRQVLGHUDEOHWDPDxR\XQD
HVWULFWDSUHFLVLyQFRQFHSWXDO
(QODDFWXDOLGDG*HRSKRWRSHGLDFXHQWDFRQIRWRJUDItDVDVXELGDVSRU
FRODERUDGRUHVVHKDQWRPDGRHQ(VSDxDPLHQWUDVTXHODVUHVWDQWHVSHUWHQHFHQD
RWURVSDtVHVWDEODQ

W & W & W &
/ D
hh / ^
W ' Z
Zh h
& : /
<
/ >
, W
, D
D
E
W ^ /

Z
^> '
^ W >
&
d d
E
D
7DEOD3URFHGHQFLDGHODVIRWRJUDItDVDORMDGDVHQ*HRSKRWRSHGLD
P.Fraile Jurado


$SOLFDFLRQHVGH*HRSKRWRSHGLDHQHODXOD
/DVDSRUWDFLRQHVGH*HRSKRWRSHGLDDOWUDEDMRGRFHQWHHQHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULD\XQLYHUVLWDULD
VHSXHGHQLGHQWLILFDUHQODVVLJXLHQWHV
D8VXDULRV SDVLYRV HPSOHDQGR *HRSKRWRSHGLD FRPR UHSRVLWRULR GH LPiJHQHV GH DOWD
FDOLGDG \ ILDELOLGDG HQ VX FODVLILFDFLyQ \ SRVLFLRQDPLHQWR SHUPLWLHQGR HQFRQWUDU
IRWRJUDItDVGHPDQHUDVHQFLOOD(VWRSXHGHUHVXOWDU~WLOWDQWRSDUDGRFHQWHVSUHSDUDQGR
VXV FODVHV FRPR SDUD HVWXGLDQWHV D OD KRUD GH EXVFDU HMHPSORV GH ORV HOHPHQWRV
HVWXGLDGRVHQFODVHRHQPDQXDOHV(VSUHFLVRUHFRUGDUTXHKDVWDKDFHSRFRVDxRVORV
PDQXDOHV FRQ IRWRJUDItDV D FRORU D PHQXGR HQ ODV SiJLQDV FHQWUDOHV HUDQ
HVSHFLDOPHQWHYDORUDGRVSRUODLQFOXVLyQGHHVWHWLSRGHHMHPSORV
E8VXDULRV DFWLYRV FRODERUDQGR FRQ *HRSKRWRSHGLD (VWH WLSR GH DFWLYLGDGHV KDQ
GHPRVWUDGR VHU VLQJXODUPHQWH ~WLOHV HQ ORV SURFHVRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH HQ GLIHUHQWHV
DVLJQDWXUDV (O HVWXGLDQWH WRPD OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GH VXELU OD LPDJHQ D
*HRSKRWRSHGLD REOLJiQGRVH QR VROR D EXVFDU R WRPDU OD IRWRJUDItD DGHFXDGD \
JHQHUDOPHQWH SDUD HOOR FRQ OD QRYHGDG GH WHQHU TXH LU DO FDPSR FRQ XQD YLVLyQ
IRWRJUiILFR JHRJUiILFD GHO PLVPR VLQ HVWDU DFRPSDxDGR SRU SURIHVRUHV VLQR D
LGHQWLILFDUORVSULQFLSDOHVHOHPHQWRVTXHDSDUHFHQHQODPLVPD

862'(*(23+2723(',$
(ODXWRUGHHVWDDSRUWDFLyQVHYDDSHUPLWLULQFOXLUGHQWURGHOWH[WRXQDVEUHYHV
LQGLFDFLRQHVVREUHFyPRXVDU\RFRODERUDUFRQ*HRSKRWRSHGLD

&RQVXOWDVHQ*HRSKRWRSHGLD
*HRSKRWRSHGLD GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 6HYLOOD VH HQFXHQWUD DORMDGD HQ OD SiJLQD
KWWSVZZZIOLFNUFRPJURXSVJHRSKRWRSHGLD ILJXUD Q 'HVGH HVWD SiJLQD ZHE VH
SXHGHQ DFFHGHU D GLIHUHQWHV PpWRGRV GH FRQVXOWD GH *HRSKRWRSHGLD $XQTXH VH SXHGH
FRQVXOWDUODFROHFFLyQFRPSOHWDGHIRWRVXQDDXQDQRSDUHFHPX\UHFRPHQGDEOHSXHVWRTXHD
VHSWLHPEUHGHVRQIRWRJUDItDV,JXDOPHQWHGHVGHHVWDSiJLQDVHSXHGHDFFHGHUD
ODFRQVXOWDGHORVXVXDULRVTXHLQWHJUDQ*HRSKRWRSHGLD\GHVGHODSiJLQDGHFDGDXQRGH
HOORVREVHUYDUVXVIRWRJUDItDVSHUWHQH]FDQD*HRSKRWRSHGLDRQR
)LJXUD3iJLQDLQLFLDOGH*HRSKRWRSHGLDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOOD
P.Fraile Jurado


$GHPiVGHHVWHWLSRGHFRQVXOWDVEiVLFDVH[LVWHQWUHVPRGRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHFRQVXOWDU
*HRSKRWRSHGLD

%~VTXHGDVWHPiWLFDVDODVTXHVHDFFHGHDWUDYpVGHOLFRQRGHODOXSDEXVFDUFRQMXQWR
(VWD E~VTXHGD SHUPLWH UHDOL]DU FRQVXOWDV VHQFLOODV D OD EDVH GH GDWRV SHUPLWLHQGR
FRQFDWHQDU YDULRV GHVFULSWRUHV XQLGRV SRU HO HQODFH \ (O VLVWHPD QR GLVWLQJXH HQWUH
HWLTXHWDV\WtWXORVGHODIRWRJUDItDDXQTXHHQORVUHVXOWDGRVVHUYLGRVSRUIOLFNUVHSULRUL]DQ
FRORFDQGR HQ SULPHU OXJDU ODV FRLQFLGHQFLDV FRQ ORV WtWXORV \ HQ VHJXQGR OXJDU FRQ ODV
HWLTXHWDVILJXUDQ
%~VTXHGDV HVSDFLDOHV D ODV TXH VH DFFHGH D WUDYpV GH OD SHVWDxD PDSD GH OD SiJLQD
SULQFLSDOGHOJUXSR8QDYH]GHQWURVHPXHVWUDQODVIRWRVPiVVLJQLILFDWLYDVRUHFLHQWHV
D HOHFFLyQ GHO XVXDULR GHQWUR GH ORV OtPLWHV GHO iUHD TXH VH KD\D HOHJLGR XVDQGR XQD
VHQFLOODKHUUDPLHQWDGH]RRPILJXUDQ(QHOFDVRGHTXHKD\DPXFKDVIRWRJUDItDVSRU
iUHD HV SUHFLVR SDVDU DO VHJXQGR JUXSR GH LPiJHQHV HQ HO iUHD GH HVWXGLR SDUD SRGHU
REVHUYDUVXORFDOL]DFLyQ\REWHQHUXQHQODFHDODVPLVPDV,JXDOPHQWHVHSXHGHQUHVWULQJLU
E~VTXHGDVDGHWHUPLQDGRVWHUULWRULRVHVWDGRVSURYLQFLDVFLXGDGHVHVFULELHQGRHOOXJDUHQ
HOTXHUHDOL]DUODE~VTXHGDHQODSHVWDxD7RPDGDHQ
%~VTXHGDV WHPiWLFRHVSDFLDOHV TXH VH UHDOL]DQ D SDUWLU GHO PDSD GHO JUXSR
*HRSKRWRSHGLD (Q HVWH FDVR HV SRVLEOH FRPELQDU ORV GRV WLSRV GH E~VTXHGDV DQWHULRUHV
LQFOX\HQGR ORV GHVFULSWRUHV TXH VH FRQVLGHUHQ RSRUWXQRV \ OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ D SDUWLU GH ODV
FRRUGHQDGDV[\GHOPDSDRELHQGHOQRPEUHGHOWHUULWRULRHQHOTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQXELFDGDV
ILJXUDQ
)LJXUD0DSDGHUHVXOWDGRVGHXQDE~VTXHGDHVSDFLDOHQHOFHQWURKLVWyULFRGH,QQVEUXFN$XVWULD

)LJXUD0DSDGHUHVXOWDGRVGHXQDE~VTXHGDWHPiWLFRHVSDFLDOWpUPLQRUXUDOHQHOVXUGH(XURSD
2FFLGHQWDO
P.Fraile Jurado


6XELHQGRIRWRVD*HRSKRWRSHGLD
/DWDUHDGHVXELUIRWRJUDItDVD*HRSKRWRSHGLDUHVXOWDEDVWDQWHVHQFLOODSXHVWRTXHHOPRWRUGH
VXELGDV KD VLGR GLVHxDGR SRU IOLFNU SDUD XQ WLSR GH XVXDULR QR HVSHFLDOL]DGR \ TXH EXVFD
LQFOXLUGHVFULSWRUHVVHQFLOORVDVXVLPiJHQHV3RUORWDQWRHOXVXDULRPHGLRGH*HRSKRWRSHGLD
JHQHUDOPHQWH GRFHQWHV HVWXGLDQWHV R LQYHVWLJDGRUHV TXH KDQ PRVWUDGR HO VXILFLHQWH LQWHUpV
FRPRSDUDOOHJDUDODIDVHGHVXELGDGHIRWRVQRHQFRQWUDUiJUDYHVREVWiFXORVHQHVWHSURFHVR
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHGHWDOODQODVIDVHVHQHOSURFHVRGHVXELGDGHODVIRWRJUDItDV
D (QSULPHUOXJDUHVSUHFLVRSRVHHUXQDFXHQWDHQIOLFNUSDUDORFXDOHVQHFHVDULRSRVHHU
XQDFXHQWDGH\DKRR
E (Q VHJXQGR OXJDU HV SUHFLVR XQLUVH DO JUXSR *HRSKRWRSHGLD GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH
6HYLOOD(VWHSURFHVRFRQVWDGHGRVIDVHVGHVROLFLWXG\GHYDOLGDFLyQTXHVHUHDOL]DSRU
DOJXQRGHORVPLHPEURVJHVWRUHVGHOUHSRVLWRULR
F &XDQGR VH HV PLHPEUR GH *HRSKRWRSHGLD VXELU IRWRV DO UHSRVLWRULR LPSOLFD KDEHU
VXELGR ODV IRWRV SUHYLDPHQWH DO SHUILO GHO XVXDULR (V OD IDVH PiV GHOLFDGD SXHVWR TXH HO
SURFHVRGHHWLTXHWDGRVHSURGXFHDOPLVPRWLHPSRTXHVHHOLJHQODVIRWRJUDItDV3DUDHOOR
XQDYH]TXHVHHVWiHQODSiJLQDGHVXELGDIiFLOPHQWHLGHQWLILFDEOHGHVGHFXDOTXLHUSDUWH
GHO HQWRUQR IOLFNU VH HOLJHQ ODV IRWRJUDItDV SUHVHQWHV HQ HO HTXLSR GHO XVXDULR \ VH
UHOOHQDQ SDUD FDGD IRWRJUDItD ORV FDPSRV D WtWXOR E HWLTXHWDV \ F OLFHQFLD &UHDWLYH
&RPPRQV H[SXHVWDV HQ HO DSDUWDGR 6H UHFRPLHQGD D ORV XVXDULRV VXELU IRWRJUDItDV FRQ
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVFRPXQHVTXHFRPSDUWDQWtWXORRDO PHQRVHWLTXHWDGRSDUDSRGHUUHDOL]DU
HVWHSURFHVRHQEORTXHVHQWRUQRDXQDVIRWRJUDItDV$VLPLVPRVHKDSURFXUDGRLQVLVWLU
HQ OD FXHVWLyQ GH TXH HO SURFHVR GH HWLTXHWDGR KD GH VHU OR PiV H[KDXVWLYR SRVLEOH VLQ
SHUGHUODSUHFLVLyQHVSHFtILFDPHQWHHQWHUPLQRORJtDTXHSHUWHQH]FDDFDPSRVFRQFHSWXDOHV
VHPHMDQWHV 3RU HMHPSOR DQWH XQD LPDJHQ GH XQ YROFiQ QR GHEH LQFOXLUVH ~QLFDPHQWH HO
WpUPLQR YROFiQ VLQR WDPELpQ YXOFDQLVPR DVt FRPR VXV FRUUHVSRQGHQFLDV HQ LQJOpV
&XDQGRVHKDWHUPLQDGRHVWHSURFHVRVHSXHGHQVXELUODVIRWRJUDItDVDIOLFNU6LQHPEDUJR
DXQQRHVWiQHQ*HRSKRWRSHGLD
G 3DUD TXH SXHGDQ YLQFXODUVH DO JUXSR *HRSKRWRSHGLD HV QHFHVDULR TXH FDGD IRWRJUDItD
HVWpJHRUUHIHUHQFLDGD*HRUUHIHUHQFLDUODIRWRHVXQDWDUHDVHQFLOODDSDUWLUGHODDSOLFDFLyQ
TXH IOLFNU SUHVHQWD 6H UHFRPLHQGD SURSRUFLRQDU OD PD\RU SUHFLVLyQ SRVLEOH (Q OD
DFWXDOLGDG HV REOLJDWRULR JHRUUHIHUHQFLDU OD IRWRJUDItD SDUD TXH VHD LQFOXLGD HQ HO
UHSRVLWRULR
H 8QDYH]JHRUUHIHUHQFLDGDODIRWRJUDItDVHSXHGHDJUHJDUDOJUXSR*HRSKRWRSHGLDGHOD
8QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOODVLELHQHVSUHFLVRTXHDOJXQRGHORVJHVWRUHVGHOUHSRVLWRULRYDOLGH
HVWH~OWLPRSDVR(VWDHVXQDGHODVFODYHVGH*HRSKRWRSHGLDDOJDUDQWL]DUXQRVPtQLPRV
HVWiQGDUHVGHFDOLGDGHQFXDQWRDODLQIRUPDFLyQDSRUWDGDSRUORVXVXDULRVHQWpUPLQRVGH
FDOLGDGIRWRJUiILFD\HVSHFtILFDPHQWHSUHFLVLyQHVSDFLDO\VREUHWRGRWHUPLQROyJLFD
P.Fraile Jurado


)LJXUD5HVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVDOUHDOL]DUXQDE~VTXHGDWHPiWLFDFRQORVFRQFHSWRVUXUDO\SDWULPRQLR
P.Fraile Jurado


&21&/86,21(6
'XUDQWH OD ~OWLPD GpFDGD KHPRV DVLVWLGR D XQ SURFHVR DFHOHUDGR GH FUHDFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGRV
OLEUHGHWRGRWLSRGHQWURGHXQDSODWDIRUPDYLUWXDO\GHGLPHQVLRQHVJOREDOHV/DPD\RUSDUWH
GHORVFRQWHQLGRVTXHOOHQDQODUHGHVWiQDOPDUJHQGHOFRQWUROLQVWLWXFLRQDORGHUHJXODFLyQ
DFDGpPLFD/DLQXQGDFLyQGHLQIRUPDFLyQDODTXHHVWiVRPHWLGDODVRFLHGDGQRVLJQLILFDTXH
HVWD VHD GH PiV FDOLGDG GH DKt OD LPSRUWDQFLD GLGiFWLFD GH ILOWUDU FLHQWtILFDPHQWH HO
FRQRFLPLHQWR *HRSKRWRSHGLD DSDUHFH HQ HVWH VHQWLGR FRPR XQD KHUUDPLHQWD TXH SHUPLWD
VDOYDUGHPDQHUDULJXURVDODEUHFKDTXHVHFRPLHQ]DDFRQILJXUDUHQWUHODVREUHDEXQGDQFLDGH
LPiJHQHVGLVSRQLEOHVHQODUHG\HOFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRPiVSURIXQGR\ULJXURVRSURSLRV
HO iPELWR DFDGpPLFR FRQVLJXLHQGR DO PLVPR WLHPSR WDO DEXQGDQFLD GH IRWRJUDItDV HQ
GHWHUPLQDGRVHQFODYHV\WHPiWLFDVTXHSXHGHUHVXOWDUPiV~WLOTXHVHUYLGRUHVJHQHUDOLVWDVGH
IRWRJUDItDV
/DV SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV HGXFDWLYDV GH *HRSKRWRSHGLD VRQ SXHV HYLGHQWHV WDQWR FRPR UHFXUVR
GHO GRFHQWH FRPR GHO SURSLR DOXPQDGR &RPR SUR\HFWR JHQHUDGRU GH FRQRFLPLHQWR KD
DVHJXUDGRODPD\RUSHUPHDELOLGDGGHHVWRVJUDFLDVDOXVRGHOLFHQFLDVEDVDGDVHQHOCopyleft \
ODLJXDOGDGHQHODFFHVRDODLQIRUPDFLyQ
3HVH D ODV OLPLWDFLRQHV LPSXHVWDV SRU XQD SODWDIRUPD FRPR IOLFNU QR GLVHxDGD FRQ OD
LQWHQFLyQ GH DORMDU HVWH WLSR GH UHSRVLWRULRV FDEH HVSHUDU TXH GXUDQWH ORV SUy[LPRV DxRV
*HRSKRWRSHGLD SXHGD UHDOL]DU XQ VDOWR LQWHUQDFLRQDO FRQYLUWLpQGRVH HQ XQ UHIHUHQWH QR VROR
QDFLRQDO VLQR LQWHUQDFLRQDO GH HVWH WLSR GH FRQWHQLGRV /D H[LVWHQFLD GH FLHUWRV IRQGRV TXH
SHUPLWDQ WUDGXFLU ULJXURVDPHQWH WRGRV ORV WpUPLQRV DO LQJOpV \ HQ VHJXQGD LQVWDQFLD OD
PLJUDFLyQGHOUHSRVLWRULRDXQVHUYLGRUSURSLRFRQXQGLVHxRMHUDUTXL]DGRGHODEDVHGHGDWRV
SHUPLWLUtDQJHQHUDUXQDIXHQWHGHFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFROLEUHULJXURVRDPSOLR\GHJUDQ
GLIXVLyQ WDO \ FRPR VH SODQWHy SRU ORV SURPRWRUHV \ GHVDUUROODGRUHV GH HVWD LQLFLDWLYD KDFH
XQRVDxRV
'HVGH HO SXQWR GH YLWD HVWULFWR GH OD GLGiFWLFD GHOD *HRJUDItD XQD IXWXUD OtQHD GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FRQVLVWLUi HQ FXDQWLILFDU FXiQWR FRQWULEX\H HQ HO SURFHVR GH DSUHQGL]DMH GHO
DOXPQDGRODSDUWLFLSDFLyQDFWLYDHQHVWHUHSRVLWRULR

%,%/,2*5$)$
)UDLOH -XUDGR 3 6iQFKH] (VFDOHUD ' 3DODFLRV *XHUUHUR - / 0DOGRQDGR %HQtWH] 5
(VFREDU *yPH] 0 \ -RYHU %iH] - *HRSKRWRSHGLD XQ UHSRVLWRULR DELHUWR GH
IRWRJUDItDVGHFRQWHQLGRJHRJUiILFR,PiJHQHVGHJHRPRUIRORJtDOLWRUDOGeotemas14
3DODFLRV *XHUUHUR - / -RYHU %DH] - 6iQFKH] (VFDOHUD ' \ )UDLOH -XUDGR 3
*HRSKRWRSHGLD JHRJUDItD \ IRWRJUDItD HQ HO FRQWH[WR Ar@cne: revista electrnica de
recursos en internet sobre geografa y ciencias sociales>(QOtQHD$FFHVROLEUH@
KWWSZZZXEHVJHRFULWDUDFQHDUDFQHKWP!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@

$*5$'(&,0,(1726
(ODXWRUDJUDGHFHH[SUHVDPHQWHWRGDVODVFRODERUDFLRQHVUHFLELGDVGXUDQWHORVDxRVHQORV
TXHVHKDGHVDUUROODGR*HRSKRWRSHGLDHVSHFLDOPHQWHDOHTXLSRGHJHVWRUHV\DORVKDVWDDKRUD
FRODERUDGRUHV 'HQWUR GH HVWRV HVSHFLDOPHQWH DJUDGHFH D DTXHOORV FX\DV IRWRJUDItDV
DSDUHFHQUHFRJLGDVHQHVWHWUDEDMR
P.Fraile Jurado


9,$-$026$/21'5(681$35238(67$','&7,&$3$5$
75$%$-$5/$*(2*5$)$'(6'(('8&$&,1,1)$17,/

&ULVWLQD,VDEHO*DOOHJR*DUFtD
0DUtDGHO0DU*DOOHJR*DUFtD
1
CEIP Virgen de Beln (Mlaga)
2
Centro del Profesorado (Mlaga)
cristinagg_80@hotmail.com; mgallego@cepmalaga.com
5(680(1
3UHVHQWDPRVXQSUR\HFWRLQWHJUDGR SDUD(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOGHVGHOD'LGiFWLFDGH OD*HRJUDItD SHUPLWLHQGRDO
SURIHVRUDGRGDUUHVSXHVWDDODVQHFHVLGDGHVSODQWHDGDVHQHODXOD)DYRUHFHPRVWDQWRODSURPRFLyQFRPSHWHQFLDO
GLJLWDO \ OLQJtVWLFD GHO DOXPQDGR FRPR SURIHVLRQDO GHO GRFHQWH &RQ HVWH HQIRTXH FRPSDJLQDPRV WHRUtD \
SUiFWLFD GHVGH VX GLVHxR DSOLFDFLyQ \ HYDOXDFLyQ LPSOLFDQGR DO HQWRUQR 1RV HQFRQWUDPRV HQ FRQVRQDQFLD
GLUHFWDFRQODUHIOH[LyQDELHUWD\SOXUDOTXHGHVGHORVGLIHUHQWHVQLYHOHVHGXFDWLYRVVHHVWiJHQHUDQGRVREUHORV
HVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMHVHQOD'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD (GXFDFLyQ ,QIDQWLO )RUPDFLyQ GHO 3URIHVRUDGR 3UR\HFWR /LQJtVWLFR GH &HQWUR
3/&

-867,),&$&,1
/D GLVFLSOLQD JHRJUiILFD FRPLHQ]D HQ ORV SULPHURV QLYHOHV HGXFDWLYRV SDUWLHQGR GHVGH OD
FRQFHSFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR GHO WLHPSR \ GH RWUDV QRFLRQHV VRFLDOHV TXH SUHSDUDQ DO QLxR HQ HO
FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO SDLVDMH \ VX DSHUWXUD D OR TXH YD D VHU OD FLHQFLD JHRJUiILFD VHQWDQGR ODV
EDVHVSDUDWUDEDMDUODHQODVHWDSDVVLJXLHQWHV0RUHQR\*DOOHJRS
(Q*HRJUDItDSRUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHVXVREMHWLYRV\FRQWHQLGRVHOHVWXGLRGLUHFWRGHPHGLR
DGTXLHUHHVSHFLDOUHOHYDQFLD$VXYH]ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQVXGREOHYHUWLHQWHFRPRHVWUDWHJLD
GHHQVHxDQ]D\GHWUDQVIHUHQFLDDODXODDSDUWLUGHODVOODPDGDVHQVHxDQ]DVDFWLYDVSHUPLWH
TXH HO DOXPQR VHD HO FRQVWUXFWRU GH VX SURSLR FRQRFLPLHQWR WRPDQGR XQ SDSHO DFWLYR HQ VX
IRUPDFLyQ$OPXHGR'H2OLYHLUDS
3RU RWUD SDUWH HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD GLYHUVLGDG OLQJtVWLFD \ FXOWXUDO HQ HO FRQWH[WR HXURSHR
OOHYD D LQWURGXFLU ODV OHQJXDV H[WUDQMHUDV GHVGH XQD HGDG WHPSUDQD VLHQGR VX REMHWLYR
SULQFLSDO VHQVLELOL]DU D ORV QLxRV KDFLD OD FXOWXUD H[WUDQMHUD \ VX OHQJXD IDFLOLWDQGR VX
DSUHQGL]DMHSRVWHULRU
/D HGXFDFLyQ HV HO PHGLR SDUD ORJUDU OD IRUPDFLyQ LQWHJUDO GHO DOXPQDGR SODQWHDQGR UHWRV
HGXFDWLYRV IDYRUHFHGRUHV GHO DSUHQGHU D VHU SHQVDU KDFHU FRQYLYLU 'H HOOR VXUJH HVWD
SURSXHVWD GLGiFWLFD SDUD WUDEDMDU OD JHRJUDItD SRUTXH FRPR LQGLFD %DOH S VH
SUHWHQGHTXHHOWUDEDMRJHRJUiILFRHQODHVFXHODDOFDQFHXQYDVWRSRWHQFLDOHQORTXHVHUHILHUH
DOORJURGHDPSOLRVREMHWLYRVHGXFDWLYRV
1XHVWURV DOXPQRV VRQ QDWLYRV GLJLWDOHV TXH GHVGH ODV SULPHUDV HWDSDV GHO VLVWHPD HGXFDWLYR
YDQLQWHUSUHWDQGRORTXHYHQSURGXFLpQGRVHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQFRQULJRU/RVQLxRVDHVWD
C.I.Gallego Garca, M.M.Gallego Garca


HGDG VRQ FDSDFHV GH DSUHQGHU VLQ GDUVH FXHQWD VyOR HV QHFHVDULR FUHDU XQDV FRQGLFLRQHV
SURSLFLDV SDUD HOOR DVt TXH SRU TXp QR XQLU OD JHRJUDItD FRQ OD OHQJXD H[WUDQMHUD HQ XQ
SUR\HFWR LQQRYDGRU &RQ pO VH SURSLFLD XQD HQVHxDQ]D DFWLYD O~GLFD TXH SUHSDUD D ORV
GLVFHQWHVSDUDDERUGDUODJHRJUDItDGHXQDIRUPDGLQDPL]DGD\QRYHGRVDFRQODTXHGLVIUXWDQ
GiQGRVHFXHQWDGHODLPSRUWDQFLD\ODQHFHVLGDGGHFRQRFHUODSDUDGHVHQYROYHUVHHQVXYLGD
FRWLGLDQD0RUHQR\*DOOHJRS

)LJXUD*XDUGLDVUHDOHV

)250$&,1'(/352)(625$'2
'HVGH HO,,, 3ODQ $QGDOX] GH )RUPDFLyQ GHO 3URIHVRUDGR VH YD DYDQ]DQGR HQ OD DXWRQRPtD
DMXVWDQGR OD RIHUWD IRUPDWLYD \ VXV LWLQHUDULRV D OD GHPDQGD GH ODV IDPLOLDV GHO DOXPQDGR
IDYRUHFLHQGR XQ DSUHQGL]DMH FRPSHWHQFLDO PRWLYDGRU FDUDFWHUL]DGR SRU VX WUDQVYHUVDOLGDG
GLQDPLVPR \ FDUiFWHU LQWHJUDO HQ EDVH D ODV GLVWLQWDV OtQHDV HVWUDWpJLFDV GH IRUPDFLyQ TXH
GLFKRSODQILMD
&RQFUHWDPHQWH WRPDQGR GH UHIHUHQFLD HO 'HFUHWR VH HVWDEOHFHQ ODV HVWUXFWXUDV HO
PDUFR GH RUJDQL]DFLyQ \ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR \ ORV UHFXUVRV SDUD DWHQGHU ODV QHFHVLGDGHV GH
IRUPDFLyQ \ DFWXDOL]DFLyQ GHO SURIHVRUDGR GH ORV FHQWURV GRFHQWHV VRVWHQLGRV FRQ IRQGRV
S~EOLFRV$VtVHJHQHUDQDFFLRQHVIRUPDWLYDVEDVDGDVHQHODQiOLVLVODUHIOH[LyQ\ODPHMRUD
GH OD SUiFWLFD GRFHQWH \ GH OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH ORV FHQWURV D WUDYpV GH PHWRGRORJtDV GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ\DFFLyQFRQLPSOLFDFLyQGLUHFWDGHWRGRVORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQHOODV%2-$Q
GHGHVHSWLHPEUHS
&RQVLGHUDQGRODIRUPDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGRFRPRLQVWUXPHQWRDOVHUYLFLRGHODFDOLGDGGHOD
HGXFDFLyQHOYLJHQWHSODQGHGLFDLPSRUWDQWHVHVIXHU]RV\UHFXUVRVDODDFWXDOL]DFLyQFLHQWtILFD
(VWDVOtQHDVHVWUDWpJLFDVYLQFXODQODIRUPDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGRFRPR
, 0HMRUDGHODVSUiFWLFDVHOUHQGLPLHQWR\HOp[LWRHGXFDWLYRGHWRGRHODOXPQDGR
,, )DFWRUFODYHSDUDHOSHUIHFFLRQDPLHQWRFRQWLQXR\ODFDSDFLWDFLyQSURIHVLRQDOGRFHQWH
,,, ,PSXOVRUDGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRFRPSDUWLGR\SURGXFLGRHQORVFHQWURVHGXFDWLYRV
,9 $SR\RDODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHORVFHQWURVHQHQWRUQRVFRODERUDWLYRVGHDSUHQGL]DMH\IRUPDFLyQ
9 +HUUDPLHQWDSDUDFRQHFWDUODHGXFDFLyQFRQODUHDOLGDGSURGXFWLYD\HOHPSOHR


\GLGiFWLFDGHVXVSURIHVLRQDOHVSDUDUHSHUFXWLUHQHOiPELWRHGXFDWLYR\GHIRUPDSDUWLFXODU
HQODDFWLYLGDGGRFHQWH%2-$QGHGHVHSWLHPEUHS
(QORVGLIHUHQWHVQLYHOHVHGXFDWLYRVVHHVWiQGHVDUUROODQGRUHIOH[LRQHVDELHUWDV\SOXUDOHV\
HQQXHVWURFDVRHQWDEODQGROD]RVHQWUHOD'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD\HO3UR\HFWR/LQJtVWLFR
GH&HQWUR3/&FRPRPHFDQLVPRLQWHJUDOGHGHVDUUROORGHODFRPSHWHQFLDHQFRPXQLFDFLyQ
OLQJtVWLFD GHO DOXPQDGR 'H DFXHUGR FRQ 7HEHURVN\ SS XQ SULQFLSLR GH
DSUHQGL]DMHHVQRFRQVLGHUDUODHVFULWXUDFRPRXQDDFWLYLGDGVXEVLGLDULDGHFXDOTXLHUWLSRGH
OHFWXUD R FRSLD VLQR FRPR XQD DFWLYLGDG HQ Vt PLVPD TXH VH UHODFLRQD FRQ OD OHFWXUD FRQ
SURSyVLWR H[SOtFLWR HO OHHU SDUD HQWHQGHU PRWLYRV WHPDV ILJXUDV GHO OHQJXDMH R GHO
SHQVDPLHQWR
6H YD FRKHVLRQDQGR HO FRQRFLPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR \ GHO HQWRUQR PHGLDQWH XQ DSUHQGL]DMH
LQWHJUDGRGHFRQWHQLGRVOHQJXDVWDQWRGH iUHDVOLQJtVWLFDVFRPRQROLQJtVWLFDVDOWLHPSR
TXH VH DUWLFXODQ PHGLGDV GH DWHQFLyQ D OD GLYHUVLGDG OLQJtVWLFD FXOWXUDO GH FDSDFLGDGHV
DFWXDFLRQHV YLQFXODGDV FRQ ODV IDPLOLDV OD FRPXQLGDG \ DFWXDFLRQHV FRPSOHPHQWDULDV SDUD
PHMRUDU OD FRPSUHQVLyQ OHFWRUD OD H[SUHVLyQ HVFULWD OD RUDO DWHQGLHQGR DO XVR GH UHFXUVRV
7,&\GHODELEOLRWHFD

)LJXUD(QEDUFRSRUHOUtR7iPHVLV

35238(67$','&7,&$9,$-$026$/21'5(6
8WLOL]DU ORV SUR\HFWRV FRPR SDUWH GHO FXUUtFXOR QR HV DOJR TXH SXHGD SUHVHQWDUVH
WHyULFDPHQWHFRPRLQQRYDGRURUHYROXFLRQDULRVLQHPEDUJRDXQTXHGHVGHVXHPHUJHQFLD
FRPR PRGHOR PHWRGROyJLFR KD\D WUDQVFXUULGR PiV GH XQ VLJOR D~Q VLJXH UHVXOWDQGR
LQQRYDGRUDVXDSOLFDFLyQHQHODXOD5XHGD\3HLQDGRS
(QHO&(,39LUJHQGH%HOpQ0iODJDGHVDUUROODPRVSUR\HFWRVSUHJHRJUiILFRVHQ(GXFDFLyQ
,QIDQWLO RUJDQL]DQGR HO WUDEDMR DOUHGHGRU GH XQD SUREOHPiWLFD JHRJUiILFD TXH YDQ
LQYHVWLJDQGR HQ VXV GLYHUVRV DVSHFWRV 2IUHFHPRV FDXFHV TXH D\XGDQ D ORV QLxRV D SHQVDU
LQYHVWLJDU FRQIURQWDU FRQ RWURV VXV LGHDV OOHJDU D DFXHUGRV DSUHQGHU GHO HUURU 0RUHQR \
*DOOHJRS


'HPDQHUDHVSHFtILFDHQ*HRJUDItDHOWUDEDMRSRUSUR\HFWRVSHUPLWH5XHGD\3HLQDGR
S WRPDU GHFLVLRQHV TXH DIHFWDQ DO DOXPQDGR FRPR FLXGDGDQRV IDFLOLWDU OD
DGTXLVLFLyQ GH FRPSHWHQFLDV EiVLFDV FRQ XQ FDUiFWHU JOREDO LQWHJUDGRU H LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU
FRQWULEXLUDXQDSHUFHSFLyQDGHFXDGDGHOHVSDFLRItVLFRHQHOTXHVHGHVDUUROODODYLGDGHOVHU
KXPDQRWRPDUFRQFLHQFLDGHODLQIOXHQFLDGHODVSHUVRQDVHQHOHVSDFLRHWF
'HVGHHOiUHDGHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHVLPLVPR\DXWRQRPtDSHUVRQDO GHHGXFDFLyQ LQIDQWLO
HO DOXPQDGR VH YD IRUPDQGR XQD LPDJHQ DMXVWDGD \ SRVLWLYD GH Vt PLVPR D WUDYpV GH OD
LQWHUDFFLyQ FRQ ORV RWURV UHDOL]D GH PDQHUD FDGD YH] PiV DXWyQRPD DFWLYLGDGHV KDELWXDOHV
WDUHDV VHQFLOODV SDUD UHVROYHU SUREOHPDV GH OD YLGD FRWLGLDQD DXPHQWDQGR HO VHQWLPLHQWR GH
DXWRFRQILDQ]D\ODFDSDFLGDGGHLQLFLDWLYD
(Q HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO HQWRUQR VH IDYRUHFH HO SURFHVR GH GHVFXEULPLHQWR \
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHORVGLIHUHQWHVFRQWH[WRVTXHFRPSRQHQHOHQWRUQRLQIDQWLOVHDSUR[LPDQD
ORV XVRV \ FRVWXPEUHV VRFLDOHV GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD DELHUWD H LQWHJUDGRUD YDORUDQ OD
LPSRUWDQFLD GH ODV QXHYDV WHFQRORJtDV \ VX LQFRUSRUDFLyQ DFWXDO DO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH OD
VRFLHGDGLGHQWLILFDQGRHOSDSHOTXHWLHQHQHQVXVYLGDV
/DVGLVWLQWDVIRUPDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ\UHSUHVHQWDFLyQVLUYHQGHQH[RHQWUHHOPXQGRH[WHULRU
HLQWHULRUDOVHULQVWUXPHQWRVTXHKDFHQSRVLEOHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODUHDOLGDGODH[SUHVLyQ
GH SHQVDPLHQWRV VHQWLPLHQWRV YLYHQFLDV \ ODV LQWHUDFFLRQHV FRQ ORV GHPiV /D OHQJXD HV
LQVWUXPHQWR GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ DSUHQGL]DMH GLVIUXWH H[SUHVLyQ GH LGHDV \
VHQWLPLHQWRV $ OD FDSDFLGDG GH ORV PiV SHTXHxRV SDUD DSUHQGHU LGLRPDV VH OH DxDGH OD
SRVLELOLGDGGHLQWHJUDUODHQVHxDQ]DGHOLQJOpVHQODPHWRGRORJtDGHHVWDHWDSDHGXFDWLYD\DVt
ORVGLVFHQWHVGHVDUUROODQXQFRQMXQWRGHDSWLWXGHV\FDSDFLGDGHVTXHOHVD\XGDUiDORODUJRGH
VXVDxRVGHHVWXGLR

)LJXUD(VSHUDQGRHQODSDUDGDGHOEXV

/RV QLxRV UHSUHVHQWDQ HO iUHD TXH OHV UHVXOWD PiV IDPLOLDU FRPR PDSDV FRJQLWLYRV 3LDJHW \
VXVFRODERUDGRUHVKDQPRVWUDGRTXHKDFLDORVDxRVGHHGDGFRPLHQ]DQDFRPSUHQGHU
OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH REMHWRV GH VX HQWRUQR HQ XQ VHQWLGR WRSROyJLFR HV GHFLU HQ UHODFLyQ XQR
FRQ HO RWUR %DOH S 3RU HOOR HVWH SUR\HFWR VH FHQWUD HQ OD FLXGDG FRPR KHFKR
JHRJUiILFRGHSULPHUDLPSRUWDQFLDFX\RHVWXGLRUHVXOWDQHFHVDULRSDUDFRPSUHQGHUPHMRU


QXHVWUR PXQGR *UXSR&URQRV S 3HUR OD FLXGDG TXH TXHUHPRV FRQRFHU QR HV OD
QXHVWUD 0iODJD SRUTXH GHVDUUROODPRV XQ SUR\HFWR JHRJUiILFR VREUH HOOD HO FXUVR SDVDGR
VLQR/RQGUHV\DTXHHVWHDxRHPSH]DPRVFRQODODOHQJXDH[WUDQMHUDLQJOpV
7RGRV WHQHPRV HQ QXHVWUD FDEH]D LGHDV LPiJHQHV GH OD FLXGDG VXUJLGDV GH OD H[SHULHQFLD
DOJ~QDOXPQRHVWXYRYLVLWiQGRODUHFLHQWHPHQWHODOHFWXUDODWHOHYLVLyQLQWHUQHW3DUWLPRV
GHORTXHVDEHPRV\QRVSODQWHDPRVTXpTXHUHPRVVDEHUSRUHOORVRQPXFKRVORVFRQWHQLGRV
TXHVHGHVDUUROODQFRQHOSUR\HFWRHQWUHORVTXHGHVWDFDPRV
x UHVSXHVWDVYHUEDOHVRItVLFDVFRORUHDUEDLODUDGLYLQDUHQGLYHUVRVMXHJRV\
DFWLYLGDGHVLQGLYLGXDOPHQWHRHQJUXSR
x LGHQWLILFDFLyQ\XVRGHYRFDEORVEiVLFRV
x HQWXVLDVPRSRUODXWLOL]DFLyQGHQXHYRYRFDEXODULR
x DXGLFLyQ\FRPSUHQVLyQGHFXHQWRVFRQDSR\RYLVXDO\JHVWXDO
x HMHFXFLyQGHDFWLYLGDGHV\MXHJRV
x LQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHFDQFLRQHV
x JXVWRSRUHVFXFKDU\FDQWDUFDQFLRQHV
x LQLFLDWLYDHLQWHUpVSRUSDUWLFLSDUHQODVGLVWLQWDVDFWLYLGDGHVSURSXHVWDV
x YDORUDFLyQGHOWUDEDMRHQJUXSR
/D PHWRGRORJtD EDVDGD HQ XQ DSUHQGL]DMH VLJQLILFDWLYR HV FRPXQLFDWLYD \
SDUWLFLSDWLYD UHFLELHQGR FRQVWDQWH DSR\R YLVXDO 6HJ~Q HO SULQFLSLR GH JOREDOL]DFLyQ HVWH
SUR\HFWR FRQWULEX\H D OD SUiFWLFD GH GHVWUH]DV TXH VH XWLOL]DQ HQ GLYHUVDV iUHDV *DOOHJR \
*DOOHJRS
x ODVGHVWUH]DVFRJQRVFLWLYDV\ODPRWULFLGDGILQDVHGHVDUUROODQFRQMXQWDPHQWHFRQODV
GHVWUH]DVOLQJtVWLFDV
x HOGHVDUUROORGHDFWLWXGHVSRVLWLYDVKDFLDXQRPLVPR\KDFLDRWURVVHSRWHQFLDDWUDYpV
GHOGHVDUUROORGHODVKLVWRULDV\GHDFWLYLGDGHVGHH[SUHVLyQSHUVRQDO
x ODVDSWLWXGHVVRFLDOHVVHGHVDUUROODQDOKDFHUTXHORVQLxRVDVWUDEDMHQSRUSDUHMDV\HQ
JUXSR
6HYDQHYLWDQGRORVREVWiFXORVFUHDQGRXQDPELHQWHSRVLWLYRGHOLEHUWDGUHODMDFLyQGRQGH
VHFRPSUHQGH\YDORUDDFDGDXQRHVWLPXODQGRWRGDPDQLIHVWDFLyQSHUVRQDO$OVHFXHQFLDUODV
DFWLYLGDGHVVHWLHQHSUHVHQWHODOLPLWDFLyQHQODFDSDFLGDGGHDWHQFLyQ\GHFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH
ORV QLxRV $OJXQDV GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV TXH VH PHQFLRQDQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ ODV HQFRQWUDPRV HQ
XQDUHYLVWDGHH[SHULHQFLDVHGXFDWLYDV'HOJDGR\-LPpQH]S
x %~VTXHGDGH5HLQR8QLGRHQDWODVLQIDQWLOHV\SyVWHUVFRQIRWRVHLQIRUPDFLyQSXQWXDO
HQ HO TXH VH H[SOLFD HQ JUDQGHV SLQFHODGDV JHRJUDItD KLVWRULD FRVWXPEUHV HGLILFLRV PiV
LPSRUWDQWHVGHODFLXGDG
x 9LVLRQDGRGHLPiJHQHVHQELWVGHLQWHOLJHQFLD\RUGHQDGRUGHORVSULQFLSDOHV OXJDUHV
\PRQXPHQWRVGH/RQGUHVDVtFRPRGHORVSHUVRQDMHVPiVHPEOHPiWLFRV


x 3UR\HFFLyQ GH GLDSRVLWLYDV VREUH ORV HGLILFLRV \ PRQXPHQWRV PiV FRQRFLGRV \
HPEOHPiWLFRV GH OD FLXGDG DFRPSDxDGRV GH XQ EUHYH FRPHQWDULR \ GHVFULSFLyQ GH FDGD
XQRGHHOORV
x 5HDOL]DFLyQGHFtUFXORVGHFDUWXOLQDGHGLIHUHQWHVWDPDxRVSDUDFRORFDUORVXQRVHQFLPD
GHRWURV\DVtDSUHQGHUPHMRUHOFRQFHSWRGHFLXGDGUHJLyQSDtV/RVDOXPQRVVRQORVTXH
HODERUDQORVFtUFXORVFRQGLIHUHQWHVWpFQLFDVSOiVWLFDV
x &RQVWUXFFLyQ GH XQ SHTXHxR FLUFXLWR HQ FODVH FRQ FRQRV VLOODV PHVDV $O
H[SORUDUOR HO DOXPQDGR YD DGHFXDQGR FDGD PRYLPLHQWR DO HVSDFLR \ D ORV REMHWRV TXH OH
URGHDQ
x 5HSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH XQ PHUFDGR LQJOpV FRQ FRPLGDV GH SOiVWLFR IRWRV GH DOLPHQWRV
WtSLFRVILVKDQGFKLSVWHDXWLOL]DQGROLEUDVGHSOiVWLFRUHDOHV\IROOHWRV
x ([SORUDFLyQGHOHQWRUQR(ODERUDFLyQGHPDSDVGHUHOLHYHTXHPXHVWUHQODIRUPDGHXQD
VXSHUILFLH GH WHUUHQR \VLUYDQSDUD LGHQWLILFDU GyQGH VH HQFXHQWUDQ ODV PRQWDxDV FROLQDV
OODQXUDV GHVLHURV \ UtRV HQ HVWH SDtV LPSULPLHQGR LPiJHQHV SDUD SHJDUODV HQ ORV OXJDUHV
DSURSLDGRV,QYHVWLJDUHPRVORVWLSRVGHIRUPDVGHUHOLHYHGH(VSDxD\ORVFRPSDUDUHPRV
FRQHO5HLQR8QLGR
x )DEULFDFLyQ FRQ D\XGD GH ODV IDPLOLDV GH XQ GLRUDPD R PRGHOR WULGLPHQVLRQDO GH XQ
UHOLHYHJHRJUiILFRFRQFUHWRHOHJLGRSRUFDGDDOXPQR\HODERUDGRFRQWpFQLFDVGLYHUVDVSRU
HMHPSORXWLOL]DQGRXQDFDMDGH]DSDWRV\SHJiQGROHDUHQDWLHUUDKLHUEDSODVWLOLQD
x 8QDYH]WUDEDMDGRHOPDUFRJHRJUiILFR\ORVHOHPHQWRVPiVVLJQLILFDWLYRVUHDOL]DPRVXQ
WHDWUR$FRQWLQXDFLyQSUHVHQWDPRVXQDSDUWHGHOJXLyQ

/DSUHVHQWDFLyQODKDFHXQDIDPLOLDSDGUHPDGUHHKLMRTXHYDQDYLDMDUD/RQGUHV
Pap: Este verano nos vamos de vacaciones a Londres! Vamos, coged las maletas
que nos vamos en avin!.
Nio: Y dnde est, mam?
Mam: Londres est en un pas que se llama Inglaterra. Los ingleses al levantarse
no dicen buenos das, sino Good Morning (cancin).
(ODXODVHGLYLGHSRU]RQDVHODXWRE~VYDUHFRUULHQGRHOHVSDFLR\VHYDSDUDQGRHQHVDV]RQDV
TXHGHWDOODQORVWXULVWDV
Conductor del bus: En Londres hay muchos turistas que para ver la ciudad se
montan en el bus.
Turista 1: Hay muchos monumentos que visitar. se es el Ojo de Londres!
Turista 2: La Torre de Londres, donde se guardan las joyas de la corona!
Turista 3: Y ste es el Museo Britnico; en l vemos las momias de Egipto.
Turista 4: El palacio de Buckingham! Vamos a ver el cambio de guardia.

Turista 5: Ah est el ro Tmesis que atraviesa la ciudad. Para cruzar el ro hay

muchos puentes, pero hay uno que se abre para que pasen los barcos grandes y se
llama London Bridge (cancin).
Turista 6: Al ladito del Tmesis est el reloj ms famoso del mundo: el Big Ben.
Cuando dan las 5, los ingleses toman el t.
$OJXQDVGHODVFDQFLRQHVTXHVHLQWHUSUHWDQHQHOWHDWURVRQ*RRGPRUQLQJ)DPLO\ILQJHU
7KH:KHHOVRQWKH%XV/RQGRQ%ULGJHLVIDOOLQJGRZQ

Good morning. Good morning. Good morning to you.
Good morning, Mr. Rooster. Cock-a-doodle-doo...
Daddy finger, daddy finger, where are you?

Here I am. Here I am. How do you do?
Mummy finger, mummy finger, where are you?...
The wheels on the bus go, round and round, round and round,
The wheels on the bus go, round and round, all through the town..
London Bridge is falling down, falling down, falling down.

London Bridge is falling down my fair lady.
)LJXUD'HVILOHSRUODVFDOOHVGH/RQGUHV

+HPRVDSUHQGLGRTXH/RQGUHVFDSLWDOGHO5HLQR8QLGRHVXQDFLXGDGJUDQGHDFWLYD
PRGHUQDHQODTXHYLYHQPLOORQHVGHSHUVRQDVeVWDVHUHFRQRFHSRUVXVDXWREXVHVGHGRV


SLVRV EX]RQHV \ FDELQDV GH FRORU URMR SHUR H[LVWHQ RWURV HOHPHQWRV WtSLFRV TXH OD KDFHQ
LQFRQIXQGLEOHJXDUGLDVGHO3DODFLRGH%XFNLQJKDPWD[LVQHJURV3RVHHLPSRUWDQWHVPXVHRV
TXHDOEHUJDQJUDQGHVREUDVGHDUWHYDOLRVRVREMHWRVKLVWyULFRVH[SRVLFLRQHVVREUHDQLPDOHV\
SODQWDV%HQLWRS
$ODKRUDGHHYDOXDUHOSUR\HFWRWHQHPRVSUHVHQWHSODQLILFDFLyQGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVDFWLWXGGH
GRFHQWH\GLVFHQWHVFDSDFLGDGHVKDELOLGDGHV\QLYHOGH PDGXUDFLyQJUDGRGH PRWLYDFLyQ H
LQWHUpVSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHIDPLOLDV\DOXPQDGR/DHYDOXDFLyQVHKDFHDQWHVGXUDQWH\GHVSXpV
GHOGHVDUUROORGHOSUR\HFWRDWUDYpVGHREVHUYDFLyQGLUHFWDUHFRJLGDGHGDWRVIRWRVYtGHRV
FRQDFWLYLGDGHVGHVtQWHVLVRSRVWHULRUHVHWF

&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
'HQWUR GHO SUR\HFWR VH KDQ GHVDUUROODGR REMHWLYRV FRQWHQLGRV PHWRGRORJtD \ HYDOXDFLyQ
EDMRHOSULQFLSLRGHODJOREDOL]DFLyQXWLOL]DQGRGHVWUH]DVGHODVWUHViUHDV&RQHVWHHQIRTXH
VHKDSRWHQFLDGRWDPELpQODDQLPDFLyQDOLQJOpVSDUDTXHQRYHDQODOHQJXDH[WUDQMHUDFRPR
DOJR OHMDQR KDFLHQGR HO SUR\HFWR DPHQR FRPSOHPHQWiQGROR FRQ MXHJRV FDQFLRQHV FXHQWRV
*DOOHJR\*DOOHJRS
(O DSUHQGL]DMH GHO LQJOpV HV PX\ ~WLO FRQRFHU XQD OHQJXD QR HV VROR DPSOLDU
YRFDEXODULR R HVWUXFWXUDV JUDPDWLFDOHV VLQR DSUHQGHU D SHQVDU GH RWUR PRGR FRQRFHU RWURV
PXQGRV FRPXQLFDUVH HQ HOORV UHVSHWDQGR GLIHUHQWHV WLSRV GH SHQVDPLHQWR \ HQWHQGLHQGR
PHMRUODFXOWXUDGHHVHSDtV'HOJDGR\-LPpQH]S
+HPRV LQLFLDGR D ORV GLVFHQWHV HQ DOJXQDV QRFLRQHV EiVLFDV GH *HRJUDItD YRFDEXODULR
SDLVDMHV YLYLHQGDV SUHQGDV GH YHVWLU REMHWRV FRVWXPEUHV DOLPHQWDFLyQ LQWHQWDQGR
GHVDUUROODU DFWLWXGHV GH UHVSHWR \ YDORUDFLyQ KDFLD RWUDV FXOWXUDV \ KDFLD RWURV SXHEORV
DPSOLDQGRFRQWHQLGRVWUDEDMDGRVDQWHULRUPHQWH
(VWH PRGHOR GH WUDEDMR QRV KD SHUPLWLGR GDU UHVSXHVWD D OD QHFHVLGDG GHO GLVFHQWH
IDYRUHFLHQGR OD SURPRFLyQ GH VXV FRPSHWHQFLDV SURIHVLRQDOHV HVSHFtILFDV PHGLDQWH XQ
PRGHOR VRFLRFUtWLFR GRQGH HO SURIHVRUDGR DFW~D GH PRWRU GH FDPELR XQ FDPELR QRYHGRVR
TXHD\XGDDYDORUDUODFRPSHWHQFLDFRPXQLFDWLYDJHRJUiILFD\VRFLDO

)LJXUD/DKRUDGHWRPDUHOWp


%,%/,2*5$)$
$OPXHGR - 'H 2OLYHLUD * FRRUG (O HQWRUQR \ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FRPR UHFXUVRV
HGXFDWLYRV /tQHD WHPiWLFD GHO ;, &RQJUHVR 1DFLRQDO GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD
1DWLYRVGLJLWDOHV\JHRJUDItDHQHOVLJOR;;,(GXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFD\HVWLORVGHDSUHQGL]DMH
>(QOtQHD$FFHVROLEUH@KWWSZZZ[LFRQJUHVRJHRGLGDFWLFDHV>~OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH
@
%DOH-Didctica de la geografa en la escuela primaria0DGULG(GLFLRQHV0RUDWD
%HQLWR&Londres. La capital inglesa1XEDULV'HVFXEUHFRQ0ROL(GHOYLYHV
'HFUHWRGHGHDJRVWRSRUHOTXHVHUHJXODODIRUPDFLyQLQLFLDO\SHUPDQHQWHGHO
SURIHVRUDGR HQ OD &RPXQLGDG $XWyQRPD GH $QGDOXFtD DVt FRPR HO 6LVWHPD $QGDOX] GH
)RUPDFLyQ3HUPDQHQWHGHO3URIHVRUDGR%2-$1~PGHGHDJRVWR
'HOJDGR 0 9 \ -LPpQH] 0 7 /RQGUHV XQ OXJDU GRQGH VH KDEOD LQJOpV
([SHULHQFLDVHGXFDWLYDVLQIDQWLO\SULPDULDCparra. Revista de innovacin y experiencias
educativas editada por los CPRs de la provincia de Cceres Q SS >(Q OtQHD
$FFHVR OLEUH@ KWWSUHYLVWDFDSDUUDMXQWDH[WUHPDGXUDQHWDUFKLYRVBSGI ([WUHPDGXUD
>~OWLPRDFFHVRDJRVWR@
*DOOHJR & , \ *DOOHJR 0 0 ,QLFLDFLyQ HQ OD OHQJXD H[WUDQMHUD LQJOpV GHVGH
(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOHQ%DUUHDOHV00DGULG'3UDGD0&\3UDGR5&&RRUGtica,
Esttica y Estrategias Didcticas en Educacin Infantil. Tomo I. 2 parte. 0iODJD*UXSRGH
,QYHVWLJDFLyQ(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO\)RUPDFLyQGH(GXFDGRUHV8QLYHUVLGDGHVGH$QGDOXFtD
SS
*UXSR &URQRV Ensear la ciudad. Didctica de la geografa urbana 0DGULG
(GLFLRQHVGHOD7RUUH
0RUHQR 0 & \ *DOOHJR & , 0L EDUULR XQ SUR\HFWR GLGiFWLFR JHRJUiILFR HQ
(GXFDFLyQ ,QIDQWLO HQ $VVRFLDFiR GH 3URIHVVRUHV GH *HRJUDILD ,QVWLWXWR GH *HRJUDILD H
2UGHQDPHQWRGR7HUULWyULRGD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH/LVERD*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDGH
OD $VVRFLDFLyQ GH *HyJUDIRV (VSDxROHV /LVERD $VVRFLDFiR GRV 3URIHVVRUHV GH *HRJUDILD
SS
0RUHQR 0 & \ *DOOHJR & , (JLSWR HQ PL DXOD 'LGiFWLFD GH OD JHRJUDItD SDUD
HGXFDFLyQLQIDQWLOHQ'H0LJXHO5'H/i]DUR0/\0DUUyQ0-HGVLa educacin
geogrfica digital =DUDJR]D *UXSR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD $VRFLDFLyQ GH *HyJUDIRV (VSDxROHV
$*(\8QLYHUVLGDGGH=DUDJR]DSS
0XU2Como introducir el ingls en Educacin Infantil0DGULG(VFXHOD(VSDxROD
2UGHQ GH GH MXOLR GH SRU OD TXH VH DSUXHED HO ,,, 3ODQ $QGDOX] GH )RUPDFLyQ
3HUPDQHQWHGHO3URIHVRUDGR%2-$1~PGHGHVHSWLHPEUH
5HDO 'HFUHWR GH GH GLFLHPEUH SRU HO TXH VH HVWDEOHFHQ ODV HQVHxDQ]DV
PtQLPDVGHOVHJXQGRFLFORGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO%2(1~PGHGHHQHURGH
(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD%2(1~PGHGHPDU]RGH
5HVROXFLyQGHGHVHSWLHPEUHGHGHOD'LUHFFLyQ*HQHUDOGHO3URIHVRUDGR\*HVWLyQGH
5HFXUVRV +XPDQRV SRU OD TXH VH GHWHUPLQD HO GHVDUUROOR GH ODV OtQHDV HVWUDWpJLFDV GH
IRUPDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGRHVWDEOHFLGDVHQHO,,,3ODQ$QGDOX]GH)RUPDFLyQ3HUPDQHQWH GHO


3URIHVRUDGR \ OD HODERUDFLyQ GH ORV SUR\HFWRV GH IRUPDFLyQ SDUD HO FXUVR %2-$
1~PGHGHVHSWLHPEUH
5XHGD & \ 3HLQDGR 0 (O WUDEDMR SRU SUR\HFWRV HQ HGXFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD HQ
'HOJDGR - - 'H /i]DUR 0 / \ 0DUUyQ 0 - HGV Aportaciones de la geografa en el
aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida0iODJD*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD$VRFLDFLyQGH*HyJUDIRV
(VSDxROHV$*(\)XQGDFLyQ*HQHUDOGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH0iODJDSS
7HEHURVN\$/HHUSDUDHQVHxDUDHVFULELUCuadernos de PedagogaSS


+,6725,$6(1(/3$,6$-('(/$6(55$1,$'($7,(1=$

$OIRQVR*DUFtDGHOD9HJD
'DQLHOD'HURVDV&RQWUHUDV
$QD6iQFKH]5LFR
0DUFRV&KLFD'LD]
7KLDUD9LFKLDWR%UHGD
1
Universidad Autnoma de Madrid (UAM, Espaa)
2
Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP, SP, Brasil)
alfonso.delavega@uam.es
5(680(1
(VWH WUDEDMR UHJLVWUD OD H[SHULHQFLD OOHYDGD D FDER FRQ HVWXGLDQWHV GH GRFWRUDGR \ PiVWHU KDFLD HO S~EOLFR HQ
JHQHUDO(OREMHWLYRVHUHILHUHDODWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRFLHQWtILFRDODVRFLHGDG\VLFDEHFRPRHVWH
FRQRFLPLHQWRSHUPLWHLQWHJUDUSRVWXUDVFUtWLFDVHQORVFLXGDGDQRVVREUHHOWHUULWRULRTXHKDELWDQ'XUDQWHOD(GDG
0HGLD FDPSHVLQRV PRQMHV \ FDEDOOHURV MXQWR D PHUFDGHUHV \ QREOHV LQWHUYLQLHURQ HQ OD WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GHO
SDLVDMH /DV DFWLYLGDGHV SURIHVLRQDOHV GLHURQ OXJDU D XQ OHJDGR GH YHVWLJLRV D~Q SUHVHQWHV HQ HO SDLVDMH /D
LGHQWLILFDFLyQGHORVUHVWRV\VXYLQFXODFLyQFRQHVWRVSHUVRQDMHVDQyQLPRVFRQGXFHDODUHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQ
SDLVDMHTXHIRUPDSDUWHGHOOHJDGRSDWULPRQLDO

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
3DLVDMH(GDG0HGLD6HUUDQtDGH$WLHQ]D

,1752'8&&,1
/RV HYHQWRV FLHQWtILFRV FRPR OD 6HPDQD GH OD &LHQFLD VH KDQ FRQYHUWLGR HQ VLWXDFLRQHV
LGyQHDVSDUDODWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR/DVFRQGLFLRQHVUHVXOWDQySWLPDVSDUDJHQHUDU
DSUHQGL]DMH HQ HO JUXSR GH HVWXGLDQWHV GH GRFWRUDGR \ PiVWHU GHVGH OD VLWXDFLyQ UHDO (O
FRPSURPLVR VRFLDO GH OD FLHQFLD SDUD WUDQVPLWLU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR FLHQWtILFR \ VXV DOFDQFHV
HQYXHOYH D WRGR HO iPELWR DFDGpPLFR $Vt GHVGH ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV VH SURSRQH HODERUDU
XQD DFWLYLGDG LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU TXH SHUPLWD GLYXOJDU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR UHIHULGR D ODV UHODFLRQHV
HQWUHODVGLYHUVDVGLVFLSOLQDV/DFODYHGHHVDLQWHUDFFLyQHVWULEDHQHOSDLVDMHVXGHILQLFLyQ\
VXHYROXFLyQ
/D HWDSD HOHJLGD FRUUHVSRQGH D OD (GDG 0HGLD SRU FXDQWR DFRQWHFLHURQ QXPHURVRV KHFKRV
KLVWyULFRV TXH LQWHUYLQLHURQ HQ OD HYROXFLyQ GHO SHUILO GH XQ SDLVDMH QDWXUDO \ HQ VXV
FRQQRWDFLRQHV FXOWXUDOHV 3DUD HOOR VH KDQ HOHJLGR XQRV HQFODYHV SDWULPRQLDOHV \ XQRV
SHUVRQDMHVTXHSHUPLWLUiQGHVDUUROODUXQUHODWRQDUUDGRGHVGHORVSHUVRQDMHVSURWDJRQLVWDVHQ
ODVPRGLILFDFLRQHVGHOSDLVDMHGXUDQWHODpSRFDVHxDODGD(QHVWHVHFWRUJHRJUiILFR\GXUDQWH
HVWDpSRFDKLVWyULFDVHPXHVWUDQQXPHURVRVDVSHFWRVUHVHxDEOHVVREUHODLQWHUYHQFLyQKXPDQD
HQ HO SDLVDMH (Q VXPD VH WUDWD GH PRVWUDU ODV PRGLILFDFLRQHV HQ HO SDLVDMH D WUDYpV GHO
FDOHLGRVFRSLRGHODVRFLHGDGPHGLHYDO
A.Garca de la Vega, D.Derosas Contreras, A.Snchez Rico, M.Chica Diaz, T.Vichiato Breda


/2&$/,=$&,1*(2*5),&$
/D 6HUUDQtD GH $WLHQ]D VH ORFDOL]D HQ HO HVWULER QRURFFLGHQWDO GHO 6LVWHPD &HQWUDO
FRQVWLWX\HQGR XQD SDUWH GHO HQWUDPDGR PRQWDxRVRTXH IRUPD OD GLYLVRULD GH DJXDV HQWUHODV
FXHQFDV GH ORV UtRV 'XHURDO 1RUWH \ 7DMR DO 6XU /D 9LOOD\ 7LHUUD GH $WLHQ]D LQWHJUD XQ
QXPHURVR JUXSR GH SREODFLRQHV TXH D~Q SRVHHQ VX WRSyQLPR FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH HVWDU
VXE\XJDGDV GHVGH OD pSRFD PHGLHYDO D HVWD YLOOD (VWH HV HO FDVR GH 3UiGHQD GH $WLHQ]D
0LHGHV GH $WLHQ]D $OGHDQXHYD GH $WLHQ]D TXH DSDUHFHQ GLVSHUVDV SRU WRGR HO HQWRUQR GH
FHUURV\VLHUUDVFLUFXQGDQWHV)LJXUD

&/RFDOL]DFLyQJHRJUiILFDGH$WLHQ]DHQWUHODVVLHUUDVGHOD%RGHUD\$OWR5H\\ORVSiUDPRVGHODVLHUUD
GH3HOD\%XOHMRSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDOPDFL]RGH$\OORQ)WH,*1

/D ORFDOL]DFLyQ JHRJUiILFD GH $WLHQ]D FRUUHVSRQGH D XQ HPSOD]DPLHQWR GLYLVRULR GH ODV
FXHQFDV KLGURJUiILFDV HQWUH ORV UtRV 'XHUR DO 1RUWH \ 7DMR DO 6XU 7DPELpQ VH SXHGH
REVHUYDU TXH MXQWR DO FHUUR GRQGH VH ORFDOL]D $WLHQ]D P VH GLVSHUVDQ RWURV WDQWRV
FHUURVWHVWLJRVFDOFiUHRVFRPR3DGUDVWURP&HUURGHOD+RUFDP\(O&DOYDULR
PMXQWRDRWURVFHUURVUHVLGXDOHVGHOLWRORJtDDQGHVtWLFD/DV3HxDV\P
7RGRV HVWRV FHUURV VH DFDQWRQDQ HQ HO XPEUDO GLYLVRULR GH OD 6HUUDQtD UHFRUWDGRV SRU ORV
DUUR\XHORVGHOVLVWHPDIOXYLDO+HQDUHV-DUDPDSHUWHQHFLHQWHDODFXHQFDGHO7DMR)LJ
7DPELpQFRQYLHQHGHVWDFDUTXHGXUDQWHOD(GDG0HGLDODPDUJHQPHULGLRQDOGHOUtR'XHUR
FRQVWLWX\y XQD IURQWHUD SHUPHDEOH SHUR DVDHWHDGD GH DWDOD\DV \ FXERV IRUWLILFDGRV FRPR VH
UHIOHMD HQ ODV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV D~Q H[LVWHQWHV \ HQ OD WRSRQLPLD $~Q VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ EXHQ
HVWDGR ODV DWDOD\DV GH IiEULFD HQ SLHGUD GH /LFHUDV \ 0RQWHMR GH 7LHUPHV \ RWUDV PXFKDV
IRUWLILFDFLRQHVKDQGHVDSDUHFLGR3RUHOFRQWUDULRPX\SUy[LPRVD$WLHQ]DVH SXHGH


UHFRQVWUXLU XQD OtQHD GH FDVWLOORV PHGLHYDOHV TXH DUUDQFDQ HQ *DOYH GH 6ROYH $WLHQ]D /H
*RIIUHVDOWDTXHHOFULVWLDQLVPRPHGLHYDOHVWUXFWXUy\GHOLPLWyHOHVSDFLRHXURSHR
PHGLDQWH ODV UHGHV GH SXQWRV FDOLHQWHV IRUPDGD SRU ODV LJOHVLDV OXJDUHV GH FXOWR SDUD OD
SHUHJULQDFLyQFDVWLOORV
6REUHHOVLJOR;,,0HQpQGH]3LGDO,\VVDILUPDTXHVHFXOWLYDEDHOELOLQJLVPR
HQWUHORVPXVXOPDQHV\MXGtRVHQODSRHVtDDQGDOXVt\KDVWDODIURQWHUDPHULGLRQDOGHO6LVWHPD
&HQWUDOQRDVtVXFHGtDHQODFRQYHUVDFLyQFRWLGLDQD3RUWDQWRPXFKRVpWLPRViUDEHV\RWURV
WpUPLQRVKtEULGRVLEHURUURPDQFHVKDQOOHJDGRKDVWDQXHVWURVGtDVYLQFXODGRVDODWRSRQLPLD\
UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO 6LVWHPD &HQWUDO /RV WRSyQLPRV FRQ UDtFHV iUDEHV XELFDGRV HQ ODV
SUR[LPLGDGHVGHORVWUD]DGRVYLDULRVGH$WLHQ]DVRQQXPHURVRV

)LJXUD(PSOD]DPLHQWRGH$WLHQ]D\ORVFHUURVGHOHQWRUQRGHOD6HUUDQtDHQODGLYLVRULDGHODVFXHQFDV
IOXYLDOHVGHO'XHUR\7DMR)WH,*1

'XUDQWHOD(GDG0HGLDODFLXGDGUHSUHVHQWDEDHOOXJDUSRGHURVRHQXQHQWRUQRUXUDOGRQGHHO
SRGHUHFRQyPLFRPLOLWDU\UHOLJLRVRVHHQFHUUDEDQWUDVODVPXUDOODVVHJ~QODRSLQLyQGH/H
*RII7RGRHOORDSXQWDDTXHHOWHUULWRULRFRPHQ]DEDDGRPHxDUVHWDQWRODViUHDV
UXUDOHVFRPRXUEDQDV6LELHQODDFWLYLGDGVRFLDO\HFRQyPLFDGHHVWDVGHVWDFDEDQVREUHXQ
WHUULWRULRFDVLGHVFRQRFLGR\HQFLHUWRVOXJDUHVWHPLGRV
$WLHQ]DHVXQSXHEORGHRULJHQFHOWtEHURDOLJXDOTXHHOUHVWRGH(XURSDFRQODOOHJDGDGHO
FULVWLDQLVPR (VSDxD HQWUD HQ HO 0HGLHYR La repoblacin de las zonas rurales hubo de
comenzar al mismo tiempo que la de los ncleos urbanos y apoyada en ellos, pero la
documentacin disponible para estudiarla es muy escasa antes de mediados del siglo XIII y el
margen de hiptesis grande, incluso contando con las aportaciones de los estudios

toponmicos y antroponmicos. Se puede suponer que hubo <<desequilibrios regionales>> y

una insuficiencia crnica de habitantes, a pesar del crecimiento demogrfico propio de la
poca. /DQGHUR4XHVDGDS

)LJXUD3ODQRGH$WLHQ]D)XHQWHKWWSZZZRRFLWLHVRUJFRORVVHXPVWDGLXPVLWXKWP

2%-(7,92'(/$35238(67$('8&$7,9$
(OWUDEDMRWUDWDGHDERUGDUODHYROXFLyQGHOSDLVDMHDWUDYpVGHODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVKXPDQDV
GXUDQWH OD (GDG 0HGLD $ OR ODUJR GH HVWRV VLJORV DSDUHFH OD 3HTXHxD (GDG GHO +LHORFX\D
LQFLGHQFLD FOLPiWLFD VH UHIOHMD HQ ORV SDLVDMHV XUEDQRV \ PRQWDxRVRV /DV RVFLODFLRQHV
WpUPLFDVSHULyGLFDVUHJLVWUDQHVWDFLRQHVLQYHUQDOHVGHEDMDVWHPSHUDWXUDVHLQFOXVRHODXPHQWR
GH ODV SUHFLSLWDFLRQHV GH QLHYH (VWRV FDPELRV RULJLQDQ PRGLILFDFLRQHV HQ OD PRUIRORJtD GH
ODV YHUWLHQWHV \ ODV FXPEUHV PRQWDxRVDV (VSHFLDOPHQWH HVWR VXSRQH XQ GHVDUUROOR GH ODV
IRUPDV JODFLDUHV \ SHULJODFLDUHV HQ HO 6LVWHPD &HQWUDO\ HQ VXH[WUHPRQRURFFLGHQWDO HQ HO
PDFL]RGH$\OOyQGRQGHVHORFDOL]D$WLHQ]D


(OWUDEDMRSUHWHQGHUHFRQRFHUODLQFLGHQFLDGHODVLQWHUYHQFLRQHVKXPDQDVDWUDYpVGHVXVORV
UROHVVRFLDOHV/DVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVHQORVFDPELRVGHXVRGHVXHORODVFRQVWUXFFLRQHVFLYLOHV
\ HFRQyPLFDV JHQHUDURQ PRGLILFDFLRQHV HQ HO SDLVDMH (YLGHQWHPHQWH QR WRGDV KDQ OOHJDGR
KDVWDQXHVWURVGtDVRWUDVHQFDPELRHVWiQUHFRQRFLGDVFRPRSDWULPRQLR(VWHOHJDGRFXOWXUDO
WDPELpQKDGHMDGRVXKXHOODHQHOSDLVDMH6HWUDWDHQVXPDGHLGHQWLILFDUHLQWHUSUHWDUWRGDV
HVDVLQWHUYHQFLRQHVVREUHHOWHUULWRULR

0$7(5,$/(6<0(72'2
/RV PDWHULDOHV GH HVWH SUR\HFWR FRUUHVSRQGHQ D ORV KLWRV KLVWyULFRV ORV SHUVRQDMHV \ ORV
OXJDUHVTXHUHSUHVHQWDQHOHVER]RJHQHUDOGHODVPRGLILFDFLRQHVGHOSDLVDMHDORODUJRGHOD
(GDG0HGLD7UDVHVRVOXJDUHVVHHQFXHQWUDQORVSHUVRQDMHVTXHSHUPLWHQHQJUDQDUORVKHFKRV
GH OD KLVWRULD SHUVRQDV TXH QR QHFHVDULDPHQWH HQFDUQDQ KHFKRV FRQVLGHUDGRV FODYH
3RVLEOHPHQWH WRGR OR FRQWUDULR ORVSHUVRQDMHV DQyQLPRV FRQXQD DFWLYLGDGUHOHYDQWHHQORV
FDPELRVGHOHQWRUQRXUEDQRRUXUDOUHVXOWDQVHU FODYHVSDUD FRPSUHQGHUHVWRVFDPELRV$Vt
SRU HMHPSOR HO PHUFDGHU HO FDPSHVLQR HO SDVWRU LQWHUYLHQH GH PDQHUD GHFLVLYD HQ ORV
FDPELRV GHO SDLVDMH /DV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV GHO SDLVDMH WDPELpQ GHSHQGHQ GH ODV DFFLRQHV
KXPDQDVDQyQLPDVQRVyORGHODYLOODVLQRWDPELpQGHOHQWRUQR$VtWDPELpQODV6DOLQDVGH
,PyQ FRPR VXFHGH HQ RWUDV iUHDV SUy[LPDV HQWUH $WLHQ]D \ 6LJHQ]D UHSUHVHQWDQ HO
DSURYHFKDPLHQWRGHODVDOHQORVDIORUDPLHQWRVVDOLQRVWULiVLFRV
&RPR WDPELpQ RFXUUH FRQ ORV SHUVRQDMHV PiV VLJQLILFDWLYRV TXH LQWHUYLQLHURQ HQ ODV
HVFDUDPX]DV GH XQ VHFWRU HQWUH ODV FXHQFDV GH ORV UtRV 7DMR DO6XU \ 'XHUR DO 1RUWH TXH
TXHGy UHFRQRFLGR FRPR XQD IURQWHUD SHUPHDEOH \ WROHUDQWH SDUD OD FRQYLYHQFLD GH FDQWHURV
PXGpMDUHV FDEDOOHURV GH FDVWLOOR H LQFOXVR VH UHIOHMy HQ OD WRSRQLPLD /RV HOHPHQWRV
DUTXLWHFWyQLFRVGHHVWLORPXGpMDUSURSRUFLRQDQHVDFRQYLYHQFLDPXOWLFXOWXUDOPHGLHYDOHQXQ
iUHDSUy[LPD6DQWD&RORPD$OEHQGLHJR'H OD PLVPD PDQHUD HO DUUDEDOTXHVHH[SDQGH
GHVGHHOVHJXQGROLHQ]RGHOD PXUDOODGH$WLHQ]DKDFLDHO1RUWH PXHVWUDODFRH[LVWHQFLDGH
XQDSREODFLyQGHRULJHQGLYHUVRTXHGHELyDSUHQGHUDFRQYLYLUDWROHUDU\DYLYLU

(OFDVWLOOR\ODPXUDOOD
<DHQHOVLJOR;,HQHO3RHPDGHO0tR&LGHODQyQLPRWURYDGRUKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDODSHQQD
IRXUWGH$WLHQ]DTXHUHSUHVHQWDHOUHIHUHQWHOLWHUDULRGHODVSXJQDVSRUHOWHUULWRULRHQHVRV
VLJORV)LJ(QHOFDStWXORGHO'HVWLHUURGHO&LGVHKDFHPHQFLyQDOD6LHUUDGH0LHGHV
DFWXDO 6LHUUDGH 3HOD SRU GRQGH GHEtD GH WUDQVFXUULU GLFKR FDPLQR 0HQpQGH]3LGDO
/DVPLVPDVTXHGHVGHRWUDSHUVSHFWLYDUHIOHMDHOKLVWRULDGRU'R]\
(VWH DXWRU UHVDOWD OD ILJXUD GHO JHQHUDO iUDEH *DOLE FRPR HO UHSUHVHQWDQWH GH ODV FUXHQWDV
OXFKDVSRUREWHQHUODYLOODTXHWXYLHURQOXJDUHQHOVHFWRU'R]\7DQWRHVDVtTXHVX
QRPEUHDSDUHFHYLQFXODGRDXQRGHORVSRUWLOORVQDWXUDOHVVLWXDGRHQOD6LHUUDGH3HOD6iHQ]
5LGUXHMR 8Q SDVR PiV DFFHVLEOHV \ DOWHUQDWLYR D OD YtD GH $WLHQ]D SDUD FUX]DU HO
6LVWHPD &HQWUDO *DUFtD GH OD 9HJD )LQDOPHQWH HQ $OIRQVR 9, LQFRUSRUD OD
9LOODGH$WLHQ]DDOD&RURQDGH&DVWLOODWUDVODVLQQXPHUDEOHVGLVSXWDV
$WLHQ]D HV XQD YLOOD GH GREOH PXUDOOD FX\RV OLHQ]RV \ FXERV WRGDYtD SHUPLWHQ UHFRQRFHU OD
HVWUXFWXUDXUEDQD'XUDQWHHOVLJOR;,,$OIRQVR9,,OHYDQWDHOSULPHUOLHQ]RGHPXUDOODGHOD
YLOODTXHDUUDQFDGHVGHHOFDVWLOORVHIRUPDQ\FRQVROLGDQEDUULRVH[WUDPXURV\VHFRQVWUX\HQ


QXHYDV LJOHVLDV < $OIRQVR 9,,, HQ HO VLJOR ;,,, FRQVWUX\H OD VHJXQGD PXUDOOD TXH GHMD GH
ODGRORVEDUULRVGH1XHVWUD6HxRUDGH9DO6DQ0DUWtQ\6DQ6DQWLDJR)LJ

)LJXUD&DVWLOORGH$WLHQ]D )LJXUD$WLHQ]D\VXVGRVOLHQ]RVGHPXUDOOD

/D LPSRUWDQFLDGH$WLHQ]DHQ OD(GDG0HGLDUHFDtDHQ HOYDORU HVWUDWpJLFRTXHSRVHtD HQOD
IURQWHUDFULVWLDQRPXVXOPDQD(VHVWDFRQGLFLyQXQLGDDTXHWDPELpQSRVWHULRUPHQWHIXHSDVR
HQWUH &DVWLOOD \ $UDJyQ ODV GRV &DVWLOODV \ FRQ HQODFH KDFtD $UDJyQ \ /HYDQWH OR TXH
SURSRUFLRQDEDTXHODDUULHUtDWXYLHUDXQJUDQSHVRVRFLRHFRQyPLFRKDVWDHOVLJOR;,;0DUWtQ
*DOiQ/DSXMDQ]DGHOD9LOODWDPELpQVHYHUHIOHMDGDSRUHOJUDQQ~PHURGHWHPSORV
TXHSRVHtD
6LQ HPEDUJR OD SHVWH QHJUD WDPELpQ OOHJy \ FRPHQ]y XQD GHVSREODFLyQ GH ORV EDUULRV PiV
SUy[LPRVGHOFDVWLOOR0DUWtQ*DOiQ3RFRGHVSXpVKDEUtDXQDUHFXSHUDFLyQTXHVHYLR
IUXVWUDGDDPHGLDGRVGHOVLJOR;9FRQODVJXHUUDVGHORVLQIDQWHVGH$UDJyQ)XHHOPRPHQWR
HQHOTXH$WLHQ]DFD\yHQPDQRVGH5RGULJRGH5HEROOHGR\HQHOTXH-XDQ,,GH&DVWLOOD\
GRQ OYDUR GH /XQD IRU]DQGR XQ ODUJR H LQIUXFWXRVR DVHGLR VH YLR REOLJDGR HO PRQDUFD D
RUGHQDUODGHVSREODFLyQGHODYLOODHODSRUWLOODPLHQWRGHODVPXUDOODV\HOLQFHQGLRGHEDUULRV
HQWHURV0DUWtQ*DOiQ
/DV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV GHIHQVLYDV HVSHFLDOPHQWH WRUUHV \ DWDOD\DV PDQLILHVWDQ OD SUREDEOH
XELFDFLyQGHXQDIURQWHUDSHUPHDEOHORFDOL]DGDHQWUHODPDUJHQL]TXLHUGDGHOUtR'XHUR\ODV
YHUWLHQWHV GHO 6LVWHPD &HQWUDO 1XPHURVDV SREODFLRQHV VRULDQDV H[SUHVDQ HQ VXV UHVSHFWLYRV
WRSyQLPRV OD UHIHUHQFLD D XQD SUREDEOH WRUUH GH YLJLODQFLD R D XQ FXER GH PXUDOOD FRPR
7RUUDxR7RUUHPRFKD7RUUHVXVR7RUUHYLFHQWH\7RUUXELDHQWUHRWURV

0XGpMDUHVHQ$WLHQ]D
(QWHQGHPRV SRU PXGpMDU DTXHOORV PXVXOPDQHV TXH GHFLGLHURQ SHUPDQHFHU HQ OD SHQtQVXOD
GHVSXpV GH TXH ORV FULVWLDQRV FRQTXLVWDUDQ HO WHUULWRULR HQ HO TXH YLYtDQ /D GHQRPLQDFLyQ
PXGpMDUKDVWDDQWHVGHOVLJOR;9IXHHPSOHDGDFRQDVLGXLGDGSRUORVSURSLRVPXVXOPDQHVD
PRGR GH PHQRVSUHFLR SXHV VLJQLILFDUtD HO GRPHxDGR HO TXH VH TXHGD /DGHUR 4XHVDGD
(FKHYDUUtDUHFXHUGDTXHHQHOVLJOR;,FXDQGRVHILUPDURQORVSDFWRVSDUDTXH
ORV PXVXOPDQHV YHQFLGRV VH SXGLHUDQ TXHGDU HQ VXV WLHUUDV GRQGH SDUWH GH HOODV VHUtDQ
FRPSDUWLGDVFRQORVFULVWLDQRVHOQ~PHURGHPXVXOPDQHVVXSHUDEDHQRFDVLRQHVDOGH


FULVWLDQRV RFXSDQGR HO WHUULWRULR GHVGH ODV IRUWLILFDFLRQHV VLWXDGDV HQ HO LQWHULRU GH ODV
FLXGDGHV \ YLOODV /RV PXGpMDUHV WHQtDQ XQD FRQGLFLyQ MXUtGLFD OLEUH \ TXH KXER PXGpMDUHV
GHVGHILQDOHVGHOVLJOR;,DFRPLHQ]RVGHOVLJOR;9,\ORVOODPDGRVPRULVFRVGHVGHHQWRQFHV
KDVWDVXH[SXOVLyQ/DGHUR4XHVDGD
&RPRFRPHQWD/DGHUR4XHVDGDla realidad social de los mudjares suele estar
un tanto deformada y se acostumbra a hacer referencia a otros aspectos de la realidad
'HVWDFDQGR HO RULHQWDOLVPR HQ FXDOTXLHU DVSHFWR UHIHULGR D OD KLVWRULD HVSDxROD DVt FRPR
WDPELpQHOTXHFRQRFHPRVFRPRDUWHPXGpMDU(VFLHUWRTXHORVPXGpMDUHVGHVWDFDURQVREUH
WRGRSRUVXJUDQODERUDUTXLWHFWyQLFD\GHFRUDWLYDWHQLHQGRDGtDGHKR\UHPLQLVFHQFLDVGHVX
LQIOXHQFLD $XQ DVt QR VH SXHGH FDHU HQ OD FRQFHSFLyQ HUUyQHD GH TXH WRGR DUWH PXGpMDU
LPSOLFDUDTXHKDEtDPXGpMDUHVHQOD]RQD\DTXHORVSURSLRVFULVWLDQRVORKDEtDQDVLPLODGR
(QHOFDVRGH$WLHQ]DWHQHPRVHOHMHPSORGHODLJOHVLDGH6DQWD0DUtDGHO5H\(VWDLJOHVLDKD
SDVDGRSRUYDULDVHWDSDVFRQVWUXFWLYDVKD\TXHUHFRUGDUTXHIXHOHYDQWDGDVREUHORVUHVWRVGH
XQD PH]TXLWD iUDEH $O SDUHFHU VHUtD OD SULPHUD LJOHVLD TXH VH HGLILFy HQ OD YLOOD (Q OD
SRUWDGDPHULGLRQDOVHFRQVHUYDXQDUFRPXGpMDUFRQLQVFULSFLRQHVHQiUDEH\HQODWtQ/DIUDVH
HQ ODWtQ HYRFD D OD pSRFD HQ OD TXH VH HULJLy OD LJOHVLD KDFLHQGR UHIHUHQFLD WDPELpQ DO UH\
$OIRQVR,HO%DWDOODGRU
(OKHFKRGHTXHKD\DXQDLQVFULSFLyQHQiUDEHGHODTXHVHKDSRGLGROHHUODSHUPDQHQFLD
SDUD $OODK FRQWULEX\H D UHVDOWDU OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD SREODFLyQ PXGpMDU HQ OD YLOOD GH
$WLHQ]D\TXHVREUHWRGRSRUTXHGRPLQDEDQORVRILFLRVFRQVWUXFWLYRV\GHFRUDWLYRV+HUUHUD
&DVDGR 7DPELpQ ORV PXGpMDUHV FDVWHOODQRV VH GHGLFDURQ D OD HVSHFLDOL]DFLyQ
PDQXIDFWXUHUDRDOSHTXHxRFRPHUFLR\DEDVWHFLPLHQWRORFDODVtFRPRWDPELpQDODDUULHUtD
/DGHUR4XHVDGD
(FKHYDUUtD FRPHQWD SRVLEOHV FRQWUDWRV HQWUH DUULHURV \ PXVXOPDQHV HQWUH ORV TXH
HVWDEDODVDOURMDSURFHGHQWHGHODVVDOLQDVGH$\PyQFRQRFLGDVDFWXDOPHQWHFRPR,PyQHQ
$WLHQ]D*XDGDODMDUD)LJ6HFRQVLGHUDEDHOPD\RUFHQWURSURGXFWRUVLWXDGRDOQRUWHGHO
6LVWHPD&HQWUDO\TXHDEDVWHFtDODVSULQFLSDOHVFLXGDGHV\YLOODVGH&DVWLOOD7UDOOHUR$UUR\R
\0DUWtQH]

)LJXUD6DOLQDVGH,PyQ )LJXUD$SURYHFKDPLHQWRVDJUDULRVGHOHQWRUQR


/RV PXGpMDUHV WXYLHURQ XQ UpJLPHQ GH SURWHFFLyQ \ OLEHUWDG WROHUDGD PDUFDGD SRU DOJXQRV
HOHPHQWRVGHGHVLJXDOGDGRGHVYHQWDMDMXUtGLFDFRPRSRGtDVHUODSURKLELFLyQSDUDDFFHGHUD
DOJ~QRILFLRS~EOLFR\WHQHUFDUJDVWULEXWDULDVHVSHFLDOHV/DGHUR4XHVDGD$GHPiVVH
UHFRQRFLy el derecho de los musulmanes a juzgarse por medio de sus jueces y con sus
propias leyes (FKHYDUUtD

/RVPHUFDGHUHV\DUULHURV
/DORFDOL]DFLyQJHRJUiILFDGH$WLHQ]DFRQGLFLRQDHOLQWHUFDPELRUHFXUUHQWHGHSURGXFWRVHQWUH
FRPDUFDV3RUORWDQWRXQJUDQQ~PHURGHORVKDELWDQWHVGH$WLHQ]DVHGHGLFDURQDODDUULHUtD
\ RWURV HUDQ PHUFDGHUHV DPEXODQWHV TXH LEDQ GH XQD SDUWH D RWUD GHO UHLQR WUDQVSRUWDQGR \
YHQGLHQGRODVPHUFDQFtDV/D\QD6HUUDQR(OKHFKRGHYLDMDUHQJUXSRHQORVVXFHVLYRV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV\DOVLHQGRFRQRFHGRUHVGHODIRUPDFLyQGHFRIUDGtDV VHSXHGHSHQVDUTXH
HVWRSURSLFLyDTXHHQ$WLHQ]DVHRUJDQL]DUDQHQFRPXQLGDG
/H*RIIUHVDOWDHOSDSHOVRFLDOGHOPHUFDGHUGHVGHSULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR;,HQ(XURSD
SXHVODSREODFLyQQHFHVLWDEDDUWtFXORVTXHQRVHSURGXFtDQHQOD]RQD3UHFLVDPHQWHGXUDQWH
HOVLJOR;,,,VHIRUMDODFRIUDGtDGHDUULHURV\PHUFDGHUHVGHQRPLQDGD/D&DEDOODGDFRPR
XQD GH ODV FRUSRUDFLRQHV UHOLJLRVRSURIHVLRQDOHV GRFXPHQWDGDV PiV DQWLJXDV GH &DVWLOOD /D
FRIUDGtD HVWi LQWHJUDGD SRU SHUVRQDV GH OD PLVPD SURIHVLyQ TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ EDMR HO
SDWURQDWR \ DPSDUR GH XQ VDQWR WLWXODU VLHQGR OD GHYRFLyQ \ OD FDULGDG FULVWLDQD HUDQ VX
SUHPLVD(QODSOD]DGHO7ULJRWHQtDOXJDUHOPHUFDGRHQ$WLHQ]DGXUDQWHOD(GDG0HGLD
'H HVWD IRUPD D SDUWH GHO FDUiFWHU UHOLJLRVR TXH SURIHVDQ SRGtD VHUOHV GH XWLOLGDG SDUD
D\XGDUVHGHQWURGHODSURIHVLyQ\KDFHUIUHQWHDFRQIOLFWRVTXHSXGLHUDQSUHVHQWiUVHOHV/D\QD
6HUUDQRFRPHQWDODSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHHOSULPHUSDWUyQGHOD&RIUDGtDGH$WLHQ]DIXHUD
6DQ -XOLiQ \ TXH SRVWHULRUPHQWH FRQ ODV 2UGHQDQ]DV GHILQLWLYDV HO SDWURQDWR IXHUD EDMR OD
6DQWtVLPD7ULQLGDG(YRFDQGRDODWUDGLFLyQODEDQGHUDRJXLyQTXHVHXWLOL]DEDHQORVGHVILOHV
IXHXQDFRQFHVLyQSRUSDUWHGH$OIRQVR9,,,FRPR+HUPDQR0D\RUGHODPLVPD
/D\QD 6HUUDQR UHFXHUGD TXH GHVH OD $OWD (GDG 0HGLD OD SULPHUD RUJDQL]DFLyQ
FRUSRUDWLYD UHJLVWUDGD HQ $WLHQ]D HV HO &RQFHMR R &RQVHMR TXH HVWDED IRUPDGR SRU ODV
SHUVRQDV GH PiV SUHVWLJLR SDUD PDQWHQHU OD SD] HQWUH ORV YHFLQRV 3URQWR ODV IXQFLRQHV TXH
UHDOL]DEDVHLUiQGLVWULEX\HQGRHQWUHORVLQWHJUDQWHV\VHUiQQRPEUDGRVSRUHOHFFLyQSRSXODU
VLHQGRVXMHWRVDODDXWRULGDGGHODOFDLGHTXHHUDQRPEUDGRSRUHOPRQDUFD
3RVWHULRUPHQWHHO&RQFHMRVHVXVWLWX\ySRUODGHQRPLQDFLyQGHOComn de villa y tierraTXH
FRUUHVSRQGtD D OD DJUXSDFLyQ FRPDUFDV GH ODV DOGHDV EDMR HO JRELHUQR GH XQD SOD]D IXHUWH
UHDOHQJD FRQ HO ILQ GH DSURYHFKDU SDVWRV \ OHxD /D\QD 6HUUDQR /D\QD
DFODUDTXHH[LVWtDXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQGHGHIHQVD\FRQTXLVWDSURJUHVLYDGHOWHUULWRULRUHJLGDSRU
HO&RQFHMRGHOD9LOODTXHDWUDYpVGHORVSHUVRQHURVRVH[PHURVDGRSWDQORVDFXHUGRV
GHLQWHUpVSDUDODFRPDUFD$ILQDOHVGHOVLJOR;9HQHOComn de villa y tierra, ORVDUWHVDQRV
VHDJUXSDEDQHQJUHPLRVVHJ~QDFODUD/D\QDTXHVHUHJtDQSRUODV2UGHQDQ]DV
0DUWtQ *DOiQ H[SOLFD TXH $WLHQ]D DOFDQ]y FRQ HVWD GHQRPLQDFLyQ XQD H[WHQVD
MXULVGLFFLyQTXHOHRWRUJDEDXQJUDQSRGHU\EXHQRVUHFXUVRVHFRQyPLFRV(OWHUULWRULRGHOD
9LOOD GH $WLHQ]D DOFDQ]y &LQFRYLOODV 0DGULJDO 1DKDUURV 7RUGHOORVR 3UiGHQD \
$OGHDQXHYDGHO3XHUWRDGHPiVGHOEDUULRRDUUDEDOGH%RFKRQHV\DOJXQRVRWURVQ~FOHRVGH
PHQRUWDPDxR3UDGHQD\$OGHDQXHYDHQWUHRWUDVIXHURQSREODGRVFX\RWRSyQLPRDOFDQ]D
KDVWD OD DFWXDOLGDG VHJ~Q VH VHxDOy PiV DUULED 6LQ HPEDUJR SUHFLVDPHQWH HO FDUiFWHU
GHIHQVLYRRIHQVLYRJHQHUyXQGHFOLYHHQODSUHVLyQWHUULWRULDOGHELGRDODVVXFHVLYDV


GRQDFLRQHV \ XVXUSDFLRQHV VHxRULDOHV 0DUWtQ *DOiQ KDFH UHIHUHQFLD D TXH OD
DEXQGDQFLDGHOFOHURHQ$WLHQ]DVHGHEHDODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQFDELOGRHFOHVLiVWLFRGHRULJHQ
PHGLHYDOTXHSRVHtDXQDVyOLGDEDVHHFRQyPLFD

/D1REOH]D
(OGHVSREODPLHQWRGHOYDOOHGHO'XHURGXUDQWHDOJXQRVVLJORVGHOD(GDG0HGLDVHPHMDEDXQ
GHVLHUWRVHJ~QVHxDOD9DOGHyQ6LQHPEDUJRDOPHQRVGHELyH[LVWLUXQDIURQWHUDR
DO PHQRV GH XQD YDQJXDUGLD GH FRORQL]DFLyQ SDUD DWHQXDU ODV FDPSDxDV GH $OPDQ]RU
0tQJXH] 3RVWHULRUPHQWH 9DOGHyQ DUJXPHQWD TXH HVWD WLHUUD GH
QDGLHGHELySRVHHUVHSRUSUHVXUDTXHHUDHOVLVWHPDGHH[SORWDFLyQGHOWHUUD]JR0tQJXH]
GHVWDFD OD FRORQL]DFLyQ HVSRQWiQHD DO 6XU GHO 'XHUR FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GHO
HPEULRQDULRIHXGDOLVPRTXHVHGHVDUUROODEDDO1RUWHGHHVWHUtR
/RVFRQFHSWRVVREUHFyPRGHEHVHUXQKRPEUHDORODUJRGHO PHGLRHYRFDPELDQDORODUJR
GHOWUDQVFXUVRGHOWLHPSR6LQHPEDUJRH[LVWHXQDFRQVWDQWH\HVTXHHOKRPEUHYLUWXRVRHV
FULVWLDQREn esta sociedad, dominada, impregnada hasta sus ntimas fibras por la religin,
tal modelo, evidentemente, era definido por la religin y, en primer lugar, por la ms alta
expresin de la ciencia religiosa: la teologa. /H*RIIS
(VWDWHQGHQFLDKDFLDHOFULVWLDQLVPRSHUVLVWHSHUR\DHQODEDMDHGDGPHGLDHOKRPEUHVHKDFH
FDUJRGHVtPLVPR\FRPLHQ]DDVHUSURWDJRQLVWDGHODUHOLJLyQTXHSUHJRQDGHPRVWUiQGROR
WDQWRHVSLULWXDOFRPRPDWHULDOPHQWH\WLxHQGRWRGRVORVDVSHFWRVGHODYLGDEl perodo del
verdadero feudalismo, en el que florece la caballera, se cierra ya en el siglo XIII. Lo que
sigue es la etapa de la Edad Media en la que los factores dominantes en el Estado y en la
sociedad son el poder mercantil de la burguesa y el poder financiero de los prncipes, que
descansa en el anterior. +XL]LQJDS

)LJXUDV\$UFRGH$UUHEDWDFDSDVL]GDHQWUDGDDODSOD]DGHO7ULJRGFKD


La pobreza se interpretaba en trminos de divisin jurdico estamental de la sociedad: se
consideraba pobres a los no nobles, a los no privilegiados, por lo que no se vea ninguna
incongruencia lgica en la oposicin <<nobles pobres>>, ya que tales conceptos no se
referan a la economa, a la propiedad. *XULpYLFK S 6HU ULFR R VHU SREUH HUDQ
FRQFHSWRVTXHDEDUFDEDQJOREDOPHQWHIRUPDVGHYLGD\OLPSLH]DGHVDQJUH\DTXHUHDOPHQWH
HQ SOHQD $OWD (GDG 0HGLD ORV IHXGDWDULRV TXH FRQVWLWXtDQ OD FODVH DULVWRFUiWLFD WHQtDQ XQD
IRUPDGHYLGDTXHVHDVHPHMDEDEDVWDQWHDODGHORVFDPSHVLQRVEDMRVXPDQGDWR(QODSOD]D
GHOWULJRGH$WLHQ]DVHXELFDODGHQRPLQDGD&DVDGHO&DELOGRGHRULJHQQRELOLDULR)LJV\

/RVSHUHJULQRV
'XUDQWH OD (GDG 0HGLD ORV RELVSDGRV FULVWLDQRV LQWHUYLQLHURQ HQ OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ WHUULWRULDO
GHVGH HVWH VHFWRU QRURULHQWDO GHO 6LVWHPD &HQWUDO KDFLD ODV FXHQFDV GHO 'XHUR \ 7DMR /RV
RELVSDGRVVHHPSOD]DURQHQORFDOLGDGHVFRPR6LJHQ]DPX\SUy[LPDD$WLHQ]D-DGUDTXHDO
6XURELHQ$\OOyQDOQRURHVWH\%HUODQJDDOQRUHVWH/DDGVFULSFLyQGHORVWHUULWRULRVDVXV
UHVSHFWLYRV RELVSDGRV SURYHQtD GH YDULDV YtDV UHDO (VWH GRPLQLR WHUULWRULDO HFOHVLiVWLFR
LQWHUYLHQHGHPDQHUDGHFLVLYDHQODWULEXWDFLyQGHLPSXHVWRVDQREOHV\FDPSHVLQRVPHGLDQWH
GLH]PRV
(Q WRGR OR TXH VH UHILHUH D OD YLGD FRWLGLDQD GHO SXHEOR VH SUHVLGtD D WUDYpV GH XQD
VXEVLVWHQFLD EDVWDQWH FRPSOHMD GHELGR D ODV H[LJHQFLDV GHO FDPSR \ FRQ OD SHFXOLDULGDG GH
VXIUDJDU ORV GHVDVRVLHJRV GH ORV WHUUDWHQLHQWHV \ KRPEUHV GH DUPDV PDQWHQtDQ DO SXHEOR HQ
FRQVWDQWH DOHUWD ,JXDOPHQWH OD PDQHUD GH SHQVDU GH WRGD HVWD VRFLHGDG GH QREOHV \
FDPSHVLQRVYHQtDLQIOXHQFLDGDSRUORVGRJPDVGHOD,JOHVLD&ULVWLDQD
3RU OR WDQWR HO SRGHU HFOHVLiVWLFR TXHGD PX\ DUUDLJDGR HQ HO SURSLR SDLVDMH GH OD YLOOD GH
$WLHQ]DFRQVXVRFKRLJOHVLDV\VXVWUHVHUPLWDVTXHVHFRQWHPSODQHQORVGLIHUHQWHVOXJDUHV
GHODYLOOD'HLJXDOPDQHUDODVFRQQRWDFLRQHVSDLVDMtVWLFDVGHORVDOUHGHGRUHVGH$WLHQ]DQRV
PXHVWUDXQDFODUDLQIOXHQFLDGHSRGHUHFRQyPLFRTXHDGTXLHUHOD,JOHVLDSDUDVXH[SORWDFLyQ\
VXHQULTXHFLPLHQWRFRPRODV6DOLQDVGH,PyQ
(VWDV VDOLQDV IXHURQ FRQFHGLGDV SRU $OIRQVR 9, DO 2ELVSDGR GH 6LJHQ]D R ODV PLQDV GH
+LHQGHODHQFLQD \ VXV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV IRUWLILFDV GHYLQLHQGR PiV WDUGH HQ OD GHQRPLQDFLyQ
SURSLDGH9LOODJUDFLDVDVX$OIR]$VtVHGHVLJQDUtDDWRGRVHOFRQMXQWRFRPR&RPXQLGDGGH
9LOOD \ 7LHUUD OR TXH PiV WDUGH SDVDUi D FRQRFHUVH FRPR OD WHUPLQRORJtD DFWXDO FRQRFLGD
FRPRPXQLFLSLR3RVLEOHPHQWHODH[SORWDFLyQGHODVVDOLQDVGH,PyQORFDOL]DGDVVREUHHOUtR
6DODGR VH UHJLVWUD GHVGH HO VLJOR ; \ VX SUR\HFFLyQ KLVWyULFD DOFDQ]y KDVWD HO VLJOR ;9,,,
KDELHQGRTXHGDGRHQGHVXVRGXUDQWHHOVLJORSDVDGR)LJ
'XUDQWH OD (GDG 0HGLD *XULHYLFK FRQVLGHUD TXH El ideal de la sociedad
medieval era el monje, el santo, el asceta, el hombre que haba renunciado en mayor medida
a los intereses terrestres, a las preocupaciones y tentaciones de este mundo, y que, por ello,
se haba acercado a Dios ms que ningn otro hombre.
() homo viator, el hombre en el camino, siempre en viaje por esta tierra y por su vida
que son espacios/tiempo efmeros de su destino () El hombre del Medioevo es un
peregrino por esencia, por vocacin y, en los siglos XII y XIII, bajo la forma terrenal ms
alta y arriesgada de la peregrinacin, un cruzado. /H *RII S (O SHUHJULQDMH
HUDXQDE~VTXHGDFRQVWDQWHDYHFHVLQFOXVRJXHUUHUDSRUH[SLDUFXOSDV\HQFRQWUDUHOSDUDtVR
WHUUHQDO/H*RII


(Q XQ SHUtRGR HQ GRQGH OD ILJXUD GHO 'LRV FULVWLDQR WRPD WDQWD UHOHYDQFLD ODV UHOLTXLDV GH
VDQWRVVHFRQYLHUWHQHQREMHWRVGHFXOWRPHGLDGRUHVHQWUHORHVSLULWXDO\ORWHUUHQDO(VHQHVWD
E~VTXHGD FRQVWDQWH SRU DSUHKHQGHU ORGLYLQR TXH VXUJHQ UXWDV GH SHUHJULQDFLyQ SDUD YLVLWDU
ORVUHVWRVKDJLRJUiILFRVHQODVGLYHUVDVVHGHVTXHOHVFXVWRGLDQ*DUFtDGHOD%RUEROOD
'HVGH HO DxR G& HQ DGHODQWH YDULRV PRQMHV SODVPDURQ ORV UHODWRV GH VXV YLDMHV SRU
GLYHUVDVUXWDVKDFLD6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHODORTXHJHQHUyQRVyORXQDROHDGDGHSHUHJULQRV
TXH GHVGH GLYHUVRV SXQWRV GH OD SHQtQVXOD VH DYHQWXUDEDQ D )LQLVWHUUH DWOiQWLFR VLQR TXH
WDPELpQODFUHDFLyQGHPRQDVWHULRVKRVSHGHUtDV\KRVSLWDOHV*DUFtDGH&RUWi]DU
8QDGHHVWDVUXWDVHVODGH/D/DQDVHJXLGDSRUJDQDGHURV\SHUHJULQRVQRREVWDQWHHVWH
QRPEUH VH OR GHEH D ORV HVTXLODGRUHV (VWH FDPLQR XQH &XHQFD \ *XDGDODMDUD FRQ HO GH
%XUJRV,QFOXVRPHQFLRQiQGRVH$WLHQ]DHQXQUHODWRGHOD)HGHUDFLyQ(VSDxRODGH$PLJRV
GHO &DPLQR GH 6DQWLDJR VH LQGLFD TXH () en la primavera de 1624 Francisco Patio, su
mujer Mara de Franchis y su primo Sebastin de la Huerta, peregrinaron a Santiago de
Compostela desde Monteagudo de las Salinas (Cuenca), habiendo constancia escrita de su
paso por Astorga y Molinaseca. Desde Atienza a Covarrubias (en sentido inverso) esta ruta
coincide con la Ruta del Destierro del Cid.

&216,'(5$&,21(6),1$/(6
6LELHQHVWDSURSXHVWDHGXFDWLYDFRQFLHUQHDODIDVHSUHOLPLQDUGHXQWUDEDMRTXHD~QFRQWLHQH
RWUDVIDVHVGHOSODQWHDPLHQWR3RUWDQWRGHMDQGRDXQODGRODHYDOXDFLyQVREUHODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ
GHOS~EOLFRHQJHQHUDO\ORVHVWXGLDQWHVHQSDUWLFXODUVHSXHGHQUHYLVDUDOJXQRVDVSHFWRVGHOD
SURSXHVWD 8QR GH HOORV VH UHILHUH D OD YDORUDFLyQ GH ORV FULWHULRV GH VHOHFFLyQ GH ORV
SHUVRQDMHV TXH SURSRUFLRQDQ HO GLVFXUVR DO SDLVDMH HOHJLGR (Q VHJXQGR OXJDU VH SRGUtD
SODQWHDUODHOHFFLyQGHOSDLVDMH\GHOSHUtRGRWHPSRUDOSDUDHVER]DUODLQWHUYHQFLyQKXPDQDHQ
HOWHUULWRULR<HQ~OWLPROXJDUVHSXHGHDQDOL]DUODLGRQHLGDGGHOGLVFXUVRTXHGHVJUDQDQORV
SHUVRQDMHVHQVXUHODFLyQFRQODHYROXFLyQGHOSDLVDMHGXUDQWHOD(GDG0HGLD
/D ODUJD GXUDFLyQ GH OD (GDG 0HGLD HQ HO PDUFR GH OD KLVWRULD SURSRUFLRQD DOJXQRV KLWRV
JHRJUiILFRVVLJQLILFDWLYRVHQODHYROXFLyQGHOSDLVDMHFRPRVXFHGHFRQOD3HTXHxD(GDGGHO
+LHOR$GHPiVORVFDPELRVHQODVRFLHGDGUHJLVWUDQXQDLQIOXHQFLDGLUHFWDVREUHODSURSLHGDG
\ XVR GH OD WLHUUD (VWRV FDPELRV VH KDQ DVLJQDGR D GLYHUVRV SHUVRQDMHV TXH FRQ PD\RU R
PHQRUVLJQLILFDGRHQODVRFLHGDGPHGLHYDOLQWHUYLHQHQHQODPRGLILFDFLyQGHOSDLVDMH(QOD
SURSXHVWD HGXFDWLYD VH UHVDOWDQ WDQWR ORV SHUVRQDMHV KLVWyULFRV FRPR ORV SURIHVLRQDOHV \
RILFLRVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQGLUHFWDPHQWHHQHOHQWUDPDGRVRFLDO\HQODRUJDQL]DFLyQHVSDFLDOGHO
WHUULWRULR (O XVR GH OD UHG GH ODV YtDV URPDQDV \ ORV FDPLQRV GH KHUUDGXUD DVt FRPR ORV
SRUWLOORV SDUD UHODFLRQDU ODV YLOODV \ DOGHDV FRQVWLWX\HQ HOHPHQWRV VLJQLILFDWLYRV HQ OD
HVWUXFWXUD DQWURSL]DGD GHO SDLVDMH /DV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV GHO WHUULWRULR SURYLHQHQ GH ORV XVRV
DJURSHFXDULRV\VLOYtFRODVGHORVERVTXHVGHVGHKDFHVLJORVSHURGXUDQWHHOSHUtRGRPHGLHYDO
VHKDFHQSDWHQWHVDOJXQRVFDPELRV

%,%/,2*5$)$
%DUWRORPp+HUUHUR%(OVHxRUtRWHPSRUDOGHORVRELVSRVGH6HJRYLDHQOD(GDG0HGLD
Anuario de estudios medievalesYROQSS


'R]\ 5 +LVWRULD PXVXOPDQD HVSDxROD KDVWD OD FRQTXLVWD GH $QGDOXFtD SRU ORV
$OPRUiYLGHV WUDGXFFLyQ SRU 'H &DVWUR ) LPSUHQWD 6DOYDGRU $FHxD \ &tD
%DUFHORQDWRPRVSS
'XE\*$UWH\VRFLHGDGHQOD(GDG0HGLD0DGULG6DQWLOODQD
(FKHYDUUtD$/D0D\RUtDPXGpMDUHQ/HyQ\&DVWLOOD/HJLVODFLyQ5HDO\
GLVWULEXFLyQGHODSREODFLyQVLJORV;,;,,,(QOD(VSDxD0HGLHYDO
(FKHYDUUtD$(G%LRJUDItDVPXGpMDUHVRODH[SHULHQFLDGHVHUPLQRUtDELRJUDItDV
LVOiPLFDVHQOD(VSDxDFULVWLDQD0DGULG&RQVHMR6XSHULRUGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV&LHQWtILFDV
*XULpYLFK$/DVFDWHJRUtDVGHODFXOWXUDPHGLHYDO0DGULG7DXUXV+XPDQLGDGHV
+HUUHUD&DVDGR$/D0DUFD0HGLDGH$O$QGDOXVHQWLHUUDVGH*XDGDODMDUD:DG
DO+D\DUD5HYLVWDGHHVWXGLRVGH*XDGDODMDUD*XDGDODMDUD,661
+HUUHUD&DVDGR$\2UWL]*DUFtD$+HUiOGLFD0XQLFLSDOGH*XDGDODMDUD
*XDGDODMDUD$DFKHHGLFLRQHV
+XL]LQJD-El otoo en la Edad Media0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO
/DGHUR4XHVDGD0$La formacin medieval de Espaa: Territorios. Regiones.
Reinos0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO
/DGHUR4XHVDGD0$/RVPXGpMDUHVGH&DVWLOODFXDUHQWDDxRVGHVSXpVEspaa
MedievalQSS
/D\QD6HUUDQR)Historia de la villa de Atienza. 0DGULG&RQVHMR6XSHULRUGH
,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV&LHQWtILFDVH,QVWLWXWR-HUyQLPR=XULWD
/H*RII-El hombre medieval0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO
/H*RIIMLe Moyen Age explique aux enfantsORQUDt1RUPDQGtD'X6HXLO
/H*RII-Una Edad Media en imgenes%DUFHORQD3DLGRV
/H*RII-Hroes, maravillas y leyendas%DUFHORQD3DLGRV
0DUWtQ*DOiQ00$WLHQ]DEUHYHUHVHxDKLVWyULFD(Q-04XHVDGD\$-LPpQH]
El arte en AtienzaSiJV
0HQpQGH]3LGDO*Los caminos en la Historia de Espaa0DGULG&XOWXUD+LVSiQLFD
SS\PDSDV
4XHVDGD-0\-LPpQH]$El arte en Atienza*XDGDODMDUD$$&+((GLFLRQHV
7UDOOHUR6DQ]$0$UUR\R6DQ-RVp-\0DUWtQH]6HxRU9Las salinas de la
comarca de Atienza. *XDGDODMDUD$$&+((GLFLRQHV


3(5&(3&,1'(/$&,8'$''($/%$&(7($75$9e6'(68
3/$12'(0(752&$572*5$)$6873,&$6
-XDQ$QWRQLR*DUFtD*RQ]iOH]
Facultad de Humanidades de Albacete. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
juanantonio.garcia@uclm.es
5(680(1
/DFRPSUHQVLyQHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQLQGLYLGXDOGHOWHUULWRULRHVVHJXLGD\HVWXGLDGDSRUOD*HRJUDItDGHODSHUFHS
FLyQ +DELWXDOPHQWH DGHPiV GH HQFXHVWDV HQWUHYLVWDV \ RWUDV KHUUDPLHQWDV SDUD OD REWHQFLyQ GH
LQIRUPDFLyQ FXDOLWDWLYD VH KD HPSOHDGR HO DQiOLVLV GH HVER]RV \ PDSDV FRJQLWLYRV (Q HVWH FDStWXOR VH
DQDOL]DGHODSHUFHSFLyQGHODFLXGDGGH$OEDFHWHDSDUWLUGHODWLSRORJtDFDUWRJUiILFDGHORVSODQRVGHOPHWUR
(O PRGHOR FDUWRJUiILFR GLVHxDGR SRU +DUU\ %HFN KDFH FDVL XQ VLJOR VLJXH YLJHQWH (Q HVWH FDVR VLUYH GH
LQVWUXPHQWR SDUD OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH FDUWRJUDItDV LPDJLQDULDV TXH PXHVWUDQ OD IRUPD GH SHUFLELU \ RUJDQL]DU HO
WHUULWRULR

$%675$&7
7KHXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQGLQGLYLGXDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHWHUULWRU\LVIROORZHGDQGVWXGLHGE\FRJQLWLRQJHRJUDSK\
8VXDOO\VXUYH\VLQWHUYLHZVDQGRWKHUWRROVWRREWDLQTXDOLWDWLYHLQIRUPDWLRQXVHLW,QDGGLWLRQLWKDVEHHQXVHG
DQDO\VLVFRJQLWLYHPDSVDQGVNHWFKHV,QWKLVSDSHUZHDQDO\]HWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHFLW\RI$OEDFHWHIURPWKH
FDUWRJUDSKLFW\SHRIXQGHUJURXQGPDSV7KHFDUWRJUDSKLFPRGHOGHVLJQHGE\+DUU\%HFNDOPRVWDFHQWXU\DJR
UHPDLQVLQIRUFH,QWKLVFDVHLWVHUYHVDVDQLQVWUXPHQWIRUWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRILPDJLQDU\PDSVVKRZLQJKRZWR
SHUFHLYHDQGRUJDQL]HWKHWHUULWRU\

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
*HRJUDItDGHODSHUFHSFLyQPDSDVFRJQLWLYRVSODQRVGHPHWUR$OEDFHWH

.(<:25'6
&RJQLWLRQJHRJUDSK\FRJQLWLYHPDSVXQGHUJURXQGPDSV$OEDFHWH

,1752'8&&,1
+R\ HQ GtD YLYLPRV GHVERUGDGRV SRU LQIRUPDFLyQ GH WRGR WLSR TXH OOHJD KDVWD QRVRWURV /D
ZHE ODV UHGHV VRFLDOHV \ HO DEDUDWDPLHQWR GH GLVSRVLWLYRV PyYLOHV KDQ KHFKR TXH
WHQJDPRV D QXHVWUR DOFDQFH XQ SRWHQFLDO FRPR QXQFD KHPRV WHQLGR (VWD GLVSRQLELOLGDG KD
OOHJDGRWDPELpQDOHQWRUQRGHODFDUWRJUDItD1XQFDKDVWDDKRUDVHKDSRGLGRGLVSRQHUGHWDQWD
LQIRUPDFLyQFDUWRJUiILFD\JHRUUHIHUHQFLDGD/DSRVLELOLGDGGHXWLOL]DULQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD
\ GH HODERUDU FDUWRJUDItDVHKD GHPRFUDWL]DGR([LVWHQ LQILQLGDG GH DSOLFDFLRQHV TXH DVLVWHQ
HQODHODERUDFLyQGHPDSDV(QPXFKDVRFDVLRQHVHVWDVWLSRORJtDVFDUWRJUiILFDVDGROHFHQGH
FUHDWLYLGDGDOHVWDUEDVDGDVHQXQDUHSHWLWLYLGDGIRUGLDQD6HSRQHPiVpQIDVLVHQODWpFQLFD\
HQ OD IDFLOLGDG GHO SURFHVR TXH HQ HO DQiOLVLV \ HQ OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO UHVXOWDGR &RQ FLHUWD
VRUQD VH KD HQWDEODGR XQ GHEDWH VREUH VL HO 6,* 6LVWHPD GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFR KD
PDWDGRDODFDUWRJUDItD9DQRXWULYH7&RQWUDULRDORTXHSXHGDSDUHFHU\DODHQRUPH
FDSDFLGDG TXH WLHQHQ HVWDV KHUUDPLHQWDV GH SURGXFLU FDUWRJUDItD VH DWLVED XQD IDOWD GH
FRQRFLPLHQWRVHQ HO OHQJXDMHFDUWRJUiILFR HLQFOXVRHQ HO PHMRUGHORV FDVRVXQDV OLPLWDGDV
J.A.Garca Gonzlez


RSFLRQHVYLVXDOHVSDUDODFRPXQLFDFLyQFDUWRJUiILFD6HSURGXFHORTXHHOSURIHVRU&DSHOKD
GHQRPLQDGRXQDIDOWDGHFDOLGDGHQORVPDSDVXQDFDUWRUUHD&DSHO+
/DFDUWRJUDItDFXHQWDFRQXQDHQRUPHFDSDFLGDGGLGiFWLFD-HUH]26XLGLRVLQFUDVLD
VHFRQIRUPDFRQWUHVFRPSRQHQHWHVFLHQWtILFDRPDWHPiWLFDDUWtVWLFD\WpFQLFD/DSULPHUDGH
HOODVVHRFXSDGHODULJXURVLGDG\ILGHOLGDGGHOPDSDFRQODUHDOLGDGSHUPLWLHQGRORFDOL]DUGH
PDQHUDH[DFWD\KDFHUPHGLFLRQHV/D FRPSRQHQWH DUWtVWLFDVHRFXSD GHODFDEDGRHVWpWLFR\
GHO DWUDFWLYR HQ HO SURFHVR FRPXQLFDWLYR 3UHYDOHFLy HQ OD KLVWRULD GH OD FDUWRJUDItD KDVWD OD
QXHYDFDUWRJUDItDUHQDFHQWLVWDFRQODUHYROXFLyQGHLQVWUXPHQWDOVRSRUWHV\FRQFHSWRV6H
SDVyGHXQDSULRUL]DFLyQGHODFRPSRQHQWHDUWtVWLFDKDFLDODPDWHPiWLFD\ODWpFQLFD *DUFtD
-$/DFRPSRQHQWHWpFQLFDVHUHILHUHDORVSURFHVRV\PpWRGRVTXHSHUPLWHQFRQYHUWLU
ODUHDOLGDGHQXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQFRPSUHQVLEOH(VWDFDSDFLGDGKDYDULDGRHQRUPHPHQWH(Q
ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV VH KD YXHOWR D GHVHQFDGHQDU XQD UHYROXFLyQ FDUWRJUiILFD LQFOXVR GH PD\RU
FDODGR D OD DFDHFLGD FLQFR VLJORV DWUiV (Q DTXHO HQWRQFHV OD UHYROXFLyQ DIHFWy
IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHDOGRFXPHQWRFDPELDQGRUDGLFDOPHQWHVXDVSHFWR$KRUDLQWHUYLHQHWDQWR
DOGRFXPHQWRHQVXVVRSRUWHVFRPRDORVXVXDULRV6HHVWiSURGXFLHQGRXQLQFUHPHQWRGHXVR
GH FDUWRJUDItD GLJLWDO HQ GHWULPHQWR GH OD DQDOyJLFD 6H KDGHPRFUDWL]DGR HO DFFHVR D OD
LQIRUPDFLyQ \ FUHDFLyQ GH LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRUUHIHUHQFLDGD D XQD LQPHQVD PD\RUtD GH OD
SREODFLyQDXPHQWDQGRFRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWHHOQ~PHURGHXVXDULRVWDQWRSDVLYRVFRPRLQFOXVR
DFWLYRV FUHDQGR VXV SURSLDV FRPSRVLFLRQHV 6KDK 3 < 0L\DNH $ 0XFKRVGH HVWRV
QXHYRV XVXDULRV FHQWUDQ VXV HVIXHU]RV HQ HO UHVXOWDGR TXH RWRUJD XQD KHUUDPLHQWD HQ VX
WpFQLFDPiVTXHHQODFDSDFLGDGFRPXQLFDFWLYD\DQDOtWLFDGHODFDUWRJUiILD
/RVSODQRVGHOPHWURVRQXQDWLSRORJtDGHPDSDVFX\DGLIXVLyQKDVLGRHVSHFWDFXODUHQPHQRV
GH XQ VLJOR (VWiQSUHVHQWHV HQ ODSUiFWLFD WRWDOLGDG GH UHGHVGH WUDQVSRUWH PHWURSROLWDQR GH
FXDOTXLHU SDUWH GHO PXQGR &XHQWDQ FRQ XQ HVWLOR TXH SHUPLWH GLIHUHQFLDUORV
LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHOOXJDUGHOPXQGRDOTXHVHUHILHUD&XHQWDQFRQLQILQLGDGGHIXQFLRQHV
\ SRVLELOLGDGHV 8Q PDSD GHO PHWUR SXHGH VHUYLUQRV SDUD HQWHQGHU OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH XQD
FLXGDG GRQGH VH HQFXHQWUD OD ]RQD FHQWUDO GH OD FLXGDG R HO DQiOLVLV GH OD WRSRQLPLD GH VXV
HVWDFLRQHV(VWHHVWXGLRSXHGHH[WUDSRODUVHKDFLDODJHRJUDItDGHODSHUFHSFLyQFXDQGRHVXQR
HOTXHWUDWD GH FUHDUXQ SODQRGH PHWURHQ OXJDUHVGRQGHQRH[LVWHGLFKD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD/D
XELFDFLyQ GH HVWDFLRQHV OtQHDV \ FRQH[LRQHV GRWD DO HVSDFLR GH XQ YDORU VXEMHWLYR RWRUJDGR
SRUODSHUVRQDTXHUHDOL]DGLFKRPDSD(VWHDQiOLVLVHQWURQFDFRQORVPpWRGRVGHODJHRJUDItD
GHODSHUFHSFLyQHTXLSDUDQGRORVSODQRVGHOPHWURDORVPDSDVSHUFHSWXDOHV3HUPLWHDFHUFDUD
ORVHVWXGLDQWHVDODQiOLVLVGHODFLXGDGGHXQDIRUPDGLVWLQWD\FUHDWLYD
6H SUHVHQWD XQD SULPHUD DSUR[LPDFLyQ GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH XQ HMHUFLFLR HQFDUJDGR D ORV
DOXPQRV GH WHUFHUR GH JUDGR GH +XPDQLGDGHV \ (VWXGLRV 6RFLDOHV GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH
&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKDHQODDVLJQDWXUDGH3HUFHSFLyQH,QWHUSUHWDFLyQGHOD5HDOLGDG*HRJUiILFD
HQ HO DxR (O HMHUFLFLR EXVFDED HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD FUHDWLYLGDG DSR\DGD HQ HO GLVHxR
FDUWRJUiILFR $ OD YLVWD GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV VH REVHUYDQ SRVLELOLGDGHV GH DQiOLVLV HQ HO
IRQGR DGHPiV GH HQ OD IRUPD \ HO GLVHxR FRPR IXH OD LGHD RULJLQDO /D SUHVHQWH
DSRUWDFLyQ H[SORUD ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH FRPSUHQGHU HO HVSDFLR VXEMHWLYR D SDUWLU GH OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH ORV SODQRV GH PHWUR GH OD FLXGDG GH $OEDFHWH &DUWRJUDItDV SHUVRQDOHV \
XWySLFDV TXH H[SORUDQ GH IRUPD FUHDWLYD OD FRPSUHQVLyQ LQGLYLGXDO GHO WHUULWRULR &XDO HO
DQiOLVLV GH PDSDV SHUFHSWXDOHV IRUPXODGRV SRU .HYLQ /\QFK DOOi SRU ORV DxRV ODV
HVWDFLRQHV SXHGHQ OOHJDU D FRQYHUWLUVH HQ QRGRV H KLWRV TXH SUHVHQWHQ ORV HOHPHQWRV PiV
GHVWDFDGRV GH OD FLXGDG SDUD VXV KDELWDQWHV (O UHVXOWDGR FXDOLWDWLYR GH ORV PDSDV
SHUFHSWXDOHV VH KD WDEXODGR \ YROFDGR HQ XQ VLVWHPD GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD SDUD VX
DQiOLVLV\SUHVHQWDFLyQGHUHVXOWDGRV
J.A.Garca Gonzlez


&2035(16,1<5(35(6(17$&,1'(/(63$&,2
/RV JHyJUDIRV VDEHPRV PX\ SRFR GH FyPR VH FRQVWUX\H HO UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GH XQ OXJDU
JHRJUiILFR &DVWUR & GH 1R VDEHPRV ORV PHFDQLVPRV TXH SHUPLWHQ LQWHULRUL]DU
XQRVOXJDUHV\RWURVQR7UDGLFLRQDOPHQWHVHHVWXGLDORVFRPSRQHQWHVGHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR
GHXQDIRUPDDVpSWLFD\H[WHUQDDSDUWLUGHODVGLIHUHQWHVPRUIRORJtDVSHUFHSWLEOHVXUEDQDV
SDLVDMtVWLFDV JHRPRUIROyJLFDV 7HQGHPRV D XQD VLPSOLILFDFLyQ GH OD UHDOLGDG SDUD XQD
PHMRUFRPSUHVLyQGHODPLVPD(QPXFKRVFDVRV\GHSHQGLHQGRGHORVQLYHOHVHGXFDWLYRVQR
VH SDVD GH XQD PHUD GHVFULSFLyQ GHO WHUULWRULR VLQ OOHJDU D SURIXQGL]DU PtQLPDPHQWH HQ ODV
UHODFLRQHVHQWUHORVGLIHUHQWHVHOHPHQWRV/DJHRJUDItD\ORVGDWRVJHRJUiILFRVWUDVFLHQGHQODV
DXODV \ ORV ODERUDWRULRV IRUPDQGR FDGD YH] PiV SDUWH GH QXHVWUDV YLGDV ([LVWH XQD
GHVFRQH[LyQHQWUHORVGDWRVJHRJUiILFRVGHODXOD\EXHQDSDUWHGHODJHRJUDItDDFDGpPLFDTXH
VH LPSDUWH $ HVH DSUHQGL]DMH IRUPDO VH VH GHEHQ DxDGLU RWUDVIRUPDV GH DSUHQGHU TXHHQ HO
FDVRGHODVUHODFLRQHVGHOKRPEUHFRQHOWHUULWRULRVRQGHORPiVGLYHUVDV([LVWHSRUHMHPSOR
XQDSUHQGL]DMHSHUPDQHQWHGHLQWHUDFFLyQFRQHOPHGLRHQQXHVWURVPRYLPLHQWRVGLDULRV/D
UHSHWLFLyQ FRWLGLDQD GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV SHQGXODUHV UHGXFH HVD DFWLWXG SRVLWLYD GH DSUHQGHU
FRQ HO WHUULWRULR 6H WUDWD GH HVTXHPDV SRFR DELHUWRV D DSUHQGHU \ D H[SHULPHQWDU QXHYDV
VHQVDFLRQHV TXH ~QLFDPHQWH VH SURGXFHQ HQ PRPHQWRV SXQWXDOHV ILQHV GH VHPDQD R
YDFDFLRQHV/DVLPSOHGHFLVLyQGHOFDPELRGHXQDFDOOHHQVXLWLQHUDULRKDELWXDOQRHVQLWDQ
VLTXLHUDDVXPLEOHSRUORVYLDQGDQWHV/DPHMRUDHQODRULHQWDFLyQ\HQODFDSDFLGDGHVSDFLDOHV
XQDGHVWUH]DTXHYDUtDFRQODHGDGSHURTXHHQWRGRPRPHQWRHVPHMRUDEOHFRQFDPELRVGH
SHTXHxDVUXWLQDVPiVDFWLWXGLQDOHVTXHDSWLWXGLQDOHV/DRULHQWDFLyQWLHQHPXFKRTXHYHUFRQ
ODREVHUYDFLyQ\ODSHUFHSFLyQGHHOHPHQWRVYLVXDOHVTXHVLUYHQGHUHIHUHQWHYLVXDOHVHQORV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV
7RGD HODERUDFLyQ GH XQ PDSD LPSOLFD HO GHVDUUROOR GH XQD LPDJHQ SUHYLD PHQWDO (Q
FDUWRJUDItDVHGHQRPLQDSUHPDSD$ODKRUDGHKDFHUPDSDVFRJQLWLYRVVHDQGHOWLSRTXHVHDQ
LPSOLFD XQD YLYHQFLD \XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR SUHYLR GHO WHUULWRULRFRQ XQD LPDJHQ SUHHVWDEOHFLGD
GHOPLVPR+D\TXHDXPHQWDUHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVGDWRVVXEMHWLYRVFRPRSXHVWDHQYDORU
GHODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHOWHUULWRULR6RQYDULDVODVFRUULHQWHVTXHKDEODQGHDSUHQGL]DMHVDSDUWLU
GHPDSDVFRQFHSWXDOHV\TXHSHUPLWHQHVWUXFWXUDUODLQIRUPDFLyQHQODPDQHUDTXHWLHQHGH
LQWHUDFWXDU HQ HO FHUHEUR /D LPSRUWDQFLD QR HVWi HQ HO SURSLR GDWR QL WDQ VLTXLHUD HQ VX
SRVLFLyQJHRPpWULFDVLQRPiVELHQHQVXUHODFLyQFRQORVHOHPHQWRVFROLQGDQWHV/DUHODFLyQ
SHUVRQDOFRQHOHQWRUQRKDVLGRREMHWRGHHVWXGLRGHODVFRUULHQWHVJHRJUiILFDVPiVSHUVRQDOHV
'HHQWUHWRGDVHOODVGHVWDFDODJHRJUDItDGHODSHUFHSFLyQ\VXVHVWXGLRVFRQPDSDVPHQWDOHV
6XSRQH XQD DSUR[LPDFLyQ GLVWLQWD VXEMHWLYD H LQGLYLGXDOL]DGD DO WHUULWRULR (QWUH VXV
SULQFLSDOHVIRUWDOH]DVGHVWDFDQ
9DORUDUODH[SHULHQFLD\HOFRQRFLPLHQWRTXHWLHQHFDGDLQGLYLGXRGHOREMHWRGH
HVWXGLR
$QDOL]DUDOHVSDFLRGHVGHODVXEMHWLYLGDGGHOLQGLYLGXR
&DSDFLGDGGLGiFWLFD\PRWLYDGRUDGHHVWHWLSRGHFDUWRJUDItD
&RPELQDUODVHPRFLRQHVFRQODPHPRULDGHODFRWLGLDQLGDG
(OHMHPSORPiVGHVWDFDGRGHHVWDFRUULHQWHHVODSXEOLFDFLyQGH.HYLQ/\QFKGH/DLPDJHQ
GH OD FLXGDG HQ /\QFK . 'HVGH HQWRQFHV KD LGR SDVDGR GH SRVWXODGRV
SVLFROyJLFRV KDFLD PiV VRFLROyJLFRV TXH KDQ SHUPLWLGR XQD PD\RU DSUR[LPDFLyQ D OD
JHRJUDItD(QHVWHWLHPSRQRKDQVLGRSRFRVORVHVWXGLRVUHDOL]DGRVDOLJXDOTXHVXVFUtWLFRVOR
TXHODOOHYDDTXHQRWHUPLQHGHFRQVROLGDUVHHQHOFRUSXVLQYHVWLJDGRUGHODJHRJUDItD 9DUD
J.A.Garca Gonzlez


-/ /\QFK FUHy XQ PpWRGR TXH SHUPLWtD GLVFHUQLU VX SUHPLVD IXQGDPHQWDO ORV
FLXGDGDQRVWLHQHQXQDLPDJHQOHJLEOH\VLJQLILFDWLYDGHODFLXGDG$QDOL]RODSHUFHSFLyQGHOD
FLXGDG GH ORV LQGLYLGXRV D SDUWLU GH OD PRUIRORJtD YLVXDO 6LVWHPDWL]DED ODV SHUFHSFLRQHV GH
ORV HQFXHVWDGRV \ VXV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV HQ XQD VHULH GH HOHPHQWRV IiFLOPHQWH SHUFHSWLEOHV H
LGHQWLILFDEOHV GH IRUPD YLVXDO 1RGRV R QXGRV QRGHV KLWRV R SXQWRV GH UHIHUHQFLD
ODQGPDUNV OtPLWHV R ERUGHV HGJHV FDPLQRV R VHQGDV 3DWKV \ ILQDOPHQWH EDUULRV R
GLVWULWRVGLVWULFWV
/DVWLSRORJtDVGHPDSDVFRJQLWLYRVSXHGHQVHUPX\GLYHUVDV\HQGRGHVGHORVPDSDVDPDQR
DO]DGDKDVWDFRQVWUXFFLRQHVPiVFRPSOHMDVFRPRSXHGHQOOHJDUDVHUORV&RUHPDV%UXQHW-
(QHVWHHVWXGLRSHUFHSWXDOGHOWHUULWRULRXWLOL]DUHPRVHOGLVHxR\IXQFLRQDOLGDGGHORV
PDSDVGHOPHWUR

(/0$3$'(0(752'($/%$&(7(
(QHOLQJHQLHURHOpFWULFR+DUU\%HFNGLVHxyXQSODQRGHPHWURLQVSLUDGRHQORVFLUFXL
WRVHOpFWULFRV6LPSOLILFRODLQIRUPDFLyQDUHSUHVHQWDU\JHRPHWUL]yHQSXQWRV\OtQHDVODVHV
WDFLRQHV\ODVOtQHDVGHOVXEXUEDQRORQGLQHQVHUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH/DVOtQHDVGHPHWURVHFRQYLU
WLHURQHQOtQHDVUHFWDVTXHVHGHVSOD]DEDQHQiQJXORVGHR/8&*ULPD&
\%HUU\56HUHGXMRFRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWHODFDUWRJUDItDGHEDVHPDQWHQLHQGRHOHVWLOR
JHRPpWULFR\VLPSOLILFDGRGH]RQDVYHUGHV\GHOUtR7iPHVLV(OGLVHxRGHORVSODQRVGHPH
WURFRQFHUFDGHXQVLJORGHH[LVWHQFLDKDVXSXHVWRXQDYHUGDGHUDUHYROXFLyQHQODFDUWRJUD
ItD\HQODIRUPDGHHQWHQGHU\FRPSUHQGHUODVUHGHVWUDQVSRUWH6XGLVHxRKDVXSHUDGRODIXQ
FLyQSDUDODTXHIXHFUHDGRVLHQGRUHFRQRFLGRLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHGRQGHVHDODUHSUHVHQ
WDFLyQHLQFOXVRUHSUHVHQWDQGRRWURVHOHPHQWRVGLIHUHQWHVD XQDUHGGHWUDQVSRUWH PHWURSROL
WDQR:ROII$/DIRUPDGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQKDVXSHUDGRHOFRQWHQLGR*XR=
*DOH*2ZHQ7OYDUH]36DQWRV-$OEDFHWHHVODFLXGDGPiV
JUDQGHGHPRJUiILFDPHQWHKDEODQGRGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD&XHQWDFRQKDELWDQWHV
DHQHURGH6XHVWUXFWXUDXUEDQDFRPSDFWD\VXYROXPHQGHPRJUiILFRKDFHTXHQRVHD
QHFHVDULRXQDLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDGHWUDQVSRUWHVXEXUEDQRSDUDPHMRUDUVXPRYLOLGDG/DVGLVWDQ
FLDV HQWUH ODVGLIHUHQWHV ]RQDVGH OD FLXGDGUHFRPLHQGDQVHPHMDQWH LQYHUVLyQFUX]DUOD DSLH
QROOHJDHQQLQJ~QFDVRDODKRUD(OVLJOR;,;PDUFyXQFODURDYDQFHHQVXGHVDUUROORFRPR
FLXGDG/DWUDtGDGHOIHUURFDUULO\VXGHFODUDFLyQGHFDSLWDOSURYLQFLDOHQODGLYLVLyQSURYLQFLDO
GH -DYLHU GH %XUJRV HQ VH FRQYLUWLHURQ HQ ORV H[FLSLHQWHV GHO LPSRUWDQWH FUHFLPLHQWR
XUEDQRTXHKDOOHYDGRDODFLXGDGDFRQYHUWLUVHHQORTXHHVKR\/DFLXGDGFUHFHHQIRUPDGH
DEDQLFRXELFiQGRVHHOFHQWURGHODFLXGDGHQODSDUWHVHSWHQWULRQDOGHODFLXGDG/DHVWDFLyQ
GHIHUURFDUULOVHFRQYLHUWHHQHOWRUQLOORGHHVHFUHFLPLHQWRHQDEDQLFRVLQUHEDVDUORVOtPLWHV
TXHPDUFDQSULPHURHOIHUURFDUULO\DxRVPiVWDUGHWDPELpQODDXWRYtD/RVGLIHUHQWHVHQVDQ
FKHVGHODFLXGDGYDQHQFDMiQGRVHHQHVDGLVSRVLFLyQDOQRHQFRQWUDUREVWiFXORDOJXQRWDWR
ItVLFR FRPRKLVWyULFR/RVHVFDVRVYHVWLJLRVGH PRUIRORJtDKLVWyULFDGHOD FLXGDGIXHURQHOL
PLQDGRVOHYDQWDQGRHGLILFDFLRQHVFRPSOHWDPHQWHQXHYDVWDQWRHQPRUIRORJtDFRPRHQGLVWUL
EXFLyQHQSODQWDGHODFLXGDG
(OHMHUFLFLRSODQWHDGREXVFDEDGHVDUUROODUODVFDSDFLGDGHVFUHDWLYDV\GHGLVHxRFDUWRJUiILFR
*DUFtD-$$SDUWLUGHORDSUHQGLGRHQGLYHUVDVVHVLRQHVWHyULFDVVHHQFDUJyODWDUHD

99$$7KHPDSLVWKHEUDQG(Q3URMHFW0DSSLQJKWWSZZZSURMHFWPDSSLQJFRXNDERXWBSURMHFWKWPO>~OWLPR
DFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@

)XHQWH3DGUyQ,1(,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH(VWDGtVWLFDZZZLQHHV
J.A.Garca Gonzlez


GHGHVDUUROODUVXSURSLRSODQRGHPHWURSDUDODFLXGDGGH$OEDFHWH6HSODQWHDEDDORVHVWX
GLDQWHV OD SRVLELOLGDG GH PHMRUDU XQ GLVHxR WDQ H[LWRVR (O HMHUFLFLR SHUPLWLy XQ UHGHVFXEUL
PLHQWRGHQXHVWURHQWRUQRPiVLQPHGLDWRDWUDYpVGHFUHDUMHUDUTXtDVHQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHOD
FLXGDGFRQHOGLVHxRGHODUHG\ODVHVWDFLRQHV/DDXVHQFLD\SRUVXSXHVWRODQRQHFHVLGDG
GH VHPHMDQWH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD SURYRFDURQ FLHUWDV LQFHUWLGXPEUHV VREUH OD SHUWLQHQFLD R QR GH
UHDOL]DU SODQRV LPDJLQDULRV GH XQD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD TXH GH QLQJXQD PDQHUD HV QHFHVDULR 6LQ
HPEDUJRORTXHDSULRULSXGLHUDSDUHFHUXQGLVODWHVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQDYHQWDMDDOQRHQFRQWUDU
XQDUHGSUHH[LVWHQWHTXHSHUWXUEHODFUHDWLYLGDGGHORVHVWXGLDQWHV$GHPiV$OEDFHWHHVXQD
FLXGDGDVHQWDGDHQXQDOODQXUDVLQSUiFWLFDPHQWHHOHPHQWRVItVLFRVTXHKD\DQFRQGLFLRQDGR
VXGHVDUUROOR\TXHVHKXELHUDQSRGLGRXWLOL]DUFRPRUHIHUHQFLDVItVLFDV6HDVHPHMDDORVPR
GHORVLVRWUySLFRVGH9RQ7KQHQGRQGHODGLVWDQFLDOLQHDOHVOD~QLFDYDULDEOHTXHDXPHQWDHO
WLHPSRGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWR
(O UHVXOWDGR IXH GLYHUVDV SURSXHVWDV KHWHURJpQHDV HQ HO IRQGR D OD SDU TXH FUHDWLYDV &DGD
SURSXHVWD WHQtD ODV HVWDFLRQHV OtQHDV GH PHWURV \ H[WHQVLyQ TXH FRQVLGHUDUDQ RSRUWXQDV (O
REMHWLYR FHQWUDO GHO HMHUFLFLR HUD HO GLVHxR FDUWRJUiILFR OR TXH GLR XQD JUDQ YDULDELOLGDG HQ
Q~PHUR GH OtQHDV \ HVWDFLRQHV &DGD HVWXGLDQWH SUHVHQWy VX SURSXHVWD EDVDGR HQ PHMRUDU OD
IRUPDGHFRPXQLFDUYLVXDOPHQWH1RH[LVWLHURQUHVWULFFLRQHVPiVDOOiGHDMXVWDUVHDORVSRVWX
ODGRV GHO GLVHxR GH ORV SODQRV GHO PHWUR (VWH KHFKR LPSOLFy FLHUWD KRPRJHQHLGDG IRUPDO
7RGDVODVSURSXHVWDVVHRUJDQL]DEDQHQSXQWRV\UHFWDVHQHVWDFLRQHV\OtQHDVTXHODVLQWHUFR
QHFWDEDQ\UHODFLRQDEDQ(QQLQJ~QPRPHQWRORVPDSDVVHUHDOL]DURQSHQVDQGRHQODGHULYDGD
GHSRVLELOLGDGHVGHODQiOLVLVTXHDTXtVHSUHVHQWD/DXELFDFLyQGHXQDXRWUDHVWDFLyQGRWDDO
WHUULWRULR GH YDORU KDFLpQGROR YLVLEOH IUHQWH D RWUDV ]RQDV PiV RSDFDV (VWD GLVWULEXFLyQ GH
HVWDFLRQHV DSRUWD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH ORV OXJDUHV LPSRUWDQWHV GH OD FLXGDG SDUD ORV FUHDGRUHV GH
ORVPDSDV(QDTXHOODVFLXGDGHVTXHFXHQWDQFRQHVWHWLSRGHWUDQVSRUWHODSURSLDGLVWULEXFLyQ
\GHQVLGDGGHHVWDFLRQHVVREUHHOPDSDQRVIDFLOLWDLQIRUPDFLyQGHGRQGHVHHQFXHQWUDHOFHQ
WUR GH OD FLXGDG SRU FLWDU XQ HMHPSOR /D UHDOL]DFLyQ GH HVWH HMHUFLFLR HQ FLXGDGHV TXH QR
FXHQWDQFRQHVWDLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDSXHGHVDFDUDUHOXFLUORVOXJDUHVLPSRUWDQWHVTXHFDGDSHUVR
QDFRQVLGHUDGHODFLXGDG/DVHVWDFLRQHVGHORVSODQRVGHOPHWURLPDJLQDULRVRQORVQRGRVH
KLWRVGHORVPDSDVPHQWDOHVVHJ~QODWHUPLQRORJtDGH/\QFK/\QFK.

