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1kilopond[kp]=0.00980664999999998kilonewton[kN]

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MoreaboutForce
Overview

Equilibrium

FundamentalForcesintheUniverse

StrongForce

ElectromagneticForce

WeakForce
Threeforces,whichareindynamicequilibrium,are
actingonthissurfer:gravity,liftanddrag
GravitationalForce

Tides

NonFundamentalForces

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NormalForce

Friction

InterestingFactsaboutForces

Overview
Physicsdefinesforceasaninfluencethatchangesthemovementofabody,beitexternal
movementormovementwithinthebody,suchaschangingitsshape.Forexample,whena
stoneisreleased,itfallsdownbecauseitispulledbytheEarthsforceofgravity.Duringthe
impactitbendsthebladesofgrassthatitfallsontheforceoftheweightofthestoneis
makingthemmoveandchangetheirshape.

Forceisavector,meaningthatithasadirection.Whenseveralforcesareactingonanobject
andpullingitindifferentdirections,theseforcesmaybeinequilibrium,meaningthattheir
vectorsumiszero.Inthiscase,theobjectwouldbeatrest.Thestonefromtheearlier
examplemayrollafterithitstheground,butitwilleventuallystop.Theforceofgravityisstill
pullingitdown,butatthesametimethenormalforce,orgroundreactionforce,ispushingthe
stoneup.Thenetsumoftheseforcesiszero,theyareinequilibrium,andthestoneisnot
moving.

TheSIunitofforceisthenewton.Onenewtoncorrespondstothenetforcethataccelerates
anobjectwithmassofonekilogrambyonemeterpersecondsquared.

Equilibrium
Oneofthefirstscientiststoinvestigateforcesandtocreateamodeloftheirinteractionwith
matterintheuniversewasAristotle.Accordingtohismodel,ifthenetvectorsumofthe
forcesactinguponanobjectiszero,theforcesareinthestateofequilibriumandtheobjectis
stationary.Thismodelwaslatercorrectedtoincludeobjectsmovingataconstantvelocity
whentheforcesareinequilibrium.Thistypeofequilibriumiscalleddynamicequilibrium,while
theonewiththeobjectatrestiscalledstaticequilibrium.

FundamentalForcesintheUniverse
Forcesinnaturecauseobjectstomoveortostayinplace.Therearefourfundamentalforces
innature:strong,electromagnetic,weak,andgravitational.Alltheotherforcesaresubsetsof
thesefour.Strongandweakforces,contrasttoelectricalandgravitationalforces,affect
matteronthenuclearlevelonly.Theydonotworkoverlargedistances.

StrongForce

Strongforceisthestrongestofthefourforces.Itactsupontheelementsofthenucleusofthe
atom,keepingneutronsandprotonstogether.Thisforceiscarriedbygluonsandbindsquarks
togethertoformlargerparticles.Quarksformneutrons,protons,andotherlargerparticles.
Gluonsaresmallerelementaryparticles,whichhavenosubstructure,andmovebetween
quarksasforcecarriers.Themovementofgluonscreatesstrongforcebetweenquarks.Thisis
theforcethatmakesupmatterintheuniverse.

ElectromagneticForce

Electromagneticforceisthesecondstrongestforce.Itisan
PoletypetransformersinKyoto,
interactionbetweenparticleswiththeoppositeorthesameelectrical Japan

charges.Whentwoparticleshavethesamecharge,thatis,theyare
bothpositive,orbothnegative,theyrepeleachother.If,ontheotherhand,theyhavethe
oppositecharge,whereoneispositiveandoneisnegative,theyareattractedtoeachother.
Thismovementofparticles,whicharerepelledorattractedtootherparticles,iselectricitya
physicalphenomenonwhichweuseindailylivesandinmostoftechnology.

Theelectromagneticforcecanaccountforchemicalreactions,light,andelectricity,aswellas
interactionsbetweenmolecules,atoms,andelectrons.Theseinteractionsbetweenparticles
areresponsiblefortheshapesthatsolidobjectstakeintheworld.Theelectromagneticforce
preventstwosolidobjectsfrompermeatingeachother,becausetheelectronsinoneobject

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repeltheelectronsofthesamechargeoftheotherobject.Historicallyelectricandmagnetic
forcesweretreatedasseparateinfluences,buteventuallyitwasdiscoveredthattheyare
related.Mostobjectshaveneutralcharge,butitispossibletochangethechargeofanobject
byrubbingtwoobjectstogether.Theelectronswilltravelbetweenthetwomaterials,being
attractedtotheoppositechargedelectronsintheothermaterial.Thiswillleavemoreofthe
samechargeelectronsonthesurfaceofeachobject,thuschangingthedominantchargeof
theobjectoverall.Forexample,ifonerubshairwithasweater,andthenliftsthesweater
away,thehairwillstandupandfollowthesweater.Thisisbecauseelectronsonthesurface
ofthehairareattractedmoretotheatomsonthesurfaceofthesweaterthanelectronsonthe
surfaceofthesweaterareattractedtotheatomsonthesurfaceofthehair.Hairorother
similarlychargedobjectswillalsobeattractedtotheneutrallychargedsurfacesaswell.

