I.' es{b,c4h..fta;;m.

heEE_
\
:ffU1;newdknsrc'aseolacae
:f"?"J,1".:t:fi li":Jj;l:".,:!"1#!,!:"At""
\ equarron h,oh*r aep adrcbqe
-e a p"n-r
"
"r
m s,!i;h;;?: h sh*, _",,.d
.,/::f.tl'" "**
*"",'han ,he hqhes, app,ierl

: ! | n:. b :'!. a ;i; ; ;, ;;i; ; ; t;): ii ; :ilT;:!:f,: #i{;{f{#{ilf,#EfriiW

t

|!e".\i:::n! yolt:se dee d, u,e! jlejEterer usq,

E.wL.!!ants ht\de:s
\ap t Bedn.i ae ckre:
4Ld an its th
,e-ctelecllb
t
,x1, ;111y,"1..9
araq" tna 1"-t.s9
te
^,tj
2"'e _ t
.ppiea b ,i
.@) is6.! d h^p,_^
i ;;;i" : i,; ; i;: i,;;::, :#;JffE;ffiJiffilffi
fi ,q ii ;:.,:"":xi1*i",i:lJi?;:i::i:;i:;:"ti

c c* *me aa mpai,we re*_.

r;t!::t:t;:!';e-rfii:"*i#tzi:;::ii trii:ljtfi$!:i:i#.:t:y:1[:;'.::Izxr::;i"
i:{"J:i
1t," :,,i:::; r i&:i: ::"",: 1; !"; ;;i;; ;i ;;z
*,'",'t ., !,?: Eliiilt i! :J.E!,{ l
".d,"tbs"i.,..;t;i;;;); ; ; : 6 0. ., j
"
,,, i: zx:;
" .ed"-;;;.
i,:i". :#:z::i?" " " "'
"e,";:;
LA;:;;;:;,r","sis E^'tthe I

:,.H;AH?,i3[: 1",y.[tf li:riilJijSj.lax::,:

:1"%lj;"",ffi:,li:kfi::,*'"pe,a on n ihd use

C-equa b rhe sum oral lhe capac rances.

l"'= 1/Cr + llC)+ l/c r .

#i!t,$i1il;f#fl*':;inti
 os.d ir dc cncu ls lo a@. (Feterro Fiqure 2.lwral islh
a cedam cncurl conla n nq lhrce ca
d' larad and 10 l
/'s smod s qhipulsaron5 tr.u Fnuloraqp
curen uPand/o'down

Capactors st rc etectidt .haqes

6etl in Dc cncLiE b snaath aut shqht pttsatias tn L1e
They aNpt etutans when therc is

.oo?.li an a..n.ur ihe erled v. !o ra90 r

l/cL + 1/C, + I /Cr
A-equa lo lhe mai mum nsranraneDrsvdtaqe.
B-t'e:rer!han rhp ma, mum inea^ianeou< vorraqe
l7 Esrh hema mum nqa a^oous lonaqq WhenaAa2nrdot tud a o.a5.n1ctuta,atl, ara.
The efrect4 vattage ot stne wave attetElns cunent is nictatazd dpadtat ate enn,Ed tn sens, i:
a 707 tne ib peak vattage
fh. ate.tie vattaqe atsa aled the @at nean .r I
squate ltre) vanage, ]s the vottase neTued br h6t ot I
thc AC vatnetes Peak vattaqe is n c,'a"'c.
or e ecticiry a capac lor can slore
fi
's e.u,l
A disiance helween rhe p ares and nveGey pdpor = o 0125 nicrctatad

6oto. Unress.rhee se specr ed any vaues S.:

curcnl or volage in an ac c rcuir a,e assumed r.:.
/ al' -* *a ***"..o"
"
',.i ! .t.
a capacnat
""" '"",." ",""',,; ".""", ", "tectrc4y Atnost a neasrina instunents 6e'l lat etect,. :
1 rhe a'ea otlhe pr.Es fhe rateetthe date a,n. the ln setoitnq ne.sttD rho etbcrvc tns) vatres : .

2 Ihe thickness at the dietecttc (he dEtance betueen untes pakvatues, peak to peakvatues. at e. :
the pktes) The cl6et the phtes ate together, the
vatt6 arc specilicauy cated out. erecttue vBi:::
stanget the eiecti.at lietd wtt be and the gteatet the
aoli. Wren diflercnl Gled capacilors aG cdnre:
tectrc B hade (ib parare n a crcuir Ihe rota capacrance s
dietectic c
sknt) rhe hiqhet the dietdrb canstant,
(Nore cr =c, +c,+ca )
the ateatet the capaciy
capacirance ol lrre rowes .

capa.iran.e or rhe hghef .

C equa lo rhe sum or a rhe capactances

at tha hdivtduat ca@ctarces

30r2.whn ndudo.s ae connade 3ors. whch rcqures rhe mosLer
rhe rorarrnducta^ce s (where lrrom&reiicrierds orM.;
iducrordo nor afrecl ihe olhere)
(Noler t horsepower = 7a6 wars)
lNolo: Lr = Lr + L? + L. )
a a 12 vorrioror requ rnq 3 ampaGs
B equalofie ndu.ian.eotlrre h c rwd ghts requnns 3 ahperei a"h t" a ,.a -r
requalro ihe sum oi rdua ndudan.e\
'he 'nd

that the@ 6 aa rnd).hte .atDxna the bkt ndr.

