ABSTRACT

CH3 COOH
Acetic acid is an organic compound with chemical formula and also the main

component of vinegar. In this experiment, the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar can be
determined by performing titration process. In the first experiment, solution of potassium

C8 H 4 O 4
hydrogen phthalate (KHP), KH is being titrated with sodium hydroxide, NaOH

solution. This titration process is repeated two times to get average result. The entire procedure
by which we obtain the molarity of a solution of one substance, NaOH from an accurately known
amount of another substance KHP is called standardization. The average molarity of the NaOH
solution will be used in the next experiment. The second experiment is conducted to determine

CH3 COOH
the molarity of and mass percent in vinegar. 100mL of distilled water was added

to 10mL of vinegar and followed by 1mL of NaOH was poured into the solution. In conclusion,
KHP solution is prepared to standardize the NaOH solution. The molarity of the standardize
NaOH solution is used to determine the molarity and the percentage by mass of the acetic acid in
vinegar. From the experiment, the molarity of NaOH from the titration with KHP solution for
titration 1 is 0.37620M, as for titration 2 is 0.3664M. From this value, the average calculated for
the molarity is 0.3713M. The average molarity of NaOH solution is used as standard molarity for
titration with acetic acid. In titration of NaOH solution with acetic acid solution, the results are
almost the same. The molarity of acetic acid for titration 1 is 0.80883M, while titration 2 is
0.7878M. From these values, the average molarity and percentage by mass of the acetic acid is
calculated. The average molarity is 0.7983M acetic acid while the average of the percent by mass
of acetic acid is 4.79%. Lastly, the percentage error calculated is 0.21%. The experiment was
completely and successfully done.

1
INTRODUCTION

Concentration of solution is the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent. A concentrated

solution contains relatively large quantity of solute in a given amount of solvent. Dilute solutions
contain relatively little solute in a given amount of solvent. There are 2 specifics term to express
concentration, which is molarity and percent by mass.

Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

moles of solute
Molarity (M) = litre of solution

Equation - 1

Percent by mass is the mass in grams of solute per 100 grams of solution.

grams of solute
100
Percent solute = grams of solution Equation - 2

Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid. Since vinegar is an acid it can be titrated with a base.
Both molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in a vinegar solution can be determined by
performing a titration. Titration is the process of adding a known amount of a solution of known
concentration to a known amount of solution of unknown concentration. The purpose of titration
is to determine the equivalence point of the reaction. The equivalence point of a titration occurs
when chemically equivalent amounts of acid and base are present. At this point the pH changes
rapidly with a small addition of acid or base. If a pH meter is used in the titration and the pH
plotted against the volume of base added, the equivalence point is the middle of the vertical part
of the curve. Once the equivalence point of the titration is known, the concentration of the NaOH
can be determined by doing calculations. The NaOH is then used to titrate vinegar, and the

2
 CH3 COOH
concentration of the vinegar is determined. The percent by mass of acetic acid,

can be determined from the concentration of the vinegar.

AIMS

CH 3 COOH
To determine molarity of a solution and percent by mass of acetic acid, in

vinegar by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution

THEORY

In the titration process, a burette is used to dispense a small, quantifiable increment of solution of
known concentration as shown in figure 1. A typical burette has the smallest calibration unit of
1mL. Therefore, volume dispense from the burette should be estimated to the nearest 0.01mL.

Figure 1: a) Depicts a typical 50-mL burette. b) Indicates smallest calibration unit, 0.1mL, on a
typical 50 mL burette.

3
In this experiment, the equivalence point occurs when the moles of acid in the solution equals to
the moles of base added in the titration. For example, the stoichiometric amount of 1 mole of the

CH3 COOH
strong base, NaOH is necessary to neutralize 1 mole of the weak acid, as

indicated in equation 3.

CH3 COOH CH3 COO H2

NaOH(aq) + (aq) Na (aq) + O(l)

Equation 3
The sudden change in the pH of the solution shows that the titration has reached the equivalence
point. pH in an aqueous solution is related to its hydrogen ion concentration. Symbolically, the

+
hydrogen ion concentration is written as [ H 3O ]. pH is defined as the negative of the

logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.

