Chitranjan Sharma E-Commerce...

Introduction to E-commerce
E-commerce is a transaction of buying or selling online. Electronic commerce draws on technologies

such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing,
online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and
automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web
for at least one part of the transaction's life cycle although it may also use other technologies such as e-
mail.
E-commerce businesses may employ some or all of the following:

Online shopping web sites for retail sales direct to consumers
Providing or participating in online marketplaces, which process third-party business-to-
consumer or consumer-to-consumer sales
Business-to-business buying and selling
Gathering and using demographic data through web contacts and social media
Business-to-business (B2B) electronic data interchange
Marketing to prospective and established customers by e-mail or fax (for example, with
newsletters)
Engaging in prevail for launching new products and services
Online financial exchanges for currency exchanges or trading purposes
Definition of E-commerce
1 | chitranjan Kumar(1011)
E-commerce is an abbreviation used for electronic commerce. It is the process through which the
buying, selling, dealing, ordering and paying for the goods and services are done over the internet is
known as e-commerce. In this type of online commercial transaction, the seller can communicate with
the buyer without having a face to face interaction.
Some examples of real world application of e-commerce are online banking, online shopping, online
ticket booking, social networking, etc.
The basic requirement of e-commerce is a website. The marketing, advertising, selling and conducting
transaction is done with the help of internet. Any monetary transaction, which is done with the help of
electronic media, is e-commerce.
History of E-commerce
One of the most popular activities on the Web is shopping. It has much allure in it you can shop at
your leisure, anytime, and in your pajamas. Literally anyone can have their pages built to display their
specific goods and services.
History of ecommerce dates back to the invention of the very old notion of "sell and buy", electricity,
cables, computers, modems, and the Internet. Ecommerce became possible in 1991 when the Internet
was opened to commercial use. Since that date thousands of businesses have taken up residence at web
sites.
At first, the term ecommerce meant the process of execution of commercial transactions electronically
with the help of the leading technologies such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic
Funds Transfer (EFT) which gave an opportunity for users to exchange business information and do
electronic transactions. The ability to use these technologies appeared in the late 1970s and allowed
business companies and organizations to send commercial documentation electronically.
Business (B2B) model, had around $700 billion in transactions.
Timeline
A timeline for the development of e-commerce:
1971 or 1972: The ARPANET is used to arrange a cannabis sale between students at
the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, later
described as "the seminal act of e-commerce" in John Markoff's book What the Dormouse Said.
1979: Michael Aldrich demonstrates the first online shopping system.
1981: Thomson Holidays UK is the first business-to-business online shopping system to be
installed.
1982: Minitel was introduced nationwide in France by France Tlcom and used for online
ordering.
1983: California State Assembly holds first hearing on "electronic commerce" in Volcano,
California. Testifying are CPUC, MCI Mail, Prodigy, CompuServe, Volcano Telephone, and Pacific
Telesis. (Not permitted to testify is Quantum Technology, later to become AOL.)
1984: Gateshead SIS/Tesco is first B2C online shopping system and Mrs Snowball, 72, is the
first online home shopper
1984: In April 1984, CompuServe launches the Electronic Mall in the USA and Canada. It is the
first comprehensive electronic commerce service.
1989: In May 1989, Sequoia Data Corp. Introduced Compumarket The first internet based
system for e-commerce. Sellers and buyers could post items for sale and buyers could search the
database and make purchases with a credit card.
1990: Tim Berners-Lee writes the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer.
1992: Book Stacks Unlimited in Cleveland opens a commercial sales website (www.books.com)
selling books online with credit card processing.
1993: Paget Press releases edition No. 3 of the first app store, The Electronic AppWrapper
1994: Netscape releases the Navigator browser in October under the code
name Mozilla. Netscape 1.0 is introduced in late 1994 with SSL encryption that made transactions
secure.
1994: Ipswitch IMail Server becomes the first software available online for sale and immediate
download via a partnership between Ipswitch, Inc. and OpenMarket.
1994: "Ten Summoner's Tales" by Sting becomes the first secure online purchase
through NetMarket.[11]
1995: The US National Science Foundation lifts its former strict prohibition of commercial
enterprise on the Internet.
1995: Thursday 27 April 1995, the purchase of a book by Paul Stanfield, Product Manager
for CompuServe UK, from W H Smith's shop within CompuServe's UK Shopping Centre is the
UK's first national online shopping service secure transaction. The shopping service at launch
featured W H Smith, Tesco, Virgin Megastores/Our Price, Great Universal Stores
(GUS), Interflora, Dixons Retail, Past Times, PC World (retailer) and Innovations.
1995: Jeff Bezos launches Amazon.com and the first commercial-free 24-hour, internet-only
radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio start broadcasting. eBay is founded by computer
programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb.
1996: TradeIndia B2B marketplace established in India.
1996: ECPlaza B2B marketplace established in Korea.
1996: The use of Excalibur BBS with replicated "Storefronts" was an early implementation of
electronic commerce started by a group of SysOps in Australia and replicated to global partner
sites.
1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web.
1999: Alibaba Group is established in China. Business.com sold for US $7.5 million to
eCompanies, which was purchased in 1997 for US $149,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing
software Napster launches. ATG Stores launches to sell decorative items for the home online.
2000: Complete Idiot's Guide to E-commerce released on Amazon
2000: The dot-com bust.
2001: Alibaba.com achieved profitability in December 2001.
2002: eBay acquires PayPal for $1.5 billion. Niche retail companies Wayfair and NetShops are
founded with the concept of selling products through several targeted domains, rather than a central
portal.
2003: Amazon.com posts first yearly profit.
2003: Bossgoo B2B marketplace established in China.
2004: DHgate.com, China's first online b2b transaction platform, is established, forcing other
b2b sites to move away from the "yellow pages" model.
2007: Business.com acquired by R.H. Donnelley for $345 million.
2009: Zappos.com acquired by Amazon.com for $928 million. Retail Convergence, operator of
private sale website RueLaLa.com, acquired by GSI Commerce for $180 million, plus up to $170
million in earn-out payments based on performance through 2012.
2010: Groupon reportedly rejects a $6 billion offer from Google. Instead, the group buying
websites went ahead with an IPO on 4 November 2011. It was the largest IPO since Google.
2014: Overstock.com processes over $1 million in Bitcoin sales. India's e-commerce industry is
estimated to have grown more than 30% from 2012 to $12.6 billion in 2013. US eCommerce and
Online Retail sales projected to reach $294 billion, an increase of 12 percent over 2013 and 9% of
all retail sales. Alibaba Group has the largest Initial public offering ever, worth $25 billion.
2015: Amazon.com accounts for more than half of all ecommerce growth, selling almost 500
Million SKU's in the US.
Frame work of E-commerce