^2! i. the sun ot lhe individua t ind\a!2.ccr
tance
fhe tuo 21 vok, 3 anp trghts Gqjre
8oi3. (Be'erloFqure3 )When moGthan
or dllenr nducrd^ces aG connecred n

A- essihanrhe nd0crdnceollhet
B-equar to rhe nducrance olrhe h Ons moro (75 per.e pr.en l
c equa lothesumonhe ndrvrdu; nducran.es. Th,eepos oi ohs ,oaaE"-;
One healnq ei.nenr

TT= (Nde 1 rrofeposa=7!6wa q

L/Lr +. llL)+ l/T l

||h hlo., narc n1rcla6 havj'1

fhe thre,. p.str.n Ehts rcqone 3 btat at 5a watb

conrarning rhree capac 106 wrh ca rhe anrcanist.n tisht Equres 72 ||ats
rhe talat pawet the geneatu nust p

rrowmu.h np!'powere rr2a !ol r hoEeoowsd.;

(Nde: r rrosepowa 746 wdc)
=

Ihe pawet prcdwd br an etectrc n

ik vatta@ and its cunent

hoFepawea at autptt pawet

ds.rceune 1 oaa wft ot iryut oawe atrs 716w; sd

atlpulpa||elbulrMneedan|y1
 so2lwhencalculalLngPowerin a I
reorrcd oaop!ro3L U ! 6nla n nq r /e rampe n
',"d-"."hdMalegaJfcol5ohm'lr.
- more rhan rhp appareni porer in an ndu.tv6 u(ui
t Le$ tun rhe appded poqe'

Ttue pawet h ah AC cinu't is the pndoct at the cjtc'it

vanage and anty that pad at
ahn lahas Antt a.rnent at 5 6 anps

)sh ea.h tan1 fhe rnt Ddet E attuts tess han the appatent poher n
t iat .0rcn1s 25.2 t ahps "
***i ".u "t"i " " 'v qc cantanne erhet
"rcur
i h i...wer.24 voidceectr.doio hal s30
How much power .023. (Ferer ro Fisu. 4) Ndw muolr powei

lNor t ho,sepots = 746 dand

at an et,pdnc natot the vanage da

4)n tatun ra ltrd the nrnbet at wads rcqui@d tiivide
the danaqe tat he btal h.6epawe, bv the demat
equ)rateat ot the enrc ency

whch are rsualed I'om dach olheris masud ln

-.r!",..rne etect,tcat arcsu,e atfi.tenE betuen th.

Etecticat prcssute i. neasutqd in vat6 . t.sistile cncutt fhe Dawet is the ptudLct al L,e
.t the ctt6.t tines the rcsbl"dce.
so2i, A21 vo r source srequ red rolum 5h43w,is!oa
P=t,^R=23'. s- 2,645 wans

Wt ar is rne tqe crcp aoos eact eeido,r

"o

s aE he EsDoE ate al h padlel a.tu\s thP 2lratt

ez.(RolorroFsu.65)wharislheinpedanceoranac- with rcsistat R' disc nectett, the
s,i6sc.cuilcd^ssringol6nindudrorwrha reaciancol Danllel rcsstance at 4 1nd E? rn patanet\|nh & and Bj,
10 ohms, a capadiidr w rh a retura whrh a'e in senes Ihe tdtat rcsistan.. rs latnd by th.
rsisror wlih a rosislan.o ot 3 ohms?

6o2G, (Rero.loFioure7 ) lr16s slor

f he t6ta t ed. m k
t t dtt e rc n c e b etu e 4
hts c t td tt ts I he
lhe ir!fu.t]ve l&cl.m .nd lha apddve leclare
To'at t@cbnce E 1A-4=6 ahns.
fh. mp4daw i the squarc rcat al tha Gsistan.e
.qoarcd plus the tuctaw squarctl fhis is the sque
t@t ol 64 plus 36, ot ka qure rcat at 1ao.
fh. cncuit inwda.@ is 10 ahns
=
(t
602!. iFarer ro F qurc 6 ) rr GS d I
d rhe jundion or & 6nd F3 as s I t-
L_"- _ l
L+.'] I

when rcs6tat & is ditunrected

tad anty rhe rcs6tane ol B,

Eea6e \6 apen (it has a break in t), tiF,*Ebnce
 ae*d, .;"bdoir" 4 ;.E 4 RdE;;;
e2- (Rererro Fioure3.) wrh

9- n oaranerw h: ror
A vattnete, nust atways be cameded n a cn aj
paEttet wth the uhit whose vothgs E b b. heatured
r
3o3o, Whicb lem neans oor ampre?

i- Thenellrcue,x"hilliIneansq.llfusandlh

36i. A cabin enlry tiqht oi to wars and a dome ltohr.r

a 3o{oii $uftifih.
vorlaq acrcss rh to.wan ghl is msasured. ii w/ be

fhe @en.reutt B-rra flhe volaoe adoss rbe 20 wad ohr

thc^t a Ereat Aj atver C-one rhtrd olrhe !oraq.
'npu
when Mts aE tunectat in paauet rcs
3o2,(Fer&roF gure9 I Horman! <atrce. the \alagr acrces each at the tahs

3032 A 1.r.ohm rcsislor srobeinsta ed n 6 series. mri

carydg.05amperc Flowmucboorerwinrhercstsi.rhA

[-I
I " --
L_,-'jl P= t, F =a a5, \ 14- A.Us wats
'
0 a35 tuads is 35 nitiwads

Ihelfttannelel6lnslalledacr6
wro.g the annetet 6)x bh a't
l'::3"i::tr::h" b.reo) b"l ,l. eddr\ s |rcnq ;rl

te^ E corcd h w)x rcad the .u,rent rtawo t . );h

Iiohtbulb
 6035, Whi.h rc'tu res lhe mosl e edt ca powerz
(Nde:1 hv*pows= 746 waht
I Yrrr ch s 7s percenr