+
pH = - log [ H 3O ] Equation - 4

pH scale is a method to express the acidity or basicity of a solution. Solutions having a pH < 7

+
are acidic, pH = 7 are neutral, pH > 7 are basic. For example, a solution having [ H 3 O ] =

2
2.35 10 M would have a pH of 1.629 and is acidic. pH electrode will be used in this

experiment. The titration is initiated by inserting a pH electrode into a beaker containing the acid
solution. As NaOH is incrementally added to the acid solution, some of the hydrogen ions will be
neutralized. As the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the pH of the solution will gradually
increase. When sufficient NaOH is added to completely neutralize the acid, the next drop of
NaOH added will cause a sudden sharp increase in pH. The volume of based required to
completely neutralized the acid is determine at the equivalence point of titration.

4
 Figure 2: Acid-base titration curve of weak acid titrated with NaOH
In this experiment, titration of vinegar sample with a standardized NaOH solution will be done.
To standardize the NaOH solution, a primary standard acid solution is initially prepared.
In general, primary standard solutions are produce by dissolving a weighed quantity of pure acid
or base in a known volume of solution. Primary standard acid or bases have several common
characteristics:

They must be available in at least 99.9 purity

They must have a high molar mass to minimize error in weighing
They must be stable upon heating
They must be soluble in the solvent of interest

C 8 H 4 O4 2
Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP), KH and oxalic acid, (COOH are

a2 O2
common primary standard acid. Sodium Carbonate, N C , is the most commonly used

based. Most acids and bases are most available as primary standard. To standardize one of these
acid or based solutions, titration of the solution with a primary standard should be done. In this
experiment, NaOH solution will be titrated with KHP. The equation for this reaction will be:

5
 C 8 H 4 O4 C8 H 4 O4 H2
KH (aq) + NaOH(aq) KNa (aq) + O(l)

Equation - 5

Once the NaOH solution has been standardizes, it will be used to titrate 10.00mL aliquots of
vinegar. The equation for the reaction of vinegar with NaOH is

CH 3 COOH CH 3 COOH H2
(aq) + NaOH(aq) Na (aq) + O(l)

Equation - 6

Knowing the standardized NaOH concentration and using equation 6, we can determine the
molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar solution.

Figure 3 describes the titration curve of 1.523 grams of KHP dissolved in 20.0mL of distilled
water titrated with NaOH. Determine the molarity of the NaOH solution.

6
 Figure 3: Titration curve of KHP with NaOH.

Sample calculation for standardizing a based with KHP:

1. Calculate the moles of KHP used in the titration.

1 mol KH C 8 H 4 O 4
1.523 g KH C 8 H 4 O4 =0.007458 mol KH C 8 H 4 O4
204.2 g KH C 8 H 4 O 4

2. From equation 5, calculate the moles of NaOH required neutralizing the moles of KHP.

1mol NaOH
0.007458 mol KHP =0.007458 mol NaOH
1 mol KHP

3. Calculate the molarity of the NaOH solution.

1L
15.30 g NaOH =0.01530 L NaOH
100 mL

mol NaOH 0.007458 mol NaOH 0.04875mol NaOH

= = =0.4875 M NaOH
M= L of solution 0.01530 L solution L solution

A 10.00mL aliquot of vinegar requires 16.95mL of the 0.4875M standardized NaOH solution to
reach the equivalence point of the titration.

Sample calculations for determining the acetic acid concentration in vinegar by titration with
standard base and its percent by mass:

4. Calculate the moles of NaOH that reacted.

7
 1L
16.95 mL NaOH =0.01695 L NaOH
1000 mL

0.4875 mol NaOH

0.01695 L NaOH =0.008263 mol NaOH
1 L NaOH solution

CH 3 COOH neutralized by themoles of NaOH

5. Calculate the moles of

1 mol CH 3 COOH
0.008263 mol NaOH =0.008263 mol NaOH
1 mol NaOH

CH 3 COOH
6. Calculate the molarity of the solution

1L
10 mL CH 3 COOH =0.010 L CH 3 COOH solution
1000 mL

M=

mol CH 3 COOH 0.008263 mol CH 3 COOH 08263 mol CH 3 COOH

= = =0.8263 M CH 3 COOH
Lof solution 0.01 L solution L solution

7. Calculate the mass of acetic acid in the solution

1L
10 mL CH 3 COOH =0.010 L CH 3 COOH solution
1000 mL

8
 8. Calculate the percent by mass of acetic acid in the solution

g CH 3 COOH
CH 3 COOH 100
Percent mass = g CH 3 COOH solution

0.4693 g of CH 3 COOH
CH 3 COOH 100
Percent mass = 10.00 g CH 3 COOH = 1.963%

CH 3 COOH

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

1. Funnel
2. 10 cm3 pipette
3. 100 cm3 volumetric flask
4. 100 cm3 beaker or conical flask
5. Retort stand with clamp
6. Electrode with pH meter
7. Analytical balance
8. 50 cm3 Burette
9. Magnetic stirrer

Figure 4: Apparatus set up

9
PROCEDURE

Standardization of NaOH solution

1. 250 mL of approximately 0.6 M sodium hydroxide solution from NaOH solid is prepared.
The solution is prepared in a beaker, and the calculation is checked with the laboratory
instructor prior to preparing the solution. The calculation is recorded.

2. A 250 mL beaker is weighted and the mass is recorded to the nearest 0.001g. 1.5 grams of
KHP is added to the beaker. The mass of the beaker and KHP is recorded to the nearest
0.001g. The mass of KHP by difference is calculated and the data is recorded. 30mL of
distilled water is added to the beaker. The solution is added until the KHP has dissolved
completely.

3. The solution is titrated with NaOH and the pH with 1 ml additions of NaOH solution is
recorded.

4. Steps 1 to 3 are repeated to perform a second trial to standardize the NaOH solution.

5. The graph of pH versus NaOH is plotted. The volume of NaOH required to neutralize the
KHP solution in each titration is determined for the plots.

6. The molarity of NaOH for titration 1 and 2 is calculated.

7. The average molarity of NaOH solution for titration 1 and 2 is calculated. The resulting
NaOH concentration is used in part B of the experiment.

10
Molarity of acetic acid and percent of vinegar

1. 10.00 mL of vinegar is transferred to a clean, dry beaker using 10mL volumetric pipette.
Sufficient water, 100mL is added to cover the pH electrode tip during titration.

2. 1mL of NaOH is added to the vinegar solution and the pH is recorded.

3. The above steps are repeated two times.

4. The graph of pH versus volume of NaOH added is added and the volume of NaOH
required to neutralize vinegar in each titration is determined from the plots. The data is
recorded.

5. The molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2 is calculated.

6. The average molarity of acetic acid for each titration is calculated.

7. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2 is calculated.

8. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar is calculated.

11
RESULT

Graph of pH against volume of NaOH titrated with KHP (Titration 1)

14

12

10

8
pH 6

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Volume of NaOH (ml)

Graph of pH against volume of NaOH titrated with KHP (Titration 2)

14

12

10

8
pH 6

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Volume of NaOH (ml)

12
Graph of pH against volume of NaOH titrated with acetic acid (Titration 1)
12

10

6
pH
4

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Volume of NaOH (ml)

Graph of pH against volume of NaOH titrated with acetic acid (Titration 2)

12

10

6
pH
4

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Volume of NaOH (ml)

13
CALCULATIONS

Standardization of NaOH solution with KHP

1. Calculations for preparing 250mL of approximately 0.6M NaOH solution.

MV 0.6 250
n= 1000 = 1000 = 0.15mol

Mass = n RMM = 0.15 ( 23+16+ 1 ) = 6g of NaOH

TITRATION 1 TITRATION 2
Mass of beaker (g) 96.7503 98.6740
Mass of beaker + KHP (g) 98.2484 100.1330
Mass of KHP (g) 1.4980 1.4590
Volume of NaOH to neutralize
19.5000 20.0000
the KHP solution (mL)

2. The molarity of NaOH for each titration 1 and 2.

Titration 1:

The moles of KHP used in the titration

1mol KH C8 H 4 O4
n KHP=1.4980 g KH C 8 H 4 O 4 =0.007336 mol KH C 8 H 4 O4
204.2 g KH C 8 H 4 O4