$1/,6,6'(5(68/7$'26
6H KDQ HPSOHDGR XQ WRWDO GH YHLQWLVpLV PDSDV GHO PHWUR SDUD HO HVWXGLR (Q HOORV DSDUHFHQ
FLHQWRYHLQWLXQDHVWDFLRQHV/DJUDQPD\RUtDVHFRQFHQWUDQHQHOQ~FOHRXUEDQRGHODFLXGDG
+D\ DOJXQRV FDVRV VLQJXODUHV TXH QR VH KDQ UHSUHVHQWDGR 6H WUDWD GH HVWDFLRQHV TXH VH
HQFXHQWUDQIXHUDGHODFLXGDG8QDGHODVSURSXHVWDVFDUWRJUiILFDVGHODVYHLQWLVpLVDQDOL]DGDV
VH GHVDUUROOy D HVFDOD SURYLQFLDO FUHDQGR HVWDFLRQHV HQ ORV SULQFLSDOHV PXQLFLSLRV GH OD
SURYLQFLD6HWUDWDGHXQKHFKRDLVODGR(QHVWHFDVRVHKDQWRPDGRHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQWRGDVODV
HVWDFLRQHVGHQWURGHOFDVFRXUEDQRGHODFLXGDGREYLDQGRSDUDVXUHSUHVHQWDFLyQFDUWRJUiILFD
ODVHVWDFLRQHVGHORVPXQLFLSLRVFROLQGDQWHV
(VWDPELpQGHGHVWDFDUHOFDVRGHOSROtJRQRLQGXVWULDOGH&DPSROODQR6HWUDWDGHXQSROtJRQR
FUHDGRHQHO~OWLPRFXDUWRGHOVLJORSDVDGRFRQXQLPSRUWDQWHWDPDxRHQUHODFLyQDODFLXGDG
GH$OEDFHWH6HKDFDUWRJUDILDGRHQGLHFLRFKRGHORVYHLQWLVpLVPDSDV\HQFLQFRGHHOORVFRQ
PiV GH XQD HVWDFLyQ $OJ~Q PDSD GRWD DO SROtJRQR FRQ FLQFR H LQFOXVR RFKR HVWDFLRQHV 6H
GHFLGLy HQ OD WDEXODFLyQ DJUXSDUORV HQ XQD VROD HVWDFLyQ (VWH HV HO PRWLYR GHO LPSRUWDQWH
YDORUTXHREWLHQHHVWDHVWDFLyQIUHQWHDRWUDVYHUILJXUD(VPDQLILHVWDODLPSRUWDQFLDTXH
J.A.Garca Gonzlez


WLHQHSDUDODFLXGDG\VXVFLXGDGDQRVGLFKRSROtJRQRSHURFUHHPRVTXHODGLVWULEXFLyQGHVXV
HVWDFLRQHVVREUHVXWUDPDUHJXODUQRDxDGLUtDYDORUDOHVWXGLRSHUFHSWXDOGHODFLXGDG
1R REVWDQWH HO PD\RU LQFRQYHQLHQWH HQFRQWUDGR DO WDEXODU ORV GDWRV KD VLGR GRWDU GH
ORFDOL]DFLyQH[DFWDFRQFRRUGHQDGDV870DXQEXHQQ~PHURGHHVWDFLRQHV0XFKDVGHHOODV
KDFHQUHIHUHQFLDVD]RQDVFRPREDUULRVRHOHPHQWRVOLQHDOHVFRPRFDOOHVTXHQRPXHVWUDQXQD
FODUD LPSODQWDFLyQ SXQWXDO (O FDVR PiV UHVHxDEOH HV HO FRQFHSWR GH FHQWUR 4Xp HV HO
FHQWUR GH $OEDFHWH" $OEDFHWH QR FRQVHUYD UHFLQWR DPXUDOODGR R WLSRORJtD HGLILFDWRULD
XUEDQtVWLFDDQWLJXDDOJXQD/DVVXFHVLYDVUHIRUPDVXUEDQtVWLFDVDFRQWHFLGDVHQODKLVWRULDGHOD
FLXGDGKDQLGRPRGLILFDQGRGHPDQHUDVXVWDQFLDOODLGLRVLQFUDVLDGHOGHQRPLQDGRFHQWUR$
VX YH] HO FHQWUR VXHOH YHQLU WDPELpQ GHILQLGR DO PHQRV HQ FLXGDGHV GH HVWH WDPDxR SRU OD
XELFDFLyQGHHGLILFLRVLQVWLWXFLRQDOHV\UHOLJLRVRVUHVHxDEOHVWDOHVFRPRD\XQWDPLHQWR\RWURV
HGLILFLRV GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV QLYHOHV GH OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ OXJDUHV GH FXOWR UHOLJLRVR GH FLHUWD
SUHPLQHQFLD\HGLILFLRVVLQJXODUHVRFRQUHOHYDQFLDSDWULPRQLDOWHDWURVFDVLQRV+R\HQ
GtDHOFHQWURHQ$OEDFHWHVHGHILQHPiVSRUVXVDFWLYLGDGHVWHUFLDULDV\FRPHUFLDOHVTXHSRUOR
GLVHPLQDGR \ DLVODGR GH HGLILFLRV GH UHOHYDQFLD UHVXOWDQGR GLItFLO GHILQLU XQRV OtPLWHV
FRQFUHWRVVREUHHOFHQWURGHODFLXGDG
/D HVWDFLyQ GH PHWUR VH QRV SUHVHQWD FRPR XQ HOHPHQWR D PHGLR FDPLQRHQWUH HO QRGR\ HO
KLWR HQ OD WHUPLQRORJtD GH /\QFK (V XQ IRFR GH LUUDGLDFLyQ \ YLVXDOL]DFLyQ GH HVH OXJDU
FRQFUHWR GH OD FLXGDG D WUDYpV GHO PDSD /D FUHDFLyQ GH GLFKRV QRGRV VXUJH D SDUWLU GH OD
LPDJHQPHQWDOTXHFDGDXQRGHORVHQFXHVWDGRVKDGHVDUUROODGRHQORVPDSDV/DVHxDOL]DFLyQ
R QR GH XQ GHWHUPLQDGR OXJDU HQ OD FRPSRVLFLyQ GH ORV PDSDV GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV GHQRWD OD
SHUFHSFLyQ TXH WLHQH HO HVWXGLDQWH GH XQR X RWUR OXJDU /DV HVWDFLRQHV GH ORV PDSDV
LPDJLQDULRVGDQYLVLELOLGDGDOXJDUHVHQODFLXGDG6HUHYDORUL]DQDOLJXDOTXHODVHVWDFLRQHV
UHDOHV GH PHWUR HQ ODV FLXGDGHV UHYDORUL]DQ ORV EDUULRV GRQGH VH XELFDQ FXDQWR PHQRV HQ
DVSHFWRVLQPRELOLDULRV
8Q FODUR HMHPSOR GH ODV UHODFLRQHV GHO LQGLYLGXR FRQ HO WHUULWRULR OD HQFRQWUDPRV HQ OD
UHLWHUDGDHQFDVLWRGRVORVPDSDVHVWDFLyQGHODXQLYHUVLGDG/DKRPRJHQHLGDGGHODPXHVWUD
KDFHTXH DSDUH]FD HQ GH ORV PDSDV /D QHFHVLGDG HO PRYLPLHQWR GLDULR \ OD UHODFLyQ
LQGLYLGXDOGHFDGDXQRGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVFRQHVWD]RQDGHODFLXGDGSRUVXDFWLYLGDGFRWLGLDQD
KDFHQ TXH DSDUH]FD GH IRUPD HYLGHQWH /DV HVWDFLRQHV DO RWUR H[WUHPR GH OD FLXGDG \ HO
FRQVLGHUDGRFHQWURGHODFLXGDGVRQRWURVGHORVHOHPHQWRVTXHPiVDSDUHFHQGLVPLQX\HQGR
HOQ~PHURGHUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVHJ~QQRVYDPRVDOHMDQGRGHODFLXGDGKDFLDODSHULIHULD&DVL
ODVWUHVFXDUWDVSDUWHVGHODVHVWDFLRQHVVHHQFXHQWUDQGHQWURGHODGHQRPLQDGDFLUFXQYDODFLyQ
< GH ODV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ OD SHULIHULD OD LQPHQVD PD\RUtD VH XELFDQ HQ ORV EDUULRV
SHULIpULFR PiV DQWLJXRV GHMDQGR GH IRUPD WHVWLPRQLDO ORV QXHYRV GHVDUUROORV XUEDQRV GH OD
~OWLPD GpFDGD $O LJXDO TXH FRQ OD DSDULFLyQ GH OD XQLYHUVLGDGHV SUREDEOH TXH VH PXHVWUHQ
HVWDFLRQHVFRQORVGLIHUHQWHVEDUULRVGHUHVLGHQFLDGHORVGLIHUHQWHVHVWXGLDQWHV
2WURGHORVHOHPHQWRVTXHVHKDFRQYHUWLGRHQUHIHUHQWHHQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHODVFLXGDGHVSRU
SDUWHGHORVFLXGDGDQRVGHOVLJOR;;,HVHOFHQWURFRPHUFLDO6HKDQFRQYHUWLGRHQDXWpQWLFRV
UHIHUHQWHVGHODFLXGDGPRGHUQD&XHQWDQFRQHVFDVDVGpFDGDVGHLPSODQWDFLyQHQ(VSDxD\VH
KDQ H[WHQGLGR D OR ODUJR GH WRGD OD JHRJUDItD &RPHQ]DURQ HQ ODV SHULIHULDV GH ODV JUDQGHV
FLXGDGHV\KR\VHKDQH[WHQGLGRWDPELpQDODVFLXGDGHVGHWDPDxRPHGLR8QDGpFLPDSDUWH
GH ODV HVWDFLRQHV UHSUHVHQWDGDV KDFH UHIHUHQFLD D XQR GH ORV FXDWUR FHQWURV FRPHUFLDOHV
H[LVWHQWHVHQODFLXGDG(QDOJXQRVFDVRVOOHJDQDWRPDUHOQRPEUHGHODHVWDFLyQGiQGROHDO
WHUULWRULRODSUHYDOHQFLDSRUODLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDFRPHUFLDODOOtLQVWDODGD6RQYHUGDGHURVKLWRV
J.A.Garca Gonzlez


GHODVRFLHGDGFRQVXPLVWDHQTXHYLYLPRV\TXHHQFXHQWUDQVXFODURUHIOHMRHQODHVWUXFWXUD
PHQWDOGHODFLXGDG
/D HODERUDFLyQ GHO PDSD KD FRQWDGR FRQ OD GLILFXOWDG DxDGLGD GH OD HQRUPH GLYHUVLGDG TXH
H[LVWHHQODQRPHQFODWXUDGHODVHVWDFLRQHV+D\OXJDUHVHQODFLXGDGDOTXHORVHVWXGLDQWHVHQ
VXV PDSDV VH UHILHUHQ FRQ GLIHUHQWH QRPEUH 8Q PLVPR HVSDFLR ItVLFR HV GHQRPLQDGR FRQ
GLIHUHQWHWRSRQLPLD(VDHQRUPHGLYHUVLGDGSXHGHDSRUWDUXQDULTXH]DLQIRUPDWLYDVREUHORV
GLIHUHQWHV FRQFHSWRV UHIOHMDGRV /D XWLOL]DFLyQ GH XQR X RWUR SXHGH GHWHUPLQDU HO XVR
LQGLYLGXDOTXHKDFH HVD SHUVRQDGHO HVSDFLR HLQFOXVRODLPSRUWDQFLDTXHOHGDDXQRXRWUR
HYHQWRTXHVHFHOHEUDHQHVHOXJDUHQGLIHUHQWHVSHULRGRV\TXHGRWDQGHGLYHUVRVQRPEUHVHO
OXJDU(Q$OEDFHWHVHFXHQWDFRQXQFDVRPX\FODURDHVWHUHVSHFWR1RVUHIHULPRVDOSDVHRGH
OD)HULD7RPDHOQRPEUHJUDFLDVDODXELFDFLyQGHOUHFLQWRIHULDOXELFDGRHQODILQDOL]DFLyQGH
ODDYHQLGD(GLILFR~QLFRDQLYHOQDFLRQDO\TXHGXUDQWHGLH]GtDVFREUDYLGDSDUDDFRJHUOD
ILHVWDPD\RUGHODFLXGDG(VDFDOOHVHDEUHGHMDQGRXQDJUDGDEOHSDVHRSHDWRQDOL]DGR\FRQ
XQLPSRUWDQWHSXOPyQYHUGHSDUDODFLXGDGORTXHVHGHQRPLQDORVMDUGLQLOORV\FRQODSOD]D
GHWRURVHQXQRGHVXVODGRV(QDOJXQDRFDVLyQVHXWLOL]DGLFKRQRPEUHSDUDODHVWDFLyQ$VX
YH] HQ WRGRV ORV DOUHGHGRUHV GH OD )HULD VH FHOHEUD XQ PHUFDGLOOR WRGRV ORV PDUWHV TXH
SRSXODUPHQWH VH FRQRFH FRPR ORV LQYDVRUHV (V XQ WRSyQLPR WHPSRUDO TXH GHOLPLWD XQD
DFWLYLGDG GHVDUUROODGD HQ XQ PLVPR OXJDU GXUDQWH XQ PRPHQWR GHWHUPLQDGR GH WLHPSR $O
WLHPSR\HQHVHPLVPROXJDUGHDEULODILQDOHVGHDJRVWRSRFRDQWHVGHTXHVHLQLFLHODIHULD\
DFDSDUH WRGR HO HVSDFLR FRQ OD DWUDFFLRQHV \ GHPiV DFWLYLGDGHV VH XELFDQ XQD VHULH GH
UHVWDXUDQWHV WHPSRUDOHV FXDO FKLULQJXLWRV TXH DFRJHQ HO QRPEUH GH ODV WDVFDV 0X\
SRSXODUHV HQWUH UHVLGHQWHV \ YLVLWDQWHV GH OD FLXGDG VH FRQYLHUWHQ WDPELpQ HQ
FURQRWRSyQLPRVGHXQPLVPROXJDUFRQGLIHUHQWHVQRPEUHVHQIXQFLyQGHODDFWLYLGDG(Q
XQHQWRUQRDOUHGHGRUGHWUHVFLHQWRVPHWURVGHUDGLRDSDUHFHQKDVWDFLQFRGHQRPLQDFLRQHV
)LQDOPHQWHHQHVWHEUHYHDQiOLVLVFRQYLHQHPHQFLRQDUDTXHOODVFRVDVTXHVHKDQRPLWLGRHQ
OD VXEMHWLYD DVLJQDFLyQ GH HVWDFLRQHV SRU HO WHUULWRULR /DV DXVHQFLDV R ORV GHQRPLQDGRV
VLOHQFLRVGHODSHUFHSFLyQGHODFLXGDGVRQWDPELpQPX\UHSUHVHQWDWLYRVGHODFRQFHSFLyQTXH
VHWLHQHGHODFLXGDG$OKDEODUGHORVVLOHQFLRVHVLQWHUHVDQWHKDEODUVREUHODVSHULIHULDVGHOD
FLXGDG(OQLYHOGHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOD FLXGDGVHVXHOHKDFHUGHOFHQWUR DODSHULIHULDGHORV
OXJDUHVFRPSDUWLGRVDORVPHQRVWUDQVLWDGRV6HSXHGHKDEODUGHSHULIHULDVGHYDULRVWLSRV(Q
SULPHU OXJDU WHQHPRV ODV SHULIHULDV LQGXVWULDOHV 6DOYR HO FDVR GHO SROtJRQR LQGXVWULDO GH
&DPSROODQR FRPHQWDGR FRQ DQWHULRULGDG \ TXH SUiFWLFDPHQWH HV XQ FRQWLQXR XUEDQR
HQJDU]DGRItVLFDPHQWH\PHQWDOPHQWHQLQJXQRGHORVRWURVSROtJRQRVLQGXVWULDOHVTXHWLHQHOD
FLXGDGDSDUHFHUHIOHMDGR2WUDGHODVSHULIHULDVLQWHUHVDQWHVHVODUHVLGHQFLDO$OEDFHWHFXHQWD
FRQXQDLPSRUWDQWH]RQDGHVHJXQGDUHVLGHQFLDHQODSDUWHPHULGLRQDOGHODFLXGDG6HWUDWDGH
XQXUEDQLVPRVXUJLGRHQORVDxRVFRQODSHUPLVLYLGDGLQVWLWXFLRQDO\TXHFRQORVDxRVVH
KD LGR UHJXODUL]DQGR \ UHFRQRFLHQGR WRGD XQD VHULH GH XUEDQL]DFLRQHV TXH HQ HO DUJRW GH OD
]RQDVHFRQRFHODSDUFHOD1DGLHKDWRPDGRHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQHVWHWLSRGHFLXGDGGLIXVDD
SHVDUGHVXLPSRUWDQWHGLPHQVLyQ3RU~OWLPRSHURQRSRUHOORPHQRVLPSRUWDQWHODRWUDJUDQ
ROYLGDGDHVODSHULIHULDVRFLDO(QWRGDVODVFLXGDGHVPRGHUQDVH[LVWHQEDUULDGDVPiVRPHQRV
JUDQGHV GRQGH ODV EROVDV GH SDUR SREUH]D \ PDUJLQDOLGDG FXHQWDQ FRQ SRUFHQWDMHV PiV
HOHYDGRVTXHHQRWUDVSDUWHVGHODFLXGDG6HWUDWDGH]RQDVPX\SUHVHQWHVHQHOLPDJLQDULRGH
ODV SHUVRQDV VREUH OD FLXGDG DXQTXH WULVWHPHQWH SDUD PDO SHUR SUHVHQWHV DO ILQ \ DO FDER
FRPR XQD SDUWH PiV GH OD FLXGDG 6RQ ]RQDV RVFXUDV HQ ORV PDSDV SHUFHSWXDOHV \ TXH VH
VXHOHQREYLDU(QHOFDVRGH$OEDFHWHFRUUHVSRQGHFRQHOFXDGUDQWHVXURULHQWDO(VHOEDUULR
GHOD0LODJURVDGRQGHVHXELFDODEDUULDGDGHYLYLHQGDVGHODV9LYLHQGDVGHSURPRFLyQ
S~EOLFD FRQVWUXLGD HQ ORV DxRV \TXH VH HQFXHQWUD HQ HO PRPHQWR DFWXDO HQ XQD IDVH GH
J.A.Garca Gonzlez


UHJHQHUDFLyQXUEDQtVWLFD6HWUDWDGHO~QLFREDUULRGHODFLXGDGTXHQRFXHQWDFRQHVWDFLyQGH
PHWURMXQWRFRQDOJ~QGHVDUUROORXUEDQtVWLFRGHUHFLHQWHFUHDFLyQ
)LJXUD0DSDVREUHODSHUFHSFLyQGHODFLXGDGDSDUWLUGHODVHVWDFLRQHVGHORVSODQRVGHOPHWUR

&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
/DDSRUWDFLyQSUHVHQWDXQDQXHYDSRVLELOLGDGGHDQiOLVLVSDUDLQWHUSUHWDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\ODV
UHODFLRQHV GHO LQGLYLGXR FRQ HO WHUULWRULR (O HVWXGLR GHO HVSDFLR VXEMHWLYR VH KD DERUGDGR
KDELWXDOPHQWH FRQ PpWRGRV FXDOLWDWLYRV HQWUH ORV TXH VREUHVDOtDQ ORV PDSDV PHQWDOHV /RV
SODQRVGHOPHWURSXHGHQLQFDUGLQDUVHFRQHVWHWLSRGHPDSDVSHUFHSWXDOHV/DHODERUDFLyQGH
XQ SODQR GH PHWUR GH XQD FLXGDG HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ XQD FLXGDG TXH QR GLVSRQH GH UHG GH
PHWURSXHGHVHUXQDKHUUDPLHQWDLQWHUHVDQWHSDUDFRPSUHQGHUODHVWUXFWXUDGHODFLXGDG0iV
DOOiGHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHOGLVHxRFDUWRJUiILFRDWUDYpVGHORVSODQRVGHOPHWURVHSXHGHDQDOL]DU
ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH FRQRFHQ QXHVWURV HVWXGLDQWHV GH VX HQWRUQR PiV FHUFDQR (O HVWXGLR
SUHVHQWDXQDPHWURJUDItDGHXQDFLXGDGTXHQRGLVSRQHGHGLFKRWUDQVSRUWH
J.A.Garca Gonzlez


/RV UHVXOWDGRV QRV PXHVWUDQ OD GLVSRVLFLyQ RUJiQLFD GH OD FLXGDG UHILULHQGR HO FHQWUR GH OD
FLXGDGODHVWDFLyQGHIHUURFDUULO\ORVFHQWURVFRPHUFLDOHVFRPRKLWRV\QRGRVGHODFLXGDG
3UHVHQWD XQD LPSRUWDQWH YDULDELOLGDG D SDUWLU GH OD PX\ GLYHUVD GHQRPLQDFLyQ GH OXJDUHV \
]RQDVGHODFLXGDG/DHODERUDFLyQGHODFDUWRJUDItDGHVtQWHVLVVHDQWRMDFRPSOHMDDOWHQHUTXH
WRPDU GHFLVLRQHV FXDOLWDWLYDV GH XELFDFLyQ SXQWXDO GH HVWDFLRQHV FRQ GHQRPLQDFLyQ ]RQDO
UHVXOWDVHUXQPHGLRSDUDTXHDQDOL]DUODLGHDTXHVHWLHQHGHODFLXGDG&XHQWDDGHPiVFRQ
RWUDVGLVWRUVLRQHVTXHSXHGHQDIHFWDUHOUHVXOWDGRILQDO(QSULPHUOXJDUVHDUELWUyODOLFHQFLD
GHLPDJLQDUXQDFLXGDGPiVJUDQGHXQDDPSOLDFLyQGHODVGLVWDQFLDVDWUDYpVGHODHVFDODSDUD
SRGHU HQWHQGHU SRVLEOHV HVWDFLRQHV VHSDUDGDV D PHQRV GH LQFOXVR TXLQLHQWRV PHWURV (VWH
KHFKR XQLGR D OD GLYHUVLGDG GH WRSyQLPRV TXH DSDUH]FDQ XQD LPSRUWDQWH YDULHGDG GH
HVWDFLRQHV SDUD XQ PLVPR OXJDU 3RU HO FRQWUDULR HVH PD\RU Q~PHUR GH HVWDFLRQHV SHUPLWH
FRQWDU FRQ PiV HOHPHQWRV TXH GHVFULEHQ ORV OXJDUHV FHQWUDOHV GH OD FLXGDG SDUD ORV
HQFXHVWDGRV3RURWURODGRODFDUWRJUDItDGHORVSODQRVGHOPHWURQRKDSUHWHQGLGRVHUXQILQ
HQVtPLVPR6HKDDERUGDGRXQHMHUFLFLRH[SORUDWRULRHQHOTXHVHYDORUDEDHVSHFLDOPHQWHOD
FDSDFLGDG GH FRPXQLFDU D WUDYpV GHO GLVHxR FDUWRJUiILFR D SDUWLU GH ORV SRVWXODGRV GH ORV
SODQRV GHO PHWUR /D DSOLFDFLyQ GH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV DGTXLULGRV HQ ODV VHVLRQHV WHyULFDV VH
FRQFUHWy HQ XQD DFWLYLGDG SUiFWLFD FRQ UHVXOWDGR GLYHUVR (Q QLQJ~Q FDVR VH KDEOy GH XQ
DQiOLVLVSHUFHSWXDO(OUHVXOWDGRSHUPLWHDXJXUDUXQDSURIXQGL]DFLyQHQHVWDPHWRGRORJtDSDUD
XQPD\RUFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHODJHRJUDItDXUEDQDGHVXFLXGDGDWUDYpVGHOD
JHRJUDItD GH OD SHUFHSFLyQ 1XHYDPHQWHVHSXHGH LQWHUSUHWDU FRPR XQ HOHPHQWR PRGXODGRU
SHUR WDPELpQ KD SHUPLWLGR OD WRWDO DXVHQFLD GH SUHMXLFLRV R LGHDV SUHYLDV GH VX FRQFHSWR GH
FLXGDG
(OHVWXGLRQRSUHWHQGHOOHJDUDILUPHVFRQFOXVLRQHVGDGRHOHVFDVRWDPDxRGHOD PXHVWUDOD
IDOWDGHSURIXQGL]DFLyQHQODPHWRGRORJtD\DODDXVHQFLDGHUHIHUHQFLDVSUHYLDV1RHVREMHWR
IRUPXODUVyOLGDVLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHVWHUULWRULDOHVTXHYDOLGHQWDQWRHOPpWRGRFRPRHOUHVXOWDGR
6LQHPEDUJRQRHV PHQRVFLHUWRTXHVHDEUHXQQXHYRFDPSRGHSRVLELOLGDGHV\DQiOLVLVDO
HVWXGLRGHOHVSDFLRSHUFLELGRWDQWRGHVGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDVGHODXODFRPRHQHVWXGLRV
UHODFLRQDGRVFRQODJHRJUDItDGHODSHUFHSFLyQ

$*5$'(&,0,(1726
4XLHURGHMDUFRQVWDQFLDGHPLDJUDGHFLPLHQWRORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHODDVLJQDWXUDGH3HUFHSFLyQH
,QWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH OD 5HDOLGDG *HRJUiILFD GH WHUFHUR GHO JUDGR GH +XPDQLGDGHV \ (VWXGLRV
6RFLDOHVGHOD)DFXOWDGGH+XPDQLGDGHVGH$OEDFHWHGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD
GHODxRDFDGpPLFR6RQHOORVORVTXHFRQVXWUDEDMRKDQSHUPLWLGRGLVSRQHUGHXQ
ULFRPDWHULDOSDUDKDFHUODSUHVHQWHDSRUWDFLyQ

%,%/,2*5$)$
OYDUH]33DUDJXVWRVORVSODQRVGHOPHWUR(QDiario El Pas GH)HEUHURGH
KWWSHOSDLVFRPGLDULRPDGULGBKWPO! >OWLPR DFFH
VRVHSWLHPEUH@
%UXQHW5La carte, mode d'emploi, Fayard/Reclus3DULV
&DSHO+/DHQVHxDQ]DGLJLWDOORVFDPSXVYLUWXDOHV\ODJHRJUDItDAr@cne. Revis-
ta Electrnica de recursos en Internet sobre Geografa y ciencias Sociales. >(QOtQHD$FFHVR
OLEUH@%DUFHORQDXQLYHUVLGDGGH%DUFHORQDQGHRFWXEUHGH>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQL
J.A.Garca Gonzlez


EOH HQ KWWSZZZXEHVJHRFULWDUDFQHDUDFQHKWP! >OWLPR DFFHVR VHSWLHPEUH
@
&DVWUR&GHLa geografa en la vida cotidiana. De los mapas cognitivos al prejuicio
regional%DUFHORQD(GLFLRQHVGHO6HUEDO3S
*DOH * 5HLPDJLQLQJ 7KH /RQGRQ 7XEH 0DS :LWK &XUYHV $QG &LUFOHV Mostly
Maps KWWSZZZYLFFKLRUJUHLPDJLQLQJWKHORQGRQWXEHPDSZLWKFXUYHV
DQGFLUFOHV!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
*DUFtD-$$OEDVLW/RVWHUULWRULRVTXLMRWHVFRVDWUDYpVGHODFDUWRJUDItDGHODpSRFD
Al-Basit: Revista de estudios albacetenses 1 SiJV
KWWSZZZLHDOEDFHWHQVHVFRPLQGH[SKS"PHQX !>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
*DUFtD-$(OOHQJXDMHYLVXDO\FDUWRJUiILFRHQODVHQVHxDQ]DVKXPDQtVWLFDV3ODQRV
GH0HWURGH$OEDFHWH&DUWRJUDItDVXWySLFDVEnsayos: Revista de la Facultad de Educacin
de Albacete 1 SS
KWWSVZZZUHYLVWDXFOPHVLQGH[SKSHQVD\RVDUWLFOHYLHZ!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHP
EUH@
*ULPD&\%HUU\50LQGGH0DSDiario 20 minutos
KWWSEORJVPLQXWRVHVPDWLXQDSURIHVRUDPX\SDUWLFXODUPLQGWKHPDS!
*XR=0LQGWKH0DS7KH,PSDFWRI7UDQVLW0DSVRQ3DWK&KRLFHLQ3XEOLF7UDQV
LW 90th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting
KWWSDPRQOLQHWUERUJMOTWMOTW!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
-HUH]2(OOHQJXDMHFDUWRJUiILFRFRPRLQVWUXPHQWRSDUDODHQVHxDQ]DGHXQDJHRJUD
ItDFUtWLFD\SDUDODHGXFDFLyQDPELHQWDOCultura geogrfica y educacin ciudadana&RRUG
0DUtD-HV~V0DUUyQ*DLWH/RUHQ]R6iQFKH]/ySH]3S
/8&/RQGRQ8QGHUJURXQG&RUSRUDWHLondon underground and corporate identity
KWWSZZZDJHFLQFRPEUIWSUDOSK0$18$,6/RQGRQ8QGHUJURXQGSGI! >OWLPR
DFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
/\QFK.The image of the city%RVWRQ0,73UHVV
2ZHQ 7 7UDQVLW PDS DEVWUDFWLRQ The Experts Agree. Graphic Design,Things we
like. KWWSWKHH[SHUWVDJUHHZRUGSUHVVFRPWUDQVLWPDSDEVWUDFWLRQ! >OWLPR
DFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
6iQFKH],8QPDSDWDPELpQSXHGHVHUERQLWRCreative line. Diseo grfico y mul-
timedia. KWWSUHLQYHQWDQGRFRVWXPEUHVZRUGSUHVVFRPXQPDSDWDPELHQSXHGH
VHUERQLWR!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
6DQWRV - 0DSDV TXH FRQVWUX\HQ HVSDFLRV UHGLVHxR GHO PDSD GH 0HWUR GH 0DGULG
5HGLVHxRGHOPDSDGH0HWURGH0DGULGKWWSPDSDPHWURPDGULGLHGQHWZRUNFRP!>OWL
PRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
6KDK 3 < 0L\DNH $ (GV The Cambridge handbook of visuospatial thinking
&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV1HZ<RUN
KWWSERRNVJRRJOHHVERRNV"LG P%]PBTJ& SULQWVHF IURQWFRYHU KO HVY RQHSDJH
T I IDOVH!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
J.A.Garca Gonzlez


9DQRXWULYH 70DNLQJ PDSV LQ SRZHUSRLQW DQG ZRUG :K\ GR UHJLRQDO VFLHQWLVWV QRW PDS
WKHLUUHVXOWV"50th Anniversary European Congress of the Regional Science Associa-
tion International (ERSA) Sustainable Regional Growth and Development in the Creative
Knowledge EconomyWKUG$XJXVW-|QN|SLQJ6ZHGHQ3S
9DUD-/8QDQiOLVLVQHFHVDULR(SLVWHPRORJtDGHOD*HRJUDItDGHOD3HUFHSFLyQ
Revista Papeles de Geografa
KWWSZZZUHGDO\FRUJDUWLFXORRD"LG !>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
:ROII$'UDZLQJ6XEZD\0DSV$6XUYH\Informatik-Forschung und Entwick-
lung>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
KWWSVGRFVJRRJOHFRPYLHZHU"XUO KWWS$))OLQNVSULQJHUFRP)FRQWHQW)SGI
))V\SGI!
J.A.Garca Gonzlez


&8/785$2/,9$5(5$&210,5$'$'(*e1(52$/*81$6
35238(67$6','&7,&$6

$QWRQLD*DUFtD/XTXH
&DUPHQ5XHGD3DUUDV
1
Departamento de Didctica de las Ciencias, Universidad de Jan.
2
Grupo de Investigacin Jan de Didctica (HUM-167)
agalu@ujaen.es; cruedap1@gmail.com
5(680(1
/RV EHQHILFLRV GH DSUHQGHU HQ ODV SULPHUDV HWDSDV HGXFDWLYDV SDUWLHQGR GHO HQWRUQR VRQ \D LQFXHVWLRQDEOHV
VLJXLHQGRHOPRGHORFRQFpQWULFRGHVHFXHQFLDFLyQGLGiFWLFDGHORFHUFDQRDOROHMDQR3DUDHODOXPQDGRGHOD
SURYLQFLD GH -DpQ HO ROLYDU HV PXFKR PiV TXH XQ SDLVDMH FRWLGLDQR HV XQ PRGR GH YLGD XQD UHDOLGDG VRFLDO
HFRQyPLFD \ FXOWXUDO DPSOLDPHQWH WUDEDMDGD HQ HO DXOD 6LQ HPEDUJR SRFDV VRQ ODV SURSXHVWDV GLGiFWLFDV TXH
LQFRUSRUDQODSHUVSHFWLYDGHJpQHURHQHODSUHQGL]DMHGHODFXOWXUDROLYDUHUD(VSRUHOORTXHDTXtSUHVHQWDPRV
DOJXQDVSDUDGLVWLQWRVQLYHOHVHGXFDWLYRVVREUHODDFWLYLGDGROHtFRODGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHJpQHUREDVDGDHQOD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQFRPRIXHQWHGHDSUHQGL]DMH\FHQWUDGDHQHOHVWXGLRDSDUWLUGHXQDDPSOLDGLYHUVLGDGGHIXHQWHV
KLVWyULFDV

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
*pQHUR&XOWXUD2OLYDUHUDSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFD(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD

,1752'8&&,1<$352;,0$&,17(5,&$
(OROLYDUHVXQSDLVDMHFXOWXUDOTXHIRUPDSDUWHGHODFRWLGLDQHLGDGGHODOXPQDGRGH$QGDOXFtD
HQ JHQHUDO \ PX\ HVSHFLDOPHQWH GHO MLHQQHQVH &RQHFWDU HO DXOD FRQ VX HQWRUQR HV
IXQGDPHQWDO HQ HO SURFHVR GH DSUHQGL]DMH HQ ODV SULPHUDV HGDGHV D ILQ GH DGTXLULU VDEHUHV
FRQFHSWXDOHVSURFHGLPHQWDOHV\DFWLWXGLQDOHV \FRQVWUXLUFRQRFLPLHQWRVGHVGHOR ORFDO DR
XQLYHUVDO (V SRU HOOR TXH KD\ TXH DSURYHFKDU ORV UHFXUVRV TXH HO HQWRUQR QRV SURSRUFLRQD
SDUDLPSOHPHQWDUHQHODXODSURSXHVWDVGLGiFWLFDVYLQFXODGDVDpO(QHVWDOtQHDHOSDWULPRQLR
QDWXUDO H KLVWyULFR GHO ROLYDU VH FRQYLHUWH HQ XQ UHFXUVR FRQ XQ HOHYDGR SRWHQFLDO GLGiFWLFR
SDUDODHQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRJUDItDHQORVFHQWURVHGXFDWLYRVGHODSURYLQFLDGH-DpQFRQRFLGD
SRSXODUPHQWHFRPRHOPDUGHROLYRV
6RQPXFKRVORVSUR\HFWRVSURSXHVWDV\XQLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDVVREUHHOROLYRLPSOHPHQWDGDVHQ
ODVDXODVIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHFRLQFLGLHQGRFRQODHIHPpULGHGHO'tDGH$QGDOXFtDGHVGHPX\
GLYHUVDV SHUVSHFWLYDV VLQ HPEDUJR VRQ SRFDV ODV TXH VH KDQ FHQWUDGR HQ XQD OHFWXUD GH
JpQHURGHODFXOWXUDGHOROLYDU\GHODDFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFDGHULYDGDGHODPLVPD3UHYLRDOD
UHDOL]DFLyQ GH HVWH WUDEDMR UHDOL]DPRV XQD UHYLVLyQ GH SUR\HFWRV \ XQLGDGHV GLGiFWLFDV
FHQWUDGDV HQ HO ROLYDU SDUD FRQRFHU ODV OtQHDV WHPiWLFDV TXH VH KDQ GHVDUUROODGR HQ WRUQR DO
PLVPR H LQYHVWLJDU TXp VH KDEtD KHFKR GHVGH OD SHUVSHFWLYD GH JpQHUR $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ
SUHVHQWDPRVODVOtQHDVWHPiWLFDVWUDEDMDGDVFRQPD\RUIUHFXHQFLD
x /DUHFROHFFLyQGHODDFHLWXQDHQODTXHVHWUDEDMDIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHODVGLVWLQWDVIDVHV\
WLSRVGHDFWLYLGDGHVGHOSURFHVRGHUHFROHFFLyQODWHFQRORJtDLPSOLFDGDHQHOPLVPR
A.Garca Luque, C.Rueda Parras


PDTXLQDULD KHUUDPLHQWDV XWHQVLOLRV HWF ORV FDPELRV SURGXFLGRV HQ HO SURFHVR FRQ HO
SDVRGHOWLHPSRSHUVSHFWLYDKLVWyULFDODDJULFXOWXUDHFROyJLFDHWF
x /DSURGXFFLyQGHODFHLWHHQODTXHVHWUDEDMDODVHFXHQFLDGHDFWLYLGDGHVLPSOLFDGDVHQ
HO SURFHVR SURGXFWLYR DVt FRPR WDPELpQ HV IUHFXHQWH HQFRQWUDU DFWLYLGDGHV VREUH ORV
FDPELRV DFRQWHFLGRV HQ HO PLVPR FRQ HO SDVR GHO WLHPSR IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH HQ ODV
WHFQRORJtDV LPSOLFDGDV 6H WUDWD HO WHPD GH ODV DOPD]DUDV ODV PDTXLQDULDV \ HO WLSR GH
WUDEDMR LPSOLFDGR HQ ODV GLIHUHQWHV IDVHV GH SURGXFFLyQ OLPSLH]D PROWXUDFLyQ
GHFDQWDFLyQHPEDVDGRGLVWULEXFLyQFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQHWF
x /D FXOWXUD GHO DFHLWH WUDEDMDGD GHVGH HO DUWH \ OD OLWHUDWXUD (Q HVWH DSDUWDGR HQFDMDQ
DFWLYLGDGHV UHODFLRQDGDV VREUH ODV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV DUWtVWLFDV GHO SDLVDMH GHO ROLYDU GH OD
DFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFDROHtFROD\GHWRGRORUHODFLRQDGRFRQODFXOWXUDGHODFHLWHWDOHVFRPR
FXDGURV SLFWyULFRV HVFXOWXUDV IRWRJUDItDV GRFXPHQWDOHV FLQH HWF 7DPELpQ VH WUDEDMD
PXFKRVREUHODVLPERORJtDGHOROLYR$VtPLVPRKD\XQQXWULGRQ~PHURGHDFWLYLGDGHVHQ
WRUQR D ODV UHIHUHQFLDV OLWHUDULDV VREUH HO ROLYDU OH\HQGDV FXHQWRV UHIUDQHURV QRYHODV
SRHPDVFDQFLRQHVHWF
x 8VRVGHODFHLWHWDQWRHQODDFWXDOLGDGFRPRHQHOSDVDGR(QHVWHDSDUWDGRVHLQFOX\HQ
QXPHURVDVDFWLYLGDGHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODJDVWURQRPtDHOUHFLOFDMHGHODFHLWH\ODVDOXG
x +LVWRULDGHOROLYR\GHODFHLWHHQODTXHVHWUDEDMDHORULJHQGHODHVSHFLH\ODHYROXFLyQ
GHODPLVPD
x (OROLYRGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDERWiQLFRELROyJLFRVXVSDUWHVODVGLIHWHQWHVHVSHFLHV
VXGLVWULEXFLyQHVSDFLDOODELRGLYHUVLGDGORVHFRVLVWHPDVHWF
1R KHPRV HQFRQWUDGR UHIHUHQFLDV GLGiFWLFDV VREUH ORV DVSHFWRV VRFLDOHV GHULYDGRV GH OD
FXOWXUDGHOROLYDUHQWRUQRDODVUHODFLRQHVGHJpQHURHVWDEOHFLGDVHQORVWDMRV\ORVPRGRVGH
VRFLDOL]DFLyQOOHYDGRV DFDERGXUDQWHODV FDPSDxDVGHUHFRJLGDVLELHQHV FLHUWR TXHVtKD\
QXPHURVRV HVWXGLRV IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH KLVWyULFRV VREUH OD GHGLFDFLyQ WHPSRUDO GH ODV
PXMHUHVUXUDOHVDODDFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFDGHODUHFROHFFLyQGHODDFHLWXQD%HULFDW\&DPDUHUR
&iPDUD9tOFKH]&DEUHUD\*UDQHUR*DUFtD%UHQHV3HLQDGR
3RU HOOR HQ HVWH WUDEDMR DSRVWDPRV SRU UHDOL]DU XQD WUDQVSRVLFLyQ GLGiFWLFD GH ODV
LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV GH JpQHUR UHDOL]DGDV VREUH OD FXOWXUD GHO ROLYDU D WUDYpV GH XQD VHULH GH
SURSXHVWDVSHGDJyJLFDVDUWLFXODGDVHQWRUQRDGLIHUHQWHVIXHQWHVGHFRQRFLPLHQWR

,1&25325$&,1 ','&7,&$ '( /$6 08-(5(6 &202 $*(17(6
62&,$/(6'(/$&8/785$2/,9$5(5$

-XVWLILFDFLyQQRUPDWLYD
(O DUWtFXOR GHO 7tWXOR ,, GH OD /H\ GHO 2OLYDU GH $QGDOXFtD /H\ Q~P HVWi
GHVWLQDGRDODLJXDOGDGGHWUDWR\RSRUWXQLGDGHVHQWUHPXMHUHV\KRPEUHVVHxDODQGRSDUDHOOR
TXH HO 3ODQ 'LUHFWRU KD GH UHVSHWDU HO SULQFLSLR GH LJXDOGDG GH WUDWR \ RSRUWXQLGDGHV HQWUH
PXMHUHV\KRPEUHVHQORVWHUULWRULRVGHOROLYDUDVtFRPRSRGUiFRQWHPSODUPHGLGDVGHDFFLyQ
SRVLWLYD D IDYRU GH ODV PXMHUHV HQ ORV WHUULWRULRV GHO ROLYDU HQFDPLQDGDV D VXSHUDU \ HYLWDU
VLWXDFLRQHV GH GLVFULPLQDFLyQ GH KHFKR SRU UD]yQ GH VH[R &XDQGR XQD OH\ WDQ UHFLHQWH
VDQFLRQD PHGLGDV FRQWUD ODV GHVLJXDOGDGHV GH JpQHUR HQ HO WHUULWRUWLR GHO ROLYDU HV SRUTXH
pVWDV KDQ H[LVWLGR \VH PDQWLHQHQ HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG SRU OR TXHHV QHFHVDULR QR VROR FRQRFHU


HVWDUHDOLGDGVLQRGLIXQGLUODDILQGHSRGHUPRGLILFDUODHQSURGHXQDLJXDODGDGUHDO\HIHFWLYD
HQWUHPXMHUHV\KRPEUHVHQHOPDUFRGHODDJULFXOWXUDROLYDUHUD\OD~QLFDIRUPDGHKDFHUOR
HVDWUDYpVGHODHGXFDFLyQ
/DDFWXDOOHJLVODFLyQHGXFDWLYD/H\2UJiQLFDGHGHGLFLHPEUHSDUDODPHMRUDGHOD
FDOLGDGHGXFDWLYD/20&(HQDGHODQWHVHHODERUDVLJXLHQGRODVGLUHFWULFHVPDUFDGDVSRUOD
/H\ 2UJiQLFD GH GH GLFLHPEUH GH 0HGLGDV GH 3URWHFFLyQ ,QWHJUDO FRQWUD OD
9LROHQFLDGH*pQHURSRUORTXHQRKDGHH[WUDxDUQRVTXHHQWUHORVILQHVHVWDEOHFLGRVSDUDHO
VLVWHPD HGXFDWLYR VH HQFXHQWUHQ la educacin en el respeto de los derechos y libertades
fundamentales, en la igualdad de derechos y oportunidades entre hombres y mujeres y la
educacin en el ejercicio de la tolerancia y de la libertad dentro de los principios
democrticos de convivencia, as como en la prevencin de conflictos y la resolucin pacfica
de los mismos.
(Q ORV SULQFLSLRV \ ILQHV HVWDEOHFLGRV HQ HO FDStWXOR , GHO WtWXOR SUHOLPLQDU GH OD /2( OD
/20&( SURGXFH XQD PRGLILFDFLyQ HQ OD UHGDFFLyQ GH ORV SiUUDIRV E N \ O \ VH DxDGHQ
QXHYRV SiUUDIRV K ELV \ T (O SULQFLSLR \ ILQ GH OD HGXFDFLyQ O TXHGD UHGDFWDGR DVt El
desarrollo, en la escuela, de los valores que fomenten la igualdad efectiva entre hombres y
mujeres, as como la prevencin de la violencia de gnero.
$VLPLVPR OD /20&( PDQWLHQH HO DUWtFXOR GH OD /2( HQ HO TXH VH UHFRJH TXH los
programas de formacin permanente debern incluir formacin especfica en materia de
igualdad en los trminos establecidos en el artculo siete de la Ley Orgnica 1/2004, de 28 de
diciembre, de Medidas de Proteccin Integral contra la Violencia de Gnero 7DPELpQ HO
DUWtFXOR GH OD /H\ LQVWD D ODV $GPLQLVWUDFLRQHV HGXFDWLYDV D LQWHJUDU HO HVWXGLR \
DSOLFDFLyQ GHO SULQFLSLR GH LJXDOGDG HQ ORV FXUVRV \ SURJUDPDV SDUD OD IRUPDFLyQ LQLFLDO \
SHUPDQHQWHGHOSURIHVRUDGR(VWRQRVOOHYDDUHIOH[LRQDUVLUHDOPHQWHHVWDIRUPDFLyQVHHVWi
UHDOL]DQGRGHODIRUPDDGHFXDGD\VHHVWiUHIOHMDQGRHQODVDXODVFUHDQGRXQLPSDFWRUHDO\
HIHFWLYR $ WHQRU GH OR H[SXHVWR HQ OD LQWURGXFFLyQ \ GH ORV HVWXGLRV UHDOL]DGRV DO UHVSHFWR
D~QTXHGDPXFKRWUDEDMRSRUKDFHUHQHVWHWHUUHQRSXHVHOJpQHURVLJXHVLHQGRWUDEDMDGRHQ
ODVDXODVGHIRUPDLQGLUHFWDDWUDYpVGHODWUDQVYHUVDOLGDGHQHOPHMRUGHORVFDVRVFRQWRGRV
ORV ULHVJRV GH RPLVLyQ TXH HO DUJXPHQWR GH GLFKD WUDQVYHUVDOLGDG HQWUDxDQ *DUFtD /XTXH
HQSUHQVD
3RU RWUR ODGR OD /2( UHFRJtD HQ VX GLVSRVLFLyQ DGLFLRQDO FXDUWD UHODWLYD D OLEURVGH WH[WR\
GHPiV PDWHULDOHV FXUULFXODUHV PDQWHQLGD HQ OD /20&( TXH pVWRV GHEHUiQ UHIOHMDU \
IRPHQWDUHOUHVSHWRDORVSULQFLSLRVYDORUHVOLEHUWDGHVGHUHFKRV\GHEHUHVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV
DVtFRPRDORVSULQFLSLRV\YDORUHVUHFRJLGRVHQODSUHVHQWH/H\\HQOD/H\2UJiQLFD
GHGHGLFLHPEUHGH0HGLGDVGH3URWHFFLyQ,QWHJUDOFRQWUDOD9LROHQFLDGH*pQHURDORV
TXHKDGHDMXVWDUVHWRGDODDFWLYLGDGHGXFDWLYDVLJXLHQGRSRUWDQWRORVSULQFLSLRVGHODUWtFXOR
GH OD /H\ \ HO DUWtFXOR GH OD /H\ /D HOLPLQDFLyQ GH SUHMXLFLRV UROHV \
HVWHUHRWLSRVGHJpQHURHQORVPDWHULDOHVFXUULFXODUHVHVXQDSUHRFXSDFLyQSHUPDQHQWHHQWRGDV
ODVQRUPDWLYDVWDQWRHGXFDWLYDVFRPRODVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODLJXDOGDGGHJpQHURORFXDOHV
LQGLFDWLYR GH TXH HO VHVJR DQGURFpQWULFR VLJXH VLHQGR XQD UHDOLGDG HQ GLFKRV PDWHULDOHV
FRQWUDODTXHKD\TXHOXFKDUHVWDEOHFLHQGRPHFDQLVPRVGHDFWXDFLyQFRPRODVSURSXHVWDVTXH
SUHVHQWDPRVHQHVWHWUDEDMR
5HVSHFWR D ORV FRQWHQLGRV GLGiFWLFRV WDQWR HQ OD DVLJQDWXUD GH &RQRFLPLHQWR GHO 0HGLR
UHJXODGD SRU HO 5HDO 'HFUHWR (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD FRPR HQ OD GH &LHQFLDV
6RFLDOHV *HRJUDItD H +LVWRULD UHJXODGD SRU HO 5HDO 'HFUHWR (GXFDFLyQ
6HFXQGDULDDSDUHFtDFRPRFRQWHQLGRla valoracin del papel de los hombres y las mujeres,

individual y colectivamente, como sujetos de la historia(VWHFRQWHQLGRKDVLGRVXSULPLGRHQ

OD/20&(TXHKDVXSXHVWRXQDUHJUHVLyQDOSDUDGLJPDHGXFDWLYRSRVLWLYLVWDVLQHPEDUJRHV
IXQGDPHQWDO HQ XQD HGXFDFLyQ SDUD OD LJXDOGDG GH JpQHUR TXH Vt GHILHQGH OD QXHYD OH\
HGXFDWLYDDOPHQRVVREUHHOSDSHOLQFRUSRUDUDODVPXMHUHVFRPRVXMHWRVGHHVWXGLR\DTXH
VRQ \ KDQ VLGR OD PLWDG GH OD SREODFLyQ \ QXHVWUR DOXPQDGR WLHQH HO GHUHFKR FRJQLWLYR GH
WHQHUHQVXVDSUHQGL]DMHVODWRWDOLGDGGHORVUHIHUHQWHVFXOWXUDOHVGHVGHODLQWHUVHFFLRQDOLGDG
HV GHFLU KDQ GH DSUHQGHU ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV VLQ VHVJRV GH JpQHUR FODVH HGDG HWF
&XDQGR RPLWLPRV D ODV PXMHUHV HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV JHQHUDPRV XQD
SUiFWLFDHGXFDWLYDGHVLJXDOLWDULDHQODPHGLGDHQTXHOHVHVWDPRVSURSRUFLRQDQGRDQXHVWURV
DOXPQRV UHIHUHQWHV FXOWXUDOHV GH JpQHUR \ XQD JHQHDORJtD KLVWyULFD TXH QR OHV HVWDPRV
RIUHFLHQGR D QXHVWUDV DOXPQDV 5RGUtJXH] ,]TXLHUGR *DUFtD /XTXH 'H DKt OD
LPSRUWDQFLDGHUHDOL]DUSURSXHVWDVGLGiFWLFDVTXHIRPHQWHQXQDHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHGHODV
&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVFRQSHUVSHFWLYDGHJpQHURFRPRODVTXHSUHVHQWDPRVHQHVWHWUDEDMR

&RQWH[WRVRFLRFXOWXUDO\MXVWLILFDFLyQpWLFD
/RV HQJUDQDMHV GH GLVFULPLQDFLyQ GH ODV PXMHUHV HQ OD DFWLYLGDG DJUtFROD GH OD UHFRJLGD GH
DFHLWXQDHVPiVTXHFRQRFLGD\KDQVLGRUHLWHUDGDPHQWHGHQXQFLDGRV\DTXHSHVHDTXHODV
QXHYDV QRUPDWLYDV VDQFLRQDQ PHGLGDV \ DFWXDFLRQHV SDUD OXFKDU FRQWUD ODV KLVWyULFDV
GLVFULPLQDFLRQHVGHJpQHURHQORVWDMRVORFLHUWRHVTXHODUHDOLGDGQRDFRPSDxDDODVOH\HV\
ODVGHVLJXDOGDGHVGHJpQHURVLJXHQSUHVHQWHV/DEUHFKDVDODULDOHQWUHMRUQDOHURV\MRUQDOHUDV
TXH HO VHFWRU HPSUHVDULDO MXVWLILFDED SRU OD GHVLJXDOGDG ItVLFD HQWUH VH[RV \ TXH JHQHUDED
GLIHUHQFLDVHQORVWLSRVGHWUDEDMRVLJXHHVWDQGRSUHVHQWHSHVHDHVWDUREOLJDGRSRUFRQYHQLR
FROHFWLYRGHVGHKDFHDxRVVDODULRLGpQWLFRSDUDHOORV\HOODVHQLJXDOFDWHJRUtDSURIHVLRQDO
6LQ HPEDUJR OD FXHVWLyQ VDODULDO QR HV OD ~QLFD UHDOLGDG GLVFULPRQDWRULD KD\ QRUPDV QR
HVFULWDV SHUR Vt DFHSWDGDV VRFLDOPHQWH TXH VHxDODQ TXH SDUD WUDEDMDU FRPR MRUQDOHUD HQ OD
FDPSDxD GH UHFRJLGD GH OD DFHLWXQD XQD PXMHU GHEH LU DFRPSDxDGD GH XQ KRPEUH /RV
HPSUHVDULRVSUHWHQGtDQDVtFRPSHQVDUGHVLJXDOGDGItVLFDVHQWUHVH[RVHQORVWDMRV\DXQD
GtDGHKR\VLJXHVLHQGRXQDSUiFWLFDKDELWXDOVXEYHUVLYD(VWHSUREOHPDVHDJUDYDD~QPiVHO
DxRTXHKD\XQDPDODFRVHFKD\DTXHFRPRHOWUDEDMRVHUHGXFHHOSRFRTXHKD\HVSDUDORV
KRPEUHV \ ODV DFHLWXQHUDV SUiFWLFDPHQWH QR HQFXHQWUDQ MRUQDOHVD QR VHU TXH VHDQ HQ ILQFDV
IDPLOLDUHVHQODVFXDOHVLQFOXVRWLHQHQGLILFXOWDGHVGHDFFHVR6HDFUHFLHQWDODGLVFULPLQDFLyQ
FRQ RWUR VHVJR LPSRUWDQWH OD HGDG \D TXH ORV HVFDVRV MRUQDOHV IHPHQLQRV HVWiQ VLHQGR
RFXSDGRVSRUDTXHOODVPXMHUHVMyYHQHVTXHQRKDQHPLJUDGRD]RQDVXUEDQDVSDUDHVWXGLDUR
WUDEDMDU OR FXDO HVWi DSDUWDQGR GHO FDPSR D ODV PXMHUHV GH HGDG DYDQ]DGD TXH HVWiQ
DFRVWXPEUDGDVDLPSOHPHQWDUODVUHQWDVGHVXVKRJDUHVGXDQWHODVFDPSDxDVGHUHFRJLGDFRQ
WRGRORTXHHOORFRQOOHYDQRVRORDQLYHOHFRQyPLFRVLQRWDPELpQHPRFLRQDO
/D PHFDQL]DFLyQHQ HO ROLYDUKDJHQHUDGR WDPELpQ LPSRUWDQWHVGHVLJXDOGDGHVGHJpQHUR/D
LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GH YLEUDGRUHV PHFiQLFRV KD UHGXFLGR GUiVWLFDPHQWH OD QHFHVLGDG GH KRPEUHV
YDUHDGRUHVFX\RH[FHGHQWHVRQXQDFRPSHWHQFLDGLUHFWDFRQODVPXMHUHVTXHVHSRVLFLRQDQHQ
FODUDGHVYHQWDMD/DUHFRJLGDGHORVVXHORVTXHHUDUHDOL]DGDSRUODVPXMHUHVGHIRUPDPDQXDO
HQ SRVLFLyQ DUURGLOODGD KD VLGR PHFDQL]DGD D WUDYpV GH ODV VRSODGRUDV FX\R SHVR VH DO]D
FRPRMXVWLFDQWHGHMRUQDOHVPDVFXOLQRV/DWLUDGHIDOGRVDFWLYLGDGWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHUHDOL]DGD
SRU ORV KRPEUHV VLJXH VLHQGR PDQXDO HQ QXPHURVDV H[SORWDFLRQHV \ HV XQD GH ODV QXHYDV
SRFLRQHVRFXSDGDVSRUODVMRUQDOHUDVDXQTXHKD\KRPEUHVTXHVLJXHQRFXSiQGRVHWDPELpQGH
HOOR /DOLPSLDHQ FULEDV PDQXDOHVKDVLGRVXVWLWXLGDSRUOLPSLH]DVDXWRPiWLFDV\VHOHFWLYDV


UHDOL]DGDV HQ PiTXLQDV GH ODVDOPDQ]DUDV\ HOWUDVODGR D OD DOPD]DUD VH UHDOL]D D WUDYHV GH
WUDFWRUHVUHPROTXHVFDPLRQHVSOXPDVGHFDUJDHWF
2WUD IRUPD HQFXELHUWD GH GLVFULPLQDFLyQ GH JpQHUR SUDFWLFDGD \ WDPELpQ UHODFLRQDGD
GLUHFWDPHQWH FRQ OD PHFDQL]DFLyQ GHO ROLYDU HV OD QXHYD GLYHUVLGDG GH WLSRV GH WUDEDMRV
DGVFULWRVDGLIHUHQWHVQLYHOHVGHFXDOLILFDFLyQ\SRUWDQWRDGLIHUHQWHVVDODULRV(QHVWHFDVR
HVLPSRUWDQWHFRQRFHUFXiOHVVRQODVQXHYDVFDWHJRUtDVSURIHVLRQDOHVFyPRVRQUHPXQHUDGDV
\HQFXiOHVWUDEDMDQODVPXMHUHV7DOFRPRVHxDODQ&DEUHUR\*UDQHURDFWXDOPHQWHODV
PXMHUHV RFXSDQ ORV SXHVWRV GH WUDEDMR GH ODV FDWHJRUtDV SURIHVLRQDOHV LQIHULRUHV \ SRU WDQWR
FRQ SHRU UHWULEXFLyQ HFRQyPLFD (Q HVWH VHQWLGR KDEODQ GH GHVLJXDOGDG GH VXHOGRV
RFXSDFLRQDO HQ EDVH D WUHV HVFDORIRQHV EiVLFRV HO SHyQ FXDOLILFDGR TXH OOHYD PiTXLQDV
SHVDGDV HO WUDFWRU OD YDUHDGRUD SHVDGD OD YLEUDGRUD HO SHyQ VHPLFXDOLILFDGR TXH
PDQHMD PiTXLQDV GH PHQRU SHVR WDOHV FRPR OD YDUHDGRUD \ OD VRSODGRUD \ HO SHyQ QR
FXDOLILFDGRTXHVHGHGLFDDOUHVWRGHWDUHDVTXHVRQODVRFXSDGDVSRUODVSRFDVPXMHUHVTXH
FRQVLJXHQWUDEDMDUHQORVWDMRV
3RU RWUD SDUWH WDPELpQ HV LPSRUWDQWH GHVWDFDU OD DXVHQFLD GH ODV PXMHUHV HQ ORV WUDEDMRV
SUHYLRVDODUHFROHFFLyQGHODDFHLWXQDUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOFXOWLYR\PDQWHQLPLHQWRGHOROLYDU
HQSURGHXQDEXHQDFRVHFKDWDOHVFRPRHOLPLQDUPDODVKLHUEDVIXPLJDUKDFHUSR]DVFRUWDU
YDUHWDV TXHPDU UDPyQ HWF (OOR VLJQLILFD TXH ODV PXMHUHV UHDOL]DQ XQ WUDEDMR WHPSRUDO \
HVSHFtILFR
&RQ WRGR FRQVLGHUDPRV QHFHVDULR GHVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD pWLFR \ PRUDO HQVHxDU D QXHVWUR
DOXPQDGR ORV FRQWHQLGRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ ORV VHFWRUHV HFRQyPLFR GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD GH
JpQHURDILQGHTXHSXHGDQUHIOH[LRQDUHQWRUQRDODVGHVLJXDOGDGHVDQFHVWUDOHVVXIULGDVSRU
ODVPXMHUHVHQORVWUDEDMRVGHOSDVDGR\HOPHUFDGRODERUDODFWXDOHQHOPDUFRGHVRFLHGDGHV
DQGURFpQWULFDV GH FODUD LGHRORJtD SDWULDUFDO 8QD IRUPD ~WLO \ UHVSRQVDEOH GH JHQHUDU HVWH
DFHUFDPLHQWRDQXHVWURDOXPQDGRHVKDFHUORGHVGHVXFRQWH[WRIDPLOLDU\FHUFDQRGHPDQHUD
TXHODVSURSXHVWDVGLGiFWLFDVTXHDFRQWLQXDFLyQYDPRVDSODQWHDUHVWiQGLULJLGDVDDOXPQDGR
GH GLIHUHQWHV HWDSDV HGXFDWLYDV IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH GH HQWRUQRV UXUDOHV ROLYDUHURV D ILQ GH
TXHSXHGDQFRPSUHQGHUGHVGHVXUHDOLGDGYLYLGD\H[SHULPHQWDGD\GHVGHVXKLVWRULDIDPLOLDU
ODVGLVFULQLQDFLRQHVGHJpQHURTXHKDQH[LVWLGRHQODHFRQRPtDGHOROLYDU\DQDOL]DUGHVGHXQ
SHQVDPLHQWR FUtWLFR ODV TXH VLJXHQ H[LVWLHQGR &RQ HOOR VH SUHQWHQGH IRUPDU D XQ DOXPQDGR
DXWyQRPRFUtWLFRUHIOH[LYR\UHVSRQVDEOHFRQHOILQGHFDSDFLWDUORHQODOXFKDSRU\SDUDXQD
VRFLHGDGLJXDOLWDULDHQPDWHULDGHJpQHUR

$/*81$635238(67$6','&7,&$6
/DV3URSXHVWDV'LGiFWLFDVTXHSODQWHDPRVHQHVWHWUDEDMRSUHWHQGHQVHUXQDSR\RDODSUD[LV
HGXFDWLYDHQFRQWH[WRVIRUPDOHV\QRIRUPDOHV(OREMHWLYRIXQGDPHQWDOHVTXHHODOXPQDGR
SDUWLHQGR GH GLIHUHQWHV FRQWH[WRV XWLOL]DQGR HVWUDWHJLDV \ UHFXUVRV GLIHUHQWHV VHD FDSD] GH
GHVFXEULU HQ VX HQWRUQR PiV FHUFDQR OD MXVWLFLD VRFLDO ODV GHVLJXDOGDGHV HQWUH KRPEUHV \
PXMHUHVORVUROHVGHJpQHURDVRFLDGRVDODFXOWXUDGHOROLYDUHWF\WRGRHOORLQWHJUiQGRORHQ
HOFXUUtFXORHVFRODU
$FRQWLQXDFLyQSUHVHQWDPRVXQDWDEODFRQORVREMHWLYRVJHQHUDOHVFRPSDUWLGRVSRUWRGDVODV
SURSXHVWDVORVFRQWHQLGRVWUDEDMDGRVHQODVPLVPDV\ODVFRPSHWHQFLDVFODYH7DEOD


$QDOL]DUDWUDYpVGHGLIHUHQWHVIXHQWHVODVGHVLJXDOGDGHVGHJpQHURSDVDGDV\
SUHVHQWHVSURGXFLGDVHQODHFRQRPtDGHOROLYDU
,QYHVWLJDUVREUHODVUHODFLRQHVGHJpQHURHVWDEOHFLGDVHQODFXOWXUDGHOROLYDU
9DORUDUODVSUiFWLFDVVRFLDOHVGHODFXOWXUDROLYDUHUDGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDGHJpQHUR
2EMHWLYRVJHQHUDOHV $GRSWDUXQDDFWLWXGFUtWLFD\UHIOH[LYDHQWRUQRDODVGLVFULPLQDFLRQHVGHJpQHUR
'HVSHUWDUHOLQWHUpVGHODOXPQDGRKDFLDVXHQWRUQRPiVFHUFDQR
$FHUFDUDODOXPQDGRDODUHDOLGDGGHOPHGLRUXUDOFRQHVSHFLDOLQFLGHQFLDHQHOPiV
FHUFDQRDVXSREODFLyQ
3HUVSHFWLYDGHJpQHUR\GLVFULPLQDFLyQHQUD]yQDOVH[R
$QiOLVLVHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHIXHQWHVKLVWyULFDVWH[WRVSUHQVDHVFULWD\GLJLWDO
IRWRJUDItDVFXDGURVHQWUHYLVWDVHWF
&RQWHQLGRV
,QYHVWLJDFLyQGHODDFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFDROLYDUHUDGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDGHJpQHUR
SODQWDFLyQ\FXOWLYRGHOROLYRUHFROHFFLyQSURGXFFLyQGLVWULEXFLyQHWF
5HIOH[LyQ\DFWLWXGFUtWLFDUHVSHFWRDODVSUiFWLFDVGLVFULPLQDWRULDV
(QHVWDVSURSXHVWDVVHWUDEDMDQODVVLHWHFRPSHWHQFLDVFODYHHQPD\RURPHQRUPHGLGD
&RPSHWHQFLDVFODYH VLHQGR WUDVYHUVDO HQ WRGDV ODV SURSXHVWDV OD FRPSHWHQFLD GLJLWDO ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV
VRFLDOHV\FtYLFDV\ODGHFRQFLHQFLD\H[SUHVLRQHVFXOWXUDOHV
7DEOD2EMHWLYRVFRQWHQLGRV\FRPSHWHQFLDVFODYHGHODVSURSXHVWDVSODQWHDGDV

+LVWRULDRUDOHQWUHYLVWDV
2EMHWLYRVHVSHFtILFRV
x $QDOL]DUUROHVGHJpQHURHQODUHFRJLGDGHODDFHLWXQDXWLOL]DQGRFRPRUHFXUVROD
HQWUHYLVWD
x 'HVFXEULUODVSUiFWLFDVGLVFULPLQDWRULDVTXHVHSURGXFHQHQORVWDMRVDWUDYpVGH
HQWUHYLVWDVUHDOL]DGDVDPXMHUHVDFHLWXQHUDV
x 2EVHUYDU\UHIOH[LRQDUVREUHDOJXQDVGHODVHQWUHYLVWDVUHDOL]DGDVSDUDLQIHULU
GLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHHOD\HU\KR\GHODVPXMHUHVDFHLWXQHUDV
x 9DORUDU\UHVSHWDUHOWUDEDMRGHODVPXMHUHV
1LYHO(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD
3URFHVR
6LJXLHQGR XQ PRGHOR GH HQWUHYLVWD TXH VH IDFLOLWDUi DO DOXPQDGR LQGLYLGXDOPHQWH R SRU
SDUHMDVUHDOL]DUiQHQWUHYLVWDVD PXMHUHVTXHKD\DQWUDEDMDGRHQODFDPSDxDDFHLWXQHUDDVHU
SRVLEOHGHGLIHUHQWHVHGDGHV
,QWHQWDUiQ UHFRJHU WRGD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ SRVLEOH SRU HVFULWR R ELHQ D\XGiQGRVH GH XQD
JUDEDGRUD/DHQWUHYLVWDFRPRSXHGHYHUVHHQPRGHORTXHDGMXQWDPRVHQHO$QH[R,LQFOX\H
FXHVWLRQHVTXHOHVSHUPLWLUiGHVFXEULUORVP~OWLSOHVWUDEDMRVGHODVPXMHUHVDORODUJRGHXQD
MRUQDGD PiV DOOi GHO SURSLDPHQWH UHDOL]DGR HQ HO FDPSR HQ FRQWUDVWH FRQ OD UHDOLGDG
PDVFXOLQD ODV GLIHUHQFLDV HQ FXDQWR D VDODULRV ODV GLILFXOWDGHV \ SUREOHPDV TXH WHQtDQ \
WDPELpQRWURVHOHPHQWRVVRFLDOHV\FXOWXUDOHV
6HGHGLFDUiXQDVHVLyQDXQDSXHVWDHQFRP~QGHWRGRHOJUXSRHQODTXHFRQODD\XGDGRFHQWH
LUiQUHVSRQGLHQGRDSUHJXQWDVTXHOHVSHUPLWDGHVFXEULUHQTXpFRQVLVWHHOWUDEDMRGHODV


PXMHUHV DFHLWXQHUDV GLILFXOWDGHV SUREOHPiWLFDV VHQWLPLHQWRV UHODFLRQHV DVt FRPR ODV
GLVFULPLQDFLRQHVGHJpQHURTXHH[LVWtDQKDFHDxRV\ODVTXHD~QSHUPDQHFHQ
(QHOFDVRGHTXHHOFRQMXQWRGHHQWUHYLVWDVTXHKDQKHFKRQRUHFRMDQWRGRVORVDVSHFWRVTXH
FRQWHPSODQORVREMHWLYRVVHFRPSOHPHQWDUiQFRQRWUDVUHDOL]DGDVSRUHOODGRFHQWH
6H UHDOL]DUi XQD UHIOH[LyQ FRQMXQWD \ SRVWHULRUPHQWH XQ LQIRUPH SRU SHTXHxRV JUXSRV HQ HO
TXHVHLQFOXLUiQODVRSLQLRQHVGHFDGDFRPSRQHQWHGHOJUXSR

/DUHDOLGDGIUHQWHDOREMHWLYRGHXQDFiPDUD
x $QDOL]DUUROHVGHJpQHURGHODVFDPSDxDVGHUHFRJLGDGHDFHLWXQDDWUDYpVGHOD
IRWRJUDItD
x ,QYHVWLJDUODVGHVLJXDOGDGHVGHJpQHURGHORVWDMRVDSDUWLUGHIRWRJUDItDVSDVDGDV\
UHFLHQWHV
x 9DORUDUODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOWUDEDMRIHPHQLQRHQODFXOWXUDGHODFHLWH
1LYHO7HUFHUFLFORGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD
3URFHVR
6HUHDOL]DUiQSHTXHxRVJUXSRVGHWUDEDMRGHHQWUH\SHUVRQDVSDUDJHQHUDULQYHVWLJDFLyQ
FRRSHUDWLYD6HOHVUHSDUWLUiXQDVHULHGHIRWRJUDItDVGH FDPSDxDVGHUHFRJLGDVGHDFHLWXQDV
,PiJHQHV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D GLIHUHQWHV WLHPSRV \ JHQHUDFLRQHV \ VH OHV SHGLUi TXH
UHOOHQHQODVLJXLHQWHILFKD

'HVFULSFLyQGHODLPDJHQ
1KRPEUHV
1~PHURWRWDOGHSHUVRQDV 1PXMHUHV
$FWLYLGDGHVPDVFXOLQDV &XOWXUDPDWHULDODVRFLDGD
$YWLYLGDGHVIHPHQLQDV &XOWXUDPDWHULDODVRFLDGD

)LJXUD/DERUHVGHUHFRJLGDGHODDFHLWXQD(OHVSXUJRGHODVDFHLWXQDVVHFRQItDDORVFXLGDGRVSDFLHQWHVGHODV
PXMHUHVREVHUYDGDVGHVGHHOFDEDOORSRUXQRGHORVFDSDWDFHVGHODILQFD)HFKD)XHQWH
KWWSDEFIRWRDEFHVIRWRJUDILDVWHPDVVHYLOODODERUHVUHFRJLGDDFHLWXQDHVSXUJRKWPO


)LJXUD7UDEDMRVGHFODVLILFDFLyQGHODVDFHLWXQDVSDUDODH[SRUWDFLyQUHDOL]DGRSRUPXMHUHV)HFKD
)XHQWHKWWSDEFIRWRDEFHVIRWRJUDILDVWHPDVLPDJHQORVWUDEDMRVFODVLILFDFLRQODVKWPO

)LJXUD/RVKRPEUHVUHDOL]DQHORUGHxRGHOROLYR/DVDFHLWXQDVTXHFDHQDOVXHORVRQUHFRJLGDVSRUODV
DFHLWXQHUDV)HFKD)XHQWHKWWSDEFIRWRDEFHVIRWRJUDILDVWHPDVORVKRPEUHVUHDOL]DQRUGHQRGHO
KWPO

)LJXUD(QYDVDGRGHDFHLWXQDHQHOROLYDUSDUDVHUHQYLDGDHQORVFOiVLFRVFDSDFKRVDODVDOPD]DUDV
)HFKD)XHQWHKWWSDEFIRWRDEFHVIRWRJUDILDVWHPDVHQYDVDGRDFHLWXQDROLYDUSDUDVHUKWPO

)LJXUDV5HFROHFFLyQGHDFHLWXQDVHQODDFWXDOLGDG


$ SDUWLU GH ODV IRWRJUDItDV \ GH OD ILFKD SODQWHDGD KDQ GH GDU UHVSXHVWDV D HVWDV FXHVWLRQHV
IXQGDPHQWDOHV SDUD HOOR WHQGUiQ TXH UHDOL]DU XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ JXLDGD VREUH HO WHPD HQ
LQWHUQHW
x +RPEUHV\PXMHUHVUHDOL]DEDQODVPLVPDVWDUHDVHQODUHFRJLGDGHDFHLWXQDV"6HxDOD
ODVGLIHUHQWHVDFWLYLGDGHVUHDOL]DGDVVHJ~QHOVH[R\HQTXpVHGLIHUHQFLDQ
x 6DEpLVVLODVPXMHUHVFREUDEDQHOPLVPRVDODULRTXHORVKRPEUHV"<HQODDFWXDOLGDG"
x &yPRKDLQIOXLGRODPHFDQL]DFLyQHQHOROLYDUDORVMRUQDOHURV"<DODVMRUQDOHUDV"
3RU ~OWLPR VH UHDOL]D XQD SXHVWD HQ FRP~Q GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV SRU FDGD JUXSR GH
WUDEDMR \ VH UHDOL]D XQ PXUDO FRQ ODV FRQFOXVLRQHV IXQGDPHQWDOHV GH ODV GHVLJXDOGDGHV GH
JpQHURHQORVWDMRV\XQDUHGDFFLyQLQGLYLGXDOFRQODVRSLQLRQHVSHUVRQDOHVDOUHVSHFWRGHVGH
XQSHQVDPLHQWRFUtWLFR

'HVLJXDOGDGHVGHJpQHURHQORVWDMRVGHOROLYDUHFRHQODSUHQVD
x $SUHQGHUDDQDOL]DUFRQSHQVDPLHQWRFUtWLFRODVQRWLFLDVGHODSUHQVD
x ,QYHVWLJDUODUHDOLGDGVRFLDOFHUFDQDDSDUWLUGHXQDQRWLFLDGHSUHQVD
x 'HVFXEULUODGLVFULPLQDFLyQGHJpQHURTXHVHKDSURGXFLGR\SURGXFHHQORVWDMRV
DFHLWXQHURV
x $QDOL]DUODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGHODPHFDQL]DFLyQGHOROLYDUHQODVDFWLYLGDGHVGHKRPEUHV
\PXMHUHV
1LYHO(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD
3URFHVR 6H UHDOL]DUiQ SHTXHxRV JUXSRV GH WUDEDMR GH HQWUH \ SHUVRQDV SDUD JHQHUDU
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FRRSHUDWLYD 6H OHV UHSDUWLUi XQD VHULH GH QRWLFLDV GH OD SUHQVD DFWXDOHV
UHODFLRQDGDVFRQODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGHODPHFDQL]DFLyQGHOROLYDUHQHOWUDEDMRGHODVPXMHUHV
,PiJHQHV \ VH OHV SHGLUi UHVROYHU ODV VLJXLHQWHV FXHVWLRQHV D WUDYpV GH XQ
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
x &XiOHVKDQVLGRODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVPiVLQPHGLDWDVGHODPHFDQL]DFLyQGHOROLYDUHQOD
WHPSRUDGDGHUHFROHFFLyQGHODDFHLWXQDSDUDODVPXMHUHV",QGtFDODV\UHDOL]DXQDUHIOH[LyQ
FUtWLFDDOUHVSHFWR
x &RQVLGHUDVTXHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVVRQODVPLVPDVSDUDODVPXMHUHVMyYHQHVTXHSDUDODV
PXMHUHVGHDYDQ]DGDHGDG"-XVWLILFDWXUHVSXHVWD
x &XiOHVSXHGHQVHUODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVDODUJRSOD]R"
x &RQVLGHUDVMXVWRORTXHHVWiRFXUULHQGRFRQODVLWXDFLyQODERUDOGHODVPXMHUHV
ROLYDUHUDV"6R123RUTXp"
x $UWLFXODDOJXQDVSRVLEOHVVROXLRQHVDOUHVSHFWR
3RU ~OWLPR VH SURFHGH DO YLVLRQDGR GHO UHSRUWDMH GHO SURJUDPD $QGDOXFtD 'LUHFWR GH &DQDO
6XU79WLWXODGRUna peculiar cuadrilla de mujeres en el olivar, SDUDTXHDQDOLFHQGHVGHXQ
SHQVDPLHQWRFUtWLFRSRUTXpVHFRQVLGHUDSHFXOLDU\SRUTXpVHKDUHDOL]DGRHVWHUHSRUWDMH6H
DEUHXQGHEDWHHQWRUQRDOUHSRUWDMHDSDUWLUGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXH\DKDQUHDOL]DGR


)LJXUD)XHQWHKWWSZZZHOGLDULRHVDQGDOXFLDHQFODYHBUXUDOPDVFXOLQL]DFLRQFDPSRGHVWLHUUDPXMHUHV
DFHLWXQDBBKWPO
)LJXUD)XHQWHKWWSVHYLOODDEFHVDQGDOXFLDMDHQVHYLPDTXLQDVHFKDQWDMRVPXMHUHV
KWPO

)LJXUD)XHQWHKWWSZZZHOGLDULRHVDQGDOXFLDWUDEDMRPXMHUHVUXUDOGHUHFKRVBBKWPO


)LJXUD)XHQWHKWWSHOSDLVFRPGLDULRDQGDOXFLDBKWPO

)LJXUDKWWSDJURGLDULRKXHOYDHVFSDJ\FHUHVGHQXQFLDQTXHHOHPSOHRIHPHQLQRVLJXH
FD\HQGRHQHOPHGLRDJULFRODHVWHDQRXQ\HOHQORVXOWLPRVDQRV

)LJXUDKWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y Q,8XGBO<4$

&21&/86,21(6
7DO FRPR VH KD PRVWUDGR HQ ODV DQWHULRUHV OtQHDV WUDEDMDU FRQWHQLGRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO
ROLYDU HQ OD HGXFDFLyQ REOLJDWRULD HV DOJR IUHFXHQWH TXH DGHPiV FXHQWD FRQ XQ FRQWH[WR
FXUULFXODU SHUIHFWDPHQWH HVWDEOHFLGR HQ ODV QRUPDWLYDV GH iPELWR QDFLRQDO UHDO GHFUHWR
\FRPXQLWDULRDQLYHODQGDOX]RUGHQGHOGHPDU]RGHELHQVHDGHVGHXQ
SXQWRGHYLVWDHFRQyPLFRFRPRSDLVDMtVWLFRRFXOWXUDO6LQHPEDUJRODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHOD


SHUVSHFWLYDGHJpQHURHQHQODHQVHxDQ]D\DSUHQGL]DMHGHODFXOWXUDROLYDUHUDHVD~QDGtDGH
KR\XQDDVLJQDWXUDSHQGLHQWHQRWDQWRSRUODIDOWDGHLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVDFDGpPLFDVFRPRSRUOD
DXVHQFLDGHODWUDQVSRVLFLyQGLGiFWLFDGHODVPLVPDVDODVDXODV3RUWDQWRHVQHFHVDULRLQFOXLU
OD FDWHJRUtD GH DQiOLVLV GH JpQHUR HQ ORV DSUHQGL]DMHV GH ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV QR VROR SRU
FXPSOLUODVQRUPDWLYDVHGXFDWLYDVHQPDWHULDGHJpQHURFX\RLQFXPSOLPLHQWRSXHGHUHVXOWDU
VDQFLRQDGRVLQRWDPELpQSRUFRPSURPLVRVRFLDO\DTXHGDUDFRQRFHUDQXHVWURDOXPQDGROD
UHODFLRQHVGHVLJXDOLWDULDVHVWDEOHFLGDVHQWUHKRPEUHV\PXMHUHVHQODHFRQRPtD\VRFLHGDGHV
IRPHQWDU VX HVStULWX FUtWLFR \ VX SDUWLFLSDFLyQ FLXGDGDQD HQ SUR GH XQD VRFLHGDG OLEUH H
LJXDOLWDULD
3RUHOORHQHVWHWUDEDMRKHPRVDSRVWDGRSRUSURSXHVWDVGLGiFWLFDVHODERUDGDVGHVGHGLVWLQWDV
SHUVSHFWLYDV\FRQGLVWLQWDVIXHQWHVTXHLQWHJUDQSUREOHPiWLFDVVRFLDOHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODV
GHVLJXDOGDGHV GH JpQHUR D SDUWLU GH OD XQD UHDOLGDG FXOWXUDO FHUFDQD HQ HO WLHPSR \ HQ HO
HVSDFLR FRPR HV OD FXOWXUD ROLYDUHUD D ILQ GH HGXFDU DO DOXPQDGR HQ LJXDOGDG GH JpQHUR \
IRUPDUDXQDIXWXUDFLXGDGDQtDFUtWLFDDXWyQRPDOLEUHUHIOH[LYDDFWLYD\SDUWLFLSDWLYD
&RQVLGHUDPRV TXH SHVH D VHU D~Q SURSXHVWDV TXH QR VH KDQ PDWHULDOL]DGR HQ OD SUiFWLFD
HGXFDWLYD KDQ VLGR HODERUDGDV FRQ XQD YLVLyQ UHDOLVWD HQ HO PDUFR HVWUXFWXUDO GH QXHVWUR
VLVWHPDHGXFDWLYRSHQVDQGRHQXQDHIHFWLYDLPSOHPHQWDFLyQHQHODXOD
&RQ WRGR QXHVWUDV SURSXHVWDV DGHPiV GH WUDEDMDU FRQWHQLGRV FXUULFXODUHV FRQFUHWRV GHVGH
XQDQXHYDSHUVSHFWLYDODGHJpQHURDSXHVWDQSRULQLFLDUDODOXPQDGRGHVGHODVHGDGHV PiV
WHPSUDQDVHQODFRQFHSFLyQJOREDOGHMXVWLFLDVRFLDOHLJXDOGDGDSDUWLUGHODYDORUDFLyQ\HO
FRQRFLPLHQWRGHOHQWRUQRFXOWXUDO\VRFLDOFRPRSDUWHGHVXLGHQWLGDGLQGLYLGXDO\FROHFWLYD

%,%/,2*5$)$
%HULFDW(\&DPDUHUR0Trabajadoras y trabajos en la Andaluca rural. Situacin
socio-laboral de la mujer rural en Andaluca. 6HYLOOD,QVWLWXWR$QGDOX]GHOD0XMHU
&DEUHUD0<*UDQHUR0-3HUVSHFWLYDV\DFWLWXGHVGHODPXMHUHVUXUDOGH$UEXQLHO
DQWHHODXPHQWRGHODPHFDQL]DFLyQHQHOROLYDUDQDOL]DQGRVXLQIOXHQFLDHQODGHVLJXDOGDGGH
JpQHURSumuntn n 24, 33
&iPDUD %ULRQHV 0 - Agricultura y vivencias de una mujer de Bailn (GLWRUHV
8QLYHUVLGDGGH-DpQ
*DUFtD %UHQHV0 ' 7UDQVIRUPDFLRQHV HQ OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHO WUDEDMR HQ HO FXOWLYR
GHOROLYDU(OFDVRGH$QGDOXFtD0XQGR$JUDULRRevista de estudios rurales, vol. 7, n 14
SS>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSZZZPXQGRDJUDULRXQOSHGXDUDUWLFOHYLHZYQD >OWLPR DFFHVR
VHSWLHPEUH@
*DUFtD /XTXH $ 0XMHUHV YLVLEOHV H LQYLVLEOHV HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD +LVWRULD HQ OD
(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDFDPELRV\SHUYLYHQFLDVDODPSDURGHOD/20&(HQ$0+HUQiQGH]
&DUUHWHUR & 5 *DUFtD 5XL] - / GH OD 0RQWDxD &RRUGVUna enseanza de las ciencias
sociales para el futuro: Recursos para trabajar la invisibilidad de personas, lugares y
temticas. 8QLYHUVLGDGGH([WUHPDGXUD$VRFLDFLyQ8QLYHUVLWDULDGH3URIHVRUHVGH'LGiFWLFD
GHODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV&iFHUHVSS


*DUFtD/XTXH$HQSUHQVD/D/20&(EDMRXQDPLUDGDGHJpQHURVDYDQFHVRUHWURFHVRV
HQ HO V ;;," Revista Educacin, Poltica y Sociedad, 2.Monogrfico: La LOMCE:
aportaciones para el debate sobre la poltica educativa.
5RGUtJXH] ,]TXLHUGR 5 /D LPDJHQ \ HO SDSHO GH OD PXMHU HQ ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR
HVFRODUHVHQ(VSDxDEscuela Abierta, ISS
3HLQDGR 5RGUtJXH] 0 6HU PXMHU HQ OD VRFLHGDG UXUDO DQGDOX]D
(VWUDWHJLDVIDPLOLDUHVGHUHSURGXFFLyQ\VXEVLVWHQFLD-DpQ,QVWLWXWRGH(VWXGLRV*LHQQHQVHV
9tOFKH] 0 ( $FHLWXQHUDV GH &yUGRED KRPHQDMH D ODV PXMHUHV GHO FDPSR (GLWRU
&DGHQD6HU


$QH[R,
02'(/2'((175(9,67$
(VWHPRGHORGHHQWUHYLVWDUHFRJHGHPDQHUDEDVWDQWHDPSOLDLQIRUPDFLyQUHODWLYDDODVH[SHULHQFLDVGHYLGDGH
PXMHUHVDFHLWXQHUDVGH-DpQ
'$7263(5621$/(6
1RPEUH\$SHOOLGRV
)HFKD\/XJDUGHQDFLPLHQWR
(VWXGLRVUHDOL]DGRV\FHQWURRFHQWURVHVFRODUHVHQTXHHVWXYR
'RPLFLOLRDFWXDO2WURVOXJDUHVHQTXHKDYLYLGR
(VWDGRFLYLO
(QFDVRGHHVWDUFDVDGDLQGLFDUOXJDU\IHFKDGHOPDWULPRQLR
1GHKLMRVHGDGHV\VH[R
)$0,/,$
1RPEUH\IHFKDGHQDFLPLHQWRGHORVSDGUHV
(VWXGLRVUHDOL]DGRV
2FXSDFLRQHVSURIHVLRQDOHV
1~PHURGHKHUPDQRV\HGDGHV4XpOXJDURFXSDHQWUHHOORV"
&yPRLQIOX\yODDFWLYLGDGSURIHVLRQDOGHVXVSDGUHVHQVXVHOHFFLRQHVHQSURIHVLyQ\RFXSDFLRQHVODERUDOHV
4XpUHFXHUGRVDFHUFDGHVXVHQVHxDQ]DVFRQVHUYDFRQPD\RUIXHU]DGHVXSDGUH\GHVXPDGUH
$0,67$'(6
5HFXHUGDDDOJXQDGHVXVDPLVWDGHV"
&RQVHUYDHQODDFWXDOLGDGDDOJXQDGHVXLQIDQFLD"
+D\DOJ~QGDWRDFHUFDGHDOJXQDGHHOODVTXHFRQVLGHUHGHLQWHUpVSDUDHVWHWUDEDMR"
9,'$&27,',$1$
'XUDQWHTXpDxRVGHVXYLGDVHGHGLFyDODUHFRJLGDGHODDFHLWXQD
&LWHDTXHOORVFRVWXPEUHV\FDPELRVVLORVKXERTXHH[SHULPHQWyVXYLGDGXUDQWHHVWHWLHPSR
&UHHQFLDVUHOLJLRVDV
,GHRORJtDSROtWLFD
/HFWXUDV
'HSRUWHV
'LYHUVLRQHV
$UUHJORSHUVRQDO\PRGD
$FWLYLGDGHVFXOWXUDOHV
1RYLD]JR
0DWULPRQLRFLYLOUHOLJLRVR
,QIOX\yHOVHUQLxDHQUHFLELUXQDHGXFDFLyQ\HVWXGLRVGLVWLQWRVDVXVKHUPDQRV"
&XiOHVHUDQVXVRFXSDFLRQHV\WDUHDVHQFDVD"
4XpQRUPDVVRFLDOHVWXYRTXHFXPSOLUGXUDQWHVXMXYHQWXG"


5HVSHFWRDVXPDWULPRQLRGLJDDOJXQRVGHODVFRVWXPEUHV\ULWRVTXHOOHYDURQDFDER\FXiOHVGHHOORVHUDQ
XVXDOHVHQHVHWLHPSRSHWLFLyQGHPDQRGHVSHGLGDGHVROWHUREDQTXHWHGHERGDVYHVWLGREODQFRYLDMHGH
QRYLRV
4XpWUDEDMRVGHVHPSHxyDQWHVGHFDVDUVH"5HFXHUGDVLVXVDODULRHUDLJXDOTXHHOKRPEUHVTXHKDFtDQHO
PLVPRWUDEDMR"'HMyGHWUDEDMDUSDUDFDVDUVH"3RUTXp"

(/75$%$-2'($&(,781(5$
4XpSHUtRGRGHDxRVWUDEDMyFRPRDFHLWXQHUD"
(QTXpFRQVLVWtDVXWUDEDMRDFHLWXQHUD"(UDHOPLVPRGHVDUUROODGRSRUORVKRPEUHV"
4XpXWHQVLOLRV\PDTXLQDULDUHFXHUGDTXHVHXWLOL]DEDQ"
4XpRWUDVSHUVRQDVVHHQFRQWUDEDQUHDOL]DQGRHVWHWUDEDMR"
7UDEDMyHQJUDQGHVILQFDVRHQH[SORWDFLRQHVIDPLOLDUHV"
6DEHGHDOJXLHQTXHWUDEDMDVHHQILQFDVGHRWURWLSRGLVWLQWRDODTXHXVWHGORKL]R"
5HFXHUGDVXKRUDULRGHWUDEDMR"
'HTXpIRUPDSDJDEDQVXVKRQRUDULRV"'LDULDPHQWHVHPDQDOPHQWHRDOILQDOL]DUODUHFRJLGD
&XiQWRFREUDED"/RVVXHOGRVHUDQLJXDOHVSDUDWRGRHOJUXSR"&yPRVHHVWDEOHFtDQODVGLIHUHQFLDV
GLVWLQWRWLSRGHWUDEDMRVH[RIRUPDFLyQUHFLELGD"
7HQtDTXHFRPSDJLQDUHVWHWUDEDMRFRQRWUDVWDUHDVGHWLSRGRPpVWLFRRGHRWURWLSR"

/$9,'$(02&,21$/</266(17,0,(1726
4XpSUREOHPDVUHFXHUGDGHDTXHOORVPRPHQWRVHQORVTXHWUDEDMRFRPRDFHLWXQHUD"
4XpVHQVDFLRQHVUHFXHUGDDFWXDOPHQWH"
4XpGLILFXOWDGHVUHFXHUGDTXHH[LVWtDQHQHVWHWUDEDMR"4XpVHQWLPLHQWRVHQFXDQWRDUHODFLRQHVFRQRWUDV
SHUVRQDVUHFXHUGDTXHQDFLHUDQHQHVWHFRQWH[WR"+RPEUHV"0XMHUHV"3HUYLYHDOJXQDGHHOODV

$63(&72662&,2&8/785$/(6
4XpDPELHQWHVHYLYtDHQHVRVDxRVFRQHOJUXSRTXHFRPSDUWtDHVWHWUDEDMR"
&yPRVHUHODFLRQDEDFRQORVKRPEUHVHQHOWDMR"<FRQODVPXMHUHV"
5HFXHUGDDOJXQDVFRVWXPEUHVFHOHEUDFLRQHVRULWXDOHVWtSLFRVGHODUHFRJLGDGHODDFHLWXQD"
6LKDEtDDOJ~QPRPHQWRGHGHVFDQVRHQTXpVHLQYHUWtD"/RKDFtDWRGRHOJUXSRRVHKDFtDQJUXSRV
GLIHUHQWHV"
6HUYtDQHVWRVPRPHQWRVSDUDFRQRFHUVHORVFKLFRVRFKLFDVMyYHQHV"
5HFXHUGDDOJXQDVFDQFLRQHVRUHWDKtODVRUHIUDQHVTXHVHGLMHUDQGXUDQWHHOWUDEDMR"

6(5$&(,781(5$(1/$$&78$/,'$'
&RQRFHVORVFDPELRVTXHVHKDQH[SHULPHQWDGRUHVSHFWRDODUHFRJLGDGHODDFHLWXQDDFWXDOPHQWH"
([LVWHQGLIHUHQFLDVD~QGHWLSRHFRQyPLFRSRUVH[R"<HQHOWLSRGHWUDEDMR"
'HWRGRVORVFDPELRVFXiORFXiOHVWHKDQSDUHFLGRPiVLPSRUWDQWHV"3RUTXp"
3XHGHDxDGLUDOJXQDDQpFGRWDTXHFUHDKDTXHGDGRVLQUHFRJHUHQODHQWUHYLVWD


/$6,03/,&$&,21(6','&7,&$6'(/26(67(5(27,326<
3(5&(3&,21(6'(/(63$&,2*(2*5),&2

'LHJR*DUFtD0RQWHDJXGR
Departamento de Didctica de las Ciencias Experimentales y Sociales. Universitat de Valncia
diegar4@alumni.uv.es
5(680(1
/RV OLEURV GH WH[WR VRQ OD SULQFLSDO IXHQWH GH HVWHUHRWLSRV VREUH HO HVSDFLR UXUDO /DV HQFXHVWDV \ HVTXHPDV
PHQWDOHV FRQ DOXPQRVDV GH FXDUWR FXUVR GH HGXFDFLyQ VHFXQGDULD KDQ UHYHODGR TXH SUHGRPLQD XQD LPDJHQ
LGLOLFDHQWUHDTXHOORVTXHUHVLGHQHQHOHVSDFLRXUEDQR(VWDLPDJHQYDDVHUFRQWUDVWDGDFRQXQHVWXGLRGHFDVR
UHIHULGRD&DVDVGH(XIHPLD5HTXHQD)LQDOPHQWHDQDOL]DUHPRVODVUHSHUFXVLRQHVTXHWLHQHQODVSHUFHSFLRQHV
VRFLDOHVVREUHHOPHGLRUXUDOHQODHQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRJUDItDHVFRODUHQEDVHDODVSURSXHVWDVGHLQQRYDFLyQTXH
VHHVWiQUHDOL]DQGRHQOD8QLYHUVLWDWGH9DOqQFLD

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
/LEURVGHWH[WRHVWHUHRWLSRVHVSDFLRUXUDOLPDJHQLGLOLFDSHUFHSFLRQHVVRFLDOHV

,1752'8&&,1
$SHVDUGHTXHODGLGiFWLFDGHOPHGLRUXUDOHVXQFDPSRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQMRYHQHQ(VSDxDHV
SRVLEOH HQFRQWUDU XQD VHULH GH HVWHUHRWLSRV TXH SXHGHQ VHU HVWXGLDGRV PHGLDQWH ODV
UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV HQWUH HVWXGLDQWHV GH HGXFDFLyQ VHFXQGDULD 'H KHFKR HO HVSDFLR
JHRJUiILFRWLHQHXQDYHUWLHQWHVXEMHWLYDFX\DVLPSOLFDFLRQHVGLGiFWLFDVVRQDQDOL]DGDVGHVGH
OD UHODFLyQ H[LVWHQWH HQWUH OD WHRUtD GH ODV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV \ OD JHRJUDItD GH OD
SHUFHSFLyQ\GHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR6RXWR\*DUFtD0RQWHDJXGR
(OIRFRSULQFLSDOGHYLVLRQHVHVWHUHRWLSDGDVDFHUFDGHOPHGLRUXUDOVRQORVPDQXDOHVHVFRODUHV
(VWRV UHFXUVRV GLGiFWLFRV WLHQHQ XQ SRWHQFLDO FXOWXUDO H LGHROyJLFR TXH SXHGH VHU DQDOL]DGR
SRUORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVGHODGLGiFWLFDGHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV(QHOFDVRGHODGLGiFWLFDGHOD
JHRJUDItDQRH[LVWHXQDWUDGLFLyQWDQDUUDLJDGDFRPRHQHOFDVRGHODGLGiFWLFDGHODKLVWRULD
HQORTXHUHVSHFWDDODQiOLVLVGHOLEURVGHWH[WR9DOOV6LQHPEDUJRHODQiOLVLVGHORV
SULQFLSDOHV FRQWHQLGRV DFHUFD GHO HVSDFLR UXUDO KD UHYHODGR XQD VHULH GH HVWHUHRWLSRV OD
PD\RUtD GH ORV FXDOHV SXHGHQ VHU FRQWUDUUHVWDGRV FRQ HVWXGLRV JHRJUiILFRV GH FDVRV \
PHGLDQWHSURSXHVWDVGLGiFWLFDVTXHGHVWDFDQODLPSRUWDQFLDSHGDJyJLFDGHODHVFDODORFDO\ODV
VDOLGDVGHFDPSR

'LHJR *DUFtD 0RQWHDJXGR HV 3HUVRQDO ,QYHVWLJDGRU 1R 'RFWRU GHO SUR\HFWR GH FRQFXUUHQFLD FRPSHWLWLYD /DV
PDUJLQDFLRQHV SHUVRQDOHV \ OD XWLOLGDG VRFLDO GHO VDEHU HVFRODU ILQDQFLDGR SRU OD &RQVHOOHUtD GH (GXFDFLyQ &XOWXUD \
'HSRUWH GH OD *HQHUDOLWDW 9DOHQFLDQD (O REMHWLYR HV DQDOL]DU ODV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV GHO DOXPQDGR TXH KD FXUVDGR
SURJUDPDVGHGLYHUVLILFDFLyQFXUULFXODURVLPLODUHV\SRQHUORHQUHODFLyQDVXFRQWH[WRVRFLDO\HVFRODUDSDUWLUGHODQiOLVLV
GHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHHQWUHYLVWDVVHPLHVWUXFWXUDGDV
D.Garca Monteagudo


(/ 0(',2 585$/ (1 /26 0$18$/(6 (6&2/$5(6 '( ('8&$&,1
6(&81'$5,$(63$f2/(6
8QD GH ODV ILQDOLGDGHV TXH UHFRJHQ ORV PDUFRV OHJDOHV HGXFDWLYRV \ TXH VH SODVPD HQ ORV
OLEURVGHWH[WRHVODSURPRFLyQGHODIRUPDFLyQ~WLOTXHFDSDFLWHDODOXPQDGRSDUDLQWHUYHQLU\
YDORUDUVLWXDFLRQHVGHODYLGDUHDO'HHVHLQWHUpVVRFLDO\DFDGpPLFRVHHVWDEOHFHXQDUHODFLyQ
HQWUHORVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\ODHQVHxDQ]DTXHVHLQLFLDFRQODSODQLILFDFLyQGH
ORV FXUUtFXORV HVFRODUHV (VH FRQMXQWR GH LQWHUHVHV HQIRTXHV H LGHRORJtDV VLQWHWL]DQ OD
FRQFHSFLyQGHORVGRFHQWHVTXLHQHVVRQORVSULQFLSDOHVUHVSRQVDEOHVGHODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHV
HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO FXUUtFXOR HVFRODU 3XHQWH S (VWD ODERU GRFHQWH HV
LPSUHVFLQGLEOH SDUD HYLWDU TXH HO DOXPQDGR UHSURGX]FD ORV LQWHUHVHV \ HVWHUHRWLSRV TXH VH
UHSLWHQHQORVOLEURVGHWH[WR
'HVGHHOIUDQTXLVPRHOPDUFROHJLVODWLYRTXHFRQFLHUQHDODJHRJUDItDHVFRODUHVUHVXOWDGRGH
XQ HVIXHU]R LQVWLWXFLRQDO SRU GHILQLU HO FRUSXV WHyULFR TXH SHUPLWLHUD VXSHUDU OD SURSXHVWD
LGHROyJLFDGHORVVXEOHYDGRVFRQWUDHORUGHQFRQVWLWXFLRQDOGHOD6HJXQGD5HS~EOLFD5LEHV\
6RXWRSS(QHOFDVR FRQFUHWRGH OD HGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULD \HOEDFKLOOHUDWR OD
OH\GHIXHVXVWLWXLGDSRUOD/H\GH2UGHQDFLyQGHOD(QVHxDQ]D0HGLDHQ'HHVWD
OH\ VH GHULYy HO 3ODQ GH (VWXGLRV GH GHO TXH KHPRV DQDOL]DGR ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH WUHV
PDQXDOHVHVFRODUHV
/RV PDQXDOHV LQLFLDOHV GH JHRJUDItD GXUDQWH HO IUDQTXLVPR FRLQFLGHQ HQ OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ
WD[yQRPLFDGHORVFRQWHQLGRVFRQFHSWXDOHVUHIHUHQWHVDODSURGXFFLyQODFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ\
ORVUHQGLPLHQWRVDJUtFRODV$PHGLGDTXHHOHQIRTXHGHODHVFXHODYLGDOLDQDVHLEDDILDQ]DQGR
HQWUH ORV LQYHVWLJDGRUHV HVSDxROHV VH KL]R KLQFDSLp HQ OD FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ DJURSHFXDULD D
GLIHUHQWHVHVFDODVGHVGHODVFRPDUFDVDODVJUDQGHVUHJLRQHVHXURSHDV(OSURIHVRUDGRGHODV
GpFDGDV GH \ DSHQDV WHQtD PDUJHQ GH LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHO FXUUtFXOR SXHV OD
SODVPDFLyQ GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR GH ODV SULQFLSDOHV HGLWRULDOHV FRLQFLGtD
ULJXURVDPHQWHFRQHOPDUFROHJDOTXHVHSXEOLFDEDQHQORVSODQHVGHHVWXGLR
6REUHHVWRVPDQXDOHVVHGHVSUHQGHQGRVLGHDVJHQHUDOHVTXHSHUPDQHFHQHQHOLPDJLQDULRGH
ODVSHUVRQDVTXHHVWXGLDURQHQODVGpFDGDVGH\\TXHKDQVLGRFRPSOHPHQWDGRV
HQ RWUDV IXHQWHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ DGLFLRQDOHV FRPR ORV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ /D SULPHUD
PHQFLRQDODLPSRUWDQFLDGHODGLYHUVLGDGDJURSHFXDULDHVSDxRODHQORVLQLFLRVGHOIUDQTXLVPR
RWRUJDQGROH PiV LPSRUWDQFLD D OD JHVWLyQ GH HVWH JRELHUQR DXWiUTXLFR TXH D OD H[SOLFDFLyQ
H[KDXVWLYDGHIDFWRUHVJHRJUiILFRVItVLFRV\VRFLDOHVTXHKDQSRVLELOLWDGRHOGHVDUUROORGHOD
DJULFXOWXUD \ GH OD JDQDGHUtD HQ (VSDxD GHVGH pSRFD KLVWyULFD 3DUD HOOR VH KDQ DSR\DGR
LQWHQFLRQDGDPHQWHHQODSUHVHQWDFLyQGHJUiILFRVOLQHDOHVFRQODHYROXFLyQGHSURGXFFLyQGH
PDWHULDVSULPDVDFHLWHYLQRFHUHDOHVHQWUH\)LJXUD(QVHJXQGROXJDUVH
KD SXHVWR HQIDVLV HQ GHVWDFDU ORV UHQGLPLHQWRV DJUtFRODV JDQDGHURV \ SHVTXHURV GH ORV
SULQFLSDOHV FXOWLYRV \HVSHFLHV DQLPDOHV (VWH HVWHUHRWLSR VH FHQWUD HQ OD PHMRUD WHFQROyJLFD
GH OD DFWLYLGDG DJURSHFXDULD D SDUWLU GH OD GpFDGD GH SRU OR TXH VH HFOLSVD TXH OD
LQWURGXFFLyQ GH OD WHFQRORJtD HQ (VSDxD IXH VHOHFWLYD \ PiV WDUGtD TXH HQ RWURV SDtVHV
HXURSHRVFRQORVTXHQRVHFRPSDUDODVLWXDFLyQHFRQyPLFDDJUDULD
D.Garca Monteagudo


)LJXUD*UiILFRVFRQODHYROXFLyQGHFHUHDOHVHQWUHD)XHQWH*ULPD

/DSUHVHQWDFLyQGHORVHVSDFLRVDJUDULRVFRPRXQDLPDJHQILMDVHIXHPRGLILFDQGRDILQDOHVGH
ODGpFDGDGHDPHGLGDTXHHOFUHFLPLHQWRXUEDQRVHLEDDYDQ]DQGRDFRVWDGHODV]RQDV
DJURSHFXDULDV/RVFRQIOLFWRVSRUODH[SORWDFLyQGHODWLHUUD\DQRHUDQH[FOXVLYDPHQWHHQWUH
JUDQGHV SURSLHWDULRV \ MRUQDOHURV VLQR TXH VH HVWDED LQLFLDQGR XQ SURFHVR GH HVSHFXODFLyQ
VREUH OD WLHUUD TXH WXYR VX UHIOHMR HQ OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV GLGiFWLFRV EDMR HO
SDUDGLJPD GH OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHO WHUULWRULR &RQ OD /H\ *HQHUDO GH (GXFDFLyQ \
)LQDQFLDPLHQWRGHOD5HIRUPD(GXFDWLYD/*(GHGHDJRVWRGHHOPDUFROHJDOSDUDOD
JHRJUDItD HVFRODU FRQWHPSODED OD HQVHxDQ]D GH FRQWHQLGRV LQWHUSUHWDWLYRV TXH PRVWUDUDQ ORV
SUREOHPDV VRFLDOHV \ HFRQyPLFRV GH OD DJULFXOWXUD 6LQ HPEDUJR VH UHIOHMDURQ HVFDVDV
UHIHUHQFLDV D OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH DJULFXOWXUD H LQGXVWULD D SHVDU GH LQLFLDUVH XQ FRQWH[WR GH
UHODFLRQHVHQWUHDPERVVHFWRUHVHFRQyPLFRVTXHWRPDUtDXQIXHUWHLPSXOVRFRQODHQWUDGDGH
(VSDxDHQODHQWRQFHV&RPXQLGDG(FRQyPLFD(XURSHD
(O SUHGRPLQLR GHO HQIRTXH GH OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ WHUULWRULDO VH PDQWXYR FRQ OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ GH
LQIRUPDFLyQQXPpULFD\JUiILFDGHODVSURGXFFLRQHVUHQGLPLHQWRV\SUHFLRVGHORVSULQFLSDOHV
SURGXFWRVDJURSHFXDULRVKDVWDODGpFDGDGH'HVGHHQWRQFHVVHKDYXHOWRDXQHQIRTXH
GHVFULSWLYR GHO SDLVDMH TXH VH H[SOLFD SRU HO GHWHULRUR PHGLRDPELHQWDO GH ORV SDLVDMHV
DJUDULRV FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH ORV SURFHVRV GH XUEDQL]DFLyQ HQ (VSDxD (O FXUUtFXOR GH OD
/H\2UJiQLFD*HQHUDOGHO6LVWHPD(GXFDWLYR/2*6(UHFXSHUyHOHQIRTXHLGLOLFRGHOSDLVDMH
FRPR XQD LPDJHQ ILMD /D GLIHUHQFLD GH HVWD FRQFHSFLyQ FXUULFXODU UHVSHFWR GHO PLVPR
HQIRTXHSDUDORVSULPHURVPDQXDOHVGHOIUDQTXLVPRHVWULEDHQODLPSRUWDQFLDFRQFHGLGDDOD
QDWXUDOH]D GH ORV HVSDFLRV DJUDULRV IUHQWH D OD DQWURSL]DFLyQ GH ORV HVSDFLRV UXUDOHV HQ HVWH
VHJXQGRSHUtRGR(VWRVLJQLILFDTXHVLKDFHPHGLRVLJORORVHVSDFLRVDJUDULRVVHGHILQtDQSRU
VX SXUH]D DPELHQWDO D SDUWLU GH OD GpFDGD GH VH KDQ LQWHQWDGR UHFXSHUDU HVRV YDORUHV
DXQVDELHQGRTXHHOSDLVDMHHVUHVXOWDGRGHODDQWURSL]DFLyQGHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR%DMRHVWH
HQIRTXH VXE\DFH OD LGHD GH FRQVHUYDFLyQ GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH HQWHQGLGR FRPR OD VXPD GH
HOHPHQWRV ELyWLFRV DELyWLFRV \ OD DFFLyQ DQWUySLFD GH FDUiFWHU KLVWyULFR (VD UHODFLyQ HQWUH
IDFWRUHV ItVLFRV \ VRFLDOHV OOHJD D VHU UHLWHUDWLYD HQ DOJXQRV OLEURV GH WH[WR 6iQFKH]
6DQWDFDQD=DUDJR]D\=iUDWH\QRH[SOLFDODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHORVSDLVDMHVDJUDULRVD
HVFDOD ORFDO \ JOREDO /RV SDLVDMHV DJURSHFXDULRV VH SUHVHQWDQ PHGLDQWH XQD UHJLRQDOL]DFLyQ
TXHLQFOX\HDVSHFWRVFRQFUHWRVGHOSREODPLHQWR\GHRWUDVDFWLYLGDGHVFRPRODLQGXVWULD\HO
WXULVPR
(Q VtQWHVLV ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR GH JHRJUDItD UHFRJHQ XQRV FRQWHQLGRV SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWH
WHyULFRV\VLQWpWLFRVTXHVHEDVDQHQODUHSURGXFFLyQGHHVTXHPDVWD[RQyPLFRVFRPRORVGH
D.Garca Monteagudo


(VSDxDK~PHGD\(VSDxDVHFDFRPRSUHWH[WRSDUDUHJLRQDOL]DU ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHORV
SDLVDMHV DJUDULRV 'H XQ PRGR VLPLODU YXHOYHQ D DSDUHFHU FRQFHSWRV FRPR ERFDJH \
RSHQILHOG FRQ XQD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ TXH SUHWHQGH FRPSDUDU ORV SDLVDMHV GHO QRUWH SHQLQVXODU
FRQORVGHOFHQWURGH(XURSDDSHVDUGHTXHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVVRFLDOHVHFRQyPLFDVSROtWLFDV
\FXOWXUDOHVHQODVTXHVHGHVDUUROODQODVDFWLYLGDGHVDJURSHFXDULDVVHDQGLIHUHQWHVHQDPERV
FRQWH[WRV /D UHLWHUDFLyQ GH FRQFHSWRV FOiVLFRV HVWUXFWXUD DJUDULD PRUIRORJtD SDUFHODULD
PRQRFXOWLYRSROLFXOWLYRPLQLIXQGLRODWLIXQGLR\GHIRWRJUDItDVGHORVSDLVDMHVDJUDULRVVRQ
GRVHOHPHQWRVTXHLQIOX\HQVREUHODFRQFHSFLyQDJUDULDGHORVHVSDFLRV UXUDOHV&RQHVWRVH
FRQWULEX\H D PLQLPL]DU OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD PXOWLIXQFLRQDOLGDG HQ HO GHVDUUROOR VRFLDO \
HFRQyPLFRGHORVHVSDFLRVUXUDOHVHQODDFWXDOLGDG'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHODGLGiFWLFDGH
ODJHRJUDItDVHUHGXFHQORVFRQWHQLGRVSURFHGLPHQWDOHVTXHVHGHVSUHQGHQGHOFRPHQWDULRGH
FDUWRJUDItDVWHPiWLFDV\RWURVUHFXUVRVJUiILFRV7DQWRFRQHOHQIRTXHGHOSDLVDMHFRPRFRQHO
GH OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ WHUULWRULDO ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR QR LQFOX\HQ DFWLYLGDGHV TXH D\XGHQ DO
DOXPQDGR GH HGXFDFLyQ VHFXQGDULD D SUREOHPDWL]DU OD VLWXDFLyQ JHQHUDO GH ORV HVSDFLRV
UXUDOHV
$xR
(GLWRULDO 7tWXOR $XWRUHV
(GLFLyQ
*HRJUDItDGH(VSDxD%DFKLOOHUDWR
9DOHQFLD
(FLU *ULPD-XDQ0
'HSyVLWROHJDO9
1RUGHQ59
*HRJUDItDGH(VSDxD%DFKLOOHUDWR
9LFHQV
2UWHJD55RLJ-
9LYHV 'HSyVLWROHJDO%
*HRJUDItD H +LVWRULD GH (VSDxD \ GH
ORV 3DtVHV +LVSiQLFRV %DFKLOOHUDWR %DODQ]D 0 %HQHMDP
9LFHQV
8QLILFDGR3ROLYDOHQWH%83 3 /ORUHQV 0 2UWHJD
9LYHV
55RLJ-
,6%1
&LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV *HRJUDItD H 6iQFKH] ( 6DQWDFDQD
60 +LVWRULD(62 - =DUDJR]D * =iUDWH
,6%1 0
*HRJUDItD%DFKLOOHUDWR $EDVFDO ) &DEH]D )
6DQWLOODQD )HUQiQGH] 9 5HGRQGR
3UR\HFWR/DFDVDGHOVDEHU $9i]TXH]0/
7DEOD/LEURVGHWH[WRDQDOL]DGRVHQHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ

/26 (67(5(27,326 (1 /$ 5(35(6(17$&,1 62&,$/ '(/ 0(',2
585$/
6LHQHODSDUWDGRDQWHULRU\DKHPRVDGHODQWDGRDOJXQRVHVWHUHRWLSRVTXHDSDUHFHQHQORVOLEURV
GHWH[WRGHHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDDKRUDYDPRVDFRQWH[WXDOL]DUXQDVHULHGHLGHDVTXHKHPRV
UHFRSLODGRGHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQILQDOGHPiVWHUVREUHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVRFLDOGHOPHGLRUXUDO
&DGD YH] HV PiV IUHFXHQWH OD FRQFHSFLyQ GHO PHGLR UXUDO TXH OR HTXLSDUD FRQ XQ HVSDFLR
QDWXUDO FRQ QRWDEOHV SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV HFRQyPLFDV %DMR HVWD FRQFHSFLyQ KHPRV FRPSUREDGR
TXHH[LVWHQLQWHUHVHVSROtWLFRVTXHKDQDSDUHFLGRHQORVOLEURVGHWH[WRHVSDxROHVGHODGpFDGD
GH EDMR HO FRQWURO HGXFDWLYR GHO UpJLPHQ IUDQTXLVWD 8Q HMHPSOR HV OD DWULEXFLyQ GHO
GHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFR\VRFLDOGH(VSDxDDOUHODQ]DPLHQWRGHODHFRQRPtDGHODVSULQFLSDOHV
D.Garca Monteagudo


FRPDUFDV DJUDULDV HQWUH \ YLVLEOH HQ JUiILFRV \ PDSDV GH GLFKRV PDQXDOHV
HVFRODUHV GH HGXFDFLyQ VHFXQGDULD (VWD VHOHFFLyQ LQWHQFLRQDGD GH FRQWHQLGRV YXOQHUD HO
SULQFLSLRGLGiFWLFRTXHVXSRQHODFRQWH[WXDOL]DFLyQGHODVLWXDFLyQJHRJUiILFDItVLFDVRFLDO\
HFRQyPLFDGHXQDUHJLyQHQHODSUHQGL]DMHGHSURFHVRVJHRJUiILFRVDOLJXDOTXHODHYROXFLyQ
KLVWyULFD GH XQ VHFWRU HFRQyPLFR \ ODV FRQVHFXHQFLDV TXH UHYLHUWHQ SDUD OD VRFLHGDG \ OD
HFRQRPtDORFDOHV
&RQ HO SDVR GHO WLHPSR ORV FDPELRV VRFLDOHV KDQ GHPRVWUDGR TXH H[LVWH XQ SURFHVR GH
XUEDQL]DFLyQ GHO FDPSR TXH DIHFWD VREUH WRGR D ORV KDELWDQWHV UXUDOHV GH ORV SDtVHV
GHVDUUROODGRV/DYHUWLHQWHPHQRVYLVLEOHGHHVWHSURFHVRHVODLQIUDYDORUDFLyQGHORVJUXSRV
GH DQFLDQRV UXUDOHV D ORV TXH VH OHV DWULEX\HQ XQDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHPRJUiILFDV YLQFXODGDV
PD\RULWDULDPHQWH FRQ HO HQYHMHFLPLHQWR \ OD PHQRU FDOLGDG GH YLGD DO FRPSDUDUVH FRQ ODV
FRQGLFLRQHVVRFLDOHVGHORVKDELWDQWHVGHHGDGPiVDYDQ]DGDTXHUHVLGHQHQODVFLXGDGHV<
SRURWURODGRQRVHWLHQHHQFXHQWDHOHVIXHU]RTXHODVFODVHVPHGLDVDJUDULDVKDQKHFKRSDUD
DGDSWDUVHDODOyJLFDFDSLWDOLVWDGHLQVHUFLyQGHVXVSURGXFWRVHQORVPHUFDGRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV
ODDGTXLVLFLyQGHQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDV\ODDSHUWXUDKDFLDQXHYDVIRUPDVGHUHODFLyQVRFLDOHQHO
VHQRGHSHTXHxRV\PHGLDQRVHVSDFLRVUXUDOHV
(O UHVXOWDGR GH OD XUEDQL]DFLyQ GHO FDPSR KD VXSXHVWR XQD LQWHUUHODFLyQ GHVLJXDO HQWUH ODV
FLXGDGHV\ORVHVSDFLRVUXUDOHVTXHVLJXHVLHQGRIDYRUDEOHSDUDORVJUDQGHVFHQWURVXUEDQRV
'H HVWH EDODQFH XUEDQRUXUDO VH GHULYDQ XQD VHULH GH SUREOHPDV TXH WLHQHQ FRQVHFXHQFLDV
JOREDOHV(OSULPHURGHHOORVHVHODEDQGRQRVRFLDO\WHUULWRULDOGHOPHGLRUXUDOORTXHDFDUUHD
TXHSDXODWLQDPHQWHORVMyYHQHVWRPHQFRQFLHQFLDGHOUHWRTXHVXSRQHUHVLGLUHQORVHVSDFLRV
UXUDOHV 3pUH] \ 6iQFKH]2UR 6L ODV FODVHV PHGLDV DEDQGRQDQ VXV YLYLHQGDV \ VXV
H[SORWDFLRQHVVHLQFHQWLYDODSpUGLGDGHXQDFXOWXUDFDPSHVLQDTXHSRURWUDSDUWHQRHVWiOR
VXILFLHQWHPHQWHYDORUDGDHQODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVVREUHODJHVWLyQGHOPHGLRDPELHQWHUXUDO
(QHVWHVHQWLGRHVUHFRPHQGDEOHFRQVLGHUDUORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHVGHOFDPSR
DJULFXOWRUHV JDQDGHURV SHVFDGRUHV TXH WLHQHQ XQDV QRFLRQHV IXQGDPHQWDOHV VREUH HO
IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH ORV SURFHVRV QDWXUDOHV \ VX DIHFFLyQ DO PHGLR ORFDO (VWRV PLVPRV
WUDEDMDGRUHVTXHSHUWHQHFHQDIDPLOLDVGH FODVHV PHGLDVHVWiQH[SHULPHQWDQGRXQDVLWXDFLyQ
JHQHUDOL]DGDGHFULVLVHFRQyPLFDHQODDJULFXOWXUDGHELGDDODFDtGDGHORVSUHFLRVGHYHQWD\
HOHQFDUHFLPLHQWRGHORVFRVWHVGHSURGXFFLyQHQVXVH[SORWDFLRQHV6LHVWDVLWXDFLyQSHUVLVWH
VHDFHQWXDUiHOGHVHTXLOLEULRHQHOEDODQFHXUEDQRUXUDODIDYRUGHORVFHQWURVXUEDQRVTXHKDQ
DFRJLGR OD HPLJUDFLyQ UXUDO HVSHFLDOPHQWH GH MyYHQHV TXH SURFHGDQ GH ORFDOLGDGHV UXUDOHV
FRQPHQRUHVQLYHOHVGHFDOLGDGGHYLGD\GHSHQGLHQWHVGHDFWLYLGDGHVDJURSHFXDULDV
6REUHHVWHSULPHUHVWHUHRWLSRORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHFXDUWRFXUVRGHHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDGHGRV
FHQWURV XUEDQRV ,(6 6DQ 9LFHQW )HUUHU GH 9DOHQFLD \ &ROHJLR 3Op\DGH GH 7RUUHQW KDQ
GHVWDFDGR XQRV HVTXHPDV PHQWDOHV HQ ORV TXH SUHGRPLQDQ ODV UHIHUHQFLDV QDWXUDOHV /DV
PRQWDxDV ORV UtRV \ ORV ODJRV GH OD PD\RUtD GH HVWDV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV SLFWyULFDV VH
FRPSOHPHQWDQFRQHOHPHQWRVXUEDQRVHQHOSODQRFHQWUDOGHHVRVGLEXMRV)LJXUDDORVTXH
VH KDQ UHIHULGR FRQ H[SUHVLRQHV FRPR HV XQ PHGLR UXUDO SRUTXHHV XQ OXJDU GRQGH VH KDFH
YLGDVLPLODUDODGHODFLXGDG\HVWHPHGLRUXUDOHVXQDSHTXHxDXUEDQL]DFLyQHQPHGLRGH
XQ ERVTXH R PRQWH 8Q DVSHFWR FRP~Q D HVWDV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV HV OD SXUH]D GHO PHGLR
DPELHQWHHQHOTXHQRDSDUHFHQQLFDPSRVGHFXOWLYRQLSHUVRQDVTXHKDELWHQHVWRVHVSDFLRV
FRQFHELGRVSRUVXOHMDQtDGHODVJUDQGHVFLXGDGHV\VXXELFDFLyQHQFRQWH[WRVPRQWDxRVRV
D.Garca Monteagudo


)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDFLyQGHOPHGLRUXUDOTXHHQIDWL]DORVHOHPHQWRVQDWXUDOHV
&RQ OD YLVLyQ XUEDQD DQWHULRU TXH LGHDOL]D ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV QDWXUDOHV GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH
UXUDO HVWRV HVSDFLRV VH DVRFLDQ D WpUPLQRV FRPR DWUDVR VRFLDO HFyQRPLFR \ FXOWXUDO SRU
FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ HO GHVDUUROOR TXH KDQ H[SHULPHQWDGR ORV KDELWDQWHV GH ODV JUDQGHV XUEHV
(VWH VHJXQGR HVWHUHRWLSR TXH GXDOL]D OD XUEDQLGDG SURJUHVR GHVDUUROOR FUHFLPLHQWR
HFRQyPLFR \ OD UXUDOLGDG LQIHULRULGDG HFRQyPLFD \ VRFLDO SREUH]D FXOWXUDO VH KD
FRQVROLGDGR HQ ODV VRFLHGDGHV GHVDUUROODGDV RFFLGHQWDOHV GHVGH HO WULXQIR GHO PRGHOR VRFLDO
VXUJLGRWUDVOD5HYROXFLyQ,QGXVWULDO'HVGHODVRFLRORJtDVHKDQHVWXGLDGRODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV
GH OD 5HYROXFLRQ ,QGXVWULDO FHQWUiQGRVH HQ ORV SURFHVRV GH XUEDQL]DFLyQ HQ EDVH D OD
SRODUL]DFLyQ FUHFLHQWH HQWUH FLXGDGHV \ HVSDFLRV UXUDOHV %RX]D 3RU WDQWR ORV
KDELWDQWHV TXH SHUPDQHFLHURQ HQ ORV HVSDFLRV UXUDOHV DVXPLHURQ XQD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ VRFLDO
TXHOHVKDFtDVHQWLULQIHULRUHVDORVKDELWDQWHVXUEDQRVGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDVRFLDOHFRQyPLFD
\FXOWXUDO/DUHSURGXFFLyQGHHVWHHVWHUHRWLSRHQODOLWHUDWXUDHQHODUWH\HQORVPHGLRVGH
FRPXQLFDFLyQ KD DFDEDGRFRQVROLGDQGR HOQ~FOHR FHQWUDOGH ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ VRFLDO$EULF
6HWUDWDGHXQDYLVLyQDFHUFDGHOPHGLRUXUDOHVSDFLRLQIHULRUDODFLXGDGHQWpUPLQRV
VRFLDOHV HFRQyPLFRV \ FXOWXUDOHV TXH FRQWLHQH XQD FRKHUHQFLD \ VLJQLILFDFLyQ JOREDO
VXILFLHQWH SDUD SHUVLVWLU DQWH ORV FDPELRV VRFLDOHVTXH KDQ WUDQVIRUPDGR ORV HVSDFLRV UXUDOHV
HVSDxROHVHQHO~OWLPRPHGLRVLJOR*DUFtD0RQWHDJXGR
(QFRQVHFXHQFLD ODUHVLVWHQFLDGH HVHQ~FOHR FHQWUDO DFHUFDGHODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVRFLDOHV
GHOPHGLRUXUDOHVYLVLEOHHQODSHUFHSFLyQTXHORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHFXDUWRFXUVRGHHGXFDFLyQ
VHFXQGDULD WLHQHQVREUH HVWRV HVSDFLRV /RV HVTXHPDV PHQWDOHVGHO DOXPQDGR GH ORV FHQWURV
XUEDQRVPHQFLRQDGRVDQWHULRUPHQWHUHSURGXFHQXQDLPDJHQHVWDQFDGDGHODSREODFLyQUXUDO
HQ OD TXH ~QLFDPHQWH ORV DQFLDQRV IRUPDQ SDUWH GHO FRQWLQJHQWH GHPRJUiILFR UXUDO /D
SREODFLyQDQFLDQDDSDUHFHUHSUHVHQWDGDHQHVSDFLRVDELHUWRVSDUTXHV\HQHVSDFLRVLQWHUQRV
FRPRODVSOD]DVGHORVSXHEORV)LJXUD6LQHPEDUJRHVWHHVWHUHRWLSRGHVDSDUHFHHQWUHHO
DOXPQDGRGHO,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH(QVHxDQ]D0HGLDGH5HTXHQD\DTXHEXHQDSDUWHGHHOORV
FRQRFHQGHSULPHUDPDQRHOHVSDFLRUXUDOGHODFRPDUFDHQODTXHUHVLGHQ3DUDHVWRV\HVWDV
HVWXGLDQWHVGHFXDUWRFXUVRGHHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDH[LVWHSREODFLyQMRYHQHQORVWHUULWRULRV
UXUDOHVGHOPXQLFLSLRGH5HTXHQDTXHKDQWRPDGRFRPRPRGHORGHVXUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVRFLDO
\KDQGLEXMDGRQLxRV\QLxDVHQXQDDFWLWXGDFWLYDHQGLIHUHQWHVHVFHQDULRVSDUTXHVFDPSRV
GHI~WEROSOD]DVGHGLFKRPXQLFLSLR
D.Garca Monteagudo


)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDFLyQSLFWyULFDHQODTXHDSDUHFHQDQFLDQRVMXQWRDXQD]RQDDELHUWDDODVDIXHUDVGHXQ
SXHEOR
(O WHUFHU HVWHUHRWLSR LGHQWLILFD HO HVSDFLR UXUDO FRQ OD DFWLYLGDG DJUDULD 3DUD XQD SDUWH
FRQVLGHUDEOH GHO DOXPQDGR GH ORV GRV FHQWURV XUEDQRV TXH YHQLPRV PHQFLRQDQGR HQ ODV
SiJLQDV DQWHULRUHV ,(6 6DQ 9LFHQW )HUUHU GH 9DOHQFLD \ &ROHJLR 3Op\DGH GH 7RUUHQW OD
SURGXFFLyQ DJURSHFXDULD HV OD SULQFLSDO ILQDOLGDG GH ORV KDELWDQWHV UXUDOHV 7DQWR OD
DJULFXOWXUD FRPR OD JDQDGHUtD VRQ FRQFHELGDV FRPR DFWLYLGDGHV GH VXEVLVWHQFLD GH ODV TXH
GHSHQGHQ OD PD\RUtD GH ORV KDELWDQWHV GH ORV SXHEORV TXLHQHV VXHOHQ GHMDU VXV WLHUUDV HQ
KHUHQFLD FXDQGR\DQRODVSXHGHQVHJXLUWUDEDMDQGR(ORULJHQGHHVWH HVWHUHRWLSR HVWi HQ HO
RULJHQ FXOWXUDOXUEDQR GHO DOXPQDGR TXH ORKD H[SOLFDGR FRQ LGHDV FRPR HQ HO SXHEOR TXH
FRQR]FRQRKD\QDGDPiVTXHXQFDPSRGHFXOWLYRSDUDTXHODVSHUVRQDVTXHKDELWHQSXHGDQ
VXEVLVWLU\ORVKDELWDQWHVYLYHQGHVXVFXOWLYRV'HXQPRGRVLPLODUODJDQDGHUtDSHUFLELGD
SRU HVWRV \ HVWDV HVWXGLDQWHV HV GH FDUiFWHU H[WHQVLYR \ VH YLQFXOD FRQ OD HFRQRPtD DJUDULD
FRPRXQDDFWLYLGDGFRPSOHPHQWDULDDODDJULFXOWXUD)LJXUD/DH[SUHVLyQGHXQHVWXGLDQWH
UHIOHMDHVWDFRQFHSFLyQDOVHxDODUTXHHOSDVWRU\HODJULFXOWRUVRQORVTXHGRPLQDQHOSXHEOR
FRQVXVFDEUDV\SODQWDV6HDFRPRIXHUHHVWHDOXPQDGRGHSURFHGHQFLDXUEDQDQRFRQVLGHUD
ODGLYHUVLILFDFLyQHFRQyPLFDTXHVHHVWiSURGXFLHQGRHQORVHVSDFLRVUXUDOHVORFXDOGHEHVHU
XQ DFLFDWH SDUD UHIOH[LRQDU VREUH ODV SURSXHVWDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VREUH HO PHGLR UXUDO HQ HO
IXWXUR
)LJXUD5HSUHVHQWDFLyQSLFWyULFDGHODJDQDGHUtDFRPRXQDDFWLYLGDGGHFDUiFWHUUHVLGXDOHQHOVHQRGHORV
HVSDFLRVUXUDOHV

(/ &2175$67( 62%5( /$ 5($/,'$' '(/ 0(',2 585$/ 81 (678',2
'(&$6262%5(&$6$6'((8)(0,$5(48(1$
$SHVDUGHODSHUVLVWHQFLDTXHWLHQHHOQ~FOHRFHQWUDOGHODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVRFLDOHVVREUHHO
PHGLRUXUDOHQODJHRJUDItDHVFRODUHOHVWXGLRJHRJUiILFRGHXQDORFDOLGDGUXUDOGHOLQWHULRUGH
D.Garca Monteagudo