Electronic Commerce Framework
A framework can be defined as a structure for supporting or attaching something else, particularly a
support that is used as the foundation for something being created. Hence, an e-commerce framework
comprises the set of infrastructure required for carrying out the e-commerce business. This set of
infrastructure typically includes the network requirements and the different software applications that
The e-commerce vision summarized above assumes a series of essential infrastructure services and
values steady with a broad architectural framework. This framework must allow flexibility,
interoperability and directness necessary for the successful development of electronic commerce. The
e-commerce framework offers a set of options to the customers. Most of the electronic commerce plans
have different strategies for security and privacy, their skill to deal with the payments, and their
usability to different transactions. They also vary in their business models. Such variations promote
innovation and allows for supplier and customer options. But yet, you need a broad framework to gain
wide acceptance. This includes the following requirements and peculiarities of carrying out various
business forms in this upcoming electronic environment.
WORKING OF E- COMMERCE
A consumer uses web browser to connect the websites.
Customer placed an order of product to the customer service department.
Customer pays via debit and credit card or by internet banking and mention the shipping
address.
When merchant receives the order, he checks the payments and sends goods to logistics.
Products can be send via COD method too if somebody is not convenient to use plastic money
than most of the e-commerce websites and platforms offer COD (cash on delivery).
E-Commerce or Electronics Commerce sites use electronic payment where
electronic payment refers to paperless monetary transactions. Electronic
payment has revolutionized the business processing by reducing paper work,
transaction costs, labour cost. Being user friendly and less time consuming than
manual processing, helps business organization to expand its market reach /
expansion. Some of the modes of electronic payments are following.
Credit Card
Debit Card
Smart Card
E-Money
Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT)
Key technologies
Following are the key technologies used in B2B e-commerce
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) EDI is an inter organizational exchange of
business documents in a structured and machine processable format.
Internet Internet represents world wide web or network of networks connecting
computers across the world.
Intranet Intranet represents a dedicated network of computers within a single
organization
Extranet Extranet represents a network where outside business partners, supplier
or customers can have limited access to a portion of enterprise intranet/network.
Back-End Information System Integration Back End information systems are
database management systems used to manage the business data.
Advantage of E-commerce
Advantages to Organizations
Using E-Commerce, organization can expand their market to national and international markets
with minimum capital investment. An organization can easily locate more customers, best
suppliers and suitable business partners across the globe.
E-Commerce helps organization to reduce the cost to create process, distribute, retrieve and
manage the paper based information by digitizing the information.
E-commerce improves the brand image of the company.
E-commerce helps organization to provide better customer services.
E-Commerce helps to simplify the business processes and make them faster and efficient.
E-Commerce reduces paper work a lot.
E-Commerce increased the productivity of the organization. It supports "pull" type supply
management. In "pull" type supply management, a business process starts when a request
comes from a customer and it uses just-in-time manufacturing way.
Advantages to Customers
24x7 supports Customer can do transactions for the product or enquiry about any
product/services provided by a company anytime, anywhere from any location. Here 24x7
refers to 24 hours of each seven days of a week.
E-Commerce application provides user more options and quicker delivery of products.
E-Commerce application provides user more options to compare and select the cheaper and
better option.
A customer can put review comments about a product and can see what others are buying or see
the review comments of other customers before making a final buy.
E-Commerce provides option of virtual auctions.
Readily available information. A customer can see the relevant detailed information within
seconds rather than waiting for days or weeks.
E-Commerce increases competition among the organizations and as result organizations
provides substantial discounts to customers.
Advantages to Society
Customers need not to travel to shop a product thus less traffic on road and low air pollution.
E-Commerce helps reducing cost of products so less affluent people can also afford the
products.
E-Commerce has enabled access to services and products to rural areas as well which are
otherwise not available to them.
E-Commerce helps government to deliver public services like health care, education, social
services at reduced cost and in improved way.
Disadvantage of E-commerce
Technical Disadvantages
There can be lack of system security, reliability or standards owing to poor implementation of
e-Commerce.
Software development industry is still evolving and keeps changing rapidly.
In many countries, network bandwidth might cause an issue as there is insufficient
telecommunication bandwidth available.
10 | c h i t r a n j a n K u m a r ( 1 0 1 1 )
Special types of web server or other software might be required by the vendor setting the e-
commerce environment apart from network servers.
Sometimes, it becomes difficult to integrate E-Commerce software or website with the existing
application or databases.
There could be software/hardware compatibility issue as some E-Commerce software may be
incompatible with some operating system or any other component.
Non-Technical Disadvantages
Initial cost: The cost of creating / building E-Commerce application in-house may be very high.
There could be delay in launching the E-Commerce application due to mistakes, lack of
experience.
User resistance: User may not trust the site being unknown faceless seller. Such mistrust makes
it difficult to make user switch from physical stores to online/virtual stores.
Security/ Privacy: Difficult to ensure security or privacy on online transactions.
Lack of touch or feel of products during online shopping.
E-Commerce applications are still evolving and changing rapidly.
Difference between E-commerce and E-business

E- BUSINESS
E-business (electronic business) is the conduct of business processes on the Internet. It can also be
defined as the business which is done with the help of internet or electronic data interchange i.e. is
known as E-business. e-business is not confined to buying and selling of goods only, but it includes
other activities that also form part of business like providing services to the customers, communicating
with employees, client or business partners can contact the company in case if they want to have a word
with the company, or they have any issue regarding the services, etc. All the basic business operations
are done using electronic media. There are two types of e-business, which are:
Pure-Play: The business which is having an electronic existence only.
Brick and Click: The business model, in which the business exists both in online i.e. electronic and
offline i.e. physical mode.
E-COMMERCE
E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and
services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network,
primarily the internet. E-commerce is one of the important components of e-
business, but it is not an essential part. e-commerce refers to the purchase and
sale of goods and/or services via electronic channels such as the Internet. E-
commerce was first introduced in the 1960s via an electronic data interchange
(EDI) on value-added networks (VANs). The medium grew with the increased
availability of Internet access and the advent of popular online sellers in the 1990s
and early 2000s. Amazon began operating as a book-shipping business in Jeff
Bezos' garage in 1995. EBay, which enables consumers to sell to each other
online, introduced online auctions in 1995 and exploded with the 1997 Beanie
Babies frenzy.
Basis for Comparison E-commerce E-business
Trading of merchandise, over the Running business using the
Meaning
internet is known as E-commerce. internet is known as E-business.
What is it? Subset Superset
Is it limited to
Yes No
monetary transactions?
What they carry out? Commercial transactions Business transactions
Approach Extroverted Ambiverted
Requires Website Website, CRM, ERP, etc.
Which network is used? Internet Internet, Intranet and Extranet.
E-business uses the internet, intranet
E-commerce uses the internet to
and extranet are used for connecting
Usage connect with the rest of the world.
with the parties
Nalli stores along with its