B Four 30 waft ramps artanged tr a 12{orl para e

! r cons n nq ol rwo
iqhrassembr,eslvh ch qurc 3 anperes each dumq

Ihe 1/s.hdsepawet notat bpedrnq at 75 percent,Ftti

c'6ncy uses 193.93 watts at pawet.
fhe lout 30 watt ht ps tse 12o Mtts at powet.
Ihe antcatlisan lisht ctrcut us6 144 ||ars ot paw.t

403?. Wha( unil is used ro express e ect ca powet

connected in seties
Ihe anperc rs a neasu al etecticat cunent t w

6036- whar s ihe operallng ,es sla

qte this circLt. va|aqa at3.avans bu b desgied io. a 23 voisysremt

panrrer dncu i cons sr n9 olwo res

Whal s lhe value ol each,esslo4

a 3o.tuadtightbLtb opeturn1 rn a 23
h*. hbt rcsisbhce (ope,atins tesistaw ) ot 26 13 ahns

tar rcstsrance al the

A the claenr s oqlarin a ponds 0r lhe.rcur

B Theloiarcliicnr 3cqua[orhe
rhrctrqh lh. trdividua bhiches ol rhe . ,ctr

p,ovi'le th)s @srstane, therctorc ea

tue rn Pahttet th?t c Trie curi.nl ii anpcros can be
EMF n vorrs by ihe slm or rhe sisro6 in ohms
<

au!*ion., rrrhonoi!.rr,.{ I h;d.h;.

3o4r. Ac r.ulhas anapp edvol

cons si ng or a i 0 ohn rsrslo
'oao
ohm,es sror whal is rhe vo raoedr

A diade Grhet a sencanductat or.

diada) rs an er.ctan.he.k valrc
a diode alaws etactans to pass in .,e dtrecr.n hr
btxks thett fio|| h ke rcveEe dtcc

6&i. Tnnsrer oi erecrica ene.qy I An anp at.txent ta^ thoLah crrcss.r)nn

tr. ar esa 1a or drop ' th. 10 .nn
ara$ rcesL,
B is ca ed arcaplransrer
C wirr cause orcessrye ar nq a.d

rhecanlir\alychangingcurcdn 3o&.1Fe'dr ro F!!re I i ) Find rhe

i rhe w ,e bdrween po nrs c and D

candLdor, it indLces a vakaee rn r

4o.2,Irlhree rcssro6 0,3 Dh s 5

30

3e0lBt ta&) aMr G

fhete i a vatta@ ol24 volts act6s thes. tuo pa,attet
ftsisLore, so the turcnt thtuqh the

E4
_9!
) Find he vorb3e do$ th6
L Canbne resistots R, j 4 swithRtins,Fies

d rcierei.e ro recrcal rcss

A-Two lect cal dev ces wi

ros sbnce ir rhey a,e .on^edled n ss, es as lhey wilr
have lcdn^edted in para e.
B-lt one ol lnree bdbs a parare qr'l'ng.rculs
'n

C Aneld'icaldevidelharhasarrqh,esislai.e! use

utb ,b|des a paxt tar

5
cilNnEsisbftew]Ilbe'whehane
circuit t*isbhce ihdes$

go.a. \rvhar h6ppens ro rhe ddnenr n a vorale sl.p up

a-Trr8 ctriiont ssiepped dowi by a 1 lo 4 ro

6n be sotved in taut steps: a-Th6 cu.6nt s slepped up bya 1 ro 4 r1l'o
6isld3 a4 .htt + in pshtet c-Th6 curcd does nol chanoe

- &:i' Iha.awet lvalta@,n6 cua t) rn the se.andary

na.slomet ts eqnl to the Da@t A th
at a

vatt @ in the sffindary ts laut hn

ne rcnt in trc *caadat E a
au.{r.i,i ErDh.ibo., e$d I r.r.;i..r
ao!e. (Reier ro Fillurc l3 ) oelerm to Flqu@ 14) rhe rora rcstsianca orhi

q"':

fhe tatat rcstsl.na cah bs tatnd n tuo steps:

1. c.nbine GsBtan.es R, tu,andB4inpatanet
F=L
L, !,1 B, B' R,

.n,a-ls a'6'i
cLn,.nr natun1 n
2 Canbine rcsistanEs R1, R, ;
thts cncrt is 1 4 anps
Ar - R1+R, t.+Rs

win causo th6 srstance or a

or incrca$ th6 cross{eclionai

ln\elseltasiEc@ssse.[an2]a'ea

Ethet deueaslns the tehoth ot l.cteasino the ct6s

aos2,Thrcughwhichhaledalw maqnerctnesorror.e sos5.Thevotageddp na.rcu(o

A-rhe vollase oi lhe c rcu r.