OD SURYLQFLD GH 9DOHQFLD QRV SHUPLWH FRPEDWLU ORV HVWHUHRWLSRV TXH KHPRV VHxDODGR HQ HO
DSDUWDGR DQWHULRU (V XQD PDQHUD HILFD] GH H[SOLFDU OD UHDOLGDG JHRJUiILFD GH ORV HVSDFLRV
UXUDOHV HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG FRQWH[WXDOL]DQGR VX VLWXDFLyQ \ KDFLHQGR PHQFLyQ D VXV
SUREOHPiWLFDVUHDOHV1RREVWDQWH WHQHPRVTXHFRQVLGHUDU RWUDVIXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQTXH
VLJXHQ UHSURGXFLHQGR HVWHUHRWLSRV VREUH HO PHGLR UXUDO (Q HVWH VHQWLGR ORV HVWXGLRV HQ
GLGiFWLFDWLHQHQTXHSUHVWDUDWHQFLyQDODGLIXVLyQGH PHQVDMHVHLPiJHQHVTXHWRPDQFRPR
SUHWH[WRHOPHGLRUXUDOSDUDHQIDWL]DUDOJXQDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVTXHDFDEDQRIUHFLHQGRXQDYLVLyQ
KRPRJHQHL]DGRUDGHHVWRVHVSDFLRV8QHMHPSORORFRQVWLWX\HODSXEOLFLGDGGHORVYHKtFXORV
WRGR WHUUHQR TXH WRPDQ FRPR HVFHQDULR SUHGLOHFWR HO PHGLR UXUDO FX\D LPDJHQ GHVWDFD XQ
HVSDFLR DELHUWR \ FRQ DXVHQFLD GH SREODFLyQ HQ HO TXH ORV XVXDULRV SRWHQFLDOHV GH HVWRV
YHKtFXORVSXHGHQXVDUORVVLQTXHWHQJDQTXHSUHRFXSDUVHH[FHVLYDPHQWHSRUORVHIHFWRVTXH
FDXVDQHQHOPHGLRDPELHQWH
3DUDFHQWUDUODDWHQFLyQHQODH[OLFDFLyQGHODUHDOLGDGGHOPHGLRUXUDOKHPRVUHFXUULGRDXQ
HVWXGLRGHFDVRVREUH&DVDVGH(XIHPLD*DUFtD0RQWHDJXGR(VXQDDOGHDRSHGDQtD
TXH SHUWHQHFH DO PXQLFLSLR YDOHQFLDQR GH 5HTXHQD FRQ HO TXH VH FRPXQLFD D WUDYpV GH OD
FDUUHWHUD QDFLRQDO 1 TXH HQOD]D ODV SURYLQFLDV GH 9DOHQFLD $OEDFHWH \ &yUGRED $
HIHFWRVGHJHVWLyQHVWDDOGHD\FXDOTXLHUDGHODVRWUDVYHLQWLFLQFRTXHIRUPDQHOPXQLFLSLRGH
5HTXHQDVRQFRQVLGHUDGDVFRPREDUULRVSHULXUEDQRVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDGLFKRFHQWURPXQLFLSDO
(VWD SULPHUD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ SROtWLFD URPSH FRQ XQ HVWHUHRWLSR TXH YHUVD VREUH OD IDOWD GH
VHUYLFLRVHQORVWHUULWRULRVUXUDOHV$SHVDUGHODGHVSREODFLyQH[LVWHQWHGH&DVDVGH(XIHPLD
HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG SXHV VH KD SDVDGR GH KDELWDQWHV HQ D HQ VH VLJXHQ
PDQWHQLHQGR VHUYLFLRV EiVLFRV FRPR XQ FRQVXOWRULR PpGLFR FLQFR GtDV D OD VHPDQD XQD
SHOXTXHUtD\XQEDU$GHPiVODSREODFLyQGLVSHUVDGHODVDOGHDVGH5HTXHQDVHEHQHILFLDGH
XQFRPHUFLRDPEXODQWH\GLYHUVRSDQDGHUtD\EROOHUtDIUXWDV\YHUGXUDVURSDFDO]DGRTXH
UHFRUUH HVWDV ORFDOLGDGHV VHPDQDOPHQWH /D FRQMXQFLyQ GH HVWRV VHUYLFLRV UHGXFH ORV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV GH ORV KDELWDQWHV UXUDOHV D OD FLXGDG GH 5HTXHQD SULQFLSDO FHQWUR GH
DEDVWHFLPLHQWRGHVHUYLFLRVFRPHUFLDOHV\VDQLWDULRVDGHPiVGHORVSROtWLFRV\MXGLFLDOHVSRU
VXFRQGLFLyQGHFDSLWDOPXQLFLSDO)UHQWHDHVWDVLWXDFLyQODVXUEDQL]DFLRQHVTXHVHXELFDQHQ
OD SHULIHULD GH OD FLXGDG GH 5HTXHQD 6DQ -RVp &DVDEODQFD QR FXHQWDQ FRQ VHUYLFLRV
EiVLFRV HQ HO FDPSR GH OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ \ HGXFDFLyQ SRU OR TXH VXV KDELWDQWHV WLHQHQ TXH
GHVSOD]DUVH REOLJDWRULDPHQWH DO FHQWUR XUEDQR D SHVDU GH XELFDUVH D XQD GLVWDQFLD WHPSRUDO
VLPLODUDODTXHVHSDUD&DVDVGH(XIHPLDGHODFDSLWDOPXQLFLSDO
8Q VHJXQGR HVWHUHRWLSR TXH SUHWHQGHPRV FRPEDWLU FRQ HVWH HVWXGLR GH FDVR HVWi OLJDGR D OD
LQH[LVWHQFLDGHFHQWURVXUEDQRVDJUDULRV$QWHWDOKHFKRWHQHPRVTXHVHxDODUODFRQWULEXFLyQ
GHORVKDELWDQWHVGH&DVDVGH(XIHPLDDODFRQVROLGDFLyQGH5HTXHQDFRPRXQDFLXGDGDJUDULD
TXH DOEHUJD WUDEDMDGRUHV DJUtFRODV 8Q GH OD SREODFLyQ HPSDGURQDGD HQ &DVDV GH
(XIHPLDGXUDQWHODGpFDGDGHKDILMDGRVXUHVLGHQFLDKDELWXDOHQODFLXGDGGH5HTXHQD\
VHGHVSOD]DQGLDULDPHQWHDHVWDSHGDQtDHQODTXHFRQVHUYDQVXVYLYLHQGDVFRPRUHVLGHQFLD
GLDULD\GHILQGHVHPDQD(VWDYLQFXODFLyQFRQODYLGDVRFLDO\HFRQyPLFDGHODDOGHDOHVKDFH
VHQWLUVHSDUWHGHODFRPXQLGDGGHYHFLQRVGH&DVDVGH(XIHPLD
(VWH PLVPR HVWHUHRWLSR WLHQH RWUD YHUWLHQWH FRPSOHPHQWDULD TXH VH XQH D ODV EXHQDV
FRPXQLFDFLRQHVHQWUH&DVDVGH(XIHPLD\5HTXHQD6HWUDWDGHODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDSDUWHGH
SREODFLyQ DGXOWD TXH UHVLGH SHUPDQHQWHPHQWH HQ &DVDV GH (XIHPLD \ VH RFXSD HQ HPSOHRV
LQGXVWULDOHV \ GH VHUYLFLRV TXH VH ORFDOL]DQ HQ OD FLXGDG GH 5HTXHQD 'H KHFKR WRGRV ORV
PLHPEURV GH HVWDV IDPLOLDV YLDMDQ GLDULDPHQWH D 5HTXHQD ORV SDGUHV \ PDGUHV WUDEDMDQ HQ
GLFKRFHQWUR\ORVKLMRVDVDFXGHQDORVFHQWURVGHHGXFDFLyQSULPDULD\RVHFXQGDULD$XQTXH
HQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVHVWRVFRPSRQHQWHVGHODVIDPLOLDVVRQRULJLQDOPHQWHGHODDOGHD
D.Garca Monteagudo


HQODV~OWLPDVGRVGpFDGDVKDQYHQLGRQXHYRVYHFLQRVTXHKDQILMDGRVXUHVLGHQFLDSULQFLSDO
HQ&DVDVGH(XIHPLD\WDPELpQVHGHVSOD]DQGLDULDPHQWHDWUDEDMDUD5HTXHQD$WDOUHVSHFWR
FDEHGHFLUTXHVLODOOHJDGDGHHVWDVIDPLOLDVDGXOWDVVHKXELHVHSURGXFLGRDOJXQRVDxRVDQWHV
ODHVFXHODUXUDOGH&DVDVGH(XIHPLDQRKXELHVHFHUUDGRHQHOFXUVRSRUODIDOWDGH
XQFRQWLQJHQWHPtQLPRGHDOXPQDGRSDUDPDQWHQHUHVWHVHUYLFLR
(VDIDOWDGHSREODFLyQMRYHQTXHKDOOHYDGRDODSpUGLGDGHVHUYLFLRVFRPRHOFLQHPDWyJUDIR
*DUFtD &iUFHO HQ XQD WLHQGD GH FRPHVWLEOHV HQ \ OD SDQDGHUtD HQ KD
GHULYDGRHQXQSDQRUDPDGHPRJUiILFRFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUHOHQYHMHFLPLHQWRGHODSREODFLyQHQ
&DVDV GH (XIHPLD 3HUR HVWD HV XQD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD SURSLD GH DOGHDV \ SHTXHxRV SXHEORV GHO
LQWHULRUSHQLQVXODUTXHVLQHPEDUJRQRSXHGHH[WUDSRODUVHDODPD\RUtDGHORVHVSDFLRVTXH
HO,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH(VWDGtVWLFDGH(VSDxDQRFRQVLGHUDXUEDQRVSRUWHQHUXQDSREODFLyQ
LQIHULRUDKDELWDQWHV(OHVWHUHRWLSRTXHTXHUHPRVFRPEDWLUFRQFLHUQHDODPRYLOLGDG
VRFLDOGHODSREODFLyQUXUDO'LFKRHVWHUHRWLSRFRQVLGHUDTXHODPD\RUtDGHODSREODFLyQUXUDO
QR KD FDPELDGR GH UHVLGHQFLD GXUDQWH VX YLGD 6L WRPDPRV FRPR PRGHOR OD SREODFLyQ GH
&DVDV GH (XIHPLD SRGHPRV GHFLU TXH OD PD\RU SDUWH GH ORV KDELWDQWHV TXH KDQ UHWRUQDGR
FRPRMXELODGRVHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVKDQFDPELDGRPiVGHXQDYH]GHSULPHUDUHVLGHQFLD(VWR
FRPSRUWD KDEHUVH RFXSDGR HQ RWURV HPSOHRV DMHQRV D OD DJULFXOWXUD HQ ORFDOLGDGHV FRPR OD
FLXGDGGH9DOHQFLD\VXiUHDPHWURSROLWDQD\HQPHQRUPHGLGD0DGULG%DUFHORQD\)UDQFLD
&RQHVWRTXHUHPRVPDQLIHVWDUTXHXQDSDUWHPLQRULWDULDGHORVPRYLPLHQWRVPLJUDWRULRVTXH
VH SURGXMHURQ KDFH PHGLR VLJOR GHVGH &DVDV GH (XIHPLD KDQ ILQDOL]DGR FXDQGR HVRV
KDELWDQWHV OD PD\RUtD QDFLGRV HQ HVWD DOGHD KDQ DOFDQ]DGR OD HGDG GH MXELODFLyQ \ KDQ
UHJUHVDGRDVXYLYLHQGDUXUDOSDVDQGRGHVHUODVHJXQGDUHVLGHQFLDDODUHVLGHQFLDKDELWXDO
/DFRQVHFXHQFLDGLUHFWDGHOUHWRUQRGHSREODFLyQORFDO\ODOOHJDGDGHQHRUUXUDOHVVHSODVDHQ
OD HYROXFLyQ GH OD SREODFLyQ GH ORV ~OWLPRV TXLQFH DxRV )LJXUD $XQTXH OD WHQGHQFLD
JHQHUDOKDVLGRODSpUGLGDGHSREODFLyQSRUHOSHVRTXHWLHQHODSREODFLyQHQYHMHFLGDVREUHHO
FRQWLQJHQWH GHPRJUiILFR WRWDO VH KDQ H[SHULPHQWDGR FLHUWRV UHSXQWHV GHPRJUiILFRV TXH
PDQLILHVWDQHOLQWHUpVTXHWLHQHHOPHGLRUXUDOHQODDFWXDOLGDG

)LJXUD(YROXFLyQGHODSREODFLyQGH&DVDVGH(XIHPLDHQWUH\)XHQWH
1RPHQFOiWRU3REODFLyQGHO3DGUyQ&RQWLQXRSRU8QLGDG3REODFLRQDODGHHQHURGHFDGDDxR,QVWLWXWR
1DFLRQDOGH(VWDGtVWLFD(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD
D.Garca Monteagudo


0HQFLyQ DSDUWH PHUHFH FRQVLGHUDUODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVTXHWLHQHODOOHJDGDGHQXHYRVYHFLQRV
VREUH OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH OD YLGD VRFLDO HFRQyPLFD \ FXOWXUDO GH OD DOGHD 7UDV ILQDOL]DU HO
Pi[LPR SLFR GH PRYLPLHQWRV PLJUDWRULRV HQ OD VHJXQGD PLWDG GH OD DFWLYLGDG
HFRQyPLFD FRPHQ]y D RUJDQL]DUVH SRU VHLV GHFHQDV GH YHFLQRV TXH DXQDURQ HVIXHU]RV SDUD
DFDEDU FRQVWLWX\HQGR OD &RRSHUDWLYD $JUtFROD /D ,QPDFXODGD HQ /RV SULPHURV
UHVXOWDGRVHFRQyPLFRVTXHVHGHULYDURQGHODYHQWDHQFRP~QGHYLQRDJUDQHOKLFLHURQTXHHO
VHQWLPLHQWR FRPXQLWDULR TXH KDEtD OOHYDGR D IRUPDU HVWD HPSUHVD YLQtFROD TXH HQ
DOEHUJDDPiVGHVRFLRVVHH[WHQGLHUDDODFRQVWLWXFLyQGHORVVHUYLFLRVGHSRUWLYRV\GH
RFLR HQ &DVDV GH (XIHPLD $Vt XQD SDUWH GH HVRV YHFLQRV RIUHFLHURQ VX PDQR GH REUD SDUD
FRQVWUXLU XQD SLVFLQD GH WLWXODULGDG PXQLFLSDO R GH ORV VRFLRV TXH WRGDYtD KR\ VLJXHQ
GLVIUXWDQGRGHHVWRVVHUYLFLRVGXUDQWHORVPHVHVGHYHUDQR\XQDSLVWDGHIURQWyQ+DFHXQD
GpFDGDVHKDIRUPDGRXQDDVRFLDFLyQFXOWXUDO\UHFUHDWLYDTXHVHHQFDUJDGHOPDQWHQLPLHQWR\
IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODSLVFLQD\FRODERUDMXQWRFRQODVRWUDVDVRFLDFLRQHVFRRSHUDWLYDFRWRGH
FD]DGRUHV DVRFLDFLyQ GH DPDV GH FDVD HQ OD SURPRFLyQ GH OD YLGD VRFLDO \ FXOWXUDO GH OD
DOGHD&DGDXQDGHHVWDVDVRFLDFLRQHVVLQiQLPRGHOXFURVHKDLGRFRQVWLWX\HQGRGHPDQHUD
SURJUHVLYDGHVGHKDVWDFXDQGRVHIRUPyOD$VRFLDFLyQGH0XMHUHV,QFRUOOHJDQGR
DWHQHUXQDSODQWLOODTXHURQGDODVVHVHQWDVRFLDVHQ
(Q GHILQLWLYD HO PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH ODV WUDGLFLRQHV SRSXODUHV FRPR ODV ILHVWDV SDWURQDOHV HO
HGLILFLR HFOpVLiVWLFR HULJLGRHQ\RWURVHTXLSDPLHQWRV PiVUHFLHQWHVFRPR ORVSDUTXHV
UHTXLHUHQ HO HVIXHU]R ItVLFR \ HFRQyPLFR GH XQD FRPXQLGDG GH YHFLQRV TXH HV PiV H[WHQVD
TXHODSREODFLyQTXHUHFRJHHOSDGUyQGHKDELWDQWHV&RQHVWHHVWXGLRGHFDVRUHIHULGRDXQ
Q~FOHRUXUDOSHULIpULFRGHODSURYLQFLDGH9DOHQFLDKHPRVPRVWUDGRORVDVSHFWRVPiVQRWDEOHV
GH OD UHDOLGDG GH ODV ORFDOLGDGHV UXUDOHV FX\DV FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV PiV UHOHYDQWHV SDUD HO
DSUHQGL]DMH GH ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV QR DSDUHFHQ HQ OD PD\RUtD GH ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR GH
HGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULD

5(3(5&86,21(6 '( /$ ,03257$1&,$ '(/ 0(',2 585$/ (1 /$
(16(f$1=$(6&2/$5$/*81$635238(67$6','&7,&$6
/DV SURSXHVWDV GLGiFWLFDV TXH VH YLHQHQ UHDOL]DQGR FRPR 7UDEDMRV )LQDOHV GH 0iVWHU HQ OD
8QLYHUVLWDWGH9DOqQFLDWRPDQHOPHGLRORFDOFRPRHVFDODGHDQiOLVLVGHODUHDOLGDGUXUDOGH
GLIHUHQWHVPXQLFLSLRVGHODSURYLQFLDGH9DOHQFLD'HKHFKRHOHVWXGLRGHOPHGLRVHYLQFXOD
FRQODHQVHxDQ]DGHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV9LODUUDVDPHGLDQWHHVWXGLRVVRFLDOHVORFDOHV
TXHVHFHQWUDQHQHODSUHQGL]DMHGHFRQFHSWRVKHFKRV\SUREOHPDVVLJQLILFDWLYRV\UHOHYDQWHV
DHVFDODJOREDO\TXHSXHGHQFRPSUREDUVHHQXQPHGLRORFDOSDUWLFXODU%XHQDSDUWHGHHVWDV
XQLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDVSODQWHDQVDOLGDVGHFDPSRSRUODVSRWHQFLDOLGDGHVTXHWLHQH HVWD WpFQLFD
GHDSUHQGL]DMHSDUDODHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFD6RXVD*DUFtD\6RXWR
7UDVODOHFWXUD\DQiOLVLVSRUPHQRUL]DGRGHORV7UDEDMRV)LQDOHVGH0iVWHUGH3URIHVRUDGRGH
(GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD TXH VH KDQ UHDOL]DGR HQ OD 8QLYHUVLWDW GH 9DOqQFLD GHVGH KDVWD
KHPRV H[WUDtGR XQD VHULH GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV FRPXQHV TXH WLHQHQ LPSOLFDFLRQHV SDUD OD
GLGiFWLFDGHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR(VWRVWUDEDMRVHQVXGREOHPRGDOLGDGGHXQLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDV
R PHPRULDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SDUWHQ GHO PLVPR SUREOHPD GH HVWXGLR 6H WUDWD GH OD
GHJUDGDFLyQ GHO SDLVDMH DJUDULR \ GHO HQWRUQR UXUDO FDXVDGR SRU OD H[SDQVLyQ XUEDQD \ HO
GHVDUUROOR GH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV \ HTXLSDPLHQWRV GHVGH ODV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV /RV HVSDFLRV
HOHJLGRV FRPR PDUFR SDUD GHVDUUROODU ODV SURSXHVWDVGLGiFWLFDVSHUWHQHFHQ D OD SURYLQFLD GH
9DOHQFLD 7DEOD 6X XELFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD PXHVWUD HO LQWHUpV SRU HO PHGLR UXUDO GHVGH OD
SURSLDFLXGDGGH9DOHQFLDHQEDUULRVFRPR3DWUDL[iUHDVSHULXUEDQDVFRPR%HQLPDFOHW
D.Garca Monteagudo


7DYHUQHV%ODQTXHV\ODFLXGDGGH7RUUHQWFRPDUFDVDJUDULDVFRPROD0HVHWDGH5HTXHQD\
KDVWDORFDOLGDGHVFRPR&DQDOV/D&RVWHUD\)RQWDQDUVGHOV$OIRULQV/D9DOOG$OEDLGD
$ SDUWLU GH HVWH SUREOHPD VH RIUHFHQ XQDV MXVWLILFDFLRQHV HSLVWHPROyJLFDV TXH UHFRJHQ ORV
SULQFLSLRV GH ODV FRUULHQWHV GH OD *HRJUDItD KXPDQtVWLFD \ GH ODV 1XHYDV *HRJUDItDV
HVSHFLDOPHQWH GH OD *HRJUDItD GH OD 3HUFHSFLyQ (Q HO SULPHU FDVR VH SUHWHQGH TXH HO
DOXPQDGR GH WHUFHU FXUVR GH HGXFDFLyQ VHFXQGDULD D TXLHQHV YDQ GLULJLGDV HVWDV XQLGDGHV
GLGiFWLFDV FRPSUHQGDQ OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH ORV SURFHVRV QDWXUDOHV \ OD DFFLyQ DQWUySLFD 3RU
SDUWHGHODSHUFHSFLyQJHRJUiILFDVHDWLHQGHDOFRQRFLPLHQWR\YDORUDFLyQGHORVSUREOHPDV
VRFLDOHVTXHDFRPHWHQDORVHVSDFLRVUXUDOHVTXHWRPDQFRPRREMHWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ(VWDV
FRUULHQWHVHSLVWHPROyJLFDVHQWURQFDQFRQODVHVWUDWHJLDVPHWRGROyJLFDVTXHKDQVHxDODGRORV
GRFHQWHV GH JHRJUDItD H KLVWRULD HQ VXV PHPRULDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ 3ULPHUR OD PHWRGRORJtD
FRQVWUXFWLYLVWDPHGLDQWHHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHLGHDVSUHYLDVGHODOXPQDGRGHVGHHOLQLFLRKDVWDHO
ILQDO GH ODV XQLGDGHV GLGiFWLFDV (O SURWDJRQLVPR RWRUJDGR DO DSUHQGL]DMH DXWyQRPR GHO
DOXPQDGR DSDUHFH FRQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH SRU GHVFXEULPLHQWR TXH UHTXLHUH GHO WUDEDMR \
WUDWDPLHQWR FRQ GLYHUVLGDG GH IXHQWHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH SRWHQFLHQ OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH
FRQWHQLGRV FRQFHSWXDOHV SURFHGLPHQWDOHV \ DFWLWXGLQDOHV /D WHUFHUD HVWUDWHJLD HV HO
DSUHQGL]DMH EDVDGR HQ SUREOHPDV EDVDGR HQ XQ HQIRTXH LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU \ TXH SHUPLWH DO
DOXPQDGRLQLFLDUVHHQ HO PpWRGRFLHQWtILFR/D~OWLPDHVWUDWHJLD HPSOHDGDHQODWRWDOLGDGGH
XQLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDVHVHODSUHQGL]DMHFRRSHUDWLYR\DTXHSHUPLWHHOGHVDUUROORGHKDELOLGDGHV
VRFLDOHV DO IRUPDU HTXLSRV GLYHUVRV GH WUDEDMR \ OD SXHVWD HQ FRP~Q GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH
DFWLYLGDGHV

&HQWURHGXFDFLyQ $xR
7tWXORGHO7)0 $XWRUHV
VHFXQGDULD SUHVHQWDFLyQ
,(69LFHQWD)HUUHU
(VFULYj3DWUDL[ 6RWDODVIDOWHVWjODWHUUD )HUUH7RUWRVD,VDEHO
9DOHQFLD
,(6/(VWDFLy &RQpL[HULWUDQVIRUPDUOHQWRUQ
EHGD5HYHUW-DYLHU
2QWLQ\HQW HOFDVGH)RQWDQDUVGHO$OIRULQV
,(6)UDQFHVF*LO (OVHFWRUDJUDULGHOPHXSREOHDO
*DUFtD8ELHGR0LJXHO
&DQDOV PyQ
&ROHJLR6DJUDGD
)DPLOLD)XQGDFLyQ
3DWURQDWRGHOD (Op[RGRUXUDOHQODVDXODV -DUTXH&DEDxDV,VDEHO
-XYHQWXG2EUHUD
%HQLPDFOHW
,(6)UDQFHVF)HUUHUL 3URGXFLUSDUDFRPHUODV
0DUWt0DUWtQH]6DUD
*XjUGLD9DOHQFLD DFWLYLGDGHVGHOVHFWRUSULPDULR
,(62OHDQDGH
7LHQHQIXWXURODVDFWLYLGDGHV
DJUDULDVWDO\FRPRODV /DJXQDV5HROLG'LHJR
5HTXHQD
FRQRFHPRVDFWXDOPHQWH"
,(61GH5HTXHQD /DFXOWXUDGHOYLQR 3pUH]9HUJDUD&ULVWLDQ
,(67DYHUQHV (QVHQ\DQWKRUWDDSUHQHQW
5XL]9i]TXH]-RDTXtQ
%ODQTXHV SDLVDWJH
7DEOD6tQWHVLVGHODVWHPiWLFDVGHORV7UDEDMRV)LQDOHVGHO0iVWHUSUHVHQWDGRVHQOD8QLYHUVLWDWGH9DOqQFLD
HQWUH\
D.Garca Monteagudo


(Q FXDQWR D OD VHOHFFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGRV VH KDQ WUDWDGR ODV WUHV WLSRORJtDV FRQ XQD PHQFLyQ
HVSHFLDODORVFRQWHQLGRVFRQFHSWXDOHV(QHVWHFDVRVHKDQFODVLILFDGRORVFRQFHSWRVHQGRV
JUXSRV(OSULPHUEORTXHFRUUHVSRQGHDFRQWHQLGRVFRQFHSWXDOHVHVWUXFWXUDOHVFX\RVWpUPLQRV
YDQ DVRFLDGRV D OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR HVSDFLR WHUULWRULR SDLVDMH \ D VX
YLQFXODFLyQFRQODJHRJUDItDKXPDQDGHVDUUROORFULVLVLJXDOGDGGHVLJXDOGDGFRPRPDUFR
JHQHUDO HQ HO TXH VH XELFD OD JHRJUDItD UXUDO (Q HO VHJXQGR EORTXH VH UHFRJHQ FRQFHSWRV
SURSLRV GH DJULFXOWXUD \ GHVDUUROOR UXUDO DGHPiV GH DOJXQRV RWURV TXH UHODFLRQDQ HO VHFWRU
SULPDULRFRQODDFWLYLGDGLQGXVWULDO\HOWXULVPR
/RV FRQWHQLGRV SURFHGLPHQWDOHV HVWiQ DVRFLDGRV D XQ FRQMXQWR GH WpFQLFDV GH WUDEDMR TXH
SUHWHQGHQLQLFLDUDODOXPQDGRHQHOPpWRGRFLHQWtILFR/DWpFQLFDPiVXWLOL]DGDVRQODVVDOLGDV
GH FDPSR DSURYHFKiQGRVH OD SUR[LPLGDG GH ORV FHQWURV GH HGXFDFLyQ VHFXQGDULD D ORV
HVSDFLRV DJUDULRV (VWRV GRFHQWHV GH HGXFDFLyQ VHFXQGDULD KDQ SURSXHVWR FRQRFHU HO PHGLR
UXUDO D SDUWLU GH UXWDV HVSHFtILFDV D PXVHRV DELHUWRV UXWD GHO FDOo \ WHUUHV GHO $OIRULQV \
FHUUDGRV 0XVHR GH OD 9LG \ HO 9LQR GH 5HTXHQD ERGHJDV JUXSR &RYLxDV HQ 5HTXHQD
HPSUHVDV JDQDGHUDV *UDQMD 6DQ 5DPyQ HQ &DPSR $UFtV5HTXHQD \ HQWRUQRV FRQFUHWRV
DQWURSL]DGRVFRPRODKXHUWDGH9HUD$OERUD\D\HOHVSDFLRDJUtFRODHQWUH3DWUDL[\7RUUHQW
&RPRSDVRSUHYLRDODVVDOLGDVGHFDPSRKDQSODQLILFDGRHOYLVLRQDGRGHGRFXPHQWDOHVFRPR
$ WRPDOORP VREUH OD KXHUWD GH OD SHGDQtD YDOHQFLDQD GH /D 3XQWD &DODLQHUV DFHUFD GHO
DSURYHFKDPLHQWRGHODFDOHQHOHQWRUQRGH)RQWDQDUVGHOV$OIRULQV\HOGRFXPHQWDOJUDEDGR
HQ5HTXHQDSDUDODVHULH9LQR\7XULVPRGH(VSDxDTXHVHHPLWLUiHQ&KLQD$GHPiVHVWDV
WpFQLFDVVHEDVDQHQHODQiOLVLVGHRWURVGRFXPHQWRVYDULDGRVFRPRORVWHVWLPRQLRVRUDOHVODV
HQWUHYLVWDV ORV GHEDWHV \ HO SURJUDPD GH IHVWHMRV GH OD )HULD \ )LHVWD GH OD 9HQGLPLD GH
5HTXHQD(OILQ~OWLPRGHODQiOLVLVGHHVWRVUHFXUVRVHVODHODERUDFLyQGHLQIRUPHVHQORVTXH
HO DOXPQDGR UHIOH[LRQH VREUH ORV FRQWHQLGRV WHyULFRV \ OD UHDOLGDG GH ORV HVSDFLRV UXUDOHV
H[WUD\HQGRFRQVHFXHQFLDVJOREDOHV
/RV FRQWHQLGRV DFWLWXGLQDOHV SUHWHQGHQ TXH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV GHVDUUROOHQ VX FRPSURPLVR \
YDORUDFLyQFRQHOSDWULPRQLRQDWXUDO\FXOWXUDOWDQWRDHVFDODORFDOFRPRJOREDO(QUHODFLyQ
FRQ HVWR VH UHPDUFD OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH YDORUDU OD LPSRUWDQFLD TXH WLHQH OD DJULFXOWXUD HQ OD
YLGDFRWLGLDQDGHODVIDPLOLDVTXHKDELWDQHQHVWRVHVSDFLRVUXUDOHV\RSHULXUEDQRV6HGHEH
SUHVWDUHVSHFLDODWHQFLyQDODVRSLQLRQHV\SHUFHSFLRQHVGHODVSHUVRQDVHQWUHYLVWDGDV\GHORV
FRPSDxHURV\FRPSDxHUDVTXHSDUWLFLSDQDFWLYDPHQWHHQORVGHEDWHVGHDXOD&RPRHMHPSOR
GH HVWD DFWLWXG GH HPSDWtD TXH VH HVSHUD GHO DOXPQDGR GH WHUFHU FXUVR GH HGXFDFLyQ
VHFXQGDULD XQD GH ODV XQLGDGHV GLGiFWLFDV KD SODQWHDGR XQ MXHJR GH UROHV DFHUFD GH ODV
SUREOHPiWLFDV\HOIXWXURGHODKXHUWDHQODSHULIHULDGHODFLXGDGGH9DOHQFLD(QFRQFUHWROD
DFWLYLGDG VH GHQRPLQD &yPR TXHUHPRV YLYLU OD KXHUWD" \ HO DOXPQDGR GHEH DVXPLU ORV
UROHVGHDJULFXOWRUHVWXULVWDVGHOQRUWHGH(XURSDPDJQDWHVTXHGHILHQGHQHOWXULVPRPDVLYR
GHVRO\SOD\DSROtWLFRVORFDOHV\JUXSRVGHHFRORJLVWDV
(Q FRQVHFXHQFLD GH WRGR OR DQWHULRU YDPRV D VLQWHWL]DU XQD VHULH GH UHSHUFXVLRQHV TXH KDQ
PRWLYDGRDHVWRVGRFHQWHVGHHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDDUHDOL]DUVXVPHPRULDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
VREUH OD GLGiFWLFD GHO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR $O PLVPR WLHPSR LUHPRV VHxDODQGR FyPR HVDV
UHSHUFXVLRQHV FRPEDWHQ DOJXQRV HVWHUHRWLSRV TXH VXUJHQ HQWUH HO DOXPQDGR GH HGXFDFLyQ
VHFXQGDULD DFHUFD GHO PHGLR UXUDO /D SULPHUD UHSHUFXVLyQ HQ HO WUDWDPLHQWR GLGiFWLFR GHO
HVSDFLRUXUDOHVODFRQWH[WXDOL]DFLyQGHOHQWRUQRJHRJUiILFR\HVFRODUHQHOTXHVHGHVDUUROODOD
SURSXHVWDGHLQQRYDFLyQGLGiFWLFD(OGRFHQWHWLHQHTXHH[SRQHUFXDOHVODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOD
DFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFDHQHOGHVDUUROORGHODYLGDVRFLDO\FXOWXUDOGHODORFDOLGDGUXUDO\FyPR
HVRVKiELWRVVRFLDOHV\FXOWXUDOHVDIHFWDQDOGHYHQLUHVFRODU(QHVWHVHQWLGR\EDMRHOFDPSR
GHODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVRFLDOHVHVIXQGDPHQWDOFRQRFHUHOKDELWXVGH3%RXUGLHDXTXH
D.Garca Monteagudo


OOHYDGR DO WHUUHQR GH ORV GRFHQWHV HTXLYDOH D FRQRFHU ODV YLYHQFLDV \ H[SHULHQFLDV GHO
SURIHVRUDGRGHHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDFRQODILQDOLGDGGHFRPSUHQGHUVLVXVSUiFWLFDVVRFLDOHV
SURPXHYHQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH GHO PHGLR UXUDO $Vt VL ORV GRFHQWHV UHSURGXFHQ HVWHUHRWLSRV
FRKHUHQWHVFRQHOQ~FOHRFHQWUDOGHODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVRFLDOHVGHOPHGLRUXUDOLPDJHQGH
DWUDVR H LQIHULRULGDG HFRQyPLFD \ VRFLDO GH ORV KDELWDQWHV UXUDOHV VHUi PiV FRPSOHMR
LQWURGXFLUXQDYLVLyQDFWXDOL]DGDGHORVHVSDFLRVUXUDOHVHQHOPDUFRGHODJHRJUDItDHVFRODU
/DVHJXQGDUHSHUFXVLyQHVWiUHODFLRQDGDFRQODYDORUDFLyQGHOSDLVDMHQDWXUDO\FXOWXUDOUXUDO
(VLPSRUWDQWHTXHODVSURSXHVWDVGLGiFWLFDVKD\DQFXHVWLRQDGRHOPRGHORWHUULWRULDOJHQHUDGR
D SDUWLU GH OD HVSHFXODFLyQ XUEDQtVWLFD HQ OD GpFDGD GH /DV FRQVHFXHQFLDV ItVLFDV PiV
LQPHGLDWDVVRQODSpUGLGDGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVDOTXHUtDVEDUUDFDVFRUWLMRV\GHOSDWULPRQLR
OLQJtVWLFR OR TXH DFDUUHD OD SHUSHWXDFLyQ GH OD YLVLyQ DJUDULD FRQ HO WHUULWRULR UXUDO (VWD
YLVLyQHVWHUHRWLSDGDVHKDGHPRVWUDGRTXHQRVHFXPSOHHQHVSDFLRVSHULIpULFRVFRPR/+RUWD
GH9DOqQFLDHQGRQGHODFXOWXUDXUEDQDTXHSHQHWUDHQODVSHTXHxDVDOGHDV\FDVHUtRVHVELHQ
GLVWLQWD GH ODV WUDGLFLRQHV DJUDULDV \ FXOWXUDV GH ORV KDELWDQWHV UXUDOHV &RQ HVWRV
FXHVWLRQDPLHQWRV VH GRWD DO DOXPQDGR GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV \ DUJXPHQWRV SDUD GHIHQGHU XQ
PRGHOR WHUULWRULDO UHJLRQDO PXOWLIXQFLRQDO TXH FRPELQH OD DFWLYLGDG DJURSHFXDULD FRQ RWURV
VHFWRUHVHFRQyPLFRV'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDVRFLDOHODOXPQDGRTXHKDFRQRFLGRODFXOWXUD
UXUDO WHQGUi OD PRWLYDFLyQ VXILFLHQWH SDUD DSRVWDU SRU VX PDQWHQLPLHQWR \ GLIXVLyQ FRPR
JDUDQWtDIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDPDQWHQHUXQSDLVDMHUXUDOGLQiPLFR\VRVWHQLEOH

&21&/86,21(6
(O WUDWDPLHQWR GLGiFWLFR GHO PHGLR UXUDO KD UHSURGXFLGR ORV LQWHUHVHV GHO PRGHOR SROtWLFR \
HFRQyPLFRTXHKDEHQHILFLDGRHOGHVDUUROORXUEDQRHQHOiPELWRRFFLGHQWDOGHVGHODVHJXQGD
PLWDGGHOVLJOR;,;/RVOLEURVGHWH[WRHVSDxROHVKDQUHFRJLGRHVWDYLVLyQGXDOTXHKDLGR
UHOHJDQGRODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVRFLDOGHOPHGLRUXUDODXQVHJXQGRSODQR/DDOWHUQDQFLDGHORV
HQIRTXHV GH OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ WHUULWRULDO \ HO SDLVDMH FRPR HMHV HSLVWHPROyJLFRV TXH KDQ
SUHVHQWDGR ORV FRQWHQLGRV GLGiFWLFRV GHO PHGLR UXUDO QR KD IUHQDGR OD UHSURGXFFLyQ
LQWHUHVDGD GH HVWHUHRWLSRV \ YLVLRQHV VXSHUILFLDOHV TXH QR KDQ H[SOLFDGR HO HVWDGR UHDO \
GLYHUVRGHORVHVSDFLRVUXUDOHVHQHO~OWLPRPHGLRVLJORHQ(VSDxD
$OUHYLVDUDOJXQRVHVWHUHRWLSRV\PLUDGDVVHVJDGDVVREUHHOGHYHQLUJHRJUiILFRHKLVWyULFRGH
ORV HVSDFLRV UXUDOHV SRGHPRV UHDOL]DU XQD VHULH GH UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV GH FDUD D HODERUDU
SURSXHVWDVGLGiFWLFDV HQ HO IXWXUR (V QHFHVDULR TXH VH WUDWH OD XUEDQL]DFLyQ GHO PHGLR UXUDO
GRWDFLyQGHHTXLSDPLHQWRV\VHUYLFLRVSDUDGHVYHODUODGLYHUVLGDGHQHOGHVDUUROOR VRFLDO\
HFRQyPLFR GH HVWRV HVSDFLRV HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG $O PLVPR WLHPSR HV LPSRUWDQWH TXH VH WUDWHQ
ORV SUREOHPDV HFRQyPLFRV TXH H[SHULPHQWDQ ORV WUDEDMDGRUHV GHO FDPSR DJULFXOWRUHV
JDQDGHURVSHVFDGRUHVSDUD PDQWHQHUVXVH[SORWDFLRQHVHQXQFRQWH[WRGHFRPSHWLWLYLGDG\
HVSHFLDOL]DFLyQ SURGXFWLYD (Q HVWH VHQWLGR VH SXHGH UHFXUULU D ORV HVWXGLRV GH FDVR GH
ORFDOLGDGHV UXUDOHV GHO LQWHULRU SHQLQVXODU GH (VSDxD SDUD FRPSUHQGHU HVDV SUREOHPiWLFDV \
HVSHFLILFDUODFUHFLHQWHEXURFUDWL]DFLyQGHOFDPSRSDUDFRQWUDUUHVWDUODYLVLyQUHSHWLGDDFHUFD
GHODVVXEYHQFLRQHVDJUDULDV$GHPiVHODOXPQDGRGHHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDGHEHFRQRFHUHO
SDQRUDPD VRFLDO GH ORV HVSDFLRV UXUDOHV HVSDxROHV HQ XQ FRQWH[WR GH VDWXUDFLyQ GHO
FUHFLPLHQWRHFRQyPLFRXUEDQR\DTXHFDGDYH]VHHVWiQLQVWDODQGRPiVIDPLOLDVMyYHQHVHQ
ORFDOLGDGHVUXUDOHV'HKHFKRQRVRQORV~QLFRVWUDEDMDGRUHVFRQSHUILOFXDOLILFDGRVLQRTXHOD
LQQRYDFLyQDJUDULDUHTXLHUHGHSHUVRQDOIRUPDGRSDUDDOJXQDVGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV
TXHVHHVWiQGHVDUUROODQGRHQORVHVSDFLRVUXUDOHV
D.Garca Monteagudo


(QVtQWHVLVODVSURSXHVWDVGLGiFWLFDVTXHVHUHDOLFHQVREUHHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRGHEHQWHQHU
HQ FXHQWD OD UHODFLyQ FRQFHSWXDO \ PHWRGROyJLFD HQWUH OD WHRUtD GH ODV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV
VRFLDOHV\ODJHRJUDItDGHODSHUFHSFLyQ(VWDYLQFXODFLyQQHFHVDULDPHMRUDODHIHFWLYLGDGGH
ODV HVWUDWHJLDV PHWRGROyJLFDV TXH KHPRV QRPEUDGR HQ ODV XQLGDGHV GLGiFWLFDV DFHUFD GHO
HVSDFLR UXUDO $ SDUWLU GH HVWD UHODFLyQ VH DEUH XQ SULPHU SDVR SDUD DFHUFDU DO DOXPQDGR DO
FRQRFLPLHQWR GH OD PXOWLIXQFLRQDOLGDG GH ORV HVSDFLRV UXUDOHV TXH FRPLHQ]D FRQ XQ
GLDJQyVWLFR FRPSOHWRGH VXV LGHDV SUHYLDV 3DUD HOOR ORV HVTXHPDV PHQWDOHV VRQ XQD WpFQLFD
TXH VH FRPSOHPHQWD FRQ HQFXHVWDV \ HQWUHYLVWDV TXH SHUPLWLUiQ FRQRFHU \ UHFRQGXFLU ODV
YLVLRQHVHVWHUHRWLSDGDV\VHVJDGDVDFHUFDGHOPHGLRUXUDO$VtVHUiPiVHILFD]HOWUDWDPLHQWR
GLGiFWLFRTXHWLHQHQORVHVWHUHRWLSRV\VXLPSOLFDFLyQHQODHQVHxDQ]DGHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR

5(&85626%,%/,2*5),&26
$EDVFDO)&DEH]D2)HUQiQGH]95HGRQGR$\9i]TXH]0/HGVGeografa
2 Bachillerato0DGULG6DQWLOODQD
$EULF-&0HWRGRORJtDGHUHFROHFFLyQGHODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVRFLDOHVHQ-'DFRVWD
\ ) )ORUHV HGV Prcticas Sociales y Representaciones Sociales 0p[LFR (GLFLRQHV
&R\RDFiQ
%DODQ]i0%HQHMDP3/ORUHQV02UWHJD5\5RLJ-Geografa e Historia de
Espaa y de los Pases HispnicosHG%DUFHORQD9LFHQV9LYHV
%RX]D)&RPXQLFDUHOFDPSRDODRSLQLyQS~EOLFDXUEDQDODLPDJHQGHOPXQGRUXUDO
HQORVYLDMHURVXUEDQRVGHOVLJOR;;,Anuario de la Unin de Pequeos Agricultores>(Q
OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSVZZZXFPHVGDWDFRQWGRFVXSDSGI! >OWLPR
DFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
)HUUH , Sota lasfalt est la terra 9DOHQFLD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 9DOHQFLD )DFXOWDG GH
0DJLVWHULR$XVLjV0DUFK7UDEDMR)LQDOGH0iVWHULQpGLWR
*DUFtD 0RQWHDJXGR ' La representacin social del medio rural en la geografa
escolar8QLYHUVLGDGGH9DOHQFLD)DFXOWDGGH0DJLVWHULR7UDEDMR)LQDOGH0iVWHULQpGLWR
*DUFtD0RQWHDJXGR'HGCasas de Eufemia, Geografa y Familias5HTXHQD$UFtV
(GLFLRQHV
*DUFtD8ELHGR0El sector agrari: del meu poble al mn9DOHQFLD8QLYHUVLGDGGH
9DOHQFLD)DFXOWDGGH0DJLVWHULR$XVLjV0DUFK7UDEDMR)LQDOGH0iVWHULQpGLWR
*ULPD-0HGVGeografa de Espaa9DOHQFLD(FLU
-DUTXH,El xodo rural en las aulas9DOHQFLD8QLYHUVLGDGGH9DOHQFLD)DFXOWDGGH
0DJLVWHULR$XVLjV0DUFK7UDEDMR)LQDOGH0iVWHULQpGLWR
/DJXQDV ' Tienen futuro las actividades agrarias tal y como las conocemos
actualmente? 9DOHQFLD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 9DOHQFLD )DFXOWDG GH 0DJLVWHULR $XVLjV 0DUFK
7UDEDMR)LQDOGH0iVWHULQpGLWR
0DUWt 6 Producir para comer: las actividades del sector primario 9DOHQFLD
8QLYHUVLGDG GH 9DOHQFLD )DFXOWDG GH 0DJLVWHULR $XVLjV 0DUFK 7UDEDMR )LQDO GH 0iVWHU
LQpGLWR
2UWHJD5\5RLJ-HGVGeografa de Espaa%DUFHORQD9LFHQV9LYHV
D.Garca Monteagudo


3pUH] -$ \ 6iQFKH]2UR 0 $SUR[LPDFLyQ D ODV SHUFHSFLRQHV \ RULHQWDFLRQHV GH
ORV MyYHQHV DQWH HO IXWXUR GHO PHGLR UXUDO HQ ([WUHPDGXUDPoltica y Sociedad SS

3XHQWH//DYDORUDFLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRDFDGpPLFR\VXLQFLGHQFLDHQODVDXODVGH
HGXFDFLyQ VHFXQGDULD ORV PHGLRV UXUDOHV \ OD H[SOLFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD GHO WHUULWRULR 1XHYRV
HQIRTXHVQXHYDVSHUVSHFWLYDVGHHVWXGLRHQ;06RXWRHGLa Didctica de la Geografa i
la Histria en un mn globalitzat i divers ;jWLYD /C8OODO L )HGHUDFLz GH (QVHQ\DPHQW GH
&RPLVLRQHV2EUHUHVGHO3DtV9DOHQFLjSS
5LEHV $0 \ 6RXWR ;0 0XFKRV Q~PHURV \ SRFRV SUREOHPDV Anekumene,
Revista virtual de Geografa, Cultura y EducacinSS
5XL]-Ensenyant horta, aprenent paisatge9DOHQFLD)DFXOWDGGH0DJLVWHULR$XVLjV
0DUFK7UDEDMR)LQDOGH0iVWHULQpGLWR
6iQFKH]-6DQWDFDQD-=DUDJR]D*\=iUDWH$HGV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV*HRJUDItD
H+LVWRULD0DGULG60
6RXVD 6$ *DUFtD ' 6RXWR ;0 (GXFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD \ ODV VDOLGDV GH FDPSR
FRPR HVWUDWHJLD GLGiFWLFD XQ HVWXGLR FRPSDUDWLYR GHVGH HO JHRIRUR LEHURDPHULFDQR Biblio
3W. Revista Bibliogrfica de Geografa y Ciencias Sociales >(Q OtQHD $FFHVR OLEUH@
%DUFHORQD8QLYHUVLGDGGH%DUFHORQDQGHDEULOGH
KWWSZZZXEHVJHRFULWEZSGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
6RXWR ;0 \ *DUFtD 0RQWHDJXGR ' 5HSUHVHQWDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV \ *HRJUDItD GH OD
3HUFHSFLyQHQ56HEDVWLj\(07RQGDHGVInvestigar para innovar en la enseanza de la
geografa. Actas del VII Congreso Ibrico de Didctica de la Geografa. $OLFDQWH*UXSRGH
'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD$VRFLDFLyQGH*HyJUDIRV(VSDxROHVSS
EHGD-Conixer i transformar lentorn: el cas del Fontanars dels Alforins9DOHQFLD
)DFXOWDGGH0DJLVWHULR$XVLjV0DUFK7UDEDMR)LQDOGH0iVWHULQpGLWR
9HUJDUD & La cultura del vino 9DOHQFLD )DFXOWDG GH 0DJLVWHULR $XVLjV 0DUFK
7UDEDMR)LQDOGH0iVWHULQpGLWR
9LODUUDVD $ (O PHGLR ORFDO FRPR HVFDOD GH DQiOLVLV HQ OD GLGiFWLFD GH ODV FLHQFLDV
VRFLDOHVHQHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDEnseanza de las Ciencias SocialesSS
9DOOV 5 )XHQWHV \ UHIHUHQWHV GHO VDEHU HVFRODU ORV DFWXDOHV PDQXDOHV HVFRODUHV GH
+LVWRULD\FULWHULRVSDUDVXDQiOLVLV\YDORUDFLyQHQ50YLOD5/ySH]\()HUQiQGH]
HGV Las competencias profesionales para la enseanza y el aprendizaje de las ciencias
sociales ante el reto europeo y la globalizacin %LOEDR $VRFLDFLyQ 8QLYHUVLWDULD GH
3URIHVRUHVGH'LGiFWLFDGHODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVSS
D.Garca Monteagudo


/266,*(1/$'2&(1&,$(,19(67,*$&,1
*(2*5$3+,&$/,1)250$7,216<67(06*,6$33/,('72
7($&+,1*$1'5(6($5&+

0DUtD-HV~V*RQ]iOH]*RQ]iOH]
,UHQH3HUHLUD*DUFtD
Universidad de Len
mjgong@unileon.es; iperg@unileon.es
5(680(1
/RV6LVWHPDVGH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFD6,*KDQVXSXHVWRXQFDPELRSDUDGLJPiWLFRWHFQROyJLFRHLQWHOHFWXDO
HQHOiPELWRGHODFDUWRJUDItDSHUPLWLHQGRSRUXQODGRWUDWDUODHVSDFLDOLGDGGHORVGDWRV\SRURWURIDYRUHFHUHO
HVWXGLRGHODUHDOLGDGGHVGHHQIRTXHVPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOHVHLQWHJUDGRVFRPRSXHGHQVHUHOWLHPSRHOHVSDFLR\
ODSREODFLyQTXHLQWHUDFW~DFRQHOWHUULWRULRHQXQPRPHQWRGHWHUPLQDGR&XDOTXLHUHYHQWRXREMHWRTXHSXHGD
REVHUYDUVH HQ QXHVWUR HQWRUQR SRGUi VHU UHSUHVHQWDGR FDUWRJUiILFDPHQWH SRU PHGLR GH XQDV FRRUGHQDGDV $
PHQXGRHVWHDQiOLVLV\YLVXDOL]DFLyQGHODVUHODFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVGHORVREMHWRVSRGUiVHUHPSOHDGRSDUDRWURV
ILQHV OD LQWHJUDFLyQ GH OD SHUVSHFWLYD HVSDFLDO HQ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ DVt FRPR PHMRUDU ODV FDSDFLGDGHV \
FRPSHWHQFLDVGHORVDOXPQRV

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
6,*FRRUGHQDGDVHVSDFLDOHVSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDODSOLFDFLyQDODGRFHQFLDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ

$%675$&7
*,6 KDYH UHSUHVHQWHG D SDUDGLJPDWLFWHFKQRORJLFDO DQG LQWHOOHFWXDO FKDQJH LQ WKH ILHOG RI FDUWRJUDSK\ 2Q WKH
RQHKDQGWKH\KDYHHQDEOHGWKHSURFHVVLQJRIVSDWLDOGDWDDQGRQWKHRWKHUIRPHQWHGWKHVWXG\RIUHDOLW\IURP
PXWLGLPHQVLRQDO DQG LQWHJUDWHG DSSURDFKHV VXFK DV WLPH VSDFH DQG SHRSOH LQWHUDFWLQJ ZLWK WKH WHUULWRU\ DW D
JLYHQ WLPH $Q\ HYHQW RU REMHFW WKDW FDQ EH VHQW LQ RXU HQYLURQPHQW PD\ EH UHSUHVHQWHG FDUWRJUDSKLFDOO\ E\
PHDQV RI FRRUGLQDWHV 7KLV DQDO\VLV DQG YLVXDOLVDWLRQ RI VSDWLDO UHODWLRQVKLSV RI REMHFWV PD\ RIWHQ EH XVHG IRU
RWKHU SXUSRVHV WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI VSDWLDO SHUVSHFWLYHV LQWR UHVHDUFK DV ZHOO DV LPSURYLQJ WKH VNLOOV DQG
FRPSHWHQFLHVRIVWXGHQWV

.(<:25'6
*,6VSDWLDOFRRUGLQDWHVVSDWLDOWKLQNLQJDSSOLFDWLRQWRWHDFKLQJDQGUHVHDUFK

,1752'8&&,1
/DV WpFQLFDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ EDVDGDV HQ ORV 6,* DSOLFDQGR XQ HQIRTXH GH DQiOLVLV \
SHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDOIDYRUHFHQXQPDUFRGHWUDEDMRLQWHJUDGRUTXHSRVLELOLWD ODJHQHUDFLyQ
GH FRQRFLPLHQWR FLHQWtILFR \ D OD YH] HV XQD KHUUDPLHQWD ~OWLO SDUD OD GRFHQFLD &XDOTXLHU
HYHQWR X REMHWR D QXHVWUR DOUHGHGRU SXHGH VHU UHSUHVHQWDGR FDUWRJUiILFDPHQWH D WUDYpV GH
XQDVFRRUGHQDGDVHVSDFLDOHV\WHPSRUDOHV/RV6,*QRVSHUPLWHQWUDWDUODHVSDFLDOLGDGGHORV
GDWRV \ IDYRUHFHU HO HVWXGLR GH OD UHDOLGDG GHVGH HQIRTXHV PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOHV H LQWHJUDGRV
FRPRVRQHOWLHPSRHOHVSDFLR\ODVSHUVRQDVTXHLQWHUDFW~DQFRQHOWHUULWRULR(QHVWHWUDEDMR
VHSRQHGHPDQLILHVWRODXWLOLGDGGHORV6,*SDUDODGRFHQFLD\ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ8KOHQZLQNHO

M.J.Gonzlez Gonzlez, I.Pereira Garca


$VtSRUPHGLRGHORV6,*FDGDYH]PiVLQWHUDFWLYRVODDGTXLVLFLyQGHOSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO
VH UHDOL]D D WUDYpV GH GLIHUHQWHV DFWLYLGDGHV GH JHVWLyQ GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD TXH
SHUPLWHQGHVDUUROODUDSWLWXGHVSURFHGLPLHQWRVFDSDFLGDGHVRKDELOLGDGHVHVSDFLDOHV$OJXQDV
GHHVWDVKDELOLGDGHVVRQ
&RPSDUDFLyQ&RPROXJDUHVVRQVLPLODUHVRGLIHUHQWHV&yPRSRGHPRVFRPSDUDUGH
PDQHUDMXVWD
$XUD,QIOXHQFLD4XpHIHFWRVWLHQHXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHODV]RQDVFHUFDQDV
5HJLyQ4XpOXJDUHVFHUFDQRVVRQVLPLODUHVHQWUHVt\VHSXHGHQDJUXSDUMXQWRV
-HUDUTXtD'RQGHHVWHOXJDUFDEHHQXQDMHUDUTXtDGHiUHDVDQLGDGDV
7UDQVLFLyQ&yPRVHSURGXFHQORVFDPELRVHQWUHOXJDUHVEUXVFDPHQWHGHPDQHUD
JUDGXDORGHIRUPDLUUHJXODU
3DWUyQ&OXVWHUVFDGHQDVDQLOORVRQGDVDVtFRPRRWUDVGLVSRVLFLRQHVQRDOHDWRULDVGH
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
$VRFLDFLyQFRUUHODFLyQ&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVWLHQGHQDRFXUULUMXQWDVWLHQHQSDWURQHV
HVSDFLDOHVVLPLODUHV
6LQHOSHQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDOORVFRPSOHMRVSUREOHPDVTXHHQIUHQWDQXHVWURPXQGRQRSXHGHQ
VHUHILFD]PHQWH\FRPSOHWDPHQWHWUDWDGRV$VtODHVFDODSXHGHVHUFUtWLFDSDUDXQSUREOHPD
SHURLJQRUDGR8QDSHUVRQDSXHGHVHUFRPSHWHQWHHQVXWUDEDMRFRQKHUUDPLHQWDVGHVRIWZDUH
*,6 SHUR SUREDEOHPHQWH WHQGUi GLILFXOWDGHV SDUD SHQVDU IXHUD GHO VRIWZDUH WHQLHQGR HQ
FXHQWD ODV FXHVWLRQHV GH PDQHUD LQWHJUDO \ H[DPLQDU ORV SUREOHPDV GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD
HVSDFLDOWDQWRVLXWLOL]DQ*,6XRWUDVKHUUDPLHQWDV5RVH

/266,*<68$3/,&$&,1'2&(17(
(O(VSDFLR(XURSHRGH(GXFDFLyQ6XSHULRU(((6\HOGHVDUUROORGH
FRPSHWHQFLDVWUDQVYHUVDOHV
(QODDFWXDOLGDGORVVLVWHPDVGHHGXFDFLyQVHHQFXHQWUDQHQXQSHUtRGRGHFDPELR(OPDUFR
XQLYHUVLWDULRTXHHVWDEOHFHHO(VSDFLR(XURSHRGH(QVHxDQ]D6XSHULRU(((6GHWHUPLQDTXH
HO DOXPQR GHEH UHXQLU D OR ODUJR GH VX WUD\HFWRULD XQLYHUVLWDULD XQD VHULH GH FRPSHWHQFLDV
EiVLFDVTXHVRQQHFHVDULDVSDUDVXIRUPDFLyQSHUVRQDO\WDPELpQSDUDHOPHUFDGRGHWUDEDMR
(VWH HQIRTXH GHO SURFHVR GH DSUHQGL]DMH SRU FRPSHWHQFLDV WLHQH XQD VHULH GH LPSOLFDFLRQHV
SURIXQGDVGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDPHWRGROyJLFR\DTXHDIHFWDWDQWRDODSODQLILFDFLyQGHODV
DFWLYLGDGHVFRPRDOVLVWHPDGHHYDOXDFLyQ5LHVFR*RQ]iOH]
3RU FRPSHWHQFLDV HQ LQJOpV skills VH HQWLHQGH HO FRQMXQWR GH KDELOLGDGHV DFWLWXGHV
YDORUHVRFRQRFLPLHQWRVTXHFDSDFLWDQDOHVWXGLDQWHSDUDDIURQWDUFRQJDUDQWtDVODUHVROXFLyQ
GH SUREOHPDV R OD LQWHUYHQFLyQ HQ XQ FRQWH[WR DFDGpPLFR VRFLDO R SURIHVLRQDO GHWHUPLQDGR
0(& &RPR H[SOLFDQ +DJHU +ROODQG \ %HFNHW GHVLJQD XQ UDQJR GH
FXDOLGDGHV qualities \ FDSDFLGDGHV capacities TXH VRQ FRQVLGHUDGDV FUHFLHQWHPHQWH FRPR
LPSRUWDQWHV SDUD OD HGXFDFLyQ VXSHULRU (VWR LQFOX\H KDELOLGDGHV GH SHQVDPLHQWR
UD]RQDPLHQWR OyJLFR \ DQDOtWLFR VROXFLyQ GH SUREOHPDV KDELOLGDGHV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ
HIHFWLYD FRPR HO WUDEDMR HQ HTXLSR R OD FDSDFLGDG SDUD LGHQWLILFDU DFFHGHU \ JHVWLRQDU HO
FRQRFLPLHQWR\ODLQIRUPDFLyQDWULEXWRVSHUVRQDOHVFRPRODLPDJLQDFLyQODFUHDWLYLGDG\HO
ULJRULQWHOHFWXDO\YDORUHVFRPRODpWLFDSUiFWLFDODSHUVLVWHQFLDODWROHUDQFLDRODLQWHJULGDG
+DJHU+ROODQG\%HFNHWW3XHGHQGLYLGLUVHHQFRPSHWHQFLDVHVSHFtILFDVGHXQ iUHD


R FDPSR GH HVWXGLR \ HQ FRPSHWHQFLDV JHQpULFDV R WUDQVYHUVDOHV HV GHFLU FRPXQHV D
FXDOTXLHUWLSRGHWLWXODFLyQTXHQHFHVLWDQSDUDVXPHMRUGHVDUUROORGHOWUDEDMRFRQMXQWRHQWUH
HOODV
(Q HVWH VHQWLGR ORV 6,* JDUDQWL]DQ D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV OD REWHQFLyQ GH XQD VHULH GH
FRPSHWHQFLDV TXH VRQ QHFHVDULDV SDUD OD IRUPDFLyQ XQLYHUVLWDULD (QWUH ODV JHQpULFDV R
WUDQVYHUVDOHV VH KDOOD HO HVStULWX FUtWLFR OD FDSDFLGDG GH EXVFDU DQDOL]DU \ VLQWHWL]DU OD
LQIRUPDFLyQGHIXHQWHVGLYHUVDVODFDSDFLGDGGHUHODFLRQDU\UHVROYHUSUREOHPDVHODQiOLVLV
WUDWDPLHQWR \ UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH GDWRV PHGLDQWH OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH WpFQLFDV LQIRUPDWLFDV %RL[
2OLYHOOD(QWUHODVHVSHFtILFDVODHODERUDFLyQGHPDSDVFDUWRJUiILFRVODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ
\DQiOLVLVGHOWHUULWRULRHOHVWXGLRGHYDULDEOHVFOLPiWLFDVRHOXVRGHQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDVHQWUH
RWURV
(Q ORV REMHWLYRV \ GHVDItRV ILMDGRV HQ HO 3URFHVR GH %RORQLD VXE\DFH OD LGHD GH TXH HV
QHFHVDULR HO DSUHQGL]DMH D OR ODUJR GH WRGD OD YLGD /D REWHQFLyQ GH HVWDV FRPSHWHQFLDV
FDSDFLWDDODOXPQRSDUDSRGHUKDFHUIUHQWHDODVRFLHGDGDFWXDO0DUUyQ*DLWHHWDO(O
DOXPQR HV SURWDJRQLVWD \ DXWyQRPR HQ VX SURFHVR GH DSUHQGL]DMH (Q HVWD IRUPD QXHYD GH
HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH VH FRQILHUH XQ SDSHO GHFLVLYR D ODV QXHYDV WHFQROyJLFDV FRPR SRU
HMHPSOR Arcgis Online \ HQWUH HOODV SRU VXSXHVWR DO XVR GH ODV SODWDIRUPDV e-Learning
1LHWR0DURW.
+DFLDXQe-learning(O&DPSXV9LUWXDO0RRGOH$9,3\:HE&RQIHUHQFH
&RQHOWpUPLQRGHe-LearningWDQHQERJDUHFLHQWHPHQWHVHGHILQHXQDPRGDOLGDGIRUPDWLYD
D GLVWDQFLD EDVDGD HQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH OD UHG TXH WLHQH FRPR REMHWLYR IDFLOLWDU OD
FRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUHHOSURIHVRU\ORVHVWXGLDQWHV(QWUHODVSULQFLSDOHVYHQWDMDVTXHJDUDQWL]DQ
VXHQRUPHp[LWRFRPRDILUPD-&DEHURGHVWDFDQ
x (ODFFHVRDOFRQWHQLGRGHVGHFXDOTXLHURUGHQDGRUFRQFRQH[LyQD,QWHUQHWVLQEDUUHUDV
ItVLFDVRWHPSRUDOHVHQHOPRPHQWRSUHFLVRTXHGHVHHHOXVXDULRjust-in-time training
x *DUDQWL]DXQDIRUPDFLyQIOH[LEOHDGDSWDGDDODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHORVDOXPQRV
x 3HUPLWHXQDLQWHUDFFLyQFRQWLQXDGDHQWUHHOSURIHVRU\ORVHVWXGLDQWHVHLQFOXVLYHHQWUH
ORVSURSLRVDOXPQRVGHIRUPDWDQWRVLQFUyQLFDFRPRDVLQFUyQLFDDWUDYpVGHGHWHUPLQDGDV
KHUUDPLHQWDVFKDWIRURVHPDLOV
x /D FRPXQLFDFLyQ VH GHVDUUROOD GH IRUPD LQWHUDFWLYD \ SRVLELOLWD OD FRPELQDFLyQ GH
GLIHUHQWHVPDWHULDOHVDXGLWLYRVYLVXDOHV\DXGLRYLVXDOHV
x <HQ ~OWLPR WpUPLQR HO DOXPQR SXHGHJHVWLRQDU VX DSUHQGL]DMHGH PDQHUD DXWyQRPD
FRQODD\XGDGHOWXWRU\GHVXVFRPSDxHURV
(QHIHFWRVHWUDWDGHXQPRGHORHGXFDWLYRTXHFRQFHGHXQDLPSRUWDQFLDFDSLWDODODVQXHYDV
7HFQRORJtDVGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ\&RPXQLFDFLyQ7,&6LQHOGHVDUUROORGHODHUDGLJLWDOTXH
KDSHUPLWLGRHODYDQFHGHOD:HEHVWRQRVHUtDSRVLEOH/DVSODWDIRUPDVe-Learning VRQ
EiVLFDPHQWHDSOLFDFLRQHVLQIRUPiWLFDVTXHSHUPLWHQJHVWLRQDUDFFLRQHVIRUPDWLYDVDWUDYpVGH
,QWHUQHW FUHDU FXUVRV GDU GH DOWD XVXDULRV XVDU KHUUDPLHQWDV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ /i]DUR
7RUUHVHWDO0HGLDQWHXQDFODYHHOXVXDULRDFFHGHDXQHVSDFLRSULYDGRGRQGHVHOOHYDD
FDERWRGRHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]D\GHDSUHQGL]DMH(ODOXPQRSDUWLFLSDGHPDQHUDDFWLYDHQ
OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH VX FRQRFLPLHQWR \ PLHQWUDV HO SURIHVRU RULHQWD DO DOXPQR HQ VX
IRUPDFLyQ(VLQQHJDEOHTXHHOXVRGHHVWDVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDVIDFLOLWDHOHPSOHRGHXQDJUDQ


YDULHGDGGHKHUUDPLHQWDVArcgis Online TXHSHUPLWHLQWHUDFWXDUFRQArcgis DesktopP~VLFD
YLGHR GHVFDUJD GH PDWHULDOHV HQODFHV ZHE 99$$ (VWDV KHUUDPLHQWDV
HQULTXHFHQ ORV UHFXUVRV GLGiFWLFRV GHO SURIHVRU D\XGDQ DO DSUHQGL]DMH GH OD DVLJQDWXUD \
SRVLELOLWDQODLQQRYDFLyQHQODVDXODV
(QWUHHVWDVSODWDIRUPDVODPiVXWLOL]DGDHQHOiPELWRXQLYHUVLWDULRKR\HV0RRGOH(O&DPSXV
9LUWXDO0RRGOHFUHDGRSRUHODXVWUDOLDQR0DUWLQ'RXJLDPDVHQHODxRHVXQVLVWHPDGH
JHVWLyQGHFXUVRVGHFyGLJRDELHUWR'RXJLDPDV\7D\ORU8QDSODWDIRUPDGHJHVWLyQ
GH DSUHQGL]DMH D GLVWDQFLD TXH VH XWLOL]D WDPELpQ GH FRPSOHPHQWR R DSR\R D OD HGXFDFLyQ
SUHVHQFLDO (V XQD DSOLFDFLyQ ZHE JUDWXLWD \ GH DKt SURFHGH VX JUDQ p[LWR (QWUH VXV
SULQFLSDOHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SHUPLWH D ORV HGXFDGRUHV FUHDU \ JHVWLRQDU VXV SURSLRV FXUVRV
YLUWXDOHV/HVSURSRUFLRQDXQFRQWURODEVROXWRGHOVLVWHPDSXGLHQGRDGPLQLVWUDUHOVLWLRZHE
ORVUHFXUVRVODVGLVWLQWDVDFWLYLGDGHVFXHVWLRQDULRVEDVHVGHGDWRVHQFXHVWDVWHVDXURV\
HOSHUILOGHORVXVXDULRV(VWiFRPSXHVWRSRUYDULRVPyGXORV(QSULPHUOXJDUFXHQWDFRQXQ
SDQHO GH FRQWURO FHQWUDO GHVGH HO FXDO VH SXHGH FRQILJXUDU \ DGPLQLVWUDU WRGR HO VLVWHPD $O
PLVPRWLHPSRGLVSRQHGHXQPyGXORGHWDUHDVGRQGHORVSURIHVRUHVSXHGHQDVLJQDUWUDEDMRV
JHVWLRQDUKRUDULRV\IHFKDVGHUHFHSFLyQDGHPiVGHSURFHGHUDODHYDOXDFLyQGHORVPLVPRV
/RVDOXPQRVSXHGHQYHUDTXtVXVFDOLILFDFLRQHV
(QVtQWHVLVSRGHPRVDILUPDUTXH0RRGOHQRVRIUHFHQXPHURVDVXWLOLGDGHV
x %ULQGDDORVGRFHQWHVODSRVLELOLGDGGHLQWURGXFLUFRQWHQLGRVIRUPDWLYRVDORVDOXPQRV
HQIRUPDWRVGLVWLQWRVWH[WRP~VLFDYLGHRZHE
x &UHDXQHVSDFLRGHHQFXHQWURSDUDORVHVWXGLDQWHVGRQGHSRGHUGHEDWLUJUDFLDVDOD
XWLOL]DFLyQGHORVIRURVHOFKDWRODPHQVDMHUtD
x 6LUYHGHOXJDUGHWUDEDMRHQHOTXHORVDOXPQRVDSUHQGHQ\DFFHGHQDORVUHFXUVRV
x 2IUHFHDOSURIHVRUDGRKDFHUXQVHJXLPLHQWRFRPSOHWRGHODDFWLYLGDGTXHUHDOL]DQORV
DOXPQRV

5(&85626<$&7,9,'$'(6'(022'/(
5(&85626 $&7,9,'$'(6
$UFKLYR %DVHGHGDWRV
(WLTXHWD &KDW
/LEUR &RQVXOWD
3iJLQD &XHVWLRQDULR
3DTXHWHGHFRQWHQLGR85/ (OHFFLyQGHJUXSR
(QFXHVWDVSUHGHILQLGDV
)RUR
*ORVDULR
+HUUDPLHQWDH[WHUQD
/HFFLyQ
3DTXHWH6&250
7DOOHU
7DUHD
:LNL


(VXQVLVWHPDIOH[LEOH\VHQFLOORLGyQHRHQODJHVWLyQGHODIRUPDFLyQe-Learning /06/D
LQWHJUDFLyQ HQ 0RRGOH GH OD SODWDIRUPD $9,3 Herramienta AudioVisual sobre tecnologa
IP), FRPRUHFXUVRGHZHEFRQIHUHQFLDSHUPLWHFUHDUVDODVSDUDLPSDUWLUFODVHVRUHXQLRQHVHQ
GLUHFWR(VWDKHUUDPLHQWDGHVDUUROODGDSRUHOJUXSR,17(&&$GHOD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH
(GXFDFLyQ D 'LVWDQFLD 81(' SRVLELOLWD DO GRFHQWH WHQHU XQ Q~PHUR GH DOXPQRV
SUiFWLFDPHQWH LOLPLWDGR HQ VX FODVH (VWDV VDODV GLVSRQHQ GH SL]DUUDV RQOLQH SDUD UHDOL]DU
DQRWDFLRQHVRPRVWUDUHQHOODVSUHVHQWDFLRQHVGHPowerPointYLGHRV\GRFXPHQWRVDVtFRPR
SDUD HIHFWXDU HQFXHVWDV (V XQD SODWDIRUPD LQWHUDFWLYD TXH SHUPLWH WDPELpQ XWLOL]DU PDSDV
LQWHUDFWLYRV/RVDOXPQRVSXHGHQSDUWLFLSDUHQODVDODSODQWHDUSUHJXQWDVHQHOFKDWRSHGLUOD
SDODEUDDFFHGLHQGRDVX:HEFDP6LORGHVHDHOSURIHVRUSXHGHGLVSRQHUGHXQDJUDEDFLyQ
GHVXFKDUOD
3RU ~OWLPR DO LJXDO TXH $9,3 H[LVWHQ RWUDV SODWDIRUPDV :HE &RQIHUHQFH HQIRFDGDV D OD
IRUPDFLyQRQOLQH(VWDVSHUPLWHQODFRQILJXUDFLyQGHXQDVDODYLUWXDOGRQGHKDFHUUHXQLRQHV
RSUHVHQWDUWUDEDMRVGHIRUPDFROHFWLYD&RQHFWDDPXFKDVSHUVRQDVHQXQDPLVPDVDODFX\R
~QLFR UHTXLVLWR GH DFFHVR HV XQ RUGHQDGRU FRQ FRQH[LyQ D ,QWHUQHW \ XQD FiPDUD ZHE 6RQ
PXFKDV ODV HPSUHVDV TXH RIUHFHQ \D HVWH VHUYLFLR (QWUH HOODV OD PiV FRQRFLGD TXL]iV HV
:HE([(VWHVRIWZDUHKDELOLWDODFRQH[LyQPDVLYDGHODJHQWHDVXOXJDUGHUHXQLyQ\IDFLOLWD
ODSRVLELOLGDGGHFUHDUGLQiPLFRVVHPLQDULRVZHE:HE6HPLQDU\HYHQWRVHQOtQHD
&RPRUHVXOWDGRGHWRGDVHVWDVSODWDIRUPDVHQORTXHUHVSHFWDDODSUHQGL]DMHGHOD*HRJUDItD
HVSRVLEOHFUHDUHQHVWHPXQGRYLUWXDOFRQWHQLGRVJHRUUHIHUHQFLDGRVWUDEDMDUFRQLPiJHQHVR
YtGHRV SDUD HO HVWXGLR GHO SDLVDMH KDFHU FRPHQWDULRV VREUH ORV GLVWLQWRV HOHPHQWRV GHO
WHUULWRULR \ VX YLQFXODFLyQ FRQ OD VRVWHQLELOLGDG DPELHQWDO \ FRQIHFFLRQDU EDVHV GH GDWRV
*RQ]iOH] \ /i]DUR 3RU VX SDUWH $9,3 X RWUDV SODWDIRUPDV :HE &RQIHUHQFH
JDUDQWL]DQDGHPiVGHODIRUPDFLyQRQOLQHXQDPD\RUGLIXVLyQGHODVSXEOLFDFLRQHV
/DUHYROXFLyQGHODLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDSRVLELOLWDGDSRUHOGHVDUUROORWHFQROyJLFR
HVWi FDPELDQGR OD FLHQFLD JHRJUiILFD \ OD SURIHVLRQDOL]DFLyQ GH OD *HRJUDItD (VWR H[LJH XQ
FDPELRHQODIRUPDGHHQVHxDUHQODVDXODVXQLYHUVLWDULDV=HUJXHU

ArcGis Online FRPRKHUUDPLHQWDGHLQQRYDFLyQGRFHQWH
/D HPSUHVD (65, (QYLURPHQWDO 6\VWHPV 5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH D WUDYpV GH VX KHUUDPLHQWD
ArcGis Online RIUHFH OD SRVLELOLGDG GH LQWURGXFLU HQ ODV DXODV XQ SUR\HFWR GH LQQRYDFLyQ
GRFHQWH+X\QK*UDFLDVDHVWHYLVRUZHEWDQWRHODOXPQRFRPRHOSURIHVRUSXHGHQ
LQWHUDFWXDU\FUHDUPDSDVGHPDQHUDVHQFLOODFRQVXVSURSLRVFRQWHQLGRV\YLVXDOL]DUORVHQOD
ZHE(VXQDDSOLFDFLyQJUDWXLWDGHFDUiFWHUPXOWLIXQFLRQDO,QWHJUDXQHVFULWRULRTXHSHUPLWH
EXVFDU PDSDV R XWLOL]DU XQRV PDSDV EDVH SUHGLVHxDGRV ArcGis desktop XQ HGLWRU GH
FRQWHQLGRV R GDWRV JHRJUiILFRV ArcMap) \ ILQDOPHQWH XQ VHUYLGRU ArcGis for server D
WUDYpVGHOFXDOVHRIUHFHQXQDVHULHGHVHUYLFLRVFRPRVRQODSXEOLFDFLyQGHOPDSDHQODZHE
X RWUDV DSOLFDFLRQHV (V XQ PHGLR LGyQHR SDUD KDFHU OOHJDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD D XQ
PD\RUQ~PHURGHXVXDULRV+RXWVRQHQHWDO
&RQ HVWD DSOLFDFLyQ EDVDGD HQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH ORV 6,* R 6LVWHPDV GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ
*HRJUiILFD HO GRFHQWH SXHGH HQVHxDU D ORV DOXPQRV D ORFDOL]DU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH SUHFLVH
UHODFLRQDUODSURFHGHU DVXDQiOLVLV FXDQWLWDWLYR RFXDOLWDWLYRWUDQVIRUPDUHVWRVGDWRVHQXQD
LQIRUPDFLyQ~WLO\FRKHUHQWH\SODVPDUORVILQDOPHQWHHQXQPDSD1RGHEHPRVROYLGDUTXH

https://www.intecca.uned.es/queEsAvip.php [Recurso web]

XQPDSDHVXQDKHUUDPLHQWDGRFHQWHGHPXFKDXWLOLGDG\DTXHSXHGHLQWHJUDULQIRUPDFLyQGH
PX\ GLVWLQWR VLJQR ArcGis Online SHUPLWH FUHDU \ YLVXDOL]DU PDSDV LQWHUDFWLYRV DOPDFHQDU
HVWDVSUR\HFFLRQHVDVtFRPRFRPSDUWLUORVPDSDV\VXVFRQWHQLGRVHQODZHE.LQVOH\

)LJXUD$FFHVRDODDSOLFDFLyQArcGIS OnlineKWWSZZZDUFJLVFRP

2.4. (OXVRGHStory Maps
(O LQVWUXPHQWR GH ArcGis Online TXH WLHQH XQD DSOLFDFLyQ PiV GLUHFWD HQ HO DXOD VRQ ORV
OODPDGRVstory maps(VWRVQRVFXHQWDQODKLVWRULDGHXQOXJDUXQHYHQWRRXQDFRQWHFLPLHQWR
KLVWyULFR D WUDYpV GH XQ FRQWH[WR JHRJUiILFR (O GRFHQWH R HO DOXPQR SXHGH FUHDU PDSDV
LQWHUDFWLYRV HQULTXHFLpQGRORV FRQ XQ FRQWHQLGR XQD IRWR XQ DXGLR R LQFOXVR XQ YLGHR \
GLQDPL]DU DVt HO DSUHQGL]DMH (VWRV PDSDV QRV LQIRUPDQ HGXFDQ DWUDHQ \ HQWUHWLHQHQ 3HUR
DGHPiV HVWLPXOD D TXH ORV DOXPQRV LQYHVWLJXHQ HQFXHQWUHQ \ DQDOLFHQ HVWD LQIRUPDFLyQ
3XHGHXVDUVHGHVGHODHQVHxDQ]DSULPDULDKDVWDODXQLYHUVLGDG\DTXHSRVHHXQPDQHMRPX\
VHQFLOOR /XTXH 5HYXHOWR (VWi GLVHxDGR SDUD WRGRV ORV S~EOLFRV \ QR KDFH IDOWD
GLVSRQHUGHQLQJ~QFRQRFLPLHQWRWpFQLFRSUHYLR7LHQHXQDJUDQDSOLFDFLyQHQFDVLWRGRVORV
iPELWRV GHO VDEHU HQ KLVWRULD HQ KLVWRULD GHO DUWH HQ FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV HQ HVWDGtVWLFD HQ
HFRQRPtDHQLQJHQLHUtDItVLFD\JHRORJLD(OHTXLSRGH(65,WLHQHSXEOLFDGRXQVWRU\PDSV
HQ HO SRUWDOFRQ OD UXWD TXH HIHFWXy HO 7LWDQLF HQ HO DxR GRQGHVHSXHGH YLVXDOL]DU HO
Q~PHURGHSDVDMHURVVXVQRPEUHV\OXJDUHVGHRULJHQ(VWHPDSDLQIRUPDQRVyORDFHUFDGHO
IDWtGLFRDFFLGHQWHVLQRWDPELpQLOXVWUDVREUHODVFRUULHQWHVPLJUDWRULDVDSULQFLSLRVGHVLJOR\
VXV UHVXOWDGRV GHPRJUiILFRV )LJXUD $O PLVPR WLHPSR XQ PDSD TXH PXHVWUH D QLYHO
PXQGLDOHOFRQVXPRKXPDQRGHUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV\VXFDSDFLGDGGHUHJHQHUDFLyQDGHPiVGH
LQIRUPDUQRVVREUHHOJUDGRGHDJRWDPLHQWRGHFDGDSDtVLQFXOFDDORVDOXPQRVYDORUHVFRPR
OD VRVWHQLELOLGDG \ HO UHVSHWR SRU HO PHGLR DPELHQWH )LJXUD /D LQWURGXFFLyQ GH
SODWDIRUPDV *,6 R 6,* DKRUD SHUPLWH OD GLVFXVLyQ HQ OtQHD \ OD SODQLILFDFLyQ GH OD
HQVHxDQ]DSUiFWLFD-HNHO7.ROOHU$\'RQHUW.


)LJXUD(MHPSORGHstory maps VREUHODKXHOODGHOVHUKXPDQRHQHOPXQGRQDWXUDO\FRQVXPRGHUHFXUVRV
)LJXUD*HRJUDItDFODVH\GHVWLQR/RVSDVDMHURVGHO7LWDQLF8QHMHPSORGHstory maps GH(65,HODERUDGR

FRQArcGis Online
&yPRVHFRQVWUX\HQHVWRVVWRU\PDSV"(QSULPHUOXJDUVHQHFHVLWDHOHJLUQXHVWURPDSDEDVH
DTXHO TXH VH DGDSWD PiV D QXHVWUR REMHWLYR +D\ QXHYH SRVLELOLGDGHV XQ PDSD WRSRJUiILFR
XQDVLPiJHQHVGHVDWpOLWHXQDVLPiJHQHVGHVDWpOLWHFRQHWLTXHWDVXQPDSDGHODVFDOOHVXQ
PDSDRFHiQLFRXQPDSDGHOWHUUHQRXQPDSDVHQFLOORRORQDGHFRORUJULVFODURXQPDSDGH
1DWLRQDO *HRJUDSKLF \ SRU ~OWLPR XQ PDSD GH FDUUHWHUDV &DGD XQR VLUYH D XQRV
GHWHUPLQDGRVLQWHUHVHV3RUFLWDUXQHMHPSORSDUDXQHVWXGLRGHOFOLPDGHODYHJHWDFLyQRGH
ODVGLIHUHQWHVDOWXUDVVHDGDSWDPHMRUXQPDSDWRSRJUiILFR(QFDPELRSDUDXQDUXWDSRU ORV


SULQFLSDOHV PRQXPHQWRV GH XQD FLXGDG UHVXOWD PiV ~WLO FRQ FHUWH]D XQD LPDJHQ GH VDWpOLWH
$GDSWDUHOPDSDEDVHDQXHVWURILQHVXQHOHPHQWRLPSUHVFLQGLEOH

)LJXUD(OHFFLyQGHXQPDSDEDVHHQArcGis Online

(OVLJXLHQWHSDVRFRQVLVWHHQLQWHJUDUHQHVWHPDSDEDVHSUHYLDPHQWHHVFRJLGRRHODERUDGR
SRUQRVRWURVPLVPRVXQDVHULHGHFDSDVFDUWRJUiILFDVRFRQWHQLGRV(VWRVFRQWHQLGRVSXHGHQ
VHU GDWRV DOIDQXPpULFRV LFRQRV OtQHDV SXQWRV GH ORFDOL]DFLyQ IRWRV H LQFOXVR XQD VHULH GH
HQODFHVZHE8QRPLVPRSXHGHDxDGLUDOPDSDEDVHQRWDVGHPDSDSXQWRVJHRJUiILFRVWH[WR
OtQHDV\iUHDVVHOHFFLRQDGDV&RQHVWRVHFRQVLJXHORFDOL]DUORVSXQWRVJHRJUiILFRVGHLQWHUpV
DVRFLDQGR XQD LQIRUPDFLyQ FRPSOHPHQWDULD D FDGD QRWD 7DPELpQ HO XVXDULR SXHGH DJUHJDU
XQDFDSDGHVGHODZHEHQIRUPDWR:066+3RGHVGHXQDUFKLYR&69DOPDFHQDGR)LJXUD
$VXYH]ArcGis Online SHUPLWHEXVFDUHVWDVFDSDVHQODSURSLDEDVHGHGDWRVGH(65,
$ OD KRUD GH FRQYHUWLU HVWH PDSD HQ XQD DSOLFDFLyQ ZHE \ SRU OR WDQWR HQ XQ VWRU\ PDS
H[LVWHQXQDVHULHGHSODQWLOODVSUHILMDGDVVXPLQLVWUDGDVSRU(65,SDUDIDFLOLWDUVXHODERUDFLyQ
/DSULPHUDGHHVWDVSODQWLOODVHVODTXHVHFRQRFHFRPRStory Map TourXQDDSOLFDFLyQSDUD
KDFHU XQ UHFRUULGR R QDUUDFLyQ VHFXHQFLDO HQ XQ OXJDU 3RU HMHPSOR HO GHVDUUROOR GH XQD
EDWDOODKLVWyULFD/DVHJXQGDStory Map Journal HVWiSHQVDGDSDUDFRQWDUXQDKLVWRULDDPRGR
GH GLDULR (V LGHDO SDUD FRPELQDU WH[WRV GH PD\RU H[WHQVLyQ \ YDULRV PDSDV LPiJHQHV R
HOHPHQWRV PXOWLPHGLD DVRFLDQGR FDGD FRQWHQLGR D XQD HQWUDGD $PEDV SODQWLOODV HVWiQ
SHQVDGDV SDUD UHODWRV VHFXHQFLDOHV 8Q Story Map Shorlist HQ FDPELR SHUPLWH SUHVHQWDU
OXJDUHV GH LQWHUpV SHUR RUJDQL]DGRV VHJ~Q XQD WHPiWLFD XQD UHVHxD GH EDUHV ORV PHMRUHV
PRQXPHQWRV)LJXUD8QStory Map CountdownHVWiLGHDGRSDUDSUHVHQWDUXQDOLVWDGH
XELFDFLRQHV FRQ LQIRUPDFLyQ YLQFXODGD D FDGD XQD SRU HMHPSOR ORV GLH] PHMRUHV ULQFRQHV
GHOPXQGRRODXELFDFLyQGHORViUEROHVPiVFHQWHQDULRV(VSDUHFLGRXQStory Map Playlist
FRQHODxDGLGRGHTXHSRVLELOLWDGHVWDFDUXQDVHOHFFLyQGHXELFDFLRQHV


)LJXUD(MHPSORGHYDORUHVJHRJUiILFRVTXHGHVGH([FHOSXHGHQWUDQVIRUPDUVHHQDUFKLYR&69GRQGHVH
KDOODQORVPLVPRVYDORUHVSHURHQYH]GHHQXQDWDEODDSDUHFHQVHSDUDGRVSRUFRPDV

(QHOFDVRGHTXHLQWHUHVHFRPSDUDUGRVRPiVPDSDVSRUHMHPSORHQWUH(VSDxDD\HU\KR\
WHQHPRVFXDWURDSOLFDFLRQHVStory Map Tabbed Viewer, FRQWH[WR\OH\HQGDStory Map Side
Accordion, FRQ WH[WR FRPSOHPHQWDULR Story Map Swipe, FRQ OD SRVLELOLGDG GH KDFHU XQ
EDUULGRVREUHGRVPDSDVGLIHUHQWHVRGRVFDSDVGHXQPLVPROXJDU\Story Map Spyglass, FRQ
XQD OXSD FHQWUDGD HQ XQD FDSD GHWHUPLQDGD &DGD XQR VLUYH D XQ GHWHUPLQDGR LQWHUpV 3RU
WDQWR ArcGis Online HV XQD KHUUDPLHQWD GH LQQRYDFLyQ GRFHQWH FRQ JUDQ DGDSWDELOLGDG
5RVH
)LJXUD(MHPSORGHStory Map HODERUDGRSRUHO$\XQWDPLHQWRGH6HYLOODVREUHVXVPRQXPHQWRVFRQHOPRGHOR

Story Map Shorlist


)LJXUD(MHPSORGHStory Map VREUHOD&ULVLVGH&ULPHDHODERUDGRSRU(65,VLJXLHQGRODSODQWLOODStory Map
Side Accordion
/266,*(1(/0%,72'(/$,19(67,*$&,1
6XIXQFLRQDOLGDGHQHOFDPSRGHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\KXPDQDV
/RV 6LVWHPDV GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD WLHQHQ XQD JUDQ XWLOLGDG HQ HO FDPSR GH OD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDPHWRGROyJLFR\DTXHSXHGHQHGLWDUDOPDFHQDUHLQWHJUDU
GDWRV GH UHIHUHQFLD JHRHVSDFLDO TXH OXHJR TXHGDQ SODVPDGRV HQ XQ PDSD 1R GHEHPRV
ROYLGDUTXHXQPDSDHVXQHOHPHQWRYLVXDOTXHSRVHHXQDOWRYDORULQIRUPDWLYR$GHPiVGH
XELFDUHODVXQWRGHOTXHHVWDPRVWUDWDQGRQRVSHUPLWHLQFRUSRUDUFRQWHQLGRVRHOHPHQWRVGH
GLYHUVR VLJQR SXQWRV OtQHDV iUHDV WH[WRV YDORUHV QXPpULFRV TXH H[SOLFDQ VX DPSOLD
IXQFLRQDOLGDG /RV 6,* WLHQHQ DSOLFDFLyQ HQ QXPHURVDV iUHDV GH FRQRFLPLHQWR SHUR HQ
HVSHFLDOHQODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\KXPDQDVJHRJUDItDKLVWRULDKLVWRULDGHODUWHDUTXHRORJtD
GHPRJUDItDVRFLRORJtD7DQWRHVDVtTXHHQODVHJXQGDPLWDGGHOVLJOR;;VHKDEOD\DGH
KLVWRULDGHOSDLVDMHDUTXHRORJtDGHOSDLVDMHVRFLRORJtDGHOSDLVDMH*DUFLD$WLHQ]DU
6L QRV FHQWUDPRV HQ OR TXH VH FRQRFH FRPR DUTXHRORJtD GHO SDLVDMH \ TXH VXUJH FRPR
FRQVHFXHQFLDGHOGHVDUUROORGHODOODPDGD1XHYD$UTXHRORJtDFDEHGHVWDFDUTXHXQPDSDQR
VyORQRVSRVLELOLWDFRQWH[WXDOL]DUHO\DFLPLHQWR\ODHYLGHQFLDPDWHULDOVLQRDGHPiVSHUPLWH
DQDOL]DU ODV UHODFLRQHV TXH PDQWLHQH HO VHU KXPDQR FRQ HO HQWRUQR (Q HVWH DVSHFWR OD
DSOLFDFLyQArcGis Online, DGHPiVGHVXFDUiFWHUSHGDJyJLFRVLUYHWDPELpQFRPRLQVWUXPHQWR
GHDSR\RDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ1RVIDFLOLWDGLVSRQHUGHXQDKHUUDPLHQWDVHQFLOOD\JUDWXLWD8QD
YH] TXH WHQHPRV JHRORFDOL]DGRV ORV SXQWRV GH UHIHUHQFLD GHO \DFLPLHQWR HQ FXHVWLyQ HVWRV
GDWRV SXHGHQ LQFRUSRUDUVH HQ IRUPDWR &69 DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH D QXHVWUR PDSD EDVH \ GH DKt
SURFHGHUDVXHVWXGLR2WURVVRIWZDUHVJUDWXLWRVFRQRFLGRVVRQJY6,**5$66R.RVPR+R\
ODDUTXHRORJtDDOLJXDOTXHODJHRJUDItDQRSXHGHVHSDUDUVHGHHVWDVKHUUDPLHQWDVD\XGDQD
ODV ODERUHV GH SURVSHFFLyQ HO DQiOLVLV GHO WHUULWRULR \ FDSWDFLyQ GH UHFXUVRV HO DQiOLVLV
PLFURHVSDFLDO HO HVWXGLR GH OD YLVLELOL]DFLyQ \ JHRHVWDGtVWLFD 0D[LPLDQR 0D\RUDO



/RV 6,* VRQ HVHQFLDOHV HQ OD JHVWLyQ \ FRQVHUYDFLyQ GHO SDWULPRQLR DVt FRPR HQ OD
RUGHQDFLyQGHOWHUULWRULR6XSULQFLSDODWUDFWLYRHVTXHSXHGHQDOPDFHQDUHLQWHJUDUXQDJUDQ
FDQWLGDG GH LQIRUPDFLyQ VLWXDFLyQ \ HPSOD]DPLHQWR PRUIRORJtD GHO DVHQWDPLHQWR WLSRV GH
VXHORV3RVLELOLWDQGDUVDOLGDDHVWRVGDWRV\UHSUHVHQWDUORVHQXQPDSD'HJHQHWDO
(O HPSOHR GH KHUUDPLHQWDV FRPR ORV 6LVWHPDV GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD 6,* SHUPLWHQ
PDQHMDU XQD JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH LQIRUPDFLyQ GH PDQHUD iJLO \ RUGHQDGD OR TXH HQ GHILQLWLYD
SHUPLWHDEULUQXHYDVYtDVGHDSUR[LPDFLyQ(QORV~OWLPRVDxRVODWHFQRORJtDLQIRUPiWLFD\HO
HPSOHR GH FRPSOHMRV VRIWZDUH VH KD FRQYHUWLGR HQ KHUUDPLHQWD FDVL LPSUHVFLQGLEOH WDQWR D
QLYHOLQYHVWLJDGRUFRPRHQQXHVWURVSURSLRVSODQHVGHHVWXGLRVXQLYHUVLWDULRVRHQODJHVWLyQ
GHO3DWULPRQLR&XOWXUDO*UDX0LUD
'HVGHHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDORV6,*DWUDHQDLQYHVWLJDGRUHVSURFHGHQWHVGHGLYHUVDVGLVFLSOLQDV
JHRPiWLFDLQIRUPiWLFDDUTXHRORJtDJHRJUDItDDUTXLWHFWXUD\GHODVFLHQFLDVGHODWLHUUD$Vt
ORV6,*VRQHVSHFLDOPHQWHDGHFXDGRVSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHPRGHORVLQQRYDGRUHVDGDSWDEOHV
DGLIHUHQWHV GLVFLSOLQDV+LOO\6ROHP VHxDODQTXHHOpQIDVLV WHFQROyJLFRLQKHUHQWHV D
ORV 6,* ORV FRORFD HQ XQD SRVLFLyQ H[FHOHQWH SDUD KDFHU XQ FDPELR GH SDUDGLJPD
FRQVWUXFWLYLVWDHQSDUWHPHGLDQWHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHPXFKRVH[SHULPHQWRVORFDOHV
/RV 6,* PXOWLPHGLD KHUUDPLHQWDV GH DXWRDSUHQGL]DMH EDVDGRV HQ ,QWHUQHW TXH VH KDQ
GHVFULWR WLHQHQ FRPR REMHWLYR VXVWLWXLU ORV PRGHORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH 6,* WUDGLFLRQDOHV H
LQFOX\HQPXOWLWXGGHHMHPSORVSDUDDSOLFDUHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\ODGRFHQFLD$XQTXH6XL\
%HGQDU] DILUPDQ TXH ORV QXHYRV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ QR GHEHQ OLPLWDUVH D
UHHPSOD]DU ORV YLHMRV SRUTXH FDGD PHGLR MXHJD XQ SDSHO ~QLFR HQ OD IRUPDFLyQ GH OD
FRQFLHQFLD KXPDQD \ HO GHVDUUROOR VRFLDO +DFHQ KLQFDSLp HQ OD QHFHVLGDG FRQWLQXD GH OD
LQWHUDFFLyQKXPDQDHQHOSURFHVRHGXFDWLYRHLQYHVWLJDGRUVREUHWRGRVLWHQHPRVHQFXHQWD
ODVLQWHOLJHQFLDVP~OWLSOHVLQKHUHQWHVTXHSRVHHFDGDLQGLYLGXR6XL\%HGQDU]
3RU ~OWLPR D WUDYpV GH ArcGis Online VH SXHGH FUHDU XQD Web SIG HVWR HV HQOD]DU \
FRPSDUWLUHOPDSDLQWHUDFWLYRSDUDLQVHUWDUORHQQXHVWUDSURSLDSiJLQDZHEELHQVHDSHUVRQDO
RGHOSUR\HFWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ6LQGXGDHQXQDSXEOLFDFLyQFLHQWtILFDXQPDSDIRPHQWDOD
FRPSUHQVLyQGHOWH[WR\VXGLIXVLyQ
([LVWHQQXPHURVDVDSOLFDFLRQHVGHORV6,*HQODLYHVWLJDFLyQTXHSRVWHULRUPHQWHVHDSOLFDQD
OD GRFHQFLD VHJ~Q GLVWLQWRV DXWRUHV *RRGFKLOG %RVTXH DXQTXH SRGHPRV
GHVWDFDU OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ GH ODV IXQFLRQDOLGDGHV GH XQ 6,* HQ DTXHOORV VLVWHPDV TXH QRV
SHUPLWHQ UHVROYHU ODV VLJXLHQWHV FXHVWLRQHV *XWLpUUH] \ *RXOG 1LHWR 0DVRW
%RVTXH*RQ]iOH]HWDO
x /RFDOL]DFLyQSUHJXQWDUSRUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHXQOXJDUFRQFUHWR
x &RQGLFLyQLGHQWLILFDUGyQGHFXPSOHQRQRXQDVFRQGLFLRQHVLPSXHVWDVDOVLVWHPD
x 7HQGHQFLDVUHDOL]DUFRPSDUDFLRQHVHQWUHVLWXDFLRQHVWHPSRUDOHVGLVWLQWDV6XSRQH
WUDEDMDUFRQYDULRVPDSDVGHODPLVPD]RQDUHIHULGRVDIHFKDVGLVWLQWDV
x 5XWDVFiOFXORGHUXWDVySWLPDVHQWUHGRVRPiVSXQWRVVHJ~QFRVWHYHORFLGDGR
GLVWDQFLD
x 3DXWDVGHWHFFLyQGHUHJXODULGDGHVHVSDFLDOHV
x 0RGHORVJHQHUDFLyQGHPRGHORVSDUDVLPXODUHOHIHFWRTXHSURGXFLUtDQSRVLEOHV
IHQyPHQRVHQHOPXQGRUHDO


(O GHVDUUROOR WHFQROyJLFR KD HOHYDGR ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV GHO S~EOLFR UHVSHFWR D REWHQHU
LQIRUPDFLyQHVSDFLDOSUHFLVD\GHFRQILDQ]D9DQ0DQHQ

&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
/D XWLOL]DFLyQ GH ORV 6LVWHPDV GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD DSRUWD OD GREOH YHUWLHQWH GH
DGTXLVLFLyQGHGHVWUH]DV\IRPHQWRGHYDORUHVHGXFDWLYRVFXOWXUDOHV\DPELHQWDOHVDOWUDEDMDU
FRQIXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQGHGLVWLQWDtQGROH$FWXDOPHQWHVHKDFRQYHUWLGRHQXQWySLFROD
QHFHVLGDGGHFRPSDUWLU \UHXWLOL]DUODLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFDVLHQGRODWorld Wide Web HO
YHKtFXORPDVDSURSLDGRSDUDSRQHUHQUHODFLyQSURGXFWRUHV\FRQVXPLGRUHVGHGDWRV$VtVRQ
WDQ LPSRUWDQWHV ORV PHWDGDWRV LQIRUPDFLyQ VREUH GDWRV VHUYLFLRV R VLVWHPDV GH GDWRV TXH
LQWHUDFWXiQFRQODVEDVHVGHGDWRVFRPRORVSURSLRVVHUYLFLRVweb.
3RU WDQWR HVWDV IXHQWHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD FRQVWLWX\HQ XQ UHFXUVR WDQWR GLGiFWLFR
FRPRHQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHJUDQLPSRUWDQFLDSDUDFRQRFHUHOPHGLR&RQHVWDVKHUUDPLHQWDV
GHEHPRV SODQWHDUQRV QR TXHGDUQRV VRODPHQWH HQ XWLOL]DU LQIRUPDFLyQ HQ ORV GDWRV TXH
REWHQHPRV VLQR HQ LQFOXLU FDSDFLGDGHV FRPR ODV GH ORFDOL]DU LQIRUPDFLyQ HQWHQGHUOD
WUDQVIRUPDUOD DQDOL]DUOD UHODFLRQDUOD DSOLFDUOD \ FRQYHUWLUOD HQ FRQRFLPLHQWR 3RU HOOR HO
GRFHQWH WLHQH TXH SODQWHDU XQRV REMHWLYRV SDUD FRQVROLGDU ODV GHVWUH]DV \ KDELOLGDGHV TXH
DSRUWHQDORVDOXPQRVIDFXOWDGHVSDUDDFFHGHU\VHOHFFLRQDUODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHQHFHVLWDQHQ
FDGDFDVRGHHVWXGLR\WUDQVIRUPDUODHQFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR/RV6,*SXHGHQD\XGDUHQ
ODDOIDEHWL]DFLyQWHFQROyJLFDGHODOXPQDGRHQDPSOLDUVXVFRQRFLPLHQWRVHQOD6RFLHGDGGHOD
,QIRUPDFLyQ
/RV 6LVWHPDV GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD KDQ KHFKR RSHUDWLYR \ VLQWHWL]DURQ WHyULFD \
PHWRGROyJLFDPHQWH ORV FLQFR FRQFHSWRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV GH QDWXUDOH]D HVSDFLDO (VWRV
FRQFHSWRVVRQ
x /RFDOL]DFLyQXELFDFLyQHVSDFLDOGHODVHQWLGDGHVJHRJUiILFDVHQHOHVSDFLRDEVROXWR
x 'LVWULEXFLyQODIRUPDHQTXHVHUHSDUWHQODVHQWLGDGHVJHRJUiILFDV
x $VRFLDFLyQODIRUPDHQTXHGLIHUHQWHVHQWLGDGHVORFDOL]DGDV\GLVWULEXLGDVVHYLQFXODQ
FRQUHODFLRQHVGHWLSRYHUWLFDOXKRUL]RQWDO
x ,QWHUDFFLyQODIRUPDHQTXHVHSURGXFHQYtQFXORVKRUL]RQWDOHVTXHSULYLOHJLDQORV
PRYLPLHQWRVVREUHHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR
x (YROXFLyQHQODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHODGLQiPLFDWHPSRUDOTXHSHUPLWHYHUFRPRODV
HQWLGDGHVJHRJUiILFDVFDPELDQVXVSDXWDVHVSDFLDOHVDWUDYpVGHOWLHPSR
(VWRVLJQLILFDTXHFXDQGRHVXWLOL]DGRXQ6LVWHPDGH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDODVDSOLFDFLRQHV
HVWDUiQ DSR\DGDV VLHPSUH HQ GLIHUHQWHV FRPELQDFLRQHV GH HVWRV FRQFHSWRV GHSHQGLHQGR GHO
WLSRGHDQiOLVLVTXHVHHVWpUHDOL]DQGR

%,%/,2*5$)$
%RL[*\2OLYHOOD5/RV6LVWHPDVGH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFD6,*DSOLFDGRVDOD
HGXFDFLyQ(OSUR\HFWR3(6,*3RUWDO(GXFDWLYRHQ6,*HQ0-0DUUyQ-6DORP;0
6RXWRHGVLas competencias geogrficas para la educacin ciudadana9DOHQFLD*UXSRGH
'LGiFWLFDGHOD$*(8QLYHUVLGDGGH9DOHQFLDSS


%RVTXH *RQ]iOH] , HW DO Los SIG y la investigacin en ciencias humanas y sociales
0DGULG&6,&
%RVTXH 6HQGUD - Nuevas perspectivas en la enseanza de las tecnologas de la
informacin geogrfica$OFDOi8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OFDOi
&DEHUR-%DVHVSHGDJyJLFDVGHOHOHDUQLQJ5HYLVWDGH8QLYHUVLGDG\6RFLHGDGGHO
&RQRFLPLHQWRYROQSS>$UWtFXORHQOtQHD@
'HJHQ 0 0HOKXLVK & DQG 5RVH * 3URGXFLQJ SODFH DWPRVSKHUHV GLJLWDOO\
$UFKLWHFWXUH GLJLWDO YLVXDOLVDWLRQ SUDFWLFHV DQG WKH H[SHULHQFH HFRQRP\ -RXUQDO RI
&RQVXPHU&XOWXUH'2,
'RXJLDPDV0DQG7D\ORU3&0RRGOH8VLQJ/HDUQLQJ&RPPXQLWLHVWR&UHDWHDQ
2SHQ 6RXUFH &RXUVH 0DQDJHPHQW 6\VWHP HQ ' /DVVQHU DQG & 0FQDXJKW HGV
Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia +RQROXOX +\SHUPHGLD DQG
7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVSS
*DUFtD$WLpQ]DU*$SOLFDFLRQHV6,*HQHODQiOLVLVGHODVVRFLHGDGHVGHOSDVDGR8Q
FDVRGHHVWXGLRODVSULPHUDVFRPXQLGDGHVFDPSHVLQDVGHOOHYDQWHSHQLQVXODUPanta Rei, Q
SS
*DUFtD6DQSHGUR 0 - (O FRQFHSWR GH FRPSHWHQFLDV \ VX DGRSFLyQ HQ HO FRQWH[WR
XQLYHUVLWDULRRevista Alternativas. Cuadernos de trabajo socialQS
*RQ]iOH] 0-\ /i]DUR 0/ /D JHRLQIRUPDFLyQ \ VX LPSRUWDQFLDSDUD ODV WHFQROR
JtDVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD$U#FQHRevista electrnica de recursos en Internet sobre
Geografa y Ciencias Sociales. >(Q OtQHD $FFHVR OLEUH@ %DUFHORQD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH
%DUFHORQDQGHMXQLRGHKWWSZZZXEHVJHRFULWDUDFQHDUDFQHKWP!
*RQ]iOH]50GH/i]DUR\7RUUHV0/\0DUUyQ*DLWH0-FRRUGVInnovacin
en la enseanza de la Geografa ante los desafos sociales y territoriales =DUDJR]D
,QVWLWXFLyQ)HUQDQGRHO&DWyOLFR&6,&
*RRGFKLOG 0) A GIS perspective. Proceedings, Atlantic Institute Think Tank V:
Global Educational Paradigms in Geomatics/Geoinformation 3DULV (FROH 1DWLRQDOH GHV
6FLHQFHV*HRJUDSKLTXHVSS
*UDX 0LUD , La aplicacin de los SIG en la arqueologa del paisaje $OLFDQWH
8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWH
*XWLpUUH] 3XHEOD - \ *RXOG 0 Sig, sistema de informacin geogrfica 0DGULG
6tQWHVLV
+DJHU 3 +RODQG 6 DQG %HFNHWW ' Enhancing the learning and employability of
graduates: the role of generic skills. 0HOERXUQH%XVLQHVV+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ5RXQG7DEOH
+LOO$'DQG6ROHP01*HRJUDSK\RQWKH:HEFKDQJLQJWKHOHDUQLQJSDUDGLJP
Journal of GeographySS
+RXWVRQHQ/0lNL65LLKHOl-7RLYRQHQ7DQG7XOLYXRUL-3DLNNDRSSL$:HE
EDVHG OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQW IRU )LQQLVK 6FKRROV ,Q 'H 0LJXHO 5 \ 'RQHUW . (GV
Innovative Learning Geography in Europe: New Challenges for the 21st Century. 1HZFDVWOH
XSRQ7\QH&DPEULGJH6FKRODUV3XEOLVKLQJSS


+X\QK 17 DQG 6KDUSH % $Q $VVHVVPHQW ,QVWUXPHQW WR 0HDVXUH *HRVSDWLDO
7KLQNLQJ ([SHUWLVH Journal of GeographySS '2,

-HNHO 7 .ROOHU $ DQG 'RQHUW . Learning with Geoinformation III +HLGHOEHUJ
:LFKPDQQ
.LQVOH\ 6 7KH PDWWHU RI YLUWXDO JHRJUDSKLHV Progress in Human Geograph\
SS'2,
/i]DUR 0/ GH $OFROHD 0$ \ *RQ]iOH] 0- /D DOIDEHWL]DFLyQ GLJLWDO D WUDYpV GHO
&DPSXV9LUWXDOOD:HE\OD*HRJUDItDVII Jornadas de Campus Virtual UCMSS

/XTXH 5HYXHOWR 50 (O XVR GH OD FDUWRJUDItD \ OD LPDJHQ GLJLWDO FRPR UHFXUVR
GLGiFWLFRHQODHQVHxDQ]DVHFXQGDULD$OJXQDVSUHFLVLRQHVHQWRUQRD*RRJOH(DUWKBoletn
de la Asociacin de Gegrafos EspaolesQSS
0DUUyQ0-\/i]DUR0/HGVGeografa, Educacin y Formacin del Profesorado
en el Marco del Espacio Europeo de Educacin Superior0DGULG*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD
*HRJUDItD$*(\8QLYHUVLGDG&RPSOXWHQVHGH0DGULG
0D[LPLDQR &DVWLOOHMR $ *HRHVWDGtVWLFD \ DUTXHRORJtD XQD QXHYD SHUVSHFWLYD
DQDOtWLFRLQWHUSUHWDWLYD HQ HO DQiOLVLV HVSDFLDO LQWUDVLWH Analtika. Revista de anlisis
estadsticoQYROSS
0D\RUDO +HUUHUD 9 \ &HOHVWLQR 3pUH] 6 (GV 7HFQRORJtDV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ
JHRJUiILFD \ DQiOLVLV DUTXHROyJLFR GHO WHUULWRULR Actas del V Simposio Internacional de
Arqueologa de Mrida. Anejos de Archivo Espaol de Arqueologa 0pULGD ,QVWLWXWR GH
$UTXHRORJtD
0(& Borrador de propuesta Directrices para la Elaboracin de Titulos
Universitarios de Grado y Mster0DGULG0LQLVWHULRGH(GXFDFLyQ\&LHQFLDDSWR
1LHWR 0DVRW $ (O XVR GLGiFWLFR GH ORV VLVWHPDV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD HQ HO
(VSDFLR (XURSHR GH (GXFDFLyQ 6XSHULRU Tejuelo: Didctica de la lengua y la literatura.
EducacinQSS
5LHVFR*RQ]iOH]0(OHQIRTXHSRUFRPSHWHQFLDVHQHO(((6\VXVLPSOLFDFLRQHVHQ
ODHQVHxDQ]D\HODSUHQGL]DMHTendencias pedaggicasQSS
5RVH*5HWKLQNLQJWKHJHRJUDSKLHVRIFXOWXUDOREMHFWVWKURXJKGLJLWDOWHFKQRORJLHV
,QWHUIDFHQHWZRUNDQGIULFWLRQProgress in Human Geography SS
6XL'=DQG%HGQDU]567KHPHVVDJHLVWKHPHGLXPJHRJUDSKLFHGXFDWLRQLQWKH
DJHRIWKH,QWHUQHWJournal of GeographySS
8KOHQZLQNHO$6SDWLDO7KLQNLQJRU7KLQNLQJ*HRJUDSKLFDOO\"2QWKH,PSRUWDQFHRI
$YRLGLQJ 0DSV ZLWKRXW 0HDQLQJ ,Q -HNHO 7 &DU $ 6WUREO - *ULHVHEQHU * (GV
GI_Forum 2013. Creating the GISociety %HUOLQ2IIHQEDFK +HUEHUW :LFKPDQQ 9HUODJ SS
'RLJLVFLHQFHV
9DQ0DQHQ1HWDOGeospatial Technology and the Role of Location in Science7KH
1HUGHUODQV6SULQJXHU
99$$$6HOI/HDUQLQJ0XOWLPHGLD$SSURDFKIRU(QULFKLQJ*,6(GXFDWLRQ
Journal of Geography in Higher EducationYROSS


99 $$ /RV VLVWHPDV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD HQ VX DSOLFDFLyQ DO iPELWR
DUTXHROyJLFR3DQRUDPDDFWXDOHQ,JOHVLD*LO-0\5RGD,&RRUGVActas de los XVIII
Cursos Monogrficos sobre el Patrimonio Histrico &DQWDEULD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH &DQWDEULD
SS
=HUJXHU $ HW DO $ 6HOI/HDUQLQJ 0XOWLPHGLD $SSURDFK IRU (QULFKLQJ *,6
(GXFDWLRQJournal of Geography in Higher EducationSS

$*5$'(&,0,(1726
6FKRRO RQ &ORXG FRQQHFWLQJ HGXFDWLRQ WR WKH &ORXG IRU GLJLWDOFLWL]HQVKLS //3
*5.$.$1:
'HYHORSLQJ D OHDUQLQJ OLQH RQ *,6FLHQFH LQ HGXFDWLRQ *,/HDUQHU
%(.$


*(2*5$)$'(/$3(5&(3&,181(-(5&,&,235&7,&2
'(6'(/$(16(f$1=$'(/$*(2*5$)$(1/$('8&$&,1
0(',$

/DXUD'DQLHOD+HUQiQGH]
Universidad de Caldas- Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola
Lauraa033@gmail.com
5(680(1
$SDUWLUGHXQDQiOLVLVTXHVHKDUHDOL]DGRGHOFXUUtFXORGHODVGLIHUHQWHVLQVWLWXFLRQHVHGXFDWLYDVGHODFLXGDGGH
0DQL]DOHVVHKDHQFRQWUDGRXQDGHELOLGDGWDQWRFRQFHSWXDOFRPRSUiFWLFDHQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHOD*HRJUDItD\
VX UHFRQRFLPLHQWR VRFLDO 'DGD OD HVFDVD SURIXQGLGDG GHO WUDEDMR JHRJUiILFR HQ HO DPELHQWH HVFRODU VH SXHGH
HYLGHQFLDU XQD YLVLyQ VHVJDGD \ UHGXFFLRQLVWD GHO REMHWR GH HVWXGLR \ GHO FDPSR GH DSOLFDFLyQ TXH HQ OD
DFWXDOLGDGKDOOHJDGRDDOFDQ]DUOD*HRJUDItDSRUHOORVHDEUHXQHVSDFLRTXHSHUPLWDDORVHVWXGLDQWHVDPSOLDU
VX FRQFHSFLyQ GH OR TXH SHUFLEHQ GH OD FLXGDG D WUDYpV GH OD *HRJUDItD (VWH WUDEDMR SUHWHQGH UHVSRQGHU D OD
SUHJXQWD Cmo perciben los estudiantes de trece (13) a quince (15) aos del Colegio San Luis Gonzaga la
ciudad de Manizales"SDUDHVWRVHUHDOL]DURQFRQORVHVWXGLDQWHVHMHUFLFLRVTXHOHVSHUPLWtDQUHIOH[LRQDUDFHUFD
GHVXVFRQRFLPLHQWRVGHODFLXGDG$VtPLVPRVHFRQVLGHUDTXHHVWRVHVFHQDULRVSXHGHQEULQGDUSRVLELOLGDGHV
SDUDTXHORVMyYHQHVWHQJDQXQDH[SHULHQFLDHQULTXHFHGRUDGHVXIRUPDGHKDELWDUODFLXGDGYLYLUOD\HQWHQGHUOD
LGHQWLILFDQGR VLWLRV IUHFXHQWDGRV \ VLWLRV LQYLVLELOL]DGRV TXH UHVSRQGHQ D ODV GLQiPLFDV PLVPDV GH VX
FRWLGLDQLGDG (VWH HVWXGLR HVWi HQPDUFDGR GHVGH WHRUtDV GH OD *HRJUDItD KXPDQD \ OD IHQRPHQRORJtD GH OD
SHUFHSFLyQ

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
3HUFHSFLyQ*HRJUDItD(QVHxDQ]D$SUHQGL]DMH&LXGDG

El conocimiento geogrfico es sin duda, tan antiguo como el hombre y, en distintos
puntos de la Tierra, los saberes geogrficos fueron parte indisoluble del desarrollo
de las sociedades e, incluso, de la consolidacin y expansin de los Estados y de los
grandes imperios (Cuadra Dante, 2014, p.2).
,1752'8&&,1
7RGDLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHVHHQPDUTXHGHQWURGHODGLVFLSOLQDJHRJUiILFDGHEHUHVSRQGHUDXQD
HVSDFLDOLGDG \ D XQD WHPSRUDOLGDG SRU OR WDQWR FRQYLHQH RIUHFHU XQD EUHYH FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ
GHOOXJDUHQHOTXHVHKDUHDOL]DGR/DFLXGDGGH0DQL]DOHVIXHIXQGDGDHQSRUFRORQRV
DQWLRTXHxRVKR\HVXQDFLXGDGFRQJUDQDFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFDLQGXVWULDOFXOWXUDO\WXUtVWLFD
6H HQFXHQWUD XELFDGD D XQD DOWXUD GH PVQP HVWi ORFDOL]DGD HQ OD UHJLyQ FHQWUDO GHO
RFFLGHQWH FRORPELDQR VREUH OD SURORQJDFLyQ GH OD FRUGLOOHUD GH ORV $QGHV (O UHOLHYH GH OD
FLXGDGHVHVSHFLDOPHQWHPRQWDxRVR&HUFDGH0DQL]DOHVVHHQFXHQWUDHO1HYDGRGHO5XL]FRQ
XQD DOWXUD GH PVQP 3RU VX XELFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD HQ 0DQL]DOHV VH SXHGHQ GLVIUXWDU
GLYHUVRVSDLVDMHVGDGDVVXVGLIHUHQFLDVGHDOWXUDYDULDGDYHJHWDFLyQUtRV\TXHEUDGDV8QD
SDUWLFXODULGDG GH 0DQL]DOHV HV TXH SRVHH PLFURFOLPDV GHQWUR GH VX ]RQD XUEDQD /D
WHPSHUDWXUDSURPHGLRGHODFLXGDGHV&GDWRVGHOD$OFDOGtDGH0DQL]DOHV
L.D.Hernndez


&RQ UHVSHFWR DO &ROHJLR 6DQ /XLV *RQ]DJD VH SXHGH UHVDOWDU TXH HV XQD ,QVWLWXFLyQ GH
FDUiFWHU SULYDGR GLULJLGD SRU MHVXLWDV FRQ OD FRODERUDFLyQ GH ODLFRV TXH WLHQH FRPR PLVLyQ
Servir al pas y a la Iglesia formando con excelencia integral hombres y mujeres con
responsabilidad social, competentes, crticos y comprometidos, que respondan con actitudes
y hechos al momento histrico que vivimos. La institucin cuenta con los fundamentos de la
espiritualidad y la tradicin educativa Ignacianas, el marco legal colombiano, la calidad
humana y competencias de quienes conforman la Comunidad Educativa FRQVXOWDGR HQ
KWWSVDQOXLVJRQ]DJDHGXFRTXLHQHVVRPRV
(Q HVWH FRQWH[WR VH HVWi UHDOL]DQGR HVWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH UHVSRQGH D OD QHFHVLGDG GH
HQWHQGHU FyPR ORV HVWXGLDQWHVSHUFLEHQODFLXGDG DSDUWLUGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRODYLYHQFLD\OD
H[SHULHQFLDTXHWLHQHQGHHOOD\HQHOODDGHPiVGHGHWHUPLQDUFXiOHVODXWLOLGDGTXHHOORVOH
HQFXHQWUDQ D OD *HRJUDItD FRPR FLHQFLD VRFLDO HQ JHQHUDO \ DO HMHUFLFLR SURSXHVWR HQ HVWD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ SDUWLFXODU (VWH REMHWLYR VH SUHWHQGH DOFDQ]DU D WUDYpV GH XQD VHULH GH
HVWUDWHJLDVGHHQVHxDQ]D\DSUHQGL]DMHTXHVHKDQLGRGHVDUUROODQGRFRQXQJUXSRGHWUHLQWD
HVWXGLDQWHVGHO&ROHJLR6DQ/XLV*RQ]DJD6/*GHHGDGHVRVFLODQWHVHQWUHORVWUHFH\
ORVTXLQFHDxRVRULHQWDGDVDFRPSUHQGHUODSHUFHSFLyQTXHWLHQHQGHODFLXGDGDOWLHPSR
TXH VH OHV PXHVWUD FyPR HV SRVLEOH UHDOL]DU HVWXGLRV JHRJUiILFRV PHGLDQWH HO VLVWHPD
VHQVRULDO
8QDGHODVUD]RQHVTXHOOHYDURQDSODQWHDUHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVODFRQVWDWDFLyQGHTXHHO3ODQ
,QWHJUDGRGHUHD3,$GH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVGHOFROHJLRGRQGHVHUHDOL]DHOHVWXGLRQRKDFH
VXILFLHQWH pQIDVLV HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD *HRJUDItD $O UHYLVDU HVWH GRFXPHQWR VH SXGR
HYLGHQFLDUTXHHQORVSULPHURVWHPDVTXHVHGHVDUUROODQHQODHGXFDFLyQEiVLFDSULPDULDD
D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV VH OHV HQVHxD OR UHODFLRQDGR FRQ OD XELFDFLyQ HVSDFLDO \ HO
UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GHO HVSDFLR D WUDYpV GH XQ VLQQ~PHUR GH DFWLYLGDGHV /XHJR DO OOHJDU D OD
HGXFDFLyQ EiVLFD VHFXQGDULD D \ HQ OD HGXFDFLyQ PHGLD \ ODV &LHQFLDV
6RFLDOHV WLHQHQ XQ HQIRTXH PiV KLVWyULFR TXH JHRJUiILFR OR FXDO JHQHUD HQ ORV HVWXGLDQWHV
SRFRLQWHUpVHQHOHVWXGLRGHOD*HRJUDItDDQLYHOGHSURIHVLRQDOL]DFLyQ\QXORUHFRQRFLPLHQWR
VRFLDOGHOTXHKDFHUGHOJHyJUDIR

$17(&('(17(6
7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD DOJXQRV DSRUWHV GH LQYHVWLJDGRUHV WDQWR HQ HO iPELWR QDFLRQDO FRPR
LQWHUQDFLRQDO HV HYLGHQWH TXH OD HQVHxDQ]DGH OD*HRJUDItD HQHO QLYHO HVFRODUSUHVHQWD XQD
SUREOHPiWLFDD~QQRUHVXHOWDDVDEHUTXHVXDSUHQGL]DMHVHFRQFLEHSULQFLSDOPHQWHFRPROD
UHWHQFLyQ PHPRUtVWLFD GH GDWRV (VWD SUREOHPiWLFD VH LGHQWLILFD QR VROR HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GHO
FROHJLR 6DQ /XLV *RQ]DJD VLQR WDPELpQ HQ OD GH PXFKDV LQVWLWXFLRQHV GH OD FLXGDG GH
0DQL]DOHV
(Q $UJHQWLQD WDPELpQ VH SUHVHQWD OR DQWHULRU FRPR XQ SUREOHPD FRQVWDQWH $Vt OR DILUPD OD
JHyJUDID 5DTXHO *XUHYLFK GRFHQWH H LQYHVWLJDGRUD GH OD FLXGDG GH %XHQRV $LUHV TXLHQ
PXHVWUDXQDJUDQSUHRFXSDFLyQSRUODIRUPDHQTXHVHHVWiQHQVHxDQGRODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV
\HQHVSHFLDOOD*HRJUDItDHQYDULDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV
(Q XQ DUWtFXOR SXEOLFDGR SRU *XUHYLFK VH SXHGHQ GHVWDFDU DILUPDFLRQHV FRPR OD
VLJXLHQWH
Las ciencias sociales estn en un debate actualmente, tratando de adecuarse a
paradigmas sistmicos saliendo de lo tradicional, pero para que haya diversidad
social por medio de un reconocimiento de la cultura, se afirma que es necesario
L.D.Hernndez

problematizar, relacionar los temas acadmicos con situaciones de la vida

cotidiana, viendo la geografa como un conjunto de interacciones donde cabe la
participacin del sujeto como parte del espacio (Gurevich, 1994).
'HDFXHUGRFRQORDQWHULRUHVSRVLEOHGHVWDFDUTXHODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDQHFHVLWDXQ
FDPELRGRQGHVHGpLPSRUWDQFLDDRWUDVWHPiWLFDVFRPROD*HRJUDItDKXPDQDODKXPDQtVWLFD
FRQHOILQGHFDPELDUHQORVHVWXGLDQWHVODLGHDGHTXHOD*HRJUDItDWLHQHTXHYHU~QLFDPHQWH
FRQ OD SDUWH ItVLFD \ PHPRUtVWLFD DLVODGD GHO KRPEUH \ PRWLYDUORV D UHODFLRQDUOD FRQ
SUREOHPDVTXHHVWiQSUHVHQWHVHQODYLGDGLDULD
'LFKDV WHPiWLFDV SXHGHQ VHU DERUGDGDV PHGLDQWH SURFHVRV GLGiFWLFRV TXH VHJ~Q 6RXWR
VRQ HQWHQGLGRV FRPR un proceso de innovacin en el aula HOOR OH SHUPLWH DO
SURIHVRUtomar medidas para mejorar el aprendizaje de sus alumnosSHURDFODUDTXHSDUD
TXH OD LQQRYDFLyQ VHD VLVWHPiWLFD \ HIHFWLYD KDFH IDOWD TXH VH HQPDUTXH HQ SUR\HFWRV
FXUULFXODUHVHQORVTXHGLFKDLQQRYDFLyQVHUHODFLRQHFRQODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFLWDGRSRU&DUR
S
(QHVWHRUGHQGHLGHDVFDEHDILUPDUTXHODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDVHSXHGHUHVLJQLILFDU
GHVGHP~OWLSOHVHVWUDWHJLDVTXHSXHGHQVHUDERUGDGDVGHIRUPDLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUSRUPHGLRGH
DFWLYLGDGHV GRQGH VH LQYROXFUH WDPELpQ OD SHUFHSFLyQ \ ORV VHQWLGRV HQ EXVFD GH XQ
DSUHQGL]DMHVLJQLILFDWLYR
/D*HRJUDItDGHODSHUFHSFLyQ\HOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRSXHGHVHUXQDHVWUDWHJLD~WLOSDUDORJUDU
SURFHVRVGHDSUHQGL]DMH(VWDUDPDGHOD*HRJUDItDLQLFLyHQ(XURSDHQORVDxRVVHVHQWDWUDV
OD*HRJUDItDKXPDQtVWLFDTXHYLQFXODDOKRPEUHFRPRHODFWRU\HOOXJDUFRPRVXHVSDFLRGH
YLGD HO mundo vivido HV FRQFHELGR FRPR XQ FRQMXQWR GH KHFKRV \ YDORUHV TXH VH
FRQVWUX\HDWUDYpVGHODH[SHULHQFLDFRWLGLDQD

3/$17($0,(1726&(175$/(6
4XLHQHV WUDQVLWDQ OD FLXGDG YDQ \ YLHQHQ SDVDQGR SRU DOWR GHWDOOHV \ DVSHFWRV TXH OD
LGHQWLILFDQ\ODKDFHQVLQJXODUD FDXVDGH ODLQPHGLDWH]\HODIiQGHOOHJDUDORVOXJDUHVGH
GHVWLQREXVFDQGRODHILFDFLDGHORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRV/RVMyYHQHVOHMRVGHVHUXQDH[FHSFLyQ
DHVWDVLWXDFLyQVHFRQYLHUWHQHQXQJUXSRLQWHUHVDQWHSDUDDQDOL]DUHVWHIHQyPHQR3RUHVWRD
SDUWLUGHODLQGDJDFLyQDGHODQWDGDFRQODFRPXQLGDGHVWXGLDQWLOGHOFROHJLR6DQ/XLV*RQ]DJD
GH 0DQL]DOHV QDFH OD LGHD GH GDU FRQWLQXLGDG D HVWH SUR\HFWR FRQ HO ILQ GH HVWDEOHFHU TXp
LPSRUWDQFLD WLHQH SDUD ORV HVWXGLDQWHV HO OXJDU TXH KDELWDQ HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ VX DFWLYLGDG
SHUFHSWLYD\TXpYLQFXODFLyQVLJQLILFDWLYDSXHGHWUD]DUVHHQWUHGLFKDDFWLYLGDG\OD*HRJUDItD
(OSURSyVLWRSULQFLSDOHVFRQVHJXLUTXHORVHVWXGLDQWHVHQFXHQWUHQXQVHQWLGRPiVSURIXQGRD
ODDSOLFDFLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRDODH[SHULHQFLDFRWLGLDQDHQODFLXGDGXQDDSHUWXUD
GH VXV PHQWHV D RWURV FDPSRV GH HVWD FLHQFLD GHMDQGR D XQ ODGR OD FRQFHSFLyQ PHUDPHQWH
ItVLFD SUHGRPLQDQWH GH OD *HRJUDItD \ HO HVWXGLR GH IHQyPHQRV QDWXUDOHV SDUD FRPSUHQGHU
RWUDV OtQHDV DOWHUQDWLYDV FRPR OD +XPDQtVWLFD GRQGH HO KRPEUH SRU VX LQWHUDFFLyQ \
FRQFHSFLyQGHOHVSDFLRKDFHSDUWHWDPELpQGHOFDPSRGHDFFLyQJHRJUiILFR
(O FROHJLR 6DQ /XLV *RQ]DJD HQ HO iUHD GH &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV SUHVHQWD XQD PDUFDGD
SULRUL]DFLyQGHOVDEHUKLVWyULFRHQODHGXFDFLyQEiVLFDVHFXQGDULDGHMDQGRPXFKRVYDFtRVHQ
OR TXH FRQFLHUQH D OD *HRJUDItD (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD HV SHUWLQHQWH HO GHVDUUROOR GH SUR\HFWRV
FRPRHVWHHQHOTXHORVHVWXGLDQWHVDWUDYpVGHDFWLYLGDGHVFRPRODSHUFHSFLyQXUEDQD\HO
L.D.Hernndez


FRQWDFWR FRQHVSDFLRVGLIHUHQWHVQRKDELWXDOHV ORJUDQ DILDQ]DUVX FRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR
REWHQLHQGRDVtLQIRUPDFLyQPiVDPSOLDGHODFLXGDGTXHKDELWDQ\DGLDULRWUDQVLWDQODFLXGDG
HQODTXHH[LVWHQ
&DQHWR S PHQFLRQD TXH Si no estudiamos al hombre y su relacin con el
paisaje, la Geografa pierde su propia razn de ser. (VWDDILUPDFLyQUHVDOWDODLPSRUWDQFLD
TXH WLHQH HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH OD *HRJUDItD \ VX SRWHQFLDO GH DSOLFDFLyQ SDUD HQULTXHFHU OD
UHODFLyQFRQODYLGDFRWLGLDQDWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODLQWHUDFFLyQFRQHOSDLVDMH

(YROXFLyQGHOSHQVDPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRKDFLDXQDJHRJUDItDKXPDQD\KXPDQtVWLFD
3DUD HQWHQGHU OR DQWHULRU HV LPSRUWDQWH GDU XQD PLUDGD D OD KLVWRULD GHO SHQVDPLHQWR
JHRJUiILFR TXH HV HO UHVXOWDGR GH XQ GHYHQLU YDULDGR \ GH XQD LQWHUUHODFLyQ FRQ HO PXQGR
FLHQWtILFR\HOFRQWH[WRVRFLDOSROtWLFRHFRQyPLFR\FXOWXUDOGHFDGDpSRFD(QHVWHVHQWLGR
HQVXVLQLFLRVRHQORTXHDOJXQRVDXWRUHVKDQOODPDGRODGeografa de los PrecursoresORV
HVWXGLRV JHRJUiILFRV HVWDEDQ HQIRFDGRV SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ OOHJDU D OD H[SOLFDFLyQ GH ORV
IHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHV\VXXELFDFLyQODGHVFULSFLyQGHODWLHUUDHOVXUJLPLHQWRGHOKRPEUH\
ODVHVSHFLHVDSDUWLUGHGLIHUHQWHVWHRUtDV6LQHPEDUJRFRQHOWUDQVFXUULUGHOWLHPSR\GHVSXpV
GHPXFKDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVDSRUWHVGHRWUDVFLHQFLDVFRQWH[WRVGLIHUHQWHVHPSLH]DQDVXUJLU
QXHYRV WHPDV GH LQWHUpV WDQWR FXDQWLWDWLYRV FRPR FXDOLWDWLYRV UHIHUHQWHV D OR UHJLRQDO
DPELHQWDOVRFLDOFXOWXUDOYLVWRVFRPRFDPSRVGHJUDQDSRUWHDOD*HRJUDItD&RPRORDILUPD
&DSHO La Geografa se desliz hacia la defensa de la condicin social como elemento
identificador, entendida en tanto que ciencia humana o social desde mediados del siglo XX,
entrando a formar parte de las restantes Ciencias Sociales WRPDGRGH3LOOHWS
(V DVt FRPR OD *HRJUDItD KD SDVDGR SRU YDULRV SDUDGLJPDV \ KD VLGR DQDOL]DGD GHVGH
GLIHUHQWHV WHRUtDV OOHJDQGR D DOFDQ]DU HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG HO HVWDWXV GH FLHQFLD HVWXGLDQGR ORV
HOHPHQWRVTXHFRQIRUPDQHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR\HOHVSDFLRVRFLDO\FyPRHOORVVHUHODFLRQDQ
HQWUH Vt $ SDUWLU GH HVWRV HOHPHQWRV RWUDV UDPDV GHO VDEHU VH DSR\DQ HQ ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV
DGTXLULGRVPHGLDQWHOD*HRJUDItDSDUDOOHYDUDFDERGLIHUHQWHVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHV
(VFODURTXHHOiPELWRVRFLDOQRHUDXQWHPDGHPD\RULPSRUWDQFLDSDUDOD*HRJUDItDVLQ
HPEDUJRVHOOHJDDXQDFRQFLHQFLDGHOKRPEUHFRPRSDUWtFLSHGHOHVSDFLRVRFLDO
FRQYLUWLpQGRVHHQXQDFWRUIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDHOHVWXGLRGHORVQXHYRVFDPSRVTXHYDQ
VXUJLHQGRGHQWURGHHVWDGLVFLSOLQD$SDUWLUGHOVLJOR;,;VHHPSLH]DDDPSOLDUODYLVLyQGHOD
*HRJUDItDHQWHQGLGDFRPRODFLHQFLDHQFDUJDGDGHOHVWXGLRGHORVIHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHV\
ItVLFRVTXHRFXUUtDQVREUHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH0iVDGHODQWHFRQHOVXUJLPLHQWRGHOD
*HRJUDItD+XPDQDFRPRFLHQFLDHQFDUJDGDGHOHVWXGLRGHODVRFLHGDG\ODVGLQiPLFDVTXHHQ
HOODVHSUHVHQWDQORHFRQyPLFRXUEDQRUXUDOHWFVHUHFRQRFHUiODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOKRPEUH
FRPRXQSHUVRQDMHDFWLYRHQHOWHUULWRULR(QHVWHVHQWLGR$OYDUDGRSDILUPDTXH
El espacio geogrfico es una produccin social del hombre y no obra de la
casualidad; en esta concepcin del espacio, este es considerado como un elemento
del todo y por consiguiente no puede ser estudiado en forma aislada y autnoma de
la totalidad social de la cual forma parte. Se deriva dialcticamente de las
relaciones sociales de produccin y, por ende, constituye una de las estructuras de la
sociedad.
/DDQWHULRUDILUPDFLyQKDFHFODULGDGDFHUFDGHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR\ORTXHORFRQVWLWX\HHVWR
L.D.Hernndez


HV OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GHO KRPEUH FRPR XQ IRFR LPSRUWDQWH SDUD VHU LQFOXLGR FRPR REMHWR GH
HVWXGLR GH OD *HRJUDItD(VGH HVWH PRGR FRPR VH JHQHUD HO LQWHUpV SRU LQYHVWLJDUVREUH ODV
UHODFLRQHVTXHHMHUFHHOKRPEUHFRQHOHVSDFLRTXHKDELWD(QHVWHVHQWLGRDXWRUHVFRPR<L
)X7XDQVLJOR;;VHHQIRFDQHQXQDUDPDGHOD*HRJUDItDOODPDGD*HRJUDItD+XPDQtVWLFD
HQFDUJDGDGHHVWXGLDUFyPRVHGDHVHHVSDFLRYLYLGRFyPRHOKRPEUHH[LVWHVREUHHOPXQGR\
FyPRFRQILJXUDHOHVSDFLRGHDFXHUGRDVXVH[SHULHQFLDV
(Q HVWH RUGHQ GH LGHDV FDEH FLWDU D $FKp FXDQGR DILUPD TXH La Geografa Humanstica
propugna que lo que interesa en el anlisis geogrfico es el mundo en donde los hombres
viven y actan, es decir, la comprensin del espacio vivido como expresin de la sntesis
geogrfica S(QVXPDOD*HRJUDItD+XPDQtVWLFD HVXQDUDPDGHOD*HRJUDItD
TXH FHQWUD VX HVWXGLR HQ OD LQWHUDFFLyQ GHO KRPEUH FRQ HO HVSDFLR \ SRU HOOR VH KDFH
LPSRUWDQWHWHQHUODHQFXHQWDFRPRFRPSRQHQWHWHyULFRGHHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ

*HRJUDItDGHODSHUFHSFLyQ
'HORDQWHULRUVHLQILHUHHQWRQFHVTXHOD*HRJUDItDWLHQHGLYHUVRVFDPSRVGHHVWXGLRGRQGH
VLELHQHOHVSDFLRItVLFR\ORVIHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHVVRQWHPDVGHLPSRUWDQFLDWDPELpQORVRQ
ODV GLQiPLFDV GRQGH SDUWLFLSD HO KRPEUH FRQ VX YLVLyQ \ SHUFHSFLyQ GHO PXQGR 'H HVWD
PDQHUD VH KDFHSHUWLQHQWH XQ HVWXGLR GH ODgeografa de la percepcin y el comportamiento
HQFDUJDGD GH DQDOL]DU OD PDQHUD HQ OD TXH HO HVSDFLR VH UHSUHVHQWD HQ OD SHUFHSFLyQ GH ORV
LQGLYLGXRVDSDUWLUGHORVVHQWLGRVHVGHFLUHQODLPDJHQPHQWDOLQGLYLGXDO\FROHFWLYDPDSDV
PHQWDOHVTXHVREUHVXHQWRUQRGHVDUUROODQORVVHUHVKXPDQRV\TXHLPSXOVDVXVUHVSXHVWDVR
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRVHQHOHVSDFLR
(OWLSRGH*HRJUDItDWUDWDGRHQHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHLQWHUHVDSRUODH[LVWHQFLDGHOKRPEUH\VX
YLVLyQVREUHHOHVSDFLRTXHKDELWDSRUORFXDOHVSRVLEOHHVWXGLDUODGHVGHODIHQRPHQRORJtD
HQ FXDQWR OtQHD GH OD ILORVRItD HQFDUJDGD GHO HVWXGLR GHO mundo de la vida, FRPR HO
HVFHQDULR GRQGH KDELWDQ ORV VHUHV KXPDQRV \ GRQGH GHVDUUROODQ VXV H[SHULHQFLDV VXEMHWLYDV
3DUDOOHYDUORDFDERVHKDFHQHFHVDULRWHQHUHQFXHQWDDXWRUHVFRPR0HUOHDX3RQW\\$OIUHG
6FKW] TXH KDFHQ HVWXGLRV H[KDXVWLYRV HQ OR UHIHUHQWH DOD IHQRPHQRORJtD GH OD SHUFHSFLyQ
SRUPHGLRGHODVVLJXLHQWHVFDWHJRUtDVGHDQiOLVLV

(OPXQGRGHODYLGDRPXQGRGHOVHQWLGRFRP~Q
+DFHUHIHUHQFLDDHVHPXQGRHQHOTXHWRGRVQDFHQWUDEDMDQ\GHVDUUROODQVXYLGDXQPXQGR
TXHWLHQHXQDKLVWRULD\RIUHFHXQIXWXUR6HJ~Q0HUOHDX3RQW\es un mundo intersubjetivo
experimentado por el hombre, es decir una subjetividad corporizada, entendida como un
orden institucional histrico FLWDGR HQ &URVVOH\ S. (VD LQWHUVXEMHWLYLGDG TXH VH
PHQFLRQDDTXtKDFHSDUWHGHHVRVSDWURQHVLQWHUQRV\IRUPDVGHSHQVDPLHQWR\FRQRFLPLHQWR
TXH WLHQHQ ODV SHUVRQDV \ TXH SRU PHGLR GHO FXHUSR ORJUDQ VHU LQYROXFUDGDV HQ OD YLGD
FRWLGLDQD
6HJ~Q6FKW]SHOPXQGRGHODYLGDes el escenario donde acta el hombre con el
fin de crear cambios sobre l, en l se relacionan unos con otros. (Q HVWH VHQWLGR HVWD
FDWHJRUtDGHOPXQGRGHODYLGDSXHGHVHUYLQFXODGDFRQHOSUHVHQWHHVWXGLRSRUTXHDSDUWLUGH
HVDV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH ORV KRPEUHV \ VXV VXEMHWLYLGDGHV HV SRVLEOH OOHJDU D LQWHUSUHWDU HO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR \ ODV SHUFHSFLRQHV HQ HVWH FDVR GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV GHO &ROHJLR 6DQ /XLV
*RQ]DJDTXHVHUiQHOREMHWRGHHVWXGLR
L.D.Hernndez


8Q HOHPHQWR LPSRUWDQWH SURSXHVWR SRU 6FKW] S HV HO GH OD situacin
biogrfica (Q HIHFWR, El mundo es transpuesto a Mi mundo, de acuerdo con los
elementos significativos de mi situacin biogrfica. 0HGLDQWH HVWD SRVWXUD HV SRVLEOH
HQWHQGHUODPDQHUDHQTXHORVHVWXGLDQWHVFRQVWUX\HQHOPXQGRHQTXHKDELWDQGHDFXHUGRD
ORVHOHPHQWRVLQIXQGLGRVGXUDQWHWRGDVXYLGDFRPRORVRQORVOLJDGRVDODPRUDOODUHOLJLyQ
\ODLGHRORJtDTXHORJUDQIRUPDUHQFDGDXQRSDWURQHVHVSHFtILFRVGHYLYLUHLQWHUSUHWDUORTXH
KD\DQWHVXVRMRV(VGHHVWHPRGRFRPRVHYHUHIOHMDGDODH[SHULHQFLDTXHGHVDUUROODHOVXMHWR
GXUDQWHWRGDVXH[LVWHQFLD

&RRUGHQDGDVVRFLDOHV
(Q*HRJUDItDHOWpUPLQRFRRUGHQDGDVVHHQWLHQGHFRPRHOVLVWHPDGHUHIHUHQFLDFRQIRUPDGR
SRUODWLWXGHV\ORQJLWXGHVTXHVHWUD]DQHQXQPDSDSHUPLWLHQGROOHJDUDXQSXQWRHVWUDWpJLFR
GHVHDGR (VWH FRQFHSWR UHVXOWD GLIHUHQWH FXDQGR HV YLVWR GHVGH OD FRQFLHQFLD R HO UHFXHUGR
SHUVRQDO HV SRU HOOR TXH XQ PLVPR OXJDU SXHGH YHUVH GH OD PLVPD PDQHUD HQ VX HVWUXFWXUD
WHUULWRULDOSHURSXHGHVHUGLIHUHQWHFXDQGRVHDQDOL]DGHVGHODVSHUFHSFLRQHVLQGLYLGXDOHV

&XHUSR
6HJ~Q0HUOHDX3RQW\SEl cuerpo posee un poder de coordinacin y sntesis en
relacin a s mismo por medio de su accin en el mundo. Se conoce a s mismo por medio
de su relacin activa en el mundo. Es ms, en este sentido, el cuerpo-sujeto igualmente
conoce el mundo en un sentido prctico, independientemente de la reflexin o la
inteleccin.
6LJXLHQGRD0HUOHDX3RQW\HVSRVLEOHGDUVHFXHQWDGHTXHFDGDSHUVRQDGHVDUUROODXQFLHUWR
WLSR GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV \ IRUPDV GH LQWHUSUHWDU HO PXQGR TXH HVWi UHODFLRQDGR FRQ OR TXH
SXHGH REVHUYDU HQ VX HQWRUQR FRWLGLDQR /DV UHIOH[LRQHV D ODV TXH ORJUD OOHJDU HO DXWRU
GHVWDFDQ OD LPSRUWDQFLD GHO FXHUSR FRPR HO SULQFLSDO PHGLDGRU HQWUH HOKRPEUH \HO PXQGR
TXHVHKDELWD(VWDFDWHJRUtDGHQWURGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVLPSRUWDQWHSRUTXHHOFXHUSRHVHO
TXH SHUPLWH HVWDU DKt SRU FRQVLJXLHQWH D SDUWLU GH HVWH \ VX UHODFLyQ FRQ OD FRQFLHQFLD HV
SRVLEOHORJUDUODREWHQFLyQGHHVDVSHUFHSFLRQHVGHODFLXGDG

&LXGDG
7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH HVWH WUDEDMR HVWi HQIRFDGR HQ ODV SHUFHSFLRQHV TXH VH WLHQHQ GH OD
FLXGDG HV LPSRUWDQWH DFODUDU HO FRQFHSWR TXH GHVGH OD IHQRPHQRORJtD GH OD SHUFHSFLyQ VH
GHVDUUROODGHHVWD&DOYLQRSDILUPDTXHLas ciudades son un conjunto de muchas
cosas: memorias, deseos, signos de un lenguaje; son lugares de trueque, como explican todos
los libros de historia de la economa, pero estos trueques no lo son solo de mercancas, son
tambin trueques de palabras, de deseos, de recuerdos.
(Q HVWH VHQWLGR OD FLXGDG QR HV VROR OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH XQ FRQMXQWR GH YLYLHQGDV
HGLILFDFLRQHV HQ DOWXUD LQGXVWULDV GRQGH HV SRVLEOH HQFRQWUDU GLQiPLFDV GH VHUYLFLRV
FRPHUFLDOHV PDQHMDGD SRU XQ VHFWRU DGPLQLVWUDWLYR VLQR TXH HV WDPELpQ XQD FRQVWUXFFLyQ
PHQWDOUHJLGDSRUSURFHVRVVLPEyOLFRV\FXOWXUDOHVTXH HVWiQLQPHUVRVHQOD PHQWHGH FDGD
LQGLYLGXRKDFLHQGRSDUWHGHVXKLVWRULD/RDQWHULRUSHUPLWHFRQFOXLUTXHHVSRVLEOHGHVDUUROODU
XQD FRQFHSFLyQ GH OD FLXGDG SDUWLHQGR GH OD YLQFXODFLyQ HQWUH ORV SURFHVRV GH DFWLYLGDG
L.D.Hernndez


KXPDQD\ODVFROHFFLRQHVGHHVSDFLRFRQVWUXLGRTXHODFRPSRQHQ

3HUFHSFLyQ
/D SHUFHSFLyQ KDFH SDUWH GH ORV SURFHVRV TXH UHDOL]D OD PHQWH D WUDYpV GH ORV VHQWLGRV
6LJXLHQGR D 0HUOHDX3RQW\ S la percepcin no consiste en un objeto que tiene
efectos sobre otros. Consiste en significados, esto es, en el hecho de algo que es visto u odo
(VFODURTXHDSDUWLUGHORVVHQWLGRVGHODYLVWD\ODDXGLFLyQSULQFLSDOPHQWHHOLQGLYLGXRORJUD
FUHDUXQDVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVGHOHVSDFLR(QHVWHFDVRDSDUWLUGHODLQWHUDFFLyQGHORVHVWXGLDQWHV
FRQODFLXGDGVHOOHYDUiQDFDERGLQiPLFDVTXHDPSOtHQODVFRQFHSFLRQHV\HOFRQRFLPLHQWR
GHFDGDXQRGHHOORV
(QFRQVRQDQFLDFRQ0HUOHDX3RQW\6FKW]DILUPDTXH, Ningn objeto es percibido
como un objeto aislado, sino, desde un primer momento, como un objeto dentro de su
horizonte, un horizonte de tpica familiaridad y trato directo previo SHVGHFLUTXHODV
SHUFHSFLRQHVVHGDQHQHVDUHODFLyQKRPEUHHVSDFLRGRQGHHOFXHUSRLQWHUDFW~DFRQDTXHOOR
TXH WLHQH D VX DOUHGHGRU OODPDGR SRU 6FKW]Horizonte, HVWR HV HO HQWRUQR SUy[LPR TXH
SDUD HO FDVR GH HVWXGLR EULQGD XQD VHULH GH VHQWLPLHQWRV \ UHIOH[LRQHV D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV
LQYROXFUDGRVFRQHVWHWUDEDMR

/RTXHVHHQWLHQGHDSDUWLUGHORVVHQWLGRV
6HWUDWDGHODSHUFHSWXDOLGDGGHORVOXJDUHVGHODFLXGDG(QODPHGLGDHQTXHHOVHUKXPDQR
YLYHQFLDGLIHUHQWHVH[SHULHQFLDVYDGHVDUUROODQGRSHUFHSFLRQHVTXHVRQSURFHVRVTXHVHGDQ
HQ OD FRQFLHQFLD DVLJQiQGROH GLIHUHQWHV VLJQLILFDFLRQHV D HVR TXH VH SHUFLEH 6LJXLHQGR D
0HUOHDX3RQW\ S Toda percepcin es una comunicacin o una comunin, la
continuacin o consumacin por nuestra parte de una intencin extraa o, inversamente, la
realizacin acabada al exterior de nuestras potencias perceptivas, y como un acoplamiento
de nuestro cuerpo con las cosas. $ WUDYpV GH ORV yUJDQRV GH ORV VHQWLGRV OOHJDQ PHQVDMHV
TXH VRQ YHKLFXODGRV \ GHVFLIUDGRV GH PDQHUD TXH UHSURGX]FDQ HQ OD SHUVRQD XQD
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHORTXHSHUFLEH
$SDUWLUGHOD*HRJUDItDGHODSHUFHSFLyQHVSRVLEOHDKRQGDUHQRWURVWHPDVTXHFRQFLHUQHQD
ODPDWHULDFRPRVRQHOULHVJRRHORUGHQDPLHQWRGHOWHUULWRULRGRQGHORVPLVPRVHVWXGLDQWHV
SRU PHGLR GH ODV H[SHULHQFLDV YLYHQFLDGDV HPSLH]DQ D YHU GLIHUHQWHV GHWDOOHV GHO SDLVDMH
OOHJDQGR D SODQWHDU LQWHUURJDQWHV TXHSHUPLWHQ DOGRFHQWHDEULUVH D RWURV FDPSRV TXH WLHQHQ
TXH YHU FRQ HO HVWXGLR GH OD *HRJUDItD FRPR ODV ]RQDV DPELHQWDOHV TXH HVWiQ VLHQGR
GHVWUXLGDV ODV ]RQDV GH ULHVJR R ORV XVRV GHO VXHOR TXH GXUDQWH ORV HMHUFLFLRV VH IXHURQ
GHVDUUROODQGR SRUTXH HUDQ GH LQWHUpV SDUD ORV VXMHWRV LPSOLFDGRV (V GH HVWD PDQHUD FRPR
SRFRDSRFRVHYDDPSOLDQGRHVDFRQFHSFLyQOLPLWDGDGHORTXHHVOD*HRJUDItD

5(68/7$'2635(/,0,1$5(6
&RPRVHKDEtD PHQFLRQDGRDQWHULRUPHQWHHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHHQFXHQWUDHQGHVDUUROORVLQ
HPEDUJR VH SRGUtDQ PHQFLRQDU FLHUWRV UHVXOWDGRV SUHOLPLQDUHV TXH QRV OOHYDQ D UHVSRQGHU
DOJXQRV GH ORV LQWHUURJDQWHV SODQWHDGRV HQ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ (Q SULPHU OXJDU VH UHDOL]y XQD
DFWLYLGDGDXGLRYLVXDOODFXDOFRQVLVWLyHQSUR\HFWDULPiJHQHVGHGLIHUHQWHVOXJDUHVGH
L.D.Hernndez


&RORPELD\HVFXFKDUXQDFDQFLyQGHO3DFtILFRFRORPELDQRBuenaventuraGHOJUXSR%DKtD
/XHJRGHHVFXFKDUODFDGDHVWXGLDQWHGHEtDGLEXMDUORTXHSDUDpOVLJQLILFDEDODFDQFLyQROR
TXHPiVOHOODPDUDODDWHQFLyQGHDFXHUGRDORVPHQVDMHVHPLWLGRVSRUHVWDODPD\RUtDGHORV
HVWXGLDQWHV GLEXMDURQ HO PDU OD SOD\D HO VRO RWURV GLEXMDURQ LQVWUXPHQWRV FRPR FRQJDV \
PDUDFDV
/DVLJXLHQWHDFWLYLGDGIXHPRVWUDUIRWRJUDItDVGHSDLVDMHVFRORPELDQRV'HVSXpVGHREVHUYDU
GHWDOODGDPHQWHFDGDIRWRJUDItDORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHEtDQGHFLUTXpVLJQLILFDEDQSDUDHOORV\TXp
VHQWLPLHQWRV JHQHUDEDQ 3DUD KDFHUOR SRVLEOH HO DXGLWRULR VH GLYLGLy HQ GLIHUHQWHV
VHQWLPLHQWRVHQWRWDOHQWUHHOORVDOHJUtDWULVWH]DGRORUVRUSUHVDHWF(QHVWHHMHUFLFLRVH
SURFXUy WUDEDMDU OD SDUWH YLVXDO 6H XWLOL]y HO SDLVDMH FRORPELDQR SRUTXH QR WRGRV ORV
HVWXGLDQWHVVRQFRQVFLHQWHVGHODGLYHUVLGDGGHOSDtVHQHOTXHYLYHQ(VWRVHGHPRVWUyFXDQGR
DO REVHUYDU IRWRJUDItDV GH OXJDUHV FRPR &DxR &ULVWDOHV 'HSDUWDPHQWR GHO 0HWD *XDWDSp
'HSDUWDPHQWR GH $QWLRTXLD /HWLFLD 'HSDUWDPHQWR GHO $PD]RQDV \ /D 6LHUUD 1HYDGD GH
6DQWD 0DUWD 'HSDUWDPHQWR GHO 0DJGDOHQD OD VRUSUHVD SRU OD YDULHGDG \ PDMHVWXRVLGDG GH
HVWRVSDLVDMHVIXHHYLGHQWH3DUDFHUUDUODDFWLYLGDGORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVH[SUHVDURQVXDIHFWRSRU
HOWHUULWRULRFRORPELDQRDOVHQWLUVHRUJXOORVRVGHVXSDtV
3DUDFRQWLQXDUFRQHOGHVDUUROORGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHSLGLyDORVHVWXGLDQWHVGLEXMDUPDSDV
PHQWDOHVGH0DQL]DOHV/DILQDOLGDGGHHVWDDFWLYLGDGIXHFRQRFHUHOUHFXHUGRLQPHGLDWRTXH
ORV HVWXGLDQWHV WLHQHQ GH OD FLXGDG D SDUWLU GH VXV UHDOLGDGHV YLYHQFLDV \ H[SHULHQFLDV H
LGHQWLILFDUORVOXJDUHVTXHSRFRIUHFXHQWDQ$ODQDOL]DUVHSXGRREVHUYDUTXHORVOXJDUHVHUDQ
FRLQFLGHQWHVHQWUHORVHVWXGLDQWHV/RVUHVXOWDGRVTXHDUURMDURQORVPDSDVPHQWDOHVIXHURQORV
VLJXLHQWHV
1. 3DUDORVHVWXGLDQWHVVRORH[LVWHQXQRVFXDQWRVOXJDUHVGHODFLXGDGFRPRVRQ(OFDEOHHO
OXJDUGRQGHYLYHQ\HOFROHJLR(OORGHPXHVWUDTXHSRUHOHVWDWXVVRFLDOVHGHMDQDXQODGR
XQDJUDQFDQWLGDGGHOXJDUHV
2. /D PD\RUtD GHORV HVWXGLDQWHV WLHQHQ XQ FtUFXOR VRFLDO PX\ FHUUDGR OR TXH OHVLPSLGH
PRYLOL]DUVH\SRUORUHJXODUVRQSHUVRQDVTXHVDOHQSRFR
3. 7RGRHOJUXSRREMHWRGHHVWXGLRVHPRYLOL]DGLDULDPHQWHHQFDUURFRQYLUWLpQGRVHHOORHQ
XQDUXWLQDTXHLPSLGHODSHUFHSFLyQGHPXFKRVGHORVOXJDUHVSRUGRQGHVHWUDQVLWD
4. (OSDVDWLHPSRPiVFRP~QSDUDORVHVWXGLDQWHVVRQODVDFWLYLGDGHVGHSRUWLYDVHOORVHYH
UHIOHMDGRHQHOGLEXMRGHFHQWURVGHSRUWLYRVFRPRHOJLPQDVLRGHBodytech \HOHVWDGLR
5. $SDUHFH OD FDWHGUDO QR FRPR XQ OXJDU IUHFXHQWDGR VLQR SRU VX YDORU VLPEyOLFR HQ OD
FLXGDG
6. /RVVLWLRVFRQPHQRUUHSUHVHQWDFLyQIXHURQHOFHQWURKLVWyULFR\ORVEDUULRVSRSXODUHVGH
ODFLXGDG
7. (QORVPDSDVORVOXJDUHVUHSUHVHQWDGRVWHUPLQDQFRQYLUWLpQGRVHHQXQFtUFXORGRQGHHV
SRVLEOH DQDOL]DU TXH HVWRV VRQ ORV PiV VLJQLILFDWLYRV SDUD ORV HVWXGLDQWHV SRUTXH UHVXOWDQ
IDPLOLDUHV \ UHFRQRFLEOHV OXJDUHV KDFLD ORV TXH VH KD FRQVWUXLGR XQ VHQWLPLHQWR GH
WRSRILOLD7XDQ

'HVSXpV GH UHDOL]DU XQ DQiOLVLV GH ORV PDSDV PHQWDOHV GLEXMDGRV SRU ORV HVWXGLDQWHV HV
SRVLEOHLGHQWLILFDUTXHODPD\RUtDGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHVFRQRFHQPXFKRVEDUULRV\VHFWRUHVGH
ODFLXGDGHQTXHYLYHQSDVDQGRSRUDOWRDOJXQRVOXJDUHVTXHDGLDULRWUDQVLWDQ3RUHVWDUD]yQ
L.D.Hernndez


/D DFWLYLGDG VXEVLJXLHQWH IXH UHDOL]DU XQ UHFRUULGR SDUD YLVLWDU HVWRV OXJDUHV \ ORJUDU
LGHQWLILFDU TXp SHUFHSFLRQHV GHVSLHUWDQ HQ ORV MyYHQHV HVRV EDUULRV \ FDOOHV GH 0DQL]DOHV \
FyPRVHVLHQWHQDOREVHUYDUHOSDLVDMHGHVGHRWURViQJXORV(OUHFRUULGRVHUHDOL]ySDUWLHQGR
GHOFROHJLRKDFLD&HUURGH2URGRQGHVHOOHYyDFDERODSULPHUDSDUDGD&HUURGH2URHVXQ
VLWLRGH0DQL]DOHVFRQRFLGRSRU PXFKRVGH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV SHURHOSURSyVLWRGHYLVLWDU HVWH
OXJDUIXHTXHFDGDSHUVRQDWXYLHUDXQDYLVWDSDQRUiPLFDGHODFLXGDGGHWHQHUVHDREVHUYDUH
LGHQWLILFDU TXp VHQVDFLRQHV SURGXFH HO SDLVDMH 3RVWHULRUPHQWH VH YLVLWDURQ DOJXQRV EDUULRV
SRSXODUHV GH OD FLXGDG FRPR VRQ /D $OWD 6XL]D 0LQLWDV /D 6XOWDQD /D 7RVFDQD /D
&XPEUH/D&DUROD
(QFDGDXQRGHORVEDUULRVVHUHDOL]yXQD DFWLYLGDGLQGLYLGXDOGRQGHFDGDMRYHQGHVSXpVGH
GDUXQDPLUDGDGHWDOODGDDOSDLVDMHGHEtDLGHQWLILFDUORTXHPiVOHOODPDUDODDWHQFLyQORTXH
OHGLVJXVWy\WRPDUIRWRJUDItDVGHHOOR$ODVDOLGDWDPELpQVHOOHYDURQELQRFXODUHVFRQHOILQ
GHFRQWHPSODUORVOXJDUHVFRQGHWDOOH(VWHWLSRGHDFWLYLGDGSDUDHOHVWXGLRGHOD*HRJUDItDGH
OD 3HUFHSFLyQ HV LPSRUWDQWH \D TXH HO WUDEDMR VH HQIDWL]D HQ ORV VHQWLPLHQWRV SURGXFLGRV
PHGLDQWHHOVHQWLGRGHODYLVWD
$O ILQDO GHO HMHUFLFLR FDGD HVWXGLDQWH GHEtD VXVWHQWDU SRU PHGLR GH ODV IRWRJUDItDV ORV
VHQWLPLHQWRV SURGXFLGRVSRUORV GLIHUHQWHV OXJDUHV\ VH UHDOL]y XQD HYDOXDFLyQJHQHUDOGH OD
DFWLYLGDG GRQGH VH HYLGHQFLDURQ UHVXOWDGRV SRVLWLYRV FRQ FRPHQWDULRV TXH GHPXHVWUDQ XQ
JUDQ VHQWLGR GH SHUWHQHQFLD SRU OD FLXGDG /RV HVWXGLDQWHV GHFtDQ VHQWLUVH VDWLVIHFKRV GH
FRQRFHU HVWRV OXJDUHV TXH HVWDEDQ RFXOWRV D VX YLVWD OHV DJUDGD HO SDLVDMH TXH VH REVHUYD
GHVGH FDGD XQR GH ORV EDUULRV \D TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ XELFDGRV HQ ]RQDV DOWDV \ VH SXHGH
DSUHFLDUXQDDPSOLDSHUVSHFWLYDGHOFDVFRXUEDQR/RPiVLPSDFWDQWHSDUDORVMyYHQHVIXHOD
DOWDFRQWDPLQDFLyQODIDOWDGHFRQFLHQFLDFLXGDGDQDIUHQWHDOPHGLRDPELHQWHUHIOHMDGDHQOD
JUDQFDQWLGDGGHEDVXUDVSUHVHQWHHQORVSDUTXHV\OXJDUHVGHHVSDUFLPLHQWRODFRQWDPLQDFLyQ
GH ODV DJXDV FRPR OD SHUWHQHFLHQWH DO EDUULR /D 7RVFDQD GRQGH KD\ SUHVHQFLD GH UHVLGXRV
VyOLGRV\PDORVRORUHV
(VLPSRUWDQWHHQWHQGHUTXHORVPDSDVPHQWDOHVVRQXWLOL]DGRVDGLDULRHQHOVXEFRQVFLHQWHGH
ODV SHUVRQDV \D TXH SDUD PRYLOL]DUVH R UHFRUGDU HO OXJDU GRQGH TXLHUHQ OOHJDU WLHQHQ TXH
IRUPDU HQ VX PHQWH PDSDV TXH OHV SHUPLWHQ PRYLOL]DUVH \ RULHQWDUVH SRU PHGLR GH HVDV
LPiJHQHV TXH HVWiQ JXDUGDGDV \ VRQ DGTXLULGDV D SDUWLU GH OD H[SHULHQFLD 3DUD WHQHU XQD
PD\RUFODULGDGDFHUFDGHGLFKDDFWLYLGDGHVLPSRUWDQWHGHFLUTXHORVPDSDVPHQWDOHVVHJ~Q
$UD\D \ 3DFKHFR Son representaciones espaciales a gran escala, que nacen de la
vivencia cotidiana de habitar un espacio, en cuya ejecucin se valida la experiencia personal
como fuente de conocimiento.
&21&/86,21(6
(V SRVLEOH DILUPDU TXH ODV HVWUDWHJLDV XWLOL]DGDV HQ HVWH WUDEDMR FRPR HO XVR GH PDSDV
PHQWDOHVVRQXQPpWRGRDSURSLDGRSDUDHQWHQGHUODSHUFHSFLyQTXHVREUHXQHVSDFLRWLHQHXQ
LQGLYLGXRSRUTXHODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVTXHVHORJUDQDOOtWLHQHQTXHYHUFRQVXWUDQVLWDUGLDULR
GH XQ VLWLR D RWUR HO KDELWDU GLDULR (Q GHILQLWLYD HVWH HMHUFLFLR SHUPLWH REVHUYDU OD
DSURSLDFLyQ TXH WLHQH HO LQGLYLGXR VREUH HO HVSDFLR TXH KDELWD GRQGH VH LQWHJUDQ DVSHFWRV
VXEMHWLYRVYLQFXODGRVDVXVJXVWRV$GHPiVHVVLJQLILFDWLYRSRUTXHVHORJUDHQHOHVWXGLDQWH
XQD FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO HVSDFLR SRU PHGLR GH OD UHODFLyQ GH OD JHRJUDItD FRQ ODV H[SHULHQFLDV
FRWLGLDQDV6LJXLHQGRDOJXQRVDQWHFHGHQWHVFRPRHOWUDEDMRGH.HYLQ/\QFKVHFRQFOX\HTXH
HOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRQRHVHOPLVPRSDUDWRGDVODVSHUVRQDVHVWHVHFRQVWUX\H\YLVXDOL]DD
SDUWLUGHODV H[SHULHQFLDVSHUVRQDOHV DORTXHWDPELpQ DSXQWD&DQHWRSFXDQGR
L.D.Hernndez


DILUPDTXH
[] la capacidad sensorial, permitir ms o menos la entrada de la informacin al
sistema en funcin de los sentidos que determina el nmero de los elementos en la
memoria del individuo a la hora de formar una imagen. En el nivel de complejidad
mental entran aspectos psicolgicos, sociales, culturales y afectivos tanto personales
como grupales. [] Las experiencias y vivencias que el individuo posee, se dan
gracias a las actividades que realiz a partir de smbolos cotidianos como los vistos
en la ciudad.
(VGHHVWDPDQHUDFRPRVHSXHGHREVHUYDUTXHXQWHUULWRULRSXHGHVHUHOPLVPRVLVHPLUDHQ
XQSODQRRPDSDSHURGLILHUHFXDQGRVHLQYROXFUDQORVVHQWLGRV\ODVH[SHULHQFLDVGHODYLGD
FRWLGLDQD SHUPLWLHQGR DVt OD FUHDFLyQ GH GLIHUHQWHV PDSDV \ SHUFHSFLRQHV GH HVH PLVPR
HVSDFLRHQHVWHFDVRGHODFLXGDGGH0DQL]DOHV&DQHWRFRQHOILQGHOOHJDUDXQDSURIXQGLGDG
PD\RUHQVXHVWXGLRWDPELpQXWLOL]DFRPRPHWRGRORJtDODFUHDFLyQGHPDSDVPHQWDOHVGRQGH
FDGD SDUWLFLSDQWH HV OLEUH GH GLEXMDU OR TXH YHQJD D VX PHQWH GHVSXpV GH FHUUDU ORV RMRV H
LPDJLQDU XQ UHFRUULGR GH VX YLGD GLDULD WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD WRGRV ORV GHWDOOHV TXH DSDUHFHQ
GXUDQWHHOWUD\HFWRGHHVWH&DQHWRUHDOL]yHVWHHMHUFLFLRFRQDOXPQRVGHOSULPHUDxRGHO
WHUFHU FLFOR GXUDQWH ORV DxRV \ HQ (VSDxD (VWD PHWRGRORJtD HV SUiFWLFD \
SHUPLWHODUHODFLyQGHOD*HRJUDItDFRQRWUDVGLVFLSOLQDVGHFDUiFWHUVRFLDOHVSRUHOORTXHHO
DXWRUKDFHXWLOL]DFLyQGHHOOD
%DMR HVWH PLVPR HQIRTXH 3DXOD *RQ]iOH] 9HUJDUD UHDOL]y HQ %RJRWi HQ HO WUDEDMR
Imgenes de la ciudad, percepcin y cognicin en nios de Bogot FRQ QLxRV GH RQFH \
GRFHDxRVFRQFOX\HQGRTXHLa imagen de la ciudad se construye dentro de unos marcos de
referencia que proporcionan al individuo prejuicios culturales y sociales que contribuyen a la
formacin de estereotipos, entendidos como categoras que hacen parte de un lenguaje
comn a la cultura, tienen un significado y emiten un juicio de valor (*RQ]DOHV S

/DDXWRUDSXGRREVHUYDUTXHHQORVPDSDVTXHORVHVWXGLDQWHVFRQVWUX\HQGHODFLXGDGFDGD
XQRVHEDVDHQORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVTXHVRQDVLJQDGRVSRUVXFXOWXUD\ORVPHGLRVVRFLDOHVHQ
TXHVHGHVDUUROODVXYLGDSRUHOORDSDUWLUGHHVDVLPiJHQHVHVSRVLEOHFRPSUHQGHUHQFLHUWD
PHGLGDHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHDOJXQRVGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVLQYROXFUDGRVFRQHOWHPD
(QHVWHRUGHQGHLGHDVHVRSRUWXQRSODQWHDUDOJXQRVFXHVWLRQDPLHQWRVIUHQWHDFyPRVHGDOD
LQWHUDFFLyQFRQORVHVSDFLRV\FyPRVHSURGXFHQVHQVDFLRQHVFRQFOX\HQGRTXHODLQWHUDFFLyQ
FRQ ORV HVSDFLRV VH GD HQ OD PHGLGD HQTXH HO VXMHWR HV FRQVFLHQWH GH VX WUDQVLWDU\ KDELWDU
3DUDHVWHFDVRVHWLHQHQSUHVHQWHVHVRVOXJDUHVHQORVFXDOHVVHGHVDUUROODODYLGDFRWLGLDQDGH
ORV HVWXGLDQWHV $Vt PLVPR ODVVHQVDFLRQHVVRQ SURGXFWR GH SURFHVRV TXH OOHJDQ D OD PHQWH
SRUPHGLRGHORVyUJDQRVGHORVVHQWLGRVHVWDVVHQVDFLRQHVGHEHQVHUDQDOL]DGDVSRUHOVXMHWR
\DTXHQRWRGRHVORTXHSDUHFHFRPRGLFH0HUODX3RQW\Lo visible es aquello que se
capta con los ojos, lo sensible aquello que se capta por medio de los sentidos. (VSRUHOOR
TXH HO VXMHWR GHEH HVWXGLDU OR TXH HVWi VLHQGR WUDQVPLWLGR SRU ORV VHQWLGRV \ QR GDU
DILUPDFLRQHVDVLPSOHYLVWD
(QWRQFHV &yPR DPSOLDU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH OD FLXGDG" VLHQGR OD FLXGDG HVH HVFHQDULR
GRQGHVHGHVDUUROODODYLGDHVLPSRUWDQWHWHQHUHQFXHQWDORVOXJDUHVTXHODFRQIRUPDQ8QD
PDQHUD GH DPSOLDU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR TXH VH WLHQH GH HOOD HV FUHDQGR FRQFLHQFLD GH OD
LQWHUDFFLyQ FRQORVHVSDFLRVFyPRHVWiQFRQIRUPDGRVFXiOHVVXVLJQLILFDGR \FyPRHVWRV
L.D.Hernndez


KDFHQSDUWHGHPXFKRVSDWURQHVFXOWXUDOHVTXHVHSRVHHQ)LQDOPHQWHSDUDOOHYDUDFDERWRGRV
ORVREMHWLYRVVHSUR\HFWDUHDOL]DUHMHUFLFLRVGHWLSRFRJQLWLYRGRQGHVHLQYROXFUHQORVyUJDQRV
GHORVVHQWLGRV\VHH[SRQJDQHVDVSHUFHSFLRQHVIRUPDGDVHQHOLQWHULRUGHFDGDSHUVRQD

%,%/,2*5$)$
$&+e$'DQLHO6tQWHVLVHQJHRJUDItD7HUUD9RO;;9,1RS
$/&$/'$'(0$1,=$/(6,QIRUPDFLyQJHQHUDOGH0DQL]DOHV&RQVXOWDGRHQ
KWWSZZZDOFDOGLDPDQL]DOHVJRYFR&RQWHQLGR$OFDOGLDLQIRUPDFLRQJHQHUDO!
$/9$5$'2</DWHRUtDHVSDFLDOHQHOFDPSRGHODQiOLVLVJHRJUiILFRS
$5$<$5,OLDQD3$&(+26;HQLD0DSDVFRJQLWLYRVDSUHQGL]DMHVGHVGHOD
YLYHQFLDHVSDFLDO5HYLVWD*HRJUiILFDGH$PpULFD&HQWUDO1R
&$/9,12,&LXGDGHVLQYLVLEOHV(G(LQDXGL
&$1(72&*HRJUDItDGHODSHUFHSFLyQXUEDQD&yPRYHPRVODFLXGDG"(G/XJDU
%XHQRV$ULHVS
&$520$7HQGHQFLDVGHODGLGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD5HIOH[LRQHVSDUDXQGHEDWH
HQHOSDtV8QLSOXULYHUVLGDGSS
&5266/(<1(/&8(532(/86,92</$62&,2/2*$&$51$/
0(5/($83217<XQLYHUVLGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHV
*85(9,&+5*HRJUDItDHOGHVDItRGHH[SOLFDUHOPXQGRUHDO'LVSRQLEOH HQ
ZZZFRQVHQVRFLYLFRFRPDU!
/,1&+.,PDJHQGHODFLXGDG(G*XVWDYR*LOL6$
0(5/($83217<0)HQRPHQRORJtDGHODSHUFHSFLyQ(G3UR\HFWRV(GLWRULDOHV\
$XGLRYLVXDOHV&%66$
3,//(7&/DJHRJUDItD\ODVGLVWLQWDVDFHSFLRQHVGHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR,QVWLWXWR
8QLYHUVLWDULRGH*HRJUDItDS
6&+h7=$(OSUREOHPDGHODUHDOLGDGVRFLDO(G$PRUURUWX%XHQRV$LUHV
$UJHQWLQD
78$1<,)87RSRILOLD(G0HOXVLQD
L.D.Hernndez


/$3(5&(3&,1'(/(63$&,2*(2*5),&2(1('8&$&,1
,1)$17,/(678',2'(&$62

)UDQFLVFR-DYLHU-DUDt]&DEDQLOODV
$QD0DUtD+HUQiQGH]&DUUHWHUR
$PDQGD+HUQiQGH]6RWR

Universidad de Extremadura
jfjaraiz@unex.es; ahernand@unex.es; acuerdate_amanda@hotmail.com
5(680(1
(QHOSUHVHQWHHVWXGLRVHPXHVWUDODLPSRUWDQFLDTXHWLHQHSDUDORVDOXPQRVGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOGHVDUUROODUOD
SHUFHSFLyQGHOHVSDFLR\ODVQRFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDVEiVLFDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHVWDFRPSHWHQFLD/DLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
SDUWH GHO GLVHxR \ UHDOL]DFLyQ GH XQD HQFXHVWD SDUD SRVWHULRUPHQWH FRQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH ODV PLVPDV \ OD
FDUWRJUDItDGH&iFHUHVOOHYDUDFDERDQiOLVLVGHUHGHVFRQKHUUDPLHQWDVSURSLDVGHORV6LVWHPDVGH,QIRUPDFLyQ
*HRJUiILFD7RGRHOORFRQHOREMHWRGHGHILQLU\FRPSDUDUHOHVSDFLRUHDOHQHOTXHVHGHVHQYXHOYHQGLDULDPHQWH
ORVDOXPQRVFRQHOSHUFLELGRTXHVHUHIOHMDHQORVFXHVWLRQDULRV$SDUWLUGHORVUHVXOWDGRVVHGLVHxDQXQDVHULH
GHDFWLYLGDGHVDSOLFDEOHVHQODVDXODVGRQGHVHWUDEDMDUiQFRQFHSWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOSHUFHSFLyQGHOHVSDFLRJHRJUDItDHQFXHVWD

,1752'8&&,1
(O HVWXGLR GH ORV FRQFHSWRV HVSDFLDOHV TXH VH WUDEDMDQ HQ HO DXOD SHUPLWH D ORV DOXPQRV GH
(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOGHVDUUROODUDSUHQGL]DMHVTXHOHVVLUYHQGHD\XGDSDUDGHVHQYROYHUVHHQVX
GtD DGtD FRQDXWRQRPtD\UHVROYHUVLWXDFLRQHVFRWLGLDQDVFRPSOHMDV DGHPiVGHIRPHQWDUOD
FRPSUHQVLyQGHORV PLVPRV3DUDHOORHVQHFHVDULRWUDEDMDUODVQRFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVDWUDYpV
GHDFWLYLGDGHVVLJQLILFDWLYDV\YLYHQFLDGDVTXHIRPHQWHQXQDEXHQDSHUFHSFLyQ\RULHQWDFLyQ
$SURYHFKDQGR HO SHULRGR GH SUiFWLFDV GH XQD GH ODV DXWRUDV GHO WUDEDMR VH LQLFLD XQD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQHQHOFHQWURHGXFDWLYRFRQHOILQGHGHWHFWDUORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVTXHORVDOXPQRV
GH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOWLHQHQVREUHHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR\YDORUDUVXVFDSDFLGDGHVHVSDFLDOHV
(VWHDQiOLVLVHVWiEDVDGRHQXQDHQFXHVWDPX\VHQFLOODGLVHxDGDSDUDDOXPQRVGHHVWDVHGDGHV
FRQHOREMHWRGHGHWHFWDUVXVSHUFHSFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHV/RVDOXPQRVFRQORVTXHVHKDWUDEDMDGR
SHUWHQHFHQ DO VHJXQGR FLFOR GH (GXFDFLyQ ,QIDQWLO GHO &ROHJLR 3DLGHXWHULRQ GH OD FLXGDG GH
&iFHUHV ([WUHPDGXUD /D HQFXHVWD SHUPLWH GLDJQRVWLFDU FyPR SHUFLEHQ ORV DOXPQRV HO
HVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRFRWLGLDQRHQFXDQWRDODGLVWDQFLDItVLFD\HOWLHPSRTXHWDUGDQHQUHFRUUHU
HOWUD\HFWRGHVGHVXGRPLFLOLRDOFHQWURGHHVWXGLR
(OSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRWLHQHFRPRREMHWLYRJHQHUDOFRQRFHU\YDORUDUODSHUFHSFLyQHVSDFLDOTXH
WLHQHQORVDOXPQRVGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOFRQFUHWDPHQWHDWUDYpVGHOUHFRUULGRTXHKD\GHVGH
VXFDVDDOFHQWURGHHVWXGLR$HVWHREMHWLYRVHVXPDQRWURVHVSHFtILFRVFRPRSRWHQFLDUOD
FRUUHFWD SHUFHSFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR HQ (GXFDFLyQ ,QIDQWLO WDQWR FRPR DFWLYLGDG
H[WUDHVFRODUYLQFXODGDFRPRDFWLYLGDGFXUULFXODUSURSLDPHQWHGLFKDGHVDUUROODUDFWLYLGDGHV
TXHIRPHQWHQFRUUHFWDPHQWHODSVLFRPRWULFLGDGHVSDFLDOGHODOXPQR\UHVDOWDU OD
F.J.Jaraz Cabanillas, A.M.Hernndez Carretero, A.Hernndez Soto


LPSRUWDQFLD GH ORV KiELWRV GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR VDOXGDEOHV SDUD SURPRYHU HO FRUUHFWR
FRQRFLPLHQWRGHOHVSDFLRHQWRUQR
3DUD ORJUDU ORV REMHWLYRV VH FRQWUDVWD OD SHUFHSFLyQ HVSDFLDO TXH WLHQHQ ORV DOXPQRV GH
(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOH[WUDtGDGHOFXHVWLRQDULRFRQHOHVSDFLRUHDOYLYLGRGLVWDQFLD\WLHPSR
TXHVHH[WUDHDWUDYpVGHKHUUDPLHQWDVSURSLDVGHORV6LVWHPDVGH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDHQ
DGHODQWH 6,* 3RU ~OWLPR VH OOHYDQ DO DXOD XQD VHULH GH DFWLYLGDGHV YLQFXODGDV FRQ HO
FRQRFLPLHQWR HVSDFLDO \ OD YLYHQFLD GHO PLVPR FRPR SDUWH GH XQD PHWRGRORJtD GLGiFWLFD
DWUDFWLYDSDUDDERUGDUHOHVSDFLR\ODRULHQWDFLyQ

)81'$0(17$&,17(5,&$
(OHVSDFLRODGHOLPLWDFLyQGHOWpUPLQR
$ OD KRUD GH DERUGDU OD IXQGDPHQWDFLyQ GHO SUHVHQWH WUDEDMR VH FRQVLGHUD LPSRUWDQWH
FRPHQ]DUDSRUWDQGRGHILQLFLRQHVTXHD\XGHQDFRPSUHQGHUTXpHVHOHVSDFLR(Q(GXFDFLyQ
HOHVSDFLRWLHQHXQDYLQFXODFLyQPX\HVWUHFKDFRQHOHVTXHPDFRUSRUDOSXHVWRTXHHVHOSXQWR
GH UHIHUHQFLD \ WLHQH TXH HVWDU SULPHUR RULHQWDGR /D RULHQWDFLyQ HVWi XQLGD DO SURFHVR GH
ODWHUDOL]DFLyQ HQWHQGLHQGR HVWH FRPR HO FRQMXQWR GH ODVSUHGRPLQDQFLDV SDUWLFXODUHV GH XQD
SDUWH D RWUD VLPpWULFD GHO FXHUSR D QLYHO GH PDQR SLH RMR \ RtGR (VWH GHVDUUROOR HVWi
FRQHFWDGRFRQODRUJDQL]DFLyQSRUXQODGRGHOHVTXHPDFRUSRUDO\SRURWURGHORVFRQFHSWRV
GH HVSDFLR \ WLHPSR 5DHO 3HUR GHVGH ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV HO HVSDFLR UHPLWH
EiVLFDPHQWH DO HQWRUQR OXJDUHV HQ ORV TXH VH GHVDUUROODQ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV KXPDQDV FRQ OD
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQItVLFDHPStULFDGHODLGHDGHHVSDFLR&RPHV
3RU OR WDQWR VH HVWi DQWH GRV WLSRV GH HVSDFLR 3RU XQ ODGR HO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR TXH VH
FRQVLGHUDFRPRREMHWRGHFRQRFLPLHQWRFLHQWtILFR\SRURWURODGRHOHVSDFLRVXEMHWLYRTXH
HVSURGXFWRGHXQDLPDJHQSHUVRQDO(OQLxRHQODHWDSDGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOVHHQFXHQWUD
HQ HO HVSDFLR VXEMHWLYR HO FXDO WLHQH FDUiFWHU ~QLFR \ SHUVRQDO FX\DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \
SUHVHQWDFLyQ GHSHQGHUiQ GH OD SHUFHSFLyQ SURSLD GHO LQGLYLGXR (VWR VH GHEH DO HQWRUQR
VRFLRFXOWXUDOHQHOTXHVHGHVHQYXHOYHDODVH[SHULHQFLDVYLYLGDV\DODYLQFXODFLyQHPRFLRQDO
RVHULDFLRQHVTXHHVWRVOXJDUHVSURGXFHQ$OFDUD]$VLPLVPRHOHVSDFLRVXEMHWLYRVH
GHWHUPLQDFRPRODJHRJUDItDSHUVRQDO\SDUWLFXODUHQODTXHVHLQFRUSRUDQXQDVLPiJHQHVTXH
KDQ VLGR FUHDGDV D SDUWLU GH XQD H[SHULHQFLD TXH HO QLxR KD YLYLGR \ SHUFLELGR PHGLDQWH HO
MXHJRSDUDH[SORUDUHOHVSDFLR\HOHQWRUQR7ULJXHURVHWDO
3RU FRQVLJXLHQWH OD HQVHxDQ]D GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO PHGLR HQ OD (GXFDFLyQ ,QIDQWLO TXHGD
OLJDGDDODSHUFHSFLyQGHVXSURSLRHQWRUQRDFRQRFHUHOHVSDFLRHQVtPLVPR\VREUHWRGRD
DSUHQGHUDSHQVDUOR(QWHQGLHQGRSRUHVWR~OWLPRODSUHSDUDFLyQGHODOXPQDGRSDUDUHVROYHU
SUREOHPDV GH RULHQWDFLyQ WRPDU GHFLVLRQHV VREUH LWLQHUDULRV VDEHU OHHU XQ PDSD R XQ
HVTXHPDWRSROyJLFRHQWUHRWURV7ULJXHURVHWDO6LELHQHVWDFDSDFLGDGD~QGHEHLU
PiVDOOiORVDOXPQRVGHLQIDQWLOGHEHQ HPSH]DUDUHFRQRFHUHOHVSDFLR FRPRXQ FRQVWUXFWR
VRFLDO\DLGHQWLILFDUORVHOHPHQWRVVRFLDOHVGHVXHQWRUQR

/LPLWDFLRQHV\FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOSHQVDPLHQWRLQIDQWLOHQUHODFLyQDOHVSDFLR
(O HVSDFLR QR VXUJH GH XQD ~QLFD SHUFHSFLyQ GHO QLxR QL VH GHVDUUROODQ ORV FRQFHSWRV GH
PDQHUDLQVWDQWiQHD(OQLxRHODERUDODFRQFHSFLyQGHOHVSDFLRJUDGXDOPHQWHSRFRDSRFRSRU
ORTXHHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOHVSDFLRYLHQHGHOSULQFLSLRGHODDFWLYLGDGVHQVRULRPRWUL]


2FKDtWD (V GHFLU OD HODERUDFLyQ GH OD QRFLyQ GH HVSDFLR UHFLEH OD LQIOXHQFLD GHO
GHVDUUROORSVLFRPRWRU\GHODSHUFHSFLyQYLVXDO
(Q FXDQWR DO GHVDUUROOR SVLFRPRWRU OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR HVWi GHWHUPLQDGD SRU ORV
SURFHVRV SRVWXUDOHV \ PRWRUHV GHO QLxR HO HVSDFLR HQIUHQWDQWH PHVHV GRPLQLR GH OD
SRVLFLyQ VHQWDGD HO FLUFXQGDQWH PHVHV JDWHR \ PDUFKD HO OLPLWDQWH DxRV
HYROXFLRQD OD PDUFKD LQLFLRV GH OD FDUUHUD \ HO DPELHQWDO \ DxRV FDUUHUD VDOWR \
PD\RU DXWRQRPtD GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ,JXDO GH LPSRUWDQWH HV OD SHUFHSFLyQ YLVXDO TXH
VRVWLHQHTXHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOHVSDFLRHYROXFLRQDVREUHGRVSODQRVHOSODQRSHUFHSWLYRR
VHQVRULRPRWUL] HQ HO TXH VRQ LPSUHVFLQGLEOHV ODV YLYHQFLDV VHQVRULDOHV YLQFXODGDV FRQ HO
HVSDFLR FRUSRUDO \ HO SODQR UHSUHVHQWDWLYR R LQWHOHFWXDO TXH FRQVLVWH HQ UHSUHVHQWDU SRU
GLEXMRVRQDUUDUDTXHOODVH[SHULHQFLDVYLYLGDV5DHO
$HOORVHSXHGHVXPDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRYHUEDODVRFLDQGRHOOHQJXDMHDPRYLPLHQWRVORTXH
UHIXHU]DODVDFWLYLGDGHVGHUD]RQDPLHQWR\HODSUHQGL]DMHFRQFHSWXDO/XUoDW
3RU FRQVLJXLHQWH HO QLxR FRPSUHQGH HO HVSDFLR \ OD UHDOLGDG D WUDYpV GH FLHUWRV SURFHVRV \
HVWUXFWXUDVPHQWDOHVTXHVHGLYLGHQHQFXDWURJUDQGHVSHULRGRVRHVWDGLRV VHQVRULRPRWRU
SUHRSHUDFLRQDO RSHUDFLRQHV FRQFUHWDV \ RSHUDFLRQHV IRUPDOHV 0HHFH
7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH HVWH WUDEDMR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VH FHQWUD HQ OD HWDSD GH (GXFDFLyQ
,QIDQWLOFRQYLHQHFHQWUDUVHHQHOHVWDGLRVHQVRULRPRWRU\SUHRSHUDFLRQDOHQODPLVPD
$VtHQODHWDSDVHQVRULRPRWRUGHDxRVHOQLxRVHLQLFLDHQVXFRQRFLPLHQWRSUiFWLFRGHO
HVSDFLRFRPHQ]DQGRSRUODVUHODFLRQHVWRSROyJLFDVSDUDHODERUDUODVUHODFLRQHVSUR\HFWLYDV\
HXFOLGLDQDV (QWUH HOQDFLPLHQWR\ORV PHVHVHOEHEp HVFDSD]GHSHUFLELU ODVUHODFLRQHV
WRSROyJLFDV SHUR QR SHUFLEH ORV REMHWRV FRPR SHUPDQHQWHV QL ORV WDPDxRV \ ODV IRUPDV
FRQVWDQWHV(QWUHORV\PHVHVVHHPSLH]DQDFRRUGLQDUODYLVLyQ\ODSUHQVLyQSDUD
FRQVWUXLU HVTXHPDV PDQLSXODWLYRV 3RU ~OWLPR GXUDQWH HO VHJXQGR DxR HO QLxR UHODFLRQDUi
XQRVREMHWRVFRQRWURVHQHOHVSDFLR2FKDtWD
(Q OD HWDSD SUHRSHUDFLRQDO DxRV VH LQLFLD OD FDSDFLGDG GH SHQVDU HQ REMHWRV KHFKRV R
SHUVRQDVTXHHVWiQDXVHQWHV(OQLxRGHPXHVWUDXQDJUDQKDELOLGDGSDUDXWLOL]DUORVVtPERORV
WDQWR JHVWRV FRPR SDODEUDV H LPiJHQHV SDUD SRGHU UHSUHVHQWDU ODV FRVDV UHDOHV TXH VH
HQFXHQWUD HQ HO HQWRUQR DO LJXDO TXH SXHGH SUHSDUDU MXHJRV UHDOL]DU GLEXMRV \ XWLOL]DU ODV
SDODEUDV $XQTXH WHQJD OD FDSDFLGDG GH UHSUHVHQWDU FRQ ORV VtPERORV ODV FRVDV \ ORV
DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV TXH KD\D HO SHQVDPLHQWR SUHRSHUDFLRQDO WRGDYtD SUHVHQWD LPSRUWDQWHV
OLPLWDFLRQHVHQFXDQWRDOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR0HHFH
(QJHQHUDOSXHGHFRQFOXLUVHTXHHOHVSDFLRFRPROXJDUHVWiUHODFLRQDGRFRQORFDUWRJUiILFR
6HSLHQVDHVSDFLDOPHQWHDWUDYpVGHHVTXHPDVJUiILFRVPHQWDOHVFURTXLVLPiJHQHVTXHJXtDQ
ODUHVSXHVWDDQWHSUREOHPDVTXH LPSOLFDQGHFLVLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQ HO HVSDFLR%HGR\DHW
DO

/DFRPSUHQVLyQGHOHVSDFLRHQODHWDSDGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO
7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD HO FRQRFLPLHQWR \ HO FRQWURO GHO SURSLR FXHUSR HO SULPHU UHFXUVR TXH
XWLOL]DQ ORV QLxRV SDUD FRPXQLFDUVH FRQ HO PXQGR TXH OHV URGHD VRQ ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV
PRWULFHV $ SDUWLU GHO SURSLR PRYLPLHQWR \ HQ HO PDUFR GH OD LQWHUDFFLyQ VRFLDO ORV QLxRV
GHEHQ DSUHQGHU D FRQRFHU VX SURSLR FXHUSR \ D XWLOL]DUOR FRPR PHGLR GH H[SUHVLyQ \ GH
LQWHUYHQFLyQ \ VREUH HVWD EDVH FRQVWUXLU VX LGHQWLGDG SHUVRQDO 3RU HOOR OD H[SHULHQFLD GHO
SURSLRFXHUSRHQPRYLPLHQWRKDUiTXHHOQLxRFRRUGLQHVXVHVTXHPDVSHUFHSWLYRPRWULFHV\


ORFRQR]FDMXQWRFRQODVVHQVDFLRQHV\HPRFLRQHV(OFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOFXHUSRDOXGHSXHVD
TXHHOQLxRHPSLHFHDWRPDUFRQFLHQFLDGHODVGLIHUHQWHVSDUWHVGHO PLVPR\GHTXHH[LVWHQ
UHODFLRQHVHQWUHVtYLQFXOiQGRVHFRQHOPXQGRH[WHUQR*DUFtD
$QWHHVWRHOGHVDUUROORGHODPRWULFLGDGVHDMXVWDDGRVOH\HVIXQGDPHQWDOHVODOH\FpIDOR
FDXGDO TXH H[SUHVD TXH VH FRQWUROD DQWHV ODV SDUWHV GHO FXHUSR TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ PiV
FHUFDQDVDODFDEH]D\OXHJRODVPiVDOHMDGDV\ODOH\SUy[LPRGLVWDOTXHLQFLGHHQTXHVH
FRQWURODQDQWHVODVSDUWHVGHOFXHUSRTXHVHKDOODQPiVFHUFDVDOHMHFRUSRUDO\OXHJRODVPiV
DOHMDGDV&ROHWR
3DUWLHQGR GH OD UHODFLyQ GHO QLxR FRQ VX SURSLR FXHUSR HO VLJXLHQWH SDVR IXQGDPHQWDO HQ HO
GHVDUUROORSVLFRPRWUL]GHOPLVPR\VXUHODFLyQFRQHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRGHSULPHUFRQWDFWR
HV OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHO DXOD (O HVSDFLR GHO DXOD GHEH VHU HVWUXFWXUDGR \ RUJDQL]DGR
DGHFXDGDPHQWH SRUTXH FRQVWLWX\H XQ LQVWUXPHQWR PX\ ~WLO SDUD HO DSUHQGL]DMH $GHPiV HO
HTXLSDPLHQWR\HOPDWHULDOGLGiFWLFRVRQHOHPHQWRVPX\LPSRUWDQWHV\VLVHKDFHXQEXHQXVR
GH HOORV VH IDFLOLWDUi OD DXWRQRPtD OD PRWLYDFLyQ \ OD HVWLPXODFLyQ HQ HO SURFHVR GH
HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH/DRUGHQ\3pUH]
(Q UHODFLyQ D OD SHUFHSFLyQ HVSDFLDO \ OD RULHQWDFLyQ OD SULPHUD VH UHDOL]D D WUDYpV GHO
FRQWDFWR FRQ HO HQWRUQR LQPHGLDWR \D TXH SHUPLWHDO QLxRVLWXDUVH HQ XQ HVSDFLR \ DGHPiV
UHFRQRFHUOR 3DUD HOOR QHFHVLWD OD H[SORUDFLyQ GH HVWH VLHQGR XQD DFWLYLGDG YLWDO SDUD HVWDV
HGDGHV PX\ OLJDGD DO PRYLPLHQWR \ D ORV MXHJRV VHQVRULDOHV TXH SXHGHQ GHVDUUROODUVH HQ HO
DXODGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO5DHO
3RURWURODGRODRULHQWDFLyQGHOSURSLRFXHUSRVHHPSLH]DDFRQVWUXLUXQLGDDORVSURFHVRVGH
ODWHUDOL]DFLyQ $Vt OD ODWHUDOLGDG HV OD H[SUHVLyQ GH XQ SUHGRPLQLR PRWRU UHDOL]DGR FRQ ODV
SDUWHVGHOFXHUSRTXHLQWHJUDQVXVPLWDGHVGHUHFKDHL]TXLHUGD&DURHWDOVLHQGRVXV
HWDSDVGHDxRVHQODTXHHOQLxRUHDOL]DPRYLPLHQWRVELODWHUDOHVHVGHFLUORTXHKDFH
FRQXQD PDQRUHSHUFXWHHQODRWUD\VXFXHUSRUHDFFLRQDJOREDOPHQWHGHDxRVHQOD
TXHYDH[SHULPHQWDQGRFRQXQD\RWUDPDQRORTXHOHSHUPLWHFRPSDUDUUHVXOWDGRV\GH
DxRVHQODTXHODQRFLyQGHGHUHFKDHL]TXLHUGDVHWLHQHSHURFRQUHODFLyQDOSURSLRFXHUSR
3pUH]
&RQUHVSHFWRDODFRPSUHQVLyQGHOHVSDFLRHVLPSRUWDQWHVHxDODUODUHOHYDQFLDTXHDGTXLHUH
VXUHSUHVHQWDFLyQDWUDYpVGHGLEXMRV\FRQVWUXFFLRQHVVLHQGRQHFHVDULRSDUDHOORTXHHOQLxR
WHQJDGHVDUUROODGDODPRWULFLGDGILQD\ODFRRUGLQDFLyQyFXORPDQXDO5DHO
$Vt ORV PDSDV FRJQLWLYRV VRQ XQD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ EiVLFD SDUD OD FRPSUHQVLyQ SHUVRQDO GHO
HQWRUQR VLHQGR VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SULQFLSDOHV TXH VRQ FRQVWUXFWRV GH ORV TXH QR H[LVWH
H[SHULHQFLDVHQVLWLYDQRVHSXHGHQREVHUYDUVHFRQRFHVXIXQFLyQSHURQRVXQDWXUDOH]D\
VH IRUPDQ GHSHQGLHQGR GH FyPR VHDQ ORV SURFHGLPLHQWRV GH VHOHFFLyQ FRGLILFDFLyQ \
HYDOXDFLyQGHODLQIRUPDFLyQGHODPELHQWH&DEDOOHUR
3DUDHOGHVDUUROORGHHVWRVPDSDVH[LVWHQXQDVHULHGHYDULDEOHVFRPRVRQODIDPLOLDULGDGTXH
HOQLxRWHQJDFRQHOPHGLRODOLEHUWDGHVSDFLDOHQWHQGLGDFRQXQUDGLRPD\RUGHPRYLPLHQWRV
RDXWRQRPtDSHUVRQDO\ODVQRUPDVSDUHQWDOHVTXHSXHGDQIUHQDUODDFWLYLGDGHVSDFLDOGHORV
KLMRV/RVSDGUHVTXHUHVLGHQHQHOPHGLRUXUDO\TXHSHUWHQHFHQDXQDFODVHVRFLDOPiVEDMD
SHUPLWHQPiVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVHQFXDQWRDODDFWLYLGDGHVSDFLDOGHVXVKLMRVRFXUULHQGRWRGR
ORFRQWUDULRFRQORVSDGUHVGHOPHGLRXUEDQR\GHXQDFODVHVRFLDODOWD&DEDOOHUR
3RU~OWLPRVHxDODUTXHLJXDOGHLPSRUWDQWHHVHOHVWDGLRFRJQRVFLWLYRHQHOTXHVHHQFXHQWUD
HO DOXPQDGR \D TXH HVWH FRQILHUH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SURSLDV GHO SHQVDPLHQWR HVSDFLDO TXH
UHJLUiVXFRPSUHQVLyQ\UHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHOHVSDFLR(VGHWHUPLQDQWHTXHHO DOXPQDGR

HPSLHFHDDGTXLULUFLHUWDVKDELOLGDGHVHVSDFLDOHVFRPRHVODRULHQWDFLyQ\DGHPiVGHVDUUROOH
KDELOLGDGHVFDUWRJUiILFDV7ULJXHURVHWDO
0(72'2/2*$
3DUD GHWHUPLQDU OD SHUFHSFLyQ TXH WLHQHQ ORV QLxRV GH (GXFDFLyQ ,QIDQWLO VREUH HO HVSDFLR
JHRJUiILFRVHGLVHxyHLPSOHPHQWyXQFXHVWLRQDULR3RVWHULRUPHQWHDSDUWLUGHODJHQHUDFLyQ
GH XQD FDUWRJUDItD WHPiWLFD GH UHVXOWDGRV WUDV OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH KHUUDPLHQWDV GH DQiOLVLV GH
UHGHV6,*VHFRQWUDVWDODSHUFHSFLyQGHORVQLxRVFRQODUHDOLGDGJHRJUiILFD
(OQ~PHURGHQLxRVGHWUHVDxRVDORVTXHVHOHVUHDOL]yHOFXHVWLRQDULRIXHURQORVDOXPQRV
GHFXDWURDxRVDORVTXHVHHQWUHYLVWyVXPDURQXQWRWDOGHVLHQGRORVGHFLQFRDxRVXQWRWDO
GH/DVFXHVWLRQHVHVWiQUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRDOFHQWURHGXFDWLYRHOPRGR
GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR ODV SUHIHUHQFLDV GH ORV DOXPQRV HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH RWURV PHGLRV GH
WUDQVSRUWHRHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODEDUULDGDGRQGHUHVLGHQRDOJ~QKLWRFHUFDQRDVXGRPLFLOLR
(OGLVHxRXWLOL]DGRHQODHQFXHVWDIXH PX\DWUDFWLYRFRQODXWLOL]DFLyQGHGLIHUHQWHVFRORUHV
SDUD FDSWDU OD DWHQFLyQ GH ORV QLxRV \ HO WDPDxR GH ODV OHWUDV JUDQGH SDUD TXH IXHUD
FRPSOHWDPHQWHOHJLEOH6HLQFOXtDQLPiJHQHVFRQHOILQGHDFODUDUODVFXHVWLRQHV
/D HQFXHVWD IXHSUHVHQWDGD D ORV QLxRVGH GLIHUHQWH PDQHUD 3DUD ORV PiV SHTXHxRV TXH QR
VDEHQOHHURSUHVHQWDQVHULDVGLILFXOWDGHV\DxRVVHSUHJXQWDEDGHXQRHQXQRFRQHOOR
VHHYLWDEDTXHGLHUDQODPLVPDUHVSXHVWDTXHVXVFRPSDxHURV\VHDVHJXUDEDODLQGLYLGXDOLGDG
GHODPLVPD3DUDORVQLxRVGHDxRVFRPRODPD\RUtDVDEtDOHHUHOSURFHGLPLHQWRIXHPiV
VHQFLOOR$OLJXDOTXHFRQORVPiVSHTXHxRVVHSDVDEDODHQFXHVWDGHPDQHUDLQGLYLGXDOSHUR
HQ HVWH FDVR YHtDQ HO FXHVWLRQDULR OHtDQ ODV SUHJXQWDV \ VHOHFFLRQDEDQ OD UHVSXHVWD TXH
HVWLPDEDQRSRUWXQD
7UDVHOGLVHxR\UHDOL]DFLyQGHODHQFXHVWDVHJHQHUyXQDFDUWRJUDItDWHPiWLFDGHUHVXOWDGRVHQ
ODTXHVHUHSUHVHQWDEDODUHDOLGDGGHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRYLYLGRSRUHODOXPQRFRWLGLDQDPHQWH
HQVXVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVDOFHQWURHGXFDWLYR6HHODERUDURQXQDVHULHGHPDSDVSDUDYHUFXiOHV
HUDQ ORV UHFRUULGRV GLDULRV GH HVWRV SDUD LU DO FROHJLR GHVGH VX FDVD \D IXHUD DQGDQGR R HQ
FRFKH\HOWLHPSRTXHWDUGDQHQKDFHUORV(OREMHWLYRILQDOGHHVWDVRSHUDFLRQHVFDUWRJUiILFDV
DQiOLVLVGHUHGHVHVFRQRFHUODGLVWDQFLD\HOWLHPSRUHDOTXHWDUGDUtDHODOXPQRHQOOHJDUDO
FHQWURSDUDOXHJRSRQHUORHQUHODFLyQFRQODSHUFHSFLyQTXHHOORVWLHQHQ
/DVIXHQWHVXWLOL]DGDVIXHURQHO3UR\HFWR&DUWRJUiILFR&DUWRFLXGDGGHO&HQWUR1DFLRQDOGH
,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD TXH RIUHFH FDSDV YHFWRULDOHV FRQ LQIRUPDFLyQ UHODWLYD DO YLDULR ODV
PDQ]DQDVORVSRUWDOHVGRQGHUHVLGHODSREODFLyQ\ORVSULQFLSDOHVHTXLSDPLHQWRV\VHUYLFLRV
\HO&ROHJLR3DLGHXWHULRQTXHIDFLOLWyORVGDWRVGRPLFLOLDULRV\ODHGDGGHORVDOXPQRVD
WUDYpVGHXQLGHQWLILFDGRUQXPpULFR
3DUDODJHQHUDFLyQGHORVPDSDVWHPiWLFRVVHHPSOHyXQDKHUUDPLHQWDSURSLDGHORV6,*FRPR
HV HO $QiOLVLV GH 5HGHV (O VRIWZDUH HPSOHDGR SDUD OD JHQHUDFLyQ GH OD FDUWRJUDItD IXH
$UF0DSGH(65,3DUDODKHUUDPLHQWD$QiOLVLVGH5HGHVVHWXYRHQFXHQWDXQDVHULHGH
YDULDEOHV IXQGDPHQWDOHV FRPR OD ORQJLWXG GH FDGD XQD GH ODV FDOOHV GHO YLDULR
LQIRUPDFLyQSXQWXDOGHOGRPLFLOLRGHODOXPQRODYHORFLGDGTXHVHWDUGDHQUHFRUUHUFDGD
XQRGHORVWUDPRVGHOYLDULRDSLHILMDGDHQNPK.QREODXFKHWDO0XxR]5DVNLQ
ODYHORFLGDGGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRSRUFDGDXQRGHORVWUDPRVGHOYLDULRHQFRFKH
NPK\ODXELFDFLyQH[DFWDGHOFHQWURHGXFDWLYR


&RPRQRVHFRQRFtDHOQ~PHURGHOGRPLFLOLRGHORVDOXPQRVSHURVtODFDOOHSDUDWHQHUXQD
XELFDFLyQORPiVH[DFWDSRVLEOHVHWRPyFRPRSXQWRGHUHIHUHQFLDHOFHQWURLGHGHFDGDWUDPR
GHOYLDULRTXHSXGLHUDFRUUHVSRQGHUVHFRQHOFHQWURH[DFWRGHODYtDHQFXHVWLyQ
(VWDV RSHUDFLRQHV SHUPLWLHURQ GHWHUPLQDU ODV UXWDV PtQLPDV GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GHVGH HO
GRPLFLOLR KDVWD HO FHQWUR SDUD GHVSXpV FDOFXODU HO iUHD GH VHUYLFLR GHO FHQWUR HGXFDWLYR \
ILQDOL]DUFRQODJHQHUDFLyQGHOPDSDGHWLHPSRPtQLPRGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHVGHHOGRPLFLOLR
DOFHQWUR
3RU ~OWLPR WUDV OD JHQHUDFLyQ GH OD PDWUL] RULJHQGHVWLQR TXH VH JHQHUD FRQ HO DQiOLVLV GH
UHGHV\VXLPSOHPHQWDFLyQHQXQDEDVHGHGDWRVDOIDQXPpULFDGHQWURGHO6,*VHSURFHGLyD
LQWHUUHODFLRQDUODLQIRUPDFLyQGHODQiOLVLVWUDVODH[SRUWDFLyQSUHYLDGHODPHQFLRQDGDEDVHD
$FFHVV FRQ OD GH OD HQFXHVWD (VWD LQWHUUHODFLyQ VH OOHYy D FDER D WUDYpV GH FRQVXOWDV GH
UHIHUHQFLDV FUX]DGDV HQ $FFHVV WRGR HOOR FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH VH KDEtD RSHUDGR FRQ XQD FODYH
FRP~QHQDPERVFDVRVTXHHUDHO,'GHODOXPQR'HHVWHPRGR\DVHSRGtDLQWHUUHODFLRQDUOD
SHUFHSFLyQHVSDFLDOGHOHVWXGLDQWHFRQHOHVSDFLRUHDOYLYLGRSRUHOPLVPR

5(68/7$'26
3HUFHSFLyQGHOHVSDFLR
/RV QLxRV GH \ DxRV WLHQHQ XQD SHUFHSFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR PX\ VLPLODU VLHQGR HQ DPERV
FDVRV OLJHUDPHQWH PD\RU HO SRUFHQWDMH TXH FUHH YLYLU OHMRV GHO FROHJLR TXH ORV TXH OR
XELFDUtDQFHUFD)LJXUD6LQHPEDUJRPiVGHODPLWDGGHORVQLxRVGHDxRVSHUFLEHQVX
FDVDSUy[LPDDOFHQWURHGXFDWLYR

)LJXUD3HUFHSFLyQGHODGLVWDQFLDUHFRUULGDGLDULDPHQWHGHVGHVXGRPLFLOLRDOFHQWURHGXFDWLYR
(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

(QOD)LJXUDVHPXHVWUDHOWLHPSRSHUFLELGRSRUORVQLxRVHQVXGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHGXFDWLYR
KDELWXDO 6H DSUHFLD FyPR OD LUUHJXODULGDG GH ODV WHQGHQFLDV HV PXFKR PiV SDWHQWH HQ HVWH
FDVRTXHHQHODQWHULRU/RVQLxRVGHDxRVSHUFLEHQPD\RULWDULDPHQWHTXHWDUGDQPXFKRHQ
OOHJDUDOFHQWURHGXFDWLYRVLHQGRVRORXQORVTXHFUHHQTXHHPSOHDQSRFRWLHPSR
HQHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWR/RVDOXPQRVGHOVHJXQGRFXUVRFRQVLGHUDQTXHWDUGDQSRFR(Q
HOFDVRGHQLxRVGHDxRVXQHVWLPDQTXHHPSOHDQSRFRWLHPSRHQKDFHUHOUHFRUULGR


)LJXUD3HUFHSFLyQGHOWLHPSRGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHVGHVXGRPLFLOLRDOFHQWURHGXFDWLYR(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

(Q GHILQLWLYD D SDUWLU GH ORV GDWRV GH OD HQFXHVWD ORV DOXPQRV GH DxRV FRQVLGHUDQ HQ VX
PD\RUtD TXH YLYHQ OHMRV GHO FHQWUR HGXFDWLYR \ TXH SRU WDQWR WDUGDQ PXFKR HQ KDFHU HVWH
UHFRUULGR \D VHD HQ FRFKH R FDPLQDQGR 3RU VX SDUWH ORV GH DxRV WDPELpQ HQWLHQGHQ TXH
YLYHQ OHMRV GHO FROHJLR VLELHQ SHUFLEHQ HVWH UHFRUULGR GLDULR FRPR FRUWR 6LQHPEDUJR ORV
DOXPQRV GH DxRV HQWLHQGHQ TXH VX GRPLFLOLR HVWi SUy[LPR DO FROHJLR \ TXH WDUGDQ SRFR
WLHPSRHQVDOYDUHVWDGLVWDQFLD
(Q XQ SULQFLSLR VH HVWLPDED TXH HO OHYH FDPELR GH SHUFHSFLyQ GH OD GLVWDQFLD HQWUH ORV
DOXPQRVGH\DxRVSRGUtDHVWDUUHODFLRQDGRFRQXQPD\RUGHVDUUROORGHVXFDSDFLGDG
HVSDFLDO GH VXV KDELOLGDGHV SVLFRPRWULFHV DVt FRPR FRQ OD ILMDFLyQ \ FRPSUHQVLyQ GH ORV
FRQFHSWRV GH ODWHUDOLGDG RULHQWDFLyQ \ HVSDFLR YLYLGR 6LQ HPEDUJR QXHVWUD H[SOLFDFLyQ
FDPELRDSDUWLUGHORVGDWRVUHDOHV

(OHVSDFLRUHDODQiOLVLVFDUWRJUiILFR\HVWDGtVWLFR
/RV PDSDV UHDOL]DGRV SHUPLWHQ YLVXDOL]DU OD UXWD UHDO TXH KDFH FDGD DOXPQR SDUD OOHJDU DO
FROHJLR\HOWLHPSRTXHWDUGDQHQUHFRUUHUODPLVPD(QHOSULPHUPDSD)LJXUDVHDSUHFLD
ODXELFDFLyQGHOFHQWURHGXFDWLYRHOGRPLFLOLRGHFDGDXQRGHORVDOXPQRVODVUXWDVySWLPDV
GH DFFHVR FDPLQDQGR GHVGH WRGRV ORV GRPLFLOLRV DO FHQWUR HGXFDWLYR DTXHOODV UXWDV SRU ODV
TXHVHWDUGDUtDPHQRVWLHPSRFDPLQDQGRHOYLDULR\ODVPDQ]DQDVGH&iFHUHV/DYHORFLGDG
HVWDEOHFLGD HQ WRGR HO YLDULR HV GH NPK WUDV OD FRQVXOWD GH GLIHUHQWH ELEOLRJUDItD
.QREODXFKHWDO0XxR]5DVNLQ
)LJXUD5XWDVySWLPDVUHDOHVGHDFFHVRDOFHQWURHGXFDWLYRGHVGHHOGRPLFLOLRGHODOXPQR(ODERUDFLyQ
SURSLD


(QHOVLJXLHQWHPDSD)LJXUDFRQLQGHSHQGHQFLDGHODVUXWDVySWLPDVVHH[SRQHQODViUHDV
GH VHUYLFLR TXH VH JHQHUDQ WUDV OD DSOLFDFLyQ GHO DQiOLVLV GH UHGHV GHILQLGDV HQ IXQFLyQ GHO
WLHPSRPtQLPRGHDFFHVRDOFHQWURHGXFDWLYRPHQRVGHPLQXWRVGHDGHD\GH
DPLQXWRV
/DYHORFLGDGFDPLQDQGRSRUHOYLDULRHVODPLVPDTXHODTXHVHLQGLFySDUDHOSULPHUPDSD
NPK5HVSHFWRDOWLHPSRVHKDHVWLPDGRFRPRLQWHUYDORILQDOySWLPRHOGHORVD
PLQXWRV3HVHDTXHHQODELEOLRJUDItDHVSHFLDOL]DGD*XWLpUUH]HWDO\VHKDEOD
GHDPLQXWRVFRPRHOWLHPSRTXHXQDSHUVRQDHVWiGLVSXHVWDDFDPLQDUSDUDDFFHGHUD
XQVHUYLFLRRHTXLSDPLHQWRGHWHUPLQDGRHQHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHKDFRQVLGHUDGRWHQLHQGRHQ
FXHQWDODYHORFLGDGDODTXHFDPLQDXQQLxR\ODRURJUDItDSURSLDGHODFLXGDGGH&iFHUHVHO
LQFUHPHQWRGHHVHWLHPSRKDVWDORVPLQXWRV
)LJXUD7LHPSRPtQLPRUHDOGHDFFHVRDOFHQWURHGXFDWLYR(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

&RPR SXHGHDSUHFLDUVH ORVGRPLFLOLRV GH DOJXQRV DOXPQRV TXHGDQ PX\ DOHMDGRV GHO FHQWUR
HGXFDWLYR\GHODGLVWDQFLDySWLPDTXHVHKDHVWDEOHFLGRSDUDDVLVWLUFDPLQDQGRDOPLVPR3RU
FRQVLJXLHQWH GHEHQ GHVSOD]DUVH LQHYLWDEOHPHQWH HQ YHKtFXOR SDUWLFXODU R DXWRE~V XUEDQR
SRUTXH HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR D SLH HV LQYLDEOH 6LQ HPEDUJRVH FRQVLGHUD TXH ORV DOXPQRV TXH
YLYHQ GHQWUR GHO iUHD GH VHUYLFLR SRGUtDQ LU FDPLQDQGR IiFLOPHQWH DXQTXH WDO \ FRPR
GHPRVWUyODHQFXHVWDDOJXQRVGHHOORVXWLOL]DQHOYHKtFXORSDUWLFXODU
7UDVDQDOL]DUODViUHDVGHVHUYLFLRVHREVHUYDFRPRODJUDQPD\RUtDGHORVDOXPQRVUHVLGHQHQ
FDOOHVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQDPHQRVGHPLQXWRVFDPLQDQGRGHVGHHOFHQWURHGXFDWLYRVLELHQ
KD\ DOJXQRV TXH HVWiQ D GLVWDQFLDV VXSHULRUHV SRU OR TXH GHEHQ GHVSOD]DUVH HQ YHKtFXOR
7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHVWRVRWURVGRPLFLOLRVPiVDOHMDGRVGHOFROHJLRVHUHDOL]yXQPDSDGRQGH
VHPXHVWUDQODVUXWDVySWLPDV\HOWLHPSRPtQLPRGHDFFHVRHQYHKtFXORSDUWLFXODU)LJXUD
TXHTXHGDQSODVPDGRVHQWUHVLQWHUYDORVWHPSRUDOHVPHQRVGHPLQXWRVHQWUH\\HQWUH
\PLQXWRV3DUDHOFiOFXORGHOWLHPSRPtQLPRGHDFFHVRHQFRFKHVHKDFRQVLGHUDGRXQD
YHORFLGDGPHGLDSDUDHOYLDULRGHNPK6HKDGLVPLQXLGRODYHORFLGDGGHDOJXQDVFDOOHV\
DXPHQWDGR OD GH RWUDV SRQGHUDQGR SDUD HVWLPDU OD SpUGLGDV GH WLHPSR HQ FUXFHV
LQWHUVHFFLRQHVVHPDIRUL]DGDVKRUDVSXQWD\KRUDVYDOOHHWF'HLJXDOPRGRFRQYLHQHVHxDODU
TXH VH KD FRQVLGHUDGR WDPELpQ ODV GLUHFFLRQHV REOLJDWRULDV TXH HVWDEOHFH HO YLDULR SDUD ORV
FRFKHVORFXDOPDUFDJUDQGHVGLIHUHQFLDVFRQORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVFDPLQDQGR


&RPSDUDQGR DPERV PDSDV VH YLVOXPEUD XQD GLIHUHQFLD FODUD HQWUH ORV GRPLFLOLRV PiV
DOHMDGRVGHOFHQWURHGXFDWLYRGHELGRDTXHHOWLHPSRPtQLPRVHUHGXFH7RGRVORVGRPLFLOLRV
VHHQFXHQWUDQHQWUH PHQRVGH PLQXWRV\PLQXWRVHQYHKtFXORSDUWLFXODU(VGHFLUHQ
FRFKHQLQJ~QDOXPQRWDUGDUtDPiVGHPLQXWRVGHVGHVXGRPLFLOLRDOFROHJLR/DPD\RUtD
GHORVGRPLFLOLRVVHVLW~DQHQODRUODGHORVPLQXWRVHQFRFKH
)LJXUD5XWDVySWLPDV\WLHPSRPtQLPRGHDFFHVRHQFRFKHDOFHQWURHGXFDWLYR(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

&RPSDUDFLyQHQWUHODSHUFHSFLyQHVSDFLDO\ODUHDOLGDG
7UDV HO DQiOLVLV FDUWRJUiILFR \ ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH OD HQFXHVWD VH UHDOL]D XQ DQiOLVLV HVWDGtVWLFR
FRPSDUDWLYR TXH IDFLOLWD LQIRUPDFLyQ ~WLO \ QHFHVDULD SDUD FRPSUHQGHU OD SHUFHSFLyQ TXH
WLHQHQ ORV QLxRV VREUH HO HVSDFLR HO WLHPSR \ VX UHODFLyQ FRQ OD UHDOLGDG 6H UHFRJHQ ODV
GLVWLQWDVYDULDEOHVHPSOHDGDVSDUDODHODERUDFLyQGHODQiOLVLVHVWDGtVWLFR\ORVJUiILFRVTXHORV
PXHVWUDQ/DYDULDEOHVEiVLFDVVRQHOLGHQWLILFDGRUGHFDGDXQRGHORVDOXPQRVHOPRGR
GHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRTXHXWLOL]DFDGDQLxRSDUDLUDOFHQWURHGXFDWLYRHOFXUVRHQHOTXHVH
HQFXHQWUD FDGD QLxR OD SHUFHSFLyQ GHO WLHPSR TXH WLHQH FDGD QLxR HO WLHPSR UHDO HQ
PLQXWRV OD SHUFHSFLyQ TXH WLHQH VREUH OD GLVWDQFLD \ OD GLVWDQFLD UHDO HQ PHWURV /RV
GDWRV GH HVWD WDEOD HVWiQ RUGHQDGRV SRU HO WLHPSR UHDO TXH VH WDUGDUtD HQ OOHJDU GHVGH HO
GRPLFLOLRGHFDGDQLxRKDVWDHOFHQWURHGXFDWLYRFDPLQDQGR
(QOD)LJXUDVHFRPSDUDODSHUFHSFLyQGHOWLHPSRTXHWLHQHQORVDOXPQRVFRQHOSURPHGLR
GHOWLHPSRUHDOTXHWDUGDQHQKDFHUHVWHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRSRUHGDG6HFRQIURQWDODSHUFHSFLyQ
H[WUDtGD GH OD HQFXHVWD HQ WUHV YDULDEOHV PXFKR SRFR \ QR OR VDEH FRQ HO SURPHGLR GHO
WLHPSRUHDOGHWRGRVDTXHOORVTXHWLHQHQFDGDXQDGHODVWUHVSHUFHSFLRQHV PHQFLRQDGDV6H
GHWHFWD TXH VRQ ORV PiV SHTXHxRV DxRV TXLHQHV PXHVWUDQ PD\RU FRQIXVLyQ HQ HVWD
UHODFLyQ SDUD WLHPSRV VLPLODUHV GDQ UHVSXHVWDV GLIHUHQWHV LQGLVWLQWDPHQWH 3RU VX SDUWH ORV
FKLFRV GH DxRV Vt DGYLHUWHQ GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH HO WLHPSR UHDO \ VX SURSLD SHUFHSFLyQ
6RUSUHQGH TXH XQ DPSOLR SRUFHQWDMH GH QLxRV GH DxRV QR VDEH HO WLHPSR TXH WDUGD HQ
KDFHUHOUHFRUULGRDXQTXHVLVHREVHUYDFLHUWDFRKHUHQFLDHQWUHORVTXHFRQWHVWDQ


)LJXUD&RPSDUDWLYDHQWUHODSHUFHSFLyQGHOWLHPSR\HOWLHPSRUHDOGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHQIXQFLyQGH
ODHGDG(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

/D)LJXUDPXHVWUDXQDFRPSDUDWLYDGHODSHUFHSFLyQGHODGLVWDQFLD\ODGLVWDQFLDUHDOSRU
HGDGHV6HFRPSUXHEDTXHORVQLxRVGHDxRVWLHQHQXQDSHUFHSFLyQFRQIXVDGHODGLVWDQFLD
UHDO SDUD GLVWDQFLD HQWUH P HO YDORU GH VXV UHVSXHVWDV FHUFD R OHMRV VRQ
SUiFWLFDPHQWH VLPLODUHV (Q FXDQWR D ORV DOXPQRV GH DxRV Vt VRQ FDSDFHV GH GLIHUHQFLDU
DPEDV YDULDEOHV 3RU VX SDUWH ORV QLxRV GH DxRVVH PXHVWUDQ QXHYDPHQWH LQGHFLVRV SHUR
VREUH WRGR FDEUtD GHVWDFDU TXH ORV TXH UHFRUUHQ XQD GLVWDQFLD UHDO PD\RU OD SHUFLEHQ FRPR
SUy[LPD\DOFRQWUDULR
)LJXUD&RPSDUDWLYDHQWUHODSHUFHSFLyQHVSDFLDO\ODGLVWDQFLDUHDOSRUHGDGHV(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

(QJHQHUDOODPHGLDGHOWLHPSRUHDOTXHVHWDUGDHQKDFHUHOUHFRUULGRFDPLQDQGRHVVLPLODUD
ODGHOWLHPSRSHUFLELGRSRUORVDOXPQRV3RUHGDGHVVHSXHGHFRPSUREDUTXHVRQORVQLxRVGH
DxRVORVTXHPHMRUSHUFLEHQHOWLHPSRSXHVGDQUHVSXHVWDVPiVFRKHUHQWHVFRQODUHDOLGDG
PLHQWUDV TXH ORV GH \ DxRV PXHVWUDQ GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH HO WLHPSR UHDO \ VX SURSLD
SHUFHSFLyQ&RQUHVSHFWRDODUHODFLyQHQWUHODSHUFHSFLyQGHOHVSDFLR\ODGLVWDQFLDUHDOVRQ
WDPELpQORVDOXPQRVGHDxRVORVTXHUHIOHMDQXQDSHUFHSFLyQPiVGHVDUUROODGDUHODFLRQDQ
PHMRU OD SUR[LPLGDGOHMDQtD FRQ OD GLVWDQFLD UHDO PLHQWUDV TXH ORV GH \ DxRV SUHVHQWDQ
FRQIXVLRQHVHQWUHDPEDVFXHVWLRQHV
4XHORVQLxRVGHDxRVWHQJDQPHQRUGHVDUUROODGDODFDSDFLGDGHVSDFLDO\WHPSRUDOTXHORV
GHDxRVSDUHFHOyJLFRSHURVRUSUHQGHQODVUHVSXHVWDVGHORVGHDxRV&RQHOREMHWLYRGH
EXVFDUXQDH[SOLFDFLyQVDWLVIDFWRULDDHVWDFXHVWLyQVHDQDOL]DHOPRGRGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH


ORVQLxRVDOFHQWURHGXFDWLYR/RVGDWRVGHODHQFXHVWDUHYHODQTXHGHPDQHUDJHQHUDOL]DGD
ORVDOXPQRVOOHJDQDOFHQWURHGXFDWLYRHQYHKtFXORSDUWLFXODUVLELHQVHDSUHFLDQGLIHUHQFLDV
ORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHO~OWLPRFXUVRGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOVHGHVSOD]DQHQPD\RUPHGLGDHQFRFKH
TXHORVRWURVGRVFXUVRVHOGHORVQLxRVGHDxRVVHGHVSOD]DQKDELWXDOPHQWHDO
FHQWURHQYHKtFXORSDUWLFXODUPLHQWUDVTXHHVWDFLIUDGHVFLHQGHKDVWDHOHQORVGHOFXUVR
LQWHUPHGLR
(QOD)LJXUDTXHUHSUHVHQWDODFRPSDUDWLYDHQWUHHOPRGRGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODSHUFHSFLyQ
GHODGLVWDQFLD\HOHVSDFLRUHDOTXHH[LVWHHQWUHHOGRPLFLOLRGHODOXPQR\HOFHQWURHGXFDWLYR
VHREVHUYDTXHORVDOXPQRVTXHKDFHQHOUHFRUULGRHQDXWRE~VPXHVWUDQXQDFODUDFRQIXVLyQ
HQODSHUFHSFLyQGHODGLVWDQFLD7DOHVDVtTXHDTXHOORVTXHSHUFLEHQTXHUHVLGHQFHUFDGHO
FHQWUR HGXFDWLYR HQ UHDOLGDG YLYHQ D XQD PHGLD GH P PLHQWUDV TXH ORV TXH SHUFLEHQ
TXHUHVLGHQOHMRVHVWiQDPHQRVGHP6LQHPEDUJRODSHUFHSFLyQGHORVTXHVHGHVSOD]DQ
FDPLQDQGR\HQYHKtFXORSDUWLFXODUFRLQFLGHQHQPD\RUPHGLGDFRQODVGLVWDQFLDVUHDOHV
)LJXUD&RPSDUDWLYDHQWUHHOPRGRGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODSHUFHSFLyQGHODGLVWDQFLD\HOHVSDFLR
JHRJUiILFRUHDO(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

6LVHUHODFLRQDHOPRGRGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRFRQODSHUFHSFLyQGHOWLHPSRTXHWLHQHQORVQLxRV
HQ KDFHU GLFKR UHFRUULGR )LJXUD VH REVHUYDQ FLHUWDV GLIHUHQFLDV FRQ HO JUiILFR DQWHULRU
$TXHOORV TXH VH GHVSOD]DQ HQ DXWRE~V R FRFKH SUHVHQWDQ PD\RU FRQIXVLyQ HQ VX SHUFHSFLyQ
WHPSRUDO WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD HO SRUFHQWDMH GH DOXPQRV TXH HOLJHQ OD RSFLyQ QR VDEH
$GHPiV ORV TXH XWLOL]DQ HO DXWRE~V PXHVWUDQ LPSRUWDQWHV FRQIXVLRQHV HQ VX SHUFHSFLyQ
WHPSRUDODOLJXDOTXHVXFHGtDFRQVXSHUFHSFLyQHVSDFLDO
)LJXUD&RPSDUDWLYDHQWUHHOPRGRGHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRODSHUFHSFLyQGHOWLHPSR\HO
WLHPSRUHDO(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD


35238(67$ '( $&7,9,'$'(6 3$5$ 0(-25$5 /$ 3(5&(3&,1
(63$&,$/
'HVSXpVGHODUHDOL]DFLyQGHODHQFXHVWD\GHODJHQHUDFLyQGHODFDUWRJUDItDSDUDFRQWUDVWDUOD
SHUFHSFLyQGHORVDOXPQRVFRQODUHDOLGDGYLYLGDVHWUDEDMDURQHQHODXODDFWLYLGDGHV(VWDV
DFWLYLGDGHVWDQVyORVHUHDOL]DURQFRQORVQLxRVGHO~OWLPRFXUVRGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOSXHVVH
FRQVLGHUy TXH SUHVHQWDEDQ FDUHQFLDV LPSRUWDQWHV HQ OD FDSDFLGDG HVSDFLDO HQ UHODFLyQ D VX
HGDGTXHHUDQHFHVDULRWUDEDMDUSDUDVXFRUUHFWRGHVDUUROOR
(OGHVDUUROORGHODQRFLyQHVSDFLDOHVXQSURFHVROHQWR\PX\FRPSOHMRSXHVWRTXHHOULWPR
HYROXWLYR GHSHQGH GHO PHFDQLVPR FHUHEUDO GHO QLxR GH VX PRWLYDFLyQ \ GHO PHGLR VRFLR
FXOWXUDO 3ULPHUR DSUHQGH ODV QRFLRQHV HVSDFLDOHV HQ Vt PLVPR GHVSXpV HQ ORV REMHWRV FRQ
UHIHUHQFLDDVtPLVPR\SRU~OWLPRHQORVREMHWRVHQUHODFLyQDRWURVREMHWRV5DHO
3DUD WUDEDMDU WDQWR ORV FRQWHQLGRV FRPR ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV HVSDFLDOHV GLVHxDPRV WUHV
DFWLYLGDGHV /RV SXQWRV FDUGLQDOHV (O HVSDFLR HQ HO DXOD \ 'yQGH HVWDPRV"
1RFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVEiVLFDV
6HHPSOHyXQDPHWRGRORJtDDFWLYD\PRWLYDGRUDEDViQGRVHHQODSDUWLFLSDFLyQFRQVWDQWHGHO
DOXPQR \ SURPRYLHQGR TXH VHD pO TXLHQ FRQVWUX\D VX SURSLR DSUHQGL]DMH 6H XWLOL]y XQ
HQIRTXHJOREDOL]DGRU\XQDSUHQGL]DMH VLJQLILFDWLYR

$&7,9,'$'/26381726&$5',1$/(6 $&7,9,'$'(/(63$&,2(1(/$8/$ $&7,9,'$'12&,21(6(63$&,$/(6%6,&$6
2%-(7,926 ,GHQWLILFDUORVSXQWRVFDUGLQDOHV 5HFRUGDUFLHUWRVREMHWRVGHOHVSDFLR &RQRFHU\GLIHUHQFLDUHOODGRGHUHFKR\HOL]TXLHUGR
','&7,&26 *XLDUDVXVFRPSDxHURVVHJ~QODXELFDFLyQGHOREMHWR 5HSUHVHQWDUORYLYLGRPHGLDQWHHOGLEXMR &RQRFHU\GLIHUHQFLDUHOVLJQLILFDGRGHDUULED\DEDMR
VLWXDGR &RQRFHUORVGLVWLQWRVPpWRGRVGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ &RQRFHUTXpHVHOFHQWUR
8WLOL]DUODVQRFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVEiVLFDVSDUDH[SOLFDUOD 8WLOL]DUORVVHQWLGRVSDUDLUGHXQODGRDRWUR
XELFDFLyQSURSLDGHRWUDVSHUVRQDV\GHREMHWRV
'HVDUUROODUODVSULPHUDVQRFLRQHVGHODSHUFHSFLyQHVSDFLDO
&217(1,'26 8WLOL]DFLyQDGHFXDGDGHODVIRUPDVVRFLDOPHQWHHVWDEOHFLGDV 8WLOL]DFLyQGHOGLEXMRSDUDH[SUHVDUVH &RQRFLPLHQWRGHORVFRQFHSWRVGHUHFKDHL]TXLHUGD\DUULED
SDUDUHODFLRQDUVHFRQORVGHPiV 'LIHUHQFLDFLyQHQWUHODVIRUPDVHVFULWDV\RWUDV \DEDMR
1RFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVEiVLFDV IRUPDVGHH[SUHVLyQJUiILFD &RQRFLPLHQWRGHOFRQFHSWRGHFHQWUDOLGDG
2ULHQWDFLyQHQORVHVSDFLRVKDELWXDOHVXVRFRUUHFWRGHVXV 5HSUHVHQWDFLyQGHIRUPDVGLYHUVDFRQVLGHUDQGRVX 8WLOL]DFLyQGHODVQRFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVEiVLFDVSDUDH[SOLFDU
GHSHQGHQFLDV\DXWRQRPtDHQORVUHFRUULGRVPiVIUHFXHQWHV RULHQWDFLyQUHVSHFWRDHOOD\HOUHVWRGHOHVSDFLR ODXELFDFLyQSURSLDGHRWUDVSHUVRQDVRGHREMHWRV
FRWLGLDQRV
,GHQWLILFDFLyQ\ORFDOL]DFLyQGHODVSDUWHVGHOFXHUSRHQ
UHODFLyQDREMHWRV
7(0325$/,=$&,1 7LHPSRRUJDQL]DGRHQIXQFLyQGHODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHORV (OWLHPSRHVWDUiRUJDQL]DGRHQIXQFLyQGHODV (OWLHPSRHVWDUiRUJDQL]DGRHQIXQFLyQGHODVQHFHVLGDGHV
QLxRVDXQTXHVLHPSUHHQUHODFLyQDORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVGHO QHFHVLGDGHVGHORVQLxRVDXQTXHGHOPLVPRPRGR GHORVQLxRVDXQTXHGHOPLVPRPRGRVHSRQGUiHQUHODFLyQ
KRUDULRJHQHUDOGHOFHQWUR VHSRQGUiHQUHODFLyQFRQORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVGHO FRQORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVGHOKRUDULRJHQHUDOGHOFHQWUR
5HDOL]DFLyQGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVSHUWLQHQWHVHQODVSULPHUDV KRUDULRJHQHUDOGHOFHQWUR
KRUDVGHODPDxDQDFXDQGRODDWHQFLyQGHOQLxRHVPD\RU
'(6$552//2 &RQRFLPLHQWRV(QODDVDPEOHDVHSUHJXQWDUiDORVQLxRV (QODDVDPEOHDDSURYHFKDQGRORWUDEDMDGRHQOD &RQRFLPLHQWRVSUHYLRV6HFRPLHQ]DODDFWLYLGDGH[SOLFDQGR
VREUHFXHVWLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOHVSDFLRTXpVH SULPHUDDFWLYLGDGVHKDUiXQUHSDVRGHORV DORVDOXPQRVFRQWHQLGRVFRQFHSWXDOHVUHODWLYRVDOD
HQWLHQGHSRUHVSDFLRFyPRQRVRULHQWDPRVSRUGyQGHVDOH FRQFHSWRVEiVLFRUHODFLRQDGRVHQHOHVSDFLR ODWHUDOLGDG6HSDUWHGHFRQRFLPLHQWRVSUHYLRVYLQFXODGRV
HOVROHWF$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHWUDEDMDFRQXQDUXOHWDTXHVH &DGDQLxRGHEHGLEXMDUHQXQIROLRVXYLVLyQGHO FRQODVRWUDVGRVDFWLYLGDGHVUHDOL]DGDV$QWHVGHHPSH]DUOD
KDKHFKRTXHSUHYLDPHQWHSXHGHQKDEHUUHDOL]DGRHOORVFRQ DXODUHSUHVHQWDGRWRGRVORVREMHWRVGHODPLVPDHQ DFWLYLGDGVHOOHYDDFDERXQMXHJRGHUHFRQRFLPLHQWRVGHO
PDWHULDOHVUHFLFODGRVHQODPDWHULDGHH[SUHVLyQSOiVWLFD UHODFLyQDOPLVPR8QDYH]ILQDOL]DGRHOGLEXMRVH SURSLRFXHUSRSDUDTXHORVDOXPQRVLGHQWLILTXHQODVSDUWHV
FRQORVSXQWRVFDUGLQDOHVSDUDFRPSUHQGHUORV SRGUiFRORUHDUDWHQGLHQGRDXQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQOLEUH GHOPLVPR\VXXELFDFLyQ3DUDHPSH]DUHOQLxRGHEH
3VLFRPRWULFLGDG7UDVODVHVLyQFRQFHSWXDOVHUHDOL]DXQD RWUDWDQGRGHHVER]DUORVFRORUHVGHORVREMHWRV VHxDODUFRQXQDVRODPDQRFLQFRSDUWHVVHQFLOODVGHOFXHUSR
DFWLYLGDGGHSVLFRPRWULFLGDG\MXHJRFRJQLWLYRHQHO UHDOHVGHODXOD SLHUQDHVSDOGDFDEH]DEUD]R\PDQR$FRQWLQXDFLyQFRQ
H[WHULRU6HKDFHQHTXLSRVGHFXDWURRFLQFRQLxRV\DXQR ORVRMRVFHUUDGRVVHxDODUiRWUDVFLQFRSDUWHVXQSRFRPiV
GHFDGDJUXSRVHOHWDSDQORVRMRV/RVGHPiVPLHPEURVGHO FRPSOHMDVURGLOODWRELOORFRGRWDOyQ\SiUSDGRV3DUD
HTXLSRFRQODD\XGDGHOSURIHVRUFRORFDQGLIHUHQWHVREMHWRV ILQDOL]DUVHDQRWDUiHQXQDILFKDGHODDFWLYLGDGFyPRKD
SRUHOHVSDFLRGHOSDWLRSDUDDFRQWLQXDFLyQJXLDUDO LGHQWLILFDGRFDGDXQDGHODVSDUWHVVHJ~QKD\DVHxDODGR
DOXPQRFRQORVRMRVWDSDGRVFRQLQGLFDFLRQHVVHQFLOODV FDGDXQDFRQODPDQRGHUHFKDRODL]TXLHUGD\VLODKD
YLQFXODGDVFRQODRULHQWDFLyQHQODE~VTXHGDGHORVPLVPRV ORFDOL]DGRFRUUHFWDPHQWH
5HSDVR6HYXHOYHDODXOD\VHUHDOL]DXQDILFKDGH $FWLYLGDG7UDVHOMXHJRVHUHDOL]DODDFWLYLGDGSURSLDPHQWH
DPSOLDFLyQSDUDFRPSUREDUVLORVFRQWHQLGRVFRQFHSWXDOHV GLFKDTXHFRQVLVWHHQDYHULJXDUGyQGHVHHQFXHQWUDHO
VHHVWiQDGTXLULHQGR FtUFXORGHORVELWVGHLQWHOLJHQFLD(QXQDVWDUMHWDV
HODERUDGDVFRQPDWHULDOUHFLFODGRSRUORVSURSLRVDOXPQRV
DSDUHFHQFtUFXORVFRORFDGRVDODL]TXLHUGDDODGHUHFKD
DUULEDDEDMR\HQHOFHQWUR'HLJXDOPRGRKD\GRVWDPDxRV
GHFtUFXORJUDQGH\SHTXHxRFRQHOREMHWRGHTXHWHQJDQHQ
FXHQWDFRPRYDUtDHOWDPDxRGHHVWRVHQIXQFLyQGHVX
FHUFDQtDRDOHMDPLHQWRUHVSHFWRDOREVHUYDGRU
5HSDVR6HUHDOL]DUiQXQDVILFKDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQOD
ODWHUDOLGDGGRQGHORVDOXPQRVWHQGUiQTXHFRORUHDUGHXQ
PLVPRFRORUIORUHVTXHHVWpQGLEXMDGDVDODGHUHFKD\GH
RWURFRORUODVIORUHVGHODL]TXLHUGD
)LJXUD$FWLYLGDGHVSURSXHVWDV(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
$WHQRUGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHODQiOLVLVFRPSDUDWLYRVHGHWHFWDTXHVRQORVQLxRVGH\DxRV
TXLHQHVSUHVHQWDQXQDPD\RUFRQIXVLyQDODKRUDGHODSHUFHSFLyQGHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRORV


UHFRUULGRVPiVODUJRVHOORVORVSHUFLEHQFRPRFHUFDQRV\DOUHYpV3RUVXSDUWHORVDOXPQRV
GH DxRV PXHVWUDQ XQ PD\RU GRPLQLR GH OD SHUFHSFLyQ HVSDFLDO DVt FRPR GH OD WHPSRUDO
FRQVLGHUDQGRTXHWDUGDQPiVWLHPSRHQKDFHUUHFRUULGRVPiVODUJRV\DOUHYpV(VUD]RQDEOH
TXHHOPDUJHQGHFRQIXVLyQWDQWRHVSDFLDOFRPRWHPSRUDOGHVFLHQGDDPHGLGDTXHDYDQ]DOD
HGDG \ HO JUDGR GH PDGXUDFLyQ HV PD\RU SRU HOOR ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH ODV UHVSXHVWDV GH ORV
DOXPQRVGHDxRVVRUSUHQGLHURQ
(O DQiOLVLV GH ORV PRGRV GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR KDELWXDO GHVGH OD YLYLHQGD DO FROHJLR SHUPLWLy
FRUURERUDU TXH HQ XQ SRUFHQWDMH PX\ HOHYDGR HVWRV DOXPQRV KDFHQ HVWH UHFRUULGR HQ
YHKtFXOR PLHQWUDV TXH ORV GH DxRV OR KDFHQ PD\RULWDULDPHQWH FDPLQDQGR 3RURWUR ODGR
SHVHDTXHVRQSRFRVORVDOXPQRVTXHVHGHVSOD]DQHQDXWRE~VVHDGYLHUWHTXHHVHOPRGRTXH
JHQHUD PD\RU FRQIXVLyQ HQ ODSHUFHSFLyQHVSDFLDO\ WHPSRUDO 3RUFRQVLJXLHQWH VH HQWLHQGH
TXH HO GHVSOD]DPLHQWR SHDWRQDO HV HO TXH IDYRUHFH HQ PD\RU PHGLGD HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD
FDSDFLGDG HVSDFLDO \ WHPSRUDO SXHV ORV QLxRV YDQ DSUHQGLHQGR HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ VX SURSLD
H[SHULHQFLD GLUHFWD YLYLGD TXH FRQOOHYD D VX YH] RWUD VHULH GH YHQWDMDV TXH VH SXHGHQ
UHODFLRQDU FRQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH KDELOLGDGHV PRWRUDV \ HO LQFUHPHQWR GH DFWLYLGDG ItVLFD OD
PHMRUD FRJQLWLYRVRFLDO %URZQ HW DO \ ODV KDELOLGDGHV FRQYLYHQFLDOHV 0LUDV
0DUWtQH]$VLPLVPRVHHYLWDQFRQVHFXHQFLDVQHJDWLYDVFRPRHODXPHQWRGHVREUHSHVR
)R[6DOPRQHWDO\ODSpUGLGDGHLQGHSHQGHQFLDHLQWHUUHODFLyQFRQHOHQWRUQR
XUEDQR)RWHODQG7KRPVHQ
(QUHODFLyQDOHVWXGLRGHODVSHUFHSFLRQHV\VXFRPSDUDFLyQFRQHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRUHDOVH
REVHUYDILQDOPHQWHTXHORVQLxRVGHDxRVQRUHVSRQGHQDODVFXHVWLRQHVSUHJXQWDGDVSXHV
HQXQSRUFHQWDMHPX\HOHYDGRHOLJHQODRSFLyQQRVDEHHQWUHODVUHVSXHVWDVSRVLEOHVHOORD
SHVDUGHTXHODVSUHJXQWDVLEDQDFRPSDxDGDVGHGLEXMRVTXHIDFLOLWDEDQVXHQWHQGLPLHQWR/RV
DOXPQRVGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOGH~OWLPRFXUVRKDQDSUHQGLGR\DDOHHUSRUORTXHVHSHUPLWLy
TXH UHVSRQGLHUDQ GH PDQHUD DXWyQRPD DO FXHVWLRQDULR QR REVWDQWH D WHQRU GH ORV GDWRV VH
FRQVLGHUD TXH VL ELHQ VDEHQ OHHU VX FRPSUHQVLyQ OHFWRUD SUHVHQWD LPSRUWDQWHV GHILFLHQFLDV
TXL]i SRU OD IDOWD GH IDPLOLDULGDG FRQ HO WHPD GH OD HQFXHVWD \ FRQ OD HVWUXFWXUD GHO
FXHVWLRQDULR$ORQVR7DSLD6ROp
7UDV FRQRFHU VXV SHUFHSFLRQHV HVSDFLDOHV \ FRQ HO ILQ GH FRQWULEXLU D OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH HVWD
FDSDFLGDG VH GLVHxDURQ XQD VHULH GH DFWLYLGDGHV GLGiFWLFDV DXQTXH VROR SDUD ORV QLxRV GH
FLQFRDxRV(VWDVIXHURQGLULJLGDVDVXSHUDUHOHJRFHQWULVPRLQLFLDOGHVDUUROODUODODWHUDOLGDG\
HOVHQWLGRGHODRULHQWDFLyQHQUHODFLyQWDQWRFRQVXSURSLRFXHUSRFRPRHOGHVXVLJXDOHV
(O SURFHVR GH HYDOXDFLyQ GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV GHO HVWXGLR IXH LQGLYLGXDOL]DGR FRQVLGHUiQGRVH
ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SURSLDV GH FDGD DOXPQR \ EDVDGR HQ OD REVHUYDFLyQ GLUHFWD \ VLVWHPiWLFD
DQRWiQGRVHWRGDVODVLQFLGHQFLDVHQXQGLDULR 6HUHJLVWUDURQWRGRVORVDVSHFWRVUHOHYDQWHV\
UHODFLRQDGRVFRQODSUiFWLFDHGXFDWLYD\VHUHFRJLHURQDTXHOODVDSRUWDFLRQHVTXHVHHVWLPDEDQ
PHMRUDUtDQODVDFWLYLGDGHVDVtFRPRVXVGHELOLGDGHV
/DYDORUDFLyQGHHVWDVDFWLYLGDGHVHVSRVLWLYD/RLPSRUWDQWHHUDFRQVHJXLUTXHORVQLxRVVH
IDPLOLDUL]DVHQ FRQ HO HVSDFLR OD RULHQWDFLyQ R OD ODWHUDOLGDG FRQ HO ILQ GH GHVDUUROODU OD
FDSDFLGDG HVSDFLDO $Vt HQ OD SULPHUD DFWLYLGDG QR LQWHUHVDED WDQWR TXH LQWHULRUL]DVHQ TXH
H[LVWHQFXDWURSXQWRVFDUGLQDOHVVLQRTXHFRPHQ]DUDQDRULHQWDUVHXWLOL]DQGRHVWRVSXQWRV
(Q FXDQWR D OD VHJXQGD DFWLYLGDG ORV DOXPQRV WHQtDQ TXH GLEXMDU HO HVSDFLR GHO DXOD WDO \
FRPR HOORV OR SHUFLEtD 6HJ~Q 3LDJHW HVWR QLxRV VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ OD HWDSD SUHRSHUDFLRQDO
GRQGHVRQ\DFDSDFHVGHSHQVDUORVREMHWRV\SHUVRQDVTXHHVWiQDXVHQWHVDVtFRPRGHXWLOL]DU
VtPERORVSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUODVFRVDVUHDOHVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQHOHQWRUQR3RUFRQVLJXLHQWH
WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHVWR\TXHHODXODHVHOHQWRUQRPiVFHUFDQRHLPSRUWDQWHSDUDORV


DOXPQRVVHGHVDUUROOyXQDDFWLYLGDGHQODTXHWHQtDQTXHGLEXMDUGLFKRHVSDFLRDVtFRPRORV
REMHWRV\SHUVRQDVTXHKDEtDHQVXLQWHULRU6HSUHWHQGtDDGHPiVGHWHFWDUVLHOQLxRHUDFDSD]
GHGLVFULPLQDUGHUHFKDHL]TXLHUGDSHURWDPELpQHQWUHFHQWURDUULED\DEDMRSDUDDSDUWLUGH
DTXt FRPSUREDU VL VH RULHQWDED R QR HQ HO HVSDFLR 3pUH] (O UHVXOWDGR IXH SRVLWLYR
SRUTXH OD PD\RUtD GLEXMDURQ OD FODVH WDO \ FRPR HV HQ OD UHDOLGDG LQFOX\HQGR QR VROR DO
GRFHQWH\DORVFRPSDxHURVVLQRWRGRHOPRELOLDULR\PDWHULDOSUHVHQWHHQODPLVPD$GHPiV
XQRGHORVDOXPQRVSULPHURGLEXMyODFODVHPX\SHTXHxD\GHVSXpVREVHUYyGHQXHYRHODXOD
\ VH GLR FXHQWD GH TXH VX GLEXMR HUD GHPDVLDGR SHTXHxR TXH QR VH FRUUHVSRQGtD FRQ ODV
SURSRUFLRQHVGHODUHDOLGDG\UHFWLILFy
7UDVODUHDOL]DFLyQGHHVWDVGRVSULPHUDVDFWLYLGDGHVVHGHWHFWyTXHXQRGHORVSUREOHPDVHUD
OD IDOWD GH GHVDUUROOR GH OD ODWHUDOLGDG D HVWDV HGDGHV OR TXH XQLGR DO HJRFHQWULVPR TXH
PDQWLHQHQDOJXQRVGHHOORVFRPSOLFDEDODLQWHULRUL]DFLyQGHHVWDVFDSDFLGDGHV&RQHOREMHWR
GHUHIRU]DUODVVHRUJDQL]yXQDWHUFHUDDFWLYLGDGTXHFRQVLVWtDHQFRQRFHUVXSURSLRFXHUSR\HO
GHORVGHPiVSDUDVDEHUFXiOHUDODXELFDFLyQGHXQDVHULHGHREMHWRVFtUFXORVHQUHODFLyQ
SULPHURFRQVXSURSLRFXHUSR\GHVSXpVFRQUHVSHFWRDVXVFRPSDxHURV&RQHOMXHJRHQHO
TXHSDUWLFLSDURQSRUSDUHMDVVHVLQWLHURQVXMHWRVDFWLYRVGHVDUUROODQGRVXFDSDFLGDGHVSDFLDO
D WUDYpV GH OD SHUFHSFLyQ LQPHGLDWD \ OD DFFLyQ $Vt SXHV HO GHVDUUROOR FRUUHFWR GH OD
SVLFRPRWULFLGDG \ OD SHUFHSFLyQ HVSDFLDO VH GHEH EDVDU HQ HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH VX SURSLR
FXHUSR \D TXH HV HVWH HO SXQWR GH SDUWLGD UHIHUHQFLDO SDUD SRVWHULRUPHQWH FRQRFHU PHMRU HO
HVSDFLRTXHOHURGHD\RULHQWDUVHHQpO
(QJHQHUDOHOUHVXOWDGRILQDOGHWRGDVODVDFWLYLGDGHVIXHVDWLVIDFWRULRGHELGRDODLPSOLFDFLyQ
\PRWLYDFLyQPRVWUDGDSRUORVDOXPQRV+D\TXHWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHVRQQLxRVGHDxRV\
TXH HV QHFHVDULR WUDEDMDU ORV FRQFHSWRV GLDULDPHQWH \ FRQ FRQVWDQFLD $GHPiV KD\ TXH
GHVDUUROODU ODV DFWLYLGDGHV FRQ PiV WLHPSR \ SODQLILFDU ODV WDUHDV FRQ DQWHULRULGDG SRUTXH OD
LPSURYLVDFLyQHQFLHUWRVPRPHQWRVSXHGHFRQIXQGLUDOQLxR\FUHDUSHQVDPLHQWRVHUUyQHRVD
OD KRUD GH UHDOL]DU ORV GLIHUHQWHV WUDEDMRV 6H HVWLPD SRU FRQVLJXLHQWH QHFHVDULR H
LPSUHVFLQGLEOHGHGLFDUJUDQSDUWHGHODSUHQGL]DMHGHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRDOMXHJR\RIUHFHUDO
QLxRSURWDJRQLVPRHQFDGDXQDGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVSDUDTXHGHVDUUROOHODDXWRQRPtDQHFHVDULD
TXHOHVVHUYLUiSDUDVXFRUUHFWRGHVHPSHxRGLDULRIXHUDGHOFHQWURHGXFDWLYR
3DUD FRQFOXLU WDQ VROR DSXQWDU OD QHFHVLGDG GHO FRQWDFWR ItVLFR FRQ HO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR
GLDULRSDUDHOFRUUHFWRGHVDUUROORGHORVFRQWHQLGRVFRQFHSWXDOHVYLQFXODGRVDOPLVPRKHFKR
TXHKDTXHGDGRGHPRVWUDGRFRQORVUHVXOWDGRVGHODHQFXHVWDGHORVDOXPQRVGHDxRVTXH
VRQORVTXHPiVVHGHVSOD]DQFDPLQDQGR\ORVTXHPHMRUUHODFLyQHQWUHSHUFHSFLyQ\UHDOLGDG
HVSDFLDOSUHVHQWDQ$GHPiVODLQWHUYHQFLyQGLVHxDGD\TXHVHKDDSOLFDGRHQHODXODHQIRUPD
GHDFWLYLGDGHVLQFLGHHQODQHFHVLGDGGHWUDEDMDUSURFHGLPLHQWRVOLJDGRVDOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR
\ OD LPSRUWDQFLD GHO FRQWDFWR GLUHFWR GHO DOXPQRV FRQ HO PLVPR HQ DUDV GH XQ FRUUHFWR
GHVDUUROORGHODRULHQWDFLyQ\ODODWHUDOLGDG

$*5$'(&,0,(1726
/D SXEOLFDFLyQSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO SUHVHQWH WUDEDMR KD VLGR SRVLEOH JUDFLDV D OD ILQDQFLDFLyQ
FRQFHGLGD SRU HO )RQGR (XURSHR GH 'HVDUUROOR 5HJLRQDO )('(5 \ SRU OD -XQWD GH
([WUHPDGXUD DO JUXSR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ 'HVDUUROOR 6RVWHQLEOH \ 3ODQLILFDFLyQ 7HUULWRULDO D
WUDYpVGHODD\XGDGHUHIHUHQFLD*5


%,%/,2*5$)$
$OFDUD] $ (O HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR \ VX WUDWDPLHQWR GLGiFWLFR HQ ) 7ULJXHURV /
$ULDV30LUDOOHV60ROLQD55RGUtJXH]Didctica de las Ciencias sociales en los cursos
de grado de Educacin Infantil. 0XUFLD'LHJR0DUtQ/LEUHUR(GLWRU
$ORQVR 7DSLD - &ODYHV SDUD OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD FRPSUHQVLyQ OHFWRUD Revista de
Educacin, Q~PH[WUDRUGLQDULRSS
&DEDOOHUR $ 'HVDUUROOR GH OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ HVSDFLDO Revista de Psicologa y
PsicopedagogaSS
%HGR\D 0/ 7RUUHV $'3 \ 8UiQ /- La enseanza y el aprendizaje de los
conceptos de tiempo y espacio en los estudiantes de 10 a 13 aos0HGHOOtQ
%URZQ%0DFNHWW5*RQJ<.LWD]DZD.DQG3DVNLQV-*HQGHUGLIIHUHQFHVLQ
FKLOGUHQVSDWKZD\VWRLQGHSHQGHQWPRELOLW\Childrens GeographiesSS
&DUR (0 'tD] $& 6XiUH] $' \ %HOPRQWH -3/ (VWXGLR HQ FRPSHWLFLyQ
VREUH HO JUDGR GH XWLOL]DFLyQ GH OD SLHUQD QR GRPLQDQWH HQ HO I~WERO SURIHVLRQDO Lecturas:
Educacin Fsica y DeportesS
&ROHWR&'HVDUUROORPRWRUHQODLQIDQFLDInnovacin y Experiencias Educativas
S
)RWHO7DQG7KRPVHQ787KHVXUYHLOODQFHRIFKLOGUHQVPRELOLW\Surveillance &
SocietySS
)R[.5 &KLOGKRRG REHVLW\ DQG WKHUROH RI SK\VLFDO DFWLYLW\Journal of the Royal
Society for the Promotion of HealthSS
*DUFtD $0 Psicologa del desarrollo en la etapa de educacin infantil 0DGULG
(GLFLRQHV3LUiPLGH
*DUFtD(%(OFRQRFLPLHQWR\HOFRQWUROGHOSURSLRFXHUSRHQODLQIDQFLDLecturas:
Educacin Fsica y DeportesS
*XWLpUUH]- &ULVWyEDO &\ *yPH] * $FFHVLELOLGDGSHDWRQDO D OD UHG GH PHWUR GH
0DGULG HIHFWRV GHO 3ODQ GH $PSOLDFLyQ Anales de Geografa de la Universidad
ComplutenseSS
*XWLpUUH]-*DUFtD-$$OYHQWRVD&5HGRQGR-&\3DQLDJXD($FFHVLELOLGDG
SHDWRQDO D OD UHG VDQLWDULD GH DVLVWHQFLD SULPDULD HQ 0DGULG Anales de Geografa de la
Universidad ComplutenseYROH[WUDRUGLQDULRSS
.QREODXFK 5/ 3LHWUXFKD 07 DQG 1LW]EXUJ 0 )LHOG 6WXGLHV RI 3HGHVWULDQ
:DONLQJ 6SHHG DQG 6WDUW8S 7LPH Transportation Research Record: Journal of the
Transportation Research BoardSS
/DRUGHQ & \ 3pUH] & (O HVSDFLR FRPR HOHPHQWR IDFLOLWDGRU GHO DSUHQGL]DMH 8QD
H[SHULHQFLDHQODIRUPDFLyQLQLFLDOGHOSURIHVRUDGRPulsoSS
/XUoDW/El nio y el espacio. La funcin del cuerpo0p[LFR'))RQGRGH&XOWXUD
(FRQyPLFD
0HHFH-Desarrollo del nio y del adolescente. Compendio para educadores0p[LFR
')6(30F*UDZ+LOOSS


0LUDV0DUWtQH])/RVWUDVWRUQRVGHOGHVDUUROORLQWHOHFWXDOHQ<XVWH5RVHOO(G
Educacin Vial en el mbito juvenil8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OPHUtDSS
0XxR]5DVNLQ 5 :DONLQJ DFFHVVLELOLW\ WR EXV UDSLG WUDQVLW 'RHV LW DIIHFW SURSHUW\
YDOXHV"7KHFDVHRI%RJRWi&RORPELDTransport PolicySS
2FKDtWD(/DWHRUtDGH3LDJHWVREUHHOGHVDUUROORGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRHVSDFLDOEstudios
de PsicologaSS
3pUH]$-Esquema corporal y la lateralidad,QpGLWR0XUFLD
5DHO 0, (VSDFLR \ WLHPSR HQ (GXFDFLyQ ,QIDQWLO Innovacin y Experiencias
Educativas, SS
6DOPRQ - 7LPSHULR $ &OHODQG 9 DQG 9HQQ $ 7UHQGV LQ FKLOGUHQV SK\VLFDO
DFWLYLW\ DQG ZHLJKW VWDWXV LQ KLJK DQG ORZ VRFLRHFRQRPLF VWDWXV DUHDV LQ 0HOERXUQH
9LFWRULD Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health SS

6ROp,&RPSHWHQFLDOHFWRUD\DSUHQGL]DMHRevista Iberoamericana de Educacin
SS
7ULJXHURV ) $ULDV / 0LUDOOHV 3 0ROLQD 6 \ 5RGUtJXH] 5 Didctica de las
Ciencias sociales en los cursos de grado de Educacin Infantil. 0XUFLD'LHJR0DUtQ/LEUHUR
(GLWRU


/$6$/,'$,7,1(5$17('(*(2*5$)$

-RDTXtQ0iUTXH]3pUH]
3DEOR)UDLOH-XUDGR$UVHQLR
9LOODU/DPD0LJXHO*DUFtD
0DUWtQ1RHOD6iQFKH]
&DUQHUR1DWDOLD/LPRQHV
5RGUtJXH],QPDFXODGD
0DUWtQH]$OED/DUD
5RGUtJXH]5RPHUR
1,2,3
Dpto. Geografa Fsica y AGR. Universidad de Sevilla
4
Dpto. Geografa Humana. Universidad de Sevilla
5
Centro de Estudios de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR, Argentina)
6
Banco Mundial
7
Sociedad para el Desarrollo de las Comunidades Costeras
8
IES Munigua
jmarper@us.es; pfraile@us.es; arsenio@us.es; mgmartin@us.es; noelasc@gmail.com; nataliar@us.es;
inmamine@hotmail.com; lararodriguezromero@gmail.com
5(680(1
/D 6DOLGD ,WLQHUDQWH GH *HRJUDItD HV XQ SUR\HFWR HGXFDWLYR WUDQVYHUVDO \ H[WUDFXUULFXODU FRQVLVWHQWH HQ OD
UHDOL]DFLyQGHXQDVDOLGDGHFDPSRGHYDULRVGtDVGHGXUDFLyQ$SLH\SRUXQHVSDFLRGHFDUiFWHUQDWXUDO\UXUDO
SURIHVRUHV \ DOXPQRV GH OD WLWXODFLyQ GH *HRJUDItD GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 6HYLOOD SUHYLDPHQWH RUJDQL]DGRV HQ
JUXSRVGHWUDEDMRDQDOL]DQODVSULQFLSDOHVFODYHVWHUULWRULDOHVGHOiPELWRUHFRUULGR+DVWDODIHFKDVH
KDQ UHDOL]DGR QXHYH HGLFLRQHV XQD HQ FDGD FXUVR DFDGpPLFR GHVGH (O REMHWLYR GH HVWH FDStWXOR HV
PRVWUDU ODV SULQFLSDOHV DSRUWDFLRQHV GLGiFWLFDV GH HVWD DFWLYLGDG GHWHFWDU VXV IRUWDOH]DV \ GHELOLGDGHV \
H[SRQHUSHUVSHFWLYDVGHPHMRUDHQHOIXWXUR

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
6DOLGDGHFDPSRWUDQVYHUVDOLGDGWUDEDMRHQHTXLSRVHQGHULVPRVLHUUD

,1752'8&&,1
/D VDOLGD GH FDPSR FRQVWLWX\H XQ PpWRGR GLGiFWLFR IXQGDPHQWDO HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD
*HRJUDItD DVt FRPR HQ VXV DSOLFDFLRQHV SURIHVLRQDOHV 6X LPSRUWDQFLD HVWULED HQ TXH
SURSRUFLRQDDORVHVWXGLDQWHVXQD H[SHULHQFLDSUiFWLFDGHOPXQGRUHDODWUDYpVGH FXOWXUDV\
WHUULWRULRV )XOOHU (GPRQGVRQ )UDQFH +LJJLWW 5DWLQHQ R FRPR VHxDOD %DUUDTXp
1LFRODX YLQFXOD OD HVFXHOD FRQ OD YLGD FRQYLUWLHQGR OD UHDOLGDG HQ XQ PHGLR GH
HQVHxDQ]D
&RPRPpWRGRWUDVFLHQGHODVFRPSHWHQFLDVSURSLDVPiVFOiVLFDVGHODVFLHQFLDVJHRJUiILFDVD
VDEHU OD REVHUYDFLyQ OD GHVFULSFLyQ \ HO DQiOLVLV SDUD VHUYLU GH HMH FRQGXFWRU D OD
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ\ODOHFWXUDKHUPHQpXWLFDGHODPDQLIHVWDFLyQVHQVLEOHGHOWHUULWRULRHOSDLVDMH
'HOJDGR %XMDODQFH\2MHGD5LYHUD3HURODSUHVHQFLD in situ GHGRFHQWHV \DOXPQRV
WDPELpQIDYRUHFHODPRWLYDFLyQFRPRFDWDOL]DGRUGHOSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH\HQVHxDQ]D
J.Mrquez Prez,P.Fraile Jurado, A.Villar Lama, M.Garca Martn, N.Snchez Camero, N.Limones Rodrguez,

I.Martnez Alba,L.Rodrguez Romero


FUHDQGRXQFRPSURPLVRpWLFR\VRFLDOSRUPHGLRGHXQDYDORUDFLyQDFWLYD\FRPSURPHWLGDGH
ORVVLJQLILFDGRVLQKHUHQWHVDWRGRSDLVDMH*DUFtDGHOD9HJD6RXVD)HUQDQGHV*DUFtD
0RQWHDJXGR 6RXWR*RQ]iOH](Q~OWLPDLQVWDQFLDGHVSOD]DUODSUiFWLFDGRFHQWHDO
FDPSR DO afueras FRQYLHUWH D ORV DOXPQRV HQ DFWRUHV HQ FLHUWD PHGLGD SDUWtFLSHV GHO
WDEOHURGHMXHJRTXHHVHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR*DUFtD0DUWtQSRUVXSDUHQWHVFRFRQXQ
HMHUFLFLRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQSDUWLFLSDQWH
$VtEDMRHODPSOLRHVSHFWURGHODSUiFWLFDGLGiFWLFDFRQVLGHUDGDIXHUDGHODXODVHGLVWLQJXHQ
GLYHUVDV H[SHULHQFLDV TXH VH GLIHUHQFLDQ XQDV GH RWUDV HQ VX WUDWDPLHQWR LQVWUXPHQWDO HQ OD
HVFDODHVSDFLDO\WHPiWLFDGHWUDEDMRHQHOJUDGRGHLQWHJUDFLyQLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUHLQFOXVRHQHO
GLVWLQWRFRPSURPLVRSHGDJyJLFR\VRFLDO(VSRUHOORTXHHODEDQLFRWHUPLQROyJLFRHVDPSOLR
GLVWLQJXLHQGR HQ RFDVLRQHV GH IRUPD FRQIXVD HQWUH OD VDOLGD GH FDPSR HO LWLQHUDULR
GLGiFWLFR OD H[FXUVLyQ SHGDJyJLFD HO WUDEDMR GH FDPSR HO YLDMH R OD H[FXUVLyQ JHRJUiILFD
HWFVLELHQODSULPHUDGHHVWDVDFHSFLRQHVKDDFDEDGRLPSRQLpQGRVHFRPRWpUPLQR\IyUPXOD
HQORVFXUUtFXORVHGXFDWLYRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQODHQVHxDQ]DVXSHULRU
(VWDV H[SHULHQFLDV D ODV TXH *yPH] 0HQGR]D \ 6DQ] +HUUiL] VH UHILHUHQ FRPR
H[FXUVLyQJHRJUiILFDXQLYHUVLWDULDSRVHHQXQDEDVHKLVWyULFD PX\VyOLGDVXVSUHFHGHQWHVVH
UHPRQWDQ D ORV YLDMHV GH ORV QDWXUDOLVWDV HQ HO VLJOR ;9,,, \ ;,; HO YLDMH JHRJUiILFR GH OD
(VFXHOD)UDQFHVD9LGDOGHOD%ODFKH'H0DUWRQQH\VXLQIOXHQFLDVREUHOD6RFLHWDW&DWDODQD
GH*HRJUDItD3DX9LOD/OXLV6ROp\DHQHOVLJOR;;(QDTXHOODVH[SHGLFLRQHVFLHQWtILFDVOD
SHUVSHFWLYD ItVLFD \ HVSHFLDOPHQWH OD JHRPRUIRORJtFD HUD FODUDPHQWH SUHSRQGHUDQWH /D
GLIXVLyQGHOYLDMHSHGDJyJLFRDOFRQMXQWRGHOD*HRJUDItDHVSDxRODHVWiPX\UHODFLRQDGDFRQ
ODV5HXQLRQHVGH(VWXGLRV*HRJUiILFRV0DQXHOGH7HUiQHQHOPDUFRGHOD,QVWLWXFLyQ/LEUH
GH (QVHxDQ]D \ 0DUWtQH] GH 3LVyQ VHUiQ GRV SHUVRQDMHV FODYH HQ HO LPSXOVR GHO YLDMH
JHRJUiILFR HO SULPHUR SRU OD E~VTXHGD GHO HTXLOLEULR HQWUH HO HVWXGLR ItVLFR \ KXPDQR GHO
WHUULWRULR\DPERVSRUODSURJUHVLYDLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DFLyQGHODDFWLYLGDG\VXLQWHJUDFLyQHQ
ORVLWLQHUDULRVFXUULFXODUHVXQLYHUVLWDULRV(QQXHVWURFRQWH[WRPiVLQPHGLDWRFDEHGHVWDFDUOD
ILJXUDGHOSURIHVRU5XELR5HFLR
$KRUD ELHQ DTXHOODV IRUPDV GH HQVHxDQ]D IXHUD GHO DXOD TXH SDUWLFXODUPHQWH LQFRUSRUDQ
ODUJDV FDPLQDWDV D SLH FRPR KLOR FRQGXFWRU GH OD DFWLYLGDG SXHGHQ OOHJDU D HQULTXHFHU
VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH HVWH PpWRGR GLGiFWLFR (Q HVWRV FDVRV HO LWLQHUDULR VH FRQYLHUWH HQ XQ
PHGLR GH DFFHVR D ORV SDLVDMHV \ VXV HOHPHQWRV FRQILJXUDGRUHV \D VHD XQD IRUPDFLyQ
JHROyJLFD XQ DSURYHFKDPLHQWR DJUtFROD R ELHQ VH WUDWH GH REVHUYDU YDULDFLRQHV HQ OD
WHPSHUDWXUD GHO DLUH SHUR WDPELpQ HV XQ ILQ HQ Vt PLVPR SRU FXDQWR TXH HO FDPLQR \ HO
FDPLQDU FRQVWLWX\HQ IRUPDV SURSLDV GH FRQRFLPLHQWR \ VROR FDPLQDQGR \ GHMDQGR D
PHQXGR GH KDFHUOR HV GHFLU SDUiQGRVH VH OOHJD D DSUHKHQGHU FLHUWRV IHQyPHQRV TXH
H[SOLFDQ HO FRPSOHMR RUGHQ HVSDFLDO GH ORV WHUULWRULRV 3UHFLVDPHQWH SRUTXH OD HVFDOD GH ODV
FRVDVSHUFLELGDVFDPELDFRQODPDQHUDGHPRYHUVH\ODYHORFLGDG
(OFDPLQDUHVKDVWDWDOSXQWRXQILQHQVtPLVPRTXHSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUVHXQDSUiFWLFDHVWpWLFD
FRPR DVt OD HQWHQGLHURQ SRU HMHPSOR ODV YDQJXDUGLDV PRGHUQLVWDV TXH SUDFWLFDEDQ OD
flnerie RORVDUWLVWDVGHO/DQG$UW&DUHULRWDPELpQXQDSUiFWLFDpWLFDSRUFXDQWR
TXH KXPDQL]D D ODV SHUVRQDV YROYLHQGR ms habitable este mundo ante unos valores que
cada vez priorizan ms lo que transmite el espritu automovilstico y tecnolgico (inmediatez,
velocidad, superficialidad o ligereza)*DUFtD)DUUHURS
,QGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GH OR DQWHULRU FDPLQDU HV GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV TXH PHMRU DSURYHFKDQ ODV
YHQWDMDV GH OD SUiFWLFD GRFHQWH IXHUD GHO DXOD $Vt OD QDWXUDOH]D WUDQVGLVFLSOLQDU GHO
FRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRHQFXHQWUDHQODVVDOLGDVGHFDPSRDSLHXQPHGLRLGyQHRGH


DSOLFDFLyQGLGiFWLFDGHODVGLVWLQWDVPDWHULDVSRUFXDQWRTXHHOLWLQHUDULRatraviesa \conecta
ItVLFD SHUR WDPELpQ FRQFHSWXDOPHQWH ORV GLVWLQWRV HVFHQDULRV HFRVLVWHPDV DPELHQWHV
SDLVDMHV UHJLRQHV SRU ORV TXH VH WUDQVLWD HQ HVSHFLDO FXDQGR HVWRV LWLQHUDULRV VRQ GH ODUJR
UHFRUULGRLQFOXVRSURORQJiQGRVHSRUHVSDFLRGHYDULRVGtDV(VHQHVWHFRQWH[WRSHGDJyJLFR
GRQGH OD YLVLyQ KROtVWLFD GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR JHRJUiILFR DGTXLHUH WRGD VX GLPHQVLyQ SXHV VH
SXHGHQSHUFLELUHLQFOXVRSDGHFHUORVFRQGLFLRQDQWHVItVLFRQDWXUDOHV\VXVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHV
KXPDQDVUHVXOWDQWHVDXQDHVFDODGHPXFKRGHWDOOH
$FWXDOPHQWH SDUHFHQ FRQYLYLU HQ ORV YLDMHV JHRJUiILFRV GH IRUPDFLyQ DFDGpPLFD GRV
WHQGHQFLDV FRPSOHPHQWDULDV GH XQD SDUWH ODV VDOLGDV GH FDPSR HVSHFLDOL]DGDV OLJDGDV
GLUHFWDPHQWH D PDWHULDV HVSHFtILFDV \ GH RWUR QXHYDV SURSXHVWDV PXOWL \ WUDQVGLVFLSOLQDUHV
(Q HVWD OtQHD OODPD QXHVWUD DWHQFLyQ OD H[SHULHQFLD GH ORV FRPSDxHURV JHyJUDIRV GH OD
8QLYHUVLGDG3DEORGH2ODYLGHWDO\FRPRH[SOLFDQHQXQDSXEOLFDFLyQDOUHVSHFWR'HOJDGR
%XMDODQFH et. al /D LQFRUSRUDFLyQ D OD GLPHQVLyQ FLHQWtILFD GH ODV \D PHQFLRQDGDV
GLPHQVLRQHVpWLFD\HVWpWLFDHQGHILQLWLYDHOSDLVDMHFRQIRUPDXQDGHODVLGHDVFODYHGH
HVWDSURSXHVWD
6LHQGRFRQVFLHQWHVGHODDPSOLDWUD\HFWRULDGHOYLDMHJHRJUiILFR\GHVXVP~OWLSOHVYHUVLRQHV\
HVFXHODV HO REMHWLYR GH OD SUHVHQWH DSRUWDFLyQ HV H[SRQHU ODV SULQFLSDOHV SDUWLFXODULGDGHV
GLGiFWLFDV GH QXHVWUD 6DOLGD ,WLQHUDQWH GH *HRJUDItD GHWHFWDU VXV IRUWDOH]DV \ GHELOLGDGHV \
H[SRQHUSHUVSHFWLYDVGHPHMRUDHQHOIXWXUR

'(6&5,3&,1'(/$$&7,9,'$'