Amazon & e-bay are considered
physical presence sells textile
to be the worlds two biggest E-
Example through its website is an example
business units.
of E- commerce
Categories of E-commerce
There are 6 basic types of e-commerce:
1. Business-to-Business (B2B)
2. Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
3. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
4. Consumer-to-Business (C2B)
5. Business-to-Administration (B2A)
6. Consumer-to-Administration (C2A)
1. Business-to-Business (B2B)
Business-to-Business (B2B) e-commerce encompasses all electronic transactions of goods or services
conducted between companies. Producers and traditional commerce wholesalers typically operate with
this type of electronic commerce.
How this model work
Website following B2B business model sells its product to an intermediate buyer who then sells the
product to the final customer. As an example, a wholesaler places an order from a company's website
and after receiving the consignment, sells the end product to final customer who comes to buy the
product at wholesaler's retail outlet.
B2B implies that seller as well as buyer is business entity. B2B covers large
number of applications which enables business to form relationships with their
distributors, resellers, suppliers etc. Following are the leading items in B2B e-
Commerce.
Electronics
Shipping and Warehousing
Motor Vehicles
Petrochemicals
Paper
Office products
Food
2. Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
The Business-to-Consumer type of e-commerce is distinguished by the establishment of electronic
business relationships between businesses and final consumers. It corresponds to the retail section of e-
commerce, where traditional retail trade normally operates.
How this model work
Website following B2C business model sells its product directly to a customer. A customer can view
products shown on the website of business organization. The customer can choose a product and order
the same. Website will send a notification to the business organization via email and organization will
dispatch the product/goods to the customer.
3. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) type e-commerce encompasses all electronic transactions of goods or
services conducted between consumers. Generally, these transactions are conducted through a third
party, which provides the online platform where the transactions are actually carried out.
How this model work
Website following C2C business model helps consumer to sell their assets like residential property,
cars, motorcycles etc. or rent a room by publishing their information on the website. Website may or
may not charge the consumer for its services. Another consumer may opt to buy the product of the first
customer by viewing the post/advertisement on the website.
4. Consumer-to-Business (C2B)
In C2B there is a complete reversal of the traditional sense of exchanging goods. This type of e-
commerce is very common in crowd sourcing based projects. A large number of individuals make their
services or products available for purchase for companies seeking precisely these types of services or
products.
Examples of such practices are the sites where designers present several proposals for a company logo
and where only one of them is selected and effectively purchased. Another platform that is very
common in this type of commerce are the markets that sell royalty-free photographs, images, media and
design elements, such as iStockphoto.
How this model work

In this model, a consumer approaches website showing multiple business organizations for a particular
service. Consumer places an estimate of amount he/she wants to spend for a particular service. For
example, comparison of interest rates of personal loan/ car loan provided by various banks via website.
Business organization who fulfills the consumer's requirement within specified budget approaches the
customer and provides its services.
5. Business-to-Administration (B2A)
This part of e-commerce encompasses all transactions conducted online between companies and public
administration. This is an area that involves a large amount and a variety of services, particularly in
areas such as fiscal, social security, employment, legal documents and registers, etc. These types of
services have increased considerably in recent years with investments made in e-government.
6. Consumer-to-Administration (C2A)
The Consumer-to-Administration model encompasses all electronic transactions conducted between
individual and public administration.
Both models involving Public Administration (B2A and C2A) are strongly associated to the idea of
efficiency and easy usability of the services provided to citizens by the government, with the support of
information and communication technologies.
Business-to-Business (B2B)
Business-to-Business (B2B) e-commerce encompasses all electronic transactions of goods or services
conducted between companies. Producers and traditional commerce wholesalers typically operate with
this type of electronic commerce.
A business is sourcing materials for their production process (e.g. a food manufacturer
purchasing salt).
A business needs the services of another for operational reasons (e.g. a food manufacturer
employing an accountancy firm to audit their finances).
A business re-sells goods and services produced by others (e.g. a retailer buying the end product
from the food manufacturer).
EXAMPLE: Trade India, Alibaba.com
Trade India
Founded 1996
Headquarters New Delhi, India
Area served Worldwide
Founder(s) Bikky Khosla
Industry Internet Marketing
Website www.tradeindia.com
TradeIndia is an online Business to Business (B2B) portal[1] for small businesses based in India and around
the globe. The portal was started in 1996 by Bikky Khosla and is maintained and promoted under the
flagship company, Infocom Network Ltd.[2][3] The company is headquartered in New Delhi, India, and has
branch offices in 35 cities[4] across India. It employs over 1200 professionals.
About company
Launched in the year 1996 to offer the Indian Business community a platform to promote themselves
globally tradeindia.com has created a niche as India's largest B2B marketplace, offering comprehensive
business solutions to the Domestic and Global Business Community through its wide array of online
services, directory services and facilitation of trade promotional events. Our portal is an ideal forum for
buyers and sellers across the globe to interact and conduct business smoothly and effectively.
With an unmatched expertize in data acquisition and online promotion, Tradeindia subsumes a huge
number of company profiles and product catalogs under 2,256 different product categories and sub-
categories. It is well promoted on all major search engines and receives an average of 20.5 million hits
per month.
Tradeindia is maintained and promoted by INFOCOM NETWORK LTD. Today we have reached a
database of 38,52,930 registered users, and the company is growing on a titanic scale with a
considerable amount of new users joining/registering everyday, under the innovative vision and
guidance of Mr. Bikky Khosla, CEO.
OVERVIEW
TradeIndia is an Indian online B2B marketplace based in Noida, India. The company claims to have 1.5
million suppliers listed on its website, with around 10 million buyers visiting the online platform every
month.The business model is comparable to the likes of an e-commerce company that has established a
global reputation as a major player in bringing buyers and sellers together in cyberspace or Global
Sources in China and ECeurope, which is focused on Asian business, despite its name.
Typically, firms like TradeIndia have primary revenue streams(derived from charging customers for
value-added services); secondary streams (subscription fees and listing fees); and tertiary revenue
streams (advertising and fees for providing links to other sites).
The company, connects Indian suppliers to global buyers and claims that it helps generate $1-billion
worth of B2B sales annually for its members. It generates 500,000 business enquiries for its members
every month, showcases over 15,000 catalogs and 700,000 products, features over 300,000 suppliers in
20,000 product categories and has 32 offices across India.
TRADEINDIA AS B2B PORTALS
Forms of non-shop retailing include online retailing (a type of electronic-commerce used for business-
to-consumer (B2C) transactions) and mail order. Business-to-business (B2B) refers to a situation where
one business makes a commercial transaction with another. This typically occurs when:
A business is sourcing materials for their production process (e.g. a food manufacturer
purchasing salt).
A business needs the services of another for operational reasons (e.g. a food manufacturer
employing an accountancy firm to audit their finances).
A business re-sells goods and services produced by others (e.g. a retailer buying the end product
from the food manufacturer).
B2B is often contrasted against business-to-consumer (B2C). In B2B commerce it is often the case that
the parties to the relationship have comparable negotiating power, and even when they don't, each party
typically involves professional staff and legal counsel in the negotiation of terms, whereas B2C is
shaped to a far greater degree by economic implications of information asymmetry.
WORKING
TradeIndia is 20 years old online marketplace and they connect suppliers with probable buyers. They
make money by listing different packages to the suppliers with different features and benefits, for
example if youre a pen supplier with TradeIndia and want to gain more presence on their site, you can
choose any of the paid services according to your needs and benefits. A paid listing has a better
presence than an unpaid one and makes it easier for the business to grow. The listing services account
for most of the revenue.
Usually with most marketplaces, what happens is that big giants take the cake but things are better with
TradeIndia. They support Small and medium industries equally and have different models wherein you
can select a suitable model for your business.
Working for buyer
Step1. Go to the home page of TradeIndia, enter the product
you require in search box.
Step2. Suppose we enter a mobile phone in search box then it will display a detailed
information about the product and supplier of that product.
Step3. Now it will display supplier name eg: Genesis Distribution. this is the simple and easy way
to contact with suppliers and buyers.
Working for supplier
Register the suppier.
After that add its company profile.
Add your product which you want to put for sell.
After that direct contact with buyer .
ALIBABA.COM
Founded 1999
Headquarters Hangzhou, china
Founder(s) Jack Ma
Industry Internet
Revenue 14 billion (2016)
Employees 36446(2016)
Subsidiaries Guangzhou Evergrande Tabao F.C., Taobao, Tmall, UCWeb, AliExpress
Slogan(s) To make it easy to do business anywhere
Website alibabagroup.com
Alibaba.com is a Chinese e-commerce company that provides consumer-to-consumer, business-to

