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Theory of Elasticity
Objectives
Deals with
Elastic stresses / strains
Their relationships
External forces that cause elastic stress /strain
Elastic strain
Strain that disappears instantaneously once the forces that
cause it are removed
Tension
Indentation Cantilever
hardness bending
Compression
Three-point Torsion
bending Four point bending
Classes of Mechanical Test
Specimens
Three classes of test specimen: (a) smooth, (b) notched, and (c) precracked
Tensile Test Specimen
Output is
force vs
displacement
Use to assess
strength and
deformability
Load-Displacement Curve of a
Ductile Material
F required to deform
increases
L decreases at fixed F
Curve 1
Is Curve 2 real?
What if gauge
length is
increased?
Displacement
Elastic Deformation
= =
Units:
psi 1 lb/in2
ksi 1000 lb/in2 = 6.895 MPa
MPa 1 MN/m2 = 1 N/mm2 = 1 x 106 N/m2
Atm 1 Atm = 0.1 MPa = 0.01 kg/mm2 = 14.7 psi
Engineering Strain
= =
Units: unitless
Elastic deformation up to
elastic limit
Plastic deformation after
elastic limit
Uniform plastic deformation
between elastic limit and
ultimate tensile stress (UTS)
Non-uniform plastic
deformation after UTS
In tension, this non-uniform
deformation is called
necking
Total Strain
Total Strain
=
Elastic Strain
+
Plastic Strain
= +
True Stress / Strain
= = = =
True Stress / Strain
True Stress:
= = = ( + 1)
True Strain:
= = = = ln = ln( + 1)
True stress-strain
curve shifts up and
to the left of the
engineering stress-
strain curve
Fundamental
Parameter Before Necking After Necking
Definition
Engineering
= = =
Stress,
True Stress, = = =
Engineering
= = =
Strain,
True Strain, = = = =
Compression Testing
Zone 1
Dead metal zones that have
little movement relative to the
platens
Stiffness ( )
Compliance ( )
Poissons ratio ()
Bulk Modulus
1
= = = =
=
+ +
= =
3
= = + +
=
Poissons Ratio
The strain resulting from this stress state must be the sum of the strains
associated with loading along each individual axis
Axial Stretch = = Lateral Contraction = = =
Axial Stretch = = Lateral Contraction = = =
Poissons Ratio
Total Strain
= + =
= + =
Elastic Stress-Strain Relations in 3D
Elastic strain for an isotropic solid accounting for the Poissons effect
1
= +
1
= +
1
= +
Limits of Poissons Ratio
= 1
= (1 + 11 )(1 + 22 )(1 + 33 )
= 1 + 11 + 22 + 33 (neglecting the
products of strains)
=
11 + 22 + 33 = 0
11 = 22
211 = 33
11
= = 0.5
33
Limits of Poissons Ratio
0
=
2(1 + )
1
= 0
2(1 + )
1.0
0.5 1.0
Limits of Poissons Ratio
Limits of Poissons Ratio
Stent Deployment
0.0atm
0.40Mpa
1.0Mpa
-0.01Mpa
Relationships Between Elastic Constants
Elastic Strain Energy
=
=
=
For most solids, elastic work produces insignificant amount of heat, thus
=
=
1
= ()()
2
1 1 1
= = 11 11 1 =
2 2 2 11 2 3 11 1 3
2
1 1
= 11 11 1 2 3
2
11 2 3
1 , 2 , 3
Force
So, work done per unit volume
1
11 = 11 11 11 1
2 Displacement
Elastic Strain Energy
1
11 = 11 11
2
1
31 = 31 31
2
Elastic Strain Energy
For total work done per unit volume or strain energy density
1
= + 22 22 + 33 33 + 212 12 + 223 23 + 212 31
2 11 11
In indicial notation
1
= /3 or /3
2
1 1 2 1 2
= = = =
2 2 2
ANISOTROPIC
Hookes Law ELASTICITY
Anisotropic Elasticity
= =
= =
Anisotropic Elasticity
= = = =
11 1 23 4 1 6 5
22 2 13 5 2 4
33 3 12 6 3
Numbers 1, 2, 3 are associated with normal stresses and strains
Number 4, 5, 6 are associated with shear stresses and strains
= =
Anisotropic Elasticity
In matrix notation
=
Becomes
1 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 =
2 21 22 23 24 25 26 2
3 31 32 33 34 35 36 3
4 = 4
41 42 43 44 45 46 Stress Strain
5 51 52 53 54 55 56 5
6 61 62 63 64 65 66 6
Which Notation to Use?
11 12 13 14 15 16 11 12 13 14 15 16
21 22 23 24 25 26 21 22 23 24 25 26
31 32 33 34 35 36 31 32 33 34 35 36
41 42 43 44 45 46 41 42 43 44 45 46
51 52 53 54 55 56 51 52 53 54 55 56
61 62 63 64 65 66 61 62 63 64 65 66
1 1 1+
= = =
2
1 1 1+
= = =
2
1 1 1+
= = =
2
Isotropic Elasticity
= (1 ) + +
(1 + )(1 2)
= (1 ) + +
(1 + )(1 2)
= (1 ) + +
(1 + )(1 2)
= = =
1 + 1 + 1 +
Orthotropic Material
Orthotropic materials
possess three orthogonal planes of material
symmetry and
three corresponding orthogonal axes called
the orthotropic axes
Orthotropic Material
1 11 12 