WeakForce

Weakforceisweakerthantheelectromagneticone.Justlikegluonscarrythestrongforce,W
andZbosonscarrytheweakforce.Theyareelementaryparticlesthatareemittedor
absorbed.Wbosonsfacilitatetheprocessofradioactivedecay,whiletheZbosonsdonot
affecttheparticlesthattheycomeincontactwith,otherthantransferringmomentum.Carbon
dating,aprocessofdeterminingtheageoforganicmatter,ispossiblebecauseoftheweak
force.Itisusedtoestablishtheageofhistoricalartifacts,andisbasedonevaluatingthe
decayofcarbonpresentinthisorganicmatter.

GravitationalForce

Gravitationalforceistheweakestofthefour.Itkeeps
LakeOntario.Mississauga(Canada).StarryNight
theastronomicalobjectsintheirpositionsinthe
universe,isresponsiblefortides,andcausesobjectstofallonthegroundwhenreleased.Itis
theforcethatactsuponobjects,attractingthemtoeachother.Thestrengthofthisattraction
increaseswiththeobjectsmass.Liketheotherforces,itisbelievedtobemediatedby
particles,gravitons,buttheseparticleshavenotbeendetectedyet.Gravitationaffectshow
astronomicalobjectsmove,andthemotioncanbecalculated,basedonthemassofthe
surroundingobjects.ThisdependencyallowedscientiststopredictthatNeptuneexistsby
watchingthemotionofUranus,beforeNeptunewasseeninthetelescope.Thiswasbecause
themovementofUranuswasinconsistentwithitspredictedmotion,basedontheastronomical
objectsknownatthetime,thereforescientistsdeductedthatanotherplanet,yetunseen,must
beaffectingitsmovementpatterns.

Accordingtothetheoryofrelativity,gravityalsochangesthespacetimecontinuum,thefour
dimensionalspacethateverything,includinghumans,existin.Accordingtothistheory,the
curvatureofspacetimeincreaseswithmass,andbecauseofthatitiseasiertonoticewith
objectsaslargeasplanetsorgreaterinmass.Thiscurvaturewasprovedexperimentally,and
canbeseenwhentwosynchronizedclocksarecompared,whereoneisstationaryandone
movesforaconsiderabledistancealongabodywithlargemass.Forexample,iftheclockis
movedaroundtheorbitoftheearth,asinHafeleKeatingexperiment,thenthetimeitshows
willbebehindthestationaryclock,becausethespacetimecurvaturecausesthetimetorun
slowerfortheclockinmotion.

Theforceofgravitycausesobjectstoacceleratewhenfallingtowardsanotherobject,andthis
isnoticeablewhenthedifferenceinmassbetweenthetwoisgreat.Thisaccelerationcanbe
calculatedbasedonthemassoftheobjects.ForobjectsfallingtowardstheEarthitisabout
9.8meterspersecondsquared.

Tides

Tidesareexamplesofgravitationalforceinaction.They
Searocks
arecausedbythegravitationalforcesoftheMoon,the
Sun,andtheEarth.Contrasttosolidobjects,watercanchangeshapeeasilywhenforcesact
uponit.ThereforewhengravitationalforcesoftheMoonandtheSunactupontheEarth,the
groundsurfacedoesnotgetpulledbytheseforcesasmuchasthewaterdoes.TheMoonand
theSunmoveacrossthesky,andthewateronEarthfollowsthem,causingtides.Theforces
thatactuponthewaterarecalledtidalforcestheyareavarietyofgravitationalforces.The

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Moon,beingclosertotheEarth,hasastrongertidalforcecomparedtotheSun.Whenthe
tidalforcesoftheSunandtheMoonactinthesamedirection,thetideisthestrongestandis
calledspringtide.Whenthesetwoforcesareinopposition,thetideistheweakestandis
calledaneaptide.

Tideshappenwithdifferentfrequencydependingonthegeographicalarea.Becausegravityof
theMoonandtheSunpullsboththewaterandtheentireplanetEarth,insomeareastides
occurbothwhenthegravitationalforcepullsthewaterandtheEarthinthesameorin
differentdirections.Inthiscasethehighandlowtidepairhappenstwiceinoneday.Insome
areasthishappensonlyonceaday.Tidepatternsonthecoastdependontheshapeofthe
coast,thedeepoceantidepatterns,andthelocationoftheMoonandtheSun,aswellasthe
interactionoftheirgravitationalforces.Insomelocations,thedurationoftimebetweentides
canlastuptoseveralyears.Dependingonthecoastlineandthedepthoftheocean,tidescan
causecurrents,storms,changesinwindpatterns,andfluctuationinairpressure.Someplaces
usespecialclockstocalculatewhenthenexttidewillhappen.Theyareconfiguredbasedon
thetidaloccurrencesinthearea,andneedtobereconfiguredwhenmovedtoanother
location.Insomeareastideclocksarenoteffectivebecausetidescannotbepredictedeasily
there.