consumer and business-to-business sales services via web portals. It also provides electronic
payment services, a shopping search engine and data-centric cloud computing services. The group
began in 1999 when Jack Ma founded the website Alibaba.com, a business-to-business portal to
connect Chinese manufacturers with overseas buyers.
Alibaba.com brings you hundreds of millions of products in over 40 different major categories,
including consumer electronics, machinery and apparel. Buyers for these products are located in 190+
countries and regions, and exchange hundreds of thousands of messages with suppliers on the platform
each day.
Alibaba.com brings you hundreds of millions of products in over 40 different major categories,
including consumer electronics, machinery and apparel. Buyers for these products are located in 190+
countries and regions, and exchange hundreds of thousands of messages with suppliers on the platform
each day.
Our Mission
As part of the Alibaba Group, our mission is to make it easy to do business anywhere.
We do this by giving suppliers the tools necessary to reach a global audience for their products, and by
helping buyers find products and suppliers quickly and efficiently.
Vision
To solve the challenges of small business in procumbent, sales and marketing, management and
financing through internet technology.
Working process
A buyer can open a dispute after making payment and before confirming delivery of their order if:
To open a dispute, please follow the steps below:
1. Sign in to My Alibaba
2. Click All Orders" under Order Management
3. If the supplier has shipped the goods, but you want to cancel the order, please click Cancel Order
Request
If you have not received, or are not satisfied with the condition of your goods, try to contact the
supplier to negotiate a solution. If none can be reached, click Open Dispute. Note: you cannot select
this option if you have clicked Confirm: Order Received.
4. Fill the dispute form and click Submit
Payment methods are available for Secure Payment orders

Currently, you can pay using Visa, MasterCard/Maestro, T/T (Bank Transfer), Western Union, QIWI,
Web Money, Index and Bole to. More payment options will be available on Alibaba.com in the near
future.
Please check the below table to learn more:
Maximum Order Amount Minimum Order
Shipping Method Payment Method
(USD) Amount (USD)
Visa/MasterCard
50,000 0
/Maestro
Express T/T (Bank Transfer) No Limit 20
Western Union 5,000 20
QIWI 5,000 0.05
WebMoney 10,000 0
Yandex 1,000 1
Boleto 3,000 1
When you click 'pay now" on the order details page, you will see all supported payment
methods.
Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
Business to consumer (B2C) is business or transactions conducted directly between a company and
consumers who are the end-users of its products or services. The business-to-consumer as a business
model differs significantly from the business-to-business model, which refers to commerce between
two or more businesses. While most companies that sell directly to consumers can be referred to as
B2C companies, the term became immensely popular during the dotcom boom of the late 1990s, when
it was used mainly to refer to online retailers, as well as other companies that sold products and services
to consumers through the internet.
B2C is an acronym used for "business to consumer". B2C e-commerce or electronic commerce is used
to describe a transaction conducted over the Internet between a business and a consumer for his/her
personal use.
The B2C model involves transactions between business organizations and consumers. It applies to any
business organization that sells its products or services to consumers over the Internet. These sites
display product information in an online catalog and store it in a database. The B2C model also
includes services online banking, travel services, and health information
EXAMPLE: - SHOPCLUES.COM , PAYTM
Shopclues.com
Founded 2011
Founder(s) Radhika Aggarwal, Sandeep Aggarwal, Sanjay Sethi
Industry Internet
Revenue 20 billion (2016)
Rank 846 (Jan. 2017)
Website www.shopclues.com
ShopClues.com is an online marketplace, headquartered in Gurgaon, India. The company was founded
in California's Silicon Valley in 2011. It has over 12,000 registered merchants retail 2,00,000+ products
on the platform to over 42 million visitors every year across 9500 locations in the country.
The e-commerce company is incorporated in Delaware.
ShopClues joined as 35th entrant in the Indian e-commerce in 2011.The company employs about 700
people across different locations
HISTORY
ShopClues is the subsidiary of Clues Network Inc.., a US Corporation and was founded in November
2011 by Radhika Aggarwal, her husband, Wall Street internet analyst Sandeep Aggarwal and Sanjay
Sethi
OVERVIEW OF SHOPCLUES
REVENUE MODEL OF SHOPCLUES
HOW TO SHOP ON SHOPCLUES

Step 1: Customer selects the desired products and adds them to the cart.
Step 2: On the payment page, the customer choses the following options:
Step 3: The customer needs to review and finalize the order before moving ahead with the payment
process.
Step 4: Once the payment is successful, the customer would again be redirected to the Thankyou page
where his order would be confirmed.
BUSINESS PROCESS OF SHOPCLUE
PAYTM
Type of business Private