Moles of NaOH required neutralizing the moles of KHP:

1 mol NaOH
0.007336 mol KHP =0.007336 mol NaOH
1 mol KHP

The molarity of the NaOH solution

14
 1L
M NaOH =19.50 mL NaOH =0.01950 L NaOH
1000 mL

M 1=

mol NaOH 0.007336 mol NaOH 0.3762mol NaOH

= = =0.37620 M NaOH
L of solution 0.01950 L solution L solution

3. The average molarity of NaOH of titration 1 and 2

0.37620+ 0.3664 M
M avg
= 2 = 0.3713M NaOH

CH 3 COOH
Standardization of NaOH solution with

TITRATION 1 TITRATION 2
Volume of NaOH to neutralize

CH 3 COOH 21.50 21.50

the solution

(mL)

Titration 1:

The moles of NaOH that reacted.

1L
21.50 mL NaOH =0.02150 L NaOH
1000 mL

0.3762 mol NaOH

0.02150 L NaOH =0.0080883 mol NaOH
1 L NaOH solution

15
 Moles of CH 3 COOH neutralized by themoles of NaOH

1mol CH 3 COOH
0.0080883 mol NaOH 1 mol NaOH
=0.0080883mol NaOH

Molarity of the CH 3 COOH solution

1L
10 mL CH 3 COOH =0.010 L CH 3 COOH solution
1000 mL

M=

mol CH 3 COOH 0.0080883 mol CH 3 COOH 0.80883 mol CH 3 COOH

= = =0.80883 M CH 3 COOH
Lof solution 0.010 L solution L solution

Mass of acetic acid in the solution.

1L
10 mL CH 3 COOH =0.010 L CH 3 COOH solution
1000 mL

CH 3 COOH
0.010L

0.80883mol CH 3 COOH 60 g CH 3 COOH

=0.485298 g CH 3 COOH
1 L of solution 1 mol CH 3 COOH

Mass of acetic acid solution

16
 1 g CH 3 COOH solution
CH 3 COOH solution
10mL 1 mL CH 3 COOH solution = 10.00g

CH 3 COOH solution

Percent by mass of acetic acid in the solution

g CH 3 COOH
CH 3 COOH 100
Percent mass = g CH 3 COOH solution

0.485298 g of CH 3 COOH
CH 3 COOH 100
Percent mass = 10.00 g CH 3 COOH = 4.85298%

CH 3 COOH

DISCUSSION

Titration is a technique for determining either the concentration of a solution of unknown

molarity or the number of moles of substances in a given sample. A chemical reaction is used for
this purpose, and the reaction must be fast, complete and have a determinable end point. The
reactions of strong acids and bases generally meet these criteria, and acid-base titrations are
among the most important examples of this technique. In this experiment, the sample is

CH 3 COOH CH 3 COOH as
and NaOH. NaOH as a base and acid substance where the

CH 3 COOH
concentration of is unknown.

17
The 250mL 0f 0.6 M of NaOH solution is prepared by weighing approximately 6.0g of NaOH
solid by using analytical balance. The NaOH solid is dissolved in about 100mL of distilled water
inside a beaker. After the solid is dissolved, the solution is poured slowly inside the 250 ml
volumetric flask. The beaker is then rinsed with a small amount of distilled water to ensure all of
the NaOH solution inside the beaker is poured into the volumetric flask. This step is repeated
twice. After that, the volumetric flask is filled with distilled water until it reaches the calibration
mark. To ensure that the distilled water added to the flask is not exceeding the calibration mark,
the distilled water is added slowly and the eyes must be perpendicular to the calibration mark at
reading of burette.

KHP solution is prepared for the standardization of NaOH. In preparation of KHP solution,
approximately 1.4980g of KHP is measured and dissolved completely with 250mL of distilled
water in a beaker. The solution is then poured into a 250mL conical flask for neutralization
process. This solution is used for the first titration with NaOH solution. A pH meter is used to
measure the pH value. The initial pH value of KHP solution is 3.63 which is acidic. During the
titration, an interval of 1ml NaOH solution is added to KHP solution to record the increase in pH
value. The titration between NaOH solutions and KHP solutions had given an equivalence point
at pH 8 after 19.5mL of NaOH solution added. The equivalence point can be obtained from the
graph which is located at the center point of the almost straight line graph.