Thetidalforcewhichmoveswatertoandfromtheshoreissometimesusedtogenerate
power.Tidalmillshaveusedthisforceforcenturies.Thebasicconstructionhasawater
reservoir,andthewaterisletinathightideandoutatlowtide.Thekineticenergyofthe
flowingwatermovesthewheelofthemill,andthegeneratedpowerisusedtoperformwork,
forexample,grindinggrainsintoflour.Whilethereareanumberofproblemswiththissystem,
includingdangerstotheecosystemwherethismillisbuilt,thismethodofgeneratingenergy
haspotential,becauseitisarenewableandareliablesourceofpower.

NonFundamentalForces
Theforcesthatarederivativesofthefundamentalforcesarecallednonfundamentalforces.

NormalForce

Oneofthenonfundamentalforcesisthenormalforce,whichacts
Equilibrium
perpendiculartothesurfaceoftheobjectandpushesoutward,
resistingthepressurefromotherobjects.Whenanobjectisplacedonasurface,the
magnitudeofthenormalforceisequaltothenetforcepressingagainstthesurface.Onaflat
surface,whenforcesotherthangravityareinequilibrium,thenormalforceisequalto
gravitationalforceinmagnitudeandoppositeindirection.Thevectorsumofthetwoforcesis
thenzeroandtheobjectisstationaryormovingataconstantspeed.Whentheobjectisonan
inclineandotherforcesareinequilibrium,thesumofgravitationalandnormalforcespoints
downwards(butnotdirectlydown,perpendiculartothehorizon),andtheobjectslidesdown,
alongtheincline.

Friction
Widertiresprovidebetterfriction

Frictionisaforceparalleltothesurfaceofanobjectandopposite
itsmotion.Itoccurswhentwoobjectsareslidingagainsteachother(kineticfriction),orwhen
astationaryobjectisplacedonaninclinedsurface(staticfriction).Thisforceisemployed
whensettingobjectsinmotion,forexamplewheelsgriptothegroundduetofriction.Without
ittheywouldnothavebeenabletopropelvehicles.Thefrictionbetweentherubberofthe
tiresandthegroundisstrongenoughtoensurethatthetiresarenotslidingalongtheground
andallowsfortherollingmovementandforbettercontrolofthedirectionofthemotion.
Frictionofarollingobject,rollingfrictionorrollingresistance,isnotasstrongasthedry
frictionoftwoobjectsslidingagainsteachother.Frictionisusedinstoppingwiththeuseof
breaksthewheelsofavehiclearesloweddownbydryfrictioninthediskordrumbrakes.
Insomecasesfrictionisundesirablebecauseitslowsdownmotionandwearsoutmechanical
components.Liquidsorsmoothsurfacesareusedtominimizefriction.

InterestingFactsaboutForces

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Forcescandeformsolidobjectsorchangevolumeandpressureinliquidsandgases.This
happenswhenforcesareappliedunequallytodifferentpartsoftheobjectorsubstance.In
somecaseswhenenoughforceisappliedtoaheavyobject,itcanbecompressedintoavery
smallsphere.Ifthissphereissmallenough,smallerthanacertainradius,thenablackhole
canbeformed.ThisradiusiscalledtheSchwarzschildradius.Itvariesbasedonthemassof
theobjectandcanbecalculatedusingaformula.Thisspheresvolumeissosmall,that
comparedtothemassoftheobject,itisalmostzero.Becausethemassofblackholesisso
highlycondensed,theyhaveanextremelyhighgravitationalpull,sothatotherobjectscannot
escapeit,andneithercanlight.Blackholesdonotreflectanylight,sotheyappeartobe
completelyblack.Thisiswhytheyarecalledblackholes.Scientistsbelievethatlargestarsat
theendoftheirlifeturnintoblackholesandcangrowinmassbyabsorbingotherobjectsthat
arewithinagivenradius.

References

ThisarticlewaswrittenbyKaterynaYuri

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Inphysics,aforceisanyinfluencethatcausesanobjecttoundergoacertainchange,eitherconcerningitsmovement,
direction,orgeometricalconstruction.ItismeasuredwiththeSIunitofnewtons.Inotherwords,aforceisthatwhichcan
causeanobjectwithmasstochangeitsvelocity,thatis,toaccelerate,orwhichcancauseaflexibleobjecttodeform.

TheSIunitofforceisthenewton(N),whichistheforcerequiredtoaccelerateaonekilogrammassatarateofone
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