Type of site E-commerce
Founded 2010
Headquarters Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Founder(s) Vijay Shekhar sharma
Industry online shopping payment system
Website www.paytm.com
Paytm is India's largest mobile payments and commerce platform. It started with online mobile
recharge and bill payments and has an online marketplace today. In a short span of time we have scaled
to over 200 Mn registered users. Paytm is the consumer brand of India's leading mobile internet
company One97 Communications. One97 investors include Ant Financial (AliPay), SAIF Partners,
Mediatek, Sapphire Venture and Silicon Valley Bank. We strive to maintain an open culture where
everyone is a hands-on contributor and feels comfortable sharing ideas and opinions. Our team spends
hours designing each new feature and obsesses about the smallest of details.
OVERVIEW
Paytm is an Indian payment and commerce company based out of Delhi NCR, India. Launched in
August 2010, it is the consumer brand of parent One97 Communications. The name is an acronym for
"Pay Through Mobile."
In 2015, Paytm became the first Indian company to receive funding from Chinese eCommerce
company Alibaba, after it raised over $625 million at a valuation of $1.5 billion. The Alibaba Group
was the biggest stakeholder in Paytm parent company One97 Communications.[3] In August 2016,
Paytm received an investment from Mountain Capital, one of Taiwan-based MediaTeks investment
funds, which valued Paytm at of over USD$5 billion.
The company employs over 13,000 employees as of January, 2017 and has 3 million offline merchants
across India. It also operates the Paytm payment gateway and the Paytm Wallet.
Paytm launched bill payments services in Canada, its first overseas market, on 16 March 2017.[4][5] The
new app allows Canadians to pay their utility bills.
BAGROUND
Paytm was founded and incubated by One97 Communications in 2010 as a prepaid mobile recharge
website.[7] Service is available through a browser, and an app is available on
the Android, Windows and iOS operating systems.
In 2013, the company launched Paytm Wallet, which became India's largest mobile payment service
platform with over 150 million wallets and 75 million android based app downloads as of November
2016.[8]The surge in usage of the service was largely due to the demonetization of the 500 and 1000
rupee currency notes.[9] After 8 November 2016, Paytm's transactions and profit increased significantly
HOW TO SHOP ON PAYTM

Step 1: Customer selects the desired products and adds them to the cart.
Step 2: On the payment page, the customer choses the following options:
Wallets
Credit card
UPI
Net banking
Step 3: The customer needs to review and finalize the order before moving ahead with the payment
process.
Step 4: The customer needs to sign In /sign up with his account to make the payment.
Step 6: Once the payment is successful, the customer would again be redirected to the Thankyou page
where his order would be confirmed.
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) type e-commerce encompasses all electronic transactions of goods or
services conducted between consumers. Generally, these transactions are conducted through a third
party, which provides the online platform where the transactions are actually carried out.
Consumer to consumer (or citizen-to-citizen) electronic commerce involves the electronically
facilitated transaction between consumers through some third party. A common example is the online
auction, in which a consumer posts an item for sale and other consumers bid to purchase it; the third
party generally charges a flat fee or commission. The sites are only intermediaries, just there to match
consumers. They do not have to check quality of the products being offered. Consumer to consumer
(C2C) marketing is the creation of a product or service with the specific promotional strategy being for
consumers to share that product or service with others as brand advocates based on the value of the
product.
Internet classifieds are another example of customer to customer marketing. An example of an internet
classified company is Craigslist. Craigslist utilizes the internet to attract a wide customer and buyer
base which employs the website to list and sell items.
EXAMPLE :- QUIKER, OLX.
QUIKER.COM
Type Private
Industry Internet
Founded 2008
Founder Pranay Chulet and Jiby Thomas
Headquarters Bangalore, India
Number of Locations India
Area served India
Service Classified Advertisement
Website www.quiker.com
Quikr is an Indian classified advertising platform. It was founded by PranayChulet and Jiby
Thomas in 2008, and as of 2013 reported 12 million listings.Headquartered in Bengaluru, Quikr has a
listings in over 1,000 cities in India in categories such as mobile phones, household goods, cars, real
estate, jobs, services and education.
Quikr is all about you - Our aim is to empower every person in the country to independently connect
with buyers and sellers online. Brainchild of Pranay Chulet, Quikr is widely known as Indias no. 1
online classifieds platform - and theres a reason behind that. We care about you - and the transactions
that bring you closer to your dreams. Want to buy your first car? Were here for you. Want to sell
commercial property to buy a home for your family? Were here for you. Whatever job youve got, we
promise to get it done.
Founded in 2008 and headquartered in Bangalore, Quikr has left a memorable footprint in over 1000
cities. And we continue to work towards building the future of trading and e-commerce.
Quikr provides an online classified advertising platform for users to buy or sell goods and services from
each other. Other services offered include a missed call service, and instant messaging
Quicker Business Model
Basically Quicker is consumer to consumer model (C2C) where in there are many offerings made,
options and forums where individuals can buy and sell things through online payment systems like
paypal etc. It provides a platform where consumers interact with other consumer through online
options.
Gives add to attract

Sellers( Posting Add on Buyers( where he
Responds After seeing the add
quicker.Com With full sees the add by the
METHODS
description OF E-MARKETING
& picture of the OF QUICKER sellers and responds to
product) the
Among various methods the method or channel of e-marketing used by buyerisif"Digital
quicker interested)
Marketing" .Digital Marketing could be defined as the means of marketing using digital channels,
devices and platforms regardless of whether they are online or not. Digital marketing uses all the
channels available in the digital media to get information to customers, and it does not limit itself to
the Internet.
Here quicker uses Social media for pop up adds and under digital media comes mobile app of
quicker as well login from browsers etc.
STEPS TO SELL AN AD IN QUICKER

Title: Title of your add must be given first.
Price: What price you have fixed for your product stated.
Contact: All the details regarding address and contact no to be given.
Youre Name: Clear description of name of the person whose add it is or whom to be contacted.
Description: Full description of your product with clear view to be given.
Location: Location of the product where can we get.
Categories: Categories to be listed out if any.
Condition: Condition of the product , time used etc to be described if in case of bikes mileage and
kilometers used .
E-mail : E-mail id to be given which gives access to contact to the buyer
Upload Picture: Finally at last upload the genuine picture of the product
SOME OF THE SCREENSHOTS OF THE QUIKER.COM
OLX.COM
Type Incorporated
Industry Marketplace classifieds forums
Founded 2006
Founder Fabrice Grinda, Alec Oxenford (CEO)
Number of locations Global
Area served Global
Numbers of employees 1200
Website www.olx.com
On Line Exchange (OLX) is an online classified site which acts as a platform for connecting buyers
and sellers by posting a free ad on their website.
OLX(Online - Marketing) operates as a national online classifieds marketplace for used goods
including furniture, musical instruments, sporting goods, cars, youngster and baby
items, motorcycles, cameras, mobile phones, and property. It is accessible through
the internet and through native apps on smart phones.
OLX is India's number one consumer-to-consumer (C2C) platform, and the
country's largest marketplace for pre-owned cars and motorbikes, second-hand mobile phones, and pre-
loved personal and household goods. OLX pioneered the concept of C2C classifieds in India, and
already has 80% market share of the C2C online trade in the country, maming it the clear market leader
in the space. As the market leader in India, OLX has been at the forefront of building and expanding the
online classifieds market in the country. The platform, which can be accessed on desktop, mobile-App,
and mobile-web, offers a free, fast, and hyper-local way for Indians to sell and buy used goods and
services.
Our history
OLX Business Mode
Basically Olx is consumer to consumer model (C2C) where in there are many offerings made, options
and forums where individuals can buy and sell things through online payment systems like paypal etc.
It provides a platform where consumers interact with other consumer through online options.
Gives add to attract
Buyers( where he
Sellers( Posting Add Responds After seeing the add
sees the add by the
on OLx.Com With full
sellers and responds to
description & picture of
Consumers to Consumers Business Model of OLX
the product)
Recognition & Awards