'HILQLFLyQ\REMHWLYRV
/D6DOLGD,WLQHUDQWHGH*HRJUDItDFRQVLVWHHQODUHDOL]DFLyQGHXQDVDOLGDGHFDPSRGHYDULRV
GtDV GH GXUDFLyQ D SLH \ SRU XQ HVSDFLR GH FDUiFWHU QDWXUDO \ UXUDO GRQGH SURIHVRUHV \
DOXPQRVGHODWLWXODFLyQGH*HRJUDItDSUHYLDPHQWHRUJDQL]DGRVHQJUXSRVGHWUDEDMRDQDOL]DQ
ODVSULQFLSDOHVFODYHVWHUULWRULDOHVGHOiPELWRUHFRUULGR/RVUHVXOWDGRVVHFRPSDUWHQPHGLDQWH
ODVH[SRVLFLRQHVWHPiWLFDVGHORVGLVWLQWRVJUXSRV
+DVWD OD IHFKD VH KDQ UHDOL]DGR QXHYH HGLFLRQHV XQD SRU FDGD FXUVR DFDGpPLFR GHVGH
7DEOD (Q WRWDO VH KDQ UHFRUULGR XQRV NLOyPHWURV HQ GLYHUVRV HVSDFLRV QDWXUDOHV HQ
(VSDxDEiVLFDPHQWHHQ$QGDOXFtD\HVSHFLDOPHQWHHQVXVVHUUDQtDV%pWLFDV\VHKDQOOHYDGR
DFDERMRUQDGDVFRPSOHWDVGHVHQGHULVPR'HWUHVDFLQFRSURIHVRUHVRUJDQL]DQODDFWLYLGDG
FDGDDxR\HOQ~PHURWRWDOGHDOXPQRVSDUWLFLSDQWHVFRQXQPi[LPRGHHQFDGD6DOLGDVH
HOHYDDVLELHQXQDSDUWHVLJQLILFDWLYDKDHVWDGRSUHVHQWHVHQYDULDVHGLFLRQHV



7DEOD&XDGUR5HVXPHQGHOD6DOLGD,WLQHUDQWHGH*HRJUDItD

/RV'HSDUWDPHQWRVGH*HRJUDItDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOODDPSDUDQLQVWLWXFLRQDOPHQWHOD
DFWLYLGDG VXIUDJDQGR EXHQD SDUWH GH VXV FRVWHV HO UHVWR KDVWD FRPSOHWDU HO SUHVXSXHVWR HV
DSRUWDGR SRU WRGRV ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV 'HVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD GHO LWLQHUDULR FXUULFXODU GHO
DOXPQR HVWH HYHQWR KD VLGR UHFRQRFLGR FRPR $VLJQDWXUD GH /LEUH &RQILJXUDFLyQ
\FRPR$FWLYLGDGFRQ5HFRQRFLPLHQWR$FDGpPLFRHQODWLWXODFLyQGH*UDGR
FRQ(&76
(O REMHWLYR SULQFLSDO GH OD 6DOLGD HV YLVXDOL]DU FRQVROLGDU \ DSUHKHQGHU ORV FRQWHQLGRV
LQWHJUDGRV HQ ORV HVWXGLRV XQLYHUVLWDULRV GH *HRJUDItD DSURYHFKDQGR OD LQPHGLDWH] GH OD
UHDOLGDGHVWXGLDGD)LJXUD(OKHFKRGHFRORFDUDODOXPQRHQXQDSRVLFLyQHQODTXHSXHGHQ
FRQIOXLU PXFKRV DVSHFWRV GLVWLQWRV GH XQD PLVPD UHDOLGDG DFDGpPLFDPHQWH KDEODQGR
PXFKDV DVLJQDWXUDV OHV UHIXHU]D OD LGHD GH OD *HRJUDItD FRPR XQD GLVFLSOLQD WUDQVYHUVDO
(QWUHORVREMHWLYRVHVSHFtILFRVGHOD6DOLGDGHVWDFDQ
x )DFLOLWDU TXH PXFKRV GH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV TXH VH LPSDUWHQ GH IRUPD WHyULFD HQ OD
FDUUHUD SXHGDQ VHU VL QR DSOLFDGRV DO PHQRV YLVXDOL]DGRV \ FRQWH[WXDOL]DGRV $VSHFWRV
UHODWLYRV D OD JHRPRUIRORJtD ELRJHRJUDItD FOLPDWRORJtD KLGURORJtD JHRJUDItD UXUDO
RUGHQDFLyQ GHO WHUULWRULR SODQHDPLHQWR XUEDQtVWLFR R SDLVDMH VRQ LQWHQFLRQDGDPHQWH
REVHUYDGRVLQVLWX\GHIRUPDFRQMXQWD


)LJXUD([SRVLFLyQIUHQWHD6HJXUDGHOD6LHUUD-DpQ

x $SUHQGHU \ HQVHxDU D GHVHQYROYHUVH HQ HO PHGLR QDWXUDO XWLOL]DQGR LQVWUXPHQWRV
EiVLFRV GHO WUDEDMR GH FDPSR HQ JHRJUDItD WDQWR FOiVLFRV FDUWRJUDItD HQ SDSHO *36
EU~MXODFRPRODVUHFLHQWHVDSOLFDFLRQHVTXHORVWHOpIRQRVPyYLOHVLQFRUSRUDQFDUWRJUDItD
GLJLWDORIIOLQHUHDOLGDGDXPHQWDGDHWF
x 7UDEDMDUHQHTXLSRHOPHURKHFKRGHTXHXQFRQMXQWRGHSHUVRQDVFRQYLYDGXUDQWHXQD
VHULHGHGtDVVXSHUDQGRODVGLILFXOWDGHVSURSLDVGHODUXWDKDVWDDOFDQ]DUHOGHVWLQRILMDGR
VXHOHVXSRQHUXQDVDWLVIDFFLyQSHUVRQDOTXHUHYLHUWHHQXQDPD\RULQWHJUDFLyQGHOJUXSR$
HOORKDEUtDTXHDxDGLUTXHDFRVWXPEUDUVHDWUDEDMDUHQHTXLSRDOWLHPSRTXHLQWHUFDPELDU
FRQRFLPLHQWRV FRQ RWURV HTXLSRV HV XQR GH ORV SXQWRV PiV GHPDQGDGRV GHVGH OD ySWLFD
FXUULFXODU

)DVHV

3UHSDUDWLYRV
'HVGHSULQFLSLRVGHFXUVR\KDVWDODUHDOL]DFLyQGHOD6DOLGDTXHWLHQHOXJDUDILQDOHVGHDEULO
VHOOHYDQDFDERXQDVHULHGHDFWLYLGDGHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODRUJDQL]DFLyQGHOHYHQWR
(QFXDQWRDODHOHFFLyQGHOD]RQD\HOWUD]DGRGHOLWLQHUDULR)LJXUDFDEHGHVWDFDUTXHFDGD
DxRHVHOHJLGDXQDQXHYDUXWDTXHFXPSODODFRQGLFLyQGHHQOD]DUQ~FOHRVGHSREODFLyQTXH
QRGLVWHQHQWUHVtPiVGHODORQJLWXGTXHSXHGDVHUUHFRUULGDGXUDQWHXQDMRUQDGDNP
&RQILUPDGD OD GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH DORMDPLHQWR HQ FDVDV UXUDOHV \ FDPSLQJ X KRVWDOHV
SUHIHUHQWHPHQWHODVDOLGDSUHYLDGHXQSHTXHxRJUXSRGHSURIHVRUHV\FRODERUDGRUHVSHUPLWH
UHFRQRFHU OD UXWD WUD]DU FRQ SUHFLVLyQ HO UHFRUULGR \ VHOHFFLRQDU ORV SXQWRV PiV DGHFXDGRV
SDUDODVH[SRVLFLRQHVWHPiWLFDV



)LJXUD5XWDVHJXLGDHQOD9,,6DOLGD,WLQHUDQWH6LHUUDGH*UD]DOHPD

/D RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH ORV JUXSRV GH WUDEDMR VH OOHYD D FDER XQD YH] FRQILUPDGR HO iPELWR GH
HVWXGLR \ FRQYRFDGDV XQD VHULH GH UHXQLRQHV LQIRUPDWLYDV SUHYLDV DO SHULRGR GH LQVFULSFLyQ
1RREVWDQWHHQHOFDVRGHTXHORVLQWHUHVDGRVVXSHUHQHOQ~PHURGHSDUWLFLSDQWHVHVWDEOHFLGR
FRPR Pi[LPR VH OOHYD D FDER XQD VHOHFFLyQ EDVDGD HQ HO PD\RU Q~PHUR GH FUpGLWRV
REWHQLGRVPHQRUQ~PHURGHSDUWLFLSDFLRQHVDQWHULRUHV\PHMRUH[SHGLHQWH
/DIRUPDFLyQGHORVJUXSRVGHWUDEDMRWLHQHHQFXHQWDWDQWRODVSUHIHUHQFLDVGHORVHVWXGLDQWHV
FRPRHOSHUILOGRFHQWHGHOSURIHVRUDGRSDUWLFLSDQWH\ODVSDUWLFXODULGDGHVGHOD]RQDUD]yQSRU
OD TXH FDGD DxR SXHGH GLIHULU VX Q~PHUR \ WLSRORJtD 7DEOD 3RVWHULRUPHQWH GXUDQWH XQ
SHULRGRQRLQIHULRUDGRVPHVHVODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHFRUUHVSRQGDDFDGDJUXSRHVUHFRSLODGD\
VLQWHWL]DGDPRPHQWRHQHOTXHHVFODYHODFRRUGLQDFLyQGHOSURIHVRU\DVHDHVWUXFWXUDQGROD
PDWHULDFRQYLVWDVDVXLQFOXVLyQHQXQGRVVLHUJHQHUDORSUHSDUDQGRDFDGDFRPSRQHQWHSDUD
XQDH[SRVLFLyQLQGLYLGXDO
'DGDVODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOD6DOLGDHQODTXHODVMRUQDGDVLQFOX\HQODUJRVUHFRUULGRVDSLH
SRU VHQGHURV GH PRQWDxD SRUWDQGR PRFKLODV GH XQ SHVR PHGLR HV QHFHVDULR LQGLFDU OD
FRQYHQLHQFLD GH HQFRQWUDUVH VXILFLHQWHPHQWH HQ IRUPD WDQWR ItVLFD FRPR VLFROyJLFDPHQWH \
GH FRQWDU FRQ XQD VHULH GH HOHPHQWRV LPSUHVFLQGLEOHV HQ HVWDV OLGHV DQWHV GH HPSH]DU OD
MRUQDGD)LJXUDPRFKLODFDO]DGRDGHFXDGRJRUUDEDVWyQFDQWLPSORUD

)LJXUD(OJUXSRDQWHVGHLQLFLDUODPDUFKD\


/D6DOLGD
/D6DOLGD,WLQHUDQWHWLHQHOXJDUHQHOSHULRGRFRLQFLGHQWHFRQODIHVWLYLGDGGHOD)HULDGH$EULO
GH6HYLOODDSURYHFKDQGRDODDXVHQFLDGHFODVHVOHFWLYDVHQQXHVWUD8QLYHUVLGDG\VXHOHWHQHU
XQDGXUDFLyQGHFXDWURRFLQFRMRUQDGDV
+(55$0,(17$6&203(7(1&,$6
*58326 '(6&5,3&,1
52/(6
&RQWH[WXDOL]DFLyQHVSDFLDO\WHPSRUDOHQHO %~VTXHGDGHGDWRV\H[SUHVLyQJUiILFDSH
PDUFRJHROyJLFRHVSDxROSHQLQVXODU HODERUDFLyQFRPHQWDULRGHSHUILOHVJHROyJLFRV
*HRPRUIRORJtDJHRORJtD
HVWXGLRGHODVSDUWLFXODULGDGHV &DSDFLGDGGHDEVWUDFFLyQ\VLPSOLILFDFLyQSDUD
\VXHORV
JHRPRUIROyJLFDVOLWROyJLFDV\HGiILFDV SHUPLWLUH[SOLFDUDORVFRPSDxHURVOD
IRUPDVURFDV\SURFHVRV FRPSOHMLGDGGHOWHPD
0HGLDQWHHOHVWXGLRGHVXVSULQFLSDOHV
%~VTXHGDGHGDWRVFOLPiWLFRV\HODERUDFLyQGH
HOHPHQWRVSUHFLSLWDFLyQ\WHPSHUDWXUD\
JUDIRVHVSHFtILFRVSHFOLPRJUDPDV
IDFWRUHV
&OLPD\DJXDV ([WUDFFLyQGHGDWRVKLGUROyJLFRVHODERUDFLyQ\
&DUDFWHUL]DFLyQORQJLWXGLQDO\WUDQVYHUVDO
GLVHxRGHJUiILFRVHVSHFtILFRVSHUILOHV
GHODVSULQFLSDOHVFXHQFDVKLGURJUiILFDVGHO
ORQJLWXGLQDO\WUDQVYHUVDOUpJLPHQIOXYLDO
iPELWRHVWXGLRGHOUpJLPHQIOXYLDO
%~VTXHGDGHGDWRVHVSHFtILFRV\
&RQWH[WRELRJHRJUiILFRIDFWRUHV\
HODERUDFLyQUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHORVPLVPRV
FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQWD[RQyPLFD\FRUROyJLFD\
DQiOLVLVGHODVSULQFLSDOHVIRUPDFLRQHV
PDSDVHVTXHPDVWUDQVHSWRVVREUHOD
9HJHWDFLyQ\IDXQD GLVWULEXFLyQGHODVFRPXQLGDGHVYHJHWDOHV
YHJHWDOHVQDWXUDOHV\DQWUySLFDV
5ROGHSURWDJRQLVPRFRQVWDQWHDOVHU
(ODERUDFLyQGHXQDSHTXHxDJXtDGH
FRQRFHGRUHVGHODVSULQFLSDOHVHVSHFLHVTXHQRV
SODQWDV\IDXQD
HQFRQWUDPRVHQWRUQRDOFDPLQR
0DQHMRGHORV6LVWHPDVGH,QIRUPDFLyQ
'HVFULSFLyQSRUPHQRUL]DGDGHODUXWD\
FUHDFLyQGHODVJUDItDVHVHQFLDOHVGHOYLDMH
*HRJUiILFD\GHGDWRVDVRFLDGRV0'(
7HFQRORJtDVGHOD RUWRIRWRV
FRPRSRUHMHPSORORVPDSDV\HOSHUILO
,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFD WRSRJUiILFRGHFDGDMRUQDGD &RPRFRQRFLPLHQWRLQVWUXPHQWDOSDUWLFLSDFLyQ
7,* HQWRGRVORVJUXSRVGHWUDEDMR
&RODERUDFLyQFRQORVUHVWDQWHVJUXSRVGH
WUDEDMR 5ROGHOLGHUD]JRDOFRQRFHUGHSULPHUDPDQR
ODVHVSHFLILFLGDGHV\ORVKLWRVGHODUXWD
3URSXHVWDGHXQtQGLFHVLQWpWLFRGH $SUR[LPDFLyQDODVSULQFLSDOHVIXHQWHVGH
GHVDUUROORWHUULWRULDOGHODFRPDUFDYLVLWDGD LQIRUPDFLyQHVWDGtVWLFDFiOFXORGHHVWDGtVWLFRVH
'HVDUUROORWHUULWRULDO PHGLDQWHODVHOHFFLyQ\FRQVXOWDGH LQWHJUDFLyQGHYDULDEOHV
YDULDEOHVGHSURWHFFLyQPHGLRDPELHQWDO )DPLOLDUL]DFLyQFRQHOWUDEDMRGHFDPSR
FUHFLPLHQWRHFRQyPLFR\SURJUHVRVRFLDO FXDGHUQRGHQRWDVSUHJXQWDVDYLDQGDQWHV
$QiOLVLVGHORVSULQFLSDOHVLQVWUXPHQWRV ([WUDFFLyQGHLQIRUPDFLyQ\PDTXHWDFLyQGH
GHSODQLILFDFLyQWHUULWRULDOGHOiPELWR PDSDVGHXVRVGHOVXHOR\XQLGDGHVGHSDLVDMH
YLVLWDGR 6,*
2UGHQDFLyQGHO
WHUULWRULR\SDLVDMH $QiOLVLVGHO0DSDGH3DLVDMHVGH 5ROGHVHQVLELOLGDGWHUULWRULDO\SDLVDMtVWLFD
$QGDOXFtDSDUDREVHUYDUODVSULQFLSDOHV FRPRFRQRFHGRUHVGHORVSULQFLSDOHVYDORUHV
XQLGDGHVRILVRQRPtDVSDLVDMtVWLFDVGHOD HVWpWLFRVGHHVHWHUULWRULRDVtFRPRGHORV
UXWD SRVLEOHVFRQIOLFWRVHLPSDFWRV
'HVFULSFLyQJHQHUDOGHODHYROXFLyQ
KLVWyULFDGHOiPELWRGHHVWXGLR'HVJORVHGH ([SORUDFLyQGHIXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQ
ODVDFWLYLGDGHVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGHODFRPDUFD FRPSOHPHQWDULDPHQRVFRQYHQFLRQDOHV\DHVFDOD
\ODVDFWXDFLRQHVGHOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ ORFDOSUHQVDFRPDUFDOHVWXGLRVRVORFDOHVHWF
+LVWRULD\DQWURSRORJtD SDWULPRQLDOL]DFLyQSURWHFFLyQ )DPLOLDUL]DFLyQFRQHOWUDEDMRGHFDPSR
5HFRSLODFLyQKHPHURJUiILFDUHFLHQWH FXDGHUQRGHQRWDVSUHJXQWDVDYLDQGDQWHV
DFHQWXDQGRDVtORVWHPDVDPELHQWDOHV
VRFLDOHVRHFRQyPLFRVTXHPiVSUHRFXSDQ
HQODFRPDUFDGXUDQWHORV~OWLPRVDxRV
7DEOD7LSRORJtD\IXQFLRQHVGHORVJUXSRVGHWUDEDMR



/D UXWD VH YD SURJUDPDQGR PLQXFLRVDPHQWH \ HV WUDV OD YLVLWD SUHYLD FXDQGR SXHGH
SURSRUFLRQDUVH LQIRUPDFLyQ YHUD] \ DFWXDOL]DGD DFHUFD GH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV UHDOHV GH OD
WUDYHVtDORQJLWXGGLILFXOWDG\WLHPSRGHUHFRUULGR/DPDQXWHQFLyQYDSRUFXHQWDSURSLDVL
ELHQ VXHOH VXFHGHU TXH HO SUHVXSXHVWR GLVSRQLEOH DOFDQFH SDUD SDJDU FHQDV \ HQ RFDVLRQHV
GHVD\XQRV HO DOPXHU]R VH UHDOL]D HQ UXWD HQ DOJ~Q OXJDU DPSOLR TXH GLVSRQJD GH DJXD \
VRPEUD
/DGXUDFLyQGHODVMRUQDGDVQRHVXQLIRUPH\GHSHQGHEiVLFDPHQWHGHODGLVWDQFLDDUHFRUUHU
VHSURFXUDODDOWHUQDQFLDHQWUHMRUQDGDVH[LJHQWHVFRQRWUDVPiVDVHTXLEOHV\HQWRGRFDVRHV
PX\ DFRQVHMDEOH OOHJDU DO GHVWLQR FRQ WLHPSR VXILFLHQWH SDUD GHVFDQVDU \ SUHSDUDUVH SDUD HO
GtDVLJXLHQWH7UDVILQDOL]DUOD~OWLPDXQDFHQDSUHYLDPHQWHFRQFHUWDGDSRQHSXQWRILQDODOD
WUDYHVtD \ \D HQ HO YLDMH GH YXHOWD VLUYH GH FRORIyQ XQD SXHVWD HQ FRP~Q TXH SHUPLWH XQ
EDODQFHJHQHUDOGHODH[SHULHQFLD\VXVUHVXOWDGRV

7UDVODWUDYHVtD
$ SHVDU GH TXH HV KDELWXDO H[SHULPHQWDU GLILFXOWDGHV D OD KRUD GH UHDOL]DU OD UHYLVLyQ \
DFWXDOL]DFLyQGHORVWUDEDMRVUHDOL]DGRVHQHOFDPSRDOWUDWDUVHGHIHFKDVFRLQFLGHQWHVFRQOD
SUHSDUDFLyQGHORVH[iPHQHVGHMXQLRHVSRVLEOHODUHDOL]DFLyQGHORV~OWLPRVREMHWLYRVDOD
SXHVWDDSXQWRGHOGRVVLHUHQIXQFLyQGHODH[SHULHQFLDUHFRSLODGD\EODUHDOL]DFLyQGHXQ
DFWR ILQDO GRQGH VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV PDWHULDOHV HO GRVVLHU GHILQLWLYR XQ SRVWHU TXH
LQFOX\H XQD FDUWRJUDItD GHWDOODGD GH OD UXWD VHJXLGD LOXVWUDGR FRQ IRWRJUDItDV \ XQ
FRUWRPHWUDMH TXH PXHVWUD ORV PRPHQWRV PiV GHVWDFDGRV GH OD 6DOLGD D SDUWLU GH ORV YLGHRV
UHDOL]DGRVGXUDQWHODUXWD

'LQiPLFDGHXQDMRUQDGD
,QGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHODPHWHRURORJtDODVMRUQDGDVVXHOHQVHJXLUXQHVTXHPDVLPLODUDODV
QXHYHGHODPDxDQD\OLVWRVSDUDSDUWLUQRVUHXQLPRVWRGRVORVLQWHJUDQWHVGHOD6DOLGDSDUD
FRQRFHUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODUXWD\PLHPEURVGHOJUXSRGHFDUWRJUDItDPDSDWRSRJUiILFR
HQ PDQR \ URGHDGRV SRU ORV GHPiV H[SOLFDQ GHWDOODGDPHQWH VX WUD]DGR GLILFXOWDGHV
ORFDOL]DFLyQGHIXHQWHV\SXQWRVGHSDUDGDSDUDH[SRVLFLRQHV\DOPXHU]R
$SURYHFKDQGRODVWHPSHUDWXUDVGHODPDxDQDUHDOL]DPRVODVPDUFKDVPiVSURORQJDGDVFRQOD
LGHD GH DOFDQ]DU SXQWRV GH EXHQD YLVLELOLGDG DQWHV GHO PHGLRGtD \ HV HQ HOORV GRQGH WLHQHQ
OXJDU ODV SULPHUDV H[SRVLFLRQHV )LJXUD (O FRRUGLQDGRU GHO JUXSR SUHVHQWD WDQWR OD ]RQD
FRPR OD PDWHULD \ ORV DOXPQRV D ORV TXH FRUUHVSRQGD H[SRQHQ VXV SODQWHDPLHQWRV 6L OD
SDUDGDKDWHQLGROXJDUHQXQSXQWRGHJUDQVLQJXODULGDGVRQYDULRVORVJUXSRVTXHSDUWLFLSDQ

)LJXUD/DVH[SRVLFLRQHV\


(QFXDOTXLHUFDVRWDQWRODVH[SRVLFLRQHVFRPRODVPLVPDVSDUDGDVVRQUHODWLYDPHQWHEUHYHV
GHELGRDODQHFHVLGDGGHFRQWLQXDU
(O JUXSR PLHQWUDV PDUFKD VH RUJDQL]D VLWXDQGR DO IUHQWH D DTXHOORV TXH \D FRQRFHQ OD UXWD
)LJXUD GRV DOXPQRV VH HQFDUJDQ HQ ORV H[WUHPRV GH HVWDU HQ FRQWDFWR PHGLDQWHwalki-
talkies SDUDPDQWHQHUXQLGRDOFRQMXQWR\WUDWDUGHHYLWDUODSRVLELOLGDGGHDOJ~QGHVSLVWHRWUR
VH KDFH FDUJR GH JUDEDU XQ YLGHR GH ORV PRPHQWRV TXH FRQVLGHUH PiV LQWHUHVDQWHV GHO
UHFRUULGR\HOUHVWRDSURYHFKDSDUDKDFHUIRWRJUDItDVWRPDUPXHVWUDVRUHDOL]DQ PHGLFLRQHV
SXQWXDOHV

)LJXUD(OJUXSRHQPDUFKD\

/DV KRUDV FHQWUDOHV VXHOHQ HQFRQWUDUQRV HQ DOJ~Q OXJDU IUHVFR FRQ VRPEUD \ DJXD
DSURYHFKDQGRSDUDDOPRU]DU\VLHOVLWLRHVDGHFXDGRWUDWDQGRGHHVWLUDUHOWLHPSRGHSDUDGD
PHGLDQWHODUHDOL]DFLyQGHDOJXQDTXHRWUDH[SRVLFLyQ)LJXUD

)LJXUD(ODOPXHU]R\

5HFXSHUDGRV GHO HVIXHU]R \ \D FRQ XQ UHODWLYR GHVFHQVR GH WHPSHUDWXUDV \ DXPHQWR GH OD
VRPEUDVHLQLFLDODVHJXQGDSDUWHGHODMRUQDGDTXHSRUORJHQHUDOVXHOHH[WHQGHUVHKDVWDOD
SXHVWD GHO VRO VL ELHQ HQ DOJXQDV RFDVLRQHV DEDUFy KDVWD HQWUDGD OD QRFKH (V HQWRQFHV
IDYRUHFLGRSRUODOX]GHODWDUGHFHUFXDQGRPiVVHVXHOHGLVIUXWDUGHOSDLVDMH\DQLPDGRVSRU
ODFHUFDQtDDOSXQWRGHGHVWLQRFXDQGRWLHQHQOXJDUODVH[SRVLFLRQHVPiVUHODMDGDV)LJXUD
$OFDQ]DGRHOOXJDUGHSHUQRFWDFLyQSRUORJHQHUDOXQRRYDULRVDORMDPLHQWRVUXUDOHVVLWXDGDV
HQDOJ~QSHTXHxRSXHEOROOHJDXQRGHORVPRPHQWRVPiVFUtWLFRVGHOGtDSDUDHOSURIHVRUDGR
OD QHFHVDULD RUJDQL]DFLyQ \ UHSDUWR GH FDVDV \ KDELWDFLRQHV VLWXDFLyQ QRUPDOPHQWH
FRPSOLFDGDSRUODIDOWDGHLQIRUPDFLyQSUHFLVDDFHUFDGHVXFDQWLGDG\GLVWULEXFLyQXQ



LQVXILFLHQWH Q~PHUR GH FDPDV LQGLYLGXDOHV ODV SUHIHUHQFLDV SHUVRQDOHV SRU FRPSDUWLU HO
HVSDFLRFRQGHWHUPLQDGDVFRPSDxtDV\ODQHFHVLGDGJHQHUDOL]DGDGHDVHR\FRPLGD

)LJXUD3DUDGDDODWDUGHFHU

/DFHQDHVODFRPLGDPiVLPSRUWDQWHGHOGtDUD]yQSRUODTXHVHSURFXUDTXHWHQJDOXJDUHQ
XQ OXJDU FRP~Q TXH VHD FRVWHDGD SRU WRGRV \ TXH GH XQD X RWUD PDQHUD QDGLH GHMH GH
SDUWLFLSDUHQVXHODERUDFLyQWUDVDVHDUVHSRUWXUQRVXQRVVHHULJHQHQFRFLQHURV\D\XGDQWHV
\RWURVVHGLVSRQHQDFRPSUDUORQHFHVDULRSDUDHVDFHQD\HOGHVD\XQRVLJXLHQWHRELHQVH
UH~QHQFRQHOFRRUGLQDGRUGHOJUXSRSDUDXOWLPDUGHWDOOHVGHIXWXUDVH[SRVLFLRQHV
3RGUtDDFDEDUVHDTXtODUHODFLyQGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVGHXQDMRUQDGDFXDOTXLHUDVLELHQQRVHUtD
MXVWRRPLWLUTXHWUDVODFHQDDOOOHJDUORVPRPHQWRVGHPi[LPRUHOD[GHOGtDHVFXDQGRORV
DOXPQRV PiV HYLGHQFLDQ VX GLIHUHQFLD GH HGDG UHVSHFWR DO SURIHVRUDGR \ WDPELpQ FXDQGR
pVWRV GHEHQ KDFHU XQ ~OWLPR HVIXHU]R SRU WRPDUOH HO SXOVR D OD VLWXDFLyQ \ WUDWDU GH TXH HO
LQWHUpV VH FHQWUH DOJR PiV HQ DSURYHFKDU OD RSRUWXQLGDG TXH VXSRQH HVWD H[SHULHQFLD
FRQVHJXLUORVLQGHMDUVHOOHYDUSRUHOJUXSRHVDYHFHVFRPSOLFDGR)LJXUD

)LJXUD/DOOHJDGD\


',$*167,&2
8QDGHODVSULQFLSDOHVPRWLYDFLRQHVTXHQRVFRQGXMHURQDSUHVHQWDUHVWDDSRUWDFLyQIXHODGH
UHDOL]DU XQ GLDJQyVWLFR JOREDO VREUH OD 6DOLGD ,WLQHUDQWH WUDV QXHYH DxRV GH H[SHULHQFLD
FRPR SXQWR GH LQIOH[LyQ \ GH PHMRUD SDUD IXWXUDV HGLFLRQHV 3DUD HOOR UHVXOWDED QHFHVDULR
VLQWHWL]DU OD RSLQLyQ \ OD YDORUDFLyQ GH ORV GRV SULQFLSDOHV DFWRUHV GH OD DFWLYLGDG ORV
SURIHVRUHV \ ORV DOXPQRV $ WUDYpV GH GLVWLQWDV UHXQLRQHV LQIRUPDOHV ORV SURIHVRUHV KHPRV
SXHVWR HQ FRP~Q ORV DVSHFWRV WpFQLFRV ORV GHVWLQRV YLVLWDGRV ODV FODYHV GLGiFWLFDV HO
FRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODOXPQDGR\VXWUDEDMRDFDGpPLFRDQWHVGXUDQWH\GHVSXpVGHODVDOLGDDO
FDPSR$QWHVFRQHOSURSyVLWRGHDFHUFDUQRVDODRSLQLyQGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVVHOHVSDVyXQD
HQFXHVWD SDUD TXH YDORUDUDQ OD 6DOLGD ,WLQHUDQWH \ VX LPSRUWDQFLD HQ VXV UHVSHFWLYDV
WUD\HFWRULDVDFDGpPLFDV
&RPR YDORUDFLyQ JHQHUDO SURIHVRUHV \ DOXPQRV VH PXHVWUDQ VDWLVIHFKRV FRQ HVWD DFWLYLGDG
6LQHPEDUJRPLHQWUDVTXHORVHVWXGLDQWHVDSHQDVFRPHQWDQRUHFXHUGDQDVSHFWRVQHJDWLYRV
HO SURIHVRUDGR VH PXHVWUD PXFKR PiV FUtWLFR \ DSXQWD KDFLD GHWHUPLQDGDV GHELOLGDGHV R
SXQWRV GH PHMRUD /DV SULQFLSDOHV GHELOLGDGHV \ IRUWDOH]DV GHWHFWDGDV VH GHWDOODQ D
FRQWLQXDFLyQ

'HELOLGDGHV
7UDVODH[SORUDFLyQGHODVPHQFLRQDGDVIXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQXRSLQLyQSRGHPRVFRQFUHWDU
ODV GHELOLGDGHV HQ ODV WUHV VLJXLHQWHV OD SXEOLFLGDG GHO HYHQWR HO WUDEDMR DFDGpPLFR GHO
DOXPQDGR\ODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHVHJXULGDGGXUDQWHODWUDYHVtD
$ SHVDU GH ORV DxRV WUDQVFXUULGRV GHVGH VX RULJHQ OD 6DOLGD ,WLQHUDQWH QR SDUHFH VHU
VXILFLHQWHPHQWH FRQRFLGD SRU OD PD\RUtD GHO DOXPQDGR GH OD WLWXODFLyQ GH *HRJUDItD \ HQ
RFDVLRQHVQRVHFRPSOHWDQODVSOD]DVRIHUWDGDVDOWLHPSRTXHHVIiFLOHQFRQWUDUDOXPQRV
LQWHUHVDGRV SHUR QR LQIRUPDGRV 8QD PLQRUtD GH HOORV SURYLHQH GH SULPHU \ VHJXQGR FXUVR
HVWH KHFKR VH UHODFLRQD FRQ XQD FRQH[LyQ PiV VHVJDGD D ODV DFWLYLGDGHV XQLYHUVLWDULDV XQ
DFHUFDPLHQWRLQLFLDODOD*HRJUDItD\XQPHQRUFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOSURIHVRUDGR&RQVLGHUDPRV
TXHHOPDOGDWRGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQWLHQHTXHYHUFRQODHVFDVDSXEOLFLGDGTXHVHOOHYDDFDERHQ
ODIDFXOWDGEiVLFDPHQWHFDUWHOHUtDHQSDVLOORVDQXQFLRVHQUHGHVVRFLDOHV\HQODSiJLQDZHE
GH OD WLWXODFLyQ \ SUHVXPLEOHPHQWH FRQ OD OyJLFD SRVLELOLGDG GH TXH HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV VH
UHVHUYH FRQ YLVWDV D DVHJXUDUVH SOD]D (O PRPHQWR GH OD 6DOLGD SRGUtD FRQVLGHUDUVH XQD
GHELOLGDGHVWUXFWXUDO\DTXHOD)HULDGH6HYLOODVXHOHVHUDSURYHFKDGDSRUPXFKRVHVWXGLDQWHV
SDUDHORFLRHOWUDEDMR\RHOHVWXGLR
(Q UHODFLyQ FRQ HO WUDEDMR GHO DOXPQDGR WLHQH VX PRPHQWR iOJLGR HQ OD PLVPD 6DOLGD
REVHUYDFLyQ \ WRPD GH GDWRV D OR ODUJR GH OD UXWD SUHSDUDFLyQ GH XQ WHPD HVSHFtILFR \
H[SRVLFLyQ DQWH HO FROHFWLYR HQ XQ OXJDU DSURSLDGR ORV UHVXOWDGRVVXHOHQ GHSHQGHU WDQWR GHO
Q~PHURGHSURIHVRUHVSDUWLFLSDQWHVFRPRGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVLQGLYLGXDOHVGHORVHVWXGLDQWHV
FRQGLVWLQWDVFDVXtVWLFDVDVLHOQ~PHURGHSURIHVRUHVHVHVFDVRHOFRQWUROVREUHHOWUDEDMRVH
YH FODUDPHQWH DIHFWDGR \ VXHOHQ UHVXOWDU H[SRVLFLRQHV SREUHV VLQ HPEDUJR FXDQGR KD\ XQ
FRRUGLQDGRUSDUDJUXSRVGHWUHVRFXDWURDOXPQRVODVH[SRVLFLRQHVSHUPLWHQFRPSUREDUTXH
WLHQHQ GHWUiV XQ PD\RU HVIXHU]R E VL SDUWH GH ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV SHUWHQHFHQ DO PLVPR JUXSR
GHFODVHRGHDPLJRVDOJXQRVVXHOHQPRVWUDUVHSRFRFRPHGLGRVHQODH[SRVLFLyQ\WLHQGHQ
DVXVWLWXLUpVWDSRUOD H[KLELFLyQ FHQDOJXQRVFDVRVHVQRWDEOHODIDOWDGHFRPSURPLVRSRU
SDUWH GH GHWHUPLQDGRV DOXPQRV TXL]iV SRU OD IDOWD GH FRVWXPEUH D OD KRUD GH SDUWLFLSDU HQ
LQLFLDWLYDVGHHVWHWLSRDIRUWXQDGDPHQWHVLHPSUHDSDUHFHQRWURVTXHKDFHQXQEXHQWUDEDMR \



TXH HQ RFDVLRQHV GD SLH D LQWHUHVDQWHV GLVFXVLRQHV OD FUHDFLyQ \ JHVWLyQ GH ORV SDUTXHV
QDWXUDOHV ORV PRWRUHV GH GHVDUUROOR GH ]RQDV SHULIpULFDV R \D PiV DFDGpPLFDPHQWH
KDEODQGRODVGLVWLQWDVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHWUDWDUXQDDVLJQDWXUD
(QOtQHDFRQHOSiUUDIRDQWHULRUPHUHFHXQDDWHQFLyQSDUWLFXODUODHVFDVDRULJLQDOLGDGGHODV
H[SRVLFLRQHV$OPDUJHQGHOPHQRURPD\RUWUDEDMRSUHYLR\ORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVGHODOXPQRHO
HVIXHU]RSRUWUDQVPLWLUORVQRVLHPSUHDEXQGD(QODPD\RUtDGHODVRFDVLRQHVHOHVWXGLDQWHVH
FHQWUDHQKDFHU\FRUUHJLUVXWUDEDMRHVFULWRSHURQRWHUPLQDGHHQWHQGHUTXHVXUROSULRULWDULR
HV FRPSDUWLU FRQ HO UHVWR GHO FROHFWLYR HO WHPD TXH KD WUDEDMDGR HV GHFLU WUDQVIRUPDU VX
WUDEDMRHVFULWRHQXQDSUHVHQWDFLyQTXHJHQHUHHQWXVLDVPRFXHVWLRQHV\DOJRGHGHEDWH
&RQODH[SRVLFLyQGHFRQWHQLGRVQRVHDJRWDQODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHH[WUDHUSURYHFKRLQWHOHFWXDO
GHODVDOLGDGHFDPSRHQHVWHVHQWLGRSRGUtDFRQVLGHUDUVHPHMRUDEOHODDWHQFLyQSUHVWDGDDORV
FXDGHUQRV GH FDPSR TXH FRPR ELHQ LQGLFDQ 'HOJDGR \ 2MHGD SHUPLWHQ UHFRJHU
LQIRUPDFLyQ \ WUDQVIRUPDUOD HQ FRQRFLPLHQWR SURSLR \ HYDOXDEOH \ TXH HQ RFDVLRQHV WLHQHQ
JUDQFUHDWLYLGDG)LJXUD
)LJXUD&XDGHUQRGHFDPSR0DUtD,VDEHO0DUWtQ5Xt]

)LQDOPHQWHGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHODVHJXULGDGQRVHFXHQWDFRQSHUVRQDOHVSHFLDOL]DGR
HQFXLGDGRVPpGLFRVQLVHGLVSRQHGHXQVHJXURFRQWUDDFFLGHQWHVTXHIDFLOLWHODUHVROXFLyQ
GH HVWH WLSR GH VLWXDFLRQHV SUREOHPiWLFDV $IRUWXQDGDPHQWH \ D SHVDU GH TXH SUiFWLFDPHQWH
QLQJXQRGHORVDOXPQRVSDUWLFLSDQWHVKDHVWDGRDVHJXUDGRQRKDQRFXUULGRKDVWDHOPRPHQWR
LQFLGHQWHVUHVHxDEOHV/DFXHVWLyQHVTXHDSHVDUGHTXHOD6DOLGD,WLQHUDQWHGH*HRJUDItDHV
UHFRQRFLGDFRPRXQDDFWLYLGDGXQLYHUVLWDULDHO6HJXUR(VFRODUVRORHVWiLQFOXLGRHQDTXHOORV
FDVRV HQ TXH GLFKD DFWLYLGDG ILJXUH H[SUHVDPHQWH UHFRJLGD HQ HO SUR\HFWR GRFHQWH GH XQD
DVLJQDWXUDFRQFUHWDGHORV3ODQHVGH(VWXGLRV

)RUWDOH]DV
/DV SULQFLSDOHV IRUWDOH]DV GH HVWH SUR\HFWR HGXFDWLYR SXHGHQ VLQWHWL]DUVH HQ WUHV HO YtQFXOR
HQWUHORVHVWXGLDQWHVODHYDOXDFLyQFRQWLQXDGHODDFWLYLGDG\VXFDUiFWHUGHSRUWLYR$HOODV
GHEH DxDGLUVH ODV FRQFOXVLRQHV GHULYDGDV GH XQD HQFXHVWD UHDOL]DGD FRQ YLVWDV D HVWH
FDStWXORYHU$QH[R
/D6DOLGD,WLQHUDQWHSRQHHQFRQWDFWRDORVDOXPQRVGHO*UDGRGH*HRJUDItDLQDXJXUDQGRR
HVWUHFKDQGRYtQFXORVHQWUHSHUVRQDVGHVLPLODURGLVWLQWDHGDGFXUVR\RPRWLYDFLyQ6HKD


GHWHFWDGR TXH HO DSUHQGL]DMH YD PiV DOOi GH ODV H[SRVLFLRQHV \ TXH GXUDQWH HO FDPLQR VH
SURGXFHQFKDUODVPX\LQWHUHVDQWHVHQWUHSURIHVRUHV\DOXPQRV\HQWUHORVSURSLRVHVWXGLDQWHV
(QHVWHVHQWLGRGHVWDFD
x (OUROGHVHPSHxDGRSRUORVDOXPQRVVpQLRUVTXHHQDOJXQDVRFDVLRQHVFRPSDWLELOL]DQ
VXV HVWXGLRV GH JHRJUDItD FRQ DFWLYLGDGHV SURIHVLRQDOHV FHUFDQDV DO WHUULWRULR DUTXLWHFWR
ERPEHUR IRUHVWDO JHyORJR HVWRV DOXPQRV WUDQVPLWHQ VXV FRQRFLPLHQWRV DO UHVWR GHO
FROHFWLYRLQFOX\HQGRDORVSURIHVRUHV
x (O SDSHO GH ORV DOXPQRV GH FXUVR PiV DYDQ]DGR TXH \D KDQ HVFRJLGR XQ SHUILO GH
IRUPDFLyQ H LQYHVWLJDFLyQ \ TXH SRU WDQWR WDPELpQ VH FRQYLHUWHQ HQ YHKtFXORV GH
DSUHQGL]DMHKDFLDORVHVWXGLDQWHVPHQRVH[SHULPHQWDGRV
&RPR VHJXQGD IRUWDOH]D OD HYDOXDFLyQ VREUH HO WHUUHQR HQ FDGD HGLFLyQ GXUDQWH HO YLDMH GH
YXHOWDHQDXWRE~VDOXPQRV\SURIHVRUHVKDFHQXQEDODQFHILQDOGHODDFWLYLGDGTXHSHUPLWHDO
SURIHVRUDGR FRQRFHU OD SHUFHSFLyQ GHO HVWXGLDQWH DFHUFD GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV DVSHFWRV GH OD
H[SHULHQFLDWUDEDMRDFDGpPLFRFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOUHFRUULGRFRQYLYHQFLD\RUJDQL]DFLyQ
\SRUWDQWRHVWDEOHFHUPHMRUDVSDUDHOIXWXUR
(QWHUFHUOXJDUOD6DOLGD,WLQHUDQWHHVXQSUR\HFWRHGXFDWLYRWUDQVYHUVDO\FRPRWDOLQFOX\H
OD DFWLYLGDG ItVLFD FRPR XQ SLODU DGLFLRQDO D OD IRUPDFLyQ HQ JHRJUDItD (Q HVWH FDVR OD
DFWLYLGDG GHSRUWLYD WLHQH XQ VHVJR HVSHFLDO SRU OR PRWLYDQWH GHO HQWRUQR OD DFWLYLGDG HQ
JUXSR \ FLHUWD GRVLV GH DYHQWXUD +HPRV FRPSUREDGR TXH ORV DOXPQRV DSUHQGHQ XQDV
KDELOLGDGHV HVSHFtILFDV SDUD GHVHQYROYHUVH HQ OD PRQWDxD RULHQWDFLyQ SUHSDUDFLyQ GH XQD
PRFKLODFRQHQVHUHVEiVLFRVXVREiVLFRGHOFXDGHUQRGHFDPSRHWF
(Q FXDQWR D ORV UHVXOWDGRV SULQFLSDOHV GHO FXHVWLRQDULR TXH VH HQYLy D OD PD\RUtD GH ORV
DOXPQRVSDUWLFLSDQWHVFRQODLQWHQFLyQGHYDORUDUVXRSLQLyQVHSXHGHQH[WUDHUODVVLJXLHQWHV
FRQFOXVLRQHV
x $QWHODDILUPDFLyQ/D6DOLGD,WLQHUDQWHPHKDSHUPLWLGRDGTXLULUFRQRFLPLHQWRVVREUH
JHRJUDItDDORVTXHHQHODXODQRVXHORWHQHUDFFHVRODPD\RUtDFRQILUPyHVWDU0X\GH
DFXHUGRPLHQWUDVDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHXQWHUFLRH[SUHVyHVWDUEDVWDQWHGHDFXHUGR
x (O JUDGR GH DFHSWDFLyQ GHVFLHQGH OLJHUDPHQWH DO FRPSUREDU OD RSLQLyQ GH ORV
HVWXGLDQWHVSDUWLFLSDQWHVDFHUFDGHOPpWRGRHPSOHDGRREWHQLHQGRODFDOLILFDFLyQ%DVWDQWH
GHDFXHUGRXQGHODVUHVSXHVWDV1RREVWDQWHFDEHVHxDODUTXHHQODSUHJXQWDDELHUWD
DFHUFDGHTXpVHFDPELDUtDHQIXWXUDVVDOLGDVQLQJXQRGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQODHQFXHVWD
VHxDOyDVSHFWRVPHWRGROyJLFRVILJXUD
)LJXUD5HVXOWDGRVSDUFLDOHVREWHQLGRVHQODHQFXHVWD



x 3HVHDODVGLILFXOWDGHVTXHVXSRQHSDUDLQFOXLUFRQWHQLGRVSURSLRVGH*HRJUDItD+XPDQD
FXDQGR ODV UXWDV GLVFXUUHQ PD\RULWDULDPHQWH SRU SDLVDMHV QDWXUDOHV FDVL GRV WHUFLRV
DILUPDURQ TXH ORV DPERV FRQWHQLGRV OHV SDUHFLHURQ HTXLOLEUDGRV PLHQWUDV TXH HO WHUFLR
UHVWDQWH PRVWUy HVWDU GLYLGLGR UHVSHFWR D VL KXER PiV FRQWHQLGRV GH *HRJUDItD )tVLFD R
+XPDQD (VWDV UHVSXHVWDV VLQ HPEDUJR GHEHQ WRPDUVH FRQ SUHFDXFLyQ GHELGR D OD
GLIHUHQFLDGHUXWDVDODVTXHDVLVWLHURQORVHVWXGLDQWHV
x /RVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVHQ HOUHVWRGH FXHVWLRQHVFRQILUPDQXQHOHYDGtVLPRJUDGRGH
VDWLVIDFFLyQ GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV SDUWLFLSDQWHV $Vt WRGRV ORV HQFXHVWDGRV LQGLFDQ TXH
UHFRPHQGDUtDQ UHDOL]DU OD 6DOLGD ,WLQHUDQWH D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV DFWXDOHV GHO *UDGR PLHQWUDV
TXH OD JUDQ PD\RUtD UHYHOy TXH VX SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ OD 6DOLGD FDPELy SDUD ELHQ VXV
HVWXGLRVGH*HRJUDItD$OJXQRVFRPHQWDULRVGHORVDOXPQRVSHUPLWHQSUHFLVDUPHMRUHVWRV
UHVXOWDGRV 0H DSRUWy XQD VHULH GH KDELOLGDGHV HQ OD VtQWHVLV HVTXHPDWL]DFLyQ \
SUHVHQWDFLyQ GH GDWRV DVt FRPR SDUD HMHUFLWDU OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ HQ S~EOLFR DPSOLp HO
FtUFXORGHFROHJDVJUDFLDVDOEXHQDPELHQWHTXHVHH[SHULPHQWDHQHVWHWLSRGHFRQYLYHQFLD
DFDGpPLFDDODLUHOLEUHDGTXLUtH[SHULHQFLDHQFXDQWRDVHQGHULVPRDOH[LJLUXQHMHUFLFLR
ItVLFR\XQDORJtVWLFDQXQFDDQWHVSUDFWLFDGDVSRUPt
3HVH D REWHQHU UHVXOWDGRV WDQ VDWLVIDFWRULRV HQ OD HQFXHVWD VH HV FRQVFLHQWH GH TXH HQ OD
PD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVHOSDVRGHOWLHPSR\ODEXHQDLQWHQFLyQGHORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVKDQSRGLGR
SURYRFDU UHVSXHVWDV PiV SRVLWLYDV GH ODV TXH SXGLHURQ GDU HQ VX PRPHQWR SXHV FRPR VH
DILUPyHQXQDGHHOODVDODKRUDGHSURSRQHUFDPELRVTXHPHMRUHQOD6DOLGDHace tantos aos
y tengo grabados tan buenos recuerdos, que me es imposible

&/$9(63('$**,&$6
/D UHDOL]DFLyQ GHXQD DFWLYLGDGTXHUHTXLHUHHOFRQWDFWR LQLQWHUUXPSLGRGHD OXPQRV\
SURIHVRUHVGXUDQWHFHUFDGHXQDVHPDQD\GRQGHVHSRGUtDFRQVLGHUDUTXHODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV
VRQ VLPLODUHV SDUD WRGRV SUHFLVD SRU SDUWH GHO SURIHVRUDGR HO FRP~Q DFXHUGR DFHUFD GH XQD
VHULHGHSDXWDVDVHJXLUSDUDODREWHQFLyQGHORVUHVXOWDGRVEXVFDGRV\TXHDTXtGHQRPLQDPRV
FODYHVSHGDJyJLFDV
(Q SULPHU OXJDUHV QHFHVDULR DFODUDUODUHODFLyQHQWUH SURIHVRUHV\ DOXPQRVOD FXHVWLyQ
HVWULEDHQVDEHUKDVWDTXpSXQWRHOHVTXHPDSURSLRGHODVFODVHVOHFWLYDVGHQWUR GHODXOD GHEH
VHJXLU HPSOHiQGRVH HQ ODV 6DOLGDV R VL HV QHFHVDULR UHDOL]DU PRGLILFDFLRQHV GDGDV ODV
HVSHFLDOHVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVODFXHVWLyQHVHQGHILQLWLYDVLSDUDVDFDUSDUWLGRDHVWD H[SHULHQFLD
GHEHHOSURIHVRULQWHJUDUVHDOJRPiVHQHOJUXSRGHORVDOXPQRVRVLHVSUHIHULEOHPDQWHQHU
ODVPLVPDVGLVWDQFLDVTXHHQOD)DFXOWDGHVWHDVXQWRKDSURYRFDGRGLVWLQWDVWHQVLRQHV HQWUHHO
SURIHVRUDGR SDUWLFLSDQWH \ HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV FRQ GHWHUPLQDGRV DOXPQRV 1XHVWUR JUXSRGH
SURIHVRUHVSDUHFHGHFDQWDUVHHQGLVWLQWDPHGLGDSRUVDFULILFDUHOVWDWXVGHSURIHVRUVLHPSUH
\ FXDQGR VH DOFDQFHQ ORV REMHWLYRV PtQLPRV D SHVDU GH TXH ORV UHVXOWDGRV QR VRQ VLHPSUH
DFDGpPLFDPHQWH KDEODQGR H[FHVLYDPHQWH VDWLVIDFWRULRV (Q UHDOLGDG SRGUtDPRV HVWDU GH
DFXHUGR HQ TXH VH WUDWD GH XQD DFWLYLGDG HQ OD TXH HO SURIHVRUDGR VH HQFXHQWUD D WLHPSR
SDUFLDO HQ GLVWLQWRV SDSHOHV HO GHGLFDGR D OD GRFHQFLD GRQGH HMHUFH XQ URO PiV R PHQRV
FOiVLFR HO PiV LQWHJUDGR FRQ ORV DOXPQRV FXDQGR VH WUDWD GH RUJDQL]DU HO JUXSR GXUDQWH OD
PDUFKD\HOGHVHUXQRPiVWUDVDFDEDUODMRUQDGD
(Q SDUWH GHULYDGR GH OR DQWHULRU KDEUtD TXH FRQWHPSODU XQD M HUDUTXL]DFLyQ GH
REMHWLYRVEiVLFRVFRQVLGHUDQGRTXHpVWDHVXQDH[SHULHQFLDJOREDOGRQGHVHEXVFDTXHKD\D
XQDEXHQDUHODFLyQHQWUHWRGRVORVLQWHJUDQWHVTXHSHUPLWDHOJRFHGHOHQWRUQRQDWXUDO\TXH


HO HVIXHU]R WHQJD XQ UHVXOWDGR DFDGpPLFR MHUDUTXL]DU HVRV REMHWLYRV SXHGH HYLWDU TXH HQ
GHWHUPLQDGRV PRPHQWRV HQWUHQ HQ FRQIOLFWR (Q HVWH VHQWLGR HVWLPDPRV FRPR PiV
LPSRUWDQWH HO PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH XQDV EXHQDV UHODFLRQHV HQWUH ORV DOXPQRV \ FRQ ORV
SURIHVRUHV HVWR KDFH TXH VH FUHHQ PiV \ PHMRUHV OD]RV HQWUH WRGRV \ TXH DXPHQWH OD
FRQILDQ]D SXQWR GH SDUWLGD PX\ ~WLO SDUD FRQRFHU ODV LQTXLHWXGHV \ RSLQLRQHV GH ORV
HVWXGLDQWHVORTXHIDFLOLWDODPHMRUDGHGHWHUPLQDGRVDVSHFWRVGRFHQWHVHQVHJXQGROXJDUHO
HQWRUQRQDWXUDOXQUHFRUULGRSODFHQWHURSRUOXJDUHVLQWHUHVDQWHV\FRQEXHQDVYLVWDVDFHQW~D
OR DQWHULRU PLHQWUDV TXH VL HV H[FHVLYDPHQWH GXUR \ HO JUXSR WLHQGH D GLVJUHJDUVH SXHGHQ
RFDVLRQDUVH VLWXDFLRQHV WHQVDV TXH PHQRVFDEHQ WDQWR ODV UHODFLRQHV FRPR ORV DVSHFWRV
DFDGpPLFRV 3RU ~OWLPR HVRV DVSHFWRV DFDGpPLFRV XQ H[FHVLYR pQIDVLV HQ HOORV SXHGH
FRQOOHYDU XQD PHQRU DWHQFLyQ DO HQWRUQR \ SUREDEOHPHQWH XQ PD\RU GLVWDQFLDPLHQWR HQWUH
DOXPQRV\GRFHQWHV
7DPELpQ PX\ UHODFLRQDGR FRQ OD IRUPD GH HQIRFDU OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH SURIHVRUHV \
DOXPQRVVHHQFXHQWUDHODVXQWRGHODVUHFRPSHQVDVSRGUtDLPDJLQDUVHTXHODPHUDSRVLELOLGDG
GHHVFDSDUGHODVDXODVGXUDQWHXQRVGtDVMXQWRDOKHFKRGHUHFRUUHUOXJDUHVGHJUDQEHOOH]D
FRQ XQ JUXSR GH FRPSDxHURV DO WLHPSR TXH UHFLELU XQD VHULH GH FUpGLWRV SRU HOOR HV
VXILFLHQWHPHQWH VDWLVIDFWRULR FRPR SDUD QR UHTXHULU PiV SUHPLR TXH ODV TXH OD PLVPD
H[SHULHQFLDYLYLGDDSRUWD6LQHPEDUJRHVWRQRHVXQDH[FXUVLyQGHXQJUXSR GH DPLJR VLQR
XQDIRUPDXQWDQWRGLIHUHQWHGHHQIRFDUHO DFHUFDPLHQWRDO FRQRFLPLHQWR\GHVGHHVDySWLFD
UHTXLHUHTXHVHFXPSODQXQDVHULHGHREMHWLYRV UHODFLRQDGRVHQHVWHFDVRFRQODV GLVFLSOLQDV
JHRJUiILFDV(QGHILQLWLYDGHDOJXQDPDQHUDHVQHFHVDULRFRPELQDUGLYHUVLyQ\WUDEDMR\OD
DSOLFDFLyQGHXQSURFHGLPLHQWRFOiVLFRIDFLOLWDHVWDODERUSHTXHxRVFRQFXUVRVFRQHOREMHWLYR
GHDOFDQ]DUXQDUHFRPSHQVDPtQLPDSHUPLWHQHVWDEOHFHUXQDVDQDFRPSHWHQFLDDODKRUDGH
HOHJLU OD PHMRU H[SRVLFLyQ OD SHUVRQD TXH PiV SODQWDV GLVWLQWDV IRWRJUDItH R TXLHQ
PiV FRQRFLPLHQWRVVREUHODQDWXUDOH]DGHPXHVWUH

3(563(&7,9$6
$ FRUWR SOD]R ODV SHUVSHFWLYDV VH FHQWUDQ HQ OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH OD ; HGLFLyQ GH OD 6DOLGD
,WLQHUDQWHHQTXHWHQGUiOXJDUHQODV6LHUUDVGH&D]RUOD\(O3R]R(QHOODVHLQWHQWDUiQ
IRUWDOHFHU DTXHOODV SDUWLFXODULGDGHV TXH HQ HVWH WH[WR VH GHVFULEHQ FRPR GHELOLGDGHV SRU
HMHPSOR VH RWRUJDUi PD\RU LPSRUWDQFLD D OD HODERUDFLyQ GH FXDGHUQRV GH FDPSR \ VH
SURFXUDUiTXHGHXQPRGRXRWURWRGRVORVDOXPQRVGLVSRQJDQGHXQVHJXUR
$ PHGLR SOD]R VH SUHYHHQ PRGLILFDFLRQHV TXH SRVLELOLWHQ PHMRUDV GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD
GLGiFWLFRHQWUHHOODVHVWiODGHUHSHWLUDOJXQDVGHODVUXWDVTXHQRVFRQFLWyPD\RULQWHUpVSRU
HMHPSORODV$OSXMDUUDVSXHVDHOORVHVXPDUtDXQPD\RUFRQRFLPLHQWRSUHYLR
<D D PiV ODUJR SOD]R FRQVLGHUDPRV LQWHUHVDQWH FRPSDUWLU HVWD H[SHULHQFLD FRQ RWURV
GHSDUWDPHQWRVIDFXOWDGHVRXQLYHUVLGDGHV

$*5$'(&,0,(1726
$JUDGHFHPRVDORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH*HRJUDItDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOODVXFRODERUDFLyQ
\ILQDQFLDFLyQ\HQSDUWLFXODUDDTXHOORVGHVXVPLHPEURVTXHKDQFRRSHUDGRGLUHFWDPHQWH
HVSHFLDOPHQWH-XDQ0DULDQR&DPDULOOR3LODU'tD]\-XDQ0DQXHO0DUWtQ,JXDOPHQWHQXHVWUR
UHFRQRFLPLHQWRD$QGUHD1DWDOLQL8OLVHV/HFKXJD\%iUEDUD*ULPRYDSRUVXFRQWLQXD



SDUWLFLSDFLyQHQODVVDOLGDVSUHYLDVLPSUHVFLQGLEOHVSDUDHOp[LWRGHODVGHILQLWLYDV(Q~OWLPR
OXJDUFRPRQRSRGtDVHUPHQRVGDPRVODVJUDFLDVDWRGRVORVDOXPQRVSDUWLFLSDQWHV

%,%/,2*5$)$
%DUUDTXp1LFRODX*Metodologa de la Enseanza de la Geografa/D+DEDQD
/LEURVSDUDOD(GXFDFLyQ
&DUHUL)Walkscapes: el andar como prctica esttica/walking as anaestheticpractice
%DUFHORQD*XVWDYR*LOL
'HOJDGR%XMDODQFH%\2MHGD5LYHUD-(OYLDMHSHGDJyJLFRFRPRPpWRGRGH
FRQRFLPLHQWRGHSDLVDMHV$SOLFDFLyQD$QGDOXFtDInvestigaciones Geogrficas, SS

'HOJDGR%XMDODQFH%7RUUHV*XWLpUUH])-*DUFtD*DUFtD$\2MHGD5LYHUD-)
(OYLDMHFRPRDSUHQGL]DMHVLJQLILFDWLYR\SHUWLQHQWH&UyQLFDGHXQDH[SHULHQFLDDQGDOX]D
HQ33DQHTXH\-)2MHGDHGVEl viaje en la geografa moderna. 6HYLOOD8QLYHUVLGDG
,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH$QGDOXFtDSS
)XOOHU,(GPRQGVRQ6)UDQFH'+LJJLWW'\5DWLQHQ,,QWHUQDWLRQDO
3HUVSHFWLYHVRQWKH(IIHFWLYHQHVVRI*HRJUDSK\)LHOGZRUNIRU/HDUQLQJJournal of Geography
in Higher EducationSS
*DUFtDGHOD9HJD$(OLWLQHUDULRJHRJUiILFRFRPRUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFRSDUDOD
YDORUDFLyQGHOSDLVDMHDidctica GeogrficaSS
*DUFtD)DUUHUR-3UHVHQFLDGHODSHGDJRJtDHQHODFWRGHFDPLQDUKRPRYLWRU
QRPDGLVPR\IRUPDFLyQTeora de la Educacin; Educacin y Cultura en la Sociedad de la
InformacinSS
*DUFtD0DUWtQ0&RQIOLFWRVWHUULWRULDOHVHQWRUQRDODJXDVDOLUDOFDPSRFRPR
PHWRGRORJtDGHHQVHxDQ]DHQ0DUWtQH]0HGLQD5\7RQGD0RQOORU(0HGVNuevas
perspectivas conceptuales y metodolgicas para la educacin geogrfica&yUGRED*UXSRGH
'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDGHOD$*(8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGREDYROSS
*yPH]0HQGR]D-\6DQ]+HUUiL]&/DH[FXUVLyQJHRJUiILFDXQLYHUVLWDULDFRQ
ILQHVIRUPDWLYRVHLQYHVWLJDGRUHVVXFRQVROLGDFLyQHQOD(VFXHOD(VSDxRODHQ33DQHTXH\
-)2MHGDHGVEl viaje en la geografa moderna. 6HYLOOD81,$SS
6RXVD)HUQDQGHV6$*DUFtD0RQWHDJXGR' 6RXWR*RQ]iOH];0(GXFDFLyQ
JHRJUiILFD\ODVVDOLGDVGHFDPSRFRPRHVWUDWHJLDGLGiFWLFDXQHVWXGLRFRPSDUDWLYRGHVGHHO
*HRIRUR,EHURDPHULFDQRBiblio3W Revista Bibliogrfica de Geografa y Ciencias Sociales
>(QOtQHD$FFHVROLEUH@%DUFHORQD8QLYHUVLGDGGH%DUFHORQDYRO;;,QGHDEULO
GHKWWSZZZXEHVJHRFULWEZSGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@


$1(;2/$(1&8(67$

&RPSOHWDGDSRUDOXPQRVORVUHVXOWDGRVVRQORVVLJXLHQWHV











/$'521(*(2*5$)$

-XDQ0DUWtQ0DUWtQ
0/XLVD9i]TXH]6iQFKH]
IES Hernn Prez del Pulgar. Ciudad Real
juanmartinmartin@gmail.com; luisavazquezsanchez@hotmail.com; geografa.ies.hernan@gmail.com
5(680(1
(QORV~OWLPRV DxRVHVWDPRVDVLVWLHQGRDXQD UHYROXFLyQWHFQROyJLFDGHODTXHSDUWLFLSDPRVODPD\RUtDGHORV
PLHPEURVGHQXHVWUDVRFLHGDG
/D SUROLIHUDFLyQ GH GURQHV YHKtFXORV DpUHRV QR WULSXODGRV KD KHFKR TXH pVWRV HPSLHFHQ D IRUPDU SDUWH GH
QXHVWUDVYLGDV\QRQRVUHVXOWHQWDQH[WUDxRV
/D 'URQHJHRJUDItD VH KD FRQYHUWLGR HQ XQD FLHQFLD DX[LOLDU GH OD JHRJUDItD FRQ P~OWLSOHV DSOLFDFLRQHV WDQWR
GHQWURFRPRIXHUDGHODXOD\FRQXQLPSRUWDQWHYDORUGLGiFWLFR

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
'URQHJHRJUDItD7,&GLGiFWLFDGHODJHRJUDItDUHFXUVRVGLGiFWLFRV

,1752'8&&,1
3RFRDSRFRODUHYROXFLyQWHFQROyJLFDKDLGRDGXHxiQGRVHGHQXHVWUDVYLGDV\UDURHVFRQRFHU
D SHUVRQDV TXH QR SDUWLFLSHQ GH HVWD WHFQRORJtD HQ VX YLGD GLDULD 4XLpQ QR KD XVDGR XQ
RUGHQDGRUXQDWDEOHWXQVPDUSKRQHXQYLGHRMXHJRHWF"
1XHVWURV DOXPQRV GH 6HFXQGDULD VRQ DGROHVFHQWHV \ HVWH KHFKR OHV IDFLOLWD HO DSUHQGHU D
WUDYpV GHO MXHJR GH OD 3OD\ 6WDWLRQ GH OD :LL GHO PyYLO HWF KDFLpQGROHV XQRV JUDQGHV
FRQVXPLGRUHVGHYLGHRMXHJRV\VLPLODUHVSRUTXHVRQQDWLYRVGLJLWDOHV\HVWROHVKDFHVHUPiV
LQWXLWLYRV\PiVYLVXDOHVTXHQRVRWURV
/DHQVHxDQ]DKDLGRFDPELDQGRSRFRDSRFRGHVGHODVFODVHVPDJLVWUDOHVKDVWDQXHVWUDVDXODV
7RGDV HVWDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV KDQ KHFKR TXH ORV SURIHVRUHV LQWHQWHPRV FRQHFWDU FRQ OD
PHQWDOLGDGGHORVDOXPQRVGHEHPRVDWUDHUORV\KDFHUOHVSDUWtFLSHVGHORTXHHQVHxDPRV\GH
ORTXHSUHWHQGHPRVHQVHxDUHLQWURGXFLUORVHQHOSURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMH

/$67,&</$6(16(f$1=$6,17(5$&7,9$6
/DHQVHxDQ]DVHKDLGRKDFLHQGRFDGDYH]PiVLQWHUDFWLYD\VHKDSURPRYLGRHODSUHQGL]DMH
LQWHUDFWXDGRHQWUHORVDOXPQRV3DUDFRQVHJXLUHVWRVREMHWLYRVHOSURIHVRUKDLGRHOLJLHQGR
LQVWUXPHQWRVHGXFDWLYRVDGHFXDGRVFRQODHGDG\HOQLYHOGHVXVDOXPQRVXWLOL]DQGROD

3KLOLSSH%RODQGHQVXDUWtFXORSXEOLFDGRHQODUHYLVWDHQUHGRQQRVLQWURGXFHHQODDSOLFDFLyQGHXQDHQVHxDQ]D
LQWHUDFWLYDDSOLFDGDDORVDGROHVFHQWHV
J.Martn Martn, M.L.Vzquez Snchez


WHFQRORJtD GLJLWDO 'H HVWD IRUPD GHVGH ODV DXODV IRUWDOHFHPRV HO VLVWHPD GH DSUHQGL]DMH
LQWHUDFWLYR \D TXH HO SURIHVRU DGHPiV GH HQVHxDU WDPELpQ VH SXHGH HQULTXHFHU GH ORV
FRQRFLPLHQWRVGLJLWDOHVGHVXVDOXPQRV\VREUHWRGRFRQVHJXLUPRWLYDUORVSDUDDYDQ]DUHQ
ODHQVHxDQ]D\REWHQHUPHMRUHVUHVXOWDGRVHGXFDWLYRV
(VSRUWRGRHVWRTXHHQODHQVHxDQ]DVHKDQYHQLGRXWLOL]DQGRODV7,&HQHODXODSUR\HFWRUHV
RUGHQDGRUHV SL]DUUDV GLJLWDOHV HUHDGHUV L3DG R VPDUWSKRQHV DGHPiV GH GLIHUHQWHV
KHUUDPLHQWDV FRPR )DFHERRN 7ZLWWHU <RX7XEH %ORJV OR TXH REOLJD DO SURIHVRUDGR D
HVWDUFRQWLQXDPHQWHDFWXDOL]iQGRVHHQHOPXQGRGHODVWHFQRORJtDV
8QRGHORV~OWLPRVGLVSRVLWLYRVTXHKDLUUXPSLGRFRQIXHU]DHQHOPXQGRGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ
FRPXQLFDFLyQ\HVWXGLRGHOHVSDFLRKDVLGRHOGURQ9HKtFXORDpUHRQRWULSXODGR
$SURYHFKDQGRHVWHQRYHGRVRLQVWUXPHQWR\VXVP~OWLSOHVDSOLFDFLRQHVSHQVDPRVTXHXQDGH
ODV PDQHUDV GH PRWLYDU D QXHVWURV DOXPQRV HQ HO HVWXGLR GH OD *HRJUDItD HV PHGLDQWH OD
XWLOL]DFLyQRDSOLFDFLyQGHOGURQDORTXHKHPRVOODPDGRGURQHJHRJUDItD
)LJXUD0RGHOR3KDPWRP

/$'521(*(2*5$)$862<$&7,9,'$'(6
/DSUROLIHUDFLyQGHGURQHVKDKHFKRTXHHVWRVHPSLHFHQDIRUPDUSDUWHGHQXHVWUDVYLGDV\QR
QRV UHVXOWHQ WDQ H[WUDxRV GH DKt QXHVWUR LQWHUpV HQ SRGHU XWLOL]DUORV HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D
JHRJUiILFD
/D GURQHJHRJUDItD SXHGH VXSRQHU QR VROR XQD PRWLYDFLyQ VLQR WDPELpQ XQD LQQRYDFLyQ \
UHYROXFLyQ SDUD OD HQVHxDQ]D GH HVWD FLHQFLD 1R VyOR VH SXHGH DSOLFDU HQ OD (QVHxDQ]D
6HFXQGDULD VLQR WDPELpQ HQ 3ULPDULD HQ PHQRU PHGLGD \ HQ OD (QVHxDQ]D 8QLYHUVLWDULD
SXHVVHWUDWDGHXQDIXHQWHLOLPLWDGDGHDSOLFDFLRQHVHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ

0DUWtQ-9i]TXH]0/(OUDSFRPRFRPSOHPHQWRGLGiFWLFRHQOD*HRJUDItDGHOD(62HQ0DUUyQ0-\/i]DUR
0/ Geografa, Educacin y Formacin del profesorado en el Marco del Espacio Europeo de Educacin Superior,
0DGULG *UXSR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD $*( 8QLYHUVLGDG &RPSOXWHQVH GH 0DGULG SS /D PD\RUtD GH ORV GRFHQWHV
SURFXUDPRVDGDSWDUQRVDORVQXHYRVWLHPSRVLQWHQWDPRVOOHJDUDODOXPQRSDUDVDFDUHOPi[LPRUHQGLPLHQWRGHpVWHHQODV
DXODV (VWRQRV OOHYDDSODQWHDUQRVGLYHUVDVFXHVWLRQHVVREUHHO SURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHFRQHO ILQGHKDFHUPiV
DWUDFWLYDODDVLJQDWXUDDODOXPQRDODYH]TXHLQWHQWDPRVREWHQHUXQRVUHVXOWDGRVORPiVySWLPRVSRVLEOHV

/D 'URQHJHRJUDItD VH KD FRQYHUWLGR HQ XQD FLHQFLD DX[LOLDU GH OD JHRJUDItD TXH HVWi HQ
SOHQDHYROXFLyQ\FRQDSOLFDFLRQHVDWRGDVODVUDPDVGHOD*HRJUDItDWDQWRGHODItVLFDFRPR
GHODKXPDQD
/RV GURQHV VRQ H[WUHPDGDPHQWH ~WLOHV HQ PXFKDV DFWLYLGDGHV GH OD *HRJUDItD \ DO PLVPR
WLHPSRPX\SHGDJyJLFRV\GLGiFWLFRVSXHVHODOXPQRHVFDSD]GHFRQRFHUFRPSUREDU\FDVL
WRFDU DTXHOOR TXH KDVWD DKRUD SDUHFtD FLHQFLD ILFFLyQ *UDFLDV D OD FiPDUD TXH OOHYDQ
LQFRUSRUDGD ORV GURQHV VH SXHGH UHFRJHU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ DO YLVXDOL]DUOD HQ HO PRPHQWR HQ
GLUHFWRDWUDYpVGHODIRWRJUDItDRGHOYtGHR\SRVWHULRUPHQWHDSOLFDUORDOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOD
*HRJUDItDRGHRWUDVGLVFLSOLQDVHGXFDWLYDV
'HQWURGHOD'URQHJHRJUDItDSRGHPRVHQFRQWUDUGRVYDULDQWHVHQIXQFLyQGHODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ
GHORVDOXPQRV
D /D 'URQHJHRJUDItD $FWLYD GLUHFWD R SDUWLFLSLDWLYD HQ OD TXH HO DOXPQR GH IRUPD
DFWLYD VHOHFFLRQD HO HVSDFLR D DQDOL]DU \ SDUWLFLSD HQ DOJ~Q PRPHQWR GHO SURFHVR GH
JUDEDFLyQRIRWRJUDItDGHOGURQHQOD6DOLGDGH&DPSR
E /D 'URQHJHRJUDItD ,QGLUHFWD HQ OD TXH HO DOXPQR QR KD SDUWLFLSDGR HQ OD 6DOLGD GH
&DPSR QL HQ OD VHOHFFLyQ GHO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR D HVWXGLDU (Q HVWH FDVR HVWXGLDUi ODV
LPiJHQHVRYtGHRUHFRJLGRSRUHOGURQRELHQSRUGLIHUHQWHV GRFXPHQWDOHV

)LJXUD'HVGHHO&HUURGH$ODUFRV&LXGDG5HDO

)DVHVGH3UHSDUDFLyQGHOWUDEDMRR6DOLGDGH&DPSRFRQHOGURQ
x 6HOHFFLyQGHOHVSDFLR*HRJUiILFRR]RQDDHVWXGLDU
x ORFDOL]DFLyQFDUWRJUiILFDGHOD]RQDGHHVWXGLRHQHO*RRJOH0DSVPDSDVWRSRJUiILFRV
HWF
x 3UHSDUDFLyQ \ VHxDOL]DFLyQ GHO UHFRUULGR D UHDOL]DU VREUH XQD EDVH FDUWRJUiILFD R
DSOLFDFLyQSDUDPyYLOPHGLDQWHXQDDSS:LNLORF2UX[0DS
x $QiOLVLVSUHYLRGHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR\SRVLEOHVDFWXDFLRQHVFRQHOGURQFRQHOILQGH
RSWLPL]DU OD JUDEDFLyQ OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH IRWRJUDItD DVt FRPR HO WLHPSR GH YXHOR \
SUHSDUDFLyQGHODVEDWHUtDV\DOWXUDGHYXHORGHOGURQ(QHODQiOLVLVSUHYLRHODOXPQR

0DUWtQ-Practicar la Dronegeografa, HQ%ORJGH*HRJUDItDGHOSURIHVRU-XDQ0DUWtQ0DUWtQ
KWWSEORJGHJHRJUDILDGHMXDQEORJVSRWFRPHVSUDFWLFDUODGURQHJHRJUDILDKWPO


SUHSDUDUiLQIRUPDFLyQGHODSRVLEOHYHJHWDFLyQGHODKLGURJUDItDGHOPRGHODGRHWFGHOD
]RQDDYRODU
8QD GH ODV YHQWDMDV GHO XVR GHO GURQ HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D HV OD SRVLELOLGDG GH SURIXQGL]DU HQ OD
*HRJUDItD GHO (QWRUQR HQ OD JHRJUDItD PiV FHUFDQD \ DVt FRPSUHQGHU PHMRU ORV DVSHFWRV
JHQHUDOHV JHRJUiILFRV FRPR OD HURVLyQ OD YHJHWDFLyQ OD KLGURJUDItD OD PRUIRORJtD DJUDULD
HWFTXHKDELWXDOPHQWHHVWXGLDPRVHQORVOLEURVSHURTXHVLQRKDFtDPRVVDOLGDVGHFDPSRQR
SRGtDPRVOOHJDUDFRQRFHUHQODUHDOLGDG'HHVWDPDQHUDSRGHPRVFRPSOHWDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWR
JHRJUiILFR TXH QRV URGHD PHGLDQWH VDOLGDV GH FDPSR FRQ HO GURQ \ DVt KDFHU SDUWtFLSH DO
DOXPQRHQHODSUHQGL]DMHGHORVYDORUHVTXHWUDQVPLWHODJHRJUDItDHLQYROXFUDUORHQHOOD
/DVDFWLYLGDGHVFRQGURQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODJHRJUDItDVRQPXFKDVHQWUHHOODVGHVWDFDPRV
x (OFRQWURO\FRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVLQFHQGLRVIRUHVWDOHVHYDOXDQGRVXVFRQVHFXHQFLDV
x (OFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVHVSHFLHVYHJHWDOHV\GHDQLPDOHVERVTXHVJDQDGHUtDHWFGHODV
GLIHUHQWHV]RQDV
x &RQRFLPLHQWR \ XVRV GHO VXHOR DJUtFROD \ GH DVSHFWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD *HRJUDItD
5XUDOFRPRODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODVSDUFHODVORVWLSRVGHFXOWLYRVHFDQRUHJDGtR
x 1RV SXHGH D\XGDU SDUD OD %LRJHRJUDItD DO SRGHU FRQRFHU HO SDLVDMH FRQ PiV GHWDOOH
SUROLIHUDFLyQ GHVDSDULFLyQ R UHSREODFLyQ GH GLIHUHQWHV HVSHFLHV DUEyUHDV PDWRUUDO
HYROXFLyQ GHO ERVTXH HO VRWRERVTXH \ DQDOL]DU OD LQIOXHQFLD GHO FDPELR FOLPiWLFR \ HO
GHWHULRURGHpVWHHQGLIHUHQWHViUHDV
x /D GURQHJHRJUDItD VH SXHGH DSOLFDU D OD JHRPRUIRORJtD SRU HMHPSOR HQ HO
UHFRQRFLPLHQWRORVWLSRVGHURFDVGHOPRGHODGRGHODVGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDVGHOUHOLHYHHQHO
FRQRFLPLHQWR GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV SURFHVRV HURVLYRV GH XQ OXJDU FRQFUHWR HWF (O GURQ QRV
SXHGH IDFLOLWDU HO DFFHVR D ]RQDV GH HVSHFLDO GLILFXOWDG GiQGRQRV XQD LQIRUPDFLyQ UHDO H
LQPHGLDWD 3RU HMHPSOR HQ HO FDVR GHO &DPSR GH &DODWUDYD &LXGDG 5HDO VH SXHGH
DFFHGHU D ORV FRQRV YROFiQLFRV GH IRUPD PiV VHQFLOOD REVHUYDQGR VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
WHQLHQGRRWUDYLVLyQGHORVLQQXPHUDEOHVYROFDQHVGLVWULEXLGRVSRUHO&DPSRGH&DODWUDYD
x &RQRFHU \ HVWXGLDU OD +LGURJUDItD GH XQD ]RQD 5tRV HPEDOVHV LQXQGDFLRQHV
GHVERUGDPLHQWRV PDQDQWLDOHV DIORUDPLHQWRV GH DJXD ]RQDV GH VHTXtD R GHVHFDGDV HWF
DKRUUiQGRQRV HO WHQHU TXH VREUHYRODU HQ DYLRQHWD OD ]RQD GH HVWXGLR FRQ HO FRQVLJXLHQWH
DKRUUR HFRQyPLFR \ WHQLHQGR XQ FRQWURO PiV H[DFWR\ UHDO GH XQD ]RQDGH HVWXGLR HQXQ
PRPHQWRFRQFUHWR
x $\XGD DO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH OD FOLPDWRORJtD VX LQIOXHQFLD HQ HO PHGLR \ HO FDPELR
FOLPiWLFR FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GHO FDOHQWDPLHQWR JOREDO GH OD 7LHUUD DVt FRPR YHU ORV
HIHFWRV GH OD FRQWDPLQDFLyQ 7DPELpQ VH SXHGH GRWDU DO GURQ GH GLIHUHQWHV VHQVRUHV TXH
QRVD\XGHQDIDFLOLWDULQIRUPDFLyQVREUHODWHPSHUDWXUDKXPHGDGtQGLFH89HWF
x (OXVRGHOGURQQRVSHUPLWHHODFFHVRD]RQDVSHOLJURVDVRGHFLHUWDGLILFXOWDGFRPRORV
JODFLDUHV FXHYDV FXPEUHV LQDFFHVLEOHV 2 FRODERUDU HQ GHVDVWUHV QDWXUDOHV FRPR
WHUUHPRWRV LQXQGDFLRQHV HWF $GHPiV UHVXOWD PiV EDUDWR \ IiFLO WULSXODU XQ GURQ GHVGH
WLHUUDTXHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHDYLRQHWDV
x /D GURQHJHRJUDItD WDPELpQ SXHGH DSOLFDUVH DO PXQGR XUEDQR SXGLHQGR SURIXQGL]DU
HQHOHVWXGLRGHQXHVWUDVFLXGDGHV\SXHEORVREVHUYDQGRODGLVWULEXFLyQGHVXVEDUULRVGH
ORV HVSDFLRV YHUGHV HO FUHFLPLHQWR XUEDQR OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH ORV SROtJRQRV LQGXVWULDOHV
YtDVGHWUDQVSRUWHHWF


x +D\TXHUHVDOWDUTXHQRVHSXHGHQVREUHYRODUHVSDFLRVKDELWDGRVFLXGDGHVHWFSHURVt
SRGHPRV HQWRQFHV DSURYHFKDU ORV 6,* OD LQIRUPDFLyQ \ YXHORV TXH QRV SXHGHQ
SURSRUFLRQDUHPSUHVDVSULYDGDVFRQSHUPLVRVHVSHFLDOHVSDUDVREUHYRODURELHQRILFLDOHV
1DFLRQDOHVDXWRQyPLFDVHWF

)LJXUD&DPSRGH0RQWLHO(QFLQDV)RWRGHODXWRU

3RU WRGR HVWR ODV DSOLFDFLRQHV GH OD GURQHJHRJUDItD VRQ FDVL LQILQLWDV JUDFLDV DO XVR GH OD
IRWRJUDItD\HOYtGHRGHOGURQ\SXHGHVHUXQHOHPHQWRGLGiFWLFRIXQGDPHQWDOHQHODXOD\HQ
ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQWDQWRSDUDODHQVHxDQ]D6HFXQGDULDFRPRHQOD8QLYHUVLGDG
1R VHUi UDUR YHU HO XVR GH ORV GURQHV FRPR XQ FRPSOHPHQWR PiV HQ ORV
GLIHUHQWHV'HSDUWDPHQWRVGH*HRJUDItDFRPRKDVWDDKRUDKDEtDVLGRHO PDSDWRSRJUiILFR
HO*36RHOSURSLRFXDGHUQRGHFDPSRSDUDDQRWDFLRQHVHQQXHVWUDVVDOLGDV\H[FXUVLRQHVFRQ
ORVDOXPQRV
$SHVDUGHWRGRVORVDVSHFWRVSRVLWLYRVTXHVHKDQGHVFULWRGHODGURQHJHRJUDItDHQHOXVRGHO
GURQ VLHPSUH VH GHEH WHQHU HQ FXHQWD HO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH OD OHJLVODFLyQ YLJHQWH HQ FDGD
PRPHQWRDVtFRPRWHQHUORVSHUPLVRV\OLFHQFLDVSHUWLQHQWHV

)LJXUDGURQFRQFiPDUDGHDOWDGHILQLFLyQ


/$'521(*(2*5$)$(1(/$8/$</$6&203(7(1&,$6
/D /20&( GLVHxD XQ FXUUtFXOR FHQWUDGR HQ OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV FODYH /DV
FRPSHWHQFLDV VRQ XQ FRQMXQWR LQWHJUDGR GH FDSDFLGDGHV FRQRFLPLHQWRV HVWUDWHJLDV
GHVWUH]DVKDELOLGDGHVPRWLYDFLRQHVDFWLWXGHVTXHORVDOXPQRVKDQGHSRQHUHQMXHJRSDUD
GDUUHVSXHVWDDSUREOHPDVFRWLGLDQRVDXQTXHFRPSOHMRVGHODYLGDRUGLQDULD.
/DQXHYD/H\GH(GXFDFLyQEDVDGDHQHO0DUFRGH5HIHUHQFLD(XURSHRSDUDODVFRPSHWHQFLDV
FODYH HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH SHUPDQHQWH KD GHILQLGR VLHWH FRPSHWHQFLDV TXH ORV DOXPQRV GHEHQ
KDEHUDGTXLULGRDOILQDOL]DUVXWUD\HFWRULDDFDGpPLFD
/D DSOLFDFLyQ GH OD GURQHJHRJUDItD HQ HO DXOD SXHGH D\XGDU D FRPSOHWDU \ REWHQHU ODV
SULQFLSDOHVFRPSHWHQFLDVFODYH
x &RPXQLFDFLyQOLQJtVWLFD
x &RPSHWHQFLDPDWHPiWLFD\FRPSHWHQFLDVEiVLFDVHQFLHQFLD\WHFQRORJtD
&RPSHWHQFLDGLJLWDO
$SUHQGHUDDSUHQGHU
x &RPSHWHQFLDVRFLDO\FtYLFD
x 6HQWLGRGHLQLFLDWLYD\HVStULWXHPSUHQGHGRU
&RQFLHQFLD\H[SUHVLRQHVFXOWXUDOHV

7,326'('521(6
/DSDODEUDLQJOHVDGURQHGURQHQFDVWHOODQRWLHQHYDULRVVLJQLILFDGRVDXQTXHHQVXRULJHQ
VHUHILHUHDORV]iQJDQRVGHODVFROPHQDV\DOPRQyWRQR]XPELGRTXHHPLWHQpVWRV
(VWD UDt] VRQRUD GHO YRFDEOR VH KL]R OODPDU GURQHV D ORV DYLRQHV WHOHGLULJLGRV D FDXVD GHO
UXLGRTXHVHHVFXFKDHQWLHUUDFXDQGRYXHODQDFLHUWDDOWXUD
/RV GURQHV VH PDQHMDQ FRQ FRQWURO UHPRWR WLSR MR\VWLFN R D WUDYpV GH DSOLFDFLRQHV SDUD
VPDUWSKRQHV R WDEOHWV $FWXDOPHQWH KD\ GLIHUHQWHV DSS GHVDUUROODGDV SDUD L26 $QGURLG \
KDVWD /LQX[ SDUD SLORWHDU XQ GURQH VDFDU IRWRV \ ILOPDU /DV HPSUHVDV TXH VH GHGLFDQ DO
GHVDUUROOR GH HVWH SURGXFWR WLHQHQ FRPR REMHWLYR KDFHUOR FDGD YH] PiV LQWXLWLYR \ IiFLO GH
XVDUSDUDWRGRVORVS~EOLFRV
8QDYH]FODULILFDGRTXLHQSHUWHQHFHDHVWHPXQGRGHOGURQGURQH\TXLHQQRQRVFHQWUDPRV
HQ VX XVR (O SULPHU XVR SDUD HO TXH IXHURQ FRQFHELGRV IXH HO XVR 0LOLWDU \ GHO TXH WRGRV
WXYLPRVQRWLFLDVHQSULPHUOXJDU'HVSXpVVHHPSH]yDGHULYDUKDFLDHOXVRFLYLO\FRPHUFLDO
3RGHPRVSRUWDQWRHVWDEOHFHUXQDFODVLILFDFLyQGHODPDQHUDVLJXLHQWH

$EDVFDO)\RWURVDa a da en el aula, Recursos didcticos y atencin a la diversidad, 0DGULG6DQWLOODQD

,QIRUPDFLyQREWHQLGDHQODSiJLQDKWWSGURQH\PDVHVWLSRVGHGURQH


)LJXUD7LSRVGHGURQHVGURQH\PDVHV

2WUR GH ORV SUREOHPDV FRQ HO TXH QRV HQFRQWUDPRV HV OD WHUPLQRORJtD \D TXH D YHFHV
GHQRPLQDPRVGURQHDDSDUDWRVTXHQRORVVRQ\XWLOL]DPRVROHHPRVWHUPLQRORJtDSDODEUDV
VLJODVDYHFHVFRPSOHMDVTXHQRVSXHGHQOOHYDUDFRQIXVLyQ
6HJ~QLQGLFD'DYLG'XFR\*RQ]iOH] 0XFKRVVRQORVWpUPLQRVTXH~OWLPDPHQWHLQYDGHQ
ODV QRWLFLDV HQ WHOHYLVLyQ SHULyGLFRV LPSUHVRV \ GLJLWDOHV UDGLR UHGHV VRFLDOHV \ RWURV
PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ FRQ ORV TXH VH LGHQWLILFD D ORV DYLRQHV QR WULSXODGRV $XQTXH VH
VXHOHQXVDUGHIRUPDLQGLVWLQWDQRVLJQLILFDQORPLVPR
6HXWLOL]DQLQILQLGDGGHVLJODV\SDODEUDVSHURQRVLHPSUHVHKDFHGHIRUPDFRUUHFWDSRUTXHOD
PD\RUtDQRVRQVLQyQLPRV'HKHFKRHODFWXDOSUREOHPDSDUDH[SHUWRVSHULRGLVWDV\S~EOLFR
HQ JHQHUDO HV TXHQLQJ~Q RUJDQLVPR RILFLDO HVSDxRO R LQWHUQDFLRQDO KD UHJXODGR \GHILQLGR
FRQSURSLHGDGFyPROODPDUDFDGDWLSRGHDSDUDWRFRQIXQGLpQGRVHRTXHGDQGRDOFULWHULRGHO
DXWRUGHFDGDLQIRUPDFLyQRLQIRUPHHOXVRDUELWUDULRGHHVWDVSDODEUDV
)LJXUD'URQH6XUYLYDO*XLGH

'XFR\*RQ]iOH]QRVIDFLOLWDXQSRFRPiVVXFRPSUHQVLyQ\DFRQWLQXDFLyQYDPRVDGHILQLUD
FDGDXQRGHHVWRVWpUPLQRV
x 'URQ GURQH SXHGH FRQVLGHUDUVH XQD DGDSWDFLyQ YiOLGD DO HVSDxRO GHO VXVWDQWLYR
LQJOpV drone OLWHUDOPHQWH DEHMD PDFKR R ]iQJDQR FRQ HO TXHVHGHVLJQD HQDHURQiXWLFD
SDUDGHQRPLQDUORVYHKtFXORVDpUHRVQRWULSXODGRVODPD\RUtDGHXVRPLOLWDU6LQHPEDUJR
HVWHWpUPLQRQRILJXUDD~QHQHOGLFFLRQDULRGHOD5HDO$FDGHPLDGHOD/HQJXDSRUORTXH
QRH[LVWHFRPRWDO

'XFR\'KWWSPDVVFLHQFHFRP


x 8$9Unmanned Aerial Vehicle9HKtFXORDpUHRQRWULSXODGR
x 8$6Unmanned Aerial System6LVWHPDDpUHRQRWULSXODGRHVGHFLUHODYLyQPiVHO
VLVWHPDGHFRQWURO
x 8&$9 Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle): 9HKtFXOR DpUHR QR WULSXODGR GH FRPEDWH
SDUDUHIHULUVHDORVDSDUDWRVTXHVRQFDSDFHVGHSRUWDUDUPDPHQWRSDUDDWDFDUREMHWLYRV
x 53$Remotely Piloted Aircraft): $YLRQHVFRQWURODGRVGHIRUPDUHPRWD6HWUDWDGHXQ
FRQFHSWRTXHVXUJLyFRQIXHU]DHQ((88SDUDHYLWDUTXHODJHQWHVHDWHPRULFHSRUHOXVR
GH HVWRV LQJHQLRV HQ PHGLRV XUEDQRV SHQVDQGR TXH QR KD\ QLQJXQD SHUVRQD TXH VH KDJD
FDUJRGHHYLWDUXQGHVDVWUHHQFDVRGHDYHUtDHQYXHOR
x 53$6Remotely Piloted Aircraft 6\VWHP6LVWHPDDpUHRWULSXODGRGHIRUPDUHPRWDHQ
HOFDVRGHTXHVHLQFOX\DHODSDUDWR\HOVLVWHPDGHFRQWURO(VWHWpUPLQRKDLGRKDFLpQGRVH
KXHFR HQ WRGR WLSR GH LQIRUPHV VREUH WRGR GH OD 8( TXH OODPD FRQ HVWH QRPEUH D ORV
DSDUDWRVGHXVRFLYLO
x /RV YRFDEORV 8$6 FRPR 53$6 VRQ LQYDULDEOHV HQ VLQJXODU \ HQ SOXUDO QR VH SRQHQ
HVHVPLQ~VFXODVDOILQDOQLDSyVWURIHV
'URQH\8$98$6VXHOHQVHUGHQRPLQDFLRQHVSDUDDSDUDWRVPLOLWDUHV\53$53$6
SDUDFLYLOHV
x 7RGRVORV53$VRQ8$9\DTXHVRQYHKtFXORVDpUHRVQRWULSXODGRVSHURQRWRGRVORV
8$9VRQ53$\DTXHSDUDHOORGHEHQHVWDUFRQWURODGRVSRUXQDSHUVRQD
x 'H FXDOTXLHU IRUPD HO FDRV TXH H[LVWH HV HYLGHQWH \ SUXHED GH HOOR HV TXH OD SURSLD
2UJDQL]DFLyQ GH $YLDFLyQ &LYLO ,QWHUQDFLRQDO ICAO SRU VXV VLJODV HQ LQJOpV KDEOD GH
HVWRVLQJHQLRVFRPR
x 8$ Unmanned Aircraft $YLyQ QR WULSXODGR SDUD OODPDU OR TXH SRSXODUPHQWH VH
GHQRPLQD8$9

8QDGHODVJUDQGHVSULRULGDGHVGHODVDXWRULGDGHVVHUtDFODULILFDUFRQTXpQRPEUHVHGHQRPLQD
DFDGDWLSRGHYHKtFXOR\DTXHSXHGHJHQHUDUSUREOHPDVOHJDOHVHQODOHJLVODFLyQHQODTXHVH
WUDEDMDSDUDSHUPLWLUVXXVRHQHOHVSDFLRDpUHRQRVHJUHJDGRRFRPHUFLDO
$Vt VH SRGUtD DILDQ]DU HVWH HPHUJHQWH VHFWRU HQ HO TXH \D WUDEDMDQ PXOWLWXG GH HPSUHVDV HQ
(VSDxD\TXHSXHGHGDUWUDEDMRDPHGLRPLOOyQGHSHUVRQDVHQORVSUy[LPRVDxRVHQOD8(
'HQWURGHOXVR&LYLOKD\TXHGHVWDFDUHOXVRFRPHUFLDOSDUDHOTXHVLKD\TXHWHQHUOLFHQFLDV
HVSHFLDOHV \ HO XVR QR FRPHUFLDO HV GHFLU UHFUHDWLYR SDUD HO TXH QR KDEUtD TXH VDFDUVH HVDV
OLFHQFLDVSHURHVWDUtDPiVUHVWULQJLGRVXXVR

/(*,6/$&,1
(O VHFWRU GH ODV DHURQDYHV SLORWDGDV SRU FRQWURO UHPRWR ORV OODPDGRV GURQHV R 53$6
Remotely Piloted Aircraft 6\VWHP KD VLGR REMHWR GH XQ JUDQ FUHFLPLHQWR HQ ORV ~OWLPRV
WLHPSRV$QWHHVWDVLWXDFLyQKDVXUJLGRODQHFHVLGDGGHHVWDEOHFHUXQPDUFRMXUtGLFRSDUDTXH
VH SHUPLWD HO GHVDUUROOR HQ FRQGLFLRQHV GH VHJXULGDG GH HVWH QXHYR VHFWRU HQ DXJH
WHFQROyJLFDPHQWHSXQWHUR\FRQJUDQIXWXURHQQXHVWUDVRFLHGDGFDGDYH]PiVWHFQROyJLFD


3RU HVWH PRWLYR VH KD HVWDEOHFLGR XQD QRUPDWLYD WHPSRUDO TXH UHJXOD ODV RSHUDFLRQHV FRQ
GURQHV H LQGLFD HO SURFHGLPLHQWR SDUD SRGHU UHDOL]DU DFWLYLGDGHV DpUHDV HQ IXQFLyQ GHO
HVFHQDULRGHRSHUDFLyQ\HOSHVRGHODDHURQDYH
/D$JHQFLD(VWDWDOGH6HJXULGDG$pUHDVHHQFDUJDGHODUHJXODFLyQGHRSHUDFLRQHVFRQGURQHV
GH KDVWD NJ 3DUD GURQHV SRU HQFLPD GH HVWH OtPLWH VH KD HVWDEOHFLGR XQD QRUPDWLYD D
QLYHO HXURSHR \ HO RUJDQLVPR HQFDUJDGR GH UHJXODU HVWDV DHURQDYHV HV ($6$ (XURSHDQ
$YLDWLRQ6DIHW\$JHQF\
+D\ TXH WHQHU FODUR TXH QR HV OR PLVPR XWLOL]DU HO GURQ GH IRUPD SURIHVLRQDO TXH FRPR
KREE\ /D PD\RUtD GH QRVRWURV OR YDPRV D XWLOL]DU GH IRUPD UHFUHDWLYD VLQ ILQHV
HPSUHVDULDOHVQLOXFUDWLYRVSRUORTXHODDFWXDOQRUPDWLYDQRVIDFLOLWDHOXVRHQHODXOD2WUD
FXHVWLyQ VHUtD TXH WXYLpUDPRV XQD HPSUHVD GHGLFDGD SRU HMHPSOR D OD FDUWRJUDItD R D OD
ILOPDFLyQGHSHOtFXODVFRQXVRSURIHVLRQDO
6L OR XWLOL]DPRV FRQ ILQHV UHFUHDWLYRV FRPR KREE\ HWF 7HQGUHPRV TXH FXPSOLU XQDV
FRQGLFLRQHVPtQLPDV
x 6LHPSUHWHQHPRVTXHWHQHUHOGURQDODYLVWD\QRVXSHUDUORVPHWURVGHDOWXUD(V
XQDDOWXUDPiVTXHUHVSHWDEOHSDUDFXHVWLRQHVGRFHQWHVORVPHWURVVXSRQHQXQDDOWXUD
VXSHULRUDOHGLILFLR3XHUWDGH(XURSDRDOHGLILFLRSOD]D(VSDxDGH0DGULG
3DUD HVWH WLSR GH DFWLYLGDG QR HV QHFHVDULR VHU SLORWR DXQTXH GHEHV WHQHU QRFLRQHV GH
YXHOR\VDEHUFRQWURODUWXDHURQDYH
x (OYXHORGHEHUHDOL]DUVHHQFRQGLFLRQHVySWLPDVPHWHRUROyJLFDVVLQQLHYHVLQYLHQWRV
IXHUWHVVLQWRUPHQWDVHWF
/RTXHQRSRGHPRVKDFHUHVVREUHYRODU]RQDVXUEDQDVQLGRQGHKD\DDJORPHUDFLRQHV
GH SHUVRQD HQ SOD\DV PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV SXHV OD VHJXULGDG HV PX\ LPSRUWDQWH \ QR
SRGHPRVSRQHUHQSHOLJURDWHUFHUDVSHUVRQDV
x 6LTXHUHPRVYRODUHQHVWRVVLWLRVGHEHUtDPRVREWHQHUORVUHVSHFWLYRVSHUPLVRV\HVWDUHQ
SRVHVLyQGHODVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVOLFHQFLDVGHYXHOR
x 6t TXH SRGUtDPRV YRODU HQ UHFLQWRV WRWDOPHQWH FHUUDGRV SDEHOORQHV GHSRUWLYRV HQ
FHQWURV GH FRQYHQFLRQHV QDYHV HWF \D TXH DO HVWDU FHUUDGRV QR HVWDUtDQ VRPHWLGRV D OD
MXULVGLFFLyQGH$(6$$JHQFLD(VWDWDOGH6HJXULGDG$pUHDSHURGHEHUtDPRVFRQWDUFRQ
ORVSHUPLVRVGHORVGXHxRVRUHVSRQVDEOHVGHODVLQVWDODFLRQHVRGHOHYHQWR
)LJXUD,QIRUPDFLyQVREUHXVRGHO'URQ$(6$


)LJXUD,QIRUPDFLyQVREUHXVRGHO'URQ$(6$

)LJXUD1XHYRPDUFRUHJXODWRULRWHPSRUDOSDUDODVRSHUDFLRQHV53$6NJ


1RUPDWLYDDSOLFDEOH
x $JHQFLD (VWDWDO GH 6HJXULGDG $pUHD $(6$
KWWSZZZVHJXULGDGDHUHDJREHVPHGLDDSHQGLFHBFSGI
KWWSZZZVHJXULGDGDHUHDJREHVPHGLDBDSHQGLFHBGSGI
KWWSZZZVHJXULGDGDHUHDJREHVODQJBFDVWHOODQRFLDVBHPSUHVDVWUDEDMRVUSDVIDTGHID
XOWDVS[

9'(26&21&',*2645
$FWXDOPHQWH KD\ PXFKRV YtGHRV UHODFLRQDGRV HQ ,QWHUQHW FRQ YXHORV FRQ GHPRVWUDFLRQHV
FRQH[SOLFDFLRQHVGHVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHVXVSUHFLRVHWF+HVHOHFFLRQDGRDOJXQRVYtGHRV
FRQFDUiFWHUJHRJUiILFR \FRQDSOLFDFLRQHVGLGiFWLFDV$OJXQRVGHORVFXDOHVKHXWL]DGRFRQ
PLVDOXPQRV
7RGRV HVWRV YtGHRV QRV PXHVWUDQ LPiJHQHV JUDEDGDV SRU GURQHV R DSDUDWRV GH YXHOR
UHODFLRQDGRVFRQHODHURPRGHOLVPR

9tGHRVGH9XHORVGH'URQHV\VXVFyGLJRV45
/D3HGUL]D0DGULGKWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y *O&B1.FR
3DUTXHHyOLFR/XFLOOR=DPRUDKWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y ZH&*DQ'(U0
3LHUUD0HQWD)UDQFLDKWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y -U.0I5'V(
$FDQWLODGRVGH0RKHU,UODQGDKWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y <=NZ*\I<4
&DPSRVGHIORUHV+RODQGDKWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y X7]UK;3BV
*UDQ&DxyQGHO&RORUDGR86$KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y KXT-8JK;<
&DWDUDWDV GHO ,JXD]~ %UDVLO
$UJHQWLQDKWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y OI0E4/;J
9ROFiQ <DVXU ,VOD 7DQQD 9DQXDWX 2FpDQR
3DFtILFRKWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y VK:9:8%F



/HJLVODFLyQ\SLORWDMHGHGURQHV
&yPRSLORWDUXQGURQHGHPDQHUDOHJDO4XpQHFHVLWDVSDUDSLORWDUXQGURQHVHJ~QOD
OH\"KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y &7F+Y8HR
&DUQHW GH SLORWR \ OLPLWDFLRQHV SDUD YRODU 'URQHV FRQRFH OD QXHYD
OH\KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y O-7)HJU%X
(QWUHQDPLHQWRV GH SLORWDMH GH GURQHV
&KDUSXKWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y Z:-XG$Z6Z

&21&/86,1
/DGURQHJHRJUDItDVHYDDFRQYHUWLUHQXQDGHODVFLHQFLDVJHRJUiILFDVTXHPiVGHVDUUROORYDD
DGTXLULU HQ ODV SUy[LPDV GpFDGDV 3RU XQ ODGR DFHUFDQGR DO DOXPQR DTXHOOR TXH YHtD HQ ORV
OLEURV GRFXPHQWDOHV D YHFHV GH OXJDUHV OHMDQRV \ HQ ORV TXH VH OLPLWDED D VHU XQ PHUR
HVSHFWDGRU$KRUDVHSXHGHFRQYHUWLUHQSURWDJRQLVWDGLUHFWRGHOHVWXGLRGHODJHRJUDItD
+DVWDHOPRPHQWRVRQSRFRVORVSURIHVRUHVTXHXWLOL]DQHOGURQFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDSHGDJyJLFD
\ HGXFDWLYD SDUD VXV DOXPQRV DXQTXH HVWDPRV FRQYHQFLGRV TXH OD GURQHJHRJUDItD VH
FRQYHUWLUiHQXQDFLHQFLDDX[LOLDUTXHPX\SURQWRVHUiLPSUHVFLQGLEOHHQQXHVWUDVDXODV
3RU RWUR ODGR WDPELpQ IDFLOLWDUi OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ OD XQLYHUVLGDG WHVLV GRFWRUDOHV
D\XGDQGRDWHQHUXQFRQRFLPLHQWRPiVH[DFWR\SUHFLVRGHODUHDOLGDGGHORLQPHGLDWRGHOR
TXHQRVURGHDRGHORTXHQRVJXVWDUtDFRQRFHU
'HVGH ODV DXOD KHPRV UHDOL]DGR YDULDV H[SHULHQFLDV FRQ DOXPQRV GH OD (62 HQ OD TXH pVWRV
KDQ SDUWLFLSDGR GH GLYHUVDV PDQHUDV \D TXH XQRV KDQ UHDOL]DGR YXHORV FRQ VXV GURQHV
SDUWLFXODUHV \ HO UHVWR GHO JUXSR KDQ FRPHQWDGR ODV LPiJHQHV \ YtGHRV GHVGH HO SXQWR GH
YLVWD JHRJUiILFR OR TXH KD VXSXHVWR XQ HQULTXHFLPLHQWR GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH QXHVWURV
DOXPQRV\DPSOLDQGRHOFDPSRGHHVWXGLRGHOD*HRJUDItD\VXGLGiFWLFD

%,%/,2*5$)$
$EDVFDO)HWDODa a da en el aula. Recursos didcticos y atencin a la diversidad,
1 de ESO, Geografa e Historia, Proyecto Saber Hacer. 0DGULG6DQWLOODQD
$EDVFDO)HWDODa a da en el aula. Recursos didcticos y atencin a la diversidad,
3 de ESO, Geografa e Historia, Proyecto Saber Hacer. 0DGULG6DQWLOODQD
$EDVFDO ) HW DO Geografa, 2 de Bachillerato, Proyecto Saber Hacer. 0DGULG
6DQWLOODQD


0DUWtQ-9i]TXH]0/(OUDSFRPRFRPSOHPHQWRGLGiFWLFRHQOD*HRJUDItDGHOD
(62HQ0-0DUUyQ\0//i]DURGeografa, Educacin y Formacin del profesorado en
el Marco del Espacio Europeo de Educacin Superior. 0DGULG *UXSR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD
$*(8QLYHUVLGDG&RPSOXWHQVHGH0DGULGSS
0DUWtQ - \ 9i]TXH] 0/ /D PDTXHWD FRPR UHFXUVR GLGiFWLFR HQ -- 'HOJDGR
3HxD 0 / /i]DUR \ 7RUUHV \ 0 - 0DUUyQ *DLWH (GV $SRUWDFLRQHV GH OD
*HRJUDItDSDUDDSUHQGHUDORODUJRGHODYLGD*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD$*(\
8QLYHUVLGDGGH0iODJD2EUDHQ&'SS

:(%*5$)$
0DUWtQ-%ORJGH*HRJUDItDGHOSURIHVRU-XDQ0DUWtQ
0DUWtQKWWSEORJGHJHRJUDILDGHMXDQEORJVSRWFRPHV
'XFR\'KWWSPDVVFLHQFHFRP
0XQGRGURQKWWSPXQGRGURQQHW
3pUH]-3ROtWLFDGH8VRGHO(VSDFLR$pUHRSRUSDUWHODV
53$6KWWSHVVOLGHVKDUHQHWFRSDFSSROWLFDGHXVRGHOHVSDFLRDUHRSRUSDUWHGHUSDV
MHVVSUH]EODQFRGJDF
5HDO)HGHUDFLyQ$HURQiXWLFDHVSDxRODKWWSZZZUIDHHV
5HYLVWD(QUHGRKWWSUHYLVWDHQUHGRRUJVSLSSKS"DUWLFOH


'(3(1'((/)87852'(/3$,6$-(<(/0(',2$0%,(17('(
/26)8785260$(67526"0$126$/$2%5$

(OHQD0DUtD0XxR](VSLQRVD
Facultad de Educacin. Ciudad Real. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha.
ElenaMaria.Munoz@uclm.es
5(680(1
(VWH WUDEDMR SDUWH GH XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VREUH HO FRQRFLPLHQWR TXH GH 3DLVDMH \ 0HGLR $PELHQWH WLHQHQ ORV
DOXPQRVGH*UDGRGH0DHVWURHQ(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOFXDQGRLQJUHVDQHQODXQLYHUVLGDG
$ SDUWLU GH FXHVWLRQDULRV HVSHFtILFRV \ VX DQiOLVLV VH SUHWHQGtD SRU XQ ODGR FRQRFHU DTXHOORV DOXPQRV TXH
KDEtDQ FXUVDGR *HRJUDItD HQ QLYHOHV SUHYLRV HVSHFLDOPHQWH EDFKLOOHUDWR SRU RWUR ODGR LGHQWLILFDU FyPR
DTXHOORV WpUPLQRV R FRQFHSWRV PiV XWLOL]DGRV SDUD KDEODU GH 3DLVDMH \ 0HGLR $PELHQWH VRQ XWLOL]DGRV SRU
QXHVWURV HVWXGLDQWHV \ SRU ~OWLPR PHMRUDU OD GRFHQFLD GHO *UDGR RULHQWDGD D XQRV IXWXURV PDHVWURV GDGD OD
UHSHUFXVLyQVRFLDOIXWXUDSDUDODPDWHULDTXHQRVRFXSD

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
*HRJUDItD3DLVDMH0HGLR$PELHQWH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO

,1752'8&&,1
/DV HYLGHQFLDV HQ OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO OHQJXDMH GH XQD PDQHUD DGHFXGD \ SUHFLVD FRPR
LQVWUXPHQWRGHFRPXQLFDFLyQHQHOSURFHVRHGXFDWLYRHVWiUHODFLRQDGDFRQODDVLPLODFLyQGH
ORV FRQWHQLGRV \ FRQFHSWRV HQ OD FRQVHFXFLyQ GH XQ DSUHQGL]DMH VLJQLILFDWLYR $868%(/
129$.\+$1(66,$13DUHFHFODUDWDPELpQODUHODFLyQHQWUHODDGTXLVLFLyQGHOD
FRPSHWHQFLDHQFRPXQLFDFLyQOLQJtVWLFD\HOGHVDUUROORVRFLRFRJQLWLYR6(55$76,'(5$
5267$1 \ $0$' 'RV VRQ ORV DVSHFWRV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV SRU ORV FXDOHV OD
*HRJUDItDLQWHUYLHQHHQHOGHVDUUROORGHHVWDFRPSHWHQFLD08f2=ODXWLOL]DFLyQGHO
OHQJXDMHFRPRLQVWUXPHQWRGHFRPXQLFDFLyQHQHOSURFHVRHGXFDWLYRYRFDEXODULRHVSHFtILFR
VREUHWRGRTXHHODOXPQRGHEHLQFRUSRUDUDVXYRFDEXODULRKDELWXDO\XWLOL]DUHQHOPRPHQWR
DGHFXDGR HO YRFDEXODULR GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV WLSRV GH GLVFXUVR DVRFLDGRV D ORV FRQWHQLGRV
GHVFULSFLyQGHJUiILFDVQDUUDFLyQGHWHPDVDUJXPHQWDFLyQHWF
/D LPSRUWDQFLD TXH WLHQH HO XVR GH XQ YRFDEXODULR JHRJUiILFR HVSHFtILFR SRU WDQWR VH
UHODFLRQDUtD SRU HVD YtD FRQ OD FRUUHFWD DVLPLOLDFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGRV GHO DXOD \ ORV
FRQRFLPLQHWRV GHVHDGRV HQ OD UHODFLyQ FRQ HO HQWRUQR GH ORV IXWXURV PDHVWURV GH (GXFDFLyQ
,QIDQWLO$SDUWLUGHORDQWHULRUVHSUHVHQWDDTXtXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQUHDOL]DGDDWDOHIHFWRHQOD
TXH VH EXVFDUtD HQWUH RWURV XQD DPSOLDFLyQ GHO OHQJXDMH KDELWXDO XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR \
YDORUDFLyQ GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH QDWXUDO FXOWXUDO \ VRFLDO XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR \ YDORUDFLyQ GHO
3DWULPRQLR GH &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD HQ JHQHUDO \ GH &LXGDG 5HDO HQ SDUWLFXODU HO XVR \ HO
DSUHQGL]DMH GH KHUUDPLHQWDV JHRJUiILFDV HQ HO DXOD GH LQIDQWLO GHVDUUROODU \ DGTXLULU ORV
FRQWHQLGRVGHODVPDWHULDVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHO&RQRFLPLHQWRGHO0HGLR\VX'LGiFWLFDHQHO
*UDGRGH0DHVWURHQ(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO
E.M.Muoz Espinosa


0(72'2/2*$
3DUD OOHYDU D FDER OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VH SDUWLy GH OD WRPD GH GDWRV PHGLDQWH FXHVWLRQDULRV
GLVHxDGRVH[SURIHVR'LFKDPXHVWUDVHWRPyDOLQLFLRGHFXUVRHQORVPHVHVGHVHSWLHPEUHGH
\\DQWHVGHOWUDEDMRHQFODVHFRQFRQWHQLGRVGHODVPDWHULDVGH&RQRFLPLHQWRGHO
0HGLR 6RFLDO \ &XOWXUDO FXUVR SULPHUR \ 'LGiFWLFD GH ODV &LHQFLDV 1DWXUDOHV \ 6RFLDOHV
FXUVRWHUFHURGHO*UDGRGH0DHVWURHQ(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO
/DV SUHJXQWDV LEDQ HQFDPLQDGDV D FRQFHSWRV SDUWLFXODUHV \ FRQWHQLGRV JHQHUDOHV GH OD
*HRJUDItDWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDDTXHOORVTXHIRUPDQSDUWHGHORVFXUVRVGH(62\VREUHWRGR
GH%DFKLOOHUDWRHQODPDWHULDGH*HRJUDItD$EDVFDO)et al/XUL9/X]iQ5\3RQV
-- 0pQGH] GHO 9DOOH 5 *XWLpUUH] - 2OFLQD - \ 3pUH]&KDFyQ ( 0XxR]
'HOJDGR0&
/DSULPHUDURQGDGHHQFXHVWDVVHUHDOL]yHQHOFXUVR(QHOODORVFXHVWLRQDULRV
FRPSOHWDGRVHVWXYLHURQ GLVHxDGRV FRQSUHJXQWDV$Vt\DVH WHQtDXQD H[SHULHQFLDSUHYLD
7DEODXWLOL]DQGRFXHVWLRQDULRVGHHVWHWLSR

1 7HPD 1 7HPD
&DSDVGH/D7LHUUD (FRVLVWHPDV\KiELWDWV
(OHPHQWRVGHOUHOLHYH 0DSDV\FDUWRJUDItD
5RFDV\PLQHUDOHV &LXGDGHV1~FOHRVXUEDQRV
+LGURVIHUD 3DWULPRQLR
&LFORKLGUROyJLFR (VSDFLRV1DWXUDOHV3URWHJLGRV
$WPyVIHUD &XOWXUDFRVWXPEUHV\WUDGLFLRQHV
&OLPD\7LHPSR 2EVHUYDFLyQ\H[SORUDFLyQGHO0HGLR
3UHFLSLWDFLRQHV 3HUFHSFLyQ
0HGLRDPELHQWH\HQWRUQR
7DEOD5HODFLyQGHORVWHPDVGHODVSUHJXQWDVLQFOXLGDVHQHOFXHVWLRQDULRLQLFLDO&XUVR)XHQWH
08f2=

(Q OD VHJXQGD IDVH GH PXHVWUHR VH PRGLILFDURQ DOJXQDV GH ODV SUHJXQWDV \ VH GHVJORVDURQ
RWUDVGHODVSUHJXQWDVUHDOL]DGDVSXHVWRTXHRELHQODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQSXGRUHVXOWDUHTXLYRFDGD
HQ XQ SRUFHQWDMH LPSRUWDQWH GH ODV UHVSXHVWDV GH OD SULPHUD IDVH R VH GHWHFWDURQ SRVLEOHV
PHMRUDVDUHOL]DUHQVXIRUPXODFLyQ6HDxDGLHURQDGHPiVGRVQXHYDVSUHJXQWDVSUHJXQWDV
\ 7DEOD /DV SULPHUD GH HOODV QRV SHUPLWLy FRQRFHU HO R ORV FXUVRV HQ ORV TXH HO
DOXPQDGRKDEtD WHQLGR FRQWDFWR FRQOD JHRJUDItD < OD VHJXQGD GHODV SUHJXQWDV HUDGH WLSR
DELHUWRHLQGDJyVREUHODUHODFLyQ\HOLQWHUpVTXHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVVHJ~QORVDOXPQRVGH
SULPHUR\RWHUFHURGH*UDGRFRQVLGHUDQWLHQHQSDUDHOVHJXQGRFLFORGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO
DQWHVGHOHVWXGLRGHODPDWHULDUHODFLRQDGD)LQDOPHQWHORVFXHVWLRQDULRVFRPSOHWDGRVHQ
HVWDVHJXQGDIDVHFRQVWDEDQGHYHLQWHSUHJXQWDVHQWRWDO
E.M.Muoz Espinosa


1 7HPD 1 7HPD
1LYHOHVGHIRUPDFLyQHQ*HRJUDItDSUHYLRV 3UHFLSLWDFLRQHV
DODXQLYHUVLGDG
,PSRUWDQFLDGHODVFLHQFLDVHQHODXODGH 0HGLRDPELHQWH\HQWRUQR
(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO
&DSDVGH/D7LHUUD (FRVLVWHPDV\KiELWDWV
(OHPHQWRVGHOUHOLHYH 0DSDV\FDUWRJUDItD
5RFDV\PLQHUDOHV 0HGLRUXUDO
+LGURVIHUD &LXGDGHV1~FOHRVXUEDQRV
&LFORKLGUROyJLFR 3DWULPRQLR
$WPyVIHUD (VSDFLRV1DWXUDOHV3URWHJLGRV
&OLPD 3DLVDMH
7LHPSRDWPRVIpULFR 2EVHUYDFLyQ\H[SORUDFLyQGHO0HGLR
7DEOD5HODFLyQGHORVWHPDVGHODVSUHJXQWDVLQFOXLGDVHQHOFXHVWLRQDULR&XUVR

(QDPEDVIDVHVVHKL]RKLQFDSLpHQHOXVRDGHFXDGRGHYRFDEXODULRJHRJUiILFRHVSHFtILFR\OD
PDQHUDHQODTXHORVIXWXURVPDHVWURVORFRQRFHQGHVFRQRFHQ\XVDQQRXVDQ
&RPSDUDQGRODVWDEODV\SRGHPRVREVHUYDUOHYHVGLIHUHQFLDVHQUHODFLyQDODVSUHJXQWDV
UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ FOLPD \ WLHPSR DWPRVIpULFR GHVJORVDGD HQ OD VHJXQGD IDVH SHUFHSFLyQ \
SDLVDMHUHIRUPXODGDHQODVHJXQGDIDVH\ODVSUHJXQWDV\DxDGLGDVHQHVWDVHJXQGDIDVH
VHJ~QVHFRPHQWyDQWHULRUPHQWH
/RVVLJXLHQWHVSDVRVGHODPHWRGRORJtDFRQVLVWLUiQHQXQDVHULHGHHVWUDWHJLDVDGHVDUUROODUHQ
HO DXOD GXUDQWH ORV VLJXLHQWHV FXUVRV DFDGpPLFRV D OD OX] GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV FRPR
VRQODXWLOL]DFLyQHQHOPRPHQWRDGHFXDGRGHOYRFDEXODULRGHORVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHGLVFXUVR
DVRFLDGRV D ORV FRQWHQLGRV GHVFULSFLyQ GH JUiILFDV QDUUDFLyQ GH WHPDV DUJXPHQWDFLyQ
HWFYLVLRQDGRGHLPiJHQHVPDWHULDODXGLRYLVXDO\XVRGHODV7,&VSDUDVROXFLRQDUSRVLEOHV
ODJXQDVHQHOXVRGHOYRFDEXODULRJHRJUiILFRFRPRFRPSOHPHQWRDORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVHQ
ORV FXHVWLRQDULRV GLVHxR GH DFWLYLGDGHV GH DXOD RUDOHV SOiVWLFDV RWUDV \ VDOLGDV GH FDPSR
RULHQWDGDV D OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ ORV FRQFHSWRV LGHQWLILFDGRV D
SDUWLUGHOYRFDEXODULRJHRJUiILFR

5(68/7$'26
,QFOX\HQGR OD SULPHUD \ OD VHJXQGD IDVH GH PXHVWUHR VH REWXYLHURQ XQ WRWDO GH
FXHVWLRQDULRVFRPSOHWDGRVHQWUHODVGRVIDVHVGHPXHVWUHR$SDUWLUGHORDQWHULRU\WUDVXQD
HYDOXDFLyQGHORVPLVPRVVHHQFRQWUDURQFODUDVGLIHUHQFLDVGHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVGLVWLQWRV
WpUPLQRVJHRJUiILFRV\WDPELpQGLIHUHQWHVSXQWXDFLRQHVILQDOHVHQORVUHVXOWDGRVLQGLYLGXDOHV
SRUDOXPQRTXHSDVDQDGHVFULELUVHDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
$ UDt] GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV TXH DUURMD OD PXHVWUD FDVL OD PLWDG GH ORV HQFXHVWDGRV
FXUVDURQ JHRJUDItD KDVWD VHJXQGR FXUVR GH %DFKLOOHUDWR 6REUH HO UHVWR GH ORV FXUVRV FDEH
UHVDOWDUTXHVHHYLGHQFLDXQDIDOWDGHVHJXULGDGHQODVUHVSXHVWDVSXGLHQGRHVWDUUHODFLRQDGD
ELHQFRQHOSDVRGHORVDOXPQRVSRURWUDVWLWXODFLRQHVSDUWHGHHOORVGHHOORVSURYLHQHQGH
E.M.Muoz Espinosa


FLFORVIRUPDWLYRVSRVWHULRUHVDOD(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD2EOLJDWRULDRELHQGHULYDGRGHORV
FRQWHQLGRVUHDOHVTXHHQORVFDVRVSDUWLFXODUHVVHHVWXGLDURQ&XHVWLyQHVWD~OWLPDHQODTXH
QR VH SURIXQGL]D DXQTXH SDUHFH FODUD OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD PLVPD SDUD OD PD\RU SDUWH GHO
DOXPQDGR TXH UHVSRQGH D OD SUHJXQWD /DV UHVSXHVWDV R ORV DUJXPHQWRV HVER]DGRV VRQ
EDVWDQWHLPSUHFLVRVTXHGDQGRVLQUHVSRQGHUHQXQHOHYDGRSRUFHQWDMHGHOWRWDO
6L REVHUYDPRV OD )LJXUD ODV SUHJXQWDV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ HO DJXD \ HO FLFOR KLGUROyJLFR OD
OLWRVIHUDRODDWPyVIHUDSUHJXQWDVDWDEODREWLHQHQORVUHVXOWDGRVPiVEDMRV6HGHWHFWD
FRQIXVLyQ GH WpUPLQRV \ IDOWD GH DGHFXDFLyQ GHO WpUPLQR DO PHGLR DO TXH HVWD UHIHULGR SH
OLWRVIHUD FRPR FDSD GH OD DWPyVIHUD 7DPELpQ GHVWDFD OD SUHJXQWD UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ ORV
FRQFHSWRV GH URFD \ PLQHUDO SRU WHQHU XQ PX\ HOHYDGR SRUFHQWDMH GH UHVSXHVWDV HQ EODQFR
\RHUUyQHDV\HYLGHQFLDQGRWDPELpQFRQIXVLyQHQFXDQWRDORVGLIHUHQWHVHVWDGRV
GHODPDWHULDDXQTXHQRLQFOXtDUHIOH[LyQDHOOR6LQHPEDUJRODSUHJXQWDUHODFLRQDGDFRQ
OD KLGURVIHUD HV OD SUHJXQWD PHQRV UHVSRQGLGD GH WRGR HO FXHVWLRQDULR WDQ VyOR GH ODV
UHVSXHVWDV<VHPXHVWUDFRPRPX\SRFRIUHFXHQWHLQFOXLUODVDJXDVVXEWHUUiQHDVHQ
OD UHVSXHVWD 3DUD WHUPLQDU HQ OD SUHJXQWD FDSDV GH OD DWPyVIHUD VH UHVSRQGH PX\
IUHFXHQWHPHQWH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH HO GH ORV FXHVWLRQDULRV D OD OLWRVIHUD \ KLGURVIHUD
FRPRFDSDVGHODDWPyVIHUD
(Q HO RWUR H[WUHPR )LJXUD ODV SUHJXQWDV TXH REWXYLHURQ XQD PHMRU YDORUDFLyQ HQ ODV
UHVSXHVWDVIXHURQODVSUHJXQWDV\UHODFLRQDGDVFRQelementos del relieve, clima,
mapas y cartografa u observacin y exploracin del medioUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH(QHOFDVRGHOD
SUHJXQWDVLREVHUYDPRVODIUHFXHQFLDGHPD\RUDPHQRURUGHQGHDSDULFLyQDFHUWDGDGHORV
WpUPLQRVYHPRVTXHVHJXLUtDQHOVLJXLHQWHRUGHQPHVHWDFHUURYROFiQYDOOHFDEH]RGROLQD
\ILQDOPHQWHPDDU1LQJ~QHVWXGLDQWHFRQWHVWyODSUHJXQWDFRUUHFWDGHPDQHUDFRPSOHWDFRQ
XQ Pi[LPR GH LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GH FLQFR WpUPLQRV GH ORV VLHWH SRVLEOHV (O ~QLFR WpUPLQR
LQWUXVR Vt VH LGHQWLILFy ELHQ JODFLDU $ OD KRUD GH KDEODU GH FOLPD \ WLHPSR DWPRVIpULFR
SUHJXQWD VH LQFOXL\H FRQ PiV IUHFXHQFLD OD UHIHUHQFLD JHRJUiILFD \ QR WDQWR OD YDULDEOH
WHPSRUDOSRUDXVHQFLDRSRUHUURUHMDOKDEODUGHFOLPDVHKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDXQDxR\QRD
XQD VHULH ODUJDGH DxRV )LQDOPHQWH DXQTXH FRQ FLHUWR JUDGR GH HUURU OD SUHJXQWD HV OD
TXHREWLHQHPHMRUSXQWXDFLyQHQHOFyPSXWRJOREDOWHQLHQGRHQODPD\RUSDUWHGHORV
FDVRVDOPHQRVXQWpUPLQRFRUUHFWR
)LJXUD3XQWXDFLyQVHJ~QODVSUHJXQWDVUHDOL]DGDVHQDOXPQRVGH3ULPHUFXUVRGHO*UDGRGH0HVWURHQ(G
,QIDQWLO&XUVR(QDEFLVDV1GHODSUHJXQWDHQRUGHQDGDVSXQWXDFLyQPHGLDGHODSUHJXQWD
E.M.Muoz Espinosa


(QJHQHUDOVHKDQGHWHFWDGRFDUHQFLDVGHYRFDEXODULRHVSHFtILFRSDUDORVWHPDVUHODFLRQDGRV
FRQODDGTXLVLFLyQGHOD&RPSHWHQFLD/LQJtVWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDDODTXHVHKDFtDDOXVLyQHQ
ODLQWURGXFFLyQ
&RQWUDVWDQGRFRQIDVHVGHPXHVWUHRDQWHULRUHV)LJXUDV\VHHYLGHQFLDXQDFODUDPHMRUtD
HQFXDQWRDODH[SUHVLyQRUDO\HVFULWDHQHOSDVRGHSULPHUFXUVRDWHUFHUFXUVRGHO*UDGR

)LJXUD3XQWXDFLyQVHJ~QODVSUHJXQWDVUHDOL]DGDVHQDOXPQRVGH3ULPHUFXUVRGHO*UDGRGH0HVWURHQ(G
,QIDQWLO&XUVR)XHQWH08f2=(QDEFLVDV1GHODSUHJXQWDHQRUGHQDGDVSXQWXDFLyQ
PHGLDGHODSUHJXQWD

3UHJXQWDVTXHDQWHVTXHGDEDQVLQUHVROYHURTXHHQFDVRGHKDEHUVLGRUHVSRQGLGDVREWHQtDQ
EDMD R PX\ EDMD SXQWXDFLyQ SDVDQ D REWHQHU UHVXOWDGRV PiV DOWRV \ FHUFDQRV DO GH
FRUUHFFLyQ 'HVWDFDURQ HVSHFLDOPHQWH ODV SUHJXQWDV UHODFLRQDGD FRQ OD KLGURVIHUD \
UHDODFLRQDGD FRQ ORV HVSDFLRV QDWXUDOHV SURWHJLGRV \ HQ PHQRU PHGLGD OD SUHJXQWD
PDSDV \ FDUWRJUDItD TXH WDPELpQ PHMRUD GH PDQHUD HYLGHQWH HQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV GHO WHUFHU
FXUVR
6L DWHQGHPRV D ORV UHVXOWDGRV LQGLYLGXDOHV SRU DOXPQR HQ HVWD VHJXQGD IDVH GH PXHVWUHR
)LJXUD OD PHGLD GH UHVSXHVWDV FRUUHFWDV VH VLW~D HQ 6yOR HO GH ORV
FXHVWLRQDULRV HVWi SRU HQFLPD GHO GH UHVSXHVWDV FRUUHFWDV \ WDQ VyOR HO GH
FXHVWLRQDULRVORVXSHUDFRQRPiV(OJUXHVRGHORVUHVXOWDGRVXQVHVLW~DHQWUH
HO\HOGHQRWD<HOUHVWRVHUtDPHQRUVLWXiQGRVHHOXPEUDOLQIHULRUHQWRUQRDXQ
GHUHVSXHVWDVFRUUHFWDV
E.M.Muoz Espinosa


)LJXUD3XQWXDFLyQVHJ~QODVSUHJXQWDVUHDOL]DGDVHQDOXPQRVGH7HUFHUFXUVRGHO*UDGRGH0HVWURHQ(G
,QIDQWLO&XUVR)XHQWH08f2=(QDEFLVDV1GHODSUHJXQWDHQRUGHQDGDVSXQWXDFLyQ
PHGLDGHODSUHJXQWD

)LJXUD5HVXOWDGRVWRWDOHVLQGLYLGXDOHVSRUDOXPQRGH3ULPHUFXUVRGHO*UDGRGH0HVWURHQ(G,QIDQWLO&XUVR
(QDEFLVDV,'FXHVWLRQDULRHQRUGHQDGDVSXQWXDFLyQPHGLDREWHQLGDHQFDGDFXHVWLRQDULR
LQGLYLGXDO
1RVHHQFXHQWUDQJUDQGHVGLIHUHQWHVVLFRPSDUDPRVORVDQWHULRUHVFRQORVUHVXOWDGRV
REWUHQLGRVHOFXUVRSDVDGRSDUDHOSULPHUFXUVRFX\DPHGLDIXH)LJXUD6tIXH
E.M.Muoz Espinosa


DOJRVXSHULRUHQVHLVSXQWRVODPHGLDJOREDOSRUDOXPQRREWHQLGDSDUDHOFXUVRGHWHUFHURXQ
)LJXUD
)LJXUD5HVXOWDGRVWRWDOHVLQGLYLGXDOHVSRUDOXPQRGH3ULPHUFXUVRGHO*UDGRGH0HVWURHQ(G,QIDQWLO&XUVR
08f2=(QDEFLVDV,'FXHVWLRQDULRHQRUGHQDGDVSXQWXDFLyQPHGLDREWHQLGDHQFDGD
FXHVWLRQDULRLQGLYLGXDO

)LJXUD5HVXOWDGRVWRWDOHVLQGLYLGXDOHVSRUDOXPQRGH7HUFHUFXUVRGHO*UDGRGH0HVWURHQ(G,QIDQWLO&XUVR
08f2=(QDEFLVDV,'FXHVWLRQDULRHQRUGHQDGDVSXQWXDFLyQPHGLDREWHQLGDHQFDGD
FXHVWLRQDULRLQGLYLGXDO
E.M.Muoz Espinosa


6LFRPSDUDPRVORVFXUVRVGHSULPHUR\WHUFHURODVSULQFLSDOHVGLIHUHQFLDVVHHQFXHQWUDQHQOD
GLVWULEXFLyQ GH ORV LQWHUYDORV GH UHVXOWDGRV 0LHQWUDV TXH HQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV JOREDOHV SRU
DOXPQR REWHQLGRV SDUD SULPHU FXUVR SUiFWLFDPHQWH QR DSDUHFHQ UHVXOWDGRV LQGLYLGXDOHV
VXSHULRUHV DO HQ WHUFHUR ORV SRUFHQWDMHV VL ELHQ QR VRQ H[FHVLYDPHQWH DOWRVVt VXSHUDQ
OOHJDQGRHQDOJXQRVFDVRVDXQRVYDORUHVGH\(QHOPLVPRVHQWLGRDXPHQWD
FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH HO LQWHUYDOR GH UHVXOWDGRV LQGLYLGXDOHV SRU DOXPQR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D XQ
GH UHVSXHVWDV FRUUHFWDV SDVDQGR GH XQ R XQ VHJ~Q HO FXUVR DFDGpPLFR
)LJXUDV\HQSULPHUFXUVRDFDVLXQSDUDORVDOXPQRVGHWHUFHUR)LJXUDDVSHFWR
TXH\DVHDSXQWDEDHQODPHGLDDULWPpWLFDGHUHVXOWDGRV

&21&/86,21(6
$SDUWLUGHORVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVSRGHPRVDILUPDUTXHSDUHFHFODURTXHH[LVWHXQDFLHUWD
FRQFLHQFLDFLyQSRUSDUWHGHODSREODFLyQXQLYHULVWDULDWHVWDGDIXWXURVPDHVWURV\PDHVWUDVGH
HGXFDFLyQ LQIDQWLO GH OD LPSRUWDQFLD TXH WLHQHQ SDUD OD GRFHQFLD ORV UHFXUVRV SURSLRV GHO
WHUULWRULR
6LQHPEDUJR\DSDUWLUGHODPXHVWUDSRGHPRVDILUPDUWDPELpQTXHHOFRQRFLPLHQWRFDUHFH
HQ RFDVLRQHV GH IXQGDPHQWDFLyQ WHyULFD \ HYLGHQFLD XQ HOHYDGR JUDGR GH LPSUHFLVLyQ HQ HO
YRFDEXODULRWpFQLFRXWLOL]DGR([LVWHQFRQFHSWRVWDOHVFRPRHidrosfera \Tiempo atmosfrico
TXH SUHVHQWDQ XQRV QLYHOHV EDMRV R PX\ EDMRV GH UHVSXHVWDV DGHFXDGDV HQ OD PXHVWUD
UHVSRQGLGRV HO \ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH 'LFKD IDOWD GH FRQRFLPLHQWR VH SUHVHQWD HQ
RFDVLRQHV FRPR XQD EDUUHUD TXH LPSHGLUtD OOHYDU D OD SUiFWLFD HQ HO DXOD FLHUWDV DFWLYLGDGHV
FRQ ORV QLxRV\ QLxDV HQ HO FROHJLR 3RU H[SHULHQFLDVDQWHULRUHV GHDXOD 08f2=VH
PXHVWUDFRPRFRQXQDSHTXHxDLQWHUYHQFLyQTXHFODULILTXHDOJXQRVGHORVFRQFHSWRVFODYH
ORVDOXPQRVGHOD)DFXOWDGGH(GXFDFLyQVHPXHVWUDQQRVyORPiVUHFHSWLYRVDODDGTXLVLFLyQ
GHFRQRFLPLHQWRVJHRJUiILFRVVLQRTXHDGHPiVDSRUWDQH[SHULHQFLDVTXHPDWHULDOL]DQHQODV
DXODVFRQHOHYDGRp[LWR
(Q JHQHUDO VH KD GHWHFWDGR SUHRFXSDFLyQ HQ HO DOXPQDGR DO FRPSUREDUOR \ XQD PRWLYDFLyQ
SDUD UHFXSHUDU DVSHFWRV TXH SXGLHURQ DGTXLULUVH HQ HWDSDV GH IRUPDFLyQ SUHYLDV D OD
XQLYHUVLGDG $Vt PLVPR OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ HO SURFHVR \ VREUH WRGR OD UHIOH[LyQ GHO
DOXPQDGR UHVXOWD PRWLYDQWH SDUD VX GHVDUUROOR \ WDPELpQ SDUD XQ PHMRU DSURYHFKDPLHQWR
SRVWHULRUHQHODXODGHWHPDVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQORVFRQWHQLGRVGHOSULPHUFXHVWLRQDULR
0X\ LPSRUWDQWH HV HO KHFKR GH TXH DSDUHFH PHMRUDGR HO QLYHO GHH[SUHVLyQOLQJtVWLFD \ GH
FRQRFLPLHQWRVHQORVDOXPQRVGHWHUFHURUHVSHFWRGHORVGHSULPHUR3RUHOOR\DSDUWLUGHOR
DQWHULRU SDUHFH DGHFXDGR \ UHFRPHQGDEOH FRQWLQXDU FRQ HO VHJXLPLHQWR GH PXHVWUHR SDUD
REWHQHU D PHGLR SOD]R XQD PD\RU HYROXFLyQ HQ OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH YRFDEXODULR \ FRQFHSWRV
FODYHHQHVWDVGRVDVLJQDWXUDVTXHHQHO*UDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOFRPSOHWDQODIRUPDFLyQ
GHORVIXWXURVPDHVWURVHQODPDWHULDGH*HRJUDItD
/DV DXODV GH (GXFDFLyQ ,QIDQWLO VRQ HO QLFKR HGXFDWLYR DGHFXDGR SDUD OD LQLFLDFLyQ HQ HO
DSUHQGL]DMHGHODJHRJUDItDIXQGDPHQWDOGHVGHODVHGDGHVPiVWHPSUDQDV0$551
GH OD SREODFLyQ DGXOWD IXWXUD (Q ORV PDHVWURV GH LQIDQWLO GHVFDQVD OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GH
SUHSDUDUDODPD\RUtDGHORVQLxRV\DTXHHQQXHVWURSDtVVHHVSHUDTXHFDVLWRGRVORVQLxRVVH
LQWHJUHQ HQ HVWDV HWDSDV HGXFDWLYDV WHPSUDQDV SDUD LQJUHVDU HQ ODV HWDSDV REOLJDWRULDV GH OD
HGXFDFLyQ721'$
3DUDFRQWLQXDUHQXQIXWXURFHUFDQRODVOLQHDVGHWUDEDMRVREUHODVTXHVHHVWiDFWXDQGRVRQ
ODVTXHVLJXHQ
E.M.Muoz Espinosa


