AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

PRASHANT CHOUHAN
M.Sc. Physics
Roll No-16510053
prashant.chouhan@iitgn.ac.in
21 March 2017

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Contents
1 OBJECT 3

2 INTRODUCTION 3

3 Theory 3
3.1 Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2 Modulation Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3 Amplitude Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4 OBSERVATION 5
4.1 Observation for modulation index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2 Observation for Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5 RESULT 10

6 REFERENCES 11

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1 OBJECT
To perform the Amplitude modulation and determine the Modulation index for different-different voltage.

2 INTRODUCTION
Modulation is process by which amplitude, frequency, phase characteristic of carrier wave are varried in
accordance with some caracteristic of moduling signal. A circuit that changes the lower-frequency base-
band signal to a higher-frequency signal is called modulator.
Comman modulation methods are :
1. Amplitude modulation (AM), in which the height (i.e., the strength or intensity) of the signal carrier is
varied to represent the data being added to the signal.
2. Frequency modulation (FM), in which the frequency of the carrier waveform is varied to reflect the
frequency of the data.
3. Phase modulation (PM), in which the frequency of the carrier waveform is varied to reflect changes in
the frequency of the data (similar but not the same as FM).

3 Theory
3.1 Amplitude Modulation
Information signal is usually of low frequency, so it cannot travel far. It needs a carrier signal of higher
frequency for long distance destination. The inputs are carrier and information (modulating) signals while
the output is called the modulated signal. Amplitude Modulation (AM) refers to the modulation tech-
nique where the carriers amplitude is varied in accordance to the instantaneous value of the modulating
or baseband signals amplitude.
An AM signal is represented as:
Sinusoidal carrier wave C(t) given as:

C(t) = Acosc t
Where :
A = Max amplitude of the carrier wave
c = carrier frequency

AM wave can be expressed as:

s(t) = x(t)cosc t + Acosc t

s(t) = [A + x(t)]cosc t

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 Figure 1: Amplitude Modulation

Figure 2: Block diagram for amplitude modulation

3.2 Modulation Index

The amount by which the amplitude of the carrier wave increases and decreases depends on the ampli-
tude of the information signal and is known as modulation index or depth of modulation. The extent of
amplitude variation in AM about a unmodulated carrier amplitude is measured in terms of a factor called
modulation index. It is the ratio of modulating signal voltage and carrier signal voltage.
Modulation Index is given by :
Vmax Vmin
m=
Vmax + Vmin
Value of m is in range 0 to 1

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3.3 Amplitude Demodulation
Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation.This section explains the coherent detection of an AM
signal. In this method, the incoming AM signal is multiplied with the LO signal of same frequency as
carrier frequency. The LO signal is generated from the AM by passing the AM signal through the ZCD.

Superheterodyne AM receiver down converts RF signal to lower IF frequency by selecting desired sta-
tion, filters the unwanted signals, extract the information by demodulation and amplify the demodulated
signal. A circuit used to recover the original intelligence signal from an AM wave is known as detector or
demodular. Envelop detector is is used for DSB AM demodulation and product detector is used for SSB
AM demodulation.

Figure 3: Block diagram of amplitude demodulation

4 OBSERVATION
4.1 Observation for modulation index
SN Modulated Wave Modulation Index mmean
Vmax (mV ) Vmin (mV ) m
1 112 54 0.359
2 124 78 0.227
3 80 8.0 0.818
4 74 8.0 0.804 0.6596
5 130 78 0.25
6 60 18 1.5

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Figure 4: DSO image for 1st observation

Figure 5: DSO image for 2nd observation

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Figure 6: DSO image for 3rd observation

Figure 7: DSO image for 4th observation

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 Figure 8: DSO image for 5th observation

Figure 9: DSO image for 6th observation (Over modulated wave)

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4.2 Observation for Demodulation
As input we give sine wave after demodulation it change.

Figure 10: DSO image for demodulation-1

Figure 11: DSO image for demodulation-2

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 Figure 12: DSO image for demodulation-3

Figure 13: DSO image for demodulation-4

5 RESULT
We study the about amplitude modulation.
modulation index = m = 0.6596

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6 REFERENCES
1. sectechno.com
2. iitgn physics lab
3. wikipedia
4. Practicle Physics by Kumar Gupta
5. evalidate.in
6. evalidate.in

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