B-oiy rhe res slance or [ie.on
dhansewith a chaige n e trervolaqsorampeGse.

fhe peheabiltr.ta.haterct is a n
wth which tines dnalnetictot@ ca Ihe vatase d,op aq.ss. .ircut k detemned by tua
has the hjghe* petnaabtity ot ax th thinss: the r4;!,t2@ar1h6.heit and the atunt at
cLdnt awinsth@sh (the ahpezsE)
tn LhE qu*tan, tie rcsEtatu.t the cncu hxetl:
3053, A 4s.vorl sourco is 16qunedr thaGlaQ he voxase dnp s detadl 's
a pa.anercrcut consslnq oJ rhre
Eue whai is the va ue ol eacrr rcs $o,

sipdele2wdbot ,32{ptr rhe c du( in dds 10 a ow

C rcrodre rhe crdu lo sround

tot a buih in thetnat

cncui breaket.1118 E a dtdir uotaction dev@ katapcns
n he natot oveheats tat any ke themat
stetxh witlap the pawet citcui ta '.as.n
the h.tot and alaw

r5) wrh ihe addnq gear.e-

qhrw not cohe on lan open

6os4. wr.rr 6 csrecrconm n9 a paa e . rcu l?

A roiar resislance witt be smd d
nat .aneon t kee 6 an open n wno Na. ts
decreaselvhn one o he rcss wne No le sup?ri* oowet ton the bus t. thp rcd
c Torarvorasedropisrbesamea

the t3ss1o15t cncuit.

wBNo 17 stpdiespatuet ta the qteen jndbatot tiohr
3o5s,lRererto Fislre 1s)rtro No 7!,e slsedro h FEurc 15 aG shawn jn th9 pFitih tat the reat ff
-.omp erc the PUSH.TO rEsrc rcu (
^ wrc Na 7 tupptp' paw& i bdh the Gd and a,.
qearis reracred i.dicala|xIhtshonke,anpcircunbrcake a he'.t
C-crose thd !p nd'caror
triE Na 17 sLpptie s po||et ta the a,ee. ndrcatat I

wre No 7 sLpptes po*et ta b.th th

8oGo, (Feler o Fqure whattr
'6.) ha reh hand Lanr
ro a5 rang as t t:harns Dr.s<ed A The fue pressure crossreed vatve win nor oo.n
cetun that the brtb n ke lanp is saad.
hr,ohri n;mha

e5e.lReler'oFqu'.r9rwh6i rhe
h0 er6en rishr ,,r no .omsoi ran.o6n;a(u,s," *," Pela|Pcaprcv.lqs2lvaxDCDawerlm|har
lhrcughasanp.rrcuilbrcake,l.lheFuetfues.
c tussleed vdtt e apen.a u ro. d.n
^

tNde rhe:\;kh\

I
a"' i
I
 A-,ida;-.,hd'-, r".-.- . 3r'-"'
fh. tBt-seledot switch n6tba in the ctossl'ed (x'F@d)
dr.lRel6,lo Fqu' 16 ) The TcO ELav M.tian tat the rctat TCA b ctase ontatts 14
2a$G& 6aDDLodlorhbusandrherul the Y Feed Pa bn
hnt2cts 1? a, Etar FCF ttase
A- iohlhand rank position

'nl.lhe"aoan"cdl'ollhel|.]lanl
and -n.nt ttows to @tav rCA ctasing tanla'ts
'4

'1 ,7

I
l
 au.nbE +rtn4ieEr;;4.
a62rFerP b F gure 1b )wrh p.! 3oG4, (Fertr o Fq!re 16 Enerc z
DldLaikrr.wmm' )
rue bnr see.or swhh serer,ed Lo re eh ham .
dm'6 Lhe s"rl.hs jh, ,

ttnen the tud ,elet u \^ tn s n c-s,611 12 13,15,16.

paera,ta pd\et ,, s ppEd +an lre@; bFereD's when par-et rs
'upptEd
ta the bu, w h the h-] \e .
tlrn Da ral (5 6
lhis cl.\.s .nr?"; c-renn *sr,"n tr.ausn,oqnut
;ap.rtut bter{ rcn r".a .
Ir4*E'lals^Ehialalhe.oldre
tht.Lsh the LHraa\ p6a.n t
I #; #i: :- -:",ili"; lri:y- i:"i.ti:ii s a.e. rnelt.an no tonset .4 thrcloh s^ k h :
rct at at.t p.c E de.ere,lred ad. thi.hanre,
1, c1.". and ,"ja,'P.o h
t t the Fu,"; p-."""
)n the cicut ",e'a|ze auneattan no^ l.r thn'lh sqrch 6 )nbthe a._

;'; ;:'.8:":::"t i:f :: * * ^

",
rcv.)ng han he neht hand d,":",r h*."
^eanD
30s5, (Ferer ro Fquio 17 )whchorrhecomponenlsis 506, (Feler ro F 9ure 17.) rhe eed.darsymborrepre

fhe canponent identified as Aa inductat is showr br synbol 1 1

fhe coraanent idcntitiett as A vatiable resistat lpatentnetet) is
A vatabte capacitot is shotrn tr synbat 5

ffi

t t

t I
 a6r.(BerarroFqorelS )whnrhe andinoaea6aGuD 3d, (F'ar ro Fiqurc 13 ) rhe mnlrcl
and lhe lh'oilos arc r6ra'ded, iho warn'nghom win noi be placod in rh nsural pdition wh6n

A pm[ rhe i6sl c rcuir ro o@al

B prevenr ho wamno hom tDm soundino wher

C-mde rh6 gound t@m lh6 s.*n tiohl.