8QD PHMRUD \ UHDMXVWH GH ORV IRUPXODULRV XWLOL]DGRV \ GHO WUDWDPLHQWR \ H[SRVLFLyQ GH
ORVWHPDVGHFRQWHQLGRVHQHODXOD
5HOL]DFLyQ GH IRUPXODULRV RQOLQH \ DFRUGH FRQ OD IDPLOLDULGDG \ HO DWUDFWLYR TXH ORV
QDWLYRVGLJLWDOHVWLHQHQKDFLDODVUHGHVSHUPLWLHQGRDGHPiVGHHVHPRGRHOXVRGH7,*V
&RQWLQXDFLyQ HQ OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH IRUPXODULRV DO LQLFLR \ DO ILQDO GHO FXUVR DSUD SRGHU
HYDOXDU DVt HO SURJUHVR UHDO HQ OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH YRFDEXODULR JHRJUiILFR GHVSXpV GH OD
DFWXDFLyQHQHODXOD
9LVLRQDGR GH LPiJHQHV \ RWURV UHFXUVRV DXGLRYLVXDOHV WUDEDMDGRV HQ HO DXOD \
UHODFLRQDGRVFRQORVFRQWHQLGRVTXHHQSULQFLSLRSUHVHQWDQPD\RUGLILFXODWDGSDUDQXHVWURV
DOXPQRVGH*UDGR
/HFWXUDGH WH[WRVEUHYHV\DUWtFXORV FLHQWtILFRVVHOHFFLRQDGRVHQFDPLQDGRVDVROYHQWDU
ODVSRVLEOHVGXGDV\WDPELpQDODDPSOLDFLyQGHUHFXUVRVOLQJtVWLFRV\GHFRQRFLPLHQWR
$XPHQWR GH OD SREODFLyQ PXHVWUHDGD LQFOX\HQGR YDULRV FXUVRV \ QLYHOHV DFDGpPLFRV
FRQVHFXWLYRV
&RQ HVWDV PHGLGDV VH SUHWHQGH REWHQHU UHVXOWDGRV PiV GHSXUDGRV \ HVWDGtVWLFDPHQWH PiV
SUHFLVRV\DMXVWDGRVD ODVQHFHVLGDGHVTXH OD PDWHULDGH*HRJUDItDSUHVHQWDSDUDORVIXWXURV
0DHVWURVHGXFDGRUHVGHODVVLJXLHQWHVJHQHUDFLRQHV

%,%/,2*5$)$
$EDVFDO ) et al Geografa 3UR\HFWR /D &DVD GHO 6DEHU %DFKLOOHUDWR 6DQWLOODQD
0DGULG
$XVXEHO '3 1RYDN -' \ +DQHVVLDQ + Psicologa Educativa. (GLWRULDO 7ULOODV
0p[LFR
/XUL9/X]iQ5\3RQV--Geografa. Humanidades y CC Sociales3UR\HFWR=RRP
%DFKLOOHUDWR(GHOYLYHV=DUDJR]D
0DUUyQ 0- /D IRUPDFLyQ LQLFLDO GHO SURIHVRUDGR GH JHRJUDItD GH ORV GLVWLQWRV
QLYHOHVHGXFDWLYRVHQHOPDUFRGHOHVSDFLRHXURSHRGHHGXFDFLyQVXSHULRUHQ0DUUyQ0-\
/i]DUR0/(GVGeografa, Educacin y Formacin del Profesorado en el marco
del Espacio Europeo de Educacin Superior 0DGULG *UXSR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD
$*(8QLYHUVLGDG&RPSOXWHQVHGH0DGULG3S
0pQGH] GHO 9DOOH 5 *XWLpUUH] - 2OFLQD - \ 3pUH]&KDFyQ ( Geografa
%DFKLOOHUDWR600DGULG
0XxR] (0 Los ejes fluviales como ejes didcticos 9,, &RQJUHVR ,EpULFR GH
'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDLQYHVWLJDUSDUDLQQRYDUHQODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItD$OLFDQWH
8QLYHUVLGDG GH $OLFDQWH $VRFLDFLyQ GH *HyJUDIRV (VSDxROHV *UXSR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD
*HRJUDItD
0XxR] (0 El Vocabulario Geogrfico en la adquisicin de la Competencia en
Comunicacin Lingstica. De qu partimos? &RPXQLFDFLyQ RUDO HQ HO 9 &RQJUHVR
,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH &RPSHWHQFLDV %iVLFDV OD &RPSHWHQFLD HQ &RPXQLFDFLyQ /LQJtVWLFD
&LXGDG5HDO8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD
0XxR]'HOJDGR0&Geografa%DFKLOOHUDWR$QD\D0DGULG
E.M.Muoz Espinosa


6HUUDW ( 6LGHUD ) 5RVWDQ & \ $PDGy $ Adquisici del llenguatge i cognici
/OHQJXDVRFLHWDWLFRPXQLFDFLy/DQJXDJHVRFLHW\DQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQSS
7RQGD(0. /D*HRJUDItDHQHO*UDGRGH0DHVWURGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOGH(VSDxD
HQ 99$$ A inteligncia Geogrfica na Educaao do Sculo XXI $VVRFLDoDR GH
3URIHVVRUHV GH *HRJUDILD /LVERD ,QVWLWXWR GH *HRJUDItD H 2UGHQDPHQWR GR 7HUULWyULR GD
8QLYHUVLGDGHGH/LVERD*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDGHOD$VRFLDFLyQGH*HyJUDIRV
(VSDxROHV
E.M.Muoz Espinosa


(/12'2&2025(&8562','&7,&2(1*(2*5$)$
81$1/,6,6'(/266(&725(6352'8&7,926
'(6'((/3/$1-$e1

0DWLOGH3HLQDGR5RGUtJXH]
rea de Didctica de las Ciencias Sociales. Universidad de Jan
mpeinado@ujaen.es
5(680(1
/D SURSXHVWD TXH SUHVHQWDPRV WLHQH FRPR REMHWLYR SODQWHDU XQD DSOLFDFLyQ GLGiFWLFD UHWURVSHFWLYD
WRPDQGRFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDGRFXPHQWDOHQODDVLJQDWXUDGH*HRJUDItDGHGH(62ODVJUDEDFLRQHV
GHO 1RGR HQ WRUQR D OD DSOLFDFLyQ GHO 3ODQ -DpQ GH 2SWDPRV SRU HO PLFURDQiOLVLV FRPR
KHUUDPLHQWDPHWRGROyJLFDGRQGHHODSUHQGL]DMHVLJQLILFDWLYRSDUWHGHODVDELGXUtDH[SHULHQFLD\FRWLGLDQLGDGGH
VX HQWRUQR SDUD HQWHQGHU ILQDOPHQWH GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD PDFUR ORV FRQGLFLRQDQWHV SROtWLFRV HFRQyPLFRV
VRFLDOHVHLGHROyJLFRVTXHSXHGHQGHWHUPLQDUODHYROXFLyQGHORVVHFWRUHVSULPDULR\VHFXQGDULRGHODSURYLQFLD

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
12'23ODQ-DpQ'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItDVHFWRUHVSURGXFWLYRV

,1752'8&&,1
Jan me quita el sueo!.
)UDQFLVFR)UDQFR
(Q WHUPLQDGD OD ,, *XHUUD 0XQGLDO OD 3UHVLGHQFLD GHO *RELHUQR (VSDxRO FUHy OD
6HFUHWDUtD*HQHUDOSDUDOD2UGHQDFLyQ(FRQyPLFR6RFLDOFRQHOILQGHDXPHQWDUHOQLYHOGH
YLGD \ OD UHQWD SRU KDELWDQWH \ TXH HQ HO iPELWR SURYLQFLDO IRPHQWDED HVSHFLDOPHQWH HO
DSURYHFKDPLHQWRGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVGH FDGDSURYLQFLDFRPR PRWRUSDUDVXGHVDUUROOR
HFRQyPLFR\VRFLDO6iQFKH]'RPLQJXH](QHOPDUFRGHODPLVPDVHGLVHxyHO
3ODQ-DpQTXHIXHDSUREDGRHOGHMXOLRGH
3RUTXpIXHHOHJLGDQXHVWUDSURYLQFLDMXQWRFRQ%DGDMR]GHQWURGHOSDQRUDPDQDFLRQDO"
6LQ GXGD IXH PX\ LPSRUWDQWH HO GHQRPLQDGR SUREOHPD VRFLDO GH -DpQ DO TXH DOXGtDQ
VLVWHPiWLFDPHQWH SUHQVD SXEOLFDFLRQHV 'LSXWDFLyQ R *RELHUQR &LYLO HQWUH RWURV HOHYDGR
SDUR HVWDFLRQDO LQH[LVWHQFLD GH DOWHUQDWLYDV GH WLSR LQGXVWULDO D OD RPQLSUHVHQWH LQGXVWULD
ROHtFROD PDUFDGR FDUiFWHU DJUDULR GH VX WHUULWRULR R GHILFLWDULR HVWDGR GH VHUYLFLRV H
LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVJHQHUDOHV*DOOHJR6LPyQ

(VWDIDPRVDIUDVHGH)UDQFLVFR)UDQFRSXHGHDOXGLUDGRVPRPHQWRVHQODWUD\HFWRULDYLWDOGHOGLFWDGRUHQOD*XHUUD&LYLO
FXDQGR HQ VX PDUFKD VREUH 0DGULG -DpQ \ HQ HVSHFLDO HO HQFODYH GH 6LHUUD 0RUHQD VH OH DQWRMDED XQ OXJDU GLItFLO GH
DWUDYHVDU\FRPRMXVWLILFDFLyQ\SURSDJDQGDGHO3ODQ-DpQGH

6XGHQRPLQDFLyQFRPSOHWDIXH3ODQ&RRUGLQDGRGH2EUDV&RORQL]DFLyQ,QGXVWULDOL]DFLyQ\(OHFWULILFDFLyQGHODSURYLQFLD
GH-DpQHO3ODQ-DpQTXHVHJXtDODHVWHODGHOTXHHQVHKDEtDDSUREDGRSDUDODSURYLQFLDGH%DGDMR]
M.Peinado Rodrguez


(O 3ODQ -DpQ VH DUWLFXOy HQ WRUQR D VLHWH JUDQGHV OtQHDV GH LQWHUYHQFLyQ TXH WHQtDQ FRPR
REMHWLYRIXQGDPHQWDOVDFDUDODSURYLQFLDGHVXDWUDVRHMHUFXFLyQGHREUDVKLGUD~OLFDVSDUD
ODH[SDQVLyQGHORVUHJDGLRVXFRQVROLGDFLyQGHODVFRORQL]DFLRQHVDXPHQWRGHOSUHFLRGHO
DFHLWH SDUD FRQVWLWXLU XQ IRQGR GH SDUR GHVWLQDGR D ORV MRUQDOHURV REOLJDFLyQ GH UHDOL]DU
ODERUHV PtQLPDV \ REUDV SHUPDQHQWHV GH PHMRUD HQ ODV ILQFDV U~VWLFDV FUHDFLyQ GH
SDWULPRQLRV \ KXHUWRV IDPLOLDUHV DVRFLDFLyQ GH FXOWLYRV SDUD FRPSOHPHQWDU HO SHVR
H[FHVLYR GHO ROLYR HQ OD HFRQRPtD SURYLQFLDO UHSREODFLyQ IRUHVWDO HQ pSRFDV GH SDUR
HVWDFLRQDOGHVDUUROORGHLQGXVWULDVFRPSOHPHQWDULDVOLJDGDVDVHFWRUHVFRPRODFHUiPLFDR
HOHVSDUWR
(VWDVVLHWHOtQHDVGHDFWXDFLyQUHVSRQGtDQDXQDWULSOHILQDOLGDG
D /DLQGXVWULDOL]DFLyQGHODSURYLQFLDSURYRFDUtDHOWUDVYDVHGHWUDEDMDGRUHVGHOFDPSRD
ODLQGXVWULDDOFDQ]DQGRXQPD\RUQLYHOGHUHQWDSHUFiSLWDHYLWDQGRHOSDURDJUtFROD\OD
PRYLOLGDGHVWDFLRQDO
E /DSROtWLFDGHFRORQL]DFLyQDXPHQWDUtDODVXSHUILFLHGHUHJDGtR
F /D UHDOL]DFLyQ GH REUDV S~EOLFDV PHMRUDUtD ODV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV \
FRQWULEXLUtDDUHGXFLUHOSDURHVWDFLRQDODJUtFROD
(V FXULRVR FRPR H[SRQH 6iQFKH] 'RPLQJXH] TXH HQ HO SURJUDPD GH
1HFHVLGDGHVGHODSURYLQFLDGH-DpQVHLQGLFDEDTXHHOSULQFLSDOSUREOHPDGHODSURYLQFLDHUD
HO SDUR HVWDFLRQDO RULJLQDGR SRU HO PRQRFXOWLYR GHO ROLYR SHUR D SHVDU GH HOOR VH SULPDED
el inters nacional que exige continuar en la mismo proporcin el cultivo del olivo".
$GHPiV GLFKR SODQ FRQWHPSODED RFKR JUDQGHV SUR\HFWRV GH LQWHUYHQFLyQ HQ OD HVWUXFWXUD
HFRQyPLFD GH OD SURYLQFLD2EUDV +LGUiXOLFDV 7UDQVIRUPDFLyQ $JUtFROD \ &RORQL]DFLyQ
5HSREODFLyQ )RUHVWDO 7UDEDMRV GH PHMRUD \ WHQGLGR GH IHUURFDUULOHV (OHFWULILFDFLyQ GH OD
SURYLQFLD GH -DpQ ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ 0LQHUD HQ HO &HQWHQLOOR \ /LQDUHV ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ GH DJXDV
VXEWHUUiQHDV\SRU~OWLPR3DWURQDWR3UR,QGXVWULDOL]DFLyQ/DLQYHUVLyQSUHYLVWDLQLFLDOPHQWH
DVFHQGtDDGHSHVHWDV

(/12'2&2025(&8562','&7,&2(1*(2*5$)$
(Q OD DFWXDOLGDG \ SHVH D ODV GLILFXOWDGHV TXH VLHPSUH KD SUHVHQWDGR OD *HRJUDItD SDUD
FRQVROLGDUVHFRPRGLVFLSOLQDIXQGDPHQWDOHLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHOD+LVWRULDHQHOFXUULFXOXPGH
OD (QVHxDQ]D 6HFXQGDULD GH QXHVWUR SDtV QR HV FXHVWLRQDEOH VX HQRUPH SRWHQFLDO HQ HO
SURFHVRGHDSUHQGL]DMHGHVGHODYLGD\SDUDODYLGDSUHSDUDQGRDODOXPQDGRHQSULPHUOXJDU
SDUD HQWHQGHU ORV IXQGDPHQWRV TXH GHWHUPLQDQ OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH ODV VRFLHGDGHV \
IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHFRQVROLGDQGRVXIRUPDFLyQFRPRFLXGDGDQtDDELHUWDUHIOH[LYD\FUtWLFD

/RV SODQHV FRRUGLQDGRV GH LQGXVWULDOL]DFLyQ FRPR LQVWUXPHQWR GH GHVDUUROOR UHJLRQDO VH HQPDUFDQ EDMR OD WHRUtD GHO
FUHFLPLHQWRHTXLOLEUDGRLQLFLDGDSRU5RVHQVWHLQ5RGDQ

3DUD HOOR VH SUHYHtD OD FUHDFLyQ GH QXHYDV LQGXVWULDV FRQ XQ WRWDO GH IiEULFDV FRQ ODV TXH VH HVWLPDEDFUHDU
SXHVWRVGHWUDEDMRILMRVLHQGRODIHFKDOtPLWH6HJ~QH[SRQH6iQFKH]'RPLQJXH]HOVLVWHPDSUHYHtDTXHOD
LQLFLDWLYDSULYDGDLQYLUWLHUDVXFDSLWDOHQXQDVIiEULFDVFX\DORFDOL]DFLyQKDEtDILMDGRSUHYLDPHQWHHOVHFWRUS~EOLFR\FX\RV
FULWHULRVQDWDWHQtDQTXHYHUFRQODUHQWDELOLGDGHFRQyPLFD

(QHVWHDVSHFWRWDPELpQ6iQFKH]'RPLQJXH]HVPX\FUtWLFDHQSULPHUOXJDUSRUTXHQRVHFRQWHPSODURQRWUDV
RSFLRQHVFRPR PHMRUDUDERQRV RLQWURGXFLU PDTXLQDULDDJUtFRODSHURIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHSRUTXHQRVHDERUGyHOYHUGDGHUR
SUREOHPDGHODSURYLQFLDTXHHVWDEDHQHOFXOWLYRH[WHQVLYRGHOROLYDUHQVHFDQR
M.Peinado Rodrguez


(QHOVLJOR;;,ODSHUFHSFLyQGHODUHDOLGDGVRFLDOSRUSDUWHGHQXHVWURDOXPQDGRQRSXHGH
HQWHQGHUVH DO PDUJHQ GH ORV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ \ ODV UHGHV VRFLDOHV \ HO SURIHVRUDGR
GHEHSUHSDUDUFRPSHWHQFLDOPHQWHDQXHVWURDOXPQDGRSDUDVHOHFFLRQDU\DQDOL]DUFUtWLFDPHQWH
OD LQJHQWH LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH OHV OOHJD D WUDYpV GH ORV PHGLRV 3HLQDGR 5RGUtJXH]
IRUPDUHQGHILQLWLYDHQSHQVDPLHQWRFUtWLFRHQXQDVRFLHGDGFRPRVRVWLHQH2OFLQD\%DxRV
que es la sociedad de la informacin pero no del pensamiento ni de la
inquietud reflexiva, GRQGH QXHVWUR DOXPQDGR WLHQH DFFHVR SHUPDQHQWH D PXOWLWXG GH
LQIRUPDFLyQGHVHVWUXFWXUDGDQRFRQWUDVWDGDHQJUDQPHGLGDGHVYLUWXDGD\TXHSXHGHGHULYDU
HQHOHIHFWRFRQWUDULRHVGHFLUGHVLQIRUPDU
3RU HOOR HV LPSUHVFLQGLEOH GRWDU DO GRFHQWH GH KHUUDPLHQWDV GLGiFWLFDV SDUD HQFDX]DU HQ
SRVLWLYRHOPDJQtILFRSRWHQFLDOTXHODVUHGHVVRFLDOHV\ORVPHGLRVDXGLRYLVXDOHVWLHQHQSDUD
HOiPELWRGHODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVSXHVUHDOL]DUSURSXHVWDVGLGiFWLFDVXWLOL]DQGRORVPHGLRV
DXGLRYLVXDOHV FRPR HVWUDWHJLD PHWRGROyJLFD HQULTXHFH ORV SURFHVRV GH HQVHxDQ]D \
DSUHQGL]DMH\PHMRUDHOUHQGLPLHQWRHGXFDWLYRQRVyORSRUVXFDUiFWHUGHLQQRYDFLyQGRFHQWH
VLQR SRU VX SRWHQFLDOLGDG SDUD WUDEDMDU FRQWHQLGRV VRFLDOHV GHVGH UHDOLGDGHV FUHDGDV H
LQWHUSUHWDGDV3HLQDGR\*DUFtD
8QD GH ODV GHILQLFLRQHV PiV FRP~QPHQWH DFHSWDGDV HQ WRUQR D OD'LGiFWLFD GH ODV &LHQFLDV
6RFLDOHVHVODTXHDILUPDTXHQXHVWUDiUHDGHFRQRFLPLHQWRVHRFXSDGHHVWXGLDUODVUHODFLRQHV
TXHH[LVWHQHQWUHHOSURIHVRUDGRHODOXPQDGR\HOVDEHUHVFRODUHQHOFRQWH[WRGHXQDFODVH
+HUQiQGH] &DUGRQD LQYHVWLJDQGR ORV RUtJHQHV \ WUDGLFLRQHV GH ODV VRFLHGDGHV HQ HO
WLHPSR\HQHOHVSDFLR
7LHPSR\HVSDFLRVRQGRVFRQFHSWRVFODYHVHQQXHVWUDSURSXHVWDHVSDFLRSRUTXHVHFHQWUDHQ
ODSURYLQFLD GH -DpQ SDUD DQDOL]DU GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD PLFUR OD HYROXFLyQ GH ORV VHFWRUHV
SURGXFWLYRV \ VX UHSHUFXVLyQ HQ OD HFRQRPtD GH XQD SURYLQFLD \ WLHPSR SXHV DQDOL]DPRV
GHVGHHOVLJOR;;,HOLPSDFWRVRFLRHFRQyPLFRDFWXDOGHXQ3ODQTXHFRPHQ]yVXDQGDGXUDHQ

(O 12'2 1RWLFLDULRV \ 'RFXPHQWDOHV VH FUHy SRU DFXHUGR GH OD 9LFHVHFUHWDUtD GH
(GXFDFLyQ 3RSXODU GHO GH VHSWLHPEUH \ SRU UHVROXFLyQ GH OD PLVPD GHO GH
GLFLHPEUH GHO PLVPR DxR %2( FRPR XQ VHUYLFLR GH GLIXVLyQ GH QRWLFLDULRV \
UHSRUWDMHVILOPDGRVHQ(VSDxD\HQHOH[WUDQMHURFon el fin de mantener, con impulso propio
y directriz adecuada, la informacin cinematogrfica nacional" 6H OH DWULEX\y OD H[FOXVLYD
GHODSURGXFFLyQGHQRWLFLDULRV\VHGHFUHWyODREOLJDWRULHGDGGHVX H[KLELFLyQ HQWRGRVORV
FLQHVVXSUR\HFFLyQFRPHQ]yHOSULPHUOXQHVGH\DVtVHPDQWXYRGXUDQWHORVWUHLQWD\
GRVDxRVVLJXLHQWHVHQWRGRHO7HUULWRULR1DFLRQDO3RVHVLRQHV\&RORQLDV/DSUR\HFFLyQGHO
PLVPRGHMDGHVHUREOLJDWRULDHQVHSWLHPEUHGH
7UDEDMDU FRQ HO 12'2 SRU RWUD SDUWH FRQYLHUWH HO DQiOLVLV FUtWLFR HQ XQD KHUUDPLHQWD
LPSUHVFLQGLEOH SDUD FRPSDUDU OD UHDOLGDG PRVWUDGD \ YLYLGD GH XQ UHFXUVR TXH QDFLy FRPR
SURSDJDQGDGHOUpJLPHQ\FX\DUD]yQGHVHUDGHPiVGHOFRQWHQLGRTXHQRVSUHVHQWDHVHQVt
PLVPDXQHOHPHQWRIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDWUDEDMDUGHVGHHOiUHDGH&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVXQDOODPDGD
D OD UHIOH[LyQ D OD GXGD D OD UHYLVLyQ LGHROyJLFD \ PHWRGROyJLFD XQD OHFWXUD HQWUH OtQHDV
LPSUHVFLQGLEOH SDUD DSUHQGHU D DSUHQGHU GHFRQVWUXLU HO GLVFXUVR QDUUDWLYR TXH SUR\HFWD
YLVXDOYHUEDOHWFFRPRXQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQVXEMHWLYDGHODUHDOLGDGTXHGHEHVHUDQDOL]DUOD\

)LEOD*XWLpUUH]ORGHILQHFRPRXQDSLH]DIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDHQWHQGHUODUHODFLyQHQWUHSRGHUHLPDJLQDULRHQOD
VRFLHGDG HVSDxRODSXHV RIUHFHUiD ORV HVSDxROHV XQD LPDJHQ RILFLDOLVWDPDQLSXODGD \ HQ RFDVLRQHV GHOLUDQWH GH OD UHDOLGDG
VRFLRSROtWLFDGHOPXQGR
M.Peinado Rodrguez


FRQWUDVWDGDFRQRWUDVIXHQWHVGRFXPHQWDOHVDUFKLYtVWLFDVSHULRGtVWLFDVRUDOHVHWFHVWDHV
ODSURSXHVWDTXHSUHVHQWDPRVDQXHVWURDOXPQDGR

&217(;72&855,&8/$5
/RV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ VHJ~Q .DSO~Q WLHQHQ YDULRV SDSHOHV TXH FXPSOLU D
SURSLFLDU XQ DQiOLVLV FUtWLFR IUHQWH D ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH ORV SURSLRV PHGLRV E DPSOLDU ORV
UHFXUVRVGLGiFWLFRVGHOGRFHQWHFVHUXQDKHUUDPLHQWDGHH[SUHVLyQGHORVSURSLRVHVWXGLDQWHV
\DODYH]XQUHFXUVRSDUDSHQVDULQYHVWLJDU\WUDEDMDUFXDOTXLHUWHPDGHOSODQGHHVWXGLRV6X
LQFOXVLyQ HQHO FXUUtFXOXP HQULTXHFHODIRUPDFLyQHQXQDFLXGDGDQtD FRPSHWHQWH FUHDWLYD\
FUtWLFDDQWHORVFRQWHQLGRVPHGLiWLFRVSUHSDUDQGRDODOXPQDGRSDUDHQWHQGHU\YLYLUHOPXQGR
DFWXDO
5DPRV/R]DQRDILUPDTXHHOFLQH\DVHDGHILFFLyQGRFXPHQWDORQRWLFLDULRSXHGH
VHU DO PLVPR WLHPSR REMHWR GH HVWXGLR IXHQWH R GRFXPHQWR KHUUDPLHQWD PHWRGROyJLFD R
DJHQWH KLVWyULFR (Q OD OHJLVODFLyQ HGXFDWLYD YLJHQWH VH LQVLVWH HQ OD QHFHVLGDG GH TXH HO
DOXPQDGR GHVDUUROOH VXV FRPSHWHQFLDV GLJLWDOHV H LQIRUPDFLRQDOHV PiV DOOi GH ODV GHVWUH]DV
SUiFWLFDV HV GHFLU IRUPDU FLXGDGDQRV FDSDFLWDGRV SDUD HQWHQGHU OD UHDOLGDG TXH OH URGHD \
DGTXLULUHOFRPSURPLVRFLXGDGDQRGHPHMRUDUHQODPHGLGDGHORSRVLEOHVXFRQWH[WRVRFLDO
'H HVWD PDQHUD \ DFRUGH FRQ 0DUtD 7RQGD las diversas propuestas sobre los
contenidos de geografa que se deben ensear deben plantearse desde la reflexin y el
consenso y considerar, sobre todo, la transposicin didctica para que estos conocimientos
lleguen al alumnado de modo significativa.
/DHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDGHEHSURSRUFLRQDUODVKHUUDPLHQWDVTXHIDYRUH]FDQHOGHVDUUROOR
GH FDSDFLGDGHV FUtWLFDV DSUHQGHU D VHOHFFLRQDU LQIRUPDFLyQ DQDOL]DUOD HYDOXDUOD \ HODERUDU
VtQWHVLVSHUVRQDOHVEDVDGDVHQGDWRV7DPELpQKD\TXHHYDOXDUHVDLQIRUPDFLyQOOHYDUDFDER
XQD FRQFOXVLyQ FRKHUHQWH FRQ HO WHPD \ PRWLYDU DO DOXPQDGR SDUD TXH WHQJD XQD DFWLWXG
FUtWLFD8QHMHPSORGHHOORHVLQWURGXFLUDORVDVGLFHQWHVQXPHURVDVIXHQWHVTXHOHVDSRUWHQ
LQIRUPDFLyQ~WLO\FRQODVTXHSXHGDQWUDEDMDUGHSULPHUDPDQR
&HQWUiQGRQRV HQ HO PDUFR FXUULFXODU GH UHIHUHQFLD YDPRV D GHVDUUROODU QXHVWUD SURSXHVWD
GLGiFWLFDHQHOPDUFRGHORVVLJXLHQWHVREMHWLYRVJHQHUDOHVGHHWDSD
E'HVDUUROODU\FRQVROLGDUKiELWRVGHGLVFLSOLQDHVWXGLR\WUDEDMRLQGLYLGXDO\HQHTXLSR
FRPR FRQGLFLyQ QHFHVDULD SDUD XQD UHDOL]DFLyQ HILFD] GH ODV WDUHDV GHO DSUHQGL]DMH \
FRPRPHGLRGHGHVDUUROORSHUVRQDO
H 'HVDUUROODUGHVWUH]DVEiVLFDVHQODXWLOL]DFLyQGHODVIXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQSDUDFRQ
VHQWLGR FUtWLFR DGTXLULU QXHYRV FRQRFLPLHQWRV $GTXLULU XQD SUHSDUDFLyQ EiVLFD HQ HO
FDPSRGHODVWHFQRORJtDVHVSHFLDOPHQWHODVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ\ODFRPXQLFDFLyQ
I &RQFHELU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR FLHQWtILFR FRPR XQ VDEHU LQWHJUDGR TXH VH HVWUXFWXUD HQ
GLVWLQWDV GLVFLSOLQDV DVt FRPR FRQRFHU \ DSOLFDU ORV PpWRGRV SDUD LGHQWLILFDU ORV
SUREOHPDVHQORVGLYHUVRVFDPSRVGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\GHODH[SHULHQFLD
(OWUDEDMRTXHSUHVHQWDPRVHVWiGLVHxDGRSDUDVHUDERUGDGRHQODDVLJQDWXUDGH*HRJUDItDGH
GH (62 VL ELHQ ORV IXQGDPHQWRV WHyULFRV HQ WRUQR D ORV VHFWRUHV SURGXFWLYRV

7DOHVHOFDVR GHO12'2FX\RDUFKLYRKLVWyULFRVHHQFXHQWUDGLVSRQLEOHGHIRUPDJUDWXLWDSDUDVXFRQVXOWDHQ ODZHE
RILFLDOGH579(HVZZZUWYHHVILOPRWHFDQRGR)
M.Peinado Rodrguez

IXQGDPHQWDOHVSDUDDFRPHWHUVXUHDOL]DFLyQVHDERUGDQHQHOFXUVRDQWHULRU/RVFRQWHQLGRV
TXHHVWiQUHODFLRQDGRVWRWDORWDQJHQFLDOPHQWHFRQQXHVWUDSURSXHVWDVRQORVVLJXLHQWHV

%ORTXH&RQWHQLGRVFRPXQHV
2EWHQFLyQ \ SURFHVDPLHQWR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ H[SOLFLWD H LPSOtFLWD D SDUWLU GH OD
SHUFHSFLyQGHORVSDLVDMHVJHRJUiILFRVGHOHQWRUQRRGHLPiJHQHVGHIXHQWHVRUDOHV\
GHGRFXPHQWRVYLVXDOHVFDUWRJUiILFRV\HVWDGtVWLFRVLQFOXLGRVORVSURSRUFLRQDGRVSRU
ODVWHFQRORJtDVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ\ODFRPXQLFDFLyQ
&RPXQLFDFLyQ RUDO R HVFULWD GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ REWHQLGD 5HDOL]DFLyQ GH GHEDWHV
DQiOLVLV GH FDVRV R UHVROXFLyQ GH SUREOHPDV VREUH DOJXQD FXHVWLyQ GH DFWXDOLGDG
VLUYLpQGRVHHQWUHRWUDVGHODVIXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQTXHSURSRUFLRQDQORVPHGLRVGH
FRPXQLFDFLyQYDORUDQGRFUtWLFDPHQWHLQIRUPDFLRQHVGLVWLQWDVVREUHXQPLVPRKHFKR
IXQGDPHQWDQGR ODV RSLQLRQHV DUJXPHQWDQGR ODV SURSXHVWDV UHVSHWDQGR ODV GH ORV
GHPiV\XWLOL]DQGRHOYRFDEXODULRJHRJUiILFRDGHFXDGR
5HDOL]DFLyQGHWUDEDMRVGHVtQWHVLVRGHLQGDJDFLyQXWLOL]DQGRLQIRUPDFLyQGHIXHQWHV
YDULDGDV \ SUHVHQWDFLyQ FRUUHFWD GH ORV PLVPRV FRPELQDQGR GLIHUHQWHV IRUPDV GH
H[SUHVLyQ LQFOXLGDV ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV TXH SURSRUFLRQDQ ODV WHFQRORJtDV GH OD
LQIRUPDFLyQ\ODFRPXQLFDFLyQ
%ORTXH$FWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFD\HVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR
/DDFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFD1HFHVLGDGHVKXPDQDV\UHFXUVRVHFRQyPLFRV
/DVDFWLYLGDGHVDJUDULDV\ODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVHQHOPXQGRUXUDO
/D DFWLYLGDG \ ORV HVSDFLRV LQGXVWULDOHV /RFDOL]DFLyQ \ FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ GH ODV
SULQFLSDOHV]RQDV\IRFRVGHDFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFDFRQHVSHFLDOUHIHUHQFLDDOWHUULWRULR
HVSDxRO\HXURSHR
2EVHUYDFLyQHLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHORVSDLVDMHVJHRJUiILFRVUHVXOWDQWHV
%ORTXH2UJDQL]DFLyQSROtWLFD\HVSDFLRJHRJUiILFR
/DRUJDQL]DFLyQSROtWLFDGHODVVRFLHGDGHV
'LIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHUHJtPHQHVSROtWLFRV
,GHQWLILFDFLyQ GH ORV SULQFLSLRV H LQVWLWXFLRQHV GH ORV UHJtPHQHV GHPRFUiWLFRV /D
RUJDQL]DFLyQSROtWLFD\DGPLQLVWUDWLYDGH(VSDxD
/DGLYHUVLGDGJHRJUiILFD'HVHTXLOLEULRVUHJLRQDOHV

$SDUWLUGHGLFKRVFRQWHQLGRVKHPRVFRQWHPSODGRORVFRQWHQLGRVHVSHFtILFRVTXHVHYDQD
DERUGDUDWUDYpVGHODHODERUDFLyQGHODSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFDTXHVHSUHVHQWDVHJXLGDPHQWH
D &DUDFWHUtVWLFDVSULQFLSDOHVGHODHVWUXFWXUDSURGXFWLYDDQLYHOHVWDWDO\DQGDOX]
E/RVVHFWRUHVSURGXFWLYRVHQODSURYLQFLDGH-DpQ
F (OSODQ-DpQGHRULJHQFRQFHSWR\REMHWLYRVSULQFLSDOHV
G ,PSDFWR GHO 3ODQ \ SULQFLSDOHV FRQVHFXHQFLDV VREUH HO DFWXDO WHMLGR SURGXFWLYR GH OD
SURYLQFLDMLHQQHQVH
M.Peinado Rodrguez


,03/(0(17$&,1','&7,&$

$&7,9,'$'
,19(67,*$026(/3/$1-$(1

35238(67$','&7,&$

(ODOXPQDGRHQSHTXHxRJUXSRPLHPEURVLQYHVWLJDUiHQWRUQRDODVLJXLHQWHFXHVWLyQ

4XpIXHHO3ODQ-DpQ"

2UtJHQHV
2EMHWLYRV
0DUFRSROtWLFRHQHOTXHVHGHVDUUROOy
,QYHUVLyQSUHYLVWD\ILQDOPHQWHUHDOL]DGD

3DUDHOORVHOHSURSRUFLRQDUDQHQWUHRWURVORVVLJXLHQWHVUHFXUVRVELEOLRJUiILFRV

*$//(*26,019El plan Jan de 1953 y sus antecedentes. Una oportunidad
perdida para el desarrollo de la provincia de Jan en el siglo XX. -DpQ8QLYHUVLGDGGH-DpQ
FHQWUDUVHHQHOFDStWXOR

0$5108f2=$La reconstruccin de la provincia de Jan bajo el franquismo
(1939-1957).-DpQ*UiILFDV)UDQFLVFRGHO0RUDO

61&+(='20,1*8(=0$)XQGDPHQWRVWHyULFRV\HIHFWRVHFRQyPLFRVGHO
3ODQ-DpQGHHQRevista del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses,
M.Peinado Rodrguez


D6HOHFFLRQDGLQGXVWULDVVLWXDGDVHQWXORFDOLGDGRFRPDUFDEXVFDLQIRUPDFLyQVREUH
HOODV\FRPSOHWDHOVLJXLHQWHFXDGUR

6HFWRU 1RPEUHGHOD 0XQLFLSLR 1~PHURGH )HFKDGHVX
SURGXFWLYR HPSUHVD WUDEDMDGRUHV IXQGDFLyQ

E $QDOL]DG VL HO RULJHQ GH ODV PLVPDV HVWi UHODFLRQDGR FRQ HO 3ODQ -DpQ \ UHDOL]D XQD
FRPSDUDWLYDHQWUHODVSUHYLVLRQHVLQLFLDOHVLQYHUVLyQQ~PHURGHWUDEDMDGRUHVDVEHQHILFLRV
HWF\HOUHVXOWDGRILQDO

3DUD UHDOL]DU HVWD DFWLYLGDG SXHGHQ FRQVXOWDU OD FODVLILFDFLyQ GH ODV SULQFLSDOHV LQGXVWULDV GH OD SURYLQFLD GH -DpQ
GLVWULEXLGDV SRU VHFWRUHV SURGXFWLYRV SUHVHQWH HQ ODV SiJLQDV GH OD REUD *$//(*2 6,01 9 El plan
Jan de 1953 y sus antecedentes. Una oportunidad perdida para el desarrollo de la provincia de Jan en el siglo XX. -DpQ
8QLYHUVLGDGGH-DpQ
M.Peinado Rodrguez


$&7,9,'$'
(/3/$1-$e1(1(/12'2

35238(67$','&7,&$

D6HSUR\HFWDUiQHQHODXODORVVLJXLHQWHVGRFXPHQWDOHV

KWWSZZZUWYHHVDODFDUWDYLGHRVUHYLVWDLPDJHQHVLQGXVWULDHFRQRPLDFRQWLQXLGDGGHO
SODQMDHQ

KWWSZZZUWYHHVILOPRWHFDQRGRQRW

'XUDQWHODYLVXDOL]DFLyQGHORVPLVPRVHODOXPQDGRLQGLYLGXDOPHQWHUHDOL]DUiXQDVtQWHVLV
HQWRUQRDORVVLJXLHQWHVDVSHFWRV

/DDFWLYLGDGPLQHUD
5HIHUHQFLDDORVWUDQVSRUWHV\YtDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ
4XpLQIRUPDFLyQQRVWUDQVPLWHQVREUHODHQHUJtDKLGUiXOLFD"
4XpPXQLFLSLRVGHODSURYLQFLDGH-DpQDSDUHFHQHQHOGRFXPHQWDO"
(QXPHUDODVSULQFLSDOHVIiEULFDV\SURGXFWRVREWHQLGRVGHODVPLVPDVTXHDSDUHFHQHQHO
PLVPRFODVLILFiQGRODVHQLQGXVWULDVGHEDVHGHHTXLSR\GHFRQVXPR

E $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH SRQH HQ FRP~Q OD LQIRUPDFLyQ VH HODERUD XQ PDSD FRQFHSWXDO \ VH
VHOHFFLRQD XQD SHUVRQD GHO JUXSR TXH HMHUFHUi GH SRUWDYR] \ H[SRQGUi ODV SULQFLSDOHV
FRQFOXVLRQHVGHOPLVPRHQODSXHVWDHQFRP~QGHOJUXSRFODVH

$&7,9,'$'

GHHQHURGH

1R'2GHOGHPD\RGH1$579(HV
M.Peinado Rodrguez


$1/,6,6&57,&2'(/3/$1-$e1

)UDQFRGXUDQWHVXYLVLWDDODSURYLQFLDGH-DpQHQ

(Q HVWD DFWLYLGDG QRV SURSRQHPRV TXH HO DOXPQDGR UHIOH[LRQH VREUH ODV UHSHUFXVLRQHV GHO
SODQ-DpQHQQXHVWUDSURYLQFLD\VHDFDSD]ILQDOPHQWHGHUHDOL]DUVXSURSLRDQiOLVLVFUtWLFR

35238(67$','&7,&$

(ODERUDPRVQXHVWUDSURSXHVWDGHLQGXVWULDOL]DFLyQSDUDODSURYLQFLD

'HVSXpV DQDOL]DU OD GRFXPHQWDFLyQ H[LVWHQWH VREUH HO VHFWRU VHFXQGDULR HQ HO 3ODQ -DpQ
DVt FRPR DOJXQDV GH ODV LQGXVWULDV SUHVHQWHV DFWXDOPHQWH HQ QXHVWUD SURYLQFLD RV
SHGLPRV TXH LPDJLQpLV TXH VH RV SLGH XQ LQIRUPH HQ WRUQR D ODV QHFHVLGDGHV TXH QXHVWUD
SURYLQFLD SUHVHQWD HQ HVWH VHFWRU GH FDUD D IXWXUDV LQYHUVLRQHV TXp WLSRV GH LQGXVWULDV
SURSRQGUtDLV"SRUTXp"&XiOHVVHDGDSWDUtDQPHMRUDODVFRQGLFLRQHVVRFLDOHVHFRQyPLFDV
RDPELHQWDOHVGHQXHVWUDSURYLQFLD"7HQHGHQFXHQWDWDPELpQHQYXHVWUDVDJXPHPHQWDFLRQHV
HOLPSDFWRVRFLHFRQyPLFRTXHSRGUtDWHQHU

3RU~OWLPRRVSUHVHQWDPRVXQDUWtFXORGHSUHQVDTXHDQDOL]DODVUHSHUFXVLRQHVGHO
3ODQ-DpQKWWSZZZFOLSPHGLDQHWILFKHURVBMXOLVSGI

+DFHG XQD VtQWHVLV GH ODV FRQFOXVLRQHV PiV UHOHYDQWHVTXH SUHVHQWD HO DXWRU\ FRPSDUDGODV
FRQ ODV TXH H[SRQH *DOOHJR 6LPyQ HQ ODV SiJLQDV DVL FRPR ODV TXH VH
YLVXDOL]DQHQHOGRFXPHQWDO(ODERUDGILQDOPHQWHXQDOLVWDFRQYXHVWUDVSURSLDVFRQFOXVLRQHV
FRQWHPSODQGR HQ OD PLVPD ORV DVSHFWRV SRVLWLYRV \ QHJDWLYRV D YXHVWUR HQWHQGHU PiV
UHOHYDQWHVGHODHMHFXFLyQGHO3ODQ-DpQ
M.Peinado Rodrguez


&21&/86,21(6
(O 5pJLPHQ )UDQTXLVWD \ VX SULQFLSDO PHGLR GH GLIXVLyQ \ SURSDJDQGD HO 12'2 VH
HPSOHDURQ D IRQGR HQ GLIXQGLU ODV H[FHOVDV YLUWXGHV \ PDJQtILFRV UHVXOWDGRV GH OD
LPSODQWDFLyQGHO3ODQ-DpQHQQXHVWUDSURYLQFLD+DVWD\FRQPRWLYRHQJUDQPHGLGDGH
ODFULVLVHFRQyPLFDQRDSDUHFLyODSULPHUDREUDUXSWXULVWDFRQODYHUVLyQRILFLDOGHOPLVPR
WLWXODGDDieciseis aos de Plan Jan. Evolucin social TXH IXHSXEOLFDGD SRU OD &iPDUD GH
&RPHUFLRH,QJXVWULDGH-DpQ\GRQGHVHSODQWHDEDODQHFHVLGDGGHDERUGDUODSODQLILFDFLyQ
HVWUDWpJLFD GH XQD IRUPD PiV JOREDO SDUD IUHQDU OD HPLJUDFLyQ \ HO LQVXILFLHQWH GHVDUUROOR
LQGXVWULDO*DOOHJR6LPyQ
'HVGHHQWRQFHV\KDVWDKR\JR]DPRVGHXQDDPSOLDODERULQYHVWLJDGRUD\FUtWLFDHQWRUQRD
ORV REMHWLYRV SODQWHDPLHQWRV \ UHVXOWDGRV GH GLFKR SODQ HQ VRSRUWH GLJLWDO ELEOLRJUiILFR
GRFXPHQWDO \ YLVXDO TXH KHPRV SXHVWR D GLVSRVLFLyQ GH QXHVWUR DOXPQDGR SDUD GRWDUOR GH
KHUUDPLHQWDVDSDUWLUGHODVTXHHODERUDUVXSURSLRDQiOLVLVFUtWLFR
3DUDHOORKHPRVSDUWLGRGHXQFRQRFLPLHQWRSUHYLRIXQGDPHQWDGRHQHOFXUUtFXOXPHQWRUQR
DORVVHFWRUHVSURGXFWLYRV\VXGLVWULEXFLyQHQHOSDQRUDPDQDFLRQDO\UHJLRQDOSDUDUDVWUHDU
SRVWHULRUPHQWH PHGLDQWH XQD SURSXHVWD GLGiFWLFD FRQ FDUiFWHU UHJUHVLYR ORV IDFWRUHV TXH
SXGLHURQGHWHUPLQDUHODFWXDOWHMLGRSURGXFWLYRSURYLQFLDO
7RGR HOOR HV WUDEDMDGR HQ QXHVWUD SURSXHVWD VLQ SHUGHU GH UHIHUHQFLD HO PDUFR SROtWLFR HQ HO
TXHVHLQVHUWDODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHO3ODQ-DpQGHFDUDFWHUL]DGRHQWUHRWURVIDFWRUHVSRU
OD ILMDFLyQ GH SUHFLRV HO DXPHQWR GH OD SURGXFFLyQ GH ORV ELHQHV DJUDULRV \ OD VLWXDFLyQ GH
LQIUDFRQVXPR H[LVWHQWH HQ OD GpFDGD GH ORV FXDUHQWD DXWDUTXtD DVt FRPR HO PDUFR
LQVWLWXFLRQDO H LGHROyJLFR VREUH HO TXH VH VXVWHQWD HQ HO TXH HO DOXPQDGR KD SRGLGR
SURIXQGL]DU JUDFLDV D OD FRQVHUYDFLyQ GH ODV UHWUDQVPLVLRQHV FRWLGLDQDV GHO 1RGR TXH OHV
KDQSHUPLWLGRUHIOH[LRQDUHQ~OWLPDLQVWDQFLDVREUHODQHFHVLGDGGHDQDOL]DUFUtWLFDPHQWHOD
UHDOLGDG TXH ORV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ QRV WUDQVPLWHQ \ OD LQWHQFLRQDOLGDG TXH VH RFXOWD
WUDVODDSDUHQWHREMHWLYLGDGDXGLRYLVXDO
3RU RWUD SDUWH KHPRV SULRUL]DGR HQ QXHVWUR DQiOLVLV HO VHFWRU VHFXQGDULR SXHV DGTXLHUH XQ
JUDQ SURWDJRQLVPR HQ ORV GRFXPHQWDOHV GHO 12'2 HQ QXHVWUD SURYLQFLD MXQWR FRQ ODV
JUDQGHV REUDV GH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD \ DGHPiV ODV HPSUHVDV PiV HPEOHPiWLFDV GH -DpQ HQ OD
DFWXDOLGDGFRPRKDQSRGLGRDQDOL]DUHQODDFWLYLGDGSULPHUDWLHQHQVXRULJHQHQODSXHVWDHQ
PDUFKDGH'LFKR3ODQ1RREVWDQWHODHYROXFLyQGHOVHFWRUSULPDULRDVtFRPRGHOSDURROD
HPLJUDFLyQ VRQ RWURV DVSHFWRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV DERUGDGRV HQ QXHVWUD SURSXHVWD \ TXH QRV
SHUPLWHQ WUDVFHQGHU GHVGH XQD UHDOLGDG DSDUHQWHPHQWH HFRQRPLFLVWD DO WHMLGR VRFLDO SXHVWR
TXHXQRGHORVDVSHFWRVPiVFULWLFDGRVGHOPLVPRIXHVXHVFDVDFRQVLVWHQFLDSDUDFDPELDUOD
HVWUXFWXUD VRFLDO GH OD SURYLQFLD 2UWHJD &DPSRV TXH VLJXH DGROHFLHQGR HQ JUDQ
PHGLGDGHORVPDOHVTXH\DSUHVHQWDEDQHQSDURHVWDFLRQDOIDOWDGHLQYHUVLyQRGpILFLW
GHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV
1R H[LVWHQ RWUDV DOWHUQDWLYDV GHVSXpV GH FDVL DxRV SDUD LPSXOVDU HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD
SURYLQFLDGH-DpQ"(QWRUQRDHVWDFXHVWLyQKDQUHIOH[LRQDGRORV\ODVGLVFHQWHVHODERUDQGR
VXVSURSLDVSURSXHVWDVSDUDGLQDPL]DUHOWHMLGRLQGXVWULDOGHQXHVWUDSURYLQFLDFDPLQDQGRHQ
OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH FRPSHWHQFLDV KDFLD HO HMHUFLFLR GH XQD FLXGDGDQtD DFWLYD \ FRPSURPHWLGD
FRQODPHMRUDGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGDGHVXXQLYHUVRVRFLDO
M.Peinado Rodrguez


%,%/,2*5$)$
$PEUzV $ \ %UHX 5 Diez ideas clave. Educar en los medios de comunicacin
%DUFHORQD*UDy
+HUQjQGH]&DUGRQD);Didctica de las Ciencias Sociales, Geografa e Historia.
%DUFHORQD*UDy
)LEOD *XWLpUUH] ( 12'2 DUFKLYR \ VHFXHVWUR GH OD LPDJLQDFLyQ Icono

.DSOXQ * &XDWUR LGHDV REYLDV SDUD GHPRFUDWL]DU OD FRPXQLFDFLyQ Revista
Dilogos de la comunicacin.
0DUtQ0XxR]$La reconstruccin de la provincia de Jan bajo el franquismo (1939-
1957). -DpQ*UiILFDV)UDQFLVFRGHO0RUDO
2OFLQD - \ %DxRV & - /RV ILQHV GH OD *HRJUDItD Investigaciones geogrficas,
Instituto Universitario de Geografa (Universidad de Alicante)SS
2UWHJD &DPSRV 3 Diecisis aos del Plan Jan. Evaluacin social. -DpQ &iPDUD
FRPHUFLDOGHFRPHUFLRHLQGXVWULDGHODSURYLQFLDGH-DpQ
3HLQDGR5RGUtJXH]0/DHGXFDFLyQSURKLELGDXQGRFXPHQWDOFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDGH
DQiOLVLV FUtWLFR HQ OD HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH GH ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV HQ El papel de los
medios de comunicacin y la formacin del pensamiento crtico. 8QLYHUVLGDG GH $OFDOi
6HUYLFLRGH3XEOLFDFLRQHV
5DPRV/R]DQR3Comunicacin y estrategias organizativas de la Seccin Femenina
de la Falange. Representaciones: NO-DO, 1943-1953. 0iODJD$WHQHD
5LYHUR 3 \ 7UHSDW & Didctica de la Historia y multimedia expositiva %DUFHORQD
*UDy
6iQFKH]'RPLQJXH]0$/DSROtWLFDUHJLRQDOHQHOSULPHUIUDQTXLVPR/RVSODQHV
SURYLQFLDOHV GH RUGHQDFLyQ HFRQyPLFD \ VRFLDO Revista de Historia Industrial SS

6iQFKH]'RPLQJXH]0$)XQGDPHQWRVWHyULFRV\HIHFWRVHFRQyPLFRVGHO3ODQ-DpQ
GHRevista del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses, SS
6RXWR *RQ]iOH] ;0 Didctica de la Geografa y currculo escolar >YHUVLyQ
HOHFWUyQLFD@(VSDxD8QLYHUVLGDGGH9DOHQFLD>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOH
HQ KWWSLIFGS]HVUHFXUVRVSXEOLFDFLRQHVVRXWRSGI >OWLPR DFFHVR GH MXOLR GH
@
M.Peinado Rodrguez


,17(*5$&,1'(/266,67(0$6'(,1)250$&,1
*(2*5),&$(1/26(678',26'(%$&+,//(5$72(/&$62
'(81$&20$5&$585$//(21(6$%$%,$

,JQDFLR3ULHWR6DUUR
Servicio de Cartografa Universidad de Len
ignacio.prieto@unileon.es
5(680(1
6H SUHWHQGH DQDOL]DU ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH ORV 6LVWHPDV GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD FRPR KHUUDPLHQWD
GLQDPL]DGRUDGHODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDHQ%DFKLOOHUDWR
(O WUDEDMR FHQWUDGR HQ HO FDVR GH XQD FRPDUFD UXUDO FDUDFWHUL]DGD SRU VX DOWR YDORU DPELHQWDO EXVFD VHU XQD
FRQWULEXFLyQD
x (OORJURGHDOJXQRVGHORVREMHWLYRVHVWDEOHFLGRVSDUDOD~QLFDDVLJQDWXUDGH*HRJUDItDSUHVHQWHHQHO
FXUUtFXORGHO%DFKLOOHUDWRHQOD&RPXQLGDG$XWyQRPDGH&DVWLOOD\/HyQ
x /DGRWDFLyQGHXQDHVSHFLILFLGDGFRPDUFDODODDVLJQDWXUDGH*HRJUDItD
x /DPDWHULDOL]DFLyQGHOREMHWLYRWHUFHURGHODV5HVHUYDVGHOD%LRVIHUDHGXFDFLyQGHPRVWUDFLyQ
x /DDSOLFDFLyQGHFULWHULRVGHWUDQVYHUVDOLGDGUHIHULGRVDOUHVWRGHOFXUUtFXORGHOEDFKLOOHUDWR

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
*HRJUDItD6LVWHPDGH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFD6,*%DFKLOOHUDWR5XUDO

,1752'8&&,1
%DELDHVXQDSHTXHxDFRPDUFDGHO112GHODSURYLQFLDGH/pRQVXVNP VHLGHQWLILFDQ
HQHOUHVWRGH(VSDxDFRQHOFRQRFLGRGLFKRHVWDUHQ%DELD\VHWLHQHQSRUXQOXJDUUHPRWR
HLGtOLFR\TXL]iVWDPELpQDWUDVDGR3HURTXpLGHDGHFRQMXQWRWLHQHQORVHVFDVRVDOXPQRVGH
VHFXQGDULD GH ODSURSLD FRPDUFD GHO HQWRUQR HQ TXHYLYHQ" 7LHQHQ XQDV QRFLRQHV PtQLPDV
VREUHORVIDFWRUHV TXH LQWHJUDQ ORV EHOORV SDLVDMHV TXH OHVURGHDQ" 6DEHQ DOJR GHOHVWLOR GH
YLGDEDELDQRGHKDFHDSHQDVXQDVGpFDGDV"&RQRFHQODFRPDUFD PiVDOOiGHORVOtPLWHVGH
ORVSXHEORV\GHODVFDUUHWHUDV"
&UHHPRV TXH OD UHVSXHVWD HV IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH QHJDWLYD 'HVFRQRFHQ TXp HV XQ JODFLDU \
WDPELpQ TXH KXER QRWDEOHV HMHPSORV HQ VX FRPDUFD QR GLVWLQJXHQ XQ UREOH GH XQ DEHGXO
QXQFD KDQ UHDOL]DGR XQD H[FXUVLyQ D ORV SXHUWRV SLUHQDLFRV VH VRUSUHQGHQ DO VDEHU TXH VXV
DEXHORVFXOWLYDEDQFHQWHQRHLEDQGHSDVWRUHVGHRYHMDVD([WUHPDGXUD
3DUWLHQGR GHHVWD UHIOH[LyQ LQLFLDOORVYHFWRUHV EiVLFRV TXH DUWLFXODQ HO SUHVHQWH WUDEDMR VRQ
ORVVLJXLHQWHV
x $QDOL]DUODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHORVSistemas de Informacin Geogrfica HQFXDQWR
KHUUDPLHQWDFDSD]GHDSRUWDUGLQDPLVPRDODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD*HRJUDItDHQHOEDFKLOOHUDWR
x 6RQGHDUODSRVLEOHDSRUWDFLyQGHODWHFQRORJtD6,*SDUDFRQVHJXLUXQPHMRU
FRQRFLPLHQWRGHDOXPQRGHVXentorno comarcal
I.Prieto Sarro


x ,QWHJUDUGHPDQHUDVLJQLILFDWLYDODVpeculiaridades ambientales GHODFRPDUFDLQFOXLGD
HQXQ3DUTXH1DWXUDO FDOLILFDGD FRPR/,&/XJDUGH,PSRUWDQFLD&RPXQLWDULD\=(3$
=RQDGH(VSHFLDO3URWHFFLyQGHODV$YHV\GHFODUDGD5HVHUYDGHOD%LRVIHUDSURJUDPD
0D%GHOD81(6&2/DSURSXHVWDSUHWHQGHFRQWULEXLUDODmaterializacin del objetivo
tercero de las Reservas de la Biosfera 3URJUDPD 0DQ DQG %LRVSKHUH 81(6&2 \
VXEVLGLDULDPHQWHDORVRWURVGRVREMHWLYRV

Funciones de las Reservas de la Biosfera
&RQVHUYDFLyQ FRQWULEXLU D OD FRQVHUYDFLyQ GH ORV SDLVDMHV ORV HFRVLVWHPDV ODV HVSHFLHV \ OD
YDULDFLyQJHQpWLFD
'HVDUUROOR IRPHQWDU XQ GHVDUUROOR HFRQyPLFR \ KXPDQR VRVWHQLEOH GHVGH ORV SXQWRV GH YLVWD
VRFLRFXOWXUDO\HFROyJLFR
$SR\R ORJtVWLFRSUHVWDU DSR\R DSUR\HFWRV GH GHPRVWUDFLyQ GH HGXFDFLyQ \ FDSDFLWDFLyQ VREUH HO
PHGLRDPELHQWH\GHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\REVHUYDFLyQSHUPDQHQWHHQUHODFLyQFRQFXHVWLRQHVORFDOHV
UHJLRQDOHVQDFLRQDOHV\PXQGLDOHVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQ\GHVDUUROORVRVWHQLEOH
La Reserva de la Biosfera de Babia
Fecha de declaracin: GHRFWXEUHGH
Superficie: KDQ~FOHRWDPSyQWUDQVLFLyQ
Municipios con territorio en la RB: &DEULOODQHV6DQ(PLOLDQRSURYLQFLDGH/HyQ
Otras figuras de proteccin:
=RQDGH(VSHFLDO3URWHFFLyQSDUDODV$YHV=(3$Valle de San Emiliano (6
/XJDUGH,PSRUWDQFLD&RPXQLWDULD/,&Valle de San Emiliano (6
(VSDFLR1DWXUDOValles de Babia y Luna
7DEOD5HVHUYDVGHOD%LRVIHUD

x 6RQGHDUODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHWUDQVYHUVDOLGDGGHORVGLVHxRVGHHQVHxDQ]DVEDVDGDVHQ
6,*FRQUHVSHFWRDGLYHUVDVDVLJQDWXUDVGHOFXUUtFXORGHEDFKLOOHUDWR
&DEHVHxDODUHQORTXHVHUHILHUHDOmbito del presente trabajoTXHHODUPD]yQGHOPLVPR
SXHGH WHQHU YDOLGH] SDUD VX DSOLFDFLyQ HQ FXDOTXLHUD GH ORV FHQWURV HGXFDWLYRV UXUDOHV GH OD
UHJLyQ(QWRGRVHOORV ODHQVHxDQ]DGHODJHRJUDItDUHVSRQGHDXQGLVHxRFXUULFXODU FRP~Q
SHUIHFWDPHQWH DGDSWDEOH DO LJXDO TXH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV TXH VH SUHVHQWDQ D ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
JHRDPELHQWDOHVGHFDGDFRPDUFD
/DVSURSXHVWDVTXHVLJXHQSXHGHQVHUextrapolables tambin en trminos tecnolgicosVLHQGR
SRVLEOHDGDSWDUORVSDUDGHVDUUROODUORVFRQGLVWLQWLVWLSRVGHVRIWZDUH6,*
(QFXDQWRDOuso en niveles educativos inferioresODFXHVWLyQSDUHFHPiVFRPSOHMDVLHQGRD
SULRUL QHFHVDULR XQ FDPELR HQ OD SRVLFLyQ UHVSHFWR D OD MHUDUTXtD GH DFWLYLGDGHV TXH VH
PHQFLRQDUi PiV DGHODQWH FHQWUiQGRVH SDUD HO FDVR GH OD (62 (QVHxDQ]D 6HFXQGDULD
2EOLJDWRULDHQHOWLSRHQVHxDUFRQ6,*
I.Prieto Sarro


$17(&('(17(6<2%-(7,926
(Q&DVWLOOD\/HyQODDVLJQDWXUDGH*HRJUDItDVyORVHFXUVDHQGH%DFKLOOHUDWRGHQWURGHOD
PRGDOLGDG GH +XPDQLGDGHV \ &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV \ HO LWLQHUDULR GH &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV 2UGHQ
('8
/DVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHXQDDFWLYLGDGGHVRSRUWHDODVSURSXHVWDVGHVFULWDVHQ
OD,QWURGXFFLyQFKRFDQFRQYDULRVSUREOHPDVIXQGDPHQWDOHV
x (QSULPHUOXJDUODconcrecin comarcal QRVHUHFRJHHQHOOLVWDGRGHFRQWHQLGRVGHOD
DVLJQDWXUD2UGHQ('8EDVDGRVHQXQDUHIHUHQFLDHVSDFLDOHVWDWDO'HKHFKR\
GDGDVODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVTXHVHPHQFLRQDQHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRKDFRPHQ]DGRFRQHOGLVHxR
GH XQD XQLGDG GLGiFWLFD FHQWUDGD HQ HO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR FRPDUFDO \ VX HVSHFLILFLGDG
DPELHQWDO
x /Dproblemtica ambientalWUDWDGDHQHO%ORTXHGHOFXUUtFXOR2UGHQ('8
UHPLWHDHVFHQDULRVDPSOLRVQRSODQWHDQGRHODQiOLVLVLQWHJUDGRGHXQHVSDFLRGHSHTXHxD
HVFDOD
x 3RU RWUD SDUWH WDPSRFR VH KDFH UHIHUHQFLD DO uso de los Sistemas de Informacin
Geogrfica 2UGHQ ('8 (VWH SUREOHPD TXH KD VLGR REMHWR GH DQiOLVLV
GHWDOODGRV HQ ORV TXH VH KDFH UHIHUHQFLD D DOJXQRV DVSHFWRV OODPDWLYRV %X]R 6iQFKH]
'H HQWUH HOORV KDUHPRV HVSHFLDO PHQFLyQ GHO KHFKR GH TXH HO GHVDUUROOR GH ODV
7HFQRORJtDVGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDV7,*VVHDLJQRUDGRHQHOGLVHxR FXUULFXODU
PLHQWUDVVHUHFODPDSDUDWDOHYROXFLyQXQUDQJRHSLVWHPROyJLFR
x (Q OD SUiFWLFD OR TXH HQ ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR VXHOH GHILQLUVH FRPR 3UR\HFWRV 7,&
7HFQRORJtDGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ\ODV&RPXQLFDFLRQHVVHFHQWUDDSHQDVHQHOHQIRTXHTXH
PiV DGHODQWH VH GHVFULEH FRPR HQVHxDU FRQ 6,* FRQ XQD UHIHUHQFLD D ODV RSHUDFLRQHV
PiVEiVLFDVGHHVWDWHFQRORJtDPHUDVVXSHUSRVLFLRQHVDDQDOL]DUYLVXDOPHQWH(QHOFDVR
DQDOL]DGR6DQWLOODQDHQFRQWUDPRVDSHQDVVXJHUHQFLDVSDUDHOXVRGH*RRJOH(DUWK
*RRJOH 0DSV%LQJ 0DSV \ $UF*LV 2QOLQH FRPR KHUUDPLHQWDV SDUD YLVXDOL]DU
LQIRUPDFLyQ6HWUDWDGHSURSXHVWDVPiVHQODOtQHDGHORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVIRUPDWLYRVGHOD
(QVHxDQ]D 6HFXQGDULD 2EOLJDWRULD /D SREUH]D GH HVWDV SURSXHVWDV SDUHFH HYLGHQFLDU OD
GLVWDQFLD DELVPDO GH ODV PLVPDV FRQ UHVSHFWR D LQLFLDWLYDV FRPR HO GeoMentoring
Program SUDWRFLQDGR SRU OD 1DWLRQDO *HRJUDSKLF 6RFLHW\ HVWDGRXQLGHQVH \D HQ
(GHOVRQD
/DGHILQLFLyQGHOD*HRJUDItDTXHVHVLJXHGHODRUGHQDFLyQOHJDOGHOFXUUtFXORGHEDFKLOOHUDWR
UHJLRQDOFRQVWLWX\HXQDEDVHFRQFHSWXDOEDVWDQWHDYDQ]DGDGHFDUDDFRQVWUXLUXQDHGXFDFLyQ
moderna GHODGLVFLSOLQDHQODTXHDSULRULWHQGUtDFDELGDHOXVRGHORV6,*1RREVWDQWHHO
PDQWHQLPLHQWR GHO HQFXDGUH FXUULFXODU WUDGLFLRQDO +XPDQLGDGHV \ &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV PX\
HQ OD OtQHD GH OD WUDGLFLyQ IUDQFHVD FRQVWLWX\H SUREDEOHPHQWH XQ IUHQR HQ OD FLWDGD
FRQVWUXFFLyQ'HKHFKRGLFKRHQFXDGUHTXHQRHVH[FOXVLYRGH(VSDxD SDUHFH

/D ~QLFD UHIHUHQFLD FXUULFODU D ORV 6,*V DSDUHFH HQ OD DVLJQDWXUD &LHQFLDV GH OD 7LHUUD \ GHO 0HGLR $PELHQWH
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D OD PRGDOLGDG GH &LHQFLDV HQ ORV FRQWHQLGRV GHO %ORTXH 0HGLR DPELHQWH \ IXHQWHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ
DPELHQWDO2UGHQ('8

3RUHMHPSORSDUDHOPyGXORUHIHULGRDSDLVDMHVQDWXUDOHV\PHGLRDPELHQWHODYDORUDFLyQGHODWHPiWLFDHVWiEDVDGDHQOD
VXSHUSRVLFLyQ HQ $UF*LV 2QOLQH GH GRV FDSDV :06 GHVGH OD ZHE 0LQLVWHULR GH $JULFXOWXUD $OLPHQWDFLyQ \ 0HGLR
$PELHQWHSDLVDMHV\SDLVDMHVSURWHJLGRV

6REUHOD*HRJUDItDHQHOFXUUtFXORFDQDGLHQVHVHKDGLFKRTXHit was/is conveniently packaged as a sub-set of Social
Studies >@In reality many of the courses offered in Geography relate more closely to Technology eg. Geomatics. Or
I.Prieto Sarro

UHDILUPDUVHFXDQGRVHGLFHGHOD*HRJUDItDTXH, es un saber original en medio de la cada

vez ms marcada especializacin de las ciencias. Comparte conocimientos y mtodos de las
ciencias naturales (Geologa, Biologa, Climatologa) y de las ciencias del hombre
(Economa, Sociologa, Demografa). Su carcter de sntesis y accin recproca de elementos
naturales y humanos la sita en el grupo de las Ciencias Sociales, junto a la Economa, la
Historia o la Sociologa 2UGHQ ('8 6H KHFKD GH PHQRV HYLGHQWHPHQWH OD
UHIHUHQFLDWHFQROyJLFD
/DV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH ORV 6,* HQ OR TXH VH UHILHUH DO HQIRTXH PRGHUQR GH OD HGXFDFLyQ
JHRJUiILFD EDVDGD HQ DSUHKHQGHU HQWHQGHU \ FRPSUHQGHU HO HVSDFLR SDUHFHQ HYLGHQWHV
5HVXOWDLJXDOPHQWHSDWHQWHVXYDOLGH]FRPRPDWHULDOL]DFLyQGHODVestrategias de indagacin
TXHVHPHQFLRQDQHQHOFXUUtFXOR2UGHQ('8
(Q UHDOLGDG OD WHFQRORJtD 6,* VH LGHQWLILFD ELHQ FRQ HO enfoque educativo moderno en
general SDUD HO FXDO VH SUHWHQGH XQD HQVHxDQ]D EDVDGD HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH PHGLDQWH OD
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HO PDQHMR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ OD LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULHGDG OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GH
UHODFLRQHVHOWUDEDMRHQHTXLSR
(QHOFDVRGHOD*HRJUDItDKHPRVGHSDUWLUGHDTXHOODVGHILQLFLRQHVGHORV6,*TXHVHFHQWUDQ
HQ VX FDSDFLGDG SDUD ayudar a la comprensin de patrones, relaciones y tendencias
espaciales &RPR ELHQ VHxDOD 3DOODGLQR PXFKDV GH ODV KDELOLGDGHV TXH VH VHxDODQ FRPR
GHVHDEOHV SDUD LQVWUXLU HQ ODV PLVPDV D ORV DOXPQRV GH *HRJUDItD VRQ SHUIHFWDPHQWH
LGHQWLILFDEOHVFRQODWHFQRORJtD6,*$VtVHGHGXFHFODUDPHQWHGHODQiOLVLVTXHHOFLWDGRDXWRU
KDFH GH ODV Guidelines for Geographic Education GH OD $VVRFLDWLRQ RI $PHULFDQ
*HRJUDSKHUV $$* \ HO 1DWLRQDO &RXQFLO IRU *HRJUDSKLF (GXFDWLRQ 1&*( 3DOODGLQR
&RPRVHYLHQHDILUPDQGR\DGHVGHODGpFDGDGHORVDxRVGHOV;;HOXVRGHO6,*
SHUPLWH TXH ORV DOXPQRV QR VHDQ PHURV UHFHSWRUHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ VLQR TXH VH KDJDQ
SUHJXQWDV VREUH OD UHDOLGDG TXH VH OHV SUHVHQWD LQLFLiQGRVH XQ SURFHVR PX\ DFRUGH FRQ HO
DQWHULRUPHQWHGHVFULWRHQIRTXHHGXFDWLYRPRGHUQR
9LVWDVODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOFXUUtFXOR\VXH[FOXVLyQGHODHVFDODFRPDUFDO\VREUHODEDVHGH
ODV DQWHULRUHV DSUHFLDFLRQHV \D WUDWDGDV FRQ VROYHQFLD HQ GLYHUVRV WUDEDMRV FRQVLGHUDPRV
EiVLFRUHVSHFWRDODSURSXHVWDTXHDTXtVHDQDOL]DWHQHUHQHVSHFLDOFRQVLGHUDFLyQHOPRGHUQR
FRQFHSWR GH geoliteracy (comprensin geogrfica) /D SHUWLQHQFLD GH OD SURSXHVWD TXH VH
VLJXH KDFH UHIHUHQFLD SXHV PiV TXH D ODV QHFHVLGDGHV FXUULFXODUHV stricto sensu D ODV
SRVLELOLGDGHVGHPHMRUDGHODHQVHxDQ]DJHRJUiILFD\PiVD~QDXQDQHFHVLGDGVRFLDO
(O FRQFHSWR GH geographic literacy KD VLGR GHILQLGR HQ ORV iPELWRV LPSOLFDGRV HQ OD
HGXFDFLyQ GH OD 1DWLRQDO *HRJUDSKLF 6RFLHW\ FRPR OD FDSDFLGDG GH DSOLFDU KDELOLGDGHV \
FRPSUHQVLyQJHRJUiILFDTXHVLUYDQDXQDSHUVRQDSDUDWRPDUGHFLVLRQHVHQVXYLGDSHUVRQDOR
SURIHVLRQDOHQVXLPSOLFDFLyQSROtWLFDHWFpWHUD(GHOVRQE
(QWUH ODV UHIOH[LRQHV VREUH OD geoliteracy DSRUWDGDV SRU 'DQLHO & (GHOVRQ E TXH
FRQYHQGUtDSRQHUDTXtGHUHOLHYHHVWiQ

indeed to Science eg. Physical Geography and Environment and Resource Management. This Social Science mindset or
what I would call old thinking has done little to help anyone gain a clearer understanding of what Modern Geography is
all about 0DQVILHOG

+D\TXHWHQHUHQFXHQWDODOLPLWDFLyQGHKRUL]RQWHVTXHWDQWRSDUDHOGRFHQWHFRPRSDUDHODOXPQR
VXSRQHODSUHVLyQGHOD3UXHEDGH$FFHVRDOD8QLYHUVLGDGREMHWLYRSULRULWDULRGHHVWHSHULRGROHFWLYR
I.Prieto Sarro


x /DVLPLOLWXGGHORVDUJXPHQWRVVREUHODLJQRUDQFLDJHRJUiILFDGHORVDPHULFDQRVFRQORV
TXHDHVFDODGLVWLQWDDSRUWDPRVDTXtUHVSHFWRDOHQWRUQRFRPDUFDOGHUHIHUHQFLD
x /DFODUDGLIHUHQFLDFLyQTXHVHHVWDEOHFHHQWUHVDEHUJHRJUDItD\VHUFDSD]GHKDFHU
JHRJUDItD
x /DLGHDGHTXHORVSURIHVLRQDOHVGHORV6LVWHPDVGH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDSXHGDQVHU
FRQVLGHUDGRVXQHVWiQGDUDODKRUDGHYDORUDUODVFDSDFLGDGHVGHFRPSUHQVLyQJHRJUiILFD
VLQTXHHOORVXSRQJDOyJLFDPHQWHSUHWHQGHUTXHHOFLXGDGDQRGHDSLHRHOHVWXGLDQWH
GH*HRJUDItDGHEDVHUXQH[SHUWRHQ7,*V
3RGHPRV FRQFOXLU DILUPDQGR OD IDFLOLGDG SDUD DVRFLDU HO FRQFHSWR GH geoliteracy FRQ ODV
SURSXHVWDV QR VyOR GH PHMRUD HGXFDWLYD VLQR GH FRPSUHVLyQ JHRJUiILFD \ HVSHFtILFDPHQWH
DPELHQWDOGHOHQWRUQRFRPDUFDO

3HQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO*HRJUDItD\6,*
/DUHODFLyQHQWUHODVKDELOLGDGHVHVSDFLDOHVDQDOL]DGDV\ODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHORV6,*UHVXOWDQ
GHO WRGR HYLGHQWHV (O 6,* FRQVWLWX\H XQD KHUUDPLHQWD LGHDO SDUD KDFHU ODV YHFHV GH SXHQWH
HQWUHXQDVHULHGHGDWRVDFHUFDGHOPXQGRUHDO\ODJHQHUDFLyQGHLPiJHQHVOyJLFDVVREUHHVWH
PXQGR 6X XVR SXHGH SHUPLWLU DO DOXPQR YLVXDOL]DU ORV GDWRV \ DQDOL]DU ODV UHODFLRQHV
H[LVWHQWHVHQWUHORVHOHPHQWRVGHOPXQGRUHDOUHSUHVHQWDGRVSRUORVFLWDGRVGDWRV
(O SURFHVR GH DSUHQGL]DMH VH YHUi IDYRUHFLGR FRQ HO XVR GHORV6,*VHQGLYHUVRV DVSHFWRV
)DOODV
x (ODOXPQRDFFHGHDXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQJUiILFDVRILVWLFDGDGHOPXQGRUHDORSHUDWLYDHQ
HOVHQWLGRGHTXHSHUPLWHOOHYDUDFDERWDUHDVGHDQiOLVLVHVSDFLDOGHORVGDWRV\SURGXFLU
XQDLPDJHQHODERUDGDGHOPXQGRUHDOVX*HRJUDItD
x (ODOXPQRGHMDGHVHUXQPHURUHFHSWRUSDVLYRGHFRQRFLPLHQWRVSRUSDUWHGHOSURIHVRU
SDVDQGR D VHU XQ HOHPHQWR DFWLYR GHO SURFHVR GH DSUHQGL]DMH 6H SUHVFLQGH GHO HQIRTXH
PHPRUtVWLFR \ VH SURPXHYH HO SHQVDPLHQWR FUtWLFR HQWUH HO DOXPQDGR (O XVR GHO 6,*
SHUVLJXH PiV TXH OD ILMDFLyQ GH XQ FXHUSR GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GH OD
H[LVWHQFLDGHXQDVHULHGHWpFQLFDVTXHOHSHUPLWLUiQXQDUHYLVLyQFRQWLQXDGHVXVFRQFHSWRV
HVSDFLDOHV
x (O SURJUHVR GHO DOXPQR HQ ODV KDELOLGDGHV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ OD E~VTXHGD GH GDWRV
VXSRQGUiPHQRUHVUHVWULFFLRQHVHQORTXHVHUHILHUHDODFRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQGHORVHVSDFLRV
JHRJUiILFRV TXH QR HVWDUi GLULJLGD SRU HO XVR GH FRQMXQWRV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ
SUHVHOHFFLRQDGRV
8QDFXHVWLyQLPSRUWDQWHDWHQHUHQFXHQWDHVHOKHFKRGHSHUWHQHFHUORV6,*VDOFRQMXQWRGH
WHFQRORJtDV TXH KDQ YHQLGR HQ FRQRFHUVH FRPR 7,&V 7HFQRORJtDV GH OD ,QRUPDFLyQ \ ODV
&RPXQLFDFLRQHV 6H WUDWD GH XQ FRQMXQWR GH WHFQRORJtDV FX\R PDQHMR VH FRQVLGHUD
LQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUDHOGHVHQYROYLPLHQWRVROYHQWHGHORVFLXGDGDQRVGHOV;;,
'HVGH HVWH SXQWR GH YLVWD HO GHQRPLQDGR &RQVRUFLR GH +DELOLGDGHV ,QGLVSHQVDEOHV SDUD HO
6LJOR ;;, 3DUWQHUVKLS IRU VW &HQWXU\ 6NLOOV KWWSZZZSRUJLQGH[SKS KD GLVHxDGR
XQ PRGHOR HGXFDWLYR FRQVHFXHQWH FRQ HO REMHWLYR WHFQyORJLFR SDUD HO FDVR GH OD *HRJUDItD
FRQWDPRVGHQWURGHORTXHVHGHQRPLQDQ21st Century Skills MapsFRQHOGeography Map
3DUWQHUVKLSIRUVW&HQWXU\6NLOOV
I.Prieto Sarro


(OGRFXPHQWRQRUHILHUH~QLFDPHQWHDORV6,*VVLQRDXQDJUDQGLYHUVLGDGGHKHUUDPLHQWDV
UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ ODV7,& (Q HO HVTXHPD GHKDELOLGDGHVJHRJUiILFDV D GHVDUUROODU WLHQHQ QR
REVWDQWHLPSRUWDQFLDFUXFLDOODVDFWLYLGDGHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODWHFQRORJtDTXHQRVRFXSD
$SDUHQWHPHQWHVHWUDWDGHXQFRQMXQWRGHDFWLYLGDGHVGHSURSyVLWRGHPRVWUDWLYRRUJDQL]DGDV
HQXQHVTXHPDTXHUHODFLRQDKDELOLGDGHVSDFLDO!UHVXOWDGRHVSHUDGR!HMHPSOR!WHFQRORJtDD
XVDU TXH GHVGH OD SHUVSHFWLYD GHO FXUUtFXOR GH EDFKLOOHUDWR HQ HO TXH VH EDVD HO SUHVHQWH
WUDEDMRUHVXOWDGLItFLOGHOOHYDUDFDERHVWRHVGHELGRDODHVFDVDLPSRUWDQFLDGHODDVLJQDWXUD
GH *HRJUDItD HQ HO FXUUtFXOR OR FXDO VH WUDGXFH HQ OLPLWDFLRQHV GH WLHPSR LPSRUWDQWHV $
PD\RUDEXQGDPLHQWRVHWUDWDGHDFWLYLGDGHVTXL]iVGHPDVLDGRRSWLPLVWDVHQUHODFLyQFRQHO
EDJDMH IRUPDWLYR GH ORV DOXPQRV GH VHFXQGDULD WDQWR HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ ODV KDELOLGDGHV
FRJQLWLYDV FRPR FRQ ODV FDSDFLGDGHV WHFQROyJLFDV FRQ ODV FXDOHV DFFHGHQ DO QLYHO GH
UHIHUHQFLD
Skill&ULWLFDO7KLQNLQJ 3UREOHP6ROYLQJ
Outcome,GHQWLILHVDQGDVNVVLJQLILFDQWTXHVWLRQVWKDWFODULI\YDULRXVSRLQWVRIYLHZDQGOHDGWREHWWHU
VROXWLRQV
Example7RH[SORUHDQGDQDO\]HHQYLURQPHQWDOODQGXVHFKDQJHVLQDJLYHQUHJLRQVWXGHQWVFRPSDUHPDSV
DHULDOSKRWRJUDSKVDQGUHPRWHO\VHQVHGLPDJHVIURPGLIIHUHQWKLVWRULFSHULRGV6WXGHQWVXVHLQWHUQHWUHVRXUFHV
IURP7HUUD6HUYHU86*6DQGWKH&DUWRJUDSKLF'LYLVLRQRIWKH/LEUDU\RI&RQJUHVVWRFRPSDUHODQGXVHLQD
SDUWLFXODU FRPPXQLW\ RU VWDWH RYHU WLPH 6WXGHQWV GHYHORS TXHVWLRQV WKDW VKRXOG KDYH EHHQ DVNHG EHIRUH WKH
FKDQJHVLQHQYLURQPHQWDOODQGXVHRFFXUUHGDQGWKHQVHHNDQVZHUVWRWKRVH TXHVWLRQVSRVWGHYHORSPHQW )RU
H[DPSOHVWXGHQWVFRXOGH[DPLQHWKHDUHDDURXQG2UODQGR)ORULGDEHIRUHDQGLQWRGHWHUPLQHWKH
ODQGXVHFKDQJHVZKLFKKDYHRFFXUUHGGXHWRSRSXODWLRQJURZWKUHFUHDWLRQDOODQGGHYHORSPHQWHWF6WXGHQWV
FUHDWH D EHIRUH DQG DIWHU GRFXPHQWDU\ GHSLFWLQJ WKH FRVWV DQG WKH EHQHILWV RI WKH ODQG XVH FKDQJH WKH\
H[DPLQHG
Technology Use5HPRWH6HQVLQJ>*,6@
7DEOD(MHPSORGHSURSXHVWDGHDFWLYLGDGGHO*HRJUDSK\0DS

/D SUHVHQFLD GHO 6,* HQ HO FRQMXQWR GHO VLVWHPD HGXFDWLYR VH FRQFUHWD HQ WUHV HQIRTXHV
GLIHUHQFLDGRVEiVLFDPHQWHHQVHxDUHOXVRGHO6,*HQVHxDUFRQHO6,*\XWLOL]DUHO6,*FRPR
KHUUDPLHQWDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ(QORTXHVHUHILHUHDODHGXFDFLyQVHFXQGDULDH[LVWHXQDFLHUWD
GLVFXVLyQVREUHVLVHGHEHSODQWHDUXQDLQLFLDWLYDGHOWLSRHQVHxDUFRQ6,*RELHQGHOWLSR
HQVHxDUHO6,*3DOODGLQR
/DV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH XVR GHO 6,* HQ HO DXOD KDQ VLGR HVTXHPDWL]DGDV SRU 3DOODGLQR HQ HO
VLJXLHQWHHVTXHPD3DOODGLQRWUDGXFLGR

Nivel conceptual Jerarqua de actividades
8VR
(QVHxDQ]DGHDFHUFDGH
$OWR (QVHxDQ]DFRQ
'HPRVWUDFLyQ
'HVFULSFLyQ
%DMR 0HQFLyQ
7DEOD8VRGHO6,*HQHGXFDFLyQ
I.Prieto Sarro


/DUHDOLGDG FRQTXHQRVHQFRQWUDPRVHV FRPR \DVHDSXQWyODGHXQDFDSDFLWDFLyQWpFQLFD
UHFRJLGDVyORGHPDQHUDWHyULFDHQORVGHVDUUROORVGHOFXUUtFXORGHEDFKLOOHUDWRDQDOL]DGRV/D
GLILFXOWDG FLWDGD SRGUtD VXEVDQDUVH PHGLDQWH OD LQWURGXFFLyQ GH OD FDSDFLWDFLyQ FLWDGD HQ HO
GLVHxRFXUULFXODUGHODDVLJQDWXUDGH*HRJUDItDFRPRXQDDFWLYLGDGGHVWUH]DWUDQVYHUVDODORV
FRQWHQLGRV GHO FRQMXQWR GH OD DVLJQDWXUD HVWR HV FRQ XQ DSUHQGL]DMH UHSDUWLGR GH PDQHUD
SURJUHVLYDHQHOFRQMXQWRGHXQLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDV0iVD~QHVSRVLEOHSHQVDUHQHO6,*FRPR
XQD KHUUDPLHQWD TXH QR GHEH VHU HQFXDGUDGD HQ XQ OXJDU HVSHFtILFR GHO FXUUtFXOR GH
VHFXQGDULD VLHQGR FRQVLGHUDGR XQ DSR\R SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH FRQWHQLGRV \D LQFOXLGRV HQ
DTXHOHQHVWHFDVRFRQSRVLELOLGDGHVQRVyORUHIHULGDVDODDVLJQDWXUDGH*HRJUDItD
9LVWRV ORV DQWHFHGHQWHV WDQWR HQ OR TXH VH UHILHUH D SRVLELOLGDGHV FRPR D UHDOLGDGHV la
solucin adoptada pasa por una propuesta de actividades guiadas cuya ejecucin no suponga
gran demora en cuanto a la inculcacin de la destreza referida al uso de los SIG. En
cualquier caso, no se trata de que el profesor use el SIG para ensear Geografa, sino de que
el alumno utilice el SIG para realizar un aprendizaje basado en las capacidades de esta
tecnologa.
(QWRUQRFRPDUFDO\6,*
&RPR KDQ VHxDODGR DOJXQRV DXWRUHV )DOODV HO KHFKR GH FRQWDU OD HQVHxDQ]D FRQ HO
DSR\R GH DFWLYLGDGHV HVWUHFKDPHQWH YLQFXODGDV FRQ HO HQWRUQR HVSDFLDO GHO DOXPQR
SRVLEOHPHQWHLQFUHPHQWDUiHOJUDGRGHLPSOLFDFLyQGHDTXHOHQHOSURFHVRFRJQLWLYR
6H WUDWD GH XQD FXHVWLyQ LPSRUWDQWH HQ HO GHYHQLU GH mbitos sociodemogrficamente y
econmicamente marginales y decadentes SRU VXYLUWXDOLGDG GH LQFUHPHQWDU ODV FDSDFLGDGHV
GHODSREODFLyQPiVMRYHQGHFRQWULEXLUHQHOIXWXURDODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHODVWDQDQVLDGDV
LQLFLDWLYDVGHdesarrollo rural endgeno5
3DUHFH FODUR TXH XQ PD\RU FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO HQWRUQR GH VX SDVDGR \ VX SUHVHQWH SRGUtD
D\XGDU D ORV MyYHQHV D LQWHJUDUVH GH XQD PDQHUD PiV DFWLYD HQ OD VRFLHGDG FLYLO R HQ ORV
FXDGURVGLULJHQWHVGHODPLVPDFRQXQDLGHDFODUDGHODVUHODFLRQHVWHQGHQFLDV\SDWURQHVTXH
VHPDQLILHVWDQHQVXHQWRUQRDVtFRPRGHODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHPRGLILFDUODV6DEHUSDUDDFWXDU
8QDFODUDFRQFLHQFLDGHORVYDORUHVDPELHQWDOHVGHVXFRPDUFDSXHGHVXSRQHUSRUHMHPSOR
VXLQWHJUDFLyQHQPRYLPLHQWRVHQGHIHQVDGHORVPLVPRV

'(6$552//2'(/$35238(67$
*HQHUDOLGDGHV
/D SURSXHVWD VH GHVDUUROOD HQ WRUQR D XQD VHULH GH REMHWLYRV HVSHFtILFRV GH GHVDUUROOR
HVFDORQDGRTXHVHGHWDOODQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
5HFRSLODFLyQELEOLRJUiILFD
'LVHxR GH XQD XQLGDG GLGiFWLFD HVSHFtILFD VREUH HO HQWRUQR FRPDUFDO OD XQLGDG
GLGiFWLFDGHUHIHUHQFLDSDUDODTXHVHGLVHxDQODVDFWLYLGDGHVWRPDFRPRPRGHORJHQpULFR
HO HVTXHPD FRQFHSWXDO PHGLDQWH HO TXH VH WUDWDQ ORV HVSDFLRV UXUDOHV HQ ODV XQLGDGHV

+D\TXHUHFRUGDUTXHSUHFLVDPHQWHHOFDUiFWHUHQGyJHQRGHODVLQLFLDWLYDVKDVLGRGXUDQWHDxRVXQDGHODVSUHPLVDVGHORV
SURJUDPDV GH GHVDUUROOR UXUDO WLSR /($'(5 R 352'(5 HYLGHQFLiQGRVH HO EORTXHR TXH VXSRQHOD IDOWD GH WHMLGR VRFLDO
FDSDFLWDGRSDUDLPSOHPHQWDUODVPLVPDV
I.Prieto Sarro


GLGiFWLFDV GH OD DVLJQDWXUD DQDOL]DGRV VH DGMXQWD DO SUHVHQWH WUDEDMR FRPR GRFXPHQWR
LQGHSHQGLHQWH WLWXODGR /D FRPDUFD GH %DELD HQ HO FXDO VH UHIHUHQFLDQ ORV PRPHQWRV GH
HMHFXFLyQGHFDGDXQDGHODVDFWLYLGDGHV
6HOHFFLyQGHXQVRIWZDUH6,*DOUHVSHFWRVHKDUHIOH[LRQDGRDFHUFDGHGRVFXHVWLRQHV
JUDWXLGDG \ FRPSDWLELOLGDG GH ORV UHTXLVLWRV GH OD DSOLFDFLyQ FRQ HO HVWiQGDU GH
HTXLSDPLHQWRLQIRUPiWLFRGHORVFHQWURVGHEDFKLOOHUDWR(QODDFWXDOLGDGVHYDVXSHUDQGR
OD VHULD OLPLWDFLyQ TXH VXSRQtD KDFH DOJ~Q WLHPSR HO DOWR FRVWH GHO VRIWZDUH 6,* \ ORV
LPSRUWDQWHVUHTXHULPLHQWRVWpFQLFRVGHKDUGZDUH
+R\ HQ GtD H[LVWH OD SRVLELOLGDG GH XWLOL]DU VRIWZDUH OLEUH \ GH DOWDV SUHVWDFLRQHV WLSR
JY6,*OLFHQFLD*18*3/3RURWUDSDUWHODVILUPDVFRPHUFLDOHVVXHOHQRIUHFHUOLFHQFLDV
HGXFDWLYDVDEDMRFRVWH
3RUORTXHUHVSHFWDDORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVGHKDUGZDUHQRSDUHFHFRQVWLWXLUDGtDGHKR\XQ
SUREOHPDODLQVWDODFLyQGHXQVRIWZDUH6,*HQORVHTXLSRVWLSRGHXQDXODGHLQIRUPDWLFD
GHXQFHQWURGHEDFKLOOHUDWRWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDORVJUDQGHVDYDQFHVUHJLVWUDGRVHQORTXH
VHUHILHUHDGRWDFLRQHVLQIRUPiWLFDVGHORVFHQWURVGHHVWXGLR
(Q FXDOTXLHU FDVR FRQVLGHUDQGR ODV IDFLOLGDGHV GH PLJUDFLyQ HQWUH VLVWHPDV QR UHVXOWD
FRPSOLFDGRDGDSWDUODVDFWLYLGDGHVTXHVHGLVHxHQSDUDUHDOL]DUODVFRQXQVRIWZDUHGLVWLQWR
DOSURSXHVWR
5HFRSLODFLyQGHODEDVHGHGDWRVHVSDFLDOHV\DOIDQXPpULFRVHOGLVHxRGHOFRQMXQWRGH
GDWRVHVSDFLDOHVLPSOLFDSURFHVRVGH
x 5HFRSLODFLyQ \ HYDOXDFLyQ GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH OLEUH GLVWULEXFLyQ H[LVWHQWH HQ HVWH
VHQWLGRVHGLVSRQHFRPRSXQWRGHSDUWLGDGHJUDQFDQWLGDGGHLQIRUPDFLyQSURSRUFLRQDGD
SRU OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ UHJLRQDO -XQWD GH &DVWLOOD \ /HyQ &HQWUR GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ
7HUULWRULDO
x 7UDWDPLHQWRGHODLQIRUPDFLyQDERUGDQGRSURFHVRVGHFLHUWDFRPSOLFDFLyQWpFQLFDTXH
GHPRUDUtDQHQH[FHVRHOGHVDUUROORGHODVDFWLYLGDGHV
o 5HSUR\HFFLyQ HO VLVWHPD GH UHIHUHQFLD HOHJLGR SDUD GDU XQLIRUPLGDG D WRGD OD
LQIRUPDFLyQHVSDFLDOKDVLGRHO(756870HQUHDOLGDGODFRPDUFDSDUWLFLSD
GH ORV KXVRV \ GH OD SUR\HFFLyQ 870 VLHQGR HO KXVR HO XVDGR SRU OD
DGPLQLVWUDFLyQUHJLRQDOHQODVWUDQVIHUHQFLDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQ
o &DPELRVGHIRUPDWRWRGDODLQIRUPDFLyQVHUiSURSRUFLRQDGDHQIRUPDWRYHFWRULDO
WUDQVIRUPDGR GHVGH IRUPDWRV WLSR &$' GJQ GZJ G[I XWLOL]DGRV SRU OD
DGPLQLVWUDFLyQUHJLRQDOSRFRDSURSLDGRVSDUDHOXVRFRQHO6,*\UDVWHU*5,'GH
(65,(&:
o 2UWRUUHFWLILFDFLyQ WpFQLFD DSOLFDGD D ODV IRWRJUDItDV DpUHDV GHO YXHOR DPHULFDQR D
HIHFWRV GH TXH HO DOXPQR SXHGD UHDOL]DU XQD FRPSDUDFLyQ HQWUH ODV PLVPDV \ ODV
RUWRIRWRJUDItDVHQFRORUPiVUHFLHQWHV
(OFRQMXQWRGHLQIRUPDFLyQVHFRPSOHWDFRQXQDVHULHGHGDWRVVRFLRGHPRJUiILFRVGHWLSR
DOIDQXPpULFR ,QVWLWXWR 1DFLRQDO GH (VWDGtVWLFD UHIHULGRV D GRV HVIHUDV ODV HQWLGDGHV GH
SREODFLyQ\PXQLFLSLRVGHODFRPDUFD\ORVPXQLFLSLRVGHOFRQMXQWRSURYLQFLDO\UHJLRQDO
DHIHFWRVGHFRQWH[WXDOL]DUODVLWXDFLyQFRPDUFDO
'LVHxRGHDFWLYLGDGHVHVSHFtILFDVDUHDOL]DUPHGLDQWHHOXVRGH6LVWHPDVGH,QIRUPDFLyQ
*HRJUiILFD
I.Prieto Sarro


$SDUWLUGHOHVTXHPDGH)DOODV)DOODVKHPRVHVTXHPDWL]DGRXQSURFHVRHQHOFXDO
VHGHVFULEHQODVHWDSDVPHGLDQWHODVFXDOHVVHLQWHJUDUtDXQHMHUFLFLRFRQ6,*HQODXQLGDG
GLGiFWLFDGHUHIHUHQFLD
3ODQWHDUXQSUREOHPDUHODFLRQDGRFRQXQDVSHFWRGHWHUPLQDGRGHODXQLGDGGRFHQWH
&RQVHJXLUORVGDWRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDH[DPLQDUODFXHVWLyQJHRGDWRVEDVHVGHGDWRV
DOIDQXPpULFDV
,QWHJUDUWRGDODLQIRUPDFLyQHQXQDJHRGDWDEDVH
5HDOL]DUHODQiOLVLVSHUWLQHQWHGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ
3UHVHQWDUORVUHVXOWDGRV
(OHVTXHPDJXDUGDPXFKRSDUDOHOLVPRFRQHOTXHVXHOHSUHVHQWDUVHFRPRUHSUHVHQWDWLYRGH
ODVIXQFLRQHVGHORV6,*HQWUDGDGHGDWRVJHVWLyQGHGDWRVDQiOLVLVSUHVHQWDFLyQGH
UHVXOWDGRV QRREVWDQWHODVUHVWULFFLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQODUHDOLGDG FXUULFXODULPSRQHQ
FLHUWDVGHVYLDFLRQHVGHHVWHPRGHORLGHDOL]DGRGHWDOPDQHUDTXHHQORVHMHPSORVTXHVH
SUHVHQWDQ VH KD SUHVFLQGLGR D PHQXGR GH ODV IDVHV LQLFLDOHV GHO HVTXHPD VL ELHQ VH KD
SURFXUDGR TXH WRGDV HVWpQ UHSUHVHQWDGDV HQ DOJ~Q PRPHQWR GHO GHVDUUROOR GH ODV
DFWLYLGDGHV
5HVSHFWR DO WHPD TXH QRV RFXSD UHVXOWD GH FUXFLDO LPSRUWDQFLD FRQVLGHUDU HO SDSHO GH ORV
GRFHQWHV VLHQGR FRQYHQLHQWH KDFHUQRV YDULDV SUHJXQWDV DO UHVSHFWR FRQRFHQ OD WHFQRORJtD
6,*" VL HV DVt FRQVLGHUDQ RSRUWXQD R YLDEOH VX XWLOL]DFLyQ HQ HO DXOD" WLHQHQ FDSDFLGDG
SDUDGHVDUUROODUDFWLYLGDGHVEDVDGDVHQHO6,*"VXIRUPDFLyQHVVXILFLHQWHSDUDGLVHxDUHVWDV
DFWLYLGDGHV"
(YLGHQWHPHQWH OD LQWURGXFFLyQ GHO 6,* HQ HO DXOD GHSHQGH GH ODV SURSLDV KDELOLGDGHV
HVSDFLDOHVGHOSURIHVRUDGR\GHVXUHODFLyQFRQODV7,&6,*V,QWHUQHW(QHVWHVHQWLGR
QRV SRGHPRV HQFRQWUDU FRQ VLWXDFLRQHV PX\ GLYHUVDV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ OD GLYHUVLGDG
JHQHUDFLRQDOGHOSURIHVRUDGR DGtDGHKR\QRREVWDQWH HV GHVXSRQHU TXHEXHQQ~PHURGH
SURIHVRUHV KD\DQ UHFLELGR VX IRUPDFLyQ XQLYHUVLWDULD HQ XQ FRQWH[WR GH XVR GHO 6,* HQ VX
)DFXOWDGGH*HRJUDItD
3RU RWUD SDUWH ORV GRFHQWHV GHEHQ WHQHU XQ FDUiFWHU DELHUWR UHVSHFWR D ODV LQQRYDFLRQHV
HGXFDWLYDV FUH\HQGR HQ FRQFUHWR HQ ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH ORV 6,*V FRPR KHUUDPLHQWD SDUD
PHMRUDUODVKDELOLGDGHVHVSDFLDOHVGHORVDOXPQRV(OSURIHVRUWLHQHTXHHVWDUFyPRGRFRQ
XQD KHUUDPLHQWD TXH WUDVYDVD XQD SDUWH GH VX FRPHWLGR WUDGLFLRQDO FUHDU XQ HVTXHPD GH OD
UHDOLGDGSDUDWUDQVPLWLUORDORVDOXPQRVDORVSURSLRVDOXPQRV'HEHDVXPLUODSRVLELOLGDGGH
TXHORVDOXPQRVOOHJXHQDFRQFOXVLRQHVQRFRLQFLGHQWHVFRQODVVX\DVRFRQODVTXHUHIOHMDHO
FXUUtFXOR'HEHGLVHxDUXQDIRUPDGHHQIUHQWDUVHDHVDVVLWXDFLRQHV
/DVSURSLDVFDSDFLGDGHVGHOGRFHQWHHQFXDQWRDOPDQHMRGHO6,*VRQRWURDVSHFWRDWHQHUHQ
FXHQWD(QHVWHVHQWLGRSXHGHMXJDUJUDQLPSRUWDQFLDODH[LVWHQFLDGHSURJUDPDVIRUPDWLYRV
FHQWUDGRVHQHVWDHVSHFLDOLGDG/DIRUPDFLyQGHEHUtDVHUSRURWURODGREDVWDQWHFRPSOHWD6L
HO SODQWHDPLHQWR VH OLPLWD D XQD IRUPDFLyQ EiVLFD HQWRQFHV KDEUtDPRV GH SHQVDU HQ OD
UHDOL]DFLyQHQHODXODGHSUiFWLFDVFRQ6,*OLPLWDGDVDXQJXLyQSUHGHWHUPLQDGRFRQJXtDVGH
HMHFXFLyQH[KDXVWLYDVTXHVXSODQODVFDSDFLGDGHVGHOGRFHQWH(QHVWHFDVRODVSRVLELOLGDGHV
GH DGDSWDFLyQ SRU HMHPSOR D UHDOLGDGHV JHRJUiILFDV FRQFUHWDV R SUREOHPDV HVSDFLDOHV GH
DFWXDOLGDGVHUiQHVFDVDVRQXODV
I.Prieto Sarro


3RU~OWLPRXQWHPDLPSRUWDQWHHVHOGHODVFDSDFLGDGHVGHGLVHxRSRUSDUWHGHOGRFHQWH(Q
HVWH VHQWLGR TXL]iV OD VLWXDFLyQ LGHDO VHD OD GH XQ SDUWHQDULDGR HQWUH OD FRPXQLGDG GRFHQWH
PX\ YHUVDGD HQ WRGR OR UHODFLRQDGR FRQ ORV SURFHVRV FRQJQLWLYRV \ ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GHO
DOXPQDGR\ODFRPXQLGDGGHLQYHVWLJDGRUHV\SURIHVLRQDOHVGHOPXQGRGHORV6,*V

'HVFULSFLyQGHODSURSXHVWD
/D8QLGDG'LGiFWLFD
/D Unidad Didctica La comarca de Babia RUJDQL]DGD HQ YDULRV EORTXHV WHPiWLFRV
SUHWHQGHSURSRUFLRQDUDOGRFHQWHXQPDWHULDOLQH[LVWHQWHHQODDFWXDOLGDGFRQHOFXDODERUGDU
ODHQVHxDQ]DGHODUHDOLGDGJHRJUiILFDFRPDUFDO)LJXUD
(Q HVWH VHQWLGR HO objetivo HV PDWHULDOL]DU HQ XQ HVSDFLR GH GLPHQVLRQHV ORFDOHV ODV
HQVHxDQ]DV FRQWHQLGDV HQ HO WHPDULR GH OD DVLJQDWXUD GH *HRJUDItD QR REVWDQWH OD
FRQFUHFFLyQFRPDUFDOSRUVXFHUFDQtDDODOXPQRSXHGHGHWHUPLQDUTXHXQIRUPDWRGHWDOOHU
FRPSOHPHQWDULR SXHGD UHVXOWDU LQWHUHVDQWH SDUD DOXPQRV TXH FXUVHQ R QR *HRJUDItD R
DVLJQDWXUDVGHFRQWHQLGRVDILQHV
(O contenido GH OD 8QLGDG 'LGiFWLFD VH RUJDQL]D HQ WUHV EORTXHV SULQFLSDOHV SUHFHGLGRV GH
XQD,QWURGXFFLyQTXHUHIOH[LRQDVREUHODVLQJXODULGDGGHOHVSDFLRFRPDUFDO\FRQXQApndide
Bibliogrfico DOILQDO,0HGLRItVLFR\GLYHUVLGDGHFROyJLFD,,&DPELRVHQORVXVRVGHOVXHOR
\,,,/DVLWXDFLyQGHOPHGLRDPELHQWH
/Dmetodologa GHXVRGHOD8QLGDG'LGiFWLFDVHEDVDHQTXHHOHVTXHPDFRQFHSWXDOFUHDGR
SDUD OD HODERUDFLyQ GH OD PLVPD VHD DEDUFDGR WDPELpQ SRU HO FRQMXQWR GH DFWLYLGDGHV
GLVHxDGDVSDUDUHDOL]DUFRQHO6,*
6H KD SURFXUDGR TXH DO PHQRV SDUWH GHO PDWHULDO JUiILFR GH OD XQLGDG GLGiFWLFD VH
FRUUHVSRQGDFRQPDWHULDOHVFRQORVTXHHODOXPQRWUDEDMDUiPHGLDQWHHO6,*'HHVWDPDQHUD
SRGUiLQWXLUODSRWHQFLDOLGDGGHHVWDKHUUDPLHQWDSDUDOOHYDUDFDERDQiOLVLVHVSDFLDOHVTXHVRQ
ODEDVHGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR

)LJXUD3RUWDGDHQGLFHGHOD8QLGDG'LGiFWLFD
I.Prieto Sarro


/D evaluacin GHO DSURYHFKDPLHQWR HQ HO XVR GH OD 8QLGDG 'LGiFWLFD JLUDUi HQ WRUQR D WUHV
HMHV GH YDORUDFLyQ ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV REMHWLYRV VREUH OD JHRJUDItD FRPDUFDO OD FDSDFLWDFLyQ
HQHOXVRGHODV7,*V\HOLQFUHPHQWRGHODVHQVLELOL]DFLyQDPELHQWDO(QHVWHVHQWLGRSXHGH
VHU~WLOODUHDOL]DFLyQGHXQDPHVDGHWUDEDMRILQDOHQODTXHVHYDORUHODDFWLYLGDG\VHDSRUWH\
DERUGHDOJXQDSURSXHVWDHMHFXFLyQGHDQiOLVLVTXHLQWHJUHORVWUHVHMHVGHVFULWRVHQWHPiWLFDV\
TXHVHDFRPSOHPHQWDULRDORVSURSXHVWRVHQOD8QLGDG'LGiFWLFD

/DV$FWLYLGDGHV
Las actividades SURSRQHQHMHUFLFLRVDUHDOL]DUPHGLDQWHHOXVRGHO6,*7RGRVHOORVHVWiQ
UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ ORV FRQWHQLGRV GH OD XQLGDG GLGiFWLFD (Q ORV PiUJHQHV GH OD XQLGDG
GLGiFWLFD DSDUHFHQ VHxDODGRV ORV HMHUFLFLRV D UHDOL]DU FRQ HO 6,* HQ FDGD PRPHQWR GH
H[SOLFDFLyQGHODPLVPD)LJXUD

)LJXUD9LVWDGHOD8QLGDG'LGiFWLFD

3DUDFDGDXQDGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVVHRIUHFH
x 8QUHVXPHQGHORVHMHUFLFLRVGHODSUiFWLFD
x 8QOLVWDGRGHREMHWLYRVDORVTXHVHUHVSRQGHODDFWLYLGDGGHVGREODGRVHQ
FRQRFLPLHQWRVJHQHUDOHVGHODJHRJUDItDFRPDUFDO\FDSDFLGDGHVGHXVRGHO6,*

Actividad 1 - Conoces tu comarca?
Resumen
/DDFWLYLGDGSODQWHDHMHUFLFLRVSDUDUHDOL]DUFRQHO6,*FHQWUDGRVHQORVDSDUWDGRVDGHODXQLGDGGLGiFWLFD
UHIHULGRVDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOPHGLRItVLFRGHODPLVPDUHOLHYHFOLPD
Conocimientos
+DFHU FRQVFLHQWH DO DOXPQR GH VX GHVFRQRFLPLHQWR GHO HQWRUQR FRPDUFDO SDUD HOOR VH OH SODQWHD
FRPSOHWDUXQPDSDPXGRGHODFRPDUFD\KDFHUXQDUHGDFFLyQVREUHODPLVPD
$O ILQDO GH OD DFWLYLGDG YROYHU D UHDOL]DU OD UHGDFFLyQ VREUH OD JHRJUDItD FRPDUFDO LQFOX\HQGR ORV
FRQRFLPLHQWRVDGTXLULGRVHQWUHHOORVWDEODVGHGDWRV\PDSDVVHQFLOORVFRQVLGHUDGRVGHPDQHUDFUtWLFD
SIG
3ODQWHDU XQRV VHQFLOORV HMHUFLFLRV GH YLVXDOL]DFLyQ DQiOLVLV DOIDQXPpULFR FRQVXOWD GH WDEODV FRQVXOWDV
HVSDFLDOHV FRQ 6,* SDUD VXEVDQDU HO GHVFRQRFLPLHQWR FLWDGR VREUH ODV JHQHUDOLGDGHV JHRJUiILFDV GH
%DELD $O ILQDO GH OD DFWLYLGDG VH SODQWHDQ HMHUFLFLRV TXH YDQ LQFOX\HQGR IXQFLRQHV GH DQiOLVLV TXH
FRQWULEX\DQDTXHHODOXPQRYHDODVSRVLELOLGDGHV\UHWRVTXHSODQWHDODXWLOL]DFLyQGHO6,*
3ODQWHDU OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH XQ PDSD GH OD FRPDUFD HQ *RRJOH 0DSV TXH SUHVHQWH XQD VHOHFFLyQ GH ORV
KHFKRVJHRJUiILFRVPiVUHSUHVHQWDWLYRVSDUDORVDOXPQRV'HHVWHPRGRHODOXPQRYHUiODVSRVLELOLGDGHV
GHFRPSDUWLUORVUHVXOWDGRVGHVXWUDEDMR
I.Prieto Sarro


Actividad 2 Nuestra geografa y la geografa de nuestros abuelos
Resumen
/DDFWLYLGDGSODQWHDHMHUFLFLRVSDUDUHDOL]DUFRQHO6,*FHQWUDGRVHQORVDSDUWDGRV\GHODXQLGDGGLGiFWLFD
UHIHULGRVDOiPELWRVRFLRGHPRJUiILFRSREODFLyQSREODPLHQWRXVRGHOWHUULWRULR
Conocimientos
&RQVHJXLUTXHHODOXPQRSURJUHVHHQVXFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODUHDOLGDGVRFLRGHPRJUiILFDGHODFRPDUFD\
SHUFLEDODH[LVWHQFLDGHUHODFLRQHVFRPSOHMDVHQWUHWRGRVORVIHFWRUHVTXHLQWHJUDQODUHDOLGDGJHRJUiILFD
GHODPLVPD
SIG
3URSRQHU HMHUFLFLRV GH FDUiFWHU PiV FRPSOHMR TXH ORV GH OD $FWLYLGDG FRQ ORV FXDOHV SHUFLED SRU
HMHPSOR OD FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD GH OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO WHUULWRULR TXH XVD HQ HO 6,* FRQ OD UHDOLGDG GHO
PLVPR3DUDHOORVHVXJLHUHODUHYLVLyQGHGDWRVGHO6,*HQHOFDPSRDVtFRPRODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHGDWRV
QXHYRVUHVXOWDQWHVGHOWUDEDMRVREUHHOWHUUHQR
5HDOL]DUVDOLGDVJUiILFDVGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHVXWUDEDMRFRQHO6,*
Actividad 3 amenazas ambientales
Resumen
/DDFWLYLGDGSODQWHDHMHUFLFLRVSDUDUHDOL]DUFRQHO6,*FHQWUDGRVHQORVDSDUWDGRV\GHODXQLGDGGLGiFWLFD
GHGLFDGRVDODWHPiWLFDDPELHQWDOILJXUDVGHSURWHFFLyQ]RQLILFDFLRQHVULHVJRVDPELHQWDOHV
Conocimientos
3URSRQHU DO DOXPQR HMHUFLFLRV D UHDOL]DU FRQ HO 6,* PHGLDQWH ORV FXDOHV WRPH FRQWDFWR FRQ OD
SUREOHPiWLFDDPELHQWDOGHODFRPDUFD\VHLPSOLTXHHQODPLVPD
SIG
3URJUHVDUHQHOXVRGHO6,*FRPRKHUUDPLHQWDSDUDUHDOL]DUDQiOLVLVFRPSOHMRV
5HDOL]DFLyQGHVDOLGDVJUiILFDVHQODVTXHORVPDWHULDOHVUHVXOWDQWHVGHXQGHWHUPLQDGRDQiOLVLVVHLQWHJUHQ
FRQ WH[WRV IRWRJUDItDV HWFpWHUD \ VHDQ VXVFHSWLEOHV GH VHU XWLOL]DGRV FRPR XQ PHGLR GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ
VRFLDO
7DEOD5HVXPHQ\REMHWLYRVGHODVDFWLYLGDGHV

x 8Q JXLyQ D XWLOL]DU SRU HO SURIHVRU TXH OOHYDUi D FDER OD PLVPD FRQ HO DOXPQDGR
XWLOL]DQGRHO PpWRGRGH SUiFWLFDJXLDGD PHGLDQWHXQFDxyQ FRQHFWDGR DVXRUGHQDGRU(O
JXLyQH[SOLFDODVJHQHUDOLGDGHVGHODSUiFWLFD\VLQWHWL]DFDGDXQRGHORVHMHUFLFLRVDOOHYDU
D FDER HQ HO 6,* PHGLDQWH XQ FXDGUR /RV HMHUFLFLRV HVWiQ GLVHxDGRV GH PDQHUD TXH HO
SURIHVRUFRPSDJLQHVXGHVDUUROORFRQEUHYHVH[SOLFDFLRQHVDFHUFDGHODQDWXUDOH]DGHO6,*
HOHPHQWRV TXH OR FRPSRQHQ IXQFLRQHV XWLOLGDG 3DUD FDGD HMHUFLFLR VH LQFOX\H OD
LQIRUPDFLyQTXHSXHGHYHUVHHQOD)LJXUD

)LJXUD9LVWDGHOJXLyQGHDFWLYLGDGHV
I.Prieto Sarro


x 0DWHULDOHV DX[LOLDUHV SDUD XWLOL]DU HQ HO DXOD ORV PDWHULDOHVLPSULPLEOHV SUHWHQGHQ VHU
XQDD\XGDSDUDFUHDUXQDPELHQWHJHRJUiILFRHQHODXOD(OUHFXUVRDXGLRYLVXDOSUHWHQGH
FRQHFWDUODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHOWHUULWRULRHQHO6,*FRQRWURWLSRGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQDODTXH
HODOXPQRHVWiPiVKDELWXDGR
(OWLHPSRUHTXHULGRSDUDHOGHVDUUROORFRPSOHWRGHORVHMHUFLFLRVSXHGHYDULDUHQIXQFLyQGH
PX\ GLYHUVDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV (Q HVWH VHQWLGR HV FRQYHQLHQWH TXH HO GRFHQWH UHDOLFH XQD
HYDOXDFLyQSUHYLDGHOPDWHULDOSDUDKDFHUVHLGHDGHXQSRVLEOHFURQRJUDPD3RURWUDSDUWHODV
DFWLYLGDGHVHVWiQSODQWHDGDVDEDVHGHHMHUFLFLRVQRFRQFDWHQDGRVFRQORFXDOHOGRFHQWHWLHQH
ODRSRUWXQLGDGHQIXQFLyQGHODVGLVSRQLELOLGDGHVGHWLHPSRGHVHOHFFLRQDUORVTXHFRQVLGHUH
PiVDSURSLDGRV
$ODKRUDGHHOHJLUXQPRGRGHGHVDUUROORGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVLQGLYLGXDORFROHFWLYDXQIDFWRU
GHWHUPLQDQWHSXHGHVHU ODGLVSRQLELOLGDGGHSXHVWRVGH WUDEDMRHQHO DXOD&DVRGH QRKDEHU
UHVWULFFLRQHVHQ HVWHVHQWLGR HV HOGRFHQWH HOTXHRSWDUiSRUXQDXRWUD PRGDOLGDGVHJ~QVX
FULWHULRRFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOJUXSRGHDOXPQRV1RREVWDQWHKD\RSLQLRQHV(65,HQ
HOVHQWLGRGHTXHHOWUDEDMRFROHFWLYRSHSRUSDUHMDVHVPiVDSURSLDGRHQODVIDVHVLQLFLDOHV
GHDGTXLVLFLyQGHXQDFDSDFLGDGPDQHMRGHO6,*HQHVWHFDVRVLHQGRHOWUDEDMRLQGLYLGXDO
PiVDSURSLDGRSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHSUR\HFWRVPiVDYDQ]DGRVHQWLpQGDVHHVWRHQHOFRQWH[WR
GHXQDOXPQRGHVHFXQGDULD

&21&/86,21(6
/D YDORUDFLyQ HIHFWLYD GH XQD SURSXHVWD SHGDJyJLFD FRPR OD TXH VH UHDOL]D HQ HVWH HVWXGLR
QHFHVLWDUtDGHXQproceso previo de muestreo entre alumnos del perfil con el que se ha venido
trabajando GH %DFKLOOHUDWR HQ XQ LQVWLWXWR GHO iPELWR UXUDO 'H OR FRQWUDULR VH FRUUH HO
ULHVJRGHFDHUHQXQDIUDFWXUDHQWUHODSURSXHVWDWHyULFD\ODVSRVLELOLGDGHVUHDOHVGHHMHFXFLyQ
GHODPLVPD
$~QVLQKDEHUOOHYDGRDFDERHOHMHUFLFLRGHfeedback GHVFULWRVHKDQXWLOL]DGRORVPDWHULDOHV
GHODSURSXHVWDFRQXQFRQMXQWRGHDOXPQRVXQLYHUVLWDULRVTXHFXUVDEDQHVWXGLRVGH&LHQFLDV
GHOD7LHUUD*HRJUiILD%LRORJtD&LHQFLDV$ELHQWDOHVHQVXSULPHUFXUVRKDELHQGRVLGROD
GLQiPLFDREVHUYDGDPX\SRVLWLYD
3RURWUDSDUWHVRPHWLGDODSURSXHVWDDODFRQVLGHUDFLyQGHYDULRVGRFHQWHVGHODHVSHFLDOLGDG
KD\FLHUWRJUDGRGHFRLQFLGHQFLDUHVSHFWRDFLHUWDVYDORUDFLRQHV
x 1R VH FRQVLGHUDQ HVSHFLDOPHQWH OLPLWDQWHV OR TXH SRGUtDPRV GHQRPLQDU FDUHQFLDV
WHFQROyJLFDVPX\UHDOHVKDVWDKDFHDOJXQRVDxRVHVFDVH]GHHTXLSDPLHQWRLQIRUPiWLFRVL
ELHQ QR GHMDPRV GH VHxDODU OD SUREOHPiWLFD DVRFLDGD D OD FDOLGDG GH ODV FRQH[LRQHV D
,QWHUQHW HQ HO iPELWR UXUDO SUREOHPDV GH DFFHVR DO VRIWZDUH KD\ GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH
OLFHQFLDV HGXFDWLYDV GH EDMR FRVWH R GH VRIWZDUH GH OLEUH GLVWULEXFLyQ HVFDVD
GLVSRQLELOLGDGGHFRQMXQWRVGHGDWRVDSURSLDGRVSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHHMHUFLFLRVDOPHQRV
HQ HO FDVR GH &DVWLOOD \ /HyQ HV FDGD YH] PiV DPSOLR HO DFFHVR D OLEUH D GDWRV
JHRUUHIHUHQFLDGRV D PX\ GLYHUVDV HVFDODV &RPR VH SXHGH YHU DO PHQRV WUHV GH ORV TXH
KDELWXDOPHQWH VH FRQVLGHUDQ ORV LQWHJUDQWHV GH XQ 6,* KDUGZDUH VRIWZDUH GDWRV QR
FRQVLGHUDQSUREOHPDGHFDUDDODLPSODQWDFLyQGHHVWDWHFQRORJtD
x 6REUH OD SUHSDUDFLyQ GHO SURIHVRUDGR DXQ FXDQGR FDEH VXSRQHU OD H[LVWHQFLD GH EXHQ
Q~PHURGHGRFHQWHVTXHKDQUHFLELGRDOJ~QWLSRGHIRUPDFLyQVREUH6,*HQVXVHVWXGLRV
I.Prieto Sarro


XQLYHUVLWDULRV R HQ FXUVRV RUJDQL]DGRV SRU OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ HGXFDWLYD ORV SURIHVRUHV
DILUPDQTXHHQPXFKRVFDVRVVHWUDWDGHXQRVFRQRFLPLHQWRVPX\JHQHUDOHVLQVXILFLHQWHV
SDUD TXH HO SURIHVRU SXHGD GHVDUUROODU HMHUFLFLRV FRPR ORV SURSXHVWRV FRQ OD VXILFLHQWH
VHJXULGDG 1R SDUHFH DSURSLDGR VXSOLU HVWDV FDUHQFLDV FRQ OD SUHSDUDFLyQ SRU SHUVRQDV
DMHQDV D OD GRFHQFLD GH WXWRULDOHV GHWDOODGRV GH SUiFWLFDV (VWH VLVWHPD FRQVWULxH
QHFHVDULDPHQWHHOFDUiFWHUDELHUWRTXHDSRUWDHO6,*DORVHVWXGLRVGH*HRJUDItD
x $FHUFD GH OD GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH WLHPSR GHQWUR GHO FRQWH[WR GHO FXUUtFXOR GH OD
DVLJQDWXUDVHYDORUDFRPRXQDOLPLWDFLyQLPSRUWDQWHSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHHMHUFLFLRVTXH
SXHGHQUHVXOWDU PX\FRQVXQWLYRVGHWLHPSRHVWRHVXQKHFKRHVSHFLDOPHQWHVLDPHGLGD
TXH HO DOXPQR SURJUHVD HQ VXV GHVWUH]DV FRQ HO XVR GHO 6,* VH SUHWHQGH LQYROXFUDUOH HQ
H[SORUDFLRQHVGHSURSyVLWR\REMHWLYRVFRQHVFDVRJUDGRGHHVSHFLILFLGDGSRUUHVSRQGHUD
LQWHUHVHVSDUWLFXODUL]DGRVGHQWURGHOPDUFRGHOD*HRJUDItD
x 3RU~OWLPR HQ FXDQWRD OD PRWLYDFLyQGHO DOXPQDGR\VXVFDSDFLGDGHV D~Q FXDQGR HO
SURIHVRUDGRDILUPDQRFRPSDUWLUYLVLRQHV QHJDWLYDVVREUHODVFDSDFLGDGHV\PRWLYDFLRQHV
GH ORV DOXPQRV ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH ORV pVWRV KDQ GH VHU WHQLGDV HQ FXHQWD D OD KRUD GH
SODQWHDU XQD LQLFLDWLYD FRPR OD TXH QRV RFXSD (O p[LWR GH OD PLVPD GHSHQGH HQ JUDQ
PHGLGDGHODFDSDFLGDGGHOGRFHQWHGHLPSOLFDUDVXVSXSLORVGHKDFHUOHVVHQWLUHODWUDFWLYR
VXE\DFHQWH DO GHVFXEULPLHQWR GHO PXQGR GH ODV UHODFLRQHV JHRJUiILFDV D OD LPSOLFDFLyQ
VRFLDO\DPELHQWDOGHVGHODFLHQFLD\ODWHFQRORJtDHWFpWHUD

%,%/,2*5$)$
$EDVFDO)&DEH]D20DUWtQ-5HGRQGR$9i]TXH]0/9HOLOOD-
Geografa0DGULG6DQWLOODQD
%RL[*2OLYHOOD5/RV6LVWHPDVGH,QIRUPDFLyQ*HRJUiILFD6,*DSOLFDGRVDOD
HGXFDFLyQ (O SUR\HFWR 3(6,* 3RUWDO (GXFDWLYR HQ 6,* HQ VII Congreso Nacional de
Didctica de la Geografa. Ciudadana y GeografaQRYLHPEUH8QLYHUVLGDGGH
9DOHQFLD
%X]R6iQFKH],/DJHRLQIRUPDFLyQFRPREDVHSDUDSUR\HFWRVGHLQQRYDFLyQGRFHQWH
HQ(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD2EOLJDWRULD\%DFKLOOHUDWRHQGHOD5LYD-,EDUUD30RQWRULR
5 5RGULJXHV 0 (GV Anlisis espacial y representacin geogrfica: innovacin y
aplicacin=DUDJR]D8QLYHUVLGDGGH=DUDJR]D$*(SS
(GHOVRQ'&DCan You Do It? The challenge to improve geographic awareness. >(Q
OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZHVULFRPQHZVDUFXVHU FDQ\RXGRLWKWPO! >OWLPR
DFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
(GHOVRQ'&EGeographic Literacy in U.S. by 2025>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSZZZHVULFRPQHZVDUFQHZVVSULQJDUWLFOHVJHRJUDSKLFOLWHUDF\KWPO! >OWLPR
DFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@

La tecnologa SIG permite aproximaciones similares a partir de caminos diferentes, permitiendo al alumnado adentrarse
en su anlisis o exploracin segn sus propios criterios, intereses o necesidades. La herramienta acontece as una
interesante oportunidad para construir visiones individuales del mundo %RL[\2OLYHOOD

%RL[\2OLYHOODKDFHUHIHUHQFLDHIHFWLYDPHQWHDla aun existente idea de que el pensamiento de los jvenes de
ESO o bachillerato es ingenuo y simplista y que por lo tanto, no se puede abordar con ellos la complejidad territorial
I.Prieto Sarro


)DOODV - 8VR GH 6LVWHPDV GH ,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD FRPR XQD KHUUDPLHQWD GH
YLVXDOL]DFLyQ \ DQiOLVLV HQ ODV FODVHV GH &LHQFLDV \ (VWXGLRV 6RFLDOHV HQ VII Congreso
Nacional de Ciencias. Exploraciones fuera y dentro del aula&RVWD5LFD
0DQVILHOG 7 ' *HRJUDSK\ DQG 6FKRRO. Canadian Association of Geographers
Annual Meeting -XQH DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI :HVWHUQ 2QWDULR /RQGRQ 2QWDULR
&DQDGD >(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSFFJHRUJSURJUDPVJHROLWHUDF\GRFVV\PSRVLXPB
VFKRROVBPDQVILHOGBUHYLVHGSGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
2UGHQ ('8 GH GH PD\R SRU OD TXH VH HVWDEOHFH HO FXUUtFXOR \ VH UHJXOD OD
LPSODQWDFLyQ HYDOXDFLyQ \ GHVDUUROOR GHO EDFKLOOHUDWR HQ OD &RPXQLGDG GH &DVWLOOD \ /HyQ
Boletn Oficial de Castilla y LenQGHSS
3DOODGLQR6A Role for Geographic Information Systems in the Secondary Schools: An
Assessment of the Current Status and Future Possibilities>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSHVFKRODUVKLSRUJXFLWHPSJZG"TXHU\ SDOODGLQR! >OWLPR DFFHVR VHSWLHPEUH
@
3DUWQHUVKLS IRU VW &HQWXU\ 6NLOOV 21st Century Skills Maps. Geography Map. >(Q
OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZSRUJGRFXPHQWVVWFVNLOOVPDSBJHRJSGI! >OWLPR
DFFHVRPD\R@.
I.Prieto Sarro

*(2*5$)$<&$/(1'$5,2(6&2/$581$35238(67$'(
(1&8(17523$5$'((62
6zQLD5XL]&RQHVD
Institut Cubelles
DHiGeCs, Didctica de la Historia, la Geografa y otras ciencias sociales, Universitat de Barcelona
sruiz@institutcubelles.cat
5(680(1
(VWH FDStWXOR SUHWHQGH PRVWUDU XQ HMHPSOR GH SURJUDPDFLyQ GH OD JHRJUDItD GH GH (62 FRPR XQ SXQWR
GH HQFXHQWUR HQWUH ORV FRQWHQLGRV FXUULFXODUHV \ OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ HYHQWRV TXH YDQ PiV DOOi GHO DXOD
HYHQWRVFRPRGtDVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVGtDGH(XURSDHOHFFLRQHVJHQHUDOHV\FHOHEUDFLRQHVYDULDVFRPRORVMXHJRV
IORUDOHVGH6DQW-RUGL
8QD SURJUDPDFLyQ TXH WDPELpQ UHFRJH ORV FULWHULRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ GH WRGRV HVWRV HOHPHQWRV GHVGH XQD
SHUVSHFWLYD FRPSHWHQFLDO GRQGH HO XVR GH KHUUDPLHQWDV FRODERUDWLYDV \ OD FDSDFLGDG GH GLIXVLyQ WDQWR HQ OD
FRPXQLGDGHGXFDWLYDDVtFRPRHQODVUHGHVVRFLDOHVWLHQHQXQSHVRVLJQLILFDWLYR7RGRHOORFRQHOREMHWLYRGH
HVWDEOHFHUFHQWURVGHLQWHUpVSRGHURVRVTXHYLQFXOHQHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMHFRQODUHDOLGDG

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
3URJUDPDFLyQHYDOXDFLyQSDUWLFLSDFLyQGLIXVLyQ

&203(7(1&,$65($/,'$'<*(2*5$)$
(QHOPXQGRLQWHUFRQHFWDGRHLQWHUGHSHQGLHQWHHQHOTXHYLYLPRVODJHRJUDItDHVWiOODPDGDD
WHQHUXQSDSHOLPSRUWDQWH(OFDUiFWHUKROtVWLFRGHODJHRJUDItDOHSHUPLWHDERUGDUODFRPSOHMD
UHDOLGDGHQODTXHYLYLPRVFRQXQDPSOLRDEDQLFRGHUHFXUVRV7DPELpQQRFDEHGXGDTXHOD
UHYROXFLyQ GH ODV JHRWHFQRORJtDV KD FRQWULEXtGR D KDFHU PiV YLVLEOH OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OR
HVSDFLDO HQ XQ PXQGR HQ FRQWLQXR FDPELR FRPR HO DFWXDO GRQGH LGHQWLILFDU WHQGHQFLDV \
YLVOXPEUDUIXWXURVHVFHQDULRVSHUPLWHFRQWUDUUHVWDUODVHQVDFLyQGHLQFHUWLGXPEUHLPSHUDQWH\
D\XGDDGDUSDVRVILUPHVKDFLDODDFFLyQPiVDGHFXDGD
(VWDYLVLyQGHODJHRJUDItDHVODTXHDSDUHFHUHFRJLGDHQOD'HFODUDFLyQ,QWHUQDFLRQDOVREUH
(GXFDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD UDWLILFDGD HQ 3HNtQ HQ DJRVWR GH (Q HVWD 'HFODUDFLyQ OD
HGXFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD VH SUHVHQWD FRPR LQGLVSHQVDEOH SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH FLXGDGDQRV
UHVSRQVDEOHV\DFWLYRVHQHOPXQGRSUHVHQWH\IXWXUR$VtPLVPRORVHVWXGLDQWHVUHTXLHUHQGH
XQDPD\RUFRPSHWHQFLDLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHFDUDDDVHJXUDUODFRRSHUDFLyQHIHFWLYDHQXQDPSOLR
DEDQLFRGHDVSHFWRVHFRQyPLFRVSROtWLFRVFXOWXUDOHV\DPELHQWDOHVHQXQPXQGRJOREDO
1R SRGHPRV ROYLGDU TXH HQWHQGHU HO PXQGR DFWXDO HV OD UD]yQ SRU OD TXH VHJ~Q OD OH\ GH
HGXFDFLyQYLJHQWH/20&(HVWiODJHRJUDItD\ODKLVWRULDHQODVDXODVGHVHFXQGDULD\HVHO
REMHWLYR GH HVWD DSRUWDFLyQ GHIHQGHU TXH OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ HYHQWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ GtDV
LQWHUQDFLRQDOHVD\XGDDORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHVHFXQGDULDDDSUR[LPDUVHKDVWDHVWHPXQGRDFWXDO
GHXQDIRUPDFUtWLFD
(Q HVWH VHQWLGR OD JHRJUDItD HVFRODU GHEH UHFRJHU HVWD IXQFLyQ GH OD JHRJUDItD FRPR PHGLR
SDUDH[SOLFDUODFRPSOHMDUHDOLGDGDFWXDOKDFLHQGRXVRGHDTXHOODVPHWRGRORJtDVTXHSHUPLWDQ
DORVHVWXGLDQWHVH[SORUDUHOPXQGRGHXQDIRUPDDFWLYD(VWDYLVLyQQRVDFHUFDD
S.Ruiz Conesa


SODQWHDPLHQWRV FRPR OD FRPSHWHQFLD JOREDO HODERUDGD HQ HO VHQR GHO 3URMHFW =HUR GH OD
8QLYHUVLGDGGH+DUYDUG%RL[0DQVLOOD7DO\FRPRDSDUHFHHQODILJXUDQ~PHUROD
FRPSHWHQFLDJOREDOVHSRGUtDUHVXPLUHQLQYHVWLJDUWRPDUSHUVSHFWLYDFRPXQLFDU\DFWXDU
)LJXUD0DUFRGHODFRPSHWHQFLDJOREDOWUDGXFFLyQDSDUWLUGH%RL[0DQVLOOD

(VWD FRPSHWHQFLD JOREDO SUHWHQGH TXH HO DSUHQGL]DMH VH GHVDUUROOy HQWUH GLVFLSOLQDV \ HQ ODV
GLVFLSOLQDV (Q HVWH VHQWLGR OD HGXFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD VH DSUR[LPD FRQ ORV UHFXUVRV GHO
DSUHQGL]DMHJOREDOTXHVHH[WLHQGHVREUHFLQFRLGHDVFODYH+RSNLQSS
(VSDFLR OXJDU \ ORFDOL]DFLyQ $SUHQGLHQGR VREUH HO PXQGR FRQ FRQRFLPLHQWR \
VHQWLGRGHOXJDU
&DPELRKXPDQR\PHGLDPELHQWDO/DUHODFLyQVHUKXPDQRPHGLRHVXQWHPDFHQWUDO
HQJHRJUDItD/DHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFDGHEHFRQWULEXLUDODFRQVHFXFLyQGHORVREMHWLYRVGHO
PLOHQLR\DORVREMHWLYRVGHOGHVDUUROORVRVWHQLEOH
3DXWDVGHGHVDUUROORGHVLJXDO\GHELHQHVWDUKXPDQR/DFRPSUHQVLyQGHODVFDXVDV
GH OD SREUH]D 3RQHU DWHQFLyQ HQ YDORUHV DFWXDOL]DGRV QRV PDQWLHQH HQ FRQWDFWR FRQ OD
UHDOLGDG
,QWHUDFFLRQHV H LQWHUUHODFLRQHV ,QYHVWLJDU OD JOREDOL]DFLyQ VXSRQH H[SORUDU HO FRVWH
TXHSDUDDOJXQDVSREODFLRQHV OXJDUHV\PHGLR DPELHQWHV\ORVEHQHILFLRVSDUDRWURVTXH
HVWHSURFHVRUHSUHVHQWD
,QGDJDFLyQJHRJUiILFD\SHQVDPLHQWR/RVHVWXGLDQWHVVHDFHUFDQDODUHDOLGDGTXHOHV
LQWHUHVDSODQWHDQGRSUHJXQWDVTXHOHVSHUPLWHFRQHFWDUVXVH[SHULHQFLDVFRQHOPXQGRUHDO

(/&$/(1'$5,2$18$/'('$6,17(51$&,21$/(6
$ OR ODUJR GHO FXUVR HVFRODU GH VHSWLHPEUH D MXQLR WLHQHQ OXJDU GLIHUHQWHV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV
RUJDQL]DGRVSRURUJDQLVPRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVFX\DVWHPiWLFDVSUHVHQWDQXQDHVWUHFKDUHODFLyQ
FRQQXPHURVRVFRQWHQLGRVGHJHRJUDItDHKLVWRULDGHGHOD(62
S.Ruiz Conesa


$SDUWHGHODFXHVWLyQFXUULFXODUKD\P~OWLSOHVDVSHFWRVTXHKDFHQDWUDFWLYDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ
HQHVWRVHYHQWRV
x ODSHUVSHFWLYDFUtWLFDTXHVXHOHQDGRSWDUHVWRVHYHQWRV
x SHUPLWH GDU YLVLELOLGDG DO WUDEDMR UHDOL]DGR SRU HO DOXPQDGR WDQWR HQ HO SURSLR FHQWUR
HGXFDWLYR FRPR HQ HO PXQLFLSLR \D TXH VH SXHGH SDUWLFLSDU HQ HYHQWRV ORFDOHV TXH
SHUPLWHQODGLIXVLyQGHOWUDEDMRGHORVHVWXGLDQWHV
x SHUPLWH WUDEDMDU FRQ GDWRV EDVWDQWH DFWXDOL]DGRV VREUH OD FXHVWLyQ FHQWUDO GHO HYHQWR
7DQWRHORUJDQLVPRTXHORRUJDQL]DFRPRORVPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQTXHORSXEOLFLWDQ
DSRUWDQHQLQIRUPHV\UHSRUWDMHVLQIRUPDFLRQHVDFWXDOL]DGDV(VWRVLQIRUPHV\UHSRUWDMHVVH
DFRVWXPEUDQDSXEOLFDUHOGtDGHODFHOHEUDFLyQRGtDVDQWHV
(QODWDEODKD\XQDVHOHFFLyQGHHIHPpULGHVTXHPD\RULWDULDPHQWHVRQGtDVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVR
PXQGLDOHV RUJDQL]DGRV SRU ODV DJHQFLDV GH 1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV SHUR WDPELpQ SRU RWUDV
RUJDQL]DFLRQHVFRPROD&RPLVLyQHXURSHD(VWDVHOHFFLyQIXHUHDOL]DGDKDFHXQRVDxRVHQHO
VHQR GHO GHSDUWDPHQWR GH FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV GHO ,QVWLWXWR GH VHFXQGDULD &XEHOOHV SHQVDQGR
WDQWRHQODVVRFLDOHVGHWRGDOD(62FRPRHQPDWHULDVGHEDFKLOOHUDWRHVSHFLDOPHQWHGHGH
EDFKLOOHUDWR FRPR ILORVRItD H KLVWRULD GHO PXQGR FRQWHPSRUiQHR (Q HVWH GHSDUWDPHQWR D
SDUWHGHOSURIHVRUDGRGHJHRJUDItDHKLVWRULDWDPELpQHVWiLQFOXLGRHOSURIHVRUDGRGHILORVRItD
\GHUHOLJLyQ
0HV (IHPpULGH
6HSWLHPEUH 'tD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHODSD]
2FWXEUH (UUDGLFDFLyQGHODSREUH]D
'tD0XQGLDOGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQVREUHHOGHVDUUROOR
1RYLHPEUH 6HPDQDGHOD*HRJUDItD
'tDGHORVVLVWHPDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQJHRJUiILFD6,*
'tDHQGHIHQVDGHODHOLPLQDFLyQGHODYLROHQFLDFRQWUDODVPXMHUHV
'LFLHPEUH 'tD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHORV'HUHFKRV+XPDQRV
'tDGHORVPLJUDQWHV
'tD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHOD)LORVRItD
(QHUR 'tD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH&RQPHPRUDFLyQDQXDOHQPHPRULDGHODVYtFWLPDVGHO+RORFDXVWR
)HEUHUR 'tD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHOD5DGLR
'tD0XQGLDOGHOD-XVWLFLD6RFLDO
0DU]R 'tDGHODPXMHUWUDEDMDGRUD
'tDGHODIHOLFLGDG
'tD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHORVERVTXHV
'tD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHODJXD
'tD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHOD0HWHRURORJtD
$EULO 'tDGHOD7LHUUD
'tDLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHOOLEUR6DQW-RUGL
0D\R 'tDGH(XURSD
'tD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHODVWHOHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV\GHODVRFLHGDGGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ
-XQLR 'tD0XQGLDOGHO0HGLR$PELHQWH
'tD0XQGLDOGHORVUHIXJLDGRV
7DEOD&DOHQGDULRDQXDOGHGtDVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV
S.Ruiz Conesa


