EAT 359 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

- LECTURE 1

by: SALWA MOHD ZAINI MAKHTAR

Where Does Water Come From ?

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 The percentage of water resources.

Earth(World)

Land (30%) Water (70%)

Ocean
Freshwater (3%)
(97%)

Glaciers & Ice Caps Groundwater & Surface water

(68.75) (31.3%)

Can use (0.6%)

Cannot be used
(99.4%)

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Why is Water Important?

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MALAYSIAS WATER
RESOURCES
AVAILABILITY
AND
DEMAND

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 WHAT WE HAVE NOW : WATER AVAILABILITY IN MALAYSIA
{Based on The Review of The National Water Resources Study 2000-2050} (2011)

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 SCENARIOS OF WATER WHERE
RESOURCES IN MALAYSIA THE
RAINFALL
GO?

TOTAL WATER DEMAND IN ALL SECTORS

2010 2020 2050

PERLIS 306 299 281

KEDAH 2922 2976 2876

PULAU PINANG 765 829 894

Water is abundant but it does not fall everywhere all the time
Blessed nation with plenty of water & almost free of natural disaster
Per capita volume : 17,000 m3/capita (Surface runoff) 7
 Demand from Sectors
TOTAL WATER DEMAND IN ALL SECTORS

2010 2020 2050

PERLIS 306 299 281

KEDAH 2922 2976 2876

PULAU PINANG 765 829 894

KELANTAN 1632 1619 1604

ESTIMATED WATER DEMAND OF VARIOUS SECTORS

TERENGGANU 884 975 1026
BUDGET TOTAL WATER
DEMAND ALL SECTORS PERAK 1949 1923 1811
SECTOR 2010 2020 2050
SELANGOR 2238 2491 2922
DOMESTIC (BCM) 10.58 12.57 15.98
PAHANG 726 946 959

IRRIGATED PADDY NEGERI 340 361 374

8.27 9.11 7.21
(BCM) SEMBILAN
2010 14785 MCM
MELAKA 323 366 439
IRRIGATED NON- 1.18 1.12 1.18
PADDY (BCM) JOHOR 715 881 1301
2020 17205 MCM
SABAH 912 1356 1469
LIVESTOCK (BCM) 0.13 0.18 0.58
2050 18233 MCM SARAWAK 1054 2162 2247

1.29 1.59 1.29 WP LABUAN 18 24 29

FISHERIES (BCM)
TOTAL MSIA 14785 17205 818233
 RIVERS are the main source of
WATER - 97 % of water supply
for Domestic, Industrial and
Agriculture

Water resources : Rivers, water bodies & ground water

Waterbodies : Aquifer, lake, pond, wetlands, estuary,
coastal water and other water bodies, natural or artificial
and the resource therein
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 What are the Challenges Facing the
Water Agenda?
5. Environment
2. Water Stress
Water Demand
Urbanization Pollution Management
Industralization Risks and Hazards
Population Growth IWRM
Water Quantity & Quality

1. Sustaining Biodiversity 4. Green Technology

Ecosystem Preservation Green Growth

Ecological Functions Sustainability
Habitat Destruction Renewable Energy
Technological Investment

3. Climate Change 6. NKEA

Sea Level Rise Water Resource

Flood and Drought Economic Generator
Extreme Weather Societal Development
Climate Change Adaptations Investments

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Water Supply Issues:

Infinite becomes a finite resource spatially

and temporally
Rapid urbanization and population growth
Inadequate infrastructure and escalating cost
High non-revenue water (NRW)
Low water pricing
Water pollution
Climate change uncertainty and irreversibility

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 WATER TARIFF IN SELANGOR
SEWERAGE CHARGES IN MALAYSIA
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USAGE PRICE/m MIN.PAYMENT Annual Value Basic Charge (RM)
Band
(RM) (RM) (RM) Connected Septic Tank
Domestic Usage 1 0 - 2,000 8 7
0-20 m 0.57 6 2 2,001 - 5,000 14 8
21-35 m 1.03 3 5,001 - 10,000 20 14
35 m and above 2 4 10,001 - 20,000 26 19
Commercial (Inclusive of 5 20,001 - 30,000 29 21
Public Swimming Pool) 6 30,001 - 40,000 32 23
35 m 2.07 36 7 40,001 - 50,000 35 25
35 m and above 2.28 8 50,001 - 60,000 38 27
Govt. Dept. 1.61 17 9 60,001 - 70,000 41 29
10 70,001 - 80,000 44 31
Religious Places 0.46 6
Ship 4.23
Charitable Org. 0.58 6 Monthly Excess Charge
* Condos/Apart. 1.38 173 Water Usage Excess Charge
* Low Cost Flats/ Apart. 0.8 35 3
< 100 m < 200 m3
30 sen /m3
* Army Camps/ Estates/ 1 12 > 200 m3 45 sen/m3
Govt. Quarters

