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By Irina Paley, eHow Contributing Writer
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Approaches
1. Cognitive psychology can be broken down into four major approaches. Experimental
cognitive psychology involves carrying out laboratory experiments on normal
individuals. Cognitive neuroscience involves using techniques such as brain scans
(fMRI and EEG) to study brain function in order to identify the neurophysiological
structure used in cognition. Similarly, cognitive neuropsychology attempts to
determine physiological brain structures involved in cognition by studying patterns of
cognitive impairment present in brain-damaged individuals. Finally, cognitive science
involves developing computational models to understand human cognition.
Lev Vygotsky
4. To address the issues of learning and internalization, Lev Vygotsky offered the
concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), which contrasted with Piaget's
theories about a lag of learning behind development. In his book, Mind in Society,
Vygotsky defines the zone of proximal development as "the distance between the
actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the
level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult
guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers." He suggests that an
individual's learning capacity is enhanced when receiving guidance from another
person, particularly a peer. The biggest implication of his work is that individuals can
promote their cognitive development by interacting with others who can help them
reach higher levels of functioning within their zone of proximal development.