We are proud to be Indias leading platform to sell, buy, rent or find something. Our goal is to help our
community of buyers and sellers address their needs in the simplest and fastest way. We do this by
listening to our community, fostering innovation and keeping the platform simple. The awards and
recognition we receive is thanks to the effort and success achieved by millions of individuals and small
businesses across India.
Always on Global
250 Winner2009 - 2010
Red Herring Global

2011 Finalist2010 - 2011
Young Turks
Awards2010 - 2011
WAT
Awards2010 - 2011
Certificate Of
Appreciation2010 - 2011
METHODS OF E-MARKETING OF OLX

Among various methods the method or channel of e-marketing used by OLX is "Digital
Marketing" .Digital Marketing could be defined as the means of marketing using digital channels,
devices and platforms regardless of whether they are online or not. Digital marketing uses all the
channels available in the digital media to get information to customers, and it does not limit itself to
the Internet.
Here olx uses Social media for pop up adds and under digital media comes mobile app of olx as
well login from browsers etc
STEPS TO SELL AN AD IN OLX

Title: Title of your add must be given first.
Price: What price you have fixed for your product stated.
Contac: All the details regarding address and contact no to be given.
Youre Name: Clear description of name of the person whose add it is or whom to be contacted.
Description: Full description of your product with clear view to be given.
Location: Location of the product where can we get.
Categories: Categories to be listed out if any.
Condition: Condition of the product , time used etc to be described if in case of bikes mileage and
kilometers used .
E-mail : E-mail id to be given which gives access to contact to the buyer
Upload Picture: Finally at last upload the genuine picture of the product.
HOW DOES OLX SITE WORK

You can use OLX anonymously, but for best results we would recommend you sign up for an
account. The process is simple and straightforward and will only take a minute or two of your
time. The interface looks like
Once registered, you are free to start posting ads or looking for bargains as soon as you wish.
The best thing about registering on the site is that you can edit or otherwise alter your ads
quickly and easily as the need arises.
And its not just buying and selling that OLX is great for. As well as being a conventional
marketplace bringing vendors and buyers together, you can also use the site if you are job-
hunting or looking to hire a skilled worker or freelancers for a project you are undertaking. The
variety has no limit!
SOME OF THE SCREENSHOTS OF THE OLX.COM ARE
Consumer-to-Business (C2B)
The C2B model involves a transaction that is conducted between a consumer and a business
organization. It is similar to the B2C model, however, the difference is that in this case the
consumer is the seller and the business organization is the buyer. In this kind of a transaction, the
Consumers decide the price of a particular product rather than the supplier. This category includes
individuals who sell products and services to organizations.
Customer to Business (C2B), sometimes known as Consumer to Business, is the most recent E-
Commerce business model. In this model, individual customers offer to sell products and services to
companies who are prepared to purchase them. This business model is the opposite of the traditional
B2C model.
C2B is a kind of economic relationship that is qualified as an inverted business type. The advent of the
C2B scheme is due to:
The internet connecting large groups of people to a bidirectional network; the large traditional
media outlets are one-directional relationships whereas the internet is bidirectional.
Decreasing costs of technology; individuals now have access to technologies that were once
only available to large companies (digital printing and acquisition technology, high performance
computers, and powerful software).
EXAMPLE: - YOUTUBE, OLA
YOUTUBE
Type of business Subsidiary
Type of site Video hosting service
Founded 2015
Founders Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, Jawed Karim
Industry Internet
Parent Google
Slogan Broadcast yourself
Website youtube.com
Launched in May 2005, YouTube allows billions of people to discover, watch and share originally-
created videos. YouTube provides a forum for people to connect, inform, and inspire others across the
globe and acts as a distribution platform for original content creators and advertisers large and small.
WORKING PROCESS
1. Sign in to your YouTube account on a computer. On the left, select My channel.
2. Use the drop-down menu next to your name to view your channel as Yourself, a New visitor, or
a Returning subscriber. When you want to go back to viewing as yourself, click Done at the top
of the screen.
3. Use the tabs to navigate previewing the channel:
Home: This is what your audience sees when they visit your channel. They can view a
feed of your activities or preview different sections of your customized layout.
Videos: Use this to see a list of all uploads publicly available for subscribers or all of the
videos you've publicly liked. You can sort by most popular or date added.
Playlists: This is a list of all the playlists that you've created.
Discussion: If you've turned on the discussion tab, this will display comments left on
your channel.
About: Use this to add a channel description (maximum length of 1,000 characters), set
your channel country, enter a business contact email address, and define social or other web links.
Links that you add here are featured just below your description and use the icon
from the corresponding social network when displayed. You can overlay up to five of these links on
your channel art as shortcut icons.
To edit your About tab, hover over the content, then click edit
1. Launch the YouTube app from the Home screen of your iPhone or iPad.
2. Search for the channel name you'd like to subscribe to if you aren't there already. Alternately,
you can tap on the username in any video you've already got pulled up to bring up their channel.
3. If you're using the searching method, once you have your results, tap on the Channels tab.
4. Tap on the channel name in the results.
5. One you're in the channel, tap on Subscribe. The option is to the right of the channel's name.
OLACABS
Type Private
Founded 2010
Founders Bhavish Aggarwal, Ankit Bhati
Headquarter Bengaluru
Website www.olacabs.com
Ola, India's most popular mobile app for transportation, integrates city transportation for customers
and driver partners onto a mobile technology platform. As one of India's fastest growing companies we
ensure convenient, transparent and quick service fulfilment using technology to make transportation
hassle free for everyone.
Ola's offerings on its platform ranges from affordable AC cabs on the Ola Micro range to the superior
luxury offering from Ola Lux as well as localized offerings like the ubiquitous Auto-rickshaws to Shuttle
buses for daily commute. Using the Ola mobile app, users across 102 cities can conveniently book
from over 450,000 vehicles available to them.
Weve empowered hundreds of thousands of driver-partners as entrepreneurs, by building an
ecosystem encompassing financing institutions, car manufacturers, service providers etc. for drivers to
grow professionally and personally as well as a consistent earning opportunity for them on the Ola
platform.
WORKING PROCESS
Just enter your departure and arrival points .