The graph of this titration shows a slow increase at first and when it reaches the equivalence
point, the graph increases rapidly. At 19.5mL of NaOH added, the KHP solution is neutralized
and this volume is used to calculate the molarity of the standardized NaOH solution. Molarity of
NaOH solution can be calculated by dividing the number of moles of NaOH and the volume of
NaOH solution at equivalence point in liter. The molarity of NaOH for this titration is 0.3762M.
Then, the second KHP solution is prepared for the second titration. The titration is repeated to
ensure that the result obtain is more precise and accurate. The equivalence point for the second
titration is at pH 8 and the volume used to neutralize the NaOH solution is 19.5mL. The graph of
the second titration is nearly the same as the first titration, thus it shows that the experiment is
almost precise. The molarity that is obtained from the second titration is 0.3664M. Thus, this
gives average molarity of 0.3713M for the standardized NaOH solution.

18
The average molarity from the standardized NaOH solution is used to determine the molarity of
acetic acid in vinegar and their percentage by mass. A 10mL of vinegar solution is measured by
using volumetric pipette and the solution is transferred into a beaker. A volume of 100mL
distilled water is added into the beaker to ensure that the tip of the pH electrode is immersed
inside the solution during the titration. The solution is poured into a conical flask. This solution
is titrated with NaOH solution and is labeled as the first titration.

During the titration, an interval of 1 ml of NaOH solution is added into the conical flask and the
pH electrode is immersed inside the solution. The pH value is recorded at each interval and the
graph is plotted. The graph shows a slightly increase from the initial pH that is 2.09 and when it
reaches the equivalence point at pH 7.6, the graph shows a gradually increase. The volume of
NaOH used to neutralize the acetic acid is 21.5mL. The volume is used to calculate the molarity
of the acetic acid in the vinegar solution. The molarity of acetic acid for titration 1 is 0.80883M.
The experiment is repeated to obtain an accurate reading of the pH value and volume of NaOH
used. As for the second titration of vinegar solution, the result obtained is 0.7878M.The average
molarity of acetic acid for the titration is 0.7983M.

Percentage by mass is calculated by dividing the mass of acetic acid and the mass of the acetic
acid solutions. Then, multiply it by 100% to get the percentage. For titration 1, the mass of the
acetic acid is calculated by using the molarity formula. Firstly, the number of mole is calculated
by multiplying 0.80883M of acetic acid and the volume of acetic acid solution, 10mL. Hence, by
using the formula mass equals to number of mole multiply by the molar mass of acetic acid, the

mass of ac5etic acid is obtain which is 0. 485298 g. Then, the mass of acetic acid solution,

vinegar, can be obtained by converting 10mL to 10g. Lastly, the percent by mass can be
calculated by dividing 0.485298g with 10g and then multiply by 100%. The percentage by mass
of acetic acid for titration 1 is 4.85298% for the second titration the mass of acetic acid is
0.4727g and the percentage is 4.727%. The average of the percent of acetic acid is 4.79%.

According to a theory, vinegar contains about 5% of acetic acid by volume which making it one
of the main component other than water. The percentage error is calculated to ensure that the
experimental value that is obtained does not show high differences in value. Thus, the percentage

19
error that is calculated is 0.21%. The percentage error shows that the experimental result and the
actual result are less accurate. This is due to misreading of burette

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, KHP solution is prepared to standardize the NaOH solution. The molarity of the
standardize NaOH solution is used to determine the molarity and the percentage by mass of the
acetic acid in vinegar. From the experiment, the molarity of NaOH from the titration with KHP
solution for titration 1 is 0.37620M, as for titration 2 is 0.3664M. From this value, the average
calculated for the molarity is 0.3713M. The average molarity of NaOH solution is used as
standard molarity for titration with acetic acid. In titration of NaOH solution with acetic acid
solution, the results are almost the same. The molarity of acetic acid for titration 1 is 0.80883M,
while titration 2 is 0.7878M. From these values, the average molarity and percentage by mass of
the acetic acid is calculated. The average molarity is 0.7983M acetic acid while the average of
the percent by mass of acetic acid is 4.79%. Lastly, the percentage error calculated is 0.21%.