Wire Na. 4 is i. t e landins geat Mnks han aoud
crcuiL tt it is apq, th6 waoing hah annat saund ften tt ke c.ntnl wl@ .wjteh rerc nat tn ka n utEt p6-.
thd t.ntJths s@re aB Lp and tha thtudtes aE rctaded as sh.wn herc, the knding 9e *arning h.n E
MeNa 2 b h the td waning.|ght cn uil ahdnatk saad ehen eithe. thnde B cta.
Wie Na s is in the areen taht cr tl the han @utd be sLqied thtu
L,dte switch wies 5 atu ta :
wiB 1 1, the ight gEat switch, s
=

i--.6vni-3

I
 ouenioi!! Erphdbi6 & Rd.rcrc.i
^n!wq'
3O6t. (Fldro FauG 19 )Underw Wne 5 ts h the tandins s.at ||atnhg ha'n sntnd cncuit.
g.oundbepovded rorrrrewarnins honlhrougri bolh sea. tllhe@ is an apen inths||ne, he Q.nng hon cann.t set
swirches whotr Irre throd es ar closed? a ground whn the ,isht hn.ttnq qeat ,s dawn and the teh
A Riohr qear up and r6ngear down
arveoulolneura.
c Lri sea up and dgli sear dD{n

A gound tat the khdins sat waning han is pbvided

thrcuqh both ot the sear switches anry when the isht 3o7r.(RererroFs!rele )wrenrhe
tanding geat ts down and the iefr randing Qeat rs up

wn,.l1,thnugh a ctosedthtodte swikn htu\gh||ne 12

thnLsh the teh 9u, s4t h n its uP pasition, thto\gh wne
5, th,oush tho tioht aw swtch in 4s DAwN @sti6

wne 6 is n the gtuund.nut t the landrnq geat Mhing

3o7o. (Rerer lo Fqure rs ) when han fhe hatn en rot saurd t thete
radedwrhonyiha rqll1seardown.lhe{ah nqhonw q
e landinq sea6 atc
wne 5 is nat in th. wanrins han srcuarl cn.ut when

t
 :

@r2v/henrc,Ptrnq10anee nca

consiteted b be al ze,o vatase.

att vatbses h.th pastrve an.t n.g.tire arc ,nea. -^M^ L

3073. lFer.r 10 Foure 20 ) Trcu

. rcu
'r
rh a vorheb, as shown in rhs. frill )Nd/,-

2 is a etubte Esiski nheastat) rhts E har he

wntety rted syhbat Es it can be used anry tat a the
p GnEbte rcsrstat wjth anty tunnectians) ahd I
^ro
3 is a tapped rcsittot t.Wed at twa ptacq

.-e1lase'.negarue,it ,especr ro rh" emner

c en'nels n6qarve wilh rospe. o lho base

a P N P ttansstat cantlucts betueen the enine,

An apen in th. rcsBtat wrtt ca lse an ntinite tesjstanc," Na .atecbt (is tutned oa) when a snan anoont at cL
culftht u. o|| lh lhe alcur' ttoss hta the base IhE cunent tlows when the er
SiM na.unent 4a||s therc js aa ntaae drcD a.tuss base junc on is lavad biased. I is toNztd hja.d t
the switch at the lanp, and ke .n the b.se is nesaxve th 6pect i
the entet

dev ce s rurnedo. when rhe

A emner s poslv wirh Espectlo the bass
A base is ve wirh specr lo the em n6r.
4 base s ^esar
posirivo wrh respecl to the eminr.

cat*tat ts lutn-Ad o.) when a snan anount .t a,.

uo\6t.nthe base This cuznt uows when the.t
base junctian is t6Mad bias.d. tr is tavatd biased,
the base ts pasrtift wik respect b the enitl;t.
 o,ioi EFtmrt !
^Nd'd 'ddd-'
tn 1 Lh6 base at nansEtu E paqrve rth @.
th)s N P N
607?, Typial applicaliod rorzener
dodes 6 as s tuNaru
.ne.t 6 thp -anfiet tthe enrnet base i'ndan
i'sed) Bas. enrt"r.lnent oE
t , enitet tuned tto6 a' E sh'w
*"i. **, " "
,,",",.
"."
A eae.tatttpeol'en@adutat d ade that
zaneturcde 6 a
aa rq htotqn n n t\
"
h2!Pt6e'aneDatad|!addna6frid

Ph; drcdton tlhen a sPacittc ; t hF b.e ard entnerct thts P N P tans stot nave
\ahre 6 aDPted betseen the Gt lhesafr6DaEly
nrdud' ir
hhAk; da^ n an't
^;;
in" p,*A. *"o tt'" "aas' s'nenq PEne na
u'
" 'mie, FoMdd bs ng or 3 $rd s

r67s.1R6re' roFqu6 22 )wh'.h'lLu w

Grnnqb'asappkahonaidcurcn
(posr /e'naqe)Iow' A condur zPnerbre3rdDri

dasad he N'naletat s ne tt e

3
L
 I Fd''rcs
doibqJ;Lnd;l ^N{oit
gre 24 rWh slaremon conte
lr anope^odcuE ar so.2, tF o b F
'tr
.o.o,lFererlo Fisure23)
prcducea0outpur