Choose the veichel of your choice or need .
Click on book now
You will get the contact number of the driver and the place where is he right know
Wait for the veichel to rech you
Confirm the driver ny giving him OTP
After reaching destination pay by cash or paytm.
HOW OLACAB WORKS?
How do I pay?
Payment is made in cash or paytm during the journey. We recommend that you arrange to have the
payment ready for the journey in advance, preferably in the exact amount in cash if possible.
BUSINESS-TO-ADMINISTRATION (B2A)
Business-to-administeration (B2A) is a derivative of B2B marketing and often referred to as a market

definition of "public sector marketing" which encompasses marketing products and services to various
government levels - including federal, state and local - through integrated marketing communications
techniques such as strategic public relations, branding, marcom, advertising, and web-based
communications.
B2G networks provide a platform for businesses to bid on government opportunities which are
presented as solicitations in the form of RFPs in a reverse auction fashion. Public sector organizations
(PSOs) post tenders in the form of RFPs, RFIs, RFQs, Sources Sought, etc. and suppliers respond to
them.
Government agencies typically have pre-negotiated standing contracts vetting the vendors/suppliers and
their products and services for set prices. These can be state, local or federal contracts and some may be
grandfathered in by other entities (i.e. California's MAS Multiple Award Schedule will recognize the
federal government contract holder's prices on a General Services Administration Schedule).
There are multiple social platforms dedicated to this vertical market and they have risen in popularity
with the onset of the ARRA/Stimulus Program and increased government funds available to
commercial entities for both grants and contracts.
B2G networks or models provide a way for businesses to bid on government projects or products that
governments might purchase or need for their organizations. This can encompass public sector
organizations that propose the bids. B2G activities are increasingly being conducted via the Internet
through real-time bidding. B2G is also referred to as public sector marketing. Governments are
contained within the federal, state and local arenas. Government bids are solicitations that originate
from businesses that have something a government needs.
EXAMPLE: - GOVERNMENT E-MARKET
GOVERNMENT E-MARKET
GeM is a short form of one stop Government e-Market Place hosted by DGS&D where common user
goods and services can be procured. GeM is dynamic, self sustaining and user friendly portal for
making procurement by Government officers.
DGS&D is tasked primarily with fixing Rate Contracts (RC) for common user items required by
various Government organizations through an online e-procurement portal. Presently, it is being
managed by two organized Group A Services namely Indian Supply Service and Indian Inspection
Service. DGS&D Rate Contracts are used by Central Government Ministries / Departments, PSUs and
State Governments.
Based on recommendations of Group of Secretaries made to Honble Prime Minister, Government has
decided that DGS&D will create a one stop Government e-Marketplace (GeM) to facilitate on line
procurement of common use Goods & Services required by various Government Departments /
Organizations / PSUs. GeM will enhance transparency, efficiency and speed in public procurement. It
will also provide the tools of e-bidding and reverse e-auction as well as demand aggregation to
facilitate the government users to achieve the best value for the money. DGS&D is taking appropriate
actions to align the existing rules to cater to GeM including swift payment to Suppliers / Sellers after
successful delivery of Goods & Services. The Proof of Concept (POC) is being developed by DGS&D
in association with NeGD (DeitY) for some Goods / Services namely Desktop Computers, Laptops,
UPS, Air Conditioners and hiring of transport services. The POC for GeM will be opened for Central
Government Departments and CPSUs located in Delhi / NCR. Depending on the experience, more
Goods & Services will be offered and also will be extended to other parts of the country. After
comprehensive study through a consultant followed by engaging a Managed Service Provider (MSP), a
full-fledged version of GeM is likely to be positioned by March, 2017 by DGS&D. The purchases
through GeM by Government users have been also authorized by Ministry of Finance by adding a new
Rule No. 141-A in the General Financial Rules, 2005.
The existing DGS&D RC items can also be utilized by the user Departments as per their choice.
DGS&D shall continue to expand its items as a parallel arrangement so that the users have the best
options all the time.
GeM Advantages for Buyers

Rich listing of products for individual categories of Goods/Services
Search, Compare, Select and Buy facility
Buying Goods and Services online, as and when required.
Transparent and ease of buying
Continuous vendor rating system
User-friendly dash board for Buying and monitoring supplies and payments
Easy Return policy
GeM Advantages for Sellers

Direct access to all Government departments.
One stop shop for marketing with minimal efforts.
One stop shop for bids / reverse auction on products / services
New Product Suggestion facility available to Sellers
Dynamic pricing: Price can be changed based on market conditions
Seller friendly dashboard for selling and monitoring of supplies and payments
Consistent and uniform purchase procedures
Though all efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy and correctness of the content on this GeM
website / portal, the same should not be construed as a statement of law or used for any legal purposes.
GeM accepts no responsibility in relation to the accuracy, completeness, usefulness or otherwise, of the
contents. Users are advised to verify/check any information with the relevant government department(s)
and/or other source(s), and to obtain any appropriate professional advice before acting on the
information provided in the portal. In no event will the GeM be liable for any expense, loss or damage
including, without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any expense, loss or damage
whatsoever arising from use, or loss of use, of data, arising out of or in connection with the use of this
portal. These terms and conditions shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the Indian
laws. Any dispute arising under these terms and conditions shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction
of the courts of India.
What are the facilities/ features of GeM?
Direct access to all Govt. departments.

One stop marketing place with minimal marketing efforts.
No need to watch for tenders of different govt. departments: Once you offer your product, Govt.
Departments would themselves approach you.
Products accepted against suppliers guarantee / warrantee and generally free from regular
consignment inspection testing and evaluation procedures.
Freedom from fixed specifications: No need to customize to given specifications. Market your
product with all features defined by you. Update and upgrade products as soon and as many
times as you find it necessary.
Dynamic pricing price can be changed based on market conditions no fixed price for whole
year no fear of fluctuation of raw material prices or exchange rate variations.
Dynamic product listing no need to run for model up-gradation / changes. List your latest
products and market them based on features and your competitive prices.
Get complete information of all Govt. requirements through Annual Procurement Plans.
Timely payment guaranteed.
Consistent and uniform purchase procedures and terms and conditions of contract.
GETTING STARTED/GENERAL
Why should I sell on GeM?

GeM is the Govt. online market place has maximum online reach and highest credibility, with many
registered Govt. customers across the Country. G-eM will take your products to different Govt. Buyers
without any marketing efforts.
Who can sell on GeM?

Any seller who produces and market genuine and proven products is welcome on G-eM and is also
required to get registered with the portal G-eM. To start selling, you need to have the following: -
PAN CARD
Udyog Adhaar or MCA 21 registration
VAT/TIN Number (if applicable)
Bank Account & supporting KYC documents (ID proof, Address proof& cancelled cheque)
How do they get registered with GeM ?

The process of registration is simple. The applicant has to fill details about the firm and him / herself on
the GeM and generate ID/ password on GeM.
Can we offer both products/Goods & Services on GeM?
Yes, you can sell both Goods as well as Services on GeM. DGS&D has already appointed consultants
for selection of a Managed Service Provider, who will be completing the project within 12 months for a
full fledged on-line GeM portal, though pilot phase of GeM is likely to be launched in May, 2016.
Who decides the price of the products?
As a seller, you will set the price of your products. However, it is upto the Purchaser to select the
product as per his requirements.
Will I get charged for listing products on GeM?

