CHAPTER 9 - SINUSOIDS AND PHASORS

List of topics for this chapter :

Sinusoids
Phasors
Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements
Impedance and Admittance
Impedance Combinations
Applications

SINUSOIDS

Problem 9.1 Express the following as cosine functions.

(a) 5 sin(2t )
(b) 4.3 sin(t 47)
(c) 2 sin(t 2)

To convert the sine function to the cosine function, we will need a trigonometric identity.
# sin( x ) = cos( x 90)

(a) 5 cos( 2 t 90)

(b) 4.3 cos(t 47 90) = 4.3 cos(t 137)

(c) 2 rad = 90 and rad = 180

2 sin(t 2) = 2 cos(t 2 2) = 2 cos(t )

Because
sin( x 90) = cos( x ) or cos( x 180) = - cos(x)
this can also be written as - 2 cos(t)

Problem 9.2 Find the magnitude, angular frequency, frequency, and phase angle of each
of the following functions.
(a) 5 sin(10t )
(b) - 2.5 cos(2t)
(c) 3 cos(t 37)

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 (a) Consider v( t ) = Vm sin(t + ) . Also, note that = 2 f .

Vm = 5 = 10 f = 10 2 , = 0

(b) Consider v( t ) = Vm cos(t + )

Vm = 2.5 = 2 f = 1, = 180

Note that = 180 due to the negative sign in front of the function.

(c) Consider v( t ) = Vm cos(t + )

Vm = 3 = f = 2 , = - 37

Problem 9.3 [9.5] Given v1 = 20 sin(t + 60) and v 2 = 60 cos(t 10) ,

determine the phase angle between the two sinusoids and which one lags the other.

v1 = 20 sin(t + 60) = 20 cos(t + 60 90) = 20 cos(t 30)

v 2 = 60 cos(t 10)

This indicates that the phase angle between the two signals is 20 and that v 1 lags v 2 .

PHASORS

Problem 9.4 Convert the following into phasors.

(a) 100 sin(t )
(b) 20 cos(t )
(c) 50 cos(t 80)
(d) 25 sin(t + 45)

(a) 100 0 assuming a reference of A sin(t + )

(b) 20 0 assuming a reference of A cos(t + )

(c) 50 - 80 assuming a reference of A cos(t + )

(d) 25 45 assuming a reference of A sin(t + )

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 Problem 9.5 [9.11] Let X = 840 and Y = 10 - 30 . Evaluate the following
quantities and express your results in polar form.
(a) ( X + Y) X
(b) ( X Y)
(c) ( X + Y) / X

(a) X + Y = 840 + 10 - 30
X + Y = (6.128 + j5.142) + (8.66 j5)
X + Y = 14.79 + j0.142 = 14.79 0.55

( X + Y) X = (14.790.55)(8 - 40)
( X + Y) X = 118.3 - 39.45

(b) X Y = 840 10 - 30
X Y = (6.128 + j5.142) (8.66 j5)
X Y = -2.532 + j10.142 = 10.45104

( X Y) = 10.45 - 104

(c) From (a), X + Y = 14.79 0.55

X + Y 14.790.55
= =
X 840
( X + Y) / X = 1.849 - 39.45

Problem 9.6 If A sin(t + ) is used as a common reference, what would be the phasors?
(a) 100 sin(t )
(b) 20 cos(t )
(c) 50 cos(t 80)
(d) 25 sin(t + 45)

(a) 100 0

(b) 20 90

(c) 50 10

(d) 25 45

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 PHASOR RELATIONSHIPS FOR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Problem 9.7 Given the circuit of Figure 9.1, find the steady-state value of v c ( t ) when
i s ( t ) = 5 sin(1000t ) A .

1 k

+ +
is(t) vs(t) vc(t) 1 F

Figure 9.1

Carefully DEFINE the problem.

Each component is labeled completely. The problem is clear.

PRESENT everything you know about the problem.