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OUTPIJT
INPUTS

!h6 )s an AR aate

igj;,,1:,::iX"i":{i,'lJle'nilllti
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INPUTS OUTPU

ilidi': [*krl l"riii rujrii:i! 2; ;112 iiix"i; i'l,ltff!aufot"?,:thetr"fr

r* t" *,pu rc a" '
,"i i ! Lr
np'ts nu't
^"n
,r,;*rit:r'ii,{if*:It:nYnr.tii
 ola !ro, Ed.. bo,riawcqd.mcn
ffi; :::':'if:xtrff lyJ:i.:',ti: iiff tii"r,j", omeadru {h,'e
B-2
;:;J:l:l
A-App v bor.a! d$uron b rrre a

rhese ae E \ cLu stvE oR g.te B-Fr,Fe he drelied,ea rh0ouq

s th #Appv sodrum bra'bonare so
aLtpur ||nen one end @ty ode nbd has
at .n r
-,,i:fJ:,:;"'#T*""'",.aba,h.pL,\\o,h.
E enecL qe
aU at th
anduiee||o2 | *' 6 n th. b .;
'p,lled
,," :f;"i i:'JZn""; ltT".' * ane o, E hpu,s bL,
ii:;::!:,:,?;xi::"t:i*-*,"ndwa,e,atuj,hezrca
@s5.A@d'4dbahsrysihl2@
!no oadvorbse=2 1 !olsparcerD rurn,n* ro,_"",".
! d r3oacd s oraqe uiel p e(i.o {re s rue?
'oa,oad d2{hhs,s6 anc rhen,e.a _. n,;*;i
Alr hydrcmd* E"dnq d-s ;".,,." ,".".,,.
A-o52ohm. "" "
rA sr{r . qravry.o,edon + -'','. "
il"fii:l;"*^','"
C The
""""""" "
rhb,b.re4 h4. rc.taad blale a hedromerer read nq q
|\nen r slppties 10 anpetes ta a 2 ahn ).ed h""apa. rvor ,eo"nery,"q,,a e*"r,n".r",hr;
b-
fhe uo age d@Wed a06s b when test a9 the speth. gztl, a
2s

":L!:xi";+#;:l:,:#1 ::*i f ii];! i:"t:::: "y'

'$#!irlW[i:,'#

L- 3
tF-

sos8. Aru Lycharqed ead.ac'dban 8.tui8 havins diffetent valtages,

crcasiiqrhesPe.ii,.
BalbneshavrnqthesanevallagEbuldrfie|e.:.
pete.haut capacity can be c.nnectetl in pat.t : .:
,A-mosro rreacd srn r soulon. chaQed at tha ..ne tine t ther ate chaged b! t . : :
C- icase d inremar resisra nce oe

when a tead acrd banery 6 chaged,

t h both ptat* joh with h@rcqen
n the etetotte atu tom suntnc add a .onsranr curcnl and conslanlvolage
sLuLnc acid has a nrch lowet teezng paint than B consranr cu enr and va.yrngvoiago.
qatet, and Lhe etectntrb n a tuw c :r!tuNbd wbse mdrytn, rd
tee.ng point nL.h towet than that at th. er*ttaryle in e
idtycha,g.dbt."
a carsbrt-patenliat chaaet (carebd nhase anc -
1n9 cunenr) Ihe chaQe cahthLed mty untit the . ,-
rowrhrough a banery wh e ir s lJe n!.harced by a con 's

A Therora prale aGa ohhe ba{ery 9@z frre purcose or provid ng a space underned. .1
B Trre slrle orcharce dr lrre b3ner"
c The anperc riourcapa.(y orrh banery A-prevenrsednenrbu duprroncontacln9lrie::=
wh abatel E chat@dbr rhetuns B-a oyr ror donvecrion or rhe erecrrcryle n or: :
a vottase saneqhat hl1hat than the.pen cncu vonage provd6 ror coo ns or rrre pales.
C-sisurrharhee ecro yrequanlirylioblr!iL- :.
whenthe batterr is )n a taw srate.tchaee tsvo a2e ol plares and p are area s adequat
E taw znd the cansbnt btage chatlte, wrt put a tatge
Thet. aspa.e teft betaw the ptates
rs
As the chaae contnus, th. baleryvo ase hes and Gtl t t the B@nuhtian ol sednont, thts : .-
ta attaw
the cLnent sains into the ba .ry ded*ses ventira the lettinent trcn cnina
whn the bEnery is tuty.natqcd, anty ehbLshtunent ptares and .a6ihg B shon circuit
na$ inta it ta mpensate iot the po
s an ndcalo. or imor::
esis/arcgengaly A L shr spew n! ar lho cau.aps.
nue reqardi! r]'e charcns ol sev B Tox. and cotrosiva dpos rs o{
1- Sane es or dLtielqrl vo raoes (bur sim aIcaoacltes)
can beconnecled n serca r rh ea.
charger. and .harged using rtre conslanr cu ent
acitt baaen* h nttheintlivbutels.e,enavabt.. -:
ur(apJr ry and 5ame
vocqa.3n be.onnedetr n pdra o wrh eacri orher
and chargad usino rhe conslanl tl the ett-tnk .onnectans ate Nt ptupedy bt -.
they Mttca6-. a high.ftsEbfte peth
3. Barlenesot ie sme vo iage an
capacity musrbedonncred i. sri
across rhe charqer add chaaed usinq the consranr
 amou.r or p!1ass qm aQe; at a 27 5 v.tt
erbonare deposils on rerop or nicke cadm um banry

unds cantlant c|rcat chaainI cantt'tans, tha vatue

theen1arsev har6 chaQng at t

rnttage al a cen ||ouit be about 1 53 vons, at 75'F

bandrr bacan s hot atut the et*totle bubbta thk
aus6.me al thadecn lyte ta sa6u outat the top.nhe
when the wabr evapa,2bs tnn the spewed aut
ete.tutyb, it tea@s a depbsit ot pa
409s. Ncke cadmium baneies wh crr are sloGd to. a
rons pedod Dr rme wi! srrour a row qud reve because
A o ecl,orl evapo'aleslh,ough lhe vonis
Feedrcrre becdmes absobed intd rlre piares.