Not at present. However, the modalities are being worked out.
How and when will I get paid?

The payment will be made directly to your bank account on-line within 10 days after receipt and
acceptance of the Good/ Services, after expiry of 10 days time prescribed for Return Policy should such
Goods/ Services are rejected within this period. A penalty clause for delay in payment is being finalised
shortly.
Can I talk to someone about selling on GeM ?

Yes. Helpdesks/ Call Centre from 9.30 AM to 5.30 PM on working day basis are being planned who
would address all the issues raised by the stakeholders.
Can customers leave feedback & why is customer feedback important?

Yes. This may improve the product specification requirements.
CONSUMER-TO-ADMINISTRATION (C2A)
The Consumer-to-Administration model encompasses all electronic transactions conducted between

individuals and public administration.
Examples of applications include:
Education disseminating information, distance learning, etc.
Social Security through the distribution of information, making payments, etc.
Taxes filing tax returns, payments, etc.
Health appointments, information about illnesses, payment of health services, etc..
Both models involving Public Administration (B2A and C2A) are strongly associated to the idea
efficiency and easy usability of the services provided to citizens by the government, with the support of
information and communication technologies.
EXAMPLE:- GOVERNMENT WEBSITE LIKE IRCTC, AIR INDIA
IRCTC
(Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd.)
Type Subsidiary of Indian railway

Industry Railway
Headquarters New Delhi, NCT, India
Area served India
Product e-ticketing, offline booking
Parent Indian Railway
Website https://irctc.co.in
Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Ltd. has been set up by the Ministry of Railways
with the basic purpose of hiving off entire catering and tourism activity of the railways to the new
Corporation so as to professionalize and upgrade these services with public-private participation. A
dynamic marketing strategy in association with public and private agencies, tour operators, transporters,
hoteliers and local tour promoters is on the anvil. Indian Railways span global volumes in hospitality
and catering sectors with services provided to 13 million passengers every day.
7 Easy steps to register and book ticket through IRCTC eWallet:

1. Login to IRCTC with your existing IRCTC user id and password.
2. Click the "IRCTC eWallet Registration" link under IRCTC eWallet Section in the "Plan my
travel" page.
3. Complete Verification process by providing PAN CARD No. and other details.
4. Deposit one time registration fee of Rs.50/-(Inclusive of Service Tax of 14 %, Swachh Bharat
Cess of 0.5 % and Krishi Kalyan Cess of 0.5%) online with any of the available payment
options.
5. Membership fee and Redemption is subject to change at the discretion of IRCTC.
6. Credit the IRCTC eWallet account with the minimum deposit of Rs.100/- and top up with the
required booking amount. Maximum amount permitted in user's account is Rs. 10,000.
7. Pay ticket booking amount through IRCTC eWallet which is displayed as payment option along
with other Banks.
8. Fill full detail of passenger
9. Make payment as per your comfort by debit card ,e-wallet ,credit card etc
AIRINDIA
Founded 1932
Hubs Indira Ghandi international airport (Delhi)
Destinations 90
Slogan Air India..Truly Indian
Parent Air India ltd.
Website aireindia.in
Air India is the flag carrier airline of India and the third-largest airline in India in terms of passengers
carried, after Indigo and Jet Airways. It is owned by Air India Limited, a Government of
India enterprise, and operates a fleet of Airbus and Boeing aircraft serving 90 domestic and
international destinations. It is headquartered in New Delhi. Air India has its main hub at Indira Gandhi
International Airport, New Delhi and a secondary hub at Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport,
Mumbai. Air India became the 27th member ofStar Alliance on 11 July 2014.
Online Payments:
Payment is made seamlessly on our online payment gateways, for Credit- Debit Card 3D
Secured or Net banking with data encrypted and SSL Certified.
Air fares shown can be paid in many Currencies, equivalent to Indian Rupees.
Customers will be responsible for charges or exchange rates by their bank.
EMI Payment Options available, for Fly Now Pay Later as per Banks terms & conditions.
Payment options are available for all International & Domestic Credit Debit Cards by Master, VISA,
AMEX, RuPay or by Online Net banking.
We accept
Master- Visa credit and Debit card. IMPS - Bank Transfer
American Express
On-line Bank Transfer.
Net banking
RUPAY
Dinors Club
OVERVIEW OF SITE
SEARCH FOR FLIGHT FROM WHERE TO WHERE YOU WANT TO GO
SELECT DATE ON WHICH DATE YOU WANT TO GO
ENTER FULL DETAIL OF CUSTOMER AND DO ONLINE PAYMENT

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Introduction to E-commerce

E-commerce is a transaction of buying or selling online. Electronic commerce draws on technologies

E-commerce businesses may employ some or all of the following:

A timeline for the development of e-commerce:

Frame work of E-commerce

Difference between E-commerce and E-business

Nalli stores along with its

How this model work

How this model work

How this model work

How this model work

Working for buyer

Working for supplier

Alibaba.com is a Chinese e-commerce company that provides consumer-to-consumer, business-to

2. Click All Orders" under Order Management

Payment methods are available for Secure Payment orders

Please check the below table to learn more:

HOW TO SHOP ON SHOPCLUES

BUSINESS PROCESS OF SHOPCLUE

Type of business Private

HOW TO SHOP ON PAYTM

EXAMPLE :- QUIKER, OLX.

Gives add to attract

STEPS TO SELL AN AD IN QUICKER

SOME OF THE SCREENSHOTS OF THE QUIKER.COM

Recognition & Awards

Red Herring Global

METHODS OF E-MARKETING OF OLX

STEPS TO SELL AN AD IN OLX

HOW DOES OLX SITE WORK

SOME OF THE SCREENSHOTS OF THE OLX.COM ARE

Type of business Subsidiary

hassle free for everyone.

from over 450,000 vehicles available to them.

Weve empowered hundreds of thousands of driver-partners as entrepreneurs, by building an

Just enter your departure and arrival points .

HOW OLACAB WORKS?

Business-to-administeration (B2A) is a derivative of B2B marketing and often referred to as a market

GeM Advantages for Buyers

GeM Advantages for Sellers

What are the facilities/ features of GeM?

Direct access to all Govt. departments.

Why should I sell on GeM?

Who can sell on GeM?

How do they get registered with GeM ?

Can we offer both products/Goods & Services on GeM?

Will I get charged for listing products on GeM?

How and when will I get paid?

Can I talk to someone about selling on GeM ?

Can customers leave feedback & why is customer feedback important?

The Consumer-to-Administration model encompasses all electronic transactions conducted between

EXAMPLE:- GOVERNMENT WEBSITE LIKE IRCTC, AIR INDIA

Type Subsidiary of Indian railway

7 Easy steps to register and book ticket through IRCTC eWallet:

8. Fill full detail of passenger

SEARCH FOR FLIGHT FROM WHERE TO WHERE YOU WANT TO GO

ENTER FULL DETAIL OF CUSTOMER AND DO ONLINE PAYMENT

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