In the time domain,

i dt
1
vc =
C c

If the circuit is transformed to its frequency domain equivalent, however, then

1
Vc = I Z c = I
jC
The final answer can then be converted to the time domain.

Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the
greatest likelihood of success.
The technique used to solve this problem is Ohm's law. The choice to be made is whether to
use the time domain or the frequency domain. From what we know about the problem,
converting the time-domain circuit into the frequency domain allows the use of algebra with
complex numbers rather than calculus to analyze the circuit.

Analysis of simple circuits can be done in the time-domain as a check of the answer.

ATTEMPT a problem solution.

Transforming the circuit to the frequency domain, the current source is I s = 50 .
The resistor converts to Z R = 1 k , and the capacitor becomes
1 1
Zc = = = - j1000 = 1000 - 90
jC j (1000)(10 -6 )

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 Thus,
Vc = (50)(1000 - 90) = 5000 - 90
or v c ( t ) = 5000 sin(1000 t 90) V

EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy.

Using KVL in the frequency domain,
VR = I Z R = (50)(1000) = 50000 V

Vc = I Z c = 5000 - 90

Vs = VR + Vc = 5000 0 + 5000 - 90
Vs = 5000 j 5000 = 5000 2 - 45
or v s ( t ) = 5000 2 sin(1000 t 45) V

Using KVL in the time domain,

i c ( t ) dt = -6 5 sin(1000t ) dt
1 1
v c (t) =
C 10
1
v c ( t ) = -6 3 (5)[ - cos(1000t) ]
10 10
v c ( t ) = 5000 sin(1000 t 90) V

v R ( t ) = R i( t ) = 5000 sin(1000 t ) V

v s (t ) = v R (t ) + v c (t )
v s ( t ) = 5000 sin(1000t ) + 5000 sin(1000t 90)
v s ( t ) = 5000 2 sin(1000 t 45) V

Our check for accuracy was successful.

Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not,
then return to ALTERNATIVE solutions and continue through the process again.
This problem has been solved satisfactorily.

v c ( t ) = 5000 sin(1000t 90) V

Problem 9.8 Given = 100 , determine the frequency domain ( s = j ) values for the
following elements.
(a) R = 1, 10 , 1 k, 1 M, 100 M
(b) L = 10 H, 5 H, 1 H, 5 mH, 40 H
(c) C = 2 mF, 333 F, 5 F, 10 pF

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 (a) R = 1 , 10 , 1 k, 1 M, 100 M

(b) L = 1000 , 500 , 100 , 500 m, 4 m

where the units are ohms of inductive reactance

1
(c) = 5 , 30 , 2 k, 1 G
C
where the units are ohms of capacitive reactance

Problem 9.9 Given R = 100 , L = 1 H , and C = 100 F, calculate the values in the
following table.

R XL XC
1
10
100
1000
10000

Clearly, R = 100
which is not dependent upon the frequency.

L = 1 and C = 10 -4 implies that

1 10 4
X L = L = and XC = =
C

and the table becomes

R XL XC
1 100 1 10 k
10 100 10 1k
100 100 100 100
1000 100 1k 10
10000 100 10k 1

IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE

Problem 9.10 Assume that Z = R + jX L jX C . For the values used in Problem 9.9, what
would be the values of Z in rectangular coordinates?

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 Z
1
10
100
1000
10000

Insert the values of R , X L , and X C into

Z = R + j (X L X C )
and it is evident that

Z
1 100 j 9999
10 100 j 990
100 100 + j 0
1000 100 + j 990
10000 100 + j 9999

Problem 9.11 [9.43] In the circuit of Figure 9.1, find Vs if I o = 2 0 A .

Vs
j2 j
+
Io

2 j4 j2 1

Figure 9.1

Since the left portion of the circuit is twice as large as the right portion, the equivalent circuit is
shown below.
Vs
+
+
2Z V2 V1 Z

V1 = I o (1 j ) = 2 (1 j )
V2 = 2 V1 = 4 (1 j )

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 Vs = V1 + V2 = 6 (1 j )
Vs = 8.485135 V

Problem 9.12 Using the values in Problem 9.10, what would be the values of Z in polar
coordinates?