tt a nrcket.cadn'on batlery E stJrcd td a tanq pe att ot

6015, Thesewicing and chargiiq o x:ne'saneollheeje.lfujylelnlheC
lead acd baneres losiher in lhe s intn lhe ptates, antl the tevet ||tit ap
The etectattle tevet win whqthe bahety is siven
'ise
B ncieased exproson and/orfie hazad 3oee, How ran rhe slare-0t.clralqs
cdontaminalionolboih'ypeso'badetres

rh. chffiEhy ot tadadtt and nhk A By neasurng rrre.pecrc sravry orrhe eecbrne
B Bya heasu,ed dischaGe.
Etectrcttte lrcn' ane tpe at bafiart wru entahrnate c - By rhe ov.r ot lhc e ecroryre.
lheolhelFa'lhislasan'bal|ery
tps at bBtud* sepa'ated s epatate chat arng systehs, fhe spedtu qtarity at ke etectaute
cteannq facittj-. 4d irebnaran tN .t ch.tge .hana6
fhevajlaqeolanjckelallniunba
806. Trre orscrorlre or a nicker-ca rhe tr way b kn w tot sure the anaunt ot chatge
a nicket.cadniun batety tns in it (iE sbte at chaQe) 6
to aanptetely dtschatse it a1d then to pul back into it a
B- n a d scharged cond r on known n@bet ot anpe,e hou,s at chaqe
c-under a heavy oad condloD
',sroo, Whal may rcsul t warer s addod ro a ncke!-
As a nickotadniun banery jJe.ames dts.hatsed,
sone cadmrum barrery when il s nor ru y dharqedz
altha oltdtowBan 6.d by thettalE henthebat. A Ex@ssive e ecirc y1e d urion.
bty is tully djschttgEd, s etechrye level is the rowst.

6otr.1h6 6nd.or-chaQe volage ol a 19..ernicke. arer may be added

crdmilm bandry measured wh es roncharge,
A- musl be 1 .2 ro 1 3 vons per ce
B- musl be 1 .4 vo rs per cen The tevet at the etutotyE n a nbket catlnin elt
C-dp6nd3 upon cremperalure andlrre meihod used chanqes Bs the cex is ttischatqetl and chaged The lavet
is tawest wh lhe att is dischagetl and highest at tha

fhedd.al..ha@vollaqe'nas'rc tt watet is .t led to a cett shen sane at the etecttattla

an ctBqa depells @an its En@a has been absa,bed inID the ptat6 the tewt win bd@ high
when the cet is tuit chlsed sone atthis e,c*s tittuid
A ce ot a 19all banety behg cnaeed at ban wlllikelyspe||odallhecellghenil
Mpetue at 2ts.5 vatt @retant vattag. woutd Md
 aqdq;,;ri;;b;I;.hr

;.':ff;tilllliiSt',1,""ii?,;t"j?"'l"tj.T}:"*t*:?"
**' ^ Bdnercs having dhercnt htbo5, but
*n annettea n sea.s ana aa,sea 6
"e
tur,,..
ue ,_a
:liff ije:iil:lTJflT
_S-fr6rorrhe&dEm
nc*as ns,he spec, c
EadeieshaunglhesahebllaoebudtkFI
e uEn.
*i:'f,"T:$'?:x:fl;"**** rhe pe'e no* cap.cu can be,ann.it.a _
-.e.4 a rn" *.. t.".
stanrmnee
",._'_ ,
,r n"y *.,n-*Il,
nehad

Hil;f ;i;i:i"rl:fl ,;iffi.i:e*,:ili#";21: .oer. The merhod ueed ,o odtv chahc ,

r:;!$xxhiiii*i:ir:"#:,# "u,en
vo
ana
r.qe and
w,y nq rc raoi.
v.rynq.urenr

itrd,ffj """J:lHiili: f ll,it;f ,",:;t:

;ff Hl
!tri ;ffi f,f#i #:
hr.,redi t::?,:ti!
rh"cu,sa,; rc;!,,u; ili:f"i:
;:n;;;i; ;" -
A-The roErpa e aa o he baneru
* lhe <ab ol.ha'0" oi lh6 b.["; f"iir I:',::3=:."J"T:t:'ff :""t:r"e$:".-
L- ne ampsehou apaoj! dr,;bat"^ A-prvenr sed menr buirddp kon.onracrno,h_
anocaut'nq a shonc/rcu I
r3low ror onvecron ot rhe ete.rrorda n d:
pov de ror.ootinq orfi Draras
c-.^su* tar rneatir-ryr"irua"fiv-mrru.
;:#itr##l-!i{'i"!#ffi or pbbs a"d p re aca adequare -
"
. ::,r"'trffi ::,: fr!?"#:; ";:# ::k * ** -"
"
,
^: r,:ff 2:#ti:,Jit,f .;:;ail!;:?H ;ii!:Ji,

ff-"i,Ulf i,"i,["J;]1il,ff
"1*:?jr:1ffi x?:'ill
-1-^B:::.j19I d+9d41!qs (bui simr a, dapacli
-" r" ".;";aii,*"+* iirl:Hlliil.:.i::llX"l c-Hear or buo ma*s on rhe hajdwaj.
ctra,sv, aa ch-sea mins ;;;;;iffi ;;;*: Nb|et @dnun bddanesart qadedtflsa
L,h_
..oou n",n n tt"r rn",.a*,arut,"tt,
*i"_J
*.
=

*q*hrkf;';t:":r"""ff r i:; : "J',f: Hf #':,!, h @,", ",,"e; ;.;;; d -

;;""+lii;l:fl
3 Baner6 d rhe emejo r.qe tu wffi{!J#6#k:i"il1,##:!,r
::#iJ",'.::i"Ti:Hf;"",i,ffi 1T", i"r#l::t
 a".{b'.E4k"nio".h.w"'t.d.-c.'
amoxni! po 3( um