RECOMMENDATION

There are some recommendations for this experiment. First, we must ensure that there are no
bubbles trapped at the tip of the burette during the filling of NaOH solution because the air
bubble in the burette can cause error in the true value of NaOH used. Second, we must avoid
from making parallax error for most of the measured content. Make sure to take the reading of
meniscus from eye level to ensure accuracy of measurement. Third, the analytical balance could
give wrong reading because of the disturbance. Hence, make sure to close the glass door of the
analytical balance so that any disturbance such as air does not affect the reading. Fourth, make
sure you are wearing goggle and gloves as you are handling chemicals that could be corrosive
and dangerous. Be cautious when handling the sodium hydroxide base, NaOH as it is corrosive
and can cause chemical burns to the skin. Rinse the chemical immediately under running water
for several minutes if it is in contact with your skin. Report the accident to your instructor.

20
REFERENCE

1. Acetic Acid. (2011, October 8). Retrieved October 9, 2011, from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid
2. Bobby Stanton, Lin Zhu, Charles Atwood, 2010, Experiment in General Chemistry;
Featuring Measure Net; Determination of the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar, 2 nd
edition, Cancage Editor
3. Determination of acetic acid in vinegar. Available at:
http://linus.chem.ku.edu/genchemlab/184FA06/Download184_Labs/Vinegar
%20Download.htm (Accessed on 28th March 2014)
4. Measuring the amount of Acetic Acid in Vinegar. Available at:
http://projects.icbse.com/chemistry-327 (Accessed on 28th March 2014)
5. Albert R. Leeds, 1895, Journal of The American Chemical Society, Acetic Acid in
Vinegar, ACS Publication

APPENDICES

Calculation of standardization of NaOH solution with KHP for:

Titration 2:

21
 The moles of KHP used in the titration

1mol KH C8 H 4 O4
n KHP=1.4590 g KH C 8 H 4 O 4 =0.007145mol KH C8 H 4 O4
204.2 g KH C 8 H 4 O4

Moles of NaOH required neutralizing the moles of KHP:

1mol NaOH
0.007145 mol KHP =0.007145 mol NaOH
1 mol KHP

The molarity of the NaOH solution

1L
M NaOH =19.50 mL NaOH =0.01950 L NaOH
1000 mL

M 2=

mol NaOH 0.007145 mol NaOH 0.3664 mol NaOH

= = =0.3664 M NaOH
L of solution 0.01950 L solution L solution

CH 3 COOH
Calculation of standardization of NaOH solution with for:

22
Titration 2:

The moles of NaOH that reacted.

1L
21.50 mL NaOH =0.02150 L NaOH
1000 mL

0.3664 mol NaOH

0.02150 L NaOH =0.007878 mol NaOH
1 L NaOH solution

Moles of CH 3 COOH neutralized by themoles of NaOH

1mol CH 3 COOH
0.007878 mol NaOH 1 mol NaOH
=0.007878mol NaOH

Molarity of the CH 3 COOH solution

1L
10 mL CH 3 COOH =0.010 L CH 3 COOH solution
1000 mL

M=

mol CH 3 COOH 0.007878 mol CH 3 COOH 0.7878 mol CH 3 COOH

= = =0.7878 M CH 3 COOH
Lof solution 0.010 L solution L solution

Mass of acetic acid in the solution.

23
 1L
10 mL CH 3 COOH =0.010 L CH 3 COOH solution
1000 mL

CH 3 COOH
0.010L

0.7878mol CH 3 COOH 60 g CH 3 COOH

=0.4727 g CH 3 COOH
1 L of solution 1mol CH 3 COOH

Mass of acetic acid solution

1 g CH 3 COOH solution
CH 3 COOH solution
10mL 1 mL CH 3 COOH solution = 10.00g

CH 3 COOH solution

Percent by mass of acetic acid in the solution

g CH 3 COOH
CH 3 COOH 100
Percent mass = g CH 3 COOH solution

0.4727 g of CH 3 COOH
CH 3 COOH 100
Percent mass = 10.00 gCH 3 COOH = 4.727%

CH 3 COOH

24
25