'HWRGDVHVWDVHIHPpULGHVHQODSURSXHVWDGHWUDEDMRGHGHOD(62SURJUDPDFLyQTXHVH
DGMXQWD WDQ VyOR VH KDQ LQFOXLGR HO 'tD ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH OD 3D] 'tD 0XQGLDO GH OD
-XVWLFLD 6RFLDO HO 'tD ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GHO /LEUR (O 'tD GH (XURSD \ HO
'LD0XQGLDOGHO0HGLR$PELHQWH

/$352*5$0$&,1
(Q SULPHU OXJDU HV QHFHVDULR DFODUDU DOJXQRV DVSHFWRV VREUH HO FRQWH[WR GH HVWD SURSXHVWD
(VWDSURSXHVWDVHHVWiGHVDUUROODQGRHQXQFHQWURGHHQVHxDQ]DVHFXQGDULDS~EOLFRGRQGHVH
LPSDUWH OD (62 \ HO EDFKLOOHUDWR (O PXQLFLSLR HV &XEHOOHV HQ OD FRVWD GH %DUFHORQD VH
HQFXHQWUDOLPLWDQGRFRQODSURYLQFLDGH7DUUDJRQD
(V XQ FHQWUR HGXFDWLYR GRQGH HVWiQ LPSODQWDGDV PHGLGDV GHO SODQ GH LPSXOVR D OD OHFWXUD
FRPRORVWUHLQWDPLQXWRVGHOHFWXUDVLOHQFLRVDGLDULDHQWRGRVORVQLYHOHVGHOD(62'HVGHHO
FXUVR IRUPD SDUWH GHO *UXSR ([SHULPHQWDO 3OXULOLQJH *(3 OR TXH VXSRQGUi
LQWURGXFLUODPHWRGRORJtD$,&/(HQODJHRJUDItDHKLVWRULDGHGHOD(62
(QHOFDVRGHODVVRFLDOHVJHRJUDItDHKLVWRULDGHOD(62SDUDHOFXUVRVHRSWySRUQR
XWLOL]DUOLEURGHWH[WRHQGHOD(62<SRVWHULRUPHQWHHQHOFXUVRVHKDVXSULPLGR
HOOLEURGHWH[WRHQODJHRJUDItDHKLVWRULDGHWRGRVORVQLYHOHVGHOD(62
3RU DFXHUGR GHO GHSDUWDPHQWR GH VRFLDOHV WRGRV ORV FRQWHQLGRV GHO EORTXH (O HVSDFLR
KXPDQR 5HDO 'HFUHWR GH GH GLFLHPEUH SRU HO TXH VH HVWDEOHFH HO FXUUtFXOR
EiVLFR GH OD (GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD 2EOLJDWRULD \ GHO %DFKLOOHUDWR VH LPSDUWHQ HQ HO WHUFHU
FXUVRGHOD(62
(VWD SURJUDPDFLyQ HVWi HVWUXFWXUDGD HQ FXDWUR EORTXHV HO PXQGR KXPDQR PL OXJDU HQ HO
PXQGRLGHQWLGDG\HOPXQGRItVLFR(VWRVFXDWUREORTXHVVHFRUUHVSRQGHQFRQORVGRPLQLRV
FRQFHSWXDOHV GH /DPEHUW \ 0RUJDQ /DPEHUW \ 0RUJDQ GRQGH VH GLVWULEX\HQ
SUHJXQWDVEiVLFDVVREUHQRVRWURVHQHOPXQGR(VWDVSUHJXQWDVEiVLFDVDSDUHFHQUHFRJLGDVSRU
*DUGQHU\%RL[0DQVLOOD*DUGQHU\%RL[0DQVLOODHQVXSURSXHVWDGHHQVHxDQ]DSDUD
ODFRPSUHQVLyQHQODVGLVFLSOLQDV\HQWUHGLVFLSOLQDV

/$6$&7,9,'$'(6
'HODVDFWLYLGDGHVSURSXHVWDVHQODWDEODQWDQVyORVHPXHVWUDQDTXHOODVTXHJLUDQHQWRUQR
DODFHOHEUDFLyQGHORVGtDVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVDQWHULRUPHQWHVHOHFFLRQDGRV

$FXHUGRVGHSD]'tD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHOD3D]
(OREMHWLYRGHHVWDDFWLYLGDGHVPRVWUDUHMHPSORVGHWUDWDGRVGHSD]HQGLIHUHQWHVFRQIOLFWRV
TXH VHDQ OR PiV UHFLHQWHV SRVLEOHV 3RU OR WDQWR OD DWHQFLyQ VH FHQWUD HQ HO PRPHQWR GH OD
ILQDOL]DFLyQGHOFRQIOLFWRDUPDGR\GHTXpPDQHUDVHDVLHQWDQODVEDVHVSDUDXQDUHODFLyQHQ
SD]7UDWDGRVGHSD]LPSXHVWRVSRUYHQFHGRUHVRELHQDFXHUGRVGHSD]ILUPDGRVWUDVSURFHVRV
GH PHGLDFLyQ LQWHUQDFLRQDO (Q HO LQLFLR GH OD DFWLYLGDG VH SURSRQH TXH LQGLYLGXDOPHQWH HO
DOXPQDGREXVTXHQRWLFLDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOFHVHGHILQLWLYRGHXQFRQIOLFWREpOLFRSDUDTXHD
FRQWLQXDFLyQVHDJUXSHQVHJ~QORVFRQIOLFWRV\WUDWDGRVTXHKDQHQFRQWUDGR'HORVWUDWDGRV
GH SD] HVWXGLDGRV VH SUHSDUDQ H[SRVLFLRQHV RUDOHV SDUD ILQDOPHQWH JUDEDU XQRV XQRV
SRGFDVWVDGLIXQGLUDWUDYpVGHODUDGLRRODZHEGHO,QVWLWXWRRODUDGLRORFDO6REUHWRGRVH
LQVLVWHHQTXHORVUHFXUVRVTXHVHXWLOLFHQKDQGHVHUPXHVWUDVGHSD]\QRGHJXHUUD
S.Ruiz Conesa


FHOHEUDFLRQHV SRU OD ILQDOL]DFLyQ GHO FRQIOLFWR UHFXSHUDFLyQGH OD FRQYLYHQFLD HQWUH SDUWHV
DQWHULRUPHQWHHQIUHQWDGDVGHVDUPHHWF

([SRVLFLyQVREUHGHVDUUROORKXPDQR,'+'tD0XQGLDOGHOD-XVWLFLD6RFLDO
(VWDDFWLYLGDGVHSODQWHDFRQXQGREOHREMHWLYRSRUXQDSDUWHHOWUDEDMRFRQSODQLVIHULRV\OD
SUREOHPiWLFD GH ODV SUR\HFFLRQHV FDUWRJUiILFDV < SRU RWUD OD VHOHFFLyQ GH LQGLFDGRUHV TXH
DSRUWHQLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHHOGHVDUUROORKXPDQR\VXUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHQPDSDVWHPiWLFRV\HQ
FDUWRJUDPDV
'H HVWH PRGR VH VHOHFFLRQDQ GLIHUHQWHV YDULDEOHV FRPR PRUWDOLGDG LQIDQWLO WDVD GH
HQYHMHFLPLHQWRGHODVTXHVHSXHGDQREWHQHUGDWRVSDUDODPD\RUtDGHHVWDGRVGHOPXQGR\VH
SURSRQH TXH SRU SDUHMDV HVFRMDQ GRV SODQLVIHULRV FRQ ODV IURQWHUDV HQWUH HVWDGRV HODERUDGRV
FRQ GRV SUR\HFFLRQHV GLIHUHQWHV (Q FDGD SODQLVIHULR UHSUHVHQWDQ XQD YDULDEOH GLIHUHQWH
GLVWULEX\HQORVYDORUHVHQLQWHUYDORVTXHHVFRJHQXQDJDPDGHFRORUHVSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUORV\
ORV FRORUHDQ 8QD YH] ILQDOL]DGR HO PDSD FRURSOpWLFR VH FRPSDUD FRQ XQ FDUWRJUDPD GRQGH
HVWpUHSUHVHQWDGDODPLVPDYDULDEOH&RQHVWHPDWHULDOVHSUHSDUDXQDH[SRVLFLyQVREUHTXpHV
ODMXVWLFLDVRFLDOHQHOPXQGR\FRPRODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQFDUWRJUiILFDGHHVWDLQIRUPDFLyQSXHGH
FRQGLFLRQDUVXLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ/DGLILFXOWDGGHHVWDDFWLYLGDGSXHGHUHVLGLUHQSRGHUGLVSRQHU
GHSODQLVIHULRVPXGRVGHFDOLGDGGHODVGLIHUHQWHVSUR\HFFLRQHV/DVSUR\HFFLRQHVTXHSXHGHQ
VHUPiVLQWHUHVDQWHVGHXWLOL]DUSXHGHQVHUODVTXHDSDUHFHQHQODWDEODQ'HHVWHPRGRVH
TXLHUHSRQHUHODFHQWRWDQWRHQHODSUHQGL]DMHDFWLYR\FRPRHQHOFUtWLFR

(OGtDGH(XURSD(OIXWXURGHOD8QLyQ(XURSHD(QFXHVWDVREUHOD8(
/D 8QLyQ (XURSHD DWUDYLHVD PRPHQWRV GLItFLOHV /D FULVLV GH ORV UHIXJLDGRV \ HO %UH[LW QRV
KDQKHFKRGDUQRVFXHQWDTXHQRHVXQSUR\HFWRTXHIXQFLRQHDGHFXDGDPHQWHGHIRUPDPiJLFD
QL SRU LQHUFLD VLQR TXH UHTXLHUH GH FRQWLQXRV LPSXOVRV FUtWLFDV \ PHMRUDV GHPRFUiWLFDV (V
SRUHOORTXHHVQHFHVDULRPiVTXHQXQFDGDUUHOHYDQFLDDODFHOHEUDFLyQGHO'tDGH(XURSD\
RUJDQL]DUDVXDOUHGHGRUDFWLYLGDGHVTXHQRVSHUPLWDQHVWXGLDUODVLWXDFLyQDFWXDOGHOSUR\HFWR
HXURSHR FRP~Q \ GH ODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV HXURSHDV 3XHGH VHU XQD EXHQD RSRUWXQLGDG SDUD
SUHSDUDUXQDHQFXHVWDDUHDOL]DU DWRGRVORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHO,QVWLWXWRVREUHFRPRSHUFLEHQOD
8QLyQ(XURSHDVXVLQVWLWXFLRQHVVXVOH\HV\VXQXHVWURIXWXUR(OWUDEDMRSUHYLRFRQVLVWHHQ
VHOHFFLRQDU ORV iPELWRV VREUH ORV TXH SUHJXQWDU \ OD UHGDFFLyQ GH ODV SUHJXQWDV $
FRQWLQXDFLyQ GLIHUHQWHV HTXLSRV VH UHSDUWHQ ORV FXUVRV D ORV TXH SUHJXQWDUDQ SDUD OXHJR
UHFRJHUODVUHVSXHVWDVDJUXSDGDVSRUIUDQMDVGHHGDG\JpQHUR'HODQiOLVLVGHORVUHVXOWDGRV
VDOGUiQ JUXSRV GH WUDEDMR HVSHFLDOL]DGRV HQ ORV GLIHUHQWHV iPELWRV GH ORV TXH KDUiQ XQ
LQIRUPH\UHDOL]DUiQSURSXHVWDVGHPHMRUD

'tDGHO0HGLR$PELHQWH,QLFLDWLYDVGHGHVDUUROORVRVWHQLEOH
/DUHGXFFLyQGHODFRQWDPLQDFLyQDWPRVIpULFDGHODSURGXFFLyQGHUHVLGXRVGHFRQVXPRGH
DJXDODSURPRFLyQGHODVHQHUJtDVUHQRYDEOHVODSUHVHUYDFLyQGHODELRGLYHUVLGDGHQWUHRWUDV
VRQ FXHVWLRQHV TXH SXHGHQ FRQYHUWLUVH HQ WHPDV FHQWUDOHV GH FDPSDxDV GH FRQFLHQFLDFLyQ
WDQWR D HVFDOD ORFDO DVt FRPR HQ OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH FDPSDxDVGH HVFDOD JOREDO RUJDQL]DGDV
SRU RUJDQLVPRV \ DJHQFLDV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV (VWD DFWLYLGDG FRQVLVWH HQ OD HODERUDFLyQ GH
SRVWHUVRLQIRJUDItDVLQIRUPDWLYDVVREUHGLIHUHQWHVSUREOHPiWLFDVPHGLDPELHQWDOHV(QSULPHU
OXJDU VH SODQWHD XQ GHEDWH VREUH ODV SULQFLSDOHV DPHQD]DV PHGLDPELHQWDOHV TXH VXIUH HO
S.Ruiz Conesa


SODQHWD (VWH GHEDWH SHUPLWLUi DO DOXPQDGR WHQHU XQD YLVLyQ DPSOLD GH GLIHUHQWHV
SUREOHPiWLFDV \ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ HVFRJH XQD SUREOHPiWLFD \ VH DJUXSD VHJ~Q SUREOHPiWLFDV
PHGLDPELHQWDOHV OLEUHPHQWH &DGD JUXSR VH LQIRUPDUi VREUH OD VLWXDFLyQ DOUHGHGRU GH FDGD
SUREOHPiWLFD\
x HODERUDUiXQDVILJXUDVLOXVWUDWLYDVTXHVHLQFRUSRUDUiQDODLQIRUJUDItD
x SURSRQGUiPHGLGDVFRQFUHWDVSDUDUHGXFLUHOLPSDFWRRSDOLDUORHIHFWRVGHOD
SUREOHPiWLFDHVWXGLDGD
x 6HHQFDUJDUiGHODRUJDQL]DFLyQ\UHDOL]DFLyQGHXQDFWRUHLYLQGLFDWLYR

/$(9$/8$&,1
(Q OD SURJUDPDFLyQ H[SXHVWD HQ HVWD DSRUWDFLyQ OD HYDOXDFLyQ HV HQWHQGLGD FRPR XQ
LQVWUXPHQWR GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ GRQGH OD HYDOXDFLyQ HV XQD YtD GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ \ GH
QHJRFLDFLyQ HQWUH ODV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV GH ORV SURIHVRUHV \ OD GH ORV DOXPQRV (VWH WLSR GH
HYDOXDFLyQ KD VLGR HVFRJLGD HQWUH ORV PRGHORV GLGiFWLFRVHYDOXDWLYRV GH ;RVp 0DQXHO
6RXWR \ QRV HVWDUtDPRV UHILULHQGR DO PRGHOR GH SHUVSHFWLYD FUtWLFD 6RXWR SODQWHD OD
H[LVWHQFLD GH WUHV PRGHORV GLIHUHQWHV HO PRGHOR WHFQRFUiWLFR OD SHUVSHFWLYD GH FDUiFWHU
LQWHUSUHWDWLYD R KHUPHQpXWLFD \ OD SHUVSHFWLYD FUtWLFD (Q FDGD XQR GH HVWRV PRGHORV HO
REMHWR GH HYDOXDFLyQ HV OD FDOLILFDFLyQ GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV GHO DSUHQGL]DMH HO GHVDUUROOR
LQGLYLGXDO\ODPDGXUH]H[SOLFDWLYDDQWHSUREOHPDVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH6RXWR
(OPXQGRKXPDQR 0LOXJDUHQHOPXQGR ,GHQWLGDG (OPXQGRItVLFR
(YDOXDFLyQ 3RUTXpH[LVWHQORVFRQIOLFWRV &yPRFRQGLFLRQDPLYLGD 2WURPXQGRHVSRVLEOH" ([LVWHHOFDPELRFOLPiWLFR"

LQLFLDO HQWUHSDtVHV" KDEHUQDFLGRHQXQVLWLRX 4XpVLJQLILFDVHUJHQXLQR" (VODSURWHFFLyQGHOPHGLR
3UHJXQWD 3RUTXpH[LVWHQORV RWUR" 'HGyQGHYLHQHOD DPELHQWHXQDIXHQWHGH
LQLFLDO LPSXHVWRV"4XLpQGHFLGHTXp 4XpHVODFDOLGDGGHYLGD" URSDFRPLGDWHFQRORJtDTXH ULTXH]D"
VHKDFHFRQQXHVWURV FRQVXPLPRV" (VSRVLEOHXQPXQGRVLQ
LPSXHVWRV" SHWUyOHR"
&RQFHSWRV )URQWHUDV 2UJDQL]DFLyQ 8UEDQL]DFLyQ 'LQiPLFD *OREDOL]DFLyQ 8QLyQ 0HGLRItVLFRFRPRVRSRUWH

5HODFLRQHV SROtWLFDGHO GHPRJUiILFD )OXMRV (XURSHD GHODDFWLYLGDGKXPDQD
HQWUH WHUULWRULR PXQGLDO PLJUDWRULRV SURFHVRGH 6RVWHQLELOLGDG5HFXUVRV
HVWDGRV 'LYLVLRQHV 3ODQLVIHULRV FRQVWUXFFLyQ QDWXUDOHV6REUHH[SORWDFLyQ
2UJDQLVPRV DGPLQLVWUDWLYDV LQVWLWXFLRQHV
LQWHUQDFLRQD $JHQWHV HXURSHDV
OHV XUEDQRV
$FXHUGRVGH 4XpHV (OLWLQHUDULR ([SRVLFLyQ (QWUHYLVWDD (OIXWXURGH 6ROLFLWXGGH %DQFRGH

SD] QHFHVDULR SDUDHO VREUH SHUVRQDVTXH OD8QLyQ XQSUR\HFWR SURSXHVWDV
'tD PHMRUDUHQPL HVWXGLRGHO GHVDUUROOR KDQ (XURSHD HXURSHRSDUD GH
,QWHUQDFLRQ PXQLFLSLR" SDLVDMH KXPDQR HPLJUDGR (QFXHVWD KDFHUPiV GHVDUUROOR
DOGHOD3D] XUEDQR ,'+ PLJUDFLyQ VREUHOD8( VRVWHQLEOH VRVWHQLEOH
'tD QDFLRQDO PL
0XQGLDOGH LQWHUQDFLRQDO PXQLFLSLR 'tDGHO
OD-XVWLFLD 0HGLR
6RFLDO $PELHQWH

'tDGH(XURSD
&RQFXUVRHVFRODUGHOD$*( 6DQW-RUGL

6(3 2&7 129 ',& (1( )(% 0$5 $%5 0$< -81
7DEODSURSXHVWDGHSURJUDPDFLyQGH*HRJUDItDH+LVWRULDSDUDGH(62
S.Ruiz Conesa


5HFRJLHQGR ORV SULQFLSLRV GH OD FRPSHWHQFLD JOREDO TXH DSDUHFHQ HQ OD ILJXUD XQD
HYDOXDFLyQIRUPDGRUD\FUtWLFDGHEHYDORUDUHQFDGDDVSHFWRGHODFRPSHWHQFLDJOREDO%RL[
0DQVLOODS
x ,QYHVWLJDUHOPXQGR
o LGHQWLILFDUFRQIOLFWRVJHQHUDUSUHJXQWDV\H[SOLFDUVXVLJQLILFDGR
o 8VDUXQDYDULHGDGGHOHQJXDMHVIXHQWHV\PHGLDSDUDLGHQWLILFDU\YDORUDU
HYLGHQFLDVUHOHYDQWHV
o $QDOL]DULQWHJUDU\VLQWHWL]DUHYLGHQFLDVSDUDFRQVWUXLUUHVSXHVWDVFRKHUHQWHV
o 'HVDUUROODUDUJXPHQWRVEDVDGRVHQODUHFRJLGDGHHYLGHQFLDV\GLEXMDUFRQFOXVLRQHV
GHIHQGLEOHV
x 7RPDUSHUVSHFWLYD
o 5HFRQRFHU\H[SUHVDUVXSURSLDSHUVSHFWLYDHLGHQWLILFDULQIOXHQFLDVHQHOOD
o ([DPLQDUODVSHUVSHFWLYDVGHORVGHPiVHLGHQWLILFDUTXHOHVLQIOXHQFLD
o ([SOLFDUHOLPSDFWRGHODVLQWHUDFFLRQHVFXOWXUDOHV
o $UWLFXODUHOPRGRFRPRHODFFHVRGLIHUHQFLDODOFRQRFLPLHQWRODWHFQRORJtD\DORV
UHFXUVRVDIHFWDDODFDOLGDGGHYLGD\DODVSHUVSHFWLYDV
x &RPXQLFDULGHDV
o 5HFRQRFHUFRPRGLIHUHQWHVDXGLHQFLDVSHUFLEHQGLIHUHQWHVVLJQLILFDGRV\FRPRHOOR
DIHFWDDODFRPXQLFDFLyQ
o (VFXFKDU\FRPXQLFDUHILFD]PHQWHFRQJHQWHGLYHUVD
o 6HOHFFLRQDU\XVDUODWHFQRORJtD\HOPHGLDDSURSLDGRVSDUDFRPXQLFDUFRQGLYHUVDV
DXGLHQFLDV
o 5HIOH[LRQDUVREUHFRPRODFRPXQLFDFLyQDIHFWDODFRPSUHQVLyQ\ODFRODERUDFLyQ
HQXQPXQGRLQWHUGHSHQGLHQWH
x $FWXDU
o ,GHQWLILFDU\FUHDURSRUWXQLGDGHVSDUDODDFFLyQSHUVRQDORFRODERUDWLYDGHVWLQDGDD
PHMRUDUFRQGLFLRQHV
o (YDOXDURSFLRQHV\SODQHVGHDFWXDFLyQEDVDGRVHQHYLGHQFLDV\HQLPSDFWRV
SRWHQFLDOHV
o $FWXDUSHUVRQDORFRODERUDWLYDPHQWHHQYtDVFUHDWLYDV\pWLFDVSDUDFRQWULEXLUHQOD
PHMRUD\HYDOXDUHOLPSDFWRGHODVDFWXDFLRQHV
o 5HIOH[LRQDUVREUHODFDSDFLGDGGHSURSXJQDU\FRQWULEXLUDODPHMRUD

8QD HYDOXDFLyQ TXH GH IRUPD FRQWLQXD YDORUH OD SURJUHVLyQ GH OD SHUVSHFWLYD JOREDO GHO
HVWXGLDQWH\DVXYH]OHUHVXOWHIRUPDWLYDHVGHFLUTXHOHJXtHDWUDYpVGHWRGRVORVKHFKRV\
SURFHVRVHVWXGLDGRV
S.Ruiz Conesa


%,%/,2*5$)$
6REUHODSURJUDPDFLyQGHFRQWHQLGRVGHJHRJUDItD\FRPSHWHQFLDJOREDO
%RL[ 0DQVLOOD 9 \ -DFNVRQ $ (GXFDWLQJ IRU *OREDO &SPSHWHQFH /HDUQLQJ
5HGHILQLHG IRU DQ ,QWHUFRQQHFWHG :RUOG HQ -DFREV + Mastering Global Literacy,
Contemporary Perspectives1HZ<RUN6ROXWLRQ7UHH
&RPLVLyQGH(GXFDFLyQGHOD8*,Declaracin Internacional sobre Educacin
Geogrfica3HNtQ
*DUGQHU+\%RL[0DQVLOOD97HDFKLQJIRU8QGHUVWDQGLQJ:LWKLQDQG$FURVVWKH
'LVFLSOLQHV Educational leadership: journal of the Department of Supervision and
Curriculum Development, N.E.ASS
+RSNLQJ-$NQRZOHGJHDEOHJHRJUDSK\DSSURDFKWRJOREDOOHDUQLQJTeaching
GeographyYROQ~PSS
/DPEHUW'\0RUJDQ-Teaching Geography 11-18. A conceptual Approach.
0DLGHQKHDG2SHQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV0F*UDZ+LOO3J
6RXWR;0/DHYDOXDFLyQHQ*HRJUDItDHQ6RXWR;0Didctica de la Geografa.
%DUFHORQD(GLFLRQHVGHO6HUEDO%DUFHORQDSS

6REUHODFXHVWLyQGHOXVRGHSODQLVIHULRVHQHODXOD
5DEHOODL9LYHV-00LOSURMHFFLRQVSHUDXQPDSDPXQGLRevista Catalana de
Geografia, Q~P
:HLJDQG3/HDUQLQJDQG7HDFKLQJZLWK0DSV/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJHSS

6,7,26:(%'(/26',)(5(17(6(9(17260(1&,21$'26

'LD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHOD3D]GHVHSWLHPEUHKWWSZZZXQRUJHVHYHQWVSHDFHGD\
'tD 0XQGLDO GH OD -XVWLFLD 6RFLDO GH
IHEUHURKWWSZZZXQRUJHVHYHQWVVRFLDOMXVWLFHGD\
'tDGH(XURSDGHPD\RKWWSVHXURSDHXHXURSHDQXQLRQDERXWHXV\PEROVHXURSH
GD\BHV
'tD0XQGLDOGHO0HGLR$PELHQWHGHMXQLRKWWSZZZXQRUJHVHYHQWVHQYLURQPHQWGD\
S.Ruiz Conesa


(/3$,6$-(&2025(&8562','&7,&2(;3(5,(1&,$6(1/$
',5(&&,1'(75$%$-26)1'(*5$'2(1('8&$&,1
35,0$5,$(,1)$17,/

'DYLG6DPSHGUR6iQFKH]
'DYLG6iQFKH]%HQtWH]
Departamento de Geografa Humana. Universidad de Sevilla.
sampedro@us.es; dsanchez5@us.es
5(680(1
$QWH HO UHWR GH GLULJLU 7UDEDMRV )LQ GH *UDGR 7)*V HQ ODV WLWXODFLRQHV GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD H ,QIDQWLO
DFRUGDPRV SURSRQHU D ORV DOXPQRV OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH LWLQHUDULRV SDLVDMtVWLFRV FRQ ILQHV GLGiFWLFRV $GHPiV GH
D\XGDU D ORV DOXPQRV HQ OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV FRQ ULJRU QXHVWUR REMHWLYR HUD GREOH SRU XQ ODGR
PHMRUDU OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ \ HO DQiOLVLV GH OR REVHUYDGR \ SRU RWUR IRPHQWDU OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH ORV SDLVDMHV
FHUFDQRV HQ OD IXWXUD SUiFWLFD HGXFDWLYD GH ORV HJUHVDGRV (Q HO FDStWXOR VH PXHVWUDQ DOJXQRV GH ORV
UHVXOWDGRV ILQDOHV REWHQLGRV D OR ODUJR GH WUHV FXUVRV DFDGpPLFRV DO WLHPSR TXH VH GHVFULEHQ DOJXQDV GH ODV
GLILFXOWDGHVSHURWDPELpQDYDQFHVHQHOSURFHVRGHGLUHFFLyQGH7)*V

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
7UDEDMRV)LQGH*UDGRLWLQHUDULRVSDLVDMtVWLFRVHGXFDFLyQSULPDULDHLQIDQWLO

'(6&5,3&,1'(/&217(;72
(O7UDEDMRGH)LQGH*UDGRHQORV*UDGRVGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO\3ULPDULD
(QDPERV*UDGRVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOODHO7)*HVHOUHVXOWDGRGHODHMHFXFLyQGHXQ
WUDEDMR GH FDUiFWHU SURIHVLRQDO LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HODERUDFLyQ GH PDWHULDOHV GLVHxRV HVWXGLRV
FRPSDUDWLYRV PHGLDQWH VXSHUYLVLyQ WXWHODGD (V XQD DFWLYLGDG IRUPDWLYD GH FDUiFWHU
FXDWULPHVWUDOSHUWHQHFLHQWHDOVHJXQGRFXDWULPHVWUHGHOFXUVR\FRQXQYDORUGHFUpGLWRV
(QHVWHWUDEDMRGHEHSRQHUVHHQSUiFWLFDODIRUPDFLyQDGTXLULGDDORODUJRGHO*UDGRDSOLFDGD
DXQFRQWH[WRHVSHFtILFR\GHPRVWUiQGRVHODDGTXLVLFLyQGHODVFRPSHWHQFLDVGHVDUUROODGDVD
ORODUJRGHORVFXDWURFXVRVTXHFRPSRQHQDPERV*UDGRV
(QWUH HVWDV FRPSHWHQFLDV GHVWDFDQ ODV WUDQYHUVDOHV FRPR VRQ DQDOL]DU \ VLQWHWL]DU OD
LQIRUPDFLyQRUJDQL]DU\SODQLILFDUHOWUDEDMRHLGHQWLILFDUIRUPXODUHLQYHVWLJDUSUREOHPDV
$GHPiVHQFRQWUDPRVHQORVSODQHVGHDPERV*UDGRVODVVLJXLHQWHVFRPSHWHQFLDVHVSHFtILFDV
UHODFLRQDGDVFRQHO7)*
&RQRFHU\DSOLFDUORVSURFHVRVGHLQWHUDFFLyQ\FRPXQLFDFLyQHQHODXOD\GRPLQDUODV
GHVWUH]DV \KDELOLGDGHV VRFLDOHV QHFHVDULDVSDUD IRPHQWDU XQ FOLPD GH DXOD TXHIDFLOLWH HO
DSUHQGL]DMH\ODFRQYLYHQFLD
&RQWURODU\KDFHUHOVHJXLPLHQWRGHOSURFHVRHGXFDWLYR\HQSDUWLFXODUHOGHHQVHxDQ]D
DSUHQGL]DMHPHGLDQWHHOGRPLQLRGHODVWpFQLFDV\HVWUDWHJLDVQHFHVDULDV
5HODFLRQDUWHRUtD\SUiFWLFDFRQODUHDOLGDGGHODXOD\GHOFHQWUR
D.Sampedro Snchez, D.Snchez Bentez


&RQRFHUIRUPDVGHFRODERUDFLyQFRQORVGLVWLQWRVVHFWRUHVGHODFRPXQLGDGHGXFDWLYD\
GHOHQWRUQRVRFLDO
/D UHODFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGRV REOLJDWRULRV GH XQ 7)* HQ (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD H ,QIDQWLO \ HV OD
VLJXLHQWH
x 'HILQLFLyQGHXQDVLWXDFLyQSUREOHPiWLFD\UHOHYDQWHHQHOiPELWRHGXFDWLYRDODTXHVH
SUHWHQGHKDFHUXQDDSRUWDFLyQHQHO7)*
x 2EMHWLYRVTXHVHSODQWHDHOHVWXGLDQWHHQHO7)*
x 0HWRGRORJtDVHJXLGDSDUDDOFDQ]DUORVREMHWLYRV
x 'HVDUUROORGHOWUDEDMR
x &RQFOXVLRQHVUHVSHFWRDORVREMHWLYRVSODQWHDGRV\YDORUDFLyQGHODVDSRUWDFLRQHVTXH
UHDOL]DHOSUR\HFWRDODPHMRUDGHODHGXFDFLyQ
/DHYDOXDFLyQGHO7)*VHUHDOL]DPHGLDQWHODYDORUDFLyQPHGLDQWHXQWULEXQDOGHOD0HPRULD
\GHIHQVDGHO7UDEDMR)LQGH*UDGRGHODFDOLILFDFLyQ\HO,QIRUPHGHO7XWRUR7XWRUD
GHO7UDEDMR)LQGH*UDGRUHVWDQWH
3DUDHOSURFHVRGHHYDOXDFLyQVHFRQVLGHUDODSODQWLOODHODERUDGDSRUOD&RPLVLyQGH7)*GH
OD)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDVGHOD(GXFDFLyQTXHFXHQWDFRQORVtWHPVUHVXPLGRVHQODWDEOD

(/(0(172 ,1',&$'25 ,03257$1&,$
&XPSOHFRQORV UHTXLVLWRV IRUPDOHVHOWtWXOR UHIOHMD HOFRQWHQLGR
(6758&785$ GHO WUDEDMR HO UHVXPHQ VLJXH HO IRUPDWR ,05' \ FRQWLHQH
SDODEUDVFODYHFRQWLHQHXQtQGLFHSDJLQDGRHWF
&RUUHFFLyQJUDPDWLFDOEXHQXVRGHORVHVWiQGDUHVGHODHVFULWXUD
KD\ IOXLGH] H[LVWH FRKHUHQFLD HQWUH DSDUWDGRV \ HO OHQJXDMH HV
5('$&&,1 IRUPDO \ DGHFXDGR DO FRQWH[WR DFDGpPLFR ODV UHIHUHQFLDV HVWiQ
FRUUHFWDPHQWH FLWDGDV \ XWLOL]DGDV VHJ~Q OD VH[WD HGLFLyQ GH ODV
1RUPDV$3$HWF
&RQWLHQHWRGRVORV DSDUWDGRVLQWURGXFFLyQ MXVWLILFDFLyQPDUFR
\ REMHWLYRV PHWRGRORJtD UHVXOWDGRV \ GLVFXVLyQ FRQFOXVLRQHV
&217(1,'2 LPSOLFDFLRQHV \ OLPLWDFLRQHV \ UHIHUHQFLDV ELEOLRJUiILFDV
UHIOHMiQGRVH OD DGTXLVLFLyQ GH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV QHFHVDULDV SDUD
HODERUDUFDGDXQRGHHOORV
25,*,1$/,'$' 6HYDORUDODRULJLQDOLGDGHOWHPD\HOHQIRTXH
35(6(17$&,1
5HVSRQGH FRQ VROYHQFLD \ DFODUD ODV GXGDV TXH SXHGD WHQHU HO
HOHPHQWR VyOR
WULEXQDO/DH[SRVLFLyQHVWiHVWUXFWXUDGDFRUUHFWDPHQWH6LQWHWL]D
HYDOXDGR SRU HO
ELHQHOFRQWHQLGRGHODPHPRULD
7ULEXQDO
$35(1',=$-(<
75$%$-2
$871202

$VLVWHDODVWXWRULDVFRODERUDHQODSODQLILFDFLyQ\GHWHFWDVXV

HOHPHQWR VyOR QHFHVLGDGHVGHDSUHQGL]DMH
HYDOXDGR SRU HO
WXWRU
7DEOD5HVXPHQGHSODQWLOODHODERUDGRSRUOD&RPLVLyQGH7)*GHOD)DFXOWDGGHFLHQFLDVGHOD(GXFDFLyQ


(OSDLVDMHHQORVFRQWHQLGRVFXUULFXODUHVGHODVHWDSDVHGXFDWLYDVGH,QIDQWLO\
3ULPDULD
2WUR DVSHFWR D WHQHU HQ FXHQWD SDUD FRQRFHU HO FRQWH[WR HQ HO TXH VH KD GHVDUUROODGR OD
GLUHFFLyQ GH HVWRV WUDEDMRV HV OD XWLOLGDG GHO HVWXGLR GHO SDLVDMH HQ HO IXWXUR SURIHVLRQDO GHO
DOXPQDGR$VtGHVGHXQSULPHUPRPHQWRVHGHFLGLyLQWURGXFLUGHQWURGHODVOtQHDVRIHUWDGDV
SRU HO 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH *HRJUDItD +XPDQD SDUD OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH7)* HQ DPERV *UDGRV OD
OtQHD (O SDLVDMH JHRJUiILFR XQ LQVWUXPHQWR HGXFDWLYR SRU OD SUHVHQFLD GHO FRQFHSWR GH
SDLVDMHHQORFXUUtFXORVGHODVGRVHVWDSDVHGXFDWLYDVHQODVTXHORVIXWXURVHJUHVDGRVLEDQD
UHDOL]DUVXVODERUHVGRFHQWHV3UHFLVDPHQWHpVWDHVXQDGHODVSULPHUDVWDUHDVDGHVDUUROODUSRU
HODOXPQDGRHQHO7)*MXVWLILFDUODVLWXDFLyQUHOHYDQWHGHOHVWXGLRGHOSDLVDMHHQVXiPELWR
HGXFDWLYR \ TXH OD DSRUWDFLyQ TXH SURSRQH HO 7)* HQWUD GHQWUR GH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV GHO
JUDGXDGRHQ(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD
(QODVGRVHWDSDVHVWDUHDIiFLO(QHOFDVRGHODHGXFDFLyQLQIDQWLOHOSDLVDMHDSDUHFHHQXQR
GH ORV SULQFLSLRV SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GHO FXUUtFXOR GHO VHJXQGR FLFOR GH HGXFDFLyQ LQIDQWLO
2UGHQ GH GH DJRVWR GH SRU OD TXH VH GHVDUUROOD HO &XUUtFXOR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D OD
(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOHQ$QGDOXFtDGHQWURGHODSDUWDGRGHHQWRUQRFXOWXUDO\QDWXUDO7DPELpQ
ORHQFRQWUDPRVHQHODSDUWDGRGHFRQWHQLGRVGHOFXUUtFXORUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOFRQRFLPLHQWR
GHO HQWRUQR $Kt VH GHVWDFD HO SDLVDMH FRPR HOHPHQWR LQWHJUDGRU GH ORV FRPSRQHQWHV
QDWXUDOHVLQFOXVRGHQWURGHOSULPHUFLFORDxRV\VHLQVWDDOSURIHVRUDGRDOODPDUOHVla
atencin sobre la belleza de las flores del patio, de las plantas nacientes en un parque o
mostrarles imgenes de animales o paisajes y hacer comentarios sobre ellos puede contribuir
a desarrollar la sensibilidad infantil y los nacientes hbitos de cuidado y conservacin
6LQRVFHQWUDPRVHQOD(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDODQRUPDWLYDGHUHIHUHQFLDHVOD2UGHQGHGH
PDU]RGHSRUODTXHVHGHVDUUROODHOFXUUtFXORFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOD(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD
HQ$QGDOXFtDTXHFRQFUHWDORVHOHPHQWRVGHOFXUUtFXORGHHVWDHWDSDHGXFDWLYDUHJXODGDSRUHO
'HFUHWR GH GH PDU]R SRU HO TXH VH HVWDEOHFH OD RUGHQDFLyQ \ HO FXUUtFXOR
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D OD (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD HQ OD &RPXQLGDG $XWyQRPD GH $QGDOXFtD (Q OD
FLWDGDRUGHQHOFRQFHSWRGHSDLVDMHDSDUHFHHQORVREMHWLYRVFRPSHWHQFLDVFODYHFRQWHQLGRV\
FULWHULRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ GH GRV iUHDV OD GH &LHQFLDV GH OD 1DWXUDOH]D \ OD GH ODV &LHQFLDV
6RFLDOHV
(QHOiUHDGH&LHQFLDV1DWXUDOHVKD\FRQWLQXDVUHIHUHQFLDVDODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHVFULSFLyQ\
FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ GH ORV SDLVDMHV DQGDOXFHV FRPR pVWD se identificarn los elementos del
paisaje (relieve, clima, hidrografa) y se describirn y caracterizarn los principales
medios naturales y su localizacin. Por ltimo, se analizar la influencia humana en el medio
y sus consecuencias ambientales
(Q HO FDVR GH ODV &LHQFLDV 6RVLFDOHV HO REMHWLYR GH iUHD Q~PHUR HVWi UHGDFWDGR GH OD
VLJXLHQWH PDQHUD saber definir situaciones problemticas en el entorno prximo a su
realidad, as como en medios ms lejanos, estimando soluciones posibles para alcanzar un
adecuado conocimiento y aplicacin de los elementos del paisaje, el universo, clima y
diversidad geogrfica propia de la comunidad de Andaluca, Espaa y Unin Europea, donde
el alumnado disee pequeas investigaciones, analice y comunique resultados usando
herramientas de medida, escalas, tablas o representaciones grficas VLHQGR XQR GH ORV
FULWHULRV GH HYDOXDFLyQ GH OD HWDSD explicar qu es un paisaje e identificar los principales
elementos que lo componen, RORFDOL]iQGRVHHQWUHORVFRQWHQLGRVSDUDORJUDUHVHREMHWLYRel
paisaje natural: montaa y costa. Paisajes andaluces. HQHOSULPHUFLFORGHSULPDULDla

diversidad geogrfica de los paisajes naturales de Espaa y Europa Rpaisajes andaluces

como patrimonio de los territorios que forman AndalucaHQHOWHUFHUFLFORGHSULPDULD

6LWXDFLyQGHODVPDWHULDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQOD*HRJUDItD\3DLVDMHHQORVSODQHVGH
HVWXGLRORV*UDGRVGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO\3ULPDULDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOOD
3DUDWHUPLQDUGHFDUDFWHUL]DUHOFRQWH[WRHQHOTXHORVDOXPQRVGHFXUVRGHDPERV*UDGRV
VHHQIUHQWDQDO7)*GHODOtQHDGHSDLVDMHHVLPSRUWDQWHFRQRFHUODH[LVWHQFLDRDXVHQFLDHQ
ORV SODQHV GH HVWXGLR GH VXV WLWXODFLRQHV GH OD YLVLyQ JHRJUiILFD GHO SDLVDMH \ GH RWURV
FRQRFLPLHQWRVGHYDULEOHVJHRJUiILFDVEiVLFDVSDUDXQDFRUUHFWDFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHOPLVPRHQ
VXVWUDEDMRV
(QHOFDVRGHO*UDGRHQ(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOHQVXVSODQHVGHHVWXGLRDSDUHFHHQODDVLJQDWXUD
Conocimiento y Conservacin del Medio Ambiente LPSDUWLGD WDPELpQ SRU HO 'HSDUWDPHQWR
GH *HRJUDItD +XPDQD HQ HO FXDUWR FXUVR FRPR DVLJQDWXUD RSWDWLYD \ TXH WLHQH HQWUH VXV
REMHWLYRV GRFHQWHV HVSHFtILFRV Construir el conocimiento social de los principales medios
naturales y paisajes asociados, as como el papel de los grupos humanos en la
transformacin, degradacin o conservacin de los mismos$GHPiVVHOHGHGLFDXQEORTXH
FRPSOHWRGHFRQWHQLGRVGHODDVLJQDWXUD

%ORTXHV
%ORTXH (OPHGLRJHRJUiILFR
%ORTXH /RVGLIHUHQWHVPHGLRV\VXVSDLVDMHV
%ORTXH /DRULHQWDFLyQHQHOPHGLR
%ORTXH /DLQWHUDFFLyQ+RPEUH0HGLR
%ORTXH (OPHGLRQDWXUDOHQ$QGDOXFtD
7DEOD&RQWHQLGRVGHODDVLJQDWXUD&RQRFLPLHQWR\&RQVHUYDFLyQGHO0HGLR$PELHQWH

(Q HO *UDGRGH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD HQ ODDVLJQDWXUD )XQGDPHQWRV GH *HRJUDItD DVLJQDWXUD
REOLJDWRULD GHO SULPHU FXDWULPHVWUH GHO VHJXQGR FXUVR VH WUDWD HO FRQFHSWR GH SDLVDMH GH
PDQHUD WUDQYHUVDO HQ ORV GLIHUHQWHV EORTXHV GH OD DVLJQDWXUD \ GH PDQHUD PiV FRQFUHWD HO
SDLVDMH QDWXUDO HQ HO EORTXH HO SDLVDMH XUEDQR HQ HO \ HO SDLVDMH UXUDO HQ HO FRPR VH
SXHGH FRPSUREDU HQ OD WDEOD DVt FRPR HO HVWXGLR GH ODV GLIHUHQWHV YDULDEOHV ItVLFDV \
KXPDQDV SDUD VX FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ D ORODUJR GH WRGR HO FXDWULPHVWUH 3UHFLVDPHQWH XQD GH ODV
FRPSHWHQFLDV HVSHFtILFDV GHO SURJUDPD GH OD DVLJQDWXUD HV Potenciar la observacin y
conocimiento del paisaje como principal referente de los elementos particulares de cada
territorio.

%ORTXHV
%ORTXH ,QWURGXFFLyQDOHVWXGLRGHOD*HRJUDItD
%ORTXH (OSODQHWD7LHUUD0RYLPLHQWRV)RUPDFLyQ)RUPDV\GLPHQVLRQHV
5HSUHVHQWDFLRQHVFDUWRJUiILFDV
%ORTXH (OFOLPD(OHPHQWRV\IDFWRUHVGHOFOLPD/RVJUDQGHVGRPLQLRVFOLPiWLFRV
\SDLVDMtVWLFRV
%ORTXH /DSREODFLyQ&UHFLPLHQWR\GLVWULEXFLyQ3REODFLyQ\UHFXUVRV
3HUVSHFWLYDVGHPRJUiILFDV
%ORTXH /DVFLXGDGHV(OSURFHVRGHXUEDQL]DFLyQ/DVDFWLYLGDGHVXUEDQDV
%ORTXH (OPHGLRUXUDO\ODVDFWLYLGDGHVDJUDULDV/RVSDLVDMHVUXUDOHV
%ORTXH 6RFLHGDGWHUULWRULR\PHGLRDPELHQWH
7DEOD&RQWHQLGRVGHODDVLJQDWXUD)XQGDPHQWRVGH*HRJUDItD

3RUORWDQWRSDUDHVWDYDULDEOHHQFRQWUDPRVGLIHUHQFLDVVHJ~QHO*UDGR\DTXHHODOXPQDGR
SURYHQLHQWH GHO *UDGR GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD KD FXUVDGR GH PDQHUD REOLJDWRULD XQD
DVLJQDWXUD UHODFLRQDGD FRQ OD *HRJUDItD \ HO 3DVLDMH PLHQWUDV TXH OD PD\RUtD GH ORV
HVWXGLDQWHV GH 7)* TXH HOLJHQ OD OtQHD \ SURYLHQHQ GH ,QIDQWLO QR KD FXUVDGR OD DVLJQDWXUD
RSWDWLYDTXHOHVKXELHVHDSRUWDGRODVSULQFLSDOHVFODYHVWHyULFDV\SUiFWLFDVSDUDHQIUHQWDUVHD
ODHODERUDFLyQGHO7)*

&$626 '( (678',2 02'(/26 0(72'2/*,&26 < '(6$552//2 '(
$&7,9,'$'(6'(/$/801$'2
(QHVWHDSDUWDGRVHFDUDFWHUL]DQVHLVFDVRVGHHVWXGLRVHOHFFLRQDGRVGHODH[SHULHQFLDGHORV
~OWLPRV WUHV FXUVRV DFDGpPLFRV WRGRV HOORV FRQVLVWHQWHV HQ OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH LWLQHUDULRV
SDLVDMtVWLFRVFRQILQHVGLGiFWLFRV6HKDQVHOHFFLRQDGRXVDQGRGRVFULWHULRV(QSULPHUOXJDU
WRGRVHOORVHVWiQEDVDGRVHQODXWLOL]DFLyQGHSDLVDMHVFHUFDQRVDORVFHQWURVHGXFDWLYRVGyQGH
HODOXPQRLEDDUHDOL]DUODIDVHGHSUiFWLFDVREOLJDWRULDVUHFRJLGDVHQHOFXUULFXORGHO*UDGR
(QHOFDVRGHTXHKXELHVHGXGDVVREUHODSRVLELOLGDGGHHOHFFLyQRVREUHVXVXLGRQHLGDGVH
RSWy SRU HOHJLU SDLVDMHV FHUFDQRV D VXV OXJDUHV GH UHVLGHQFLD X RULJHQ 'H HVWD IRUPD VH
SUHWHQGtD DOFDQ]DU XQR GH ORV REMHWLYRV SODQWHDGRV SRU HO 'HSDUWDPHQWR D OD KRUD GH RIHUWDU
HVWD OtQHD GH 7)* IRPHQWDU HO XVR GHO SDLVDMH FRPR UHFXUVR GLGiFWR HQ OD IXWXUD SUiFWLFD
GRFHQWH GH ORV DOXPQRV GH 7)* HV GHFLU ORJUDU OD PD\RU HPSOHDELOLGDG SRVLEOH GH ORV
WUDEDMRV HODERUDGRV SRU HO DOXPQDGR $O PLVPR WLHPSR VH KD SURFXUDGR SRQHU HQ SUiFWLFD
SDUWH GH OD SURSXHVWD UHFRJLGD HQ HO 7)* (Q VHJXQGR OXJDU UHIOHMDQ OD KHWHURJHQHLGDG GH
SDLVDMHV VHOHFFLRQDGRV SRU ORV HVWXGLDQWHV \ OD GLYHUVLGDG GH HWDSDV \ FLFORV D ORV TXH YDQ
GLULJLGRV(QODWDEODVHUHODFLRQDQORVWtWXORVSDODEUDVFODYHHVFRJLGDVSRUORVDOXPQRVSDUD
VXVWUDEDMRVODORFDOL]DFLyQGHORVLWLQHUDULRVHQORVTXHVHFHQWUDQORV7)*VVHOHFFLRQDGRV\
HOQLYHOHGXFDFWLYRDOTXHVHGLULJHQVXVSURSXHVWDV


7tWXORGHO7)* 3DODEUDV FODYH /RFDOL]DFLyQ GHO 1LYHO HGXFDWLYR
HPSOHDGDVHQHOUHVXPHQ LWLQHUDULRGLGiFWLFR DOTXHVHGLULJH
(OSDLVDMHUXUDOFRPRUHFXUVR
3DLVDMHHGXFDFLyQ&DOD 7pUPLQRPXQLFLSDOGH 7HUFHUFLFORGH(
GLGiFWLFRXQDSURSXHVWDSDUD&DOD
SUR\HFWR &DOD+XHOYD 3ULPDULD
+XHOYD
(QWRUQRDO*XGDOTXLYLU
7pUPLQRPXQLFLSDOGH
(OSDLVDMHFRPRUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFR 3DLVDMH/DQG$UW 6HYLOOD\QDFLPLHQWR (,QIDQWLOFXUVR
XQDSURSXHVWDSDUDDOXPQRVGH GHOUtR+Xp]QDU
VHJXQGRFLFORGHHGXFDFLyQLQIDQWLO
5tR%DUEDWHSDLVDMH
/RVSDLVDMHVGHOD&XHQFD%DMDGHO
LWLQHUDULRSDLVDMtVWLFR 7pUPLQRPXQLFLSDOGH 6HJXQGRFLFORGH
%DUEDWH8QDSURSXHVWDGHLWLQHUDULR
HQWRUQR(GXFDFLyQ %DUEDWH&iGL] (,QIDQWLODxRV
SDLVDMtVWLFRFRQILQHVHGXFDWLYRV
3ULPDULD
(OSDLVDMHFRPRUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFR 3DLVDMHLWLQHUDULR
7pUPLQRPXQLFLSDOGH
HQHGXFDFLyQLQIDQWLO8QD *XDGDOFDQDO(GXFDFLyQ (3ULPDULD
*XDGDOFDQDO6HYLOOD
SURSXHVWDSDUD*XDGDOFDQDO ,QIDQWLOUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFR
7pUPLQRVPXQLFLSDOHV
(OSDLVDMHPDULVPHxRGHO%DMR (GXFDFLyQ
GH/RV3DODFLRV\
*XDGDOTXLYLU ,QIDQWLO
9LOODIUDQFD6HYLOOD
3DLVDMHLWLQHUDULR
(OSDLVDMHFRPRUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFR 7pUPLQRPXQLFLSDOGH
SDLVDMtVWLFRHQWRUQR 7HUFHUFLFORGH(
8QDSURSXHVWDGHLWLQHUDULR 'RV+HUPDQDV
SUR\HFWR(GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD
SDLVDMtVWLFRHQODSHULIHULDXUEDQD 6HYLOOD
3ULPDULD
7DEOD&DUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHORV7)*V

$ FRQWLQXFLyQ UHVXPLPRV VLJXLHQGR HO HVTXHPD GH FRQWHQLGRV GH ORV 7)*V H[SXHVWR HQ HO
DSDUDWGRORVREMHWLYRVFRQWHQLGRVPHWRGRORJtDV\DFWLYLGDGHVSURSXHVWDVHQORVWUDEDMRV
VHOHFFLRQDGRV
/RV REMHWLYRV GHO DOXPQDGR SDUD ORV 7)*V VHOHFFLRQDGRV VH SXHGHQ DJUXSDU HQ GRV
FDWHJRUtDV (Q SULPHU OXJDU DTXHOORV TXH WLHQHQ FRPR SURSyVLWR FRQRFHU \ GHVFULELU ORV
SDLVDMHV PiV UHSUHVHQWDWLYRV GH OD ]RQD GH HVWXGLR $OJXQRV HMHPSORV VHUtDQ Conocer el
entorno fsico y social del centro educativoidentificar los factores humanos y/o naturales
han influido en la formacin de los diferentes paisajes de su entorno Identificar y
seleccionar los paisajes ms significativos y con mayor potencial didctico del entorno del
centro educativo < HQ VHJXQGR OXJDU ORV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH OD SURSXHVWD
GLGiFWLFD FRQVLVWHQWH HQ HO LWLQHUDULR \ ORV REMHWLYRV D DOFDQ]DU FRQ HOOD FRQ VXV DOXPQRV
HMHPSORV VHUtDQ valorar la diversidad paisajstica del rea de estudio Desarrollar una
propuesta didctica coherente a este entorno fluvial para alumnos de segundo ciclo de
infantil Interpretar el paisaje del entorno del centro educativo y relacionar entre s los
distintos elementos que lo componenRDesarrollar una metodologa basada en el trabajo
por proyectos de investigacin,referente al paisaje
+D\ TXH UHVDOWDU TXH HO SULPHU JUDQ REVWiFXOR FRQ HO TXH VH HQFRQWUDEDQ ORV DOXPQRV HQ HO
DSDUWDGRGHGLFDGRDOPDUFRWHyULFRKDVLGRSUHFLVDPHQWHHOGHVFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOFRQFHSWRGH
SDLVDMH GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD JHRJUiILFR \ ORV SUHMXLFLRV UHVSHFWR DO WpUPLQR 8QD YH]
DVLPLODGRODGLYHUVLGDGGHYDULDEOHVDWUDWDUVXVLQWHUUHODFLRQHV\RWURVDVSHFWRVKDVWDHVH


PRPHQWR QR FRQWHPSODGRV SRU HOORV FRPR HO SDLVDMH VRQRUR R ODV FRPSRQHQWHV PiV
VXEMHWLYDVGHOSDLVDMHDFDEDEDQHQULTXHFLHQGRVXSURSXHVWDGLGiFWLFD
(QFXDQWRDODPHWRGRORJtDVHJXLGDSDUDDOFDQ]DUORVREMHWLYRVHQWRGRVORVFDVRVWUDVXQD
UHYLVLyQ ELEOLRJUiILFD LQLFLDO FDUDFWHUL]DURQ ORV SDLVDMHV GHO HQWRUQR \ FUHDURQ VX SURSXHVWD
GLGiFWLFD EDVDGD HQ XQ LWLQHUDULR FRQ DFWLYLGDGHV \ XQD SURSXHVWD GH HYDOXDFLyQ GHO
DSUHQGL]DMH 6yOR HQ GRV GH ORV FDVRV DFXGLHURQ D OD HQWUHYLVWDFRPR IXHQWH GH LQIRUPDFLyQ
DGLFLRQDO\VHD\XGDURQGHPDSDVGHFRQWHQLGRVSDUDFODULILFDUVXSURSXHVWD
3DUD OD FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ GHO SDLVDMH GHVFULELHURQ OD VLWXDFLyQ GH ODV VLJXLHQWHV YDULDEOHV FDGD
XQRHQVX]RQDGHHVWXGLR
x 0HGLR)tVLFR
o *HRORJtD
o &OLPDWRORJtD
o +LGURORJtD
o 9HJHWDFLyQ
x (YROXFLyQKLVWyULFD\SREODPLHQWR
x $FWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV
8QRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVSUREOHPDVDODKRUDGHWXWRUL]DUORVWUDEDMRKDVLGRODGLILFXOWDGSDUD
PDQWHQHU HO PLVPR iPELWR WHUULWRULDO SDUD WRGDV ODV YDULDEOHV D FDUDFWHUL]DU 6HJ~Q OD
GLILFXOWDGSDUDORFDOL]DULQIRUPDFLyQGHODPLVPDHODOXPQDGRDOWHUQDEDHVFDODV\WHUULWRULRV
GLIHUHQWHV GH ODV SODQWHDGRV HQ OD MXVWLILFDFLyQ GH VX WUDEDMR 7DPELpQ KXER TXH FRUUHJLU OD
HOHFFLyQGHYDULDEOHVQRUHODFLRQDGDVGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQHOFRQFHSWRGHSDLVDMHODJDVWURQRPtD
SRUHMHPSORRODVREUHUUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHQVXVFDUDFWHUL]DFLRQHVGHIHQyPHQRVJHRJUiILFRVTXH
GHVSXpVQRDSDUHFtDQHQVXVSURSXHVWDVGLGiFWLFDV
7UDV OD LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GHO SDLVDMH HQ VXV SURSLDV SDODEUDV RUJDQL]DURQ ORV HVFRJLGRV \ VX
WLSRORJtDFRPRVHUHVXPHHQODWDEODQ~PHURLQWHQWDQGRHQWRGRVORVFDVRVFRPSOHWDUORV
LWLQHUDULRVFRQODVSDUDGDVQHFHVDULDVSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUODPD\RUGLYHUVLGDGSDLVDMtVWLFDSRVLEOH


7tWXORGHO7)* 'HVFULSFLyQGHOSDLVDMHHVFRJLGRWLSRGHSDLVDMH
(OSDLVDMHUXUDOFRPRUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFRXQD /DVPLQDVGH&DOD\VXSUHVDQDWXUDO
SURSXHVWDSDUD&DOD+XHOYD
'HKHVDUXUDO
3REODFLyQGH&DODKXPDQL]DGR
(QWRUQRDO*XGDOTXLYLU 0XHOOHGHODVDOXUEDQR
(OSDLVDMHFRPRUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFRXQDSURSXHVWD 3DUTXHDPHULFDQRXUEDQRQDWXUDO
SDUD DOXPQRV GH VHJXQGR FLFOR GH HGXFDFLyQ
LQIDQWLO 5LYHUDGHO+XH]QDUQDWXUDO
/RVSDLVDMHVGHOD&XHQFD%DMDGHO%DUEDWH8QD 1XHYRVUHJDGtRV
SURSXHVWD GH LWLQHUDULR SDLVDMtVWLFR FRQ ILQHV
HGXFDWLYRV (OSDLVDMHGHORVUHJDGtRVKLVWyULFRV
/D0DULVPD
/D'HVHPERFDGXUD
6DOLQDV
(OSDLVDMHFRPRUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFRHQHGXFDFLyQ 'HKHVDQDWXUDO

LQIDQWLO8QDSURSXHVWDSDUD*XDGDOFDQDO
1~FHORXUEDQRGH*XGDOFDQDOKXPDQL]DGR
(OSDLVDMHPDULVPHxRGHO%DMR*XDGDOTXLYLU (O3DLVDMH1DWXUDOGHO%UD]RGHO(VWHGHOUtR*XDGDOTXLYLU
UXUDO
&DQDOGH/RV3UHVRVR&DQDOGHO%DMR*XDGDOTXLYLU
UXUDO
=RQDDUURFHUDUXUDO
2WURVFXOWLYRVUXUDO
3XHEORVGHFRORQL]DFLyQXUEDQR
(OSDLVDMHFRPRUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFR8QDSURSXHVWD /DJXQDGH)XHQWHGHO5H\
GHLWLQHUDULRSDLVDMtVWLFRHQODSHULIHULDXUEDQD
5tR*XDGDLUD
3ROtJRQRLQGXVWULDOGHOD,VOD
7RUUHGHORV+HUEHURV
$UUR]DO
2OLYDU
5HFRQGXFFLyQGHOUtR*XDGDOTXLYLU\FDQDOGHORVSUHVRV
7DEOD'HQRPLQDFLyQ\WLSRORItDGHSDLVDMHVHQORV7)*V


)LJXUD5HSUHVHWDFLyQHVTXHPiWLFDGHOLWLQHUDULRHVFRJLGRHQHOFDVRGHO7)*(OSDLVDMHFRPRUHFXUVR
GLGiFWLFR8QDSURSXHVWDGHLWLQHUDULRSDLVDMtVWLFRHQODSHULIHULDXUEDQD

/RVLWLQHUDULRVUHIOHMDEDQXQDVHULHGHDFWLYLGDGHVDUHDOL]DUGHPDQHUDSUHYLDHQHODXOD\HQ
FDGDXQDGHODVSDUDGDVGHOLWLQHUDULR(QWRGRVORVFDVRVPHQRVXQRQRVHQFRQWUDPRVFRQXQD
FRPELQDFLyQGHODVVLJXLHQWHV
x &XHVWLRQDULRLGHDVSUHYLDV
x 5HFRUULGRJXLDGRVHQGHULVPRXQFDVRDGHVWDFDUHVHOGHXQDOXPQRTXHHVFRJLyFRPR
DFWLYLGDGODFRPSDUDFLyQGXUDQWHHOUHFRUULGRHQWUHORVSDLVDMHVDFWXDOHV\ORVWUDGLFRQDOHV
x -XHJRVLQGLYLGXDOHV\HQHTXLSR
x *\PNKDQQD
x 5HSUHVHQWDFLyQWHDWUDO
x &DUUHUDGHRULHQWDFLyQ
x 'HEDWHUHIOH[LyQ
x $VDPEOHDV
(QWUHORVPDWHULDOHVQHFHVDULRVRHODERUDGRVSDUDODVDFWLYLGDGHVQRVHQFRQWUDPRV
x )LFKDVDOJXQRVHMHPSORVGHILFKDVVHUtDQODVGHQRPLQDGDVSRUORVDOXPQRV(QFXDGUD
HOSDLVDMH)RWRJUDItDVDQWLJXDV'LEXMDHOSDLVDMH'LEXMDFDPLQDGR


x &XHQWRV
x 5HVSRVLWRULRGHLPiJHQHV
x 7DEOHWD
x 0XHVWUDVGHORViUEROHVRSODQWDV
x )ROLRVFDUWXOLQDVSHULyGLFRVSHJDPHQWRFRORUHV\OiSLFHV
x %LWVGHLQWHOLJHQFLDV
x &XDGHUQRGHFDPSRROLEURYLDMHURFRQKRMDVHQEODQFR
(VWRV VRQ DOJXQRV HMHPSORV GH ODV RSFLRQHV ORV LQVWUXPHQWRV HOHJLGRV SDUD HYDOXDU HO
DSUHQGL]DMH
x (YDOXDFLyQLQLFLDOPHGLDQWHFXHVWLRQDULRGHLGHDVSUHYLDVPHGLDQWHILFKDVRHQ
DVDPEOHD
x 2EVHUYDFLyQGLUHFWD
x 5~EULFDFRPSOHWDGHHYDOXDFLyQGHODH[SRVLFLyQILQDOGHORVWUDEDMRV\PDWHULDOHV
HODERUDGRV
x &KHFNOLVWDVLVWHQFLDFRPSRUWDPLHQWRFRQFHSWRSURFHGLPLHQWR
&RPR H[FHSFLyQ FRPR VH VHxDODED DQWHULRUPHQWH HQ VyOR XQ FDVR OD DOXPQD RSWy SRU XQD
PHWRGRORJtDEDVDGDHQSUR\HFWRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ3DUDFDGDXQRGHODVSDUDGDVGHOLWLQHUDULR
SODQWHDGRHQXQDODJXQDSURWHJLGRXQSROtJRQRLQGXVWULDOXQROLYDUSURSRQHDODOXPDQGR
GHWHUFHUFLFORGHSULPDULDODUHDOL]DFLyQSRUJUXSRVGHODVVLJXLHQWHVDFWLYLGDGHVDGDSWDGDVD
ODVYDULDEOHVJHRJUiILFDVDFDUDFWHUL]DUHQFDGDWLSRGHSDLVDMH
x %~VTXHGDGHLQIRUPDFLyQHQGLYHUVDVIXHQWHV
x (QWUHYLVWDDSHUVRQDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOSDLVDMHVHOHFFLRQDGR
x 9LVXDOL]DFLyQGHYtGHRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOSDLVDMH
x ,QWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH HVWDGtVWLFDV R LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GH HOHPHQWRV SDLVDMtVWLFRV R
SDWULPRQLDOHV
x (ODERUDFLyQGHPDTXHWDVFXDGHUQRVGHFDPSROtQHDVGHOWLHPSRXRWURVPDWHULDOHV
VHJ~QHOSDLVDMHHVFRJLGR
x (ODERUDFLyQGHFRQFOXVLRQHV


)LJXUD5HSUHVHWDFLyQHVTXHPiWLFDGHODPHWRGRORJtDHVFRJLGDHQHOFDVRGHO7)*(OSDLVDMHFRPRUHFXUVR
GLGiFWLFR8QDSURSXHVWDGHLWLQHUDULRSDLVDMtVWLFRHQODSHULIHULDXUEDQD

(9$/8$&,1'(/$35(1',=$-(',),&8/7$'(6<5(6726
(ODOXPQDGRHQVXWRWDOLGDGUHFRQRFHKDEHUUHDOL]DGRXQJUDQSURJUHVRGHVGHHOLQLFLRGHOD
HODERUDFLyQGHO7)*UHVXPLpQGRVHDVtODVLPSUHVLRQDVPD\RULWDULDV
x /D WRPD GH FRQVFLHQFLD GH OD LPSRUWDQFLD GHOSDLVDMH FRPR UHFXUVR HGXFDWLYR HQ OD
TXHFRQYLYHQFRQWHQLGRVVRFLDOHVFXOWXUDOHV\QDWXUDOHV
x /D HQRUPHV SRVLELOLGDGHV TXH EULQGD HO FRQFHSWR GH SDLVDMH SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH ODV
FRPSHWHQFLDV FODYHV TXH FRQIRUPDQ HO FXUUtFXOR GH DPEDV HWDSDV HGXFDWLYDV FRQ XQ
HQIRTXHLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUGHVGHGLIHUHQWHViUHDVHGXFDWLYDV\VXDSURYHFKDPLHQWRSDUDOD
DGTXLVLFLyQ GH FRPSHWHQFLDV WUDQYHUVDOHV FRPR HO UHVSHWR \ OD YDORUDFLyQ GHO HQWRUQR
PiVFHUFDQR
x (OFDPELRHQODSHUFHSFLyQSHUVRQDOGHOSDLVDMHTXHKDELWDQ
x 5HFRQRFHU OD XWLOLGDG GHO SDLVDMH FRPR UHFXUVR SDUD OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH PHWRGRORJtDV
EDVDGDV HQ OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GHVDUUROODGDV GLUHFWDPHQWH HQ HO HQWRUQR QDWXUDO \ GH
FDUiFWHU FRRSHUDWLYR HQWUH HO DOXPQDGR IDFLOLWDGRUDV LQFOXVR GH OD LPSOLFDFLyQ GHO
HQWRUQRIDPLOLDU
x 5HFRQRFHU OD HODERUDFLyQ GH LWLQHUDULRV SHUPLWH DO GRFHQWH VHOHFFLRQDU SULRUL]DU \
UHODFLRQDUORVFRQWHQLGRVPiVUHOHYDQWHVGHOD]RQDGHWUDEDMRSXGLHQGRGHHVWDIRUPDVHU
ILHOHVDOFXUUtFXOR\DORVLQWHUHVHVGHODOXPQDGR


3RU HO FRQWUDULR FRLQFLGHQ HQ GHVWDFDU ODV VLJXLHQWHV GLILFXOWDGHV\ OLPLWDFLRQHV D OD KRUD GH
UHDOL]DUHOWUDEDMR
x 1RKDEHUSRGLGROOHYDGRDODSUiFWLFDHQOD PD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVODVDFWLYLGDGHVGHOD
SURSXHVWD GLGiFWLFD LQFOXVR HQ HO FDVR GH KDEHU GLVHxDGR OD LQWHUYHQFLyQ GH PDQHUD
FRPSOHWD
x /DFRPSOLFDGDVHOHFFLyQGHORVOXJDUHVHQORVTXHUHDOL]DUODVSDUDGDVGHORVLWLQHUDULRV
SDUD ORJUDU OD Pi[LPD UHSUHVHQWDWLYLGDG GHO SDLVDMH HQ HVH OXJDU \ UHODFLyQ FRQ ORV
FRQWHQLGRVDGHVDUUROODUHQODVDFWLYLGDGHV
x /DGLILFXOWDGGHDGDSWDFLyQGHODLQIRUPDFLyQREWHQLGDHQODFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHOSDLVDMH
DOQLYHO\REMHWLYRVGHODHWDSDHGXFDWLYDHQODTXHSODQHDEDQODLQWHUYHQFLyQRSDUDODTXH
GLVHxDEDQORVPDWHULDOHV
x /DE~VTXHGDELEOLRJUiILFDHQWRGDVVXVYDULDQWHV
3UHFLVDPHQWH XQR GH ORV JUDQGHV UHWRV HV FRQVHJXLU TXH HO DOXPQDGR DGTXLHUD ODV
FRPSHWHQFLDV GH E~VTXHGD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ \ ELEOLRJUDItD DVt FRPR GH OHJLVODFLyQ \ VX
UHODFLyQFRQVXIXWXUDODERUSURIHVLRQDOVLHQGRDODUPDQWHHOGHVFRQRFLPLHQWR\IDOWDGHXVR
GHODQRUPDWLYDDFWXDOHQHGXFDFLyQ\GHWpUPLQRVFRPRODVFRPSHWHQFLDVEDVHVGHODDFWXDO
OH\HGXFDWLYDFDVLDXVHQWHVGHVXVWUDEDMRVHQVXVSULPHURVERUUDGRUHV

&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
7UDV HVWRV HVFDVRV DxRV GHVGH OD LPSODQWDFLyQ GH ORV 7)*V HQ ODV XQLYHUVLGDGHV VLJXHQ
JHQHUiQGRVHUHWRVHGXFDWLYRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQORVPLVPRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQIDFXOWDGHVFRPR
ODGH&LHQFLDVGHOD(GXFDFLyQGH6HYLOODFRQXQHQRUPHYROXPHQGHDOXPQDGRHQFDGDXQD
GHODVSURPRFLRQHVTXHILQDOL]DFDGD*UDGR(VWRVXSRQHXQGREOHUHWR3RUXQODGRHOGHOD
GLYHUVLGDG GHO DOXPQDGR HQ FXDQWR D LQWHUHVHV PRWLYDFLRQHV SRWHQFLDO GH DSUHQGL]DMH
QHFHVLGDGHV HQ OD GLUHFFLyQ GHO 7)* \ SUHWHQVLRQHV HQ FXDQWR DO HQIRTXH R HO YDORU GHO
UHVXOWDGRILQDOGHOWUDEDMR3RURWURODGRGHVGHODGLUHFFLyQGHO7)*WDPELpQVHKDFHIUHQWHD
XQD LQDFDEDEOH OLVWD GH WDUHDV RUJDQL]DWLYDV GH FDOHQGDULR FRQYRFDWRULDV \ HYDOXDFLyQ GHO
DOXPQDGRHQXQFRUWRSHULRGRGHWLHPSRDOWUDWDUVHGHXQDDFWLYLGDGFXDWULPHVWUDODOJRTXH
QR IDYRUHFH HO FDUiFWHU LQWHJUDGRU \ GH YDORU SURIHVLRQDO R GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH HVWi HQ ODV
EDVHVGHOFRQFHSWRGH7)*
'HVGH HO 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH *HRJUDItD +XPDQD FRQ OD OtQHD (O SDLVDMH JHRJUiILFR XQ
LQVWUXPHQWR HGXFDWLYR DQDOL]DGD HQ HVWD DSRUWDFLyQ VH KD LQWHQWDGR DFHUFDU WRGR HO
SURFHVR GH WHRUL]DFLyQ FRQIHFFLyQ HODERUDFLyQ \ HYDOXDFLyQ GHO 7)* DO IXWXUR
GHVHPSHxR SURIHVLRQDO GHO HJUHVDGR HQ (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD,QIDQWLO \ VX SRVLEOH
DSOLFDELOLGDGGXUDQWHHOSHULRGRGHSUiFWLFDVGHODOXPQDGRGHFXDUWRGHORVGRV *UDGRV
3DUDFRPSDUWLU\GHEDWLUHVWDH[SHULHQFLDV\ODVQHFHVLGDGHVHQFXDQWRDJHVWLyQ\GRFHQFLDHQ
UHODFLyQ FRQ ORV 7)* HQ OD )DFXOWDG GH &LHQFLDV GH OD (GXFDFLyQ \ ODV XQLYHUVLGDGHV HQ
JHQHUDOTXHUUtDPRVHQ HVWHDSDUWDGRGHVWDFDUFRPRSULQFLSDO FRQFOXVLyQWUDVODH[SHULHQFLD
REWHQLGD D OR ODUJR GH WUHV FXUVRV DFDGpPLFRV HO DFLHUWR GH OD HOHFFLyQ GHO SDLVDMH FRPR
FRQFHSWRGHSDUWLGDSDUDODHODERUDFLyQGHORV7)*VGHODOXPQDGRGHORVFLFORVGH,QIDQWLO\
3ULPDULD (VWR D SHVDU GH OD IDOWD GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV SUHYLRV GHO DOXPQDGR GH DPERV FLFORV
UHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOSDLVDMHWHUULWRULRHQWRUQRRPHGLRVXSOLGDSRUODHPSOHDELOLGDG\XWLOLGDG
GHORVWUDEDMRV


(QVHJXQGROXJDUKDEUtDTXHGHVWDFDUFRPRJUDQUHWRSHQGLHQWH ODIDOWDGH FRPSHWHQFLDV HQ
FXDQWR D OD E~VTXHGD GH ELEOLRJUDItD GH FDUiFWHU DFDGpPLFR D SHVDU GH ORV HVIXHU]RV GH OD
%LEOLRWHFDGHOD)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDVGHOD(GXFDFLyQFRQODHGLFLyQGHFXUVRVHVSHFtILFRV\
GH OD FRUUHFWD HODERUDFLyQ GH FLWDV \ UHIHUHQFLDV ELEOLRJUiILFDV $ HVWR VH VXPD OD IDOWD GH
KDELOLGDGHV FRQ FLHUWDV KHUUHPLHQWDV 7,&V TXH OHV KDFH FRPSOLFDGR OD E~VTXHGD GH GDWRV
RILFLDOHV \ VX UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ JUiILFD \ FDUWRJUiILFD XVR EiVLFR GH ,QIUDHVWUXFWXUDV GH 'DWRV
(VSDFLDOHV R FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH JUiILFRV R VDOLGDV FDUWRJUiILFDV VHQFLOODV $ SHVDU GH HOOR HV
QRWDEOHODPHMRUDHQODVGHVWUH]DVHQODHOHFFLyQGHODVIXHQWHV\ODLQIRUPDFLyQHQHODQiOLVLV
\H[WUDFFLyQGHLGHDVFODYHV\HQODUHODFLyQGHODVPLVPDVWUDVHOWUDEDMR
4XHUtDPRVFRQFOXLUVHOHFFLRQDQGRODTXHFUHHPRVXQDGHODVPD\RUHVFODYHVSDUDORJUDUXQD
PHMRUH[SHULHQFLDIRUPDWLYDSDUDHODOXPQDGR\HOGRFHQWHHQFDUJDGRGHODGLUHFFLyQGHORV
7)* eVWD VHUtD OD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GHO PLVPR FRPR DVLJQDWXUD GH FDUiFWHU DQXDO \ HO
UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GH XQ PD\RU Q~PHUR GH FUpGLWRV HQ DPERV SODQHV GH HVWXGLR &RQ HOOR VH
FRQVHJXLUtDSRUXQODGRSURIXQGL]DUHQODVFRPSHWHQFLDVDQWHULRUHPHQWHFRPHQWDGDVFRPROD
E~VTXHGD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ GH PDQHUD DXWyQRPD \ SRU RWUR ODGR VDWLVIDFHU OD PD\RU
UHLYLQGLFDFLyQGHODOXPQDGROOHYDUDFDERDOJXQDLQWHUYHQFLyQFRQJUXSRVGHDOXPQRVGHOD
HWDSDHGXFDWLYDDODTXHGLULJHQVXVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVDSURYHFKDQGRVXSHULRGRGHSUiFWLFDVHQ
FHQWURV HGXFDFWLYRV \D TXH OD PD\RU OLPLWDFLyQ SDUD WRGRV HOORV HV OD LPSRVLELOLGDG GH
VLPXOWDQHDU DPERV SURFHVRV SRU HQFRQWUDVH GXUDQWH ODV SUiFWLFDV OD HODERUDFLyQ GHO 7)* HQ
XQDIDVHLQLFLDO

%,%/,2*5$)$
/H\ 2UJiQLFD GH GH GLFLHPEUH SDUD OD PHMRUD GH OD FDOLGDG HGXFDWLYD Boletn
Oficial del Estado Q~P GH GH GLFLHPEUH GH SS >(Q OtQHD@
'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZERHHVERHGLDVSGIV%2($SGI!
'HFUHWR GH GH PDU]R SRU HO TXH VH HVWDEOHFH OD RUGHQDFLyQ \ HO FXUUtFXOR
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D OD (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD HQ OD &RPXQLGDG $XWyQRPD GH $QGDOXFtD Boletn
Oficial de la Junta de Andaluca GH QXP GH GH PDU]R SS >(Q OtQHD@
'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZMXQWDGHDQGDOXFLDHVERMD%2-$
BSGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRGHVHSWLHPEUHGH@
2UGHQGHGHPDU]RGHSRUODTXHVHGHVDUUROODHOFXUUtFXORFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOD
(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDHQ$QGDOXFtDBoletn Oficial de la Junta de Andaluca GHQXPGH
GHPDU]RSS>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSZZZMXQWDGHDQGDOXFLDHVERMD%2-$BSGI!
25'(1GHGHDJRVWRGHSRUODTXHVHGHVDUUROODHO&XUUtFXORFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOD
(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOHQ$QGDOXFtDBoletn Oficial de la Junta de Andaluca GHQXPGH
GHDJRVWRGHPDU]RSS>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSZZZMXQWDGHDQGDOXFLDHVERMDGSGI!>OWLPRDFFHVRGHVHSWLHPEUHGH
@


,19(67,*$&,162%5(0(',2$0%,(17(<('8&$&,1/$
9,6,1*(2*5),&$'(/527$-2(1(678',$17(6'(
*5$'2'(0$(67526(1('8&$&,135,0$5,$

*HPD 6iQFKH] (PHWHULR
%HDWUL]*DUFtD)HUQiQGH]
'DYLG6iQFKH]5DPRV
1
Facultad de Educacin de Toledo. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. rea de Didctica de las Ciencias
Sociales (Departamento de Geografa y Ordenacin del Territorio)
2
Facultad de Educacin de Ciudad Real. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. rea de Didctica de las Ciencias
Experimentales (Departamento de Pedagoga)
3
E.T.S.I. de Caminos, Canales y Puertos de Ciudad Real. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. rea de
Tecnologas del Medioambiente (Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologa Agroforestal y Gentica)
Gema.Sanchez@uclm.es; Beatriz.Garcia@uclm.es; David.SanchezRamos@uclm.es
5(680(1
6HSUHVHQWDQORVUHVXOWDGRVGHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQFX\RREMHWLYRHVLGHQWLILFDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRTXHVREUHHOPHGLR
QDWXUDO GHO UtR 7DMR WLHQHQ ORV HVWXGLDQWHV GH *UDGR GH 0DHVWUR HQ (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD GH &iFHUHV /RV
UHVXOWDGRV LQGLFDQ TXH OD PXHVWUD 1 GHVFRQRFH DVSHFWRV EiVLFRV GHO UtR \ TXH SHVH D TXH GH PDQHUD
JHQHUDO FUHHQ QHFHVDULR FRQVHUYDUOR PiV GHO GH OD PXHVWUDQR MXVWLILFD SRUTXp \ DTXHOORV TXH OR KDFHQ
UHVSRQGHQ GH IRUPD PX\ JHQpULFD (OOR DSXQWD D OD QHFHVLGDG GH WUDEDMDU HO 7DMR FRPR UHFXUVR GHVGH XQD
SHUVSHFWLYD LQYHVWLJDGRUD IRUPDQGR DVt PDHVWURV FRPSHWHQWHV SDUD HGXFDU HQ SRV GH OD UHFXSHUDFLyQ GH HVWH
HFRVLVWHPDWDQGHJUDGDGR

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
5tR7DMR*UDGR(GXFDFLyQ&RQFHSFLRQHV'LGiFWLFDGHOD*HRJUDItD'LGiFWLFDGHO0HGLR1DWXUDO

,1752'8&&,1
/DHGXFDFLyQGHQLxRV\QLxDVHVXQDGHODVSULQFLSDOHVSUHRFXSDFLRQHVGHODVVRFLHGDGHVSXHV
GHHOODGHSHQGHQHQJUDQPHGLGDODFRQVHUYDFLyQDPELHQWDO\HOGHVDUUROORJHQHUDOSDUDOR
FXDO OD IRUPDFLyQ GRFHQWH VH WRUQD XQ SLODU HVHQFLDO (VWH GHVDUUROOR VRVWHQLEOH LPSOLFD OD
QHFHVLGDGGHHGXFDUFLXGDGDQRVTXHWHQJDQFRQFLHQFLDGHODVUHSHUFXVLRQHVTXHFDGDXQDGH
VXVDFFLRQHVWLHQHHQHOHQWRUQR\SDUDHOORHOSDSHOGHORVPDHVWURVHVIXQGDPHQWDO*DUFtD
)HUQiQGH]\6iQFKH](PHWHULR3DUHFHSRUWDQWROyJLFRTXHDTXHOORVTXHYDQDWUDEDMDU
HQ ODV HVFXHODV DVSHFWRV JHRJUiILFRV GH VX HQWRUQR PHMRUHQ VXV FRQRFLPLHQWRV SXHV HOOR
FRQOOHYD XQD UHSHUFXVLyQ SRVLWLYD HQ OD FRPSUHQVLyQ VREUH DVSHFWRV FXOWXUDOHV VRFLDOHV
DPELHQWDOHV \ HFRQyPLFRV TXH HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD FRQWULEXLUiQ D YDORUDU OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD
FRQVHUYDFLyQSDUDHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRORFDOGHODELRGLYHUVLGDG2EDUDet al.
3RURWURODGRODFDOLGDG\GLVSRQLELOLGDGGHORVUHFXUVRVKtGULFRVVRQDVSHFWRVHVSHFLDOPHQWH
UHOHYDQWHVVLODQ]DPRVXQDPLUDGDDODVLWXDFLyQFUtWLFDDFWXDOGHULYDGDGHOFDPELRFOLPiWLFR\
GHO FUHFLPLHQWR SREODFLRQDO 81(6&2 3RU HOOR FRQVHUYDU HO DJXD FRPR UHFXUVR
SXHGHVHUXQDSRGHURVDKHUUDPLHQWDSDUDUHVROYHUODFULVLVGHODJXD\SURPRYHUXQGHVDUUROOR
VRVWHQLEOH;LRQJet al. (QHVWHVHQWLGRHOSDSHOGHODHGXFDFLyQMXHJDXQ URO
G.Snchez Emeterio, B.Garca Fernndez, D.Snchez Ramos

LQVGLVSHQVDEOHDSRUWDQGRODVKHUUDPLHQWDVSDUDSRWHQFLDUODVFRPSHWHQFLDVTXHGHEHQDGTXLULU
ORV HVWXGLDQWHVGH FDUD D XQ GHVDUUROORVRVWHQLEOH 81(6&2 ;LRQJ et al. < OD
*HRJUDItD SRU VX YLVLyQ KROtVWLFD HV XQD GLVFLSOLQD TXH SHUPLWH DGTXLULU XQ DPSOLR
FRQRFLPLHQWR VREUH OD QDWXUDOH]D FDPELDQWH GHO HVSDFLR 7DPELpQ HVWi GHPRVWUDGR TXH
LQYROXFUDU D OD SREODFLyQ HQ HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GLUHFWR GH OD SUREOHPiWLFD PHGLRDPELHQWDO
SXHGHD\XGDUDPHMRUDUOD&RRNet al. <HVTXHORVSURJUDPDVHGXFDWLYRVEDVDGRVHQ
GHFUHWRV QR VXHOHQ VHU VXILFLHQWH WDO \ FRPR HYLGHQFLDQ +XJKHV et al. HQ VX HVWXGLR
VREUHSROtWLFDVHGXFDWLYDVSXHVWRTXHpVWRVQRSDUHFHQWUDGXFLUVHHQXQDPHMRUDGHODFDOLGDG
GH ORV UtRV 3RU HOOR SDUHFH QHFHVDULR GLQDPL]DU HVWUDWHJLDV HGXFDWLYDV TXH SURPXHYDQ HO
FRQWDFWR GLUHFWR FRQ HO PHGLR SXHVWR TXH HOOR UHSHUFXWH DGHPiV SRVLWLYDPHQWH HQ HO
DSUHQGL]DMH:DWWFKRZ
-XQWRDHVWDVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHVVHKDFUHtGRUHOHYDQWHWUDEDMDUVREUHODVLGHDV\FRQFHSFLRQHV
SUHYLDVGHORVIXWXURVGRFHQWHVSDUDORJUDUXQDSUHQGL]DMHVLJQLILFDWLYRHQODHQVHxDQ]DGHOD
*HRJUDItD6HSUHWHQGHDVtFRQWULEXLUDOFDPELRPHWRGROyJLFRTXHUHTXLHUHQORVDFWXDOHVUHWRV
HGXFDWLYRV HQ HO TXH HVWDV LGHDV GHEHQ VHU WRPDGDV HQ FRQVLGHUDFLyQ HQWUH RWURV PRWLYRV
SRUTXH DOJXQRV GH ORV SUREOHPDV SODQWHGRV SRU HO VLVWHPD HGXFDWLYR WHQGUiQ PD\RU
SRVLELOLGDGGHVHUUHVXHOWRVVLVHWLHQHQHQFXHQWDHVWDVWHRUtDV\PHWRGRORJtDVGHDSUHQGL]DMH
6HEDVWLi 7DPELpQ SRUTXH HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH ODV LGHDV SUHYLDV TXH SRVHHQ ORV
HVWXGLDQWHV GH )DFXOWDGHV GH (GXFDFLyQ UHVXOWD HVHQFLDO GHELGR D TXH SHUPLWH DO GRFHQWH
XQLYHUVLWDULRPHMRUDUHOSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]D3DJpV$VtFRQODILQDOLGDGGHPHMRUDU
HO SURFHVR GH HQVHxDQ]D \ DSUHQGL]DMH VH FRQVLGHUD FODYH DQDOL]DU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR SUHYLR
VREUHHOFRQWHQLGRDWUDWDUVLHQGRUHOHYDQWHHVFODUHFHUHOGHORVDOXPQRVSHURWDPELpQHOGH
ORVSURIHVRUHVSXHVWRTXHODVLQWHUDFFLRQHVTXHVHGHULYHQGHDPERVFRQGLFLRQDUiQHOSURFHVR
GHHQVHxDQ]D\DSUHQGL]DMH6iQFKH](PHWHULRE
,PSRUWDQFLDJHRVLVWpPLFDHLQWHUpVGLGiFWLFRGHOUtR7DMR
(OUtR7DMR)LJXUDHVXQDUHIHUHQFLDGHODKLVWRULD\ODFXOWXUDGHODVSREODFLRQHVSRUODV
TXHWUDQVFXUUHDGHPiVGHGHVWDFDUSRUVXJUDQULTXH]DQDWXUDO\ODJUDQGLYHUVLGDGGHKiELWDWV
DVRFLDGRV (Q SDUWLFXODU OD GHVHPERFDGXUD GHOUtR 7DMRGHVGHHO SXQWR GHYLVWD *HRJUiILFR
FRQVWLWX\H XQD XQLGDG SDLVDMtVWLFD \ HFROyJLFD DVRFLDGD D XQD GH ODV iUHDV K~PHGDV PiV
LPSRUWDQWHV GH (XURSD 2FFLGHQWDO 9D]TXH] et al. S SURWHJLGD HQ EDMR OD
5HVHUYD1DWXUDOGR(VWXDULRGR7DMR
6LQ HPEDUJR D SHVDU GH VX UHOHYDQFLD HFRVLVWpPLFD FXOWXUDO \ VRFLDO \ GH ODV QXPHURVDV
LQWHUYHQFLRQHVHQFDPLQDGDVDVXPHMRUDHQ(VSDxDQRKD\RWURUtRTXHFRQWHQJDXQFDWiORJR
WDQDPSOLRGHSUREOHPiWLFDVFRPRHVHOUtR7DMR*,7ORFXDOKDFHQHFHVDULRODQ]DUXQD
PLUDGDDOiPELWRHGXFDWLYRSDUDLQWHQWDUUHYHUWLUHVWDVLWXDFLyQ


)LJXUD/RFDOL]DFLyQGHOUtR7DMRGHVX'HPDUFDFLyQ+LGURJUiILFD\XELFDFLyQGHODVFLXGDGHVFRQFHQWURVGH
IRUPDFLyQGRFHQWHHQWUHODVTXHVHHQFXHQWUD&iFHUHV

(O UtR 7DMR RIUHFH GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD GLGiFWLFR \ HQ UHODFLyQ D ORV FHQWURV HGXFDWLYRV
FHUFDQRVODSRVLELOLGDGGHUHDOL]DUVDOLGDVGHFDPSR\HVWXGLDUSUREOHPiWLFDVSUy[LPDVDORV
HVWXGLDQWHV(VWDFHUFDQtDSHUPLWHSRUHMHPSORHQORViPELWRVGHOD*HRJUDItD\ODHQVHxDQ]D
GHODVFLHQFLDVDERUGDUGLIHUHQWHVFRQFHSWRVGHIRUPDKROtVWLFD\GHVGHXQQLYHOREVHUYDEOHGH
OD UHDOLGDG *DUFtD )HUQiQGH] \ 6iQFKH] 9L]FDtQR GRQGH DGHPiV OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
JHRJUiILFD VDILVIDFH \ QXWUH D OD YH] GH FXULRVLGDG ,*8 (V DVLPLVPR LQWHUHVDQWH
LQFRUSRUDU HQ OD DSUR[LPDFLyQ GLGiFWLFD DO PLVPR XQD WUDQVSRVLFLyQ GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR
FLHQWtILFR VREUH HFRVLVWHPDV K~PHGRV SXHV HOOR SRQH GH PDQLILHVWR VX XWLOLGDG *DUFtD
)HUQiQGH]et al. SHURDGDSWiQGRORGHIRUPDTXHUHVSRQGDDODVSUHRFXSDFLRQHVVRFLDOHV
\DODXWLOLGDGGHODOXPQRFRPRVHxDOD5RGUtJXH]
$GHPiVWUDEDMDUFRQHFRVLVWHPDVFHUFDQRVTXHSUHVHQWDQSUREOHPiWLFDVDVRFLDGDVIDYRUHFHOD
LPSOLFDFLyQ DFWLYD GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV \ SURSLFLD TXH ORV FRQRFLPLHQWRV DGTXLULGRV VHDQ
SHUFLELGRVFRPR~WLOHV*DUFtD)HUQiQGH]\6iQFKH]9L]FDtQR(OHVWXGLRGHOUtR7DMR
QRGHEHUtDVyORFHQWUDUVHPHUDPHQWHHQDVSHFWRVQDWXUDOHVSXHVGHEHQHVWDEOHFHUVHUHODFLRQHV
HQWUHODVRFLHGDGHOSDLVDMHORVUHFXUVRVHLQFOXVRODVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVYLQFXODGDV D
HOORVFRQVLGHUDQGRXQDIDVHGHUHIOH[LyQDODHVFDODDGHFXDGDWDQWRHVSDFLDOFRPRWHPSRUDO
GHOLPSDFWRKXPDQRVREUHHOPHGLR*DUFtD)HUQiQGH]\6iQFKH]9L]FDtQR
3URSRQHUDORVHVWXGLDQWHVODUHVROXFLyQGHSUREOHPiWLFD DVRFLDGD DO PHGLR HVWXGLDGRSXHGH
SHUPLWLUSRUHMHPSORHQHOFDVRGHODHVFDVH]KtGULFDHVWXGLDUODUHODFLyQGHODFDQWLGDGGH
DJXD HQ XQ HFRVLVWHPD FRQ OD WRSRJUDItD HVWUXFWXUD JHROyJLFD LQILOWUDFLyQ FOLPDWRORJtD
YHJHWDFLyQ\DFFLRQHVDQWURSRJpQLFDVSXHVQRSXHGHQGHVOLJDUVHXQDVGHRWUDVVLVHSUHWHQGH
HVWXGLDU HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR KtGULFR GH XQ HFRVLVWHPD 8Q HFRVLVWHPD TXH SHUPLWH HVWXGLDU
HVWDV FRPSOHMDV UHODFLRQHV TXH WLHQH DVRFLDGD XQD SUREOHPiWLFD GH HVFDVH] KtGULFD HV HO
3DUTXH1DFLRQDOGHODV7DEODVGH'DLPLHO*DUFtD)HUQiQGH]et al. 1DYDUURet al.
HO FXDO HV XQ HMHPSOR GHO HQRUPH SRWHQFLDO GLGiFWLFR GH HVWRV HVSDFLRV *DUFtD
)HUQiQGH] \ 6iQFKH] 9L]FDtQR 3RU WRGR HOOR HV HVHQFLDO FRQWDU FRQ HVSDFLRV TXH
SRVLELOLWHQHVWXGLDUODUHDOLGDGGHVGHHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDKROtVWLFD\HOUtR7DMRSHUPLWHWUDEDMDU
WRGDVHVWDVGLPHQVLRQHV


'HVWDFDPRV DVLPLVPR OD QHFHVLGDG GH OOHYDU D FDER OD LQWHJUDFLyQ GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV
UHODFLRQDGRVFRQHOHFRVLVWHPDDOHMiQGRQRVGHWUDVODGDUYLVLRQHVIUDJPHQWDGDVGHOPHGLRDORV
HVWXGLDQWHVYLVLyQTXHHVWiSRURWURODGRYLQFXODGDDXQPRGHORWUDGLFLRQDOGHODHQVHxDQ]D
GHODVFLHQFLDV\DOHMDGDGHOPRGHORFRPSHWHQFLDO(VWDSHUVSHFWLYDSDUHFHTXHD~QSHUPDQHFH
HQORVGRFHQWHVGHFLHQFLDVH[SHULPHQWDOHVHVSDxROHVWUDVGLH]DxRVGHODLPSODQWDFLyQGHOD
HQVHxDQ]D SRU FRPSHWHQFLDV 0DWHRV -LPpQH] et al. OR TXH KDFH D~Q PiV LQWHUHVDQWH
WUDEDMDU HO HQWRUQR GHVGH HVWD SHUVSHFWLYD GLGiFWLFD \ HO UtR 7DMR HV SDUD HOOR XQ H[FHOHQWH
FHQWUR GH LQWHUpV 3DUD WUDEDMDU HO HQWRUQR FRQ IXWXURV PDHVWURV OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ \ HO PHGLR
QDWXUDOFRPRUHFXUVRVVXSRQHQXQH[FHOHQWHSXQWRGHSDUWLGD
&RQVLGHUDQGRORDQWHULRUHOREMHWLYRGHHVWHWUDEDMRHVLGHQWLILFDUODVFRQFHSFLRQHV\HOHVWDGR
GHO QLYHO GH FRQRFLPLHQWR TXH VREUH HO UtR 7DMR WLHQHQ ORV HVWXGLDQWHV GH ODV )DFXOWDGHV GH
(GXFDFLyQ VLWXDGDV HQ OD FXHQFD GHO UtR 7DMR &RQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH HODERUDU XQD VHULH GH
PHWRGRORJtDV\PDWHULDOHVGLGiFWLFRVTXHIDFLOLWHQDORVHVWXGLDQWHVWHQHUXQDYLVLyQKROtVWLFD
EiVLFDGHODFXHQFDTXHOHVSHUPLWDDGTXLULUFRPSHWHQFLDVJHRJUiILFDVFODYH$VHJXUDQGRDVt
XQD*HRJUDItDGHPD\RUFDOLGDGHQORVFROHJLRV\D\XGDQGRDTXHODVSHUVRQDVFRPSUHQGDQ\
YDORUHQFyPRVHIRUPDQORVOXJDUHV\ORVSDLVDMHV\FyPRHOVHUKXPDQR\HOPHGLRQDWXUDO
LQWHUDFW~DQ

&RQWH[WRGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
(O SUHVHQWH WUDEDMR HV SDUWH GH XQ SUR\HFWR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ PiV DPSOLR WLWXODGR
$SUR[LPDFLyQ D OD YLVLyQ JHRJUiILFD GHO UtR 7DMR HQ OD IRUPDFLyQ LQLFLDO GH PDHVWURV GH
(GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD (O REMHWLYR GH HVWH SUR\HFWR HV OD LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV \
SHUFHSFLRQHV VREUH HO UtR 7DMR TXH SRVHHQ ORV PDHVWURV GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD HQ HO ~OWLPR
DxRGHVXIRUPDFLyQLQLFLDOTXHFXUVDQVXVHVWXGLRVHQ)DFXOWDGHVXELFDGDVHQODFXHQFDGHO
UtR7DMRWDQWRHQ(VSDxDFRPRHQ3RUWXJDO(VWDV)DFXOWDGHVVRQODVORFDOL]DGDVHQ/LVERD
6DQWDUpP \ &DVWHOR %ODQFR 3RUWXJDO \ &iFHUHV 7ROHGR \ $OFDOi GH +HQDUHV (VSDxD
)LJXUD (Q HVWH WUDEDMR VH DGHODQWDQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
OOHYDGDDFDERHQOD)DFXOWDGGH(GXFDFLyQGH&iFHUHV\FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVD PHGLRQDWXUDO
4XHGDHQHOPDUFRGHHVWHSUR\HFWRODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQHOUHVWRGHFHQWURVXQLYHUVLWDULRVGHOD
FXHQFDGHOUtR7DMRQR VyORFRQVLGHUDQGRODSHUVSHFWLYDGHPHGLRQDWXUDOVLQR WDPELpQORV
FRQRFLPLHQWRVHLGHDVGHODOXPQDGRVREUHHOPHGLRVRFLDO\FXOWXUDO
,QYHVWLJDFLRQHVDQWHULRUHV 6iQFKH] (PHWHULR \ *DUFtD )HUQiQGH] D E HYLGHQFLDQ
HQORVFRQWH[WRVHVSDxRO\SRUWXJXpVXQDFDUHQFLDGHFRQRFLPLHQWRVHQFXHVWLRQHVUHODWLYDVDO
IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH HFRVLVWHPDV DFXiWLFRV 3RU HOOR VREUH OD KLSyWHVLV GH TXH HVWDV FDUHQFLDV
IRUPDWLYDVSRGUtDQUHSURGXFLUVHHQUHODFLyQDOUtR7DMRHQPDHVWURVHQIRUPDFLyQVHSODQWHy
FRPRREMHWLYRLGHQWLILFDUODVFRQFHSFLRQHV\HOFRQRFLPLHQWRTXHVREUHHOPHGLRQDWXUDOGHO
UtR7DMRWLHQHQORVHVWXGLDQWHVGH~OWLPRFXUVRGH*UDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDSHUWHQHFLHQWHV
D OD )DFXOWDG GH (GXFDFLyQ GH &iFHUHV FRPR XQD SDUWH GH XQ FRQWH[WR LQYHVWLJDWLYR PiV
DPSOLR

0(72'2/2*$
3DUD DVLVWLU \ HVWLPXODU D ORV DOXPQRV HQ EDVH D ORV GHFUHWRV HGXFDWLYRV VH KDFH QHFHVDULR
GHGLFDUPiVWLHPSRDOGLVHxRGHODVDVLJQDWXUDV6iQFKH](PHWHULRD\DOFRQRFLPLHQWR
SUHYLR TXH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV WLHQHQ GH OD PDWHULD D WUDWDU 3DUD ORJUDU HVWD ILQDOLGDG VH KD
GHVDUUROODGRHOWUDEDMRTXHDTXtVHSUHVHQWDFX\DPHWRGRORJtDHPSOHDGDVHHQPDUFDGHQWURGHO


SDUDGLJPD FXDOLWDWLYR DXQTXH SDUD VX DQiOLVLV VH KDQ HPSOHDGR WpFQLFDV GH FDUiFWHU PL[WR
SXHV HO WUDWDPLHQWR GH GDWRV VH KD UHDOL]DGR GHVGH DPEDV DSUR[LPDFLRQHV FXDQWLWDWLYD \
FXDOLWDWLYD

,QVWUXPHQWRGHUHFRJLGDGHGDWRV
(OLQVWUXPHQWRHOHJLGRSDUDODUHFRJLGDGHGDWRVKDVLGRXQFXHVWLRQDULRHQHOTXHVHUHFRJHQ
SUHJXQWDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOPHGLRQDWXUDOGHOUtR7DMR7DEOD3DUDHOORVHKDWHQLGRHQ
FXHQWDTXHODVH[SHFWDWLYDVGHORVHQFXHVWDGRUHVQRLQIOX\HVHQVREUHODFRQGXFWDUHVSXHVWDV
GHORVVXMHWRVHQFXHVWDGRVFRQODILQDOLGDGGHHYLWDUHOHIHFWRGHOH[SHULPHQWDGRUGHVFULWRSRU
5RVHQWKDO/RVFRQWHQLGRV KDQVLGRVHOHFFLRQDGRV DGHPiVGH SRUVXUHOHYDQFLDSDUD
FRPSUHQGHU HO HVWDGR \ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO UtR SRU VX LQFOXVLyQ GHQWUR GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV
PDUFDGRVSRUORV'HFUHWRVHGXFDWLYRVGHODHWDSDGH3ULPDULDDQLYHOQDFLRQDO5HDO'HFUHWR
\VXWUDQVSRVLFLyQDOD&RPXQLGDGGH([WUHPDGXUD'HFUHWR
(OFXHVWLRQDLURFRQVWDGHtWHPVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDSUHJXQWDVDELHUWDV\FHUUDGDVHQWUHODV
FXDOHVKD\GLFRWyPLFDVGHUHVSXHVWDP~OWLSOHGHFUHHQFLDV\RSLQLRQHV\H[SOLFDWLYDV7DEOD
(ORUGHQGHODGLILFXOWDGGHODVSUHJXQWDVKDVLGRGLVHxDGRWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDXQHTXLOLEULR
HQWUH EDODQFHR \ FRQWUDEDODQFHR HV GHFLU TXH OD GLILFXOWDG GH ODV SUHJXQWDV VH UHSDUWD GH
IRUPDTXHQRVHSURGX]FDXQHIHFWRGHFDQVDQFLRDOUHVSRQGHUDOFXHVWLRQDULR\ODV~OWLPDV
SUHJXQWDVWDPELpQSXHGDQVHUFRQWHVWDGDVGHIRUPDPHGLWDGD(VWHLQVWUXPHQWRIXHYDOLGDGR
PHGLDQWH MXLFLR GH H[SHUWRV HQ HO iPELWR GH OD 'LGiFWLFD GH ODV &LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV \
([SHULPHQWDOHV'HHVWDYDOLGDFLyQVHGHULYyODFODULGDG\IiFLOFRPSUHQVLyQGHODVGLIHUHQWHV
SUHJXQWDVDVtFRPRODSHUWLQHQFLDGHORVGLIHUHQWHVtWHPVTXHORLQWHJUDQ
'yQGHQDFHHOUtR7DMR",QGtFDORGHODIRUPDPiVFRQFUHWDTXHSXHGDV
'yQGHGHVHPERFDHOUtR7DMR"
/D]RQDWHUPLQDOGHOUtR7DMRHV
D 8QDUtD
E 8QGHOWD
F 8QHVWXDULR
G 1RORVp
(QTXpPDVDGHDJXDGHVHPERFDHOUtR7DMR"
D (QXQUtR
E (QHOPDU
F (QXQODJR
G 1RORVp
H 2WURV
,QGLFDDOPHQRVWUHVUD]RQHVTXHMXVWLILTXHQODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHOPHGLRQDWXUDOGHOUtR
7DMR
,QGLFDODVIXQFLRQHVGHOUtR7DMR\VLHVWDVSXHGHQVHUWUDEDMDGDVHQ(GXFDFLyQ'HVSXpV
H[SOLFDEUHYHPHQWHFyPRSXHGHQVHUWUDEDMDGDV
6HxDODYDORUHVDVRFLDGRVDOUtR7DMR\VLHVWRVSXHGHQVHUWUDEDMDGRVHQHGXFDFLyQ\FyPR
6HxDODORVSUREOHPDVDPELHQWDOHVTXHFRQR]FDVGHOUtR7DMR(LQGLFDHQTXpSDUWHGHOUtR
SXHGHQHQFRQWUDVHDOWDPHGLDREDMD
7DEOD&XHVWLRQDULRDSOLFDGR


3URFHGLPLHQWRGHDSOLFDFLyQ\DQiOLVLVGHGDWRV
(OFXHVWLRQDULRVHKDDSOLFDGRHQIRUPDWRSDSHO(ODQiOLVLVGHORVGDWRVUHVXOWDQWHVKDVLGRGH
FDUiFWHUGHVFULSWLYRHPSOHDQGRHOVRIWZDUH,%06366VWDWLVWLFV

0XHVWUDSDUWLFLSDQWH
/DPXHVWUDIXHHOHJLGDPHGLDQWHPXHVWUHRQRSUREDELOtVWLFRLQWHQFLRQDO6HFRPSRQHGH
HVWXGLDQWHVPXMHUHV\KRPEUHVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDFXDUWRFXUVRGH*UDGRGH0DHVWURGH
(GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD HQ OD )DFXOWDG GH (GXFDFLyQ GH &iFHUHV GXUDQWH HO FXUVR DFDGpPLFR
/DHGDGPHGLDHVGHDxRVGHVYLDFLyQWtSLFD
'H HOORV KDEtD UHDOL]DGR SUiFWLFDV GHQWUR GH OD IRUPDFLyQ GRFHQWH HUD GRFHQWH GH
VHFXQGDULD D~Q QR KDEtD UHDOL]DGR ODV SUiFWLFDV GHQWUR GH IRUPDFLyQ GRFHQWH \ KDEtD
WUDEDMDGR FRPR GRFHQWH GH FODVHV SDUWLFXODUHV 1R IDFLOLWDURQ HVWD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH ORV
SDUWLFLSDQWHV
5HVSHFWR DO OXJDU GH SURFHGHQFLD GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV OD PD\RUtD HV GH &iFHUHV FDSLWDO
PLHQWUDV TXH SHUVRQDV KDELWDQ HQ PXQLFLSLRV GH OD SURYLQFLD GH &iFHUHV \ HQ OD GH
%DGDMR](OUHVWRSURFHGHQGHOXJDUHVGHIXHUDGH([WUHPDGXUDGRVGHHOORVGHHQWRUQRVSRU
GRQGHGLVFXUUHHOUtR7DMR

5(68/7$'26
/RVUHVXOWDGRVHYLGHQFLDQXQHVFDVRFRQRFLPLHQWRSRUSDUWHGHODPXHVWUDSDUWLFLSDQWH(QOD
SUHJXQWD'yQGHQDFHHOUtR7DMR",QGtFDORGHODIRUPDPiVFRQFUHWDTXHSXHGDVXQ
GH ORV VXMHWRV QR GD XQD UHVSXHVWD \ RWUR GD UHVSXHVWDV HUUyQHDV 'H ODV UHVSXHVWDV
FRUUHFWDV HO QLYHO GH FRQFUHFLyQ HV EDVWDQWH YDULDEOH DOJXQRV LQGLFDQ FRPR OXJDU GH
QDFLPLHQWR ORV 0RQWHV 8QLYHUVDOHV R OD 6LHUUD GH $OEDUUDFtQ OD PD\RUtD LQGLFD OD
SURYLQFLDGH7HUXHO\RWURVLQGLFDQ$UDJyQR(VSDxD(QFXDQWRDODVUHVSXHVWDV
LQFRUUHFWDV SUHGRPLQDQ ORFDOL]DFLRQHV FDVWHOODQRPDQFKHJDV FRPR ODV /DJXQDV GH 5XLGHUD
&DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD *XDGDODMDUD &XHQFD R 7ROHGR RWURV LQGLYLGXRV
PHQFLRQDQ ORFDOL]DFLRQHV FRPR &DVWLOOD \ /HyQ 0DGULG ([WUHPDGXUD H LQFOXVR
3RUWXJDO
&RQUHVSHFWRDODSUHJXQWD'yQGHGHVHPERFDHOUtR7DMR"VtTXHVHGDXQDOWRSRUFHQWDMH
GH DFLHUWR HQ OD PXHVWUD SDUWLFLSDQWH HO LGHQWLILFD FRPR OXJDU GH GHVHPERFDGXUD GHO
7DMR D /LVERD HO 2FpDQR $WOiQWLFR R 3RUWXJDO DXQTXH HVWDV GRV ~OWLPDV
UHVSXHVWDVSXHGHQFRQVLGHUDUVHFRPRPX\JHQHUDOHVGiQGRVHHQPXFKRVFDVRVXQDUHVSXHVWD
FRPSXHVWDSRUGHHVWRVOXJDUHVSUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWH/LVERD\HO2FpDQR$WOiQWLFR6RORHO
QRGDXQDUHVSXHVWDPLHQWUDVTXHXQ~QLFRLQGLYLGXRGDXQDUHVSXHVWDLQFRUUHFWDDO
VHxDODU9DOHQFLDFRPROXJDUGHGHVHPERFDGXUDGHOUtR7DMR
(Q FXDQWR D OD SUHJXQWD /D ]RQDWHUPLQDO GHO UtR 7DMR HVFDVL OD PLWDG GH OD PXHVWUD
SDUWLFLSDQWH LQGLFDQ GHVFRQRFHUOR 'H ORV TXH Vt SURSRUFLRQDQ XQD UHVSXHVWD VROR OR
KDFHQGHPDQHUDFRUUHFWDHODOLQGLFDUTXHVHWUDWDGHXQHVWXDULRLQGLYLGXRV(O
GDXQDUHVSXHVWDLQFRUUHFWDDOVHxDODUTXHVHWUDWDGHXQGHOWDRELHQGHXQDUtD
(Q OD SUHJXQWD (Q TXp PDVDGH DJXD GHVHPERFD HO UtR 7DMR" HO LQGLFy TXH HO UtR
7DMR GHVHPERFD HQ HO 2FpDQR $WOiQWLFR LQGLYLGXRV R ELHQ HQ HO RFpDQR VLQ
FRQFUHWDU PiV 8QUHVSRQGHTXHGHVHPERFD HQ HO PDULQGLYLGXRVPLHQWUDVTXHHO


FRQVLGHUD TXH GHVHPERFD HQ XQ UtR (O GLFH QR VDEHUOR R QR FRQWHVWD D OD
SUHJXQWD
&RQUHVSHFWRDODSUHJXQWD,QGLFDDOPHQRVWUHVUD]RQHVTXHMXVWLILTXHQODFRQVHUYDFLyQ
GHOPHGLRQDWXUDOGHOUtR7DMRPiVGHODPLWDGGHODPXHVWUDSDUWLFLSDQWHLQGLYLGXRVQR
FRQWHVWy D HVWD SUHJXQWD /D PHGLD GH UD]RQHV FRQVLJQDGDV SRU FDGD SDUWLFLSDQWH HV GH
GHVYLDFLyQ WtSLFD (QWUHODVUD]RQHVSURSRUFLRQDGDVSDUD OD FRQVHUYDFLyQGHO PHGLR
QDWXUDOGHOUtR7DMRSUHGRPLQDQUHVSXHVWDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQORVYDORUHVQDWXUDOHVGHOPHGLR
ELyWLFR FRPR OD IDXQD OD IORUD R ODV HVSHFLHV HQ JHQHUDO $OJXQDV UHVSXHVWDV
WDPELpQDOXGHQDOSDLVDMHRDDVSHFWRVPiVJHQHUDOHVGHOPHGLRItVLFRFRPRHOHVWDGRGH
FRQVHUYDFLyQORVYDORUHVPHGLRDPELHQWDOHVRGHORVHFRVLVWHPDV2WUDVUHVSXHVWDV
PiV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ HO PHGLR KXPDQR R VRFLRHFRQyPLFR DOXGHQ D DVSHFWRV FRPR ORV
UHFXUVRV KtGULFRV TXH DSRUWD HO UtR OD LPSRUWDQFLD GHO UtR 7DMR VX YDORU SDUD ORV
DSURYHFKDPLHQWRV KXPDQRV \ HO GHVDUUROOR HFRQyPLFR R DOJXQRV DVSHFWRV PiV
FRQFUHWRVFRPRVXUHODFLyQFRQODJHQHUDFLyQGHHQHUJtDKLGURHOpFWULFDRQXFOHDU\FRQ
HOWXULVPR\ODJHQHUDFLyQGHHPSOHR&DEHGHVWDFDUTXHPX\SRFRVDOXGHQDDVSHFWRV
FRPRVXYDORUGLGiFWLFRFXOWXUDORKLVWyULFR
/DVUHVSXHVWDVRWRUJDGDVDODSUHJXQWD,QGLFDODVIXQFLRQHVGHOUtR7DMR\VLHVWDVSXHGHQ
VHU WUDEDMDGDV HQ (GXFDFLyQ 'HVSXpV H[SOLFD EUHYHPHQWH FyPR SXHGHQ VHU WUDEDMDGDV
HYLGHQFLDQXQLPSRUWDQWHGHVFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODPXHVWUDSDUWLFLSDQWHVREUHODVIXQFLRQHVGHO
UtR7DMRSXHVVRORGHORVVXMHWRVSDUWLFLSDQWHVUHVSRQGLHURQDODPLVPD/DPHGLDGH
IXQFLRQHV FRQVLJQDGDV SRU FDGD SDUWLFLSDQWH HV GH GHVYLDFLyQ WtSLFD /DV
SULQFLSDOHVIXQFLRQHVFLWDGDVIXHURQDEDVWHFLPLHQWRFLWDGDSRUVXMHWRVIXHQWHGHHQHUJtD
KLGURHOpFWULFDFLWDGDSRUIXHQWHGHSHVFDUHJDGtRUHIXJLRGHIORUD\IDXQD
PDQWHQLPLHQWR GHO HTXLOLEULR GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH \ OD ELRGLYHUVLGDG UHVHUYD GH DJXD HQ
HPEDOVHVJHQHUDGRUGHWXULVPR\HQHOSDVDGRGHIHQVDGHODVFLXGDGHVSUy[LPDV
QLFDPHQWH VXMHWRV DVRFLDURQ ODV IXQFLRQHV FLWDGDV DO iPELWR HGXFDWLYR VLHQGR HQ HVWH
FDVRODPHGLDGHUHVSXHVWDVSRUVXMHWRGHGHVYLDFLyQWtSLFD ,QGLFDURQTXHHVWDV
IXQFLRQHVSRGtDQWUDEDMDUVHHVWXGLDQGRODIDXQDFLWDGDSRUVXMHWRV\ODIORUDFLWDGDSRU
PHGLDQWH VDOLGDV GH FDPSR IDYRUHFLHQGR HO FRQWDFWR FRQ HO PHGLR FLWDGD SRU VXMHWRV
HVWXGLDQGR ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO HFRVLVWHPD \ VX GLYHUVLGDG ODV HQHUJtDV UHQRYDEOHV
OD PRUIRORJtD GHO WHUUHQR \ DVSHFWRV JHRJUiILFRV HO DSURYHFKDPLHQWR GH UHFXUVRV
QDWXUDOHVHOSDWULPRQLRFXOWXUDOPHGLDQWHPDSDVHLPiJHQHVHVWXGLDQGRHOFLFOR
KLGUROyJLFR ODV FRQGLFLRQHV SDUD OD VXSHUYLYHQFLD GH ORV VHUHV YLYRV HO FOLPD \
YLQFXOiQGROR D OD HGXFDFLyQ SDUD OD FLXGDGDQtD /DV UHVSXHVWDV FRQVLJQDGDV VRQ PX\
JHQHUDOLVWDV\QRVHFHQWUDQHQFyPRWUDEDMDUHVSHFtILFDPHQWHODVIXQFLRQHVGHOHFRVLVWHPD
'HODVUHVSXHVWDVRWRUJDGDVD ODSUHJXQWD6HxDODYDORUHVDVRFLDGRVDOUtR7DMR \VLHVWRV
SXHGHQVHUWUDEDMDGRVHQHGXFDFLyQ\FyPRVHGHULYDXQLPSRUWDQWHGHVFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOD
PXHVWUD SDUWLFLSDQWH HQ UHODFLyQ D ORV YDORUHV GHO UtR 7DMR \ VX WUDQVSRVLFLyQ DO iPELWR
HGXFDWLYR $Vt WDQ VROR GH ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV UHVSRQGLHURQ D OD SUHJXQWD VLHQGR OD
PHGLD GH YDORUHV FLWDGRV SRU HVWXGLDQWH SDUWLFLSDQWH GH WDO VROR GHVYLDFLyQ WtSLFD
/RV YDORUHV FLWDGRV IXHURQ ORV VLJXLHQWHV YDORU FRPR HFRVLVWHPD TXH KD GH VHU
UHVSHWDGR \ SURWHJLGR FLWDGR SRU HVWXGLDQWHV YDORU HGXFDWLYR FLWDGR SRU YDORU
DVRFLDGR D ODV HPRFLRQHV YDORU FXOWXUDO VRFLDO KLVWyULFR SDWULPRQLDO
UHFUHDWLYRFRPRKiELWDWGHIORUD\IDXQDIXHQWHGHUHFXUVRV\YDORUHFRQyPLFR
&XDQGRVHOHVSLGHH[SOLFDUFyPRWUDEDMDUHVWRVYDORUHVHQHGXFDFLyQODVUHVSXHVWDVVRQ
D~Q PiV HVFDVDV SXHV VRQ VROR HVWXGLDQWHV TXLHQHV UHVSRQGHQ D HVWD SUHJXQWD


UHJLVWUiQGRVH XQD PHGLD GH UHVSXHVWDV SRU DOXPQR GHVYLDFLyQ WtSLFD /RV
HVWXGLDQWHVH[SOLFDQTXHORVYDORUHVFLWDGRVSXHGHQVHUWUDEDMDGRVHQHGXFDFLyQPHGLDQWHOD
FRQFLHQFLDFLyQ VREUH OD LPSRUWDQFLD SURWHJHU \ UHVSHWDU HO HFRVLVWHPD FLWDGR SRU
HVWXGLDQWHVHVWXGLDQGRODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOHFRVLVWHPDFLWDGRSRUSRQLHQGRHQYDORUHO
HFRVLVWHPDUHDOL]DQGRYLVLWDVJXLDGDVPRYLOL]DQGRODVHPRFLRQHVDVRFLDGDVDOHQWRUQR
UHDOL]DQGR PXUDOHV UHFRJLHQGR EDVXUD \ SODQWDQGR iUEROHV 6H REVHUYDQ GH
QXHYRUHVSXHVWDVPX\JHQHUDOLVWDV
(Q FXDQWR D OD SUHJXQWD 6HxDOD ORV SUREOHPDV DPELHQWDOHV TXH FRQR]FDV GHO UtR 7DMR (
LQGLFD HQ TXp SDUWH GHO UtR SXHGHQ HQFRQWUDVH DOWD PHGLD R EDMD HQ HVWH FDVR VRQ
HVWXGLDQWHV TXLHQHV UHVSRQGHQ D OD SUHJXQWD FLWDQGR XQD PHGLD GH SUREOHPDV SRU
HVWXGLDQWHGHVYLDFLyQWtSLFD (QHVWHFDVRGHVWDFDTXHHOSUREOHPDPiVFLWDGRHVHO
GH OD FRQWDPLQDFLyQ VLQ HVSHFLILFDU GH TXp WLSR FLWDGR SRU HVWXGLDQWHV FRQWDPLQDFLyQ
DF~VWLFDFLWDGRSRUFRQWDPLQDFLyQGHELGRDODFHQWUDOQXFOHDUGH$OPDUD]VHJXLGDGHO
SRFRFDXGDOGHOUtRFLWDGRSRUHVWXGLDQWHVH[LVWHQFLDGHHVSHFLHVHQSHOLJURGHH[WLQFLyQ
\HVSHFLHVLQYDVRUDVFRQVWUXFFLyQHQORVPiUJHQHVGHOUtRLQFHQGLRVDFFLRQHV
DQWURSRJpQLFDV DFFLyQ GH ODV SUHVDV \ H[LVWHQFLD GH HOHPHQWRV YLVXDOHV SRFR
DGHFXDGRVQLFDPHQWHHQXQRGHORVFDVRVXQRGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVFLWDHOSUREOHPDGHOD
FRQWDPLQDFLyQ\ORDVRFLDDOWUDPRPHGLRGHOUtR3RUWDQWRSXHGHFRQFOXLUVHTXHPiVDOOiGHO
SUREOHPD JHQHUDO GH OD FRQWDPLQDFLyQ ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHV QR VRQ FDSDFHV GH UHIHULU RWUDV
SUREOHPiWLFDVDVRFLDGDV
'H WRGDV ODV UHVSXHVWDV DQDOL]DGDV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ HO iPELWR HGXFDWLYR VH GHWHFWD OD
DXVHQFLDGHSURSXHVWDVGHDFWLYLGDGHVGHUHIOH[LyQHQHODXOD

&21&/86,21(6<9$/25$&,21(6),1$/(6
/RV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV VREUH HO FRQRFLPLHQWR \ ODV FRQFHSFLRQHV TXH GHO UtR 7DMR SRVHHQ
ORVHVWXGLDQWHVTXHHQEUHYHVHUiQPDHVWURVSRQHQGHPDQLILHVWRODQHFHVLGDGGHLQYHVWLJDU\
WUDEDMDUHOHQWRUQRFRPRUHFXUVRHGXFDWLYR
8QSURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]D\DSUHQGL]DMHTXHVHD~WLOSDUDUHVROYHUDOJXQRVGHORVSULQFLSDOHV
SUREOHPDV DPELHQWDOHV HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG GHEH SDVDU QHFHVDULDPHQWH SRU SDUWLU GHO
FRQRFLPLHQWRTXHORVIXWXURVGRFHQWHVWLHQHQ(OKHFKRGHTXHORVDOXPQRVQRVHDQFDSDFHV
GHGDUUHVSXHVWDDFXHVWLRQHVFRPRHOSRUTXpGHEHSURWHJHUVHHOUtRD~QKDELHQGRHVWXGLDGR
HFRVLVWHPDVDFXiWLFRVSXHGHFRQOOHYDUDTXHVXHQVHxDQ]DVHKD\DEDVDGRHQXQD*HRJUDItD
FRPR VHxDODED $XGLJLHU GHVFULSWLYD \ HQ PHQRU PHGLGD H[SOLFDWLYD HQ OD TXH ORV
GLVFXUVRV MXVWLILFDWLYRV \ DUJXPHQWRV DSHQDV DSHUHFHQ \ HQ OD TXH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV TXHGDQ
UHOHJDGDVDFRQWHQLGRVFRQFHSWXDOHV
3DUDLQWHQWDUVROYHQWDUHVWDVFDUHQFLDVFRPSHWHQFLDOHVGHWHFWDGDVTXHVRQODVTXHUHDOPHQWH
SRVLELOLWDUtDQ D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV DERUGDU SUREOHPiWLFDV UHDOHV GHO HQWRUQR VH WRUQD
LQGLVSHQVDEOHHQ*HRJUDItDGHVDUUROODUFRPSHWHQFLDVGHIRUPDKROtVWLFDTXHSHUPLWDQFRQRFHU
HOHQWRUQR
$GHPiVPHGLDQWHHVWHHVWXGLRVHKDSXHVWRGHPDQLILHVWRFRPRDOGHVFRQRFHUVXHQWRUQRORV
HVWXGLDQWHVGHVFRQRFHQODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDVTXHpVWHEULQGD(VWHGHVFRQRFLPLHQWRGH
ORVYDORUHVIXQFLRQHV\SUREOHPiWLFDGHXQHFRVLVWHPDK~PHGRFRPRHVHOUtR7DMRQRSDUHFH
H[FOXVLYRGHHVWHWUDEDMRSXHVWDPELpQVHKDUHFRJLGRHQWUDEDMRVSUHYLRVVREUHLGHQWLILFDFLyQ
GHFRQFHSFLRQHV\SHUFHSFLRQHVGHORVPDHVWURVHQIRUPDFLyQHVSDxROHV\SRUWXJXHVHVVREUH
HFRVLVWHPDVDFXiWLFRV6iQFKH](PHWHULR\*DUFtD)HUQiQGH]D(OORDSXQWDDOD


QHFHVLGDGGHGHVDUUROODUIXWXUDVOtQHDVGHWUDEDMRTXHSHUPLWDQLQYHVWLJDUODIRUPDGHPHMRUDU
HO FRQRFLPLHQWR TXH VREUH HO HQWRUQR SRVHHQ ORV GRFHQWHV HQ FXHVWLRQHV UHODWLYDV WDQWR D
PHGLR QDWXUDO FRPR VRFLDO \ FXOWXUDO HVSHFtILFDPHQWH HQ RWURV FRQWH[WRV DFDGpPLFRV GH
IRUPDFLyQGRFHQWHOLJDGRVHQHOFDVRTXHQRVRFXSDDODFXHQFDGHOUtR7DMRSXHVVyORDVt
SRGUtDFRQWULEXLUVHDODFRQFLHQFLDFLyQVREUHODFRQVHUYDFLRQ\PHMRUDGHHVWHHFRVLVWHPD

$JUDGHFLPLHQWRV
$JUDGHFHPRVDO'HSDUWDPHQWRGH*HRJUDItD\2UGHQDFLyQGHO7HUULWRULRGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH
&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKDODFRQFHVLyQHQGHOSUR\HFWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ$352;,0$&,1$
/$9,6,1*(2*5),&$'(/527$-2(1/$)250$&,1,1,&,$/'(
0$(67526'(('8&$&,135,0$5,$GHQWURGHOFXDOVHHQPDUFDHVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ

%,%/,2*5$)$
$XGLJLHU ) 3HQVDU OD *HRJUDItD HVFRODU 8Q UHSWH SHU D OD GLGiFWLFD Documents
d'anlisi geogrficaSS
&RRN + %HQVRQ ' ,QPDQ $ -RUGDQ $ \ 6PLWK / &DWFKPHQW PDQDJHPHQW
JURXSVLQ(QJODQGDQG:DOHVH[WHQWUROHVDQGLQIOXHQFHVWater and Environment Journal
SS
'HFUHWRGHSRUHOTXHVHHVWDEOHFHHOFXUUtFXORGHOD(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD
HQOD&RPXQLGDG$XWyQRPDGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD'2&0QGHMXOLRGH
'HFUHWRGHGHMXQLRSRUHOTXHVHHVWDEOHFHHOFXUUtFXORGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD
SDUDOD&RPXQLGDG$XWyQRPDGH([WUHPDGXUD'2(QGHMXQLRGH
*DUFtD)HUQiQGH]%1DYDUUR*iPLU9\$VHQVLR6iQFKH]/$V\QWKHWLFPRGHORI
VXUIDFH LQXQGDWLRQ UHODWLRQVKLSV DQG ZDWHU VRXUFH LPSDFWV RI WKH ZHWODQG /DV 7DEODV GH
'DLPLHO1DWLRQDO3DUN&HQWUDO6SDLQEcological engineeringSS
*DUFtD)HUQiQGH]%\6iQFKH](PHWHULR*/DIRUPDFLyQSHUPDQHQWHGHPDHVWURV
HQ OD (GXFDFLyQ SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR VRVWHQLEOH HQ ( %HUQDUG FRRUG Actualizacin de los
nuevos sistemas educativos0DGULG$&&,SS
*DUFtD)HUQiQGH]%6iQFKH](PHWHULR*\6iQFKH]5DPRV'/DWUDQVSRVLFLyQ
GLGiFWLFDGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQKXPHGDOHVEstudios sobre el mensaje periodsticoSS

*DUFtD )HUQiQGH] % \ 6iQFKH] 9L]FDtQR - (VWUDWHJLDV GLGiFWLFDV SDUD HQVHxDU D
WUDYpVGHOHQWRUQRHQ$0DQ]DQDUHV0R\D\$0DWHRV-LPpQH]FRRUGMejores maestros,
mejores educadores. Innovacin y propuestas en educacin $UFKLGRQD 0iODJD (GLWRULDO
$OMLEHSS
*UXSR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ GHO 7DMR 3RU TXp OR KDFHPRV Blogs de la Universidad de
Castilla-La Mancha. >(QOtQHD$FFHVROLEUH@7ROHGR8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD
KWWSVEORJXFOPHVJUXSRWDMRSRUTXHORKDFHPRV!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
+XJKHV 0 :HLOHU % \ &XUWLV - :KDW
V WKH 3UREOHP" 5LYHU 0DQDJHPHQW
(GXFDWLRQ DQG 3XEOLF %HOLHIV AMBIO - A Journal of the Human Environment
SSGRLV


,QWHUQDWLRQDO *HRJUDSKHUV 8QLRQ 'HFODUDFLyQ ,QWHUQDFLRQDO VREUH ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ
(GXFDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDConferencia Regional de la UGI0RVF~5XVLD
0DWHRV -LPpQH] $ *DUFtD )HUQiQGH] % \ %HMDUDQR )UDQFR 07 +RZ VSDQLVK
VFLHQFHWHDFKHUVSHUFHLYHWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIFRPSHWHQFHEDVHGVFLHQFHWHDFKLQJJournal of
Baltic Science EducationSS
1DYDUUR9*DUFtD%\$VHQVLR/&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIWKHLQILOWUDWLRQUDWHLQ/DV
7DEODVGH'DLPLHO1DWLRQDO3DUN&HQWUDO6SDLQHydrological ProcessesSS
1DYDUUR9*DUFtD%6iQFKH]'\$VHQVLR/$QHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI
WUHDWHGVHZDJHHIIOXHQWVLQ/DV7DEODVGH'DLPLHO1DWLRQDO3DUN&HQWUDO6SDLQJournal of
HydrologySS
2EDUD $7 6X]XNL +, 7DNHPRWR 50 7RPDQLN $ &RUUHGDWR3HULRWWR 75 \ 6LOYD
'LDV 0* (QYLURQPHQWDO HGXFDWLRQ LQ WKH 8SSHU 3DUDQi 5LYHU IORRGSODLQ
PXQLFLSDOLW\ RI 3RUWR 5LFR 3DUDQi 6WDWH %UD]LO Brazilian Journal of Biology (Revista
Brasileira de Biologia)6XSSOSS
3DJqV-/DVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHPDHVWURVREUHODHQVHxDQ]DGHODV
&LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHV FXiOHV VRQ" FyPR DSURYHFKDUODV" Investigacin en la Escuela
SS
(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD%2(QGHGHPDU]RGH
5RGUtJXH] ) &RQFHELU OD JHRJUDItD HVFRODU GHVGH XQD QXHYD SHUVSHFWLYD XQD
GLVFLSOLQDDOVHUYLFLRGHODFXOWXUDHVFRODUBoletn de la Asociacin de Gegrafos Espaoles
SS
5RVHQWKDO 5 Experimenter effects in behavioral research 1HZ <RUN $SSOHWRQ
&HQWXU\&URIWV
6iQFKH] (PHWHULR * \ *DUFtD )HUQiQGH] % D $SUHQGHU SDUD FRPXQLFDU EDVHV GH
SDUWLGD HQ HQWRUQRV GH KXPHGDOHV LEpULFRV Historia y comunicacin social Q~P
HVSHFLDOSS
6iQFKH] (PHWHULR * \ *DUFtD )HUQiQGH] % E (YDOXDFLyQ GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR \
FRPXQLFDFLyQ /D UHVHUYD GH OD %LRVIHUD GH OD 0DQFKD +~PHGD HQ ODV )DFXOWDGHV GH
(GXFDFLyQ HQ - 5RGUtJXH] 7RUUHV FRRUG Cdigos comunicativos y docencia 0DGULG
9LVLyQ/LEURVSS
6iQFKH] (PHWHULR * D (O XVR GH UHFXUVRV GLGiFWLFRV S~EOLFRV GLVSRQLEOHV RQOLQH
FRPRRSFLyQPHWRGROyJLFDSDUDODHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFDHQ50DUWtQH]\(07RQGDHGV
Nuevas perspectivas conceptuales y metodolgicas para la educacin geogrfica 9RO ,,
&yUGRED*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD$*(8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGREDSS
6iQFKH](PHWHULR*E/DLPSRUWDQFLDGHODVLGHDVSUHYLDVHQGRFHQWHV\GLVFHQWHV
SDUD OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH DSUHQGL]DMHV VLJQLILFDWLYRV HQ 5 0DUWtQH] \ (0 7RQGD HGV
Nuevas perspectivas conceptuales y metodolgicas para la educacin geogrfica 9RO ,
&yUGRED*UXSRGH'LGiFWLFDGHOD$*(8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGREDSS
6HEDVWLi $OFDUD] 5 ,GHDV SUHYLDV \ DSUHQGL]DMH VLJQLILFDWLYR HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD
*HRJUDItD HQ 5 0DUWtQH] \ (0 7RQGD HGV Nuevas perspectivas conceptuales y
metodolgicas para la educacin geogrfica 9RO , &yUGRED *UXSR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD
$*(8QLYHUVLGDGGH&yUGREDSS


81(6&2 7KH 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV :RUOG :DWHU 'HYHORSPHQW 5HSRUW :DWHU LQ D
FKDQJLQJ ZRUOG World Water Assessment Programme United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)3DUtV)UDQFLD81(6&2
81(6&2The 11th Education for All Global Monitoring Report: Achieving quality for
all3DUtV)UDQFLD81(6&2
9i]TXH] $ 3DUHMD $ \ 5XELR 9 Tajo-Tejo Ro Ibrico 7ROHGR -XQWD GH
&RPXQLGDGHVGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKDH,EHUGUROD
:DWWFKRZ%0RYLQJRQDQ(IIRUWOHVV-RXUQH\3DGGOLQJ5LYHU3ODFHVDQG2XWGRRU
(GXFDWLRQ3DUW,,Australian Journal of Outdoor EducationSS
;LRQJ < +DR ; /LDR & \ =HQJ = 5HODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ ZDWHUFRQVHUYDWLRQ
EHKDYLRU DQG ZDWHU HGXFDWLRQ LQ *XDQJ]KRX &KLQD Environmental Earth Sciences
SSGRLV[


(9$/8$&,1'(5(&85626','&7,&267,&/(&&,21(6'(
25,(17$&,1(63$&,$/(1MI AMIGA LA TIERRA,167,7872
*(2*5),&21$&,21$/(63$f$

5DIDHO6HEDVWLi$OFDUD]
(PLOLD0DUtD7RQGD0RQOORU
Departamento de Didctica General y Didcticas Especficas, Facultad de Educacin, Universidad de Alicante
rafael.sebastia@ua.es; emilia.tonda@ua.es
5(680(1
/DVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDVSHUPLWHQDFFHGHUDXQDDPSOLDYDULHGDGGHUHFXUVRVGLGiFWLFRV0XFKRVGHHOORVGDQOD
LPSUHVLyQ VLPSOHPHQWH SRU HO KHFKR GH HVWDU HQ ,QWHUQHW GH IRUPD LQWXLWLYD TXH WLHQHQ VXILFLHQWH FDOLGDG
GLGiFWLFD $GHPiV VXHOHQ VHU DWUDFWLYRV SRUTXH HVWiQ HODERUDGRV SRU FXDOLILFDGRV SURIHVLRQDOHV GH OD
LQIRUPiWLFD 6LQ HPEDUJR HVWRV PDWHULDOHV QR VLHPSUH RIUHFHQ OD FDOLGDG GLGiFWLFD QHFHVDULD 3RU HVWD UD]yQ
SUHYLDLQYLWDFLyQLQVWLWXFLRQDOVHKDSURFHGLGRDHYDOXDUHODSDUWDGRUHODFLRQDGRFRQODRULHQWDFLyQde Mi amiga
la Tierra UHFXUVR GLGiFWLFR GH *HRJUDItD PX\ GLIXQGLGR DO TXH DFFHGH HO XVXDULR FRQILDQGR HQ OD FDOLGDG GHO
PLVPRSRUHOPDUFRRILFLDOGHOTXHSURFHGH/DHYDOXDFLyQVHFRPSOHPHQWDFRQXQDSURSXHVWDGHSODQWLOODSDUD
UHDOL]DUHVWDDFWLYLGDG