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 WATER PRICING IN SINGAPORE
Usage Price/m3
S$
Water Tariff
0-40m3 1.17
>40m3 1.4
Water Conservation Tax 30%
Sanitary Appliance Fee 3.00/fitting
Waterborne fee 0.28

For comparison sake : usage of 10m3 of water

MALAYSIA SINGAPORE
USAGE PRICE/m3 S$
(RM)
Domestic Usage
0-20 m 5.7 10.2
Water Conservation Tax - 3.05
Waterborne fee /Sewerage 8 2.8
charges
Sanitary Fee /others 0 9
Total/month 13.7 25.05

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 Malaysia: Population Projections

Population (000)
State
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Perlis 246 291 319 343 361
Kedah 2,043 2,440 2,695 2,906 3,065
Pulau Pinang 1,609 1,841 1,958 2,064 2,133
Perak 2,441 2,810 3,004 3,177 3,294
Selangor & Kuala Lumpur 6,970 7,951 8,443 8,896 9,195
Negeri Sembilan 1,032 1,190 1,274 1,348 1,399
Melaka 785 925 1,008 1,078 1,129
Johor 3,458 4,117 4,533 4,879 5,140
Pahang 1,573 1,867 2,050 2,203 2,317
Terengganu 1,149 1,445 1,672 1,854 2,006
Kelantan 1,677 2,104 2,427 2,686 2,901
Peninsular Malaysia 22,983 26,981 29,383 31,434 32,940
Sarawak 2,660 3,127 3,505 3,839 4,117
Sabah 3,267 3,874 4,400 4,719 4,958
Labuan 88 101 110 115 118
East Malaysia 6,015 7,102 8,015 8,673 9,193
Malaysia 28,998 34,083 37,398 40,107 42,133
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 Water Demand Scenario
Total Water Availability versus Consumptive Water Demand in Malaysia

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 Urban - Impact on surface runoff

Figure: Typical pathways for forest rainfall. A portion of

precipitation never reaches the ground because it is
intercepted by vegetation and other surfaces.

Figure: Relationship between impervious cover and surface

runoff. Impervious cover in a watershed results in increased
surface runoff. As little as 10 percent impervious cover in a
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watershed can result in stream degradation.
WATER SHORTAGES & DROUGHT

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 Sustaining Water Resources Pollutants of Concern

Point Source Pollution Non-Point Source Pollution Emerging Pollutants

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Water Pollution Impacts

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 Water Pollution
Status of Rivers in Malaysia (2005 2012)

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 Pollution Management Issues
Manage point, non-point pollution and emerging pollutants of concern.
Carrying capacity of each river system and the Total Maximum Daily Load
(TMDL) it can assimilate without harming the environment.
Address trans-boundary water pollution issues.
Improved water quality monitoring network.
Re-look at current water quality standards.
Legislative, institutional, policy and funding needs.

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 Water and Ecological Sustainability Issues
Environmental Flow: quantity, timing, and quality of water flows required to
sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems, and human livelihoods that
depend on these ecosystems.

Why is it important?

Increasing water abstraction from rivers results in

less downstream flow.
Dam construction changes river condition.
Obstruction to movement
Sensitive flora and fauna species depend on
certain water habitat conditions to survive.
Flushing of silt and pollutants from river system.
Downstream communities depend on river.
Trans-boundary issues.

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 Water and Ecological Sustainability Issues

Payment for Environmental Services:

Market-based tools to enable financial

incentives to be allocated by beneficiaries
of ecosystem services to compensate
individuals or organisations, conserving the
natural resources.

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 Water and Ecological Sustainability
Blue water footprint:
volume of surface water and ground water consumed
during production processes (i.e. evaporated or
incorporated into the product)

Green water footprint:

volume of rainwater consumed (i.e. evaporated or
incorporated into the product)

Grey water footprint:

volume of freshwater that is required to assimilate the
load of pollutants and calculated as the volume of water
that is required to maintain the water quality according to
agreed water quality standards.

Source: Virtualwater.EU

Source: Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., Aldaya, M.M. and Mekonnen, M.M. (2011) The water 25
footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard, Earthscan, London, UK.
Water Resources Potential

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Water Resources Potential

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Integrated Urban Water Resource Management Issues

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Wastewater Treatment Technology

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 Towards a Green Technological

Moving towards a green economy Are we ready?

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 Conclusion : Water Resources Management is
everybody business - Its also our role

1) Self realisation - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle

2) Stewardship take charge through 3 simple steps
(action, advise, despise)
3) Advocacy Tahu (Know), Sedar (Aware), Faham
(understand)
4) Avoid eternalizing cost to every action and process
including to our supplier

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 THANK YOU

for your attention

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