;;lls in serioe is an ind cairon or * canditia' thisv.tua

' :'"J:,
A nona oprario^ "*,","., ",,".,"^"'"'""
B-e,.es5Ns qassiq ih.-rol*,sh.-' haE)dqat thetrP hattGte the

when a nr.kettaddtun ba ery s trt\ 'hatg'd the

tol'4ebUbLI.slh'
or rneeteer"tvteto
""".i, 'o-e
Gllh@'ghlhe@nyenl
'o
when tne watet elapaQtes ftan the speweo aLr nio ihe pales'
.c:eredmlyie becohes abso.bed
dhiE Pb||det s stated tat a lan1 Peaad ot
rne s.ne at the etedolie tn the .
6@5.ThesaNioinqandcharcinq orn cke cadmiumaid al. lh. o]ales and he le\ el rin dfup
read'ac d banerls togerher n 1116 s
fhe d4kal4etevet w r5e tne bahea is qDen
a n shenrno ch;tue betate it is ^h.n
prt rnb selice
A-normalbadery se0.elie
L'n.rsasod ero oson andro' rna hazad so3t. How can the slaro of chaqe
. eonkmina; orborh tPas oibaneret
teaeacid and naket .adniun balieres A By moasuriq lhe spectu gravilv or ihe eleclrolrle
Ihe chnisfry ot
B Ev a neasu.ed ds.ha.se
Fr;hdae tffi ane ND. at bdteri $it tantan t ah c Bi/ rhe lere orrheeedoYle
h. dh! ;q kE c$d fhe .h. aa, tr al the ete.uatvtc
6 aes at banene> segBted sepatd 'ae
;;"-n kat F. rd nstdtahaa b
rh";.tb.. oi n,,^d,r.tr,* 6
Ach tYle at b4neiY "
r ,ptu .an;hrt as B state ot chatqe chanaes

s@6, The e ocimlyie ol a nLcka cadfrium ba 6rv is ihe

b amtdetu djthaae t a thentaprtba't nta a
ta.wn an;et at anDerc hauts at thage
s nadsch3,gedcondrlon
C-!nd6, a heaLY oadfttrd I on I water s added lo a ncle
;admrmbaten when r snor uLLvLharsed'
As a nickel.cadn'tm banqry becones dischaged rohe
at the el{ttaMa 6in9o'1sdbt thepbt4lh6. the bat A-E{Pqs've e Baro Yie d u on
Ety ts tu y dtihaoed, rs ete.natrle le r 1 15 r'r e /o wesr
B E{e55 vetoeq nq slrelvrootiurdurnq
a@t. The end'ot cliargo volraqo c ruJ io*'* "tt*s.-" *re,.,,
cadmiun batery, mesutad wlr Le tl oncharce
A-musr be 1.2 rd 1 3 volis per ce fhl te\et ot Lhe el{rotvle rr a n
d.daes a5 he cen )s d sthaaed and 'ha9ed rhe tetet
ni.a *na he cen s a",t aqed antt hiehe.t dt he
"
t qatcr E.AdAr b a ..n rhen <ane ot the ete'xatte
fhe end al chaaa nnage, neasrrcd whtte the.en 6 sin hat be en ab'o'b.,J,nl0 th. ptate s the tevel " rtt be taa htsh
anctuae dependt uPon tsteapen
..x ot a 19 cett baftery tDins chagetl Bt tuan
^ voxage ||outd tnd
 E pL"i'n., An;;d"L,"":.;
rror. n n cke.cadmium bare ss. a nsa .r02. When a.haruho.urod k
.aomrm baiery, ihe @ls en I
@5 onty
A roward Lhe end oj rhe chaaino .ycte

c\el+admuh ba e^ Gassng rcuts n the.etts ar. nrc^

ts B b|| nknat rtsistare ||hte stues t the ablb ; the ort at the thaqe .ycta when an ot he an e. -.
o&naqe d a high @te and to aq. a nah at; d b... h.n the n.ed,rc ptdb rh" o;*,_
'e-^.,J
.aLsed b' lhe ,le.onaosilan ol 1h.
rhe \qbee and hLe\lLleslsbrc r! atu^etud- "1".1-ld;
nun et vat Dleety d the Eab
Enperdture rn re^a the tattaae sntl ntemat re!\. .ro3. whar rypeolt'n6,snomany"""a -."^,.,
""
e\.es< e anaJnt at.haang crned trh Dtudues
A[|ediumweghldashedne.
. a,or.i. wh,ch o,,he io,owna,",, c-A renare stu.rand ong rishl dashes.
""..,,;"",,".". A hedtum.weight dashed ti.e is caled a hidden tinp
F u'ed ta sha|| an edqe atabPd not ltsrbte
7
A-Flqh nemarresnanco nenetedbyh,ah(et b the,teE
rem. t nedtDn >otiti line rs u,ed as a usbte arthp.
. f a.on5|an, po 0nlJ thalgno sFle; Aftenate shanantt tans tisht dash
i,ed b! h,oh.en rem.

i,ed by h,orr (en lem.

i J coElani po enl a] (harqmq >v$e;

one ot the pnbtens rth a mrel ca
o.nger al a themat tunawa, rlthe

rersrdne this candinan Lan c.n

a!4 tcuEtud4e a hrgn ca@F] drl.haoga;,u ate

i't-f'l
.' t'- '