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
2ULHQWDFLyQHVSDFLDO*HRJUDItD7,&HYDOXDFLyQ

,1752'8&&,1
/D SUHVHQWH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VXUJH GH OD GLYHUJHQFLD GHWHFWDGD SRU PXFKRV GH LQYHVWLJDGRUHV
SDUWLFXODUPHQWH HQ OD GLGiFWLFD *HRJUDItD TXH VHxDODQ FDPELRV PHWRGROyJLFRV FRQ OD
LQFRUSRUDFLyQGHODV7,&\RWURVTXHQLHJDQWDOFDPELRSRUHOPHURKHFKRGHVXLQWURGXFFLyQ
HQODVDXODV(OREMHWLYRGHOWUDEDMRHVHYDOXDUPDWHULDOHV7,&UHODFLRQDGRVFRQODHQVHxDQ]D
GHOD*HRJUDItD\SDUWLFXODUPHQWHFRQXQFRQWHQLGRHVHQFLDOODRULHQWDFLyQHVSDFLDO(QHVWD
RFDVLyQ OD DWHQFLyQ VH GLULJH D ORV UHFXUVRV GLGiFWLFRV TXH QRV RIUHFH XQD SUHVWLJLRVD
LQVWLWXFLyQ JHRJUiILFD HO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO (VSDxD ,*1 TXH VH SXHGH
FRQVXOWDUHQODVLJXLHQWHGLUHFFLyQKWWSZZZLJQHVLJQPDLQLQGH[GR

)LJXUD5HFXUVRVGLGiFWLFRVGH&DUWRJUDItD3UR\HFWRV)HFKDFRQVXOWD
R.Sebasti Alcaraz, E.M.Tonda Monllor


/2&$/,=$&,1'(/5(&8562
/D GLUHFFLyQ ZHE FLWDGD DQWHULRUPHQWH FRQGXFH KDVWD XQ DSDUWDGR GHQRPLQDGR5(&85626
','&7,&26'(&$572*5$)$TXHVHVXEGLYLGHQHQProyectos, Cartografa y juegos,
Conceptos cartogrficos y otros recursos, Material de cursos(ODQiOLVLVHQHVWDRFDVLyQVH
YD D FHQWUDU HQ Mi amiga la Tierra TXH VH LQFOX\H GHQWUR GHO DSDUWDGR GH 352<(&726
SRUTXHVHWUDWDGHXQRGHORVUHFXUVRVGLGiFWLFRVRIUHFLGRVSRUHO,*1PiVYLVLWDGRVGXUDQWH
HOFXUVRGHVSXpVGHEspaa a travs de los mapasFRPRVHSXHGHFRPSUREDUHQOD
VLJXLHQWHWDEOD

5HFXUVRVGLGiFWLFRV
3UR\HFWRV QGHYLVLWDV
Mi amiga la tierra
$WODVGH$PpULFD(VSDxD\3RUWXJDO
(VSDxDDWUDYpVGHORVPDSDV
/DSREODFLyQGH(VSDxD
7DEOD'DWRVHVWDGtVWLFRVVREUHYLVLWDVDODSDUWDGRGH3UR\HFWRV)XHQWH,*1

Mi amiga la Tierra IXH SUHVHQWDGD \ GHILQLGD SRU VXV DXWRUHV 5RPHUD 6iH] HQ OD
UHYLVWD Didctica Geogrfica \ HQ HO , &RQJUHVR (XURSHR GH 'LGiFWLFD GH OD *HRJUDItD
RUJDQL]DGRHODxRHQ=DUDJR]D
(VWH UHFXUVR GLGiFWLFR SUHFXUVRU HQ VX PRPHQWR GH QDWXUDOH]D O~GLFD H LQWHUDFWLYD HVWi
HVWUXFWXUDGR HQ ORV VLJXLHQWHV EORTXHV RULHQWDFLyQ HQ HO HVSDFLR PDSDV \ JORERV VLVWHPD
VRODUOLWRVIHUDKLGURVIHUDDWPyVIHUD\ELRVIHUD
)LJXUD2SFLRQHVGHMi amiga la Tierra


'HODVGLVWLQWDVRSFLRQHVTXHQRVRIUHFHMi amiga la Tierra ODDWHQFLyQVHGLULJHKDFLDODV
OHFFLRQHVTXHFRQWLHQHHODSDUWDGRGH2ULHQWDFLyQHQHOHVSDFLR

0e72'2'($1/,6,6
(ODQiOLVLVGHHVWHUHFXUVRVHKDUHDOL]DGRGHXQDIRUPDFXDOLWDWLYDDXQTXHSDUDVLQWHWL]DU\
IDFLOLWDU OD WUDQVPLVLyQ GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ VH KD LQWHQWDGR VHJXLU H LQFOXLU XQD SODQWLOOD GH
HYDOXDFLyQRULHQWDWLYD
(OSULPHUtem VLUYHSDUDLGHQWLILFDUODOHFFLyQHYDOXDGD
(OVHJXQGRtem UHFRJHHOQLYHOHGXFDWLYRTXHVHFRQVLGHUDPiVLGyQHRVXXVRSHURFRPRVH
REVHUYDPiVDGHODQWHVLHPSUHHVGHQDWXUDOH]DRULHQWDWLYDSXHVORVGRFHQWHVFRQRFHQPHMRU
HO GHVDUUROOR FRJQLWLYR GH VXV DOXPQRV ORV FRQWH[WRV HGXFDWLYRV HWF ,JXDOPHQWH VH TXLHUH
LQGLFDU TXH ORV QLYHOHV HVWiQ UHIHULGRV DO VLVWHPD HGXFDWLYR HVSDxRO DFWXDO SHUR SDUD SRGHU
FRPSDUDU\XELFDUHQRWURV(VWDGRVVHLQFOX\HODHGDG
(OWHUFHUtem EXVFDFRQFUHWDUHOFRQWHQLGRRFRQWHQLGRVHVHQFLDOHVGHODOHFFLyQ
(O FXDUWR tem LQWHQWDU UHFRJHU ODV DFWLYLGDGHV SRU VX SULQFLSDO FDSDFLGDG TXH GHVDUUROOD
REVHUYDUDQDOL]DUFRPSDUDUPHGLULGHQWLILFDUFDWHJRUL]DURULHQWDU
(QHOTXLQWRtemDOLJXDOTXHHOVH[WRVHDSR\DHQHOPpWRGR'$)2\HQHVWHDSDUWDGRVH
UHILHUHDODVGHELOLGDGHV'\DPHQD]DV$
(OVH[WRtem GHVWDFDODVIRUWDOH]DV)GHOUHFXUVR\VXVRSRUWXQLGDGHV2

7LWXORRUHIHUHQFLD
1LYHOHGXFDWLYR
&RQWHQLGR
$FWLYLGDG
'$
)2
7DEOD3ODQWLOODGHVtQWHVLVGHODHYDOXDFLyQ

/D YDORUDFLyQ UHDOL]DGD VH DSR\D HQ SULQFLSLRV GLGiFWLFRV \ HQ OD H[SHULHQFLD GH DXOD FRQ
DOXPQRV GHO *UDGR GH 0DHVWUR GH ,QIDQWLO \ 3ULPDULD GH OD )DFXOWDG GH (GXFDFLyQ GH OD
8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWH

5(68/7$'26'(/$1/,6,6
,QLFLDOPHQWH FDEH GHVWDFDU TXH SDUD IDFLOLWDU HO XVR GH HVWH UHFXUVR GLGiFWLFR KXELHUD VLGR
LQWHUHVDQWHLQWURGXFLUXQHQODFHFRQLQIRUPDFLyQSDUDORVGRFHQWHVHQORVTXHVHLQGLFDUiGH
IRUPD HVWUXFWXUDGD HOORV QLYHOQLYHOHV HGXFDWLYRV R HGDG PiV DSURSLDGD SDUD VX XVR ORV
REMHWLYRV TXH VH SHUVLJXHQ \ RWUDV FXHVWLRQHV GLGiFWLFDV (V REYLR TXH HVWi GRFXPHQWDFLyQ
VHUYLUtDFRPRRULHQWDFLyQ


(ODQiOLVLVVLJXH ODHVWUXFWXUDGHOUHFXUVRGLGiFWLFR\GHHVWH PRGR DSDUHFHGLVWULEXLGRSRU
OHFFLRQHVFRQHOQRPEUHTXHLGHQWLILFDDFDGDDSDUWDGR
/HFFLyQ9LYRVRQRYLYRV"
(QSULPHUOXJDUFDEHGHVWDFDUTXHODDFWLYLGDGQRHVWiUHODFLRQDGDFRQODRULHQWDFLyQHVSDFLDO
(VXQDDFWLYLGDGQHFHVDULDHQORVSULPHURVHVWDGLRVHGXFDWLYRVFRPRHQVXPRPHQWRGHVWDFy
+DQQRXQ SHUR VX FRQWHQLGR QR JXDUGD UHODFLyQ FRQ OD RULHQWDFLyQ SRU HVWD UD]yQ
SRFRV XVXDULRV EXVFDUtDQ OD DFWLYLGDG HQ HVWH OXJDU (Q FRQFUHWR VH FRQVLGHUD TXH HO QLYHO
DSURSLDGRSRGUtDVHUHOFLFORGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLODxRV
(QVHJXQGROXJDUVREUHVXIXQFLRQDPLHQWRFDEHGHVWDFDUDOPHQRVGRVFXHVWLRQHV/DSULPHUD
HVTXH HOFXUVRUQRVHDFWLYDGHODQWHGHOREMHWRTXHVHGHVHDFODVLILFDUFRQORTXHVHSXHGH
GHVRULHQWDUDOXVXDULR
/D VHJXQGD FXHVWLyQ VH UHILHUH DO XVXDULR TXH SXHGH FRORFDU DO D]DU ODV SLH]DV VLQ TXH VX
DFLHUWR R HUURU VHD H[SOLFDGR 6H SXHGH UHDOL]DU PHGLDQWH XQD SHTXHxD H[SOLFDFLyQ SHUR
WDPELpQVHSXHGHRSWDUDXQUHIXHU]RPHGLDQWHSXQWRVFRQODLQWHQFLyQGHHVWLPXODUODDFFLyQ
6L OD DFFLyQ LQFRQVFLHQWH WLHQH XQ Q~PHUR GHWHUPLQDGR GH HUURUHV SRGUtD RSWDUVH SRU
GHVFRQHFWDUGHOMXHJRDOXVXDULRSDUDTXHYXHOYDDFRPHQ]DU/DILQDOLGDGGHODSURSXHVWDHV
D\XGDUDILMDUODDWHQFLyQ
/DDFWLYLGDGHVLQWHUHVDQWHSDUDGHVFXEULUDWULEXWRVGHFULWHULRHLQWURGXFLUGHIRUPDO~GLFDD
ORVDOXPQRVHQSURFHVRVGHFODVLILFDFLyQ\FDWHJRUL]DFLyQ

7tWXORUHIHUHQFLD /HFFLyQVivos o no vivos"
1LYHOHGXFDWLYR (GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLODxRV
&RQWHQLGR 6HUHVYLYRVHLQHUWHVRLQDQLPDGRV
$FWLYLGDG ,GHQWLILFDUUHODFLRQDUFODVLILFDU
'$ (OWtWXORGHODDFWLYLGDGQRHVGHRULHQWDFLyQ
1RVHFRQWURODQORVUHIXHU]RV
)2 /~GLFRDFWLYR
7DEOD6tQWHVLVGHODHYDOXDFLyQGHODLeccin )XHQWHHODERUDFLyQSURSLD

/HFFLyQ7RGRFDPELD\WRGRVHWUDQVIRUPD
6HWUDWDGHRWUDLQWHUHVDQWHDFWLYLGDGHQFDPLQDGDDWRPDUFRQFLHQFLDGHODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHO
PHGLR'HO&DUPHQ(QHOODVHWUDEDMDXQFRQWHQLGRHVHQFLDOHQOD(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO
FLFOR \ SULPHU FLFOR GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD DxRV /D EUHYH H[SHULHQFLD GHO QLxR
GLILFXOWDODFRPSUHQVLyQGHHVWDFDWHJRUtDWHPSRUDO\HVWHWLSRGHDFWLYLGDGHVUHVXOWDPX\~WLO
SDUD VX GHVDUUROOR FRJQLWLYR 6LQ HPEDUJR VH LQVLVWH HQ TXH QR VH WUDWD GH XQD DFWLYLGDG GH
RULHQWDFLyQ HVSDFLDO ,JXDOPHQWH SXHGH LQGXFLU D FRQIXVLyQ HQ HO FRQFHSWR GH WLHPSR
KLVWyULFRDWPRVIpULFR/DFDVDSRUTXpVHGHVKDFHSRUHOWUDQVFXUVRGHOWLHPSRKLVWyULFRR
SRUORVHIHFWRVGHODWRUPHQWD"6LQRKD\XQDWRUPHQWDODFDVDQRVHGHWHULRUD"$GHPiV HO
FDPELR VH SURGXFH HVHQFLDOPHQWH HQ XQ PRPHQWR HQ HO TXH VH RVFXUHFH OD SDQWDOOD FRQ OR
FXDOVHDSUHFLDFRQGLILFXOWDGHOPRPHQWRHQHOTXHVHSURGXFHHOFDPELR(QHVWDOHFFLyQVH
SXHGHWUDWDUODVFDWHJRUtDVWHPSRUDOHVGHFDPELR\SHUPDQHQFLD


7tWXORUHIHUHQFLD /HFFLyQTodo cambia y todo se transforma
1LYHOHGXFDWLYR (GXFDFLyQLQIDQWLOVHJXQGRFLFOR
(GXFDFLyQSULPDULDSULPHUFLFOR
&RQWHQLGR &DPELR\SHUPDQHQFLD&DWHJRUtDVGHOWLHPSR
$FWLYLGDG ,GHQWLILFDUFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVWHPSRUDOHV
'$ 1RHVRULHQWDFLyQHVSDFLDO
&RQIXVLyQWLHPSRKLVWyULFRDWPRVIpULFR
0HMRUDUFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVIRUPDOHV
)2 'HVDUUROODODREVHUYDFLyQ

/HFFLyQ8QUHFRUULGRSRUODFDVD
/D DFWLYLGDG Vt TXH HVWi UHODFLRQDGD FRQ ODV FDWHJRUtDV HVSDFLDOHV \ OD GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ GH
HVSDFLRVIXQFLRQDOHVDSDUWLUGHHQWRUQRVSUy[LPRVDORVQLxRV\HQORVTXHKDELWXDOPHQWHVH
GHVHQYXHOYHVXYLGD
3HUR OD DFWLYLGDG GHEHUtD GHVJORVDUVH HQ GRV (O RUGHQ GH DQiOLVLV TXH VH RIUHFH QR LPSOLFD
VHFXHQFLDFLyQ GH OD PLVPD 8QD SULPHUD DFWLYLGDG SRGUtD GLULJLUVH DO UHFRQRFLPLHQWR
IXQFLRQDO GHO HVSDFLR FRFLQD EDxR GRUPLWRULR FRPHGRUVDOyQ FXDUWR GH HVWDU GHVSDFKR
GHVSHQVDYHVWLGRUHWF(VWDDFWLYLGDGVtTXHVHSXHGHOODPDUXQUHFRUULGRSRUODFDVD(QOD
SUHVHQWDFLyQ GH OD DFWLYLGDG ODV SUHJXQWDV HVWDUtDQ GLULJLGDV D REVHUYDU \ GHVFULELU ORV
HOHPHQWRV TXH FDUDFWHUL]DQ FDGD XQD GH ODV SLH]DV /D DFWLYLGDG VH SRGUtD SUREOHPDWL]DU
LQFOX\HQGR DOJXQD SLH]D IXHUD GH FRQWH[WR SDUD TXH HO QLxR VXSLHUD GLVFHUQLU \ XELFDUOD
FRUUHFWDPHQWH 2WURV HIHFWRV GH OD DFWLYLGDG HVWDUtDQ UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD DPSOLDFLyQ GHO
YRFDEXODULR \ HO XVR FRUUHFWR GHO PLVPR (O DSUHQGL]DMH WHQGUtD XQD FODUD FRQVHFXHQFLD
IXQFLRQDO GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR (VWD DFWLYLGDG VH SRGUtD WUDVODGDU GHVFHQWUDU FRQ XQD WDUHD
UHODFLRQDGD FRQ HO FROHJLR \ HO DXOD (O QLYHO HGXFDWLYR RULHQWDWLYR SDUD DSOLFDU OD DFWLYLGDG
VHUtD~OWLPRFXUVRGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO\SULPHUFLFORGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD
/D VHJXQGD DFWLYLGDG GH HVWD OHFFLyQ HVWDUtD UHODFLRQDGD FRQ HO REMHWLYR GH GHVDUUROODU ODV
FDWHJRUtDVHVSDFLDOHV(OHMHPSORLQFOXLGRHQMi Amiga la Tierra SUHVHQWDODGLILFXOWDGLQLFLDO
GH OD GHVFHQWUDFLyQ SRQHUVH \D HQ OXJDU GH RWUD SHUVRQD HQ HVWH FDVR GHO GLEXMR GHO QLxR
$GHPiV QR SUHVWD DWHQFLyQ D XQ UHFXUVR SRWHQFLDO TXH HV ILMDUVH HQ ORV FRORUHV GH ORV
EUD]DOHWHV VREUH ORV TXH FRQYLHQH FDPELDU ORV FRORUHV SRUTXH LPSOtFLWDPHQWH DOXGH D
UHIHUHQWHVSROtWLFRVURMRL]TXLHUGDD]XOGHUHFKD
/DDFWLYLGDGWDPSRFRWLHQHHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQODSRVLFLyQGHODSDQWDOOD6HWUDWDGHUHODFLRQDU
HO FXHUSR GHO XVXDULR UHVSHFWR D REMHWRV GH VX HQWRUQR FRPR HVWH FDVR HV OD SDQWDOOD GHO
RUGHQDGRU8QDGLILFXOWDGDxDGLGDHVTXHHOQLxRGLEXMRQRWLHQHUHIHUHQWHVHVSDFLDOHVTXHOR
DFRPSDxHQ3RUHMHPSORDVXL]TXLHUGDSRGUtDFRORFDUVHXQEDOyQ\DVXGHUHFKDXQDQLPDO
(QGHILQLWLYDODRULHQWDFLyQHVSDFLDOFRQYLHQHFRQVLGHUDUXQSULPHUUHIHUHQWHTXHHVHOSURSLR
FXHUSRGHOQLxRHQVHJXQGROXJDUODSRVLFLyQGHORVREMHWRVUHDOLGDGTXHOHURGHDUHVSHFWRD
VXFXHUSR\XQWHUFHUQLYHOHVODUHODFLyQHQWUHWRGRVFRQFDPELRVGHSRVLFLyQ3RUHMHPSOR
GHEHWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHODGHUHFKDGHRWURQLxRTXHPLUDDOXVXDULRHVWiHQHOODGR FRQWUDULR


3RU WDQWR HVWD DFWLYLGDG UHTXLHUH XQD PD\RU SHUIHFFLyQ 3RU RWUD SDUWH GHEHQ XWLOL]DUVH FRQ
SURSLHGDG ODV FDWHJRUtDV HVSDFLDOHV GHODQWHGHWUiV SURIXQGLGDG \ GHUHFKDL]TXLHUGD
ODWHUDOLGDGSHURQRDOIUHQWH\DWUiV
3RUWDQWRVHSXHGHFRQFOXLUTXHODDFWLYLGDG8QUHFRUULGRSRUODFDVDQHFHVLWDXQDUHYLVLyQ
FRPSOHWD
7tWXORUHIHUHQFLD Un recorrido por la casa

1LYHOHGXFDWLYR (GXFDFLyQLQIDQWLOVHJXQGRFLFOR
(GXFDFLyQSULPDULDSULPHUFLFOR
&RQWHQLGR (VSDFLRIXQFLRQDO
&DWHJRUtDVHVSDFLDOHV
$FWLYLGDG 2EVHUYDUGHVFULELU,GHQWLILFDUGLIHUHQFLDU\
FODVLILFDU
'$ (VHQFLDOPHQWH SUREOHPDV GH GLVHxR \
GHVFHQWUDFLyQGHOXVXDULR
)2 $PSOLDFLyQGHYRFDEXODULRDGTXLVLFLyQ GH
FDWHJRUtDVHVSDFLDOHV

/HFFLyQ2ULHQWDUQRVSRUHO6RO
/D DFWLYLGDG Vt TXH HVWi UHODFLRQDGD FRQ HO WtWXOR (V LQWHUHVDQWH SRUTXH WRPD XQ HOHPHQWR
FRP~Q D WRGRV SDUD SRGHU LQLFLDUVH HQ OD RULHQWDFLyQ HVSDFLDO /D DFFLyQ VH XELFD
WHPSRUDOPHQWHHQODVDOLGDGHO6RO\SUHVFLQGLHQGRGHODSRVLFLyQHVWDFLRQDOQRVDOHVLHPSUH
SRU HO PLVPR SXQWR TXH PiV DGHODQWH VH SXHGH WUDEDMDU VH UHODFLRQD FRQ HO SXQWR FDUGLQDO
(VWH 6H SXHGH LQGLFDU FXDQGR HO DOXPQR FRQR]FD HO FRQFHSWR GH HTXLQRFFLRV TXH HQ HVWH
PRPHQWRHOVROVDOHMXVWRSRUHO(VWH8QDSULPHUDSURSXHVWDVHUtDWDPELpQGHVFHQWUDUHQHO
WLHPSR\YHUGyQGHHVWiQORVSXQWRVFDUGLQDOHVHQGLIHUHQWHVPRPHQWRVGHOGtD
(OSUREOHPDPiVJUDYHTXHVHKDGHWHFWDGRHQODIRUPDFLyQGHORVGRFHQWHVTXHDQDOL]DQOD
DFWLYLGDGHVWRPDUFRPRUHIHUHQFLDORVEUD]RVGHOQLxRSDUDHVWDEOHFHUORVSXQWRVFDUGLQDOHV\
QR DVt HO VRO SRU OR TXH HQ OD DFWLYLGDG FXDQGR VH SDVD GH WUDEDMDU OD SRVLFLyQ GHO QLxR
UHVSHFWR DO 6RO D OD SXHVWD HQ SUiFWLFD \D HQ XQ FRQWH[WR TXH FRQWLHQH REMHWRV VH SURGXFH
FRQIXVLyQ(OPRWLYRGHLQGXFLUDHUURUHVTXHHOQLxRFDPELDGHSRVLFLyQ\ODPDQRGHUHFKD
\DQRFRLQFLGHFRPRRFXUUtDDQWHVFRQHO(VWH(OSUREOHPDHVTXHODDFWLYLGDGGHRULHQWDFLyQ
QR FRQVLGHUD OD SRVLFLyQ GHO QLxR HQ HO HVSDFLR 3RU HMHPSOR SDUD XQ QLxR HVSDxRO )UDQFLD
TXHGDDO1RUWHSHURSDUDXQQLxRIUDQFpVQR\SDUDXQQRUXHJRVHHQFXHQWUDDO6XU
/DDFWLYLGDGSRGUtDSODQWHDUVHHQHOWHUFHUFLFORGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDDxRV
3RU WDQWR HVWD DFWLYLGDG GHEHUtD LQFLGLU HQ GHVWDFDU TXH OD RULHQWDFLyQ WRPD FRPR SXQWR GH
UHIHUHQFLD HO VRO \ QR HO FXHUSR KXPDQR (Q GHILQLWLYD HO HMHUFLFLR HV IXHQWH GH FRQIXVLyQ
SRUTXHQRDERUGDODFXHVWLyQGHODSRVLFLyQHQHOHVSDFLR


7tWXORUHIHUHQFLD Orientarnos por el Sol

1LYHOHGXFDWLYR (GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDWHUFHUFLFOR
&RQWHQLGR 2ULHQWDFLyQ3XQWRVFDUGLQDOHVPRYLPLHQWRDSDUHQWHGHO6RO
$FWLYLGDG 2ULHQWDUVH
'$ 3UREOHPDGHODGHVFHQWUDFLyQ
)2 $FWLYLGDGIXQFLRQDO\HVHQFLDOSDUDHOVHUKXPDQR

/HFFLyQ2WUDVPDQHUDVGHRULHQWDUQRV
(VWD Leccin HO GtD GH FRQVXOWD D ODV \ HQ IHFKDV SRVWHULRUHV
QRHVWDEDGLVSRQLEOH

/HFFLyQ/D%U~MXOD
/DOHFFLyQVtTXHVHDMXVWDDOREMHWLYRGHODSDUWDGRTXHHVHOGHODRULHQWDFLyQ(QODDFWLYLGDG
VREUDDOJ~QWLSRGHLQIRUPDFLyQFRPRSRUHMHPSORODTXHDOXGHDODLQYHQFLyQSRUORVFKLQRV
\DTXHHQHVWHPRPHQWRQRHVQHFHVDULDSDUDVXXVRSRUHOFRQWUDULRXQDH[SOLFDFLyQVREUHODV
SDUWHVTXHLQWHJUDQXQDEU~MXODVtTXHUHVXOWDUtDPiV~WLO3DUDORVQLxRVVHUtDFRQYHQLHQWHTXH
ODVOHWUDVVHDVRFLDUDQDORVSXQWRVFDUGLQDOHVSXHVVHVXSRQHTXHHOTXHXWLOL]DHVWDOHFFLyQKD
UHDOL]DGRODVOHFFLRQHVSUHFHGHQWHVSHURSXHGHRFXUULUTXHQRVHDDVt
(QHVWDLPDJHQODDILUPDFLyQHVFLHUWDTXHODDJXMDVHxDODHO1RUWHSHURSULPHURTXpSDUWH
GHODDJXMDVHxDODHVWHSXQWRFDUGLQDOHOH[WUHPRQHJURRURMR"6LVHxDODHO1RUWH3RUTXpHQ
HO GLEXMR HVWi SUy[LPR DO (VWH" 6yOR VH SXHGH HQWHQGHU VL VH H[SOLFD TXH HO OLPER R DQLOOR
JLUDWRULRVHGHVSOD]DPLHQWUDVTXHHOH[WUHPRURMRHVHOTXHLQGLFDHO1RUWH
)LJXUD'LILFXOWDGHVGHOXVRGHODEU~MXOD4XpSDUWHGHODDJXMDPDJQpWLFDLQGLFDHO1RUWH"3RUTXpVLOD
DJXMDPDJQpWLFDVHxDODVLHPSUHHO1RUWHHQHOGLEXMRQRRFXUUHGHHVWHPRGR"


/D SDUWH SUiFWLFD GH OD OHFFLyQ HV LQWXLWLYD /D DFWLYLGDG VH SXHGH LQWURGXFLU HQ HO VHJXQGR
FLFOR GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD DxRV GRQGH VH GHVDUUROODUtD VLQ QHFHVLGDG GH PHGLU
iQJXORV (Q XQ QLYHO VXSHULRU D OD (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD D SDUWLU GH ORV DxRV VH GHEHUtD
LQWURGXFLUHOOLPERJUDGXDGR\UHDOL]DUXQDSUiFWLFDSDUDLQGLFDUHOiQJXORGHODRULHQWDFLyQ
3RUWDQWRDGPLWHXQGHVDUUROORFXUULFXODUHQHVSLUDO
7tWXORUHIHUHQFLD La Brjula
1LYHOHGXFDWLYR (GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDVHJXQGRFLFOR
&RQWHQLGR 3XQWRVFDUGLQDOHVFRQFHSWRGHEU~MXODSDUWHVGH
ODEU~MXODXVRGHODEU~MXOD
$FWLYLGDG /RFDOL]DURULHQWDUVH
'$ 'LVHxRGHODDFWLYLGDGLQWURGXFLU GHVFULSFLyQGH
ODEU~MXOD\VXVFRPSRQHQWHV
)2 $FWLYLGDGPX\LQWXLWLYD
$FWLYLGDGSUHIHUHQWHPHQWHSURFHGLPHQWDO

/HFFLyQ+DJDPRVXQFURTXLV
/DDFWLYLGDGQRHVWDQWRGHRULHQWDFLyQHVSDFLDOSHURVtTXHHVFRQYHQLHQWHVXSUiFWLFDSDUD
TXH HQ XQD IDVH SRVWHULRU VH SXHGD LQWURGXFLU OD RULHQWDFLyQ HVSDFLDO /D DFWLYLGDG SURFHGH
UHDOL]DUODHQOD(QVHxDQ]D3ULPDULDDDxRVQRVHUHFRPLHQGDHQOD(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO
SRUTXHDXQTXHLPSOLFDODPDQLSXODFLyQGHILJXUDVJHRPpWULFDVVHQFLOODVUHTXLHUHODFDSDFLGDG
GHGHVFHQWUDFLyQHVGHFLUGHYHUORVREMHWRVGHVGHXQDSRVLFLyQRSHUVSHFWLYDGLIHUHQWHDOD
KDELWXDOGHORVQLxRV1RREVWDQWHDOJXQRVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVWDPELpQKDQSUDFWLFDGRHQQLxRVGH
DxRVHVWDDFWLYLGDGDSR\iQGRVHHQHVSDFLRVIDPLOLDUHVRSUy[LPRVDOQLxRHQHOPRPHQWR
GHVXHMHFXFLyQ6HUHFRPLHQGDILQDOPHQWHVXLQFRUSRUDFLyQDOFXUUtFXORHQVHJXQGRFLFORGH
(GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD 6H WUDWD GH XQD SUiFWLFD FRQ WUDGLFLyQ GH OD TXH VH SXHGHQ HQFRQWUDU
PDQXDOHVSUiFWLFRV FRPRORV%H\QRQ\&ROH9LODUUDVD\&RORPER\3LxHLUR
3HOHWHLUR 3pUH] \ 3LxHLUR (Q HVWH FDVR FRPR VH WUDWD GH HMHUFLFLR PHGLDQWH
RUGHQDGRUVHLQFUHPHQWDODGLILFXOWDG3RVLEOHPHQWHVHDXQDGHODVOHFFLRQHVPiVVHQFLOODV\
DMXVWDGDVWDQWRSRUHOFRQWHQLGRFRPRSRUVXHMHFXFLyQ
7tWXORUHIHUHQFLD Hagamos un croquis

&RQWHQLGR (ODERUDFLyQFDUWRJUiILFDVtPERORVOH\HQGD
$FWLYLGDG 'LEXMDUVLPEROL]DUDEVWUDFFLyQGHVGHREMHWRVGHODYLGD
FRWLGLDQDHVTXHPDWL]DUILJXUDVJHRPpWULFDVORFDOL]DU
'$ &DSDFLGDGSDUDGHVFHQWUDUVHLQLFLDFLyQ DO SHQVDPLHQWR
DEVWUDFWRIRUPDO
)2 )XQFLRQDOLGDG GHO DSUHQGL]DMH DFWLYR O~GLFR
SUREOHPDWL]DGR


/HFFLyQ9DPRVDPHGLU
6HWUDWDGHRWUDDFWLYLGDGPX\~WLOSDUDODFRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQHVSDFLDO\ODLQWURGXFFLyQHQODV
HODERUDFLRQHVFDUWRJUiILFDV/DDFWLYLGDGVHDSR\DHQODQHFHVLGDGTXHSRVHHHOVHUKXPDQRGH
PHGLU HO HVSDFLR GHVGH TXH QDFH SULPHUR SUR\HFWDQGR HO FXHUSRSLHV EUD]RV SDOPRV TXH
FRLQFLGHQ QR SRU FDVXDOLGDG FRQ HO QRPEUH GH PHGLGDV GH ORQJLWXG \GHVSXpV UHFXUULHQGR D
SDUiPHWURVH[WHUQRV\VRFLDOPHQWHFRQVHQVXDGRVVLVWHPDPpWULFRGHFLPDO/DPHGLFLyQGHO
HVSDFLRUHVXOWDHVHQFLDOSDUDWUDQVIRUPDUHOFURTXLVHQSODQR(VXQDDFWLYLGDGTXHVHSXHGH
UHDOL]DU\DHQHOVHJXQGRFLFORGHHQVHxDQ]DSULPDULD

7tWXORUHIHUHQFLD Vamos a medir
&RQWHQLGR (ODERUDFLyQFDUWRJUiILFDVLVWHPDPpWULFRGHFLPDOXVRGHOD
UHJOD
$FWLYLGDG 5HSUHVHQWDUPHGLUXWLOL]DULQVWUXPHQWRVFXDQWLILFDU
'$ (VUHSHWLWLYRSHURQHFHVDULR
)2 $SUHQGL]DMHIXQFLRQDODFWLYR

/HFFLyQ(O3ODQR,
/DOHFFLyQUHVXOWDPX\~WLOSDUDLQWURGXFLUDORVQLxRVHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHORVSODQRV\D
HOODVHSXHGHDFFHGHUGLUHFWDPHQWHGHVGHODOHFFLyQDQWHULRUHQODDSOLFDFLyQ6LQHPEDUJROD
OHFFLyQVHSXHGHPHMRUDUFRQSHTXHxRVGHWDOOHVFRPRFDPELDUHOQRPEUHGHFDQDOSRUHOGH
WRERJiQ QR VLHPSUH DSDUHFH WRERJiQ R HQ OD LPDJHQ ILQDO GHEHUtD ILJXUDU MXQWR D ORV
VtPERORVORVQRPEUHVGHORVREMHWRVLGHQWLILFDGRV$GHPiVORVVtPERORVSRGUtDQLQLFLDOPHQWH
UHODFLRQDUVHFRQLPiJHQHVUHDOHVGHORVREMHWRVTXHUHSUHVHQWDQ(QHVWDOHFFLyQFDEHGHVWDFDU
GH IRUPD SRVLWLYD OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH HOHPHQWRV SUy[LPRV \ O~GLFRV SDUD ORV QLxRV WRERJiQ
FROXPSLRWLRYLYRSDUTXH
/D DFWLYLGDG VH SXHGH GHVDUUROODU HQ HO WHUFHU FLFOR GH (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD DxRV
FXDQGRHQHOFXUUtFXORVHKD\DQLQWURGXFLGRFRQFHSWRVJHRPpWULFRVFRPRGLiPHWUR


)LJXUD(QOD~OWLPDLPDJHQVHHFKDHQIDOWDODSUHVHQFLDGHORVWpUPLQRVGHORVREMHWRVUHSUHVHQWDGRVPHGLDQWH
VtPERORV)XHQWH,*1

7tWXORUHIHUHQFLD El Plano ,
1LYHOHGXFDWLYR (GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDWHUFHUFLFOR
&RQWHQLGR (ODERUDFLyQ FDUWRJUiILFD 6LVWHPD PpWULFR
HVFDODVtPERORVILJXUDVJHRPpWULFDVOH\HQGD
$FWLYLGDG 'LEXMDU HVTXHPDWL]DU VLPEROL]DU PHGLU
SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG
'$ 3UREOHPDGHGHVFHQWUDFLyQ
)2 $SUHQGL]DMHIXQFLRQDODFWLYR
)DFLOLWDODGHVFHQWUDFLyQ

/HFFLyQ(O3ODQR,,
&RQ HVWD OHFFLyQ ILQDOL]D OD LQWURGXFFLyQ GH OD RULHQWDFLyQ HQ OD HODERUDFLyQ FDUWRJUiILFD
6REUH OD HYROXFLyQ GHVGH HO FURTXLV DO SODQR VH KD DYDQ]DGR \ ILQDOPHQWH GHVSXpV GH
VLPEROL]DU\PHGLUHOHVSDFLRVHSURFHGHDRULHQWDUODSURGXFFLyQFDUWRJUiILFDPHGLDQWHHOXVR
GHODEU~MXOD/DDFWLYLGDGILQDOHVVHQFLOODSHURUHTXLHUHXQDVLQGLFDFLRQHV\DTXHODSUiFWLFD
REVHUYDGD HQ ORV DOXPQRV GH IRUPDFLyQ LQLFLDO GHO PDJLVWHULR HQFXHQWUDQ GLILFXOWDGHV SDUD
GHVSOD]DU HO SODQR KDFLD OD GHUHFKD \ KDFLD OD L]TXLHUGD 8QD YH] GHVFXELHUWD OD WpFQLFD VX
DSOLFDFLyQHVVHQFLOOD(VWDDFWLYLGDGD\XGDDHQWHQGHU\OHHUODVSURGXFFLRQHVFDUWRJUiILFDV\
VHSRGUtDLQWURGXFLUGHVGHHOVHJXQGRFLFORGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDSHURVHJ~QHOGLVHxRGHODV
DFWLYLGDGHVUHDOL]DGDVSUHYLDPHQWHTXHUHTXLHUHQGRPLQLRGHOVLVWHPDPpWULFRGHFLPDO\GH
FRQFHSWRVJHRJUiILFRVTXHGDSRVWHUJDGDDOWHUFHUFLFORGH(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD


7tWXORUHIHUHQFLD El Plano ,,
1LYHOHGXFDWLYR (GXFDFLyQ 3ULPDULD VHJXQGR \ WHUFHU FLFOR GH
(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD
&RQWHQLGR (ODERUDFLyQFDUWRJUiILFDRULHQWDFLyQSXQWRVFDUGLQDOHV
EU~MXOD
$FWLYLGDG 2ULHQWDUVHGHVFHQWUDFLyQ
'$ 5HTXLHUHPHMRUDUODVLQGLFDFLRQHVTXHVHQHFHVLWDQSDUD
VXXVR
)2 $SUHQGL]DMHIXQFLRQDO\DFWLYR

&21&/86,1
(VWH FRQMXQWR GH OHFFLRQHV VREUH RULHQWDFLyQ HQ HO HVSDFLR RIUHFH XQ FRPSRQHQWH O~GLFR H
LQWHUDFWLYRFDSD]GHDWUDHUODDWHQFLyQGHODOXPQDGR(OUHFXUVRWHQGUtDPD\RUGLIXVLyQVLHQ
VXHODERUDFLyQVHKXELHUDQWHQLGRHQFXHQWDODVFXHVWLRQHVGLGiFWLFDV/DSULQFLSDOGLILFXOWDG
GHWHFWDGD VH UHILHUH D OD QHFHVLGDG GH WHQHU HQ FXHQWD OD FDSDFLGDG SDUD GHVFHQWUDUVH
HVSDFLDOPHQWHGHORVQLxRVDV0XFKRVGHORVHMHUFLFLRVUHTXLHUHQTXHHOXVXDULRVHXELTXHHQ
RWUR SXQWR YLVWD H[WHULRU D VX SURSLR FXHUSR /D RULHQWDFLyQ PHGLDQWH HO XVR GH OD EU~MXOD
UHTXLHUH XQ DQiOLVLV GH ODV SDUWHV GH OD PLVPD \ VX PDQLSXODFLyQ UHDO HQ HO DXOD (Q HVWH
VHQWLGRQRVHUHFRPLHQGDHOXVRGHODVEU~MXODVTXHVHGHVFDUJDQHQORVWHOpIRQRVPyYLOHV/RV
FRQWHQLGRVVRQDGHFXDGRVHQJHQHUDOSDUDOD(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDDDxRV

%,%/,2*5$)$
%DLOH\3Didctica de la Geografa(G&LQFHO.DSHOXV]0DGULG
%H\QRQ1-\&ROH-3Introduccin a la Geografa: ejercicios de anlisis territorial
%DUFHORQD(G)RQWDQHOOD
&DODI0DVDFKV56XDUH]&DVDUHV0$0HQpQGH])HUQiQGH]5 Aprender a
ensear Geografa%DUFHORQD(G2LNRV7DX
'HO&DUPHQ0DUWtQ/&RQRFLPLHQWRGHOPHGLRSignosQ~PSS
+DQQRXQ+El nio conquista el medio%XHQRV$LUHV.DSHOXV]
0RUHQR-LPpQH]$0DUUyQ*DLWH0-(GVEnsear geografa. De la teora a la
prctica0DGULG6tQWHVLV
3pUH]&KDFyQ(VSLQR(0DUWtQ*yPH]&HWDO(OSUR\HFWR(VSDxDDWUDYpVGHORV
PDSDVDidctica GeogrficaQ~PSS
3pUH](VWHYH33LxHLUR3HOHWHLUR5HWDOEnsear y aprender el espacio geogrfico:
un proyecto de trabajo para la comprensin inicial del espacio9DOHQFLD1DX/OLEUHV
3LxHLUR3HOHWHLUR5/DOHFWXUDGHOPDSDHQHOQLxRGHSUHHVFRODURevista
Interuniversitaria de Formacin del ProfesoradoQ~PSS


5RPHUD 6iH] & &DUWRJUDItD SDUD OD HQVHxDQ]D HQ OD :HE GHO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR
1DFLRQDODidctica GeogrficaQ~PSS
5RPHUD 6iH] & 6iQFKH]2UWL] 5RGUtJXH] 0 3 \ GHO &DPSR $ /D SURGXFFLyQ
GHOLQVWLWXWRJHRJUiILFR1DFLRQDO\VXYDORUGLGiFWLFRHQ'H0LJXHO*RQ]iOH]5'H/i]DUR
\ 7RUUHV 0 / 0DUUyQ *DLWH 0 - FRRUGLQDGRUHV Innovacin en la enseanza de la
geografa ante los desafos sociales y territoriales =DUDJR]D (G ,QVWLWXFLyQ )HUQDQGR (O
&DWyOLFR&6,&([FPD'LSXWDFLyQGH=DUDJR]DSS
6RXWR*RQ]iOH];0Didctica de la Geografa. Problemas sociales y conocimiento
del medio%DUFHORQD(G'HO6HUEDO
9LODUUDVD $ &RORPER ) Medioda. Ejercicios de exploracin y representacin del
espacio%DUFHORQD(G*UDy


(/3$548(1$785$/'(/$6(55$1$'(&8(1&$&202
(172512','&7,&2

VFDU6HUUDQR*LO
0DUtD&ULVWLQD)HUQiQGH])HUQiQGH]
Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
scar.Serrano@uclm.es; Cristina.Fdez@uclm.es
5(680(1
(O3DUTXH1DWXUDOGHOD6HUUDQtDGH&XHQFDFRQVWLWX\HXQHVSDFLRGHH[FHSFLRQDOYDORUGLGiFWLFRSDUDWRGRVORV
QLYHOHV HGXFDWLYRV FRPR XQ HQWRUQR UXUDO TXH UH~QH VLQJXODUHV SDUDMHV GH LQWHUpV JHRJUiILFR HQ VXV YDULDGRV
DVSHFWRVItVLFRVKXPDQRV\HFRQyPLFRV
0HGLDQWH LWLQHUDULRV GLGiFWLFRV \ OD SUiFWLFD GH DFWLYLGDGHV GHSRUWLYDV TXH UHTXLHUHQ HO XVR GH QXPHURVRV
UHFXUVRV\HOGLVHxRGHUXWDV\SURSXHVWDVTXHLQFOX\HQWRGRXQFDWiORJRGHPHWRGRORJtDVDFWLYDVFRPR
EDVHHVWRVHQWRUQRVGLGiFWLFRVVRQHOREMHWRGHQXHVWUDDSRUWDFLyQ

3$/$%5$6&/$9(
3DUTXH 1DWXUDO 6HUUDQtD GH &XHQFD (VSDFLRV 1DWXUDOHV 3URWHJLGRV LWLQHUDULRV GLGiFWLFRV PHWRGRORJtD
SDUWLFLSDWLYD

,1752'8&&,1*(2*5),&$62%5(/$6(55$1$'(&8(1&$
/D 6HUUDQtD GH &XHQFD FRPSUHQGH XQ YDVWR WHUULWRULR VLWXDGR HQ OD UDPD FDVWHOODQD GHO
6LVWHPD ,EpULFR FRQ FRWDV H[WUHPDV FRPSUHQGLGDV HQWUH ORV \ ORV PiV GH P GH
DOWLWXG /D 0RJRUULWD 6H WUDWD SXHV GH XQ HVSDFLR ULFR HQ JHRORJtD JHRPRUIRORJtD IORUD
IDXQD \ SRU VXSXHVWR HQ SDLVDMH KDFLHQGR GHO PLVPR XQ HQWRUQR ~QLFR &RPR 3DUTXH
1DWXUDOIXHGHFODUDGRVHJ~QODQRUPDWLYDUHJLRQDOHQHODxR/H\GHGHPDU]R
DEDUFDXQDH[WHQVLyQVXSHULRUDODVKD\DIHFWDDXQiUHDGHLQIOXHQFLDVRFLRHFRQyPLFD
$,6 GH RQFH WpUPLQRV PXQLFLSDOHV $UFRV GH OD 6LHUUD %HDPXG &XHQFD +XpODPR /DV
0DMDGDV3RUWLOOD7UDJDFHWH8xD9DOGHPHFD9LOODOEDGHOD6LHUUUD\=DIULOODGHODFRPDUFD
QRURULHQWDO GH OD SURYLQFLD GH &XHQFD DFHQWXDGRV WRGRV HOORV SRU OD GHVSREODFLyQ HO
HQYHMHFLPLHQWR \ HO YDFLDPLHQWR SURJUHVLYR GHO WHUULWRULR SURYRFDQGR TXH XQD GH ODV
SULQFLSDOHVDOWHUQDWLYDVDVXVHFRQRPtDVORFDOHVVHDHOWXULVPRUXUDO\QDWXUDODSR\DGRHQOD
PD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVHQODSUHVHQFLDGHXQ(VSDFLR1DWXUDO3URWHJLGR(136HUUDQR*LO\
)HUQiQGH])HUQiQGH](QFRQMXQWRODFRPDUFDVHVLW~DHQXQD]RQDGHPRQWDxDTXH
GHELGRHQSDUWHDODGXUH]DFOLPiWLFD\DODHVFDVDDSWLWXGGHORVVXHORVSDUDHOFXOWLYR$ORQVR
2WHURKDLQFUHPHQWDGRODSpUGLGDGHHIHFWLYRVGHVGHODGpFDGDGHORVDxRVFLQFXHQWD
GHO VLJOR SDVDGR 1R REVWDQWH OD HVFDVD SUHVHQFLD KXPDQD KD D\XGDGR HQRUPHPHQWH DO
PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH ORV DOWRV QLYHOHV HFROyJLFRV SDUD OD FRQVHUYDFLyQ GHO HFRVLVWHPD \ GH ORV
HOHPHQWRV TXH OR FRPSRQHQ DVSHFWRV TXH GHEHQ FRQFLOLDUVH FRQ HO DSURYHFKDPLHQWR GH ORV
PLVPRV
5HVSHFWR D ODV SULQFLSDOHV YDULDEOHV FOLPiWLFDV ODV SUHFLSLWDFLRQHV PHGLDV HQ HO WHUULWRULR
RVFLODQ HQWUH ORV \ ORV PP DQXDOHV VLHQGR HVSHFLDPHQWH OOXYLRVRV ORV PHVHV GH
QRYLHPEUH\IHEUHURPLHQWUDVTXHDJRVWR\MXOLRDXQTXHFRQIUHFXHQWHVWRUPHQWDV
.Serrano Gil, M..C.Fernndez Fernndez


HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ OD ]RQDV GH PD\RU DOWLWXG /DV QHYDGDV VH FRQFHQWUDQ HQ ODV FRWDV PiV
HOHYDGDV GH OD FRPDUFD GRQGH VH SXHGHQ VXSHUDU ORV GtDV GH SUHFLSLWDFLRQHV /DV
WHPSHUDWXUDVPHGLDVDQXDOHVVHVLW~DQHQODKRUTXLOOD&&/DWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLDGHORV
PHVHV GH GLFLHPEUH \ HQHUR QR VXSHUD ORV FHUR JUDGRV 'HELGR D OD DOWLWXG \ D OD
FRQWLQHQWDOLGDG OD DPSOLWXG WpUPLFD HV FRQVLGHUDEOH HQ WRGR HVWH WHUULWRULR (Q HVHQFLD
HQFRQWUDPRV XQ IXHUWH FRQWUDVWH WpUPLFR HVWDFLRQDO GRPLQDGR SRU LQYLHUQRV IUtRV \ YHUDQRV
PX\ FiOLGRV FRQ WRWDOHV SOXYLRPpWULFRV SULQFLSDOPHQWH HTXLQRFFLRQDOHV H LQIOXHQFLD
FRQWLQHQWDO)HUQiQGH]*DUFtDS
'HVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD GH OD JHRORJtD ORV PDWHULDOHV VHFXQGDULRV GH HVWD UDPD FDVWHOODQD
VXIULHURQ SOHJDPLHQWRV GXUDQWH HO PRYLPLHQWR DOSLQR \ GHELGR D OD H[SRVLFLyQ D DJHQWHV
HURVLYRV H[WHUQRV VH KDQ JHQHUDGR XQDV IRUPDV GH UHOLHYH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \ SURSLDV
%iVLFDPHQWH HO UHOLHYH HVWi GRPLQDGR SRU HVWUXFWXUDV WDEXODUHV OODQDV GHULYDGDV GH ODV
DQWLJXDV VXSHUILFLHV GH HURVLyQ PXHODV VLQ SUHVHQFLD GH FXUVRV GH DJXD 7DQWR HQ HOODV
FRPR HQ ORV HVWUHFKRV H LQWULQFDGRV YDOOHV TXH RULJLQDQ OD VHSDUDFLyQ HQWUH ODV PLVPDV VH
HQFXHQWUDQODVSULQFLSDOHVIRUPDVGHO PRGHORFiUVWLFRWRUFDVVLPDVODSLDFHVSROMpV(Q
FRQMXQWR HO EORTXH GH SDUDPHUDV HVWi OLJHUDPHQWH LQFOLQDGR KDFLD HO (VWH OLPLWDQGR SRU HO
2HVWH FRQ OD GHSUHVLyQ SHULIpULFD GH 0DULDQD (O &DPSLFKXHOR HQPDUFDGD SRU GRV
DQWLFOLQDOHVPHVR]RLFRVHOGH%DVFXxDQDDO2HVWH\ODIOH[LyQGH/DV0DMDGDVDO(VWHGRQGH
GRPLQDQ PDWHULDOHV WHUFLDULRV GH RULJHQ VDOLQR FRQ XQD PRUIRORJtD GH FXHVWDV PX\ ELHQ
GHVDUUROODGD\GLIHUHQFLDGDGHOD6HUUDQtD*DUFtD0DUFKDQWH\)HUQiQGH])HUQiQGH]
$O FRQWHPSODU HO SDLVDMH VHUUDQR VH DGVFULEH D ORV VHGLPHQWRV WULiVLFRV HO FRORULGR GH ODV
WLHUUDVGHFXOWLYR\GHODUERODGRGHORVSHTXHxRVKXHUWRVFRQHOFDVHUtRFHUFDQR\ODVYtDVGH
FRPXQLFDFLyQDOOtLQVWDODGDV3RUVXSDUWHORVPDWHULDOHVMXUiVLFRVHQVXVGLIHUHQWHVPRGRVGH
SUHVHQWDFLyQ VRQ HO VRSRUWH GH JUDQ SDUWH GH OD YHJHWDFLyQ OD FXELHUWD TXH HQJDODQD HO
WHUULWRULR PLHQWUDV TXH ORV HVSDFLRV FUHWiFLFRV PDVLYDPHQWH SUHVHQWHV FRQ OD FDOL]D \ OD
GRORPtD UHSUHVHQWDQ HO PXQGR GH ODV IRUPDV DQLPDGDV GH ODV ILJXUDV FDSULFKRVDV TXH
SHWULILFDGDVSHUPDQHFHQHQUHVDOWHSDUDVXPHMRUFRQWHPSODFLyQ*DUFtD0DUFKDQWH
'HVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD GHPRJUiILFR \ HQ FODYH HYROXWLYD HO YROXPHQ GH HIHFWLYRV HQ OD
SURYLQFLDGH&XHQFDKDHVWDGRPDUFDGRSRUXQGHVFHQVRSURJUHVLYRGHVGHPHGLDGRVGHOVLJOR
;; KDE KDVWD OOHJDU D PtQLPRV KLVWyULFRV HQ HO DxR KDE VHJ~Q
GDWRV GHO ,QVWLWXWR 1DFLRQDO GH (VWDGtVWLFD ,1( (Q IHFKDV PiV UHFLHQWHV DxR VH
UHJLVWUD XQD OLJHUD UHFXSHUDFLyQ DO DOFDQ]DUVH ORV KDE (VWH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR
JHQHUDOL]DGRGHGHVFHQVRHVH[WUDSRODEOHDOFDVRGHO$,6GHO3DUTXH1DWXUDOTXHFRQWDEDFRQ
PiV GH KDE HQ OD FRPDUFD \ XQD GHQVLGDG PHGLD GH KDENP HQ HO DxR
PLHQWUDVTXHHQHODxRHOGHVFHQVRKDVLGRQRWRULRFRQVyORKDE\XQDGHQVLGDG
PHGLDGHKDENPORTXHLPSOLFDGHVGHPHGLDGRVGHVLJORODSpUGLGDGHPiVGHKDE
$HVWHHIHFWRVHOHVXPDHOHQYHMHFLPLHQWRGHORVHIHFWLYRVFRPRKHFKRFRQWUDVWDGR\TXHVH
DJUDYDD~QPiVVLFDEHHQODV]RQDVUXUDOHVGHELGRDOLPSDFWRGHOp[RGRUXUDOSURGXFLGRHQ
GpFDGDVDQWHULRUHV\DODDXVHQFLDGHSREODFLyQMRYHQ7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHXQDSREODFLyQ
HVWiHQYHMHFLGDFXDQGRODSURSRUFLyQGHORVJUXSRVGHHGDGGHDxRV\PiVVXSHUDHO
/ySH] -LPpQH] S WRGRV ORV PXQLFLSLRV DQDOL]DGRV VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ HVWD
VLWXDFLyQ\HQDOJXQRVFDVRVFRQWDVDVLQFOXVRVXSHULRUHVDOFRPRHQORVSXHEORVGH/DV
0DMDGDV7UDJDFHWH\8xDVHJ~QGDWRVGHO,QVWLWXWRGH(VWDGtVWLFDGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKDDxR
$HVWHGDWRKDEUtDTXHDxDGLUHOHVFDVRSHVRHQFRQMXQWRXQGHOLQWHUYDORGH
HGDGDxRVTXHLQGLFDHOGLItFLOUHFDPELRJHQHUDFLRQDOSDUDHOWHUULWRULR\HQDOJXQRV
FDVRVFRQXQDVLWXDFLyQDODUPDQWHSRUQRUHJLVWUDUVHQLQJ~QHIHFWLYRMRYHQFRPRHQHO


PXQLFLSLR GH 3RUWLOOD (Q UHVXPHQ HO PHGLR UXUDO QR KD ORJUDGR UHFXSHUDUVH GH OD SpUGLGD
PDVLYD GH SREODFLyQ \ PDQWLHQH XQD WHQGHQFLD DO GHSREODPLHQWR FRQ XQ FUHFLHQWH
HQYHMHFLPLHQWR$SDULFLR*XHUUHUR\*DUFtD0DUFKDQWHSKHFKRTXHVHFRQVWDWD
HQWRGDODFRPDUFDGHOD6HUUDQtDGH&XHQFD
(Q OD HVWUXFWXUD HFRQyPLFD HQ OD FRPDUFD GHVWDFD HO SHVR GH Q~PHUR GH DILOLDGRV D GRV
VHFWRUHVGHDFWLYLGDGSRUXQODGRHOVHFWRUVHUYLFLRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQORVSXHEORVGH9LOODOED
GH OD6LHUUD DILOLDGRV7UDJDFHWH DILOLDGRV\/DV0DMDGDV DILOLDGRV\SRURWUR
ODGRHOGHODDJULFXOWXUDFRQDILOLDGRVDOVHFWRUHQWUHVPXQLFLSLRV9LOODOEDGHOD6LHUUD\
/DV0DMDGDVDILOLDGRVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH\7UDJDFHWH(QHOFDVRGHOVHFWRULQGXVWULDO
VHUHJLVWUDQDILOLDGRVDOD6HJXULGDG6RFLDOHQODORFDOLGDGGH9LOODOEDGHOD6LHUUD\HQWUH
ORV SXHEORV GH 7UDJDFHWH \ /DV 0DMDGDV (VWR QRV LQGLFD TXH HVWDPRV DQWH XQD IXHUWH
SRODUL]DFLyQ GH DPERV VHFWRUHV VHUYLFLRV \ SULPDULR DXQTXH OD WHQGHQFLD GHVFHQGHQWH GHO
VHJXQGRHVFRQVWDQWH+HUUiL]+HUQDQVDQ]\6HUUDQR*LOFRQXQDPD\RUSUHVHQFLDVL
FDEHGHOVHFWRUVHUYLFLRVTXHFRQWDELOL]DDOJ~QDILOLDGRHQWRGRVORVPXQLFLSLRVHQWUHORVTXH
GHVWDFDQFRPRPiVGLQiPLFRV9LOODOEDGHOD6LHUUD7UDJDFHWH\/DV0DMDGDV
)LJXUD0DSDGHORFDOL]DFLyQGHOD6HUUDQtDGH&XHQFD

/DHVFDVDSUHVHQFLDKXPDQDHQHOWHUULWRULR\ORVDOWRVYDORUHVPHGLRDPELHQWDOHV\HFROyJLFRV
TXH FRQVHUYD OD FRPDUFD HQ FRQMXQWR KDFHQ GH HVWH HVSDFLR XQ PDUFR H[FHSFLRQDO SDUD
LGHQWLILFDU \ UHFRQRFHU FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV (O KHFKR GH FRQWDU FRQ YDULDV ILJXUDV GH
SURWHFFLyQ PHGLRDPELHQWDO 3DUTXH 1DWXUDO 5HG 1DWXUD DxDGH XQD YDORUDFLyQ
GLGiFWLFD D HVWRV HVSDFLRV SDUD VHU DGDSWDGRV D GLYHUVDV HWDSDV HGXFDWLYDV FRQ HO ILQ GH
IRPHQWDU QR VyOR OD IRUPDFLyQ \ OD HGXFDFLyQ DPELHQWDO VLQR WDPELpQ HO UHVSHWR \ OD
FRQVHUYDFLyQ GH ORV YDORUHV VRFLDOHV \ QDWXUDOHV 6HUUDQR GH OD &UX] 6DQWRV2OPR HW DO
(VWDFRQVLGHUDFLyQVREUHHVWRV(13\DIXHUHIOHMDGDSRUDOJXQRVGLYXOJDGRUHVFRPR
2GyQ GH %XHQ \ /XLV 0DUWtQH] .OHLVHU/ySH] 9LOODYHUGH SHUR GHVWDFD OD SURSXHVWD
TXH \D HQ UHDOL]y -XDQ *LPpQH] GH $JXLODU SDUD FDOLILFDU OD &LXGDG (QFDQWDGD FRPR
3DUTXH 1DFLRQDO *HROyJLFR *LPpQH] GH $JXLODU DGHODQWiQGRVH LQFOXVR D OD
DSUREDFLyQGHODSULPHUDOH\GH3DUTXHV1DFLRQDOHVHQ(VSDxD


(Q UHVXPHQ HQ HO WHUULWRULR REMHWR GH QXHVWUR DQiOLVLV SRU VXV VLQJXODULGDGHV \ YDORUHV
JHRJUiILFRV \ PHGLRDPELHQWDOHV TXH EUHYHPHQWH GHVFULELUHPRV PiV DGHODQWH SDUD VX
FRQRFLPLHQWR \ HQVHxDQ]D KHPRV GLVHxDGR FXDWUR LWLQHUDULRV GLGiFWLFRV MXQWR D RWUDV
LQGLFDFLRQHVRULHQWDGDVDODVDFWLYLGDGHVItVLFRGHSRUWLYDV

-867,),&$&,1
'HELGR DO FDUiFWHU IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH WUDQVYHUVDO TXH SUHVHQWD OD FLHQFLD JHRJUiILFD HO
DFHUFDPLHQWR D OD UHDOLGDG FLUFXQGDQWH VH FRQYLHUWH HQ XQD SLH]D IXQGDPHQWDO GHO SURFHVR
HQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH
(Q HVWH VHQWLGR HO HQWRUQR TXH SUHVHQWDPRV GHVGH OD REVHUYDFLyQ \ HO DQiOLVLV GH ORV
HOHPHQWRVGHOPHGLRSHUPLWHDOHVWXGLDQWHXREVHUYDGRUFRPSUHQGHUH[SORUDUHLQYHVWLJDUODV
LQWHUDFFLRQHV TXH H[LVWHQ HQ HO PLVPR \ FRQWULEX\H D FRPSURPHUWHOR FRQ HO FXLGDGR GHO
HQWRUQRDYHODUSRUODGHIHQVDGHOSDWULPRQLRQDWXUDOFXOWXUDO\DUWtVWLFR\DYDORUDUWDPELpQ
ODLPSRUWDQFLDTXHWLHQHQODVDFWLYLGDGHVYLQFXODGDVFRQHOHMHUFLFLR\ODVDOXG
7HQLHQGR HVWR HQ FXHQWD HQ ODV GLYHUVDV HWDSDV HGXFDWLYDV HVWiQ SUHVHQWHV FRPSHWHQFLDV
UHODFLRQDGDV HQ PD\RU R PHQRU PHGLGD FRQ HVWD GLPHQVLyQ JHRJUiILFD TXH DEDUFD WDQWR HO
HVWXGLRGHOPHGLRQDWXUDOFRPRGHODUHDOLGDGSUy[LPDDODOXPQDGR

&RPSHWHQFLDHQHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\ODLQWHUDFFLyQFRQ
HOPXQGRItVLFR
(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO
&RPSHWHQFLDVRFLDO\FLXGDGDQD
&RPSHWHQFLDSDUDDSUHQGHUDDSUHQGHU
&RPSHWHQFLDGHDSUHQGHUDDSUHQGHU
(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULD
&RPSHWHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\FtYLFDV
&RPSHWHQFLDGHDSUHQGHUDDSUHQGHU
(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD
&RPSHWHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\FtYLFDV
&RPSHWHQFLDVJHQHUDOHV\GLVFLSOLQDUHVGHWtWXOR
&RPSHWHQFLDSDUDH[SRQHU\DSOLFDUPHWRGRVSURSLRV
(VWXGLRVGH*UDGR0DHVWUR,QIDQWLO\3ULPDULD GHOD*HRJUDItDRULHQWDFLyQ\PHGLGDGHOHVSDFLR
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQJUiILFD\FDUWRJUiILFDREVHUYDFLyQ
GLUHFWDDQiOLVLVGHOSDLVDMH
(VWXGLRVGH*UDGR+XPDQLGDGHV &RPSHWHQFLDVJHQHUDOHV\GLVFLSOLQDUHVGHWtWXOR
(VWXGLRVGH*UDGR*HRJUDItD &RPSHWHQFLDVJHQHUDOHV\GLVFLSOLQDUHVGHWtWXOR
7DEOD&RPSHWHQFLDVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQHOPHGLRQDWXUDOVHJ~QHOQLYHOHGXFDWLYR)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

'HFUHWRGHGHPD\RSRUHOTXHVHHVWDEOHFH\RUGHQDHOFXUUtFXORGHOVHJXQGRFLFORGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLOHQOD
&RPXQLGDG$XWyQRPDGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD'2&0Q

'HFUHWRGHGHRFWXEUHSRUHOTXHVHHVWDEOHFHHOFXUUtFXORGHOD(GXFDFLyQ3ULPDULDHQOD&RPXQLGDG
$XWyQRPDGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD'2&0Q

'HFUHWRGHGHMXQLRSRUHOTXHVHHVWDEOHFHHOFXUUtFXORGHOD(GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD2EOLJDWRULD\%DFKLOOHUDWR
HQOD&RPXQLGDG$XWyQRPDGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD'2&0Q

6HKDFRQVXOWDGRKWWSHGXFDFLRQFXXFOPHVDUFKLYRVJBSURJUDPDVB'27BSUL&203(7(1&,$635,0$5,$SGI\
KWWSHGXFDFLRQFXXFOPHVDUFKLYRVJBSURJUDPDVB'27BLQI&203(7(1&,$6,1)$17,/SGI

6HKDFRQVXOWDGRKWWSVZZZXFOPHVFXHGXBKXPDJUDGR+XPDQLGDGHVFRPSHWHQFLDVDVS

6HKDFRQVXOWDGRKWWSVZZZXFOPHV&5OHWUDVJUDGRVJHRJUDILDSGI&RPSHWHQFLDVHVSHFLILFDVSGI

$VtHODEDQLFRGHSRWHQFLDOHVDOXPQRVHVWiHQWUHHOUDQJRGHDOXPQRVGH(GXFDFLyQ,QIDQWLO
FRQ ODV DGDSWDFLRQHV SUHFLVDV SDUD VX QLYHO KDVWD ORV HVWXGLDQWHV GH *UDGR FRQ DVLJQDWXUDV
UHODFLRQDGDVFRQODViUHDVGHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOD*HRJUDItD(QWUHORVREMHWLYRVDFRQVHJXLU
HV FRP~Q GHQRPLQDGRU TXH WRGRV SHUFLEDQ \ FRQR]FDQ HO HVSDFLRItVLFR \ ODV LQWHUDFFLRQHV
FRQ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV KXPDQDV GHVGH HO GHVDUUROOR GH FDSDFLGDGHV GH RULHQWDFLyQ GH
ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH REVHUYDFLyQ H LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH WHUULWRULRV \GH SDLVDMHV UHDOHV PHGLDQWH ORV
PHGLRV \ PpWRGRV GH XELFDFLyQ \ TXH WRGR HOOR FRQGX]FD ILQDOPHQWH D OD WRPD GH
FRQFLHQFLD GH ORV SUREOHPDV \ FXHVWLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV SDUD OD LPSOLFDFLyQ HQ OD GHIHQVD \
FRQVHUYDFLyQGHOPHGLR
/DHGXFDFLyQJHRJUiILFDDGHPiVGHD\XGDUDODFRQVHFXFLyQGHODVFRPSHWHQFLDVFODYHUH~QH
ODVKHUUDPLHQWDVHVHQFLDOHV\FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFRPRVRQHOWUDEDMRGHFDPSR
HO PDSD \ OD FDUWRJUDItD \ HO FUHFLHQWH XVR GH LQVWUXPHQWRV WDQ ~WLOHV FRPR ORV 6LVWHPDV GH
,QIRUPDFLyQ *HRJUiILFD 6,* 8QLyQ *HRJUiILFD ,QWHUQDFLRQDO WRGDV HOODV SLH]DV
FODYHHQODIRUPDFLyQGHORVDOXPQRV\IXWXURVGRFHQWHVHQHVWDPDWHULD
62%5(3$,6$-(6<6,7,26','&7,&26'(/$6(55$1$'(&8(1&$
7UDGLFLRQDOPHQWHODPDWHULDTXHSRUH[FHOHQFLDVHKDHQFDUJDGRGHODHQVHxDQ]DGHOSDLVDMH
KD VLGR OD *HRJUDItD *yPH] 2UWL] SHUR HQ SDUWH GHELGR D OD LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULHGDG \
WUDQVYHUVDOLGDGGHOSURSLRFRQFHSWR\DTXHHQVtPLVPRUHPLWHDXQDUHDOLGDGWDQWRWHUULWRULDO
FRPR VRFLRFXOWXUDO VH UHTXLHUH XQD UHODFLyQ HVWUHFKD GH GLVFLSOLQDV SDUD HGXFDU VREUH pO
/DFDVWD 5HKR\R (VWR VXSRQH TXH HO DFHUFDPLHQWR D OD UHDOLGDG GHO SDLVDMH HQFLHUUD
XQDPHMRUDHQODDGTXLVLFLyQGHFRQFHSWRV\KDELOLGDGHVDGHPiVGHXQLPSRUWDQWHFDPELRHQ
IDYRUGHODQDWXUDOH]D\GHODVRFLHGDGHQVXFRQMXQWR&DVDV-HULFy\(UQHWD$OWDUULED
8Q OXJDU GH LQWHUpV GLGiFWLFR HV XQ HQFODYH VLQJXODU FX\DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV QDWXUDOHV R
FXOWXUDOHV VRQ HVSHFLDOPHQWH UHSUHVHQWDWLYDV \ IiFLOPHQWH SHUFLELGDV GH PRGR TXH FRQ XQ
HQIRTXH SHGDJyJLFR DGHFXDGR \ DGDSWDGR D XQ GHWHUPLQDGR QLYHO HGXFDWLYR VH SHUPLWD XQ
DFHUFDPLHQWR LQ VLWX D OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GH ORV YDORUHV FLHQWtILFRV FXOWXUDOHV \ R VRFLDOHV
6HUUDQRGHOD&UX]6DQWRV2OPRHWDO
6LQ GXGD DOJXQD OD YDULDELOLGDG GH ORV UHFXUVRV GLGiFWLFRV TXH EULQGD XQD FRPDUFD WDQ
FRPSOHWD FRPR HV HO FDVR GH OD 6HUUDQtD GH &XHQFD HQ XQ HVSDFLR WDQ SHTXHxR RIUHFH DO
GRFHQWHODSRVLELOLGDGGHUHFXUULUDKHUUDPLHQWDVWHUULWRULDOHVHVHQFLDOHVSDUDPHMRUDUHOQLYHO
GHHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH0XxR](VSLQRVD
/RV IHQyPHQRV HURVLYRV HQ WRGD OD FRPDUFD VRQ OD WyQLFD GRPLQDQWH \ VH DFHQW~DQ
SULQFLSDOPHQWHVREUHODVOLWRORJtDVGHPDWHULDOHVFDUERQDWDGRVWDQWRGHOMXUiVLFRLQIHULRUFRPR
GHO FUHWiFLFR VXSHULRU $Vt OD GLVROXFLyQ LQWHUQD HQGRNDUVW \ H[WHUQD H[RNDUVW KDQ GDGR
RULJHQ D XQ EXHQ Q~PHUR GH FXHYDV VLPDV FDxRQHV X KRFHV ODSLDFHV GROLQDV XYDODV
SROMpV JHQHUDQGR ]RQDV GH UHOLHYHV UXLQLIRUPHV FRQ HMHPSORV H[FHSFLRQDOHV FRPR OD
&LXGDG (QFDQWDGD *DUFtD 0DUFKDQWH \ )HUQiQGH] )HUQiQGH] FRPR Pi[LPR
H[SRQHQWH$WHQGLHQGRDOLQWHUpVJHROyJLFR\JHRPRUIROyJLFRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVHOHPHQWRVGH
HVWD tQGROH TXH ORFDOL]DPRV HQ HO 3DUTXH 1DWXUDO KHPRV GHVWDFDGR OXJDUHV GH YDORU
H[FHSFLRQDOGHYDORUPX\DOWR\GHYDORUDOWR(QHODPSOLRFRQMXQWRGHHVSDFLRVFRQYDORUHV
VREUHVDOLHQWHVKHPRVUHVDOWDGRYDULRVSDUDMHVQDWXUDOHVGHYDORUH[FHSFLRQDOFRPROD&LXGDG
(QFDQWDGDHO&DxyQGHO-~FDUORVFDOOHMRQHVGH/DV0DMDGDVORV3DODQFDUHV\7LHUUD
0XHUWD \ ODV ODJXQDV GH &DxDGD GHO +R\R /RV DOWRV QLYHOHV HFROyJLFRV TXH SUHVHQWD OD

FRPDUFDKDQKHFKRTXHHVWHYDVWRWHUULWRULRVHHQJOREHGHQWURGHODUHG1DWXUD DWUDYpV
GH YDULDV ILJXUDV GH SURWHFFLyQ PHGLRDPELHQWDO DGHPiV GH OLQGDU FRQ RWUDV ILJXUDV GH
SURWHFFLyQ QDWXUDO FRPR ORV 0RQXPHQWRV 1DWXUDOHV GHO 1DFLPLHQWR GHO UtR &XHUYR ORV
3DODQFDUHV \ 7LHUUD 0XHUWD \ ODV ODJXQDV GH &DxDGD GHO +R\R HVSDFLRV UHODFLRQDGRV
HVWUHFKDPHQWHFRQHOUHOLHYHFiUVWLFR\ODGLVROXFLyQGHORVPDWHULDOHVFDOL]RV7RGRVORVFDVRV
VHOHFFLRQDGRV FXHQWDQ FRQ XQD HVSHFWDFXODU FXELHUWD YHJHWDO \ DOJXQRV FRQ FRQWHQLGRV
FXOWXUDOHVVLQJXODUHVFRPRODDUTXLWHFWXUDSRSXODU

3DLVDMH 7LSR 9DORUFLHQWtILFR 9DORUGLGiFWLFR 9DORU7XUtVWLFR
/D&LXGDG(QFDQWDGD &iUVWLFR ([FHSFLRQDO $OWR $OWR

'HVWDFDSRUORVYDORUHVJHRPRUIROyJLFRVSRUODHVSHFWDFXODULGDG\UDUH]D
GH ODV IRUPDV SURSLDV GHO UHOLHYH FiUVWLFR HQ HVWH HVSDFLR XQ ODSLD] GH
JUDQGHVGLPHQVLRQHVIRUPDQGRcalles labernticas HQHOSRWHQWHHVWUDWRGH
GRORPtD
/RVFDOOHMRQHVGH/DV
&iUVWLFR ([FHSFLRQDO 0HGLR 0HGLR
0DMDGDV
6LWXDGDHQODPHVDGHOPLVPRQRPEUH\DORHVWHGHOD&LXGDG(QFDQWDGD
PXHVWUDRWURHMHPSORGHUHOLYHFiUVWLFRHQHVWDGRHYROXWLYRGLIHUHQWH
3DODQFDUHV\7LHUUD
&iUVWLFR ([FHSFLRQDO 0HGLR 0HGLR
0XHUWD
/DVPXHODV\ODVSDUDPHUDVVRQORVSULQFLSDOHVHOHPHQWRVGRPLQDQWHVHQOD
6HUUDQtDFRQIRUPDQGRYDVWDVVXSHUILFLHVFRQXQDVDOWLWXGHVGHHQWUHORV
DPGHDOWLWXGGHHVFDVDSHQGLHQWH(QHOODVVHHQFXHQWUDQODV
GROLQDV R GHSUHVLRQHV FLUFXODUHV \R SROLJRQDO GH WDPDxR YDULDGR WRUFDV
GHORV3DODQFDUHV
&DxDGDGHO+R\R &iUVWLFR ([FHSFLRQDO 0HGLR 0HGLR
6LWXDGDVHQHOWpUPLQRPXQLFLSDOGH&DxDGDGHO+R\RXQJUXSRGHGROLQDV
TXH FRQWDFWDQ FRQ HO QLYHO IUHiWLFR \ SUHVHQWDQ DJXD HQ VX LQWHULRU
FRQIRUPDQXQSDUDMHODJXQDUGHHVSHFLDOLQWHUpV
1DFLPLHQWRGHO5tR
)OXYLDO $OWR $OWR 0X\$OWR
&XHUYR
6XUJLPLHQWRGHFDXGDOGHOUtRTXHSUHVHQWDXQDFDVFDGDGHDJXDHQ
DEDQLFRJHQHUDQGRXQDFRUWLQDGHKLORVGHJUDQEHOOH]D

6HSXHGHFRQVXOWDUKWWSDJULFXOWXUDMFFPHVLQDS


&DxyQGHO-~FDU )OXYLDO ([FHSFLRQDO $OWR $OWR

9DOOHSRUGRQGHFLUFXODHQFDMDGRHOUtR-~FDU\FX\RVERUGHVHVWiQ
IRUPDGRVSRUODVYHUWLHQWHVDEUXSWDVIRUPDQGRHVFDUSHVFRUWDGRV
5tR0RVFDV )OXYLDO $OWR 0HGLR 0HGLR

6LWXDGD DO VXU GH OD FLXGDG GH &XHQFD HVWi VXUFDGD SRU HO UtR GHO PLVPR
QRPEUH VREUH PDWHULDOHV \HVtIHURV \ HVWUDWURV GHO ROLJRFHQR FRPSXHVWRV
EiVLFDPHQWHSRUDUHQLVFDV\FRQJORPHUDGRV
'HSUHVLyQSHULIpULFD
$JUtFROD $OWR 0HGLR 0HGLR
GH0DULDQD
(VWi VRPHWLGD D XQ SURJUHVLYR YDFLDGR VXUFDGD SHUSHQGLFXODUPHQWH SRU

WUHV UtRV HO 7UDEDTXH HO (VFDEDV FXHQFD GHO 7DMR \ HO -~FDU FRQ VX
DIOXHQWHHO0DULDQD
0RQWHVS~EOLFRV )RUHVWDO ([FHSFLRQDO $OWR $OWR

/DULTXH]DIRUHVWDOKDVLGRXQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVVHFWRUHVHFRQyPLFRVGH
ODFRPDUFD 0iVGHKDGHODPDVDIRUHVWDOPX\ELHQFRQVHUYDGD
VRQSURSLHGDGGHO$\XQWDPLHQWRGH&XHQFD
$UTXLWHFWXUDSRSXODU *DQDGHUtD $OWR 0HGLR 0HGLR

(V UHIOHMR GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV DJURJDQDGHUDV GH OD ]RQD \ OD HVWUHFKD
UHODFLyQTXHVHKDPDQWHQLGRHQODFRPDUFDFRQODJDQDGHUtDWUDVKXPDQWH
RYLQR \ YDFXQR XWLOL]DQGR ORV PDWHULDOHV TXH SURSRUFLRQDED HO HQWRUQR
/D FDVD VHUUDQD KHFKD GH FDOLFDQWR \ GH PDGHUD GH VDELQD R SLQR FRQ HO
WHMDUR]FRPRHOHPHQWRVLQJXODUSURWHFWRUGHODPDGHUDGHODSXHUWD\ODV
PDMDGDVRWLQiV JDQDGHUDV
7DEOD3DLVDMHVGHVWDFDGRV\VLWLRVGLGiFWLFRVSURSXHVWRV)XHQWHKWWSLQIRLJPHHVLHOLJ(ODERUDFLyQ
SURSLD

$&7,9,'$'(6 3$5$ /$ /(&785$ ( ,17(535(7$&,1 '(/ 3$,6$-(
6(55$12
3URSRQHPRV XQ FRQMXQWR GH DFWLYLGDGHV GLGiFWLFDV SDUD UHDOL]DU WDQWR HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D PiV
IRUPDOFRPRODLQIRUPDO(QHOSULPHUFDVRVHDWLHQGHSULQFLSDOPHQWHDODVSUHSDUDWRULDVTXH
VH SXHGHQ GHVDUUROODU GLUHFWDPHQWH HQ HO DXOD QHFHVDULDV SDUD ODV VDOLGDV DO HQWRUQR PiV
LQPHGLDWR OXJDU GRQGH VH SHUFLEH D WUDYpV GH ORV VHQWLGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH FRPSRQHQ HO
SDLVDMHFRQYLUWLHQGRDVtHOWHUULWRULRHQXQYHUGDGHURFDPSRGHHQVD\R\GHH[SHULPHQWDFLyQ
GH WRGRV ORV DVSHFWRV VHQVRULDOHV 6iQFKH] /ySH] \ -HUp] *DUFtD PHGLDQWH OD
REVHUYDFLyQGLUHFWD
/D VDOLGD GHO DXOD SDUD OD REVHUYDFLyQ D WUDYpV GH XQ LWLQHUDULR HV HO UHFXUVR GLGiFWLFR PiV
FRPSOHWRHQHOPRGHORHQVHxDQ]DDSUHQGL]DMH\DTXHDWLHQGHDORVFRQWHQLGRVJHRJUiILFRV


ItVLFRVKXPDQRV\HFRQyPLFRVGHOSDLVDMH\UH~QHDGHPiVXQYDULDGRFDWiORJRGHDFWLYLGDGHV
SUHYLDV GXUDQWH OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH OD PLVPD \ SRVWHULRUPHQWH GH YXHOWD \D HQ HO DXOD /RV
LWLQHUDULRVGLGiFWLFRVVRQPX\EXHQRVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHHQVHxDQ]DDGHPiVGHTXHGHVDUUROODQ
IDFWRUHVPX\SRVLWLYRVSDUDHODOXPQDGR\DTXHHODSUHQGL]DMHSXHGHVHUPiVVLJQLILFDWLYR\
GH PDQHUD PiV HQWUHWHQLGD \ GHVDUUROOD XQD GH ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV EiVLFDV UHFRJLGDV HQ HO
'HFUHWRFRPRHVODFRPSHWHQFLDHQHOFRQRFLPLHQWRHLQWHUDFLyQFRQHOPXQGRTXH
URGHD VLQ GHMDU GH ODGR TXH HVWRV LWLQHUDULRV VRQ XQD FODYH RULHQWDWLYD KDFLD XQD HGXFDFLyQ
SUyVSHUD\GHFDOLGDG)ULHUD6XiUH]
/RVSUHSDUDWLYRVGHOUHFRUULGRSRUQXHVWURHVSDFLRGHHVWXGLRHO3DUTXH1DWXUDOGHOD6HUUDQtD
GH&XHQFDUHTXLHUHQODXWLOL]DFLyQGHKHUUDPLHQWDVFDUWRJUiILFDVDVtHQHVSHFLDOVREUHYDULDV
KRMDV GHO 0DSD 7RSRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO 071 Q \ FRQ ODV
TXH WUDEDMDUHPRV ODV FRRUGHQDGDV JHRJUiILFDV ORV FiOFXORV GH GLVWDQFLDV HO DQiOLVLV GH ODV
FXUYDV GH QLYHO ODV IRUPDV WRSRJUiILFDV \ GH ORV DVSHFWRV SODQLPpWULFRV TXH VH SRGUiQ
REVHUYDU GXUDQWH HO LWLQHUDULR HQWUH ORV TXH PHUHFHQ HVSHFLDO DWHQFLyQ HO DQiOLVLV GH
WRSRQLPLDUHODFLRQDGDFRQORVYDORUHVLGHQWLWDULRVGHOWHUULWRULRVHUUDQRPRUIRORJtDV FiUVWLFDV
QDYDQDYD]RWRUFDWRUPDJDOIRUHVWDOHVHO3XQWDOGHOD6DELQDHO6DELQDUHO5RGHQDOOD
%XMHGD HO 5RPHUDO R HQWUH ODV JDQDGHUDV OD LGHQWLILFDFLRQ GH YtDV SHFXDULDV FDxDGDV
FRUGHOHVYHUHGDVDEUHYDGHURVRPDMDGDV(O0DSD*HROyJLFR1DFLRQDO0$*1$FRQODV
KRMDV Q \ D\XGDUi D FRPSUHQGHU OD KLVWRULD \ VHFXHQFLDV JHROyJLFDV
LQVFULWDV HQ ODV GLYHUVDV HGDGHV JHROyJLFDV \ ODV GRV GHSUHVLRQHV TXH GHVWDFDQ FRQ VXV
FRPSRQHQWHVWHUFLDULRVGHODPLVPDPDQHUDSHUPLWLUiODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHPDWHULDOHVURFRVRV
GHPRUIRORJtDVFiUVWLFDVIOXYLDOHVVDOLQDV\UHVWDQWHVIRUPDVGHOUHOLHYH
)LJXUD0RQWHVGH8WLOLGDG3~EOLFDSURSLHGDGGHO$\XQWDPLHQWRGH&XHQFDVLWXDGRVHQOD6HUUDQtDGH&XHQFD

6H KD FRQVXOWDGR KWWSFHQWURGHGHVFDUJDVFQLJHV&HQWUR'HVFDUJDVHTXLSDPLHQWRFXDGULFXODB071SQJ \
KWWSZZZLJQHVLEHUSL[YLVRU

(QHVWDOtQHDOD-XQWDGH&RPXQLGDGHVGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKDKDGHVDUUROODGRXQYLVRUFDUWRJUiILFRSDUDODYLVXDOL]DFLyQGH
HVWHWLSRGHYtDVKWWSDJULFXOWXUDMFFPHVLPRYLSLQGH[BLPYSKS

6HKDFRQVXOWDGRKWWSLQIRLJPHHVFDUWRJUDILDGLJLWDOJHRORJLFD0DJQDDVS["ODQJXDJH HVEXVTXHGD


/RVPDSDVGH0RQWHVSURSLHGDGGHO$\XQWDPLHQWRGHODFLXGDGGH&XHQFDFRQHVSOpQGLGRV
SLQDUHV PDJQLILFDPHQWH FRQVHUYDGRV FRQ YDULHGDGHV DGDSWDGDV D ODV GLIHUHQWHV DOWXUDV \ ORV
PDSDV GH 9HJHWDFLyQ VRQ LPSUHVFLQGLEOHV SDUD OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO HVSHFWDFXODU FRQMXQWR
IRUHVWDO GH OD 6HUUDQtD GH &XHQFD 'HVGH HO VLJOR ;,, HO $\XQWDPLHQWR HV SURSLHWDULR GHXQ
YDVWRWHUULWRULRGRQDGRSRUHOUH\$OIRQVR9,,,GH&DVWLOODWUDVODFRQTXLVWDGHODFLXGDGDORV
PXVXOPDQHV *DUFtD 0DUFKDQWH 8Q EXHQ HMHPSOR GH HOOR OR HQFRQWUDPRV HQ OD UHG
PHGLDQWHXQSUR\HFWRGHGLJLWDOL]DFLyQOOHYDGRDFDERSRUHO$UFKLYR&HQWUDOGH&DVWLOOD/D
0DQFKD GRQGH VH SXHGH FRQVXOWDU HO FDWiORJR GH 0RQWHV GH 8WLOLGDG 3~EOLFD GH ODV FLQFR
SURYLQFLDV $Vt PLVPR MXQWR D OD ULFD \ YDULDGD YHJHWDFLyQ HQ HVWD FRPDUFD HO *HRSRUWDO
6,26(6LVWHPDGH,QIRUPDFLyQVREUH2FXSDFLyQGHO6XHORGH(VSDxD \ODVGLYHUVDVFDSDV
GHO &RULQH /DQG &RYHU QRV PXHVWUDQ LQIRUPDFLyQ LQWHUHVDQWH HQ PDWHULD GH FXOWLYRV \ GH
XVRVGHOVXHOR
/RVWUDEDMRVIRUHVWDOHVHQRWURWLHPSREDVDGRVHQODIXHU]DDQLPDO\ODVGXUDVDFWLYLGDGHVGH
FRUWD\WUDVODGRGHODPDGHUDUHDOL]DGRVSRUORVJDQFKHURVWpUPLQRTXHHOGLFFLRQDULRGHOD
5HDO$FDGHPLDGHOD/HQJXDUHFRJHFRPRYRFDEOHFRQTXHQVHTXHVHUHILHUHDOHQFDUJDGRGH
JXLDUODVPDGHUDVSRUHOUtRVLUYLpQGRVHGHXQELFKHURRJDQFKRSRUHOUtR-~FDUKDVWDHOSDUDMH
GH (O 6DUJDO HQ OD FLXGDG GH &XHQFD /RV JDQFKHURV \D VRQ KLVWRULD TXH GHEH VHU H[SOLFDGD
FRPRXQRILFLRPX\GXUR\GHVDSDUHFLGRTXHWXYRPXFKDLPSODQWDFLyQHQEXHQDSDUWHGHOD
6HUUDQtD3LTXHUDV+DED\6DQFKtV'HXVD\HQHOEDUULRGH6DQ$QWyQGHODFLXGDG7DO
IXHHOLPSDFWRGHHVWHWUDQVSRUWHIOXYLDOTXHH[LVWtDWRGDXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQ\HVWUXFWXUDVRFLDO\
ODERUDOHQWRUQRDHVWRVHVSHFLDOLVWDVTXHIXHURQHQHOWUDQVSRUWHGHODPDHGHUD6DQ]6HUUDQR
-RVp /XLV 6DPSHGUR HQ VX QRYHOD El ro que nos lleva UHIOHMD HO PRGR GH YLGD \ OD
GXUH]DGHOWUDEDMRGHORVJDQFKHURV
/RV SUHSDUDWLYRV WDPELpQ SHUPLWHQ HODERUDU XQD KHUUDPLHQWD HVHQFLDO SDUD LQWHUSUHWDU HO
SDLVDMHFRPRVRQORVFOLPRJUDPDVPHGLDQWHODUHFRSLODFLyQ\HODQiOLVLVGHGDWRVSURFHGHQWHV
GH ODV SULQFLSDOHV HVWDFLRQHV PHWHRUROyJLFDV HQ OD ]RQD &RQ XQD HQWUDGD HQ OD $JHQFLD
(VWDWDOGH0HWHRURORJtD$(0(7\HODQiOLVLVGHOPDSDGHVXSHUILFLHVHSRGUiFRPSOHWDUOD
REVHUYDFLyQGHOWLHPSRSUHYLVWRGXUDQWHODVDOLGD
(ODQiOLVLVGHODSREODFLyQGHHVWHWHUULWRULRSHUPLWLUiODE~VTXHGDGHLQIRUPDFLyQHQHO,1(
ODUHDOL]DFLyQ\REVHUYDFLyQGHODVVLQJXODUHVSLUiPLGHVGHHGDGHVTXHUHIOHMDQORVHIHFWRVGH
ODHPLJUDFLyQ\ HO HQYHMHFLPLHQWR PHGLDQWH ODV IRUPDV LUUHJXODUHV H LQOFXVR LQYHUWLGDV TXH
SUHVHQWDQORVKLVWRJUDPDVGHORVQ~FOHRVVHUUDQRV&DxDGDGHO+R\RKDE%HDPXG
KDE8xDKDE7UDJDFHWHKDE
/DV KHUUDPLHQWDV WHFQROyJLFDV \ HVSHFLDOPHQWH ORV 6,* ORV YLVRUHV FDUWRJUiILFRV \ RWURV
PDWHULDOHV GH VLPLODUHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV DSRUWDUiQ LQIRUPDFLyQ LQWHUHVDQWH VREUH HVWH HVSDFLR
FRPR HQWUH RWURV HO YLVRU *RRJOH 0DSV TXH PXHVWUD GHVGH HO DLUH ODV LPiJHQHV GH ORV
SULQFLSDOHVSDLVDMHVTXHKHPRVVHOHFFLRQDGRHOFRPSDUDGRUGHRUWRIRWRVGHO3ODQ1DFLRQDO

6HKDFRQVXOWDGRKWWSSUR\HFWRVGLJLWDOL]DFLRQDUFKLYRFOPMFFPHVLQGH[SKS"FDW

6HKDFRQVXOWDGRKWWSZZZVLRVHHV

6HKDFRQVXOWDGRKWWSODQGFRSHUQLFXVHXSDQHXURSHDQFRULQHODQGFRYHUFOF

6HKDFRQVXOWDGRKWWSGOHUDHHV"LG ,T/Y9

6HKDFRQVXOWDGRKWWSZZZDHPHWHVHVVHUYLFLRVFOLPDWLFRVGDWRVFOLPDWRORJLFRVYDORUHVFOLPDWRORJLFRV"N FOP\WDPELpQ
KWWSSUHQVDKLVWRULFDPFXHVHVFRQVXOWDUHVXOWDGRVBQDYHJDFLRQFPG"EXVTBDXWRULGDGHVELE %93+$

$PRGRGHHMHPSORKWWSVZZZJRRJOHHVPDSV#PGDWD PH&LXGDG(QFDQWDGD
KWWSVZZZJRRJOHHVPDSV#PGDWD PH /DV 7RUFDV
KWWSVZZZJRRJOHHVPDSV#PGDWD PH/DJXQDVGH&DxDGDGHO+R\R

GH 2UWRIRWRJUDItD $pUHD 312$ GHO ,QVWLWXWR *HRJUiILFR 1DFLRQDO \ HO YLVRU GH
,QIUDHVWUXFWXUDVGH'DWRV(VSDFLDOHV,'(GH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD
3DUDHOFRQRFLPLHQWRLQVLWXGHHVWHHQWRUQRGHVFULWRTXHSUHYLDPHQWHVHKDSUHVHQWDGRHODXOD
PHGLDQWH OD REVHUYDFLyQ GH ORV UHFXUVRV GLGiFWLFRV PiV DUULED FRPHQWDGRV KHPRV GLVHxDGR
FXDWURLWLQHUDULRVGLGiFWLFRVTXHFRQWULEXLUiQDODOHFWXUDHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHORVSDLVDMHVTXH
FRQWLHQHQ

,WLQHUDULR0RQXPHQWR1DWXUDO3DODQFDUHV\7LHUUD0XHUWDODV/DJXQDVGH&DxDGD
GHO+R\R
)LJXUD,WLQHUDULR

/DYLVLWDDO0RQXPHQWR1DWXUDOGH3DODQFDUHV\7LHUUD0XHUWDGRQGHVHORFDOL]DQODV7RUFDV
\DO0RQXPHQWR1DWXUDOGHODV/DJXQDVGH&DxDGDGHO+R\RWLHQHFRPRREMHWRSULQFLSDOHO
FRQRFLPLHQWR GH XQ PDJQtILFR PRGHODGR FiUVWLFR HQ GRV FRQMXQWRV ELHQ GLIHUHQFLDGRV GH
GROLQDV\RWURVDVSHFWRVHVHQFLDOPHQWHELRJHRJUiILFRV
6H OOHJD D OD ]RQD GH ODV 7RUFDV WUDV KDEHU GHMDGR OD FDUUHWHUUD GLUHFFLyQ D 7HUXHO \ KDEHU
FUX]DGR HO UtR 0RVFDV VREUH XQ OHFKR GH PDWHULDOHV EODQGRV \ IpUWLOHV SDUD OD DJULFXOWXUD \
KRUWLFXOWXUD GH OD ]RQD (QWUH XQDV DOWLWXGHV DSUR[LPDGDV GH P \ GH HVFDVD
SHQGLHQWH VH VLW~DQ HVWDV GROLQDV TXH UHVSRQGHQ HQ HVHQFLD D KXQGLPLHQWRV GHO WHUUHQR
FDOL]R HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV GH HQRUPHV GLPHQVLRQHV FUHDGDV SRU GLVROXFLyQ R SRU HO
HQVDQFKDPLHQWRGHILVXUDVHQODURFDFDOL]DFRQERUGHVDEUXSWRV7RPDQQRPEUHVSRSXODUHV

8QHMHPSORKWWSZZZLJQHVZHEFRPSDUDGRUBSQRDPDS

6HKDFRQVXOWDGRKWWSVFDVWLOODODPDQFKDPDSVDUFJLVFRPKRPHLQGH[KWPO


7RUFDGHOD1RYLDGHO/RERGHO$JXD\VHHQFXHQWUDQHQXQHQWRUQRULFRGHYHJHWDFLyQ
FRQGRPLQLRGHGRVHVSHFLHVGHSLQRpinus nigra y pinus sylvestrisDGTXLULHQGRHQHVWD]RQD
XQD GH ODV PDVDV PD\RUHV \ PHMRU FRQVHUYDGDV GH WRGD OD 3HQtQVXOD ,EpULFD \ GH VDELQDV
juniperus trurifera VDOSLFDGR GH HQFLQDV TXHMLJRV HQHEURV WHMRV DYHOODQRV \ PDWRUUDO
GLYHUVR FRPR DOLDJDV WRPLOORV URPHURV FDQWXHVR R HVSOLHJR (VWDV IRUPDFLRQHV FiUVWLFDV
FRQWLQHQHQHQVXLQWHULRUXQDLQWHUHVDQWHYHJHWDFLyQDGDSWDGDDODVFRQGLFLRQHVELRFOLPiWLFDV
FRQIRUPDFLRQHVGHSLQRVPX\UHFWRV\GHJUDQDOWXUDEXVFDQGRODOX]
8QD YH] UHFRUULGRV ORV VHQGHURV HQWUH ODV GROLQDV \ ORV HVFDUSHV URFRVRV GH HVWH SDLVDMH HO
VLJXLHQWH REMHWLYR VH ORFDOL]D HQ ODV ODJXQDV GH &DxDGD GHO +R\R VLWXDGDV D NP GHO
PXQLFLSLR TXH SUHVHQWD XQD LQWHUHVDQWH PRUIRORJtD FRQVWUXFWLYD FRQ PDWHULDOHV GHO HQWRUQR
(VWDVVLHWHODJXQDVHVWiQDVRFLDGDVDODGHSUHVLyQFiUVWLFDGHOUtR*XDGD]DyQTXHDWUDYLHVDHO
WHUULWRULRSRUHOVXUGUHQDQGRHOSROMp(VWDVGROLQDVSUHVHQWDQFRQFRPLWDQFLDVFRQODV7RUFDV
DXQTXH OD GLIHUHQFLD IXQGDPHQWDO HVWULED HQ OD SUHVHQFLD GH DJXD HQ VX LQWHULRU FRQ HO
DIORUDPLHQWRGHOQLYHOIUHiWLFRFRQIRUPDQGRXQSDUDMHGHJUDQEHOOH]DSDUDVXFRQWHPSODFLyQ

,WLQHUDULR3DUTXH1DWXUDO&DxyQGHO-~FDU&LXGDG(QFDQWDGD8xD
(OVHJXQGRGHORVLWLQHUDULRVWLHQHFRPRREMHWRXQDYLVLWDDOSOHQRFRUD]yQGHO3DUTXH1DWXUDO
HQWUDQGRSRUHO PXQLFLSLRGH9LOODOEDGH OD6LHUUD\UHDOL]DQGRODSDUDGDLQLFLDO DSLH HQ HO
PLUDGRUFiUVWLFRGHO9HQWDQRGHO'LDEORRTXHGDGTXHIRUPySDUWHGHXQFRQGXFWRLQWHUQRGHO
FDUVRGHVGHGRQGHVHGLYLVDQODGHSUHVLyQGHO&DPSLFKXHOR\OD6LHUUDGH%DVFXxDQDTXHOR
HQPDUFD\HO&DxyQGHOUtR-~FDUFRQVXVSRWHQWHV\HVFDUSDGRVHVWUDWRVFDOL]RV
'HVGH DKt VH DVFHQGHUtD SRU OD FDUUHWHUD HQFODYDGD DO ERUGH GHO GHVILODGHUR TXH SHUPLWH OD
REVHUYDFLyQ GH OD DFFLyQ IOXYLDO HURVLYD HQ HO HQFDMRQDPLHQWR GHO UtR -~FDU (O GHVYtR D OD
&LXGDG (QFDQWDGD FRQVHUYD DOJXQRV YHVWLJLRV GH OD DFWLYLGDG JDQDGHUD WLQDGDV PDMDGDV
DEUHYDGHURVDVtFRPRODHVSOpQGLGDPDVDIRUHVWDOGHpinus nigra TXHURGHDWRGRHOHVSDFLR
)LJXUD,WLQHUDULR

7UDVUHFRUUHUXQWUDPRGHODFDUUHWHUD&0HQOD&LXGDG(QFDQWDGDVRUSUHQGHHOUHOLHYH
FiUVWLFR \ UXLQLIRUPH VREUH OD GRORPtD TXH KD GDGR QRPEUH D ODV GH VX FRPSRVLFLyQ GH
FDUERQDWR FiOFLFR \ PDJQpVLFR GRORPtD GH OD &LXGDG (QFDQWDGD (V PX\ LQWHUHVDQWH HO
UHFRUULGRDSLHVXEUD\DQGRODVSULQFLSDOHVIRUPDVJHROyJLFDVTXHWRPDQPi[LPDH[SUHVLyQHQ
HVWDPHVDFDOL]DXQODSLD]GHJUDQGHVGLPHQVLRQHVTXHOLPLWDDO6XUSRUHODUUR\R&DPEUyQ
TXHYLHUWHVXVDJXDVDOUtR-~FDU\DO(VWHSRUHOYDOOH\ODKR]GHOUtR9DOGHFDEUDV(QWUHODV
IRUPDV PiV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHVWDFDQ el Tormo Alto, el Mar de piedra, los Toboganes y la
Puerta del Convento. +HUQiQGH]3DFKHFR DFHQWXDED VX LPSRUWDQFLD HQ GHIHQVD GHO HVSDFLR
FRPR 6LWLR 1DWXUDO GH ,QWHUpV 1DFLRQDO FXDQGR GHFtD curiosidad natural son las formas
fantsticas que la erosin ha labrado en las calizas cretceas, formando calles labernticas
de grandes monolitos que se elevan en formas ensanchadas por las partes superiores y
adelgazadas hacia abajo, debido a la desigual dureza de dos zonas de las potentes capas
rocosas2UJDQLVPR$XWyQRPRGH3DUTXHV1DFLRQDOHVS
,WLQHUDULR 3DUTXH 1DWXUDO 0HVD GH /DV 0DMDGDV &DxyQ GHO -~FDU 9LOODOED GH OD
6LHUUD8xD
(VWH LWLQHUDULR SDUWLUtD GH OD PHVD GH /DV 0DMDGDV VHSDUDGD EiVLFDPHQWH GH OD &LXGDG
(QFDQWDQGDSRUODILVXUDGHOYDOOH\&DxyQGHOUtR-~FDU(VRWURGHORVHMHPSORVFiUVWLFRVTXH
SUHVHQWDIRUPDV\ILJXUDVPX\VLPLODUHVDODQWHULRUDXQTXHHQXQHVWDGRHYROXWLYRGLIHUHQWH
'HKHFKRORV&DOOHMRQHVGH/DV0DMDGDVSXQWRGHVDOLGDGHODUXWDVRQHVHQFLDOPHQWHXQD
FLXGDG HQFDQWDGD D PHQRU HVFDOD DXQTXH GH VLPLODU EHOOH]D 'RPLQDQ ODV VHWDV SpWUHDV
WRUPRV ORV &DOOHMRQHV GLDFODVDV HQVDQFKDGDV HQ OD SRWHQWH URFD FDOL]D ORV ODSLDFHV ODV
FXHYDV\ODVVLPDV6HWUDWDGHXQ HVSDFLRDQWURSL]DGR\FRQKXHOODKXPDQD HVSHFLDOPHQWH
JDQDGHUD HQ HO WHUULWRULR SRU OD SUHVHQFLD GH DSULVFRV WLQDGDV SDUD OD FDEDxD JDQDGHUD R
YtDV SHFXDULDV FRQ SULQFLSDOHV HMHV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ YHUHGDV FDxDGDV R FRUGHOHV HQWUH ORV
SDVWRV VHUUDQRV HVWLYDOHV \ ORV GH LQYLHUQR GHO 9DOOH GH $OFXGLD GRQGH WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWH VH
WUDVODGDHVWHJDQDGRWUDQVKXPDQWH
)LJXUD,WLQHUDULR


'HVSXpV GHO SDVHR SRU OD VHQGD JHRERWiQLFD PDUFDGD HQ HO SDUDMH OD UXWD FRQWLQ~D HQ
GHVFHQVRKDVWDHOPXQLFLSLRGH9LOODOEDGHOD6LHUUDSDUDFRQWLQXDUSRUODFDUUHWHUDFRPDUFDO
KDVWDHODFFHVRDO&DxyQGHO-~FDUFRQORVHVFDUSHVGHFDOL]DDDPERVODGRVGHOPLVPRKDVWD
OOHJDUDOSXHEORGH8xDFRQVX ODJXQDGRQGHGHVWDFDOD PXHODGHO PLVPRQRPEUHHQSOHQR
3DUTXH 1DWXUDO GH OD 6HUUDQtD (O SURSLR PXQLFLSLR SUHVHQWD HQ VX FDVFR XUEDQR DOJXQRV
HMHPSORV LQWHUHVDQWHV GH DUTXLWHFWXUD SRSXODU GRQGH VH HQVDPEODQ SHUIHFWDPHQWH ORV
PDWHULDOHV GH OD ]RQD OD URFD FDOL]D HO FDOLFDQWR \ OD PDGHUD SURGXFLGD HQ ORV PRQWHV
SUy[LPRV TXH XQDV YHFHV HV SURWDJRQLVWD \ HQ RWUDV PDWHULDO IXQGDPHQWDO DOLDGR FRQ OD
SLHGUD)HUQiQGH])HUQiQGH]\&DEUHUL]R0DUWtQH]GH%DURMD\TXHVHUYtDGHVRSRUWH
SDUD ODV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV WDQWR GH YLYLHQGDV FRPR GH RWUDV GHSHQGHQFLDV SDUD HO FDPSR OD
DJULFXOWXUD\ODJDQDGHUtD

,WLQHUDULR3DUTXH1DWXUDO&LXGDG(QFDQWDGD8xD7UDJDFHWH1DFLPLHQWRGHOUtR
&XHUYR
/D FXDUWD UXWD TXH SURSRQHPRV SDUWH GH OD &LXGDG (QFDQWDGD SDVDQGR SRU HO &DxyQ GHO UtR
-~FDUODORFDOLGDG\ODJXQDGH8xDSDUDDVFHQGHUSRUODFDUUHWHUDFRPDUFDOKDVWD7UDJDFHWH
PXQLFLSLR VHUUDQGR HQFODYDGR HQ HO YDOOH 7ULiVLFR GHO MRYHQ UtR -~FDU IRUPDGR HQ XQ
LQWHUHVDQWH SOLHJXH GLDStULFR RULJHQ GH XQD VDOLQD DKRUD VLQ DSURYHFKDPLHQWR (O PXQLFLSLR
GLVSRQHGHDORMDPLHQWRVSDUDHOWXULVPRUXUDO\DFWLYLGDGHVGHSRUWLYDV
(VWHLWLQHUDULRFRQFOX\HMXQWRDOQDFLPLHQWRGHOUtR&XHUYR'XUDQWHHOWUD\HFWRHQHOSDLVDMH
KD\XQGRPLQLRGHH[WHQVDVPDVDVGHSLQRDOEDUGLYHUVDVHVSHFLHVGHULEHUDHQODVRULOODVGHO
UtR-~FDU\HQWUHHOPDWRUUDOODSUHVHQFLDGHDURPiWLFDV\KHOHFKRVHQODVXPEUtDV
(O0RQXPHQWR1DWXUDOGHO5tR&XHUYRIXHGHFODUDGRHQHODxR\HVXQDGHODVPHMRUHV
IRUPDFLRQHV GH PDQDQWLDO WUDYHUWtQLFR GH &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD FRQ XQRV UDVJRV JHROyJLFR
PHGLDPELHQWDOHV\HVWpWLFRVTXHH[SOLFDQTXHVHDXQRGHORVPiVYLVLWDGRVGHOD6HUUDQtD
)LJXUD,WLQHUDULR


(/ (172512 6(55$12 &202 (63$&,2 3$5$ $&7,9,'$'(6 )6,&2
'(3257,9$6
$GHPiV GH ORV LWLQHUDULRV GLGiFWLFRV SURSXHVWRV HVWH HQWRUQR GHO 3DUTXH 1DWXUDO SUHVHQWD
QRWDEOHV YDORUHV SDUD OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH DFWLYLGDGHV ItVLFRGHSRUWLYDV \ GH WXULVPR UXUDO
DSR\DGDV HQ ODV GLYHUVDV UXWDV GH VHQGHULVPR HQ ODV iUHDV UHFUHDWLYDV \ HQ UHFLHQWHV
LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVTXHFRPRDWUDFWLYRLQYLWDQDODYLVLWDGHHVWRVSDUDMHVGHPRQWDxDPHGLD
'LVSRQH GH XQ EXHQ Q~PHUR GH VHQGHURV GH SHTXHxR UHFRUULGR 35HQWUH ORV TXH GHVWDFDQ
DOJXQRVGHHOORVFRPRHO35&8HO(VFDOHUyQ\OD5D\DHQHOSXHEOR8xD\HO35&8
TXHDEDUFDODUXWDGHODV)XHQWHFLOODV\ORV&DOOHMRQHVGH/DV0DMDGDV6LQGXGDDOJXQDOD
H[WHQVD UHG GH VHQGHURV WDQWR 35 FRPR *5 TXH FUX]DQ HVWH WHUULWRULR OR FRQYLHUWHQ HQ XQ
HVSDFLR GHVWDFDGR SDUD UHDOL]DU DFWLYLGDGHV HQ HO PHGLR QDWXUDO HVSHFLDOPHQWH GXUDQWH ODV
PHMRUHVpSRFDVSDUDUHDOL]DUWDOHVWUDYHVtDVRWRxR\SULPDYHUD\DTXHHOLQYLHUQRORVDJHQWHV
FOLPiWLFRVIUtRKLHORQLHYHHWFSXHGHQFRQGLFLRQDUDOJXQRVGHORVWUDPRVGHORVPLVPRV
(QFXDOTXLHUFDVRODUHGHVWiVHxDOL]DGDFRQODVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVIOHFKDVMDORQHV\PDUFDVGH
SLQWXUDTXHLQGLFDQHOFDPLQRDUHFRUUHU
)LJXUD,QIRUPDFLyQGHXQVHQGHURSURSXHVWRHQODODJXQDGH8xD

5HVSHFWR D ORV HVSDFLRV GH RFLR \ HVSDUFLPLHQWR HQ WRGD OD FRPDUFD TXH RFXSD HO 3DUTXH
1DWXUDO GHVWDFDQ RQFH VLWLRV FRQVLGHUDGRV FRPR iUHDV UHFUHDWLYDV HO $OWR GH OD 9HJD HO
DUUR\RGHODV7UXFKDVODFDVD$OFRQHUD&RURQLOODV/DJXQLOORVHO0ROLQRGH-XDQ5RPHUR
6DQ%ODV\ODV)XHQWHVGHOD$UGLOODGHOD7tD3HUUDGHODV7DEODV\GHO$UHQD]R7RGRVHOORV
FRQVWLWX\HQXQDDGHFXDGDLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDSDUDODUHDOL]DFLyQGHDFWLYLGDGHVDODLUHOLEUH

3DUDLQIRUPDFLyQPiVHQGHWDOOHVHSXHGHFRQVXOWDUODZHEGHOD)HGHUDFLyQGH'HSRUWHVGH0RQWDxDGH&DVWLOOD/D
0DQFKDKWWSVZZZIGPFPFRPLQGH[SKS


)LJXUD,QIRUPDFLyQGHXQDGHODViUHDVUHFUHDWLYDVFRQTXHFXHQWDHO3DUTXH1DWXUDOGHOD6HUUDQtD

/RV PXQLFLSLRV TXH IRUPDQ HO $,6 GH 3DODQFDUHV \ 7LHUUD 0XHUWD HVWiQ LQFOXLGRV HQ OD
OODPDGD 5XWD GH ORV 'LQRVDXULRV XQD DSXHVWD SRU SDUWH GH OD LQLFLDWLYD S~EOLFD GH OD
'LSXWDFLyQ 3URYLQFLDO GH &XHQFD FRQ HO ILQ GH SURPRFLRQDU XQ WHUULWRULR FRQ QRWDEOHV
\DFLPLHQWRVSDOHRQWROyJLFRVFRPRLQFHQWLYRHFRQyPLFR\VRFLDOSDUDJHQHUDUHPSOHRVHQXQD
FRPDUFDWDQGHSULPLGDUHODFLRQDGRVFRQORVFHQWURVH[SRVLWLYRVGHORVSXHEORVGH&DxDGDGHO
+R\R\)XHQWHV\HOSXQWRGHLQIRUPDFLyQGH/D&LHUYD
/DYLVLWDDOWHUULWRULRGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDWXUtVWLFRHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQORUHIHULGRDO3DUTXH
1DWXUDOFXHQWDFRQXQFHQWURGHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQDELHUWRGHVGHHOPHVGHPDU]RGHHQHO
PXQLFLSLR GH 8xD \ FRQ YDULRV SXQWRV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ SDUD YLVLWDQWHV HQ ORV 0RQXPHQWRV
1DWXUDOHVTXHFXHQWDQFRQHOORFRPRVRQHOUtR&XHUYR&DVDGHOD+HUUHUtD\GH3DODQFDUHV
\7LHUUD0XHUWD
/D RIHUWD PiV UHFLHQWH \ VLQJXODU FRPR DWUDFWLYR D YLVLWDU LPSOLFD D WUHV PXQLFLSLRV GH OD
6HUUDQtD &DxHWH +XHUWD GHO 0DUTXHVDGR \ 9DOGHPHFD HQPDUFDGD HQ HO OODPDGR 3DLVDMH
,OXVWUDGRREUDGHODUWLVWD/XLV=DIULOODGRQGHVHUHFRJHQHVFHQDVGHFRUWHFRVWXPEULVWDGHOD
YLGD UXUDO GH HVWDV ORFDOLGDGHV UHDOL]DGDV HQ DFHUR FRUWpQ SROLFURPDGR \ D HVFDOD QDWXUDO
DGHFXDGDPHQWHHQFODYDGDVDODLUHOLEUHHQSHUIHFWDDUPRQtDFRQHOSDLVDMHQDWXUDOTXHURGHD
GLFKRVQ~FOHRVGHSREODFLyQ

&21&/86,21(6

x 'HVGHODFRQVLGHUDFLyQ GHO3DUTXH 1DWXUDOGHOD6HUUDQtDGH&XHQFD FRPRXQ HQWRUQR
GLGiFWLFR GH YDORU H[FHSFLRQDO ODERUDWRULR GRQGH FRPSUREDU VXV VLQJXODUHV \ YDULDGRV
FRQWHQLGRV JHRJUiILFRV PHGLRDPELHQWDOHV \ SDWULPRQLDOHV KHPRV DFWXDOL]DGR OD UHYLVLyQ
GHGLFKRVDVSHFWRVDSDUWLUGHIXHQWHV\ELEOLRJUDItD

6HKDFRQVXOWDGRKWWSZZZGLQRVDXULRVGHFXHQFDHV

6HKDFRQVXOWDGRKWWSVZZZGLSXFXHQFDHVQRWLFLDVSXEOLFDGRULQDXJXUDGDRILFLDOPHQWHODUXWDGHOSDLVDMH
LOXVWUDGR:)W+O0-D6&8QUHSRUWDMHPiVFRPSOHWRVHSXHGHORFDOL]DUHQKWWSVZHERVIULWRVHVODPDUDYLOORVD
REUDGHOXLV]DIULOODHQYDOGHPHFDFXHQFD


x (VWH HVSDFLR FRQWLHQH SDUDMHV PX\ QRWDEOHV FRQ DVSHFWRV GHVWDFDGRV HQ HO FRQMXQWR
VHUUDQR HQWUH ORV TXH VH KDQ VHOHFFLRQDGR \ FDOLILFDGR QXHYH OXJDUHV GH YDORU
H[FHSFLRQDODOWR\PHGLRVHJ~QFULWHULRVGHQXHVWUDSHUFHSFLyQ\VXVUDVJRVGLVWLQJXLGRV
x /RV FXDWUR LWLQHUDULRV GLGiFWLFRV SURSXHVWRV FX\D UHDOL]DFLyQ UHTXLHUH ODV LQGLFDGDV
DFWLYLGDGHV SUHSDUDWRULDV HQ HO DXOD FRQ XWLOL]DFLyQ GH YDULDGRV UHFXUVRV HQ VXV DFWXDOHV
YHUVLRQHVFRQWULEXLUiQDODOHFWXUDHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHHVWRVSDLVDMHV
x /DVSRWHQFLDOLGDGHVGHHVWRVSDUDMHVFRPRVRSRUWHGHDFWLYLGDGHVItVLFRGHSRUWLYDVFRQ
DSR\R HQ ODV GLYHUVDV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV SUHSDUDGDV D WDO ILQ UHG GH VHQGHURV 35 \ *5
iUHDV UHFUHDWLYDV UXWDV HVSHFLDOL]DGDV 'LQRVDXULRV 3DLVDMH ,OXVWUDGR SXQWRV GH
LQIRUPDFLyQ SDUD YLVLWDQWHV \ XVXDULRV GH OD 6HUUDQtD \ UHG GH DORMDPLHQWRV UXUDOHV
HQFLHUUDQ DGHPiV FRPSRQHQWHV RULHQWDGRV DO FRQRFLPLHQWR GHO HQWRUQR UHVSHWR SRU HO
PHGLRDPELHQWHFRQVHUYDFLyQGHORVHVSDFLRVQDWXUDOHV\ILQDOPHQWHODFUHDFLyQGHKiELWRV
GHYLGDVDOXGDEOHV

%,%/,2*5$)$
$ORQVR 2WHUR ) /D 6HUUDQtD GH &XHQFD HQ - $ *RQ]iOH] 0DUWtQ \ $9i]TXH]
*RQ]iOH]HGVGua de los Espacios Naturales de Castilla-La Mancha7ROHGR6HUYLFLRGH
3XEOLFDFLRQHVGHOD-XQWDGH&RPXQLGDGHVGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKDSS
$SDULFLR*XHUUHUR$(\*DUFtD0DUFKDQWH-6/DGHVSREODFLyQGHOPHGLRUXUDO
HQ&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKDHVWDGRGHODFXHVWLyQ\SURSXHVWDGHGLQDPL]DFLyQVRFLRHFRQyPLFD
Actas del XVIII congreso de Geografa RuralSS
&DVDV -HULFy 0 \ (UQHWD $OWDUULED / (O SDLVDMH HQ OD (GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD
2EOLJDWRULD 8QD RSRUWXUQLGDG HGXFDWLYD HQ HO FDPELR FXUULFXODU /2(/20&( Didctica
GeogrficaSS
)HUQiQGH] )HUQiQGH] 0& \ &DEUHUL]R 0DUWtQH] GH %DURMD & /D PDGHUD GH OD
6HUUDQtD GH &XHQFD HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ WUDGLFLRQDO HQ -6 *DUFLD 0DUFKDQWH \ & 9D]TXH]
9DUHOD HGV Las relaciones entre las comunidades agrcolas y el monte. Coloquio hispano
francs de Geografa Rural. &XHQFD6HUYLFLRGH3XEOLFDFLRQHVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DVWLOOD
/D0DQFKD
)HUQiQGH] *DUFtD ) /RV FRQGLFLRQDQWHV FOLPiWLFRV GHO SDLVDMH HQ - $ *RQ]iOH]
0DUWtQ\$9i]TXH]*RQ]iOH]HGVGua de los Espacios Naturales de Castilla-La Mancha
7ROHGR 6HUYLFLR GH 3XEOLFDFLRQHV GH OD -XQWD GH &RPXQLGDGHV GH &DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD SS

)ULHUD 6XiUH] ) ,WLQHUDULRV GLGiFWLFRV WHRUtD \ H[SHULHQFLDV HQ GHIHQVD GHO
SDWULPRQLRHQ$$99HGVEl Patrimonio y la Didctica de las Ciencias Sociales. &XHQFD
8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD\$VRFLDFLyQ8QLYHUVLWDULDGH3URIHVRUHVGH'LGiFWLFDGH
ODV&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHVSS
*DUFtD 0DUFKDQWH -6 Economa forestal del Ayuntamiento de Cuenca &XHQFD
'LSXWDFLyQSURYLQFLDO
*DUFtD0DUFKDQWH-63DLVDMHVFRQTXHQVHVHQPLPHPRULD'LVFXUVRGHLQJUHVRHQ
OD5HDO$FDGHPLD&RQTXHQVHGH$UWHV\/HWUDV&XHQFD5HDO$FDGHPLD&RQTXHQVHGH$UWHV
\/HWUDV

*DUFtD0DUFKDQWH-6\)HUQiQGH])HUQiQGH]0&Organizacin y aprovechamiento
de un espacio rural: la Depresin Caamares Mariana. &XHQFD'LSXWDFLyQ 3URYLQFLDO GH
&XHQFD
*DUFtD 0DUFKDQWH -6 \ )HUQiQGH] IHUQiQGH] 0& La Ciudad Encantada /HyQ
(GLFLRQHV/DQFLD
*LPpQH]GH$JXLODU-/D&LXGDG(QFDQWDGDSDUTXHQDFLRQDOJHROyJLFREl Mundo
(peridico regionalistaGHMXOLRGH
*yPH] 2UWL] $ (O SDLVDMH FRPR WHPD WUDQVYHUVDO HQ HO 'LVHxR &XUULFXODU %DVH
'&% GH OD (GXFDFLyQ 2EOLJDWRULD /D PRQWDxD FRPR REMHWR GH HVWXGLR Biblio 3W.
Revista Biliogrfica de Geografa y Ciencias Sociales>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSZZZXEHGXJHRFULWEZKWP!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
+HUUiL]+HUQDQVDQ]-\6HUUDQR*LO'HVSREODFLyQ\DEDQGRQRGHODVDFWLYLGDGHV
DJURSHFXDULDV WUDGLFLRQDOHV HQ OD 6HUUDQtD $OWD GH &XHQFD PHGLGDV GH GHVDUUROOR VRVWHQLEOH
HQXQWHUULWRULRUXUDOGHVIDYRUHFLGRHQ-$&DPDFKR%DOOHVWD\<-LPpQH]2OLYHQFLDHGV
Desarrollo Regional Sostenible en tiempo de crisis *UDQDGD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH *UDQDGD SS

/DFDVWD 5HKR\R 3 /RV HVTXHPDV GH SDLVDMH FRPR DSOLFDFLyQ GLGiFWLFD 'LGiFWLFD
*HRJUiILFD SS >(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSZZZGLGDFWLFDJHRJUDILFDFRPGLGDFWLFDJHRJUDILFDDUWLFOHYLHZ! >OWLPR
DFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
/ySH] -LPpQH] -- $SUR[LPDFLyQ D OD HVWUXFWXUD \ GLVWULEXFLyQ HVSDFLDO GHO
HQYHMHFLPLHQWRHQ(VSDxDAnales de GeografaSS
/ySH]9LOODYHUGH/Juan Gimnez de Aguilar [1876-1947]. &LXGDG5HDO$OPXG
0XxR] (VSLQRVD ( /RV FDXFHV IOXYLDOHV FRPR HMHV GLGiFWLFRV HQ 5 6HEDVWLi
$OFDUD] \ ( 0 7RQGD 0RQOORU HGV. La investigacin e innovacin en la enseanza de la
geografa$OLFDQWH8QLYHUVLGDGGH$OLFDQWHSS
2UJDQLVPR$XWyQRPRGH3DUTXHV1DFLRQDOHV/D&RPLVDUtDGH3DUTXHV1DFLRQDOHV\
OD SURWHFFLyQ D OD QDWXUDOH]D HQ (VSDxD HQ ( +HUQiQGH] 3DFKHFR HG Gua de los Sitios
Naturales de Inters Nacional. La Comisara de Parques Nacionales y la proteccin de la
naturaleza en Espaa [Facsmil, 1933]0DGULG2UJDQLVPR$XWyQRPR3DUTXHV1DFLRQDOHV
SS
3LTXHUDV+DED-\6DQFKtV'HXVD0&(OWUDQVSRUWHIOXYLDOGHPDGHUDHQ(VSDxD
JHRJUDItDKLVWyULFDCuadernos de geografaSS
6iQFKH]/ySH]/\-HUp]*DUFtD/D0DQFKDHQHO4XLMRWHWHUULWRULR\OLWHUDWXUD
SDUDXQDJHRJUDItDGLGiFWLFDDidctica GeogrficapSRFDSS
6DQ] 6HUUDQR $ /RV JDQFKHURV FRQTXHQVHV \ VX RUJDQL]DFLyQ ODERUDO Estudios
GeogrficosSS
6HUUDQRGHOD&UX]0$et al., 9DORUDFLyQGLGiFWLFDGHOSDUTXHQDWXUDOGHO9DOOHGH
$OFXGLD \ 6LHUUD 0DGURQD &LXGDG 5HDO HQ 5 6HEDVWLi $OFDUD] \ ( 0 7RQGD 0RQOORU
HGV. La investigacin e innovacin en la enseanza de la geografa$OLFDQWH8QLYHUVLGDGGH
$OLFDQWHSS

6HUUDQR *LO \ )HUQiQGH] )HUQiQGH] 0 & ,QLFLDWLYDV WXUtVWLFDV FRPR
UHYLWDOL]DFLyQHQORVHVSDFLRVQDWXUDOHVSURWHJLGRVGHODSURYLQFLDGH&XHQFDActas del XVIII
congreso de Geografa RuralS
)XHQWHV
-XQWDGH&RPXQLGDGHVGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD'HFUHWRGHGHPD\RSRUHO
TXH VH HVWDEOHFH \ RUGHQD HO FXUUtFXOR GHO VHJXQGR FLFOR GH (GXFDFLyQ ,QIDQWLO HQ OD
&RPXQLGDG$XWyQRPDGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD'2&0QSS
3UHVLGHQFLD GH OD -XQWD GH &RPXQLGDGHV GH&DVWLOOD/D 0DQFKD /H\ GH GH
PDU]RGHGHFODUDFLyQGHO3DUTXH1DXWUDOGHOD6HUUDQtDGH&XHQFD'2&0QSS

8QLyQ *HRJUiILFD ,QWHUQDFLRQDO 'HFODUDFLyQ ,QWHUQDFLRQDO VREUH (GXFDFLyQ
*HRJUiILFD3HNLQ
5HFXUVRVZHE
,QVWLWXWR*HRPLQHURGH(VSDxD>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOH HQ
KWWSZZZLJPHHVSDWULPRQLR3*SDWULPRQLR*KWP!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
8QLyQ *HRJUiILFD ,QWHUQDFLRQDO >(Q OtQHD@ 'LVSRQLEOH HQ KWWSZZZLJX
FJHRUJFKDUWHUVKWP>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@
,QVWLWXWRGH(VWDGtVWLFDGH&DVWLOOD/D0DQFKD>(QOtQHD@'LVSRQLEOHHQ
KWWSZZZLHVMFFPHV!>OWLPRDFFHVRVHSWLHPEUH@

I9 CUARTA PARTE
DE LA TEORA A LA
PRCTICA EN LA
ENSEANZA DE LA
GEOGRAFA

:E
/

Ds^Z
'h^
Ds^Z
'K>K>/dzWZd//W
D^
'/^

^Ds
/^^'^
hEDWW/E'WZdz:hsE/>E^s/>>
YDW
Una Mapping Party es una concentracin de voluntarios que quedan para cartografiar de forma colectiva una ciudad o zona determinada, representando en un mapa distintos
elementos de inters (lugares para aparcar, comer, dormir, comprar, vender, aprender, disfrutar, etc.) que permitan volver a esos sitios siempre que se desee o informar a otros de
su ubicacin.
La toma de datos se puede realizar de mltiples maneras: lpiz y papel, herramientas GPS, aplicaciones especficas para mapas.
La difusin de los datos obtenidos se hace de un modo libre, sostenible y no comercial. En el caso de la Mapping Party Sevilla 2014 el vehculo de difusin de la informacin
recogida fue OpenStreetMap -OSM- un proyecto abierto, social y colaborativo a nivel mundial que pone a disposicin de los usuarios mapas libres y completamente editables.
DW^
Como antesala al trabajo de campo la organizacin del evento haba conformado una serie de grupos a los que se fueron asignando
distintos sectores urbanos, de acuerdo a una zonificacin previa de la ciudad.
El proceso de toma de datos comenz con el reparto de los walking papers, impresiones sobre papel de trozos del mapa OSM donde
deban ir apuntndose los elementos faltantes en el mapa base (un contenedor, una tienda, un carril bici,). Algunos grupos tenan
como cometido la captura de datos temticos especficos (movilidad, comercio justo, accesibilidad, etc).
Recogida la informacin, los grupos acudan a la sede central del evento donde se dispusieron una serie de salas y equipos informticos
para pasar los datos al formato digital de OSM y enriquecer as la base cartogrfica
Desde la recogida de datos en campo a la subida de datos al mapa, los grupos estuvieron monitorizados por una serie de coordinadores a los que previamente se haba formado en la
materia, con objeto de que trasladaran los conocimientos necesarios a los participantes, resolvieran sus dudas y se conformaran grupos totalmente autnomos.
hDW:
En la fase de organizacin del evento, el IES Sierra del Agua de la localidad sevillana de Guadalcanal, se mostr interesado en
participar en la Mapping Party. En concreto, los protagonistas fueron una veintena de chavales de 4 de ESO que vinieron
acompaados por sus profesores que se integraron en la actividad como monitores.
El inters de este colectivo en participar persegua un doble objetivo: desarrollar una actividad formativa en un contexto ldico de
convivencia y hacerlo fuera del entorno cotidiano (visitar la ciudad, hacer noche en ella, etc), como forma de potenciar el
desarrollo personal.
Su presencia oblig a adaptar la actividad para hacerla ms atractiva y para evitar los inconvenientes de callejear por una ciudad
ajena para muchos de los participantes.
DW:
Bsicamente la mapping juvenil se rigi por los mismos parmetros que la general pero con algunas salvedades:
Se acot el mbito al espacio del Parque de Mara Luisa y la Plaza de Espaa
Para amenizar los recorridos, se ide una especie de gincana Descubre los misterios del Parque de Mara
Luisa que, aprovechando los distintos escenarios del Parque, planteaba varios enigmas a resolver.
Para evitar aglomeraciones, se establecieron tres grupos y tres itinerarios que deban ir completando
A cada uno de estos grupos se les asign un elemento a georreferenciar (fuentes, paneles informativos, bancos) en sus
walking papers
Con ayuda de los profesores, la informacin recopilada se subi al mapa OSM. Para que todos participaran en esta
ltima fase del proceso se establecieron turnos rotativos con objeto de que cada alumno aadiese al mapa al menos un
elemento de los que haban tomado en campo.
>
sDW:
Para el alumnado la experiencia fue muy gratificante, se sintieron motivados en todo momento, incluso hubo
pique entre los grupos, conocieron un poquito ms el parque y su entorno y se acercaron al mundo de la
cartografa controlando el proceso desde la toma de datos a su publicacin.
Para el profesorado supuso una oportunidad de desarrollar una actividad fuera del aula en la que los alumnos
repasaron y aprendieron contenidos (geografa, historia, literatura, msica, etc) relacionados con la historia del
Parque y la Plaza de Espaa, as como de los personajes clebres que en l se homenajean. Supuso tambin acercar
a su alumnado a una primera toma de contacto con las nuevas tecnologas de la informacin geogrfica.
Para la organizacin, la participacin de este colectivo fue altamente positiva y llam la atencin que culminaran
todo el proceso cuando hubo grupos de adultos que no lo hicieron. Supuso adems sentar un precedente en
incorporar a una mapping party a un colectivo de este tipo.
W
>KDWdE//'/d>E>K^dZ:K^DWK'K'Z&1
WZKWh^d^DK>K^/EdZd/sK^h>EdKZEK
DEh>EdKE/K^ZZEK>ZhÊdK^K>DKzM^Z:Z'Z1
'Kdh>D&>&Z
D^K:
/EdZKh/ME

K:d/sK^ DdZ/>zDdKK^
>
'
d
W>D

W
W>D >/>/
Z
>/

Z^h>dK^z/^h^/ME

WWYZ^
^

,ZZD/Ed^>dZEd/s^
DdZ/>/'/d> ^KEdKZEK^s/Zdh>^>dZEd/sK^zK
^/^dD^/E&KZD/ME
KDW>DEdZ/K^>dZ:KDWK
WZYhÊ/KE>^zEdhZ>^
'K'Z&/ /Edd/sK
dhZ/^DK
Z
/ED/^
EKZDd/s^
>
W E d W E
WE>Z
WEdWE
/ ^ W E D ^ W
E^WEÊ
'WEs^D
>h'Z^/EdZ^/d/K>/E>WZYhEdhZ>>^>'hE^Zh/Z/hZ>
DWKDKEd/>
/hZ>>d

>
Z&ZE/^
:'K/>D,>ZM
^&^'^KhdKyD''/tZ
'^hsyy//^Ê
^^KD^>>ZZh>D'

Nativos Digitales y Geografia

Cargado por

Información del documento

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Nativos Digitales y Geografia

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

1DWLYRVGLJLWDOHV\JHRJUDItD

GHOD(GLFLyQGrupo de didctica de la Geografa de la Asociacin de Gegrafos Espaoles, Universidad Pablo

, 35,0(5$3$57( - INVESTIGACIN EN LA ENSEANZA DE LA

I9 CUARTA PARTE - DE LA TEORA A LA PRCTICA DE LA

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

 /$ 1(&(6$5,$ 6,0%,26,6 (175( 3(16$0,(172 (63$&,$/ <

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

3HQVDPLHQWRHVSDFLDO $SWLWXGHV HVSDFLDOHV 5HODFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHV

3HQVDPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR ,QGDJDFLyQJHRJUiILFD &RQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFR

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

JUiILFDGHOHVSDFLR(QVtQWHVLV0RKDQ\0RKDQ  KDQFRPSHQGLDGRHVWDVDSRUWDFLRQHV

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

)DELiQ$UD\D  KDUHGHILQLGRHVHHVTXHPDUHODFLRQiQGRORFRQHVWUDWHJLDVGRFHQWHVSDUD

3RUVXSDUWH/XF=ZDUWMHV  KDSUHVHQWDGRXQHVTXHPDVLPLODUDODQWHULRUEDVDGRHQHO

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

7DEOD3URJUHVRVHQHODSUHQGL]DMHEDVDGRVHQHO(VWiQGDUGHOGRFXPHQWRGeografa para la vida)XHQWH

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

 $SUHQGL]DMHJHRJUiILFRSRUGHVFXEULPLHQWR geo-inquiry 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

 0RGHORLQVWUXFFLRQDOGHODVFLQFR( geo-instructional 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

 (OSURIHVRUDGRGHJHRJUDItD\HOOLGHUD]JRFXUULFXODU geo-capabilities 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

MAPA 57: ORGANIZACIN TERRITORIAL DEL ESTADO ESPAOL

Informacin representada: En este mapa se presenta la organizacin

Propuestas de trabajo con el mapa:

1. En qu apartados de la Constitucin Espaola de 1978 se establece la

2. Cules son los niveles territoriales en que se organiza el Estado

3. Cundo se constituyeron las Comunidades Autnomas? A qu se debe

4. Porqu Navarra, Ceuta y Melilla tienen un rgimen autonmico

5. Qu ciudades ostentan la capitalidad autonmica? Hay alguna que

6. Cules son los elementos bsicos que debe incluir un Estatuto de

7. Realiza un cuadro comparativo con el nombre de los rganos ejecutivo,

7 Investiga por qu hay Comunidades Autnomas que han revisado su

 (3/2*2 /26 18(926 (67,/26 '( $35(1',=$-( < /$ '(&/$5$&,1

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

bachillerato: nuevas propuestas de metodologa activa a partir de la investigacin emprica

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

R.de Miguel Gonzlez 

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco 

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco 

 /$ 75$16)250$&,1 '( /$ *(2*5$)$ (1 /$ 81,9(56,'$'

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco 

8QLYHUVLGDG 7tWXORGHO*UDGR 5DPDGHFRQRFLPLHQWR

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco 

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco 

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco 

GHOD(GLFLyQGrupo de didctica de la Geografa de la Asociacin de Gegrafos Espaoles, Universidad Pablo

, 35,0(5$3$57( - INVESTIGACIN EN LA ENSEANZA DE LA

I9 CUARTA PARTE - DE LA TEORA A LA PRCTICA DE LA

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

/$ 1(&(6$5,$ 6,0%,26,6 (175( 3(16$0,(172 (63$&,$/ <

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

JUiILFDGHOHVSDFLR(QVtQWHVLV0RKDQ\0RKDQKDQFRPSHQGLDGRHVWDVDSRUWDFLRQHV

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

)DELiQ$UD\DKDUHGHILQLGRHVHHVTXHPDUHODFLRQiQGRORFRQHVWUDWHJLDVGRFHQWHVSDUD

3RUVXSDUWH/XF=ZDUWMHVKDSUHVHQWDGRXQHVTXHPDVLPLODUDODQWHULRUEDVDGRHQHO

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

7DEOD3URJUHVRVHQHODSUHQGL]DMHEDVDGRVHQHO(VWiQGDUGHOGRFXPHQWRGeografa para la vida)XHQWH

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

$SUHQGL]DMHJHRJUiILFRSRUGHVFXEULPLHQWRgeo-inquiry

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

0RGHORLQVWUXFFLRQDOGHODVFLQFR(geo-instructional

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

(OSURIHVRUDGRGHJHRJUDItD\HOOLGHUD]JRFXUULFXODUgeo-capabilities

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

(3/2*2 /26 18(926 (67,/26 '( $35(1',=$-( < /$ '(&/$5$&,1

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

bachillerato: nuevas propuestas de metodologa activa a partir de la investigacin emprica

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

R.de Miguel Gonzlez

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

/$ 75$16)250$&,1 '( /$ (25$)$ (1 /$ 81,9(56,'$'

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco 6

9DOODGROLG Geografa de la Poblacin 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR Demografa 2EOLJDWRULD HUFXUVR

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco 7

5$'2(1<27 /,&(1&,$785$(1(25$)$ 9DULDFLyQ

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

*UXSR GH WUDEDMR QR IRUPDOL]DGR VLQ ([FHOHQWHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVWHPDVDWUDEDMDUDO

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

$1(&$DLa integracin del Sistema Universitario Espaol en el espacio europeo de

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

A.Garca Coll, P.Reques Velasco

J.R.Valero Escandell

J.R.Valero Escandell

J.R.Valero Escandell

J.R.Valero Escandell

J.R.Valero Escandell

J.R.Valero Escandell

J.R.Valero Escandell

J.R.Valero Escandell