Z
1
10
100
1000
10000

Z
1 9999.5 89.4
10 995 84.2
100 100 0
1000 995 84.2
10000 9999.5 89.4

IMPEDANCE COMBINATIONS

Problem 9.13 Given the circuit of Figure 9.1, find Z in for = 1000 rad/s .

10 k

Zin
20 H 0.1 F

Figure 9.1

The phasor domain equivalent includes

Z R = 10 k
Z L = jL = j (1000)(20) = j 20 k
1 1 -j
ZC = = -6 = = -j10 k
jC j (1000)(0.1 10 ) 10 -4

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 Z in = Z L || (Z R + Z C ) = j20k || (10k j10k )
( j20k )(10k j10k ) j20k (10 j10) (200k )(1 + j)
Z in = = =
j20k + 10k j10k 10 + j10 (10)(1 + j)
Z in = 20 k

Problem 9.14 [9.47] Find Z eq in the circuit of Figure 9.1.

Zeq
1j

1 + j3 1 + j2

j5

Figure 9.1

All of the impedances are in parallel.

Thus,
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
Z eq 1 j 1 + j2 j5 1 + j3
1
= (0.5 + j0.5) + (0.2 j0.4) + (- j0.2) + (0.1 j0.3)
Z eq
1
= 0.8 j0.4
Z eq

1
Z eq =
0.8 j0.4
Z eq = 1 + j 0.5

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 APPLICATIONS

Problem 9.15 The circuit shown in Figure 9.1 is used to make a simple low-pass filter. An
important part of choosing the appropriate value of C is to determine the highest frequency to be
passed and then choose a value of C such that the output voltage is 1 2 times the magnitude of
the input at that frequency. What value of C makes this a low-pass filter for frequencies from
0 Hz to 1000 Hz ?

10 k

+ +
vin(t) C vout(t)

Figure 9.1

Transforming this circuit to the frequency domain yields

10 k

+ +
Vin C
j/ Vout

- j C
Vout = V
10k j C in
- j C
Vout = Vin
10k j C

f = 1000 Hz is the upper frequency limit, called the corner frequency.

- j C 1
=
10k j C = 2 (1000 )
2
- j 2 (1000) C Xc 1
= =
10k j 2 (1000) C 10 + X c
8 2
2

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 Xc2 1 X c 2 10 8
2 =
X c 2 = +
10 + X c
8
2 2 2
X c 2 10 8
=
2 2
1
X c = 10 4 =
j2 (1000) C

1
C=
2 (10 3 )(10 4 )
1
C= F
20

Problem 9.16 [9.61] Using the circuit of Figure 9.1,

(a) Calculate the phase shift.
(b) State whether the phase shift is leading or lagging (output with respect to input).
(c) Determine the magnitude of the output when the input is 120 V.

20 40 30

+ +
Vi j10 j30 j60 Vo

Figure 9.1

(a) Consider the circuit as shown.

20 40 30
V2 V1

+ +
Vi j10 j30 j60 Vo

Z2 Z1

( j30)(30 + j60)
Z1 = j30 || (30 + j60) = = 3 + j21
30 + j90
( j10)(43 + j21)
Z 2 = j10 || (40 + Z1 ) = = 1.535 + j8.896 = 9.02880.21
43 + j31

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 Let Vi = 10 .

Z2 (9.02880.21)(10)
V2 = Vi =
Z 2 + 20 21.535 + j8.896
V2 = 0.387557.77

Z1 3 + j21 (21.21381.87)(0.387557.77)
V1 = V2 = V2 =
Z 1 + 40 43 + j21 47.8526.03
V1 = 0.1718113.61

j60 j2 2
Vo = V1 = V1 = (2 + j)V1
30 + j60 1 + j2 5
Vo = (0.8944 26.56)(0.1718113.6)
Vo = 0.1536 140.2

Therefore, the phase shift is 140.2

(b) The phase shift is leading .

(c) If Vi = 120 V , then

Vo = (120)(0.1536 140.2) = 18.43140.2 V
and the magnitude is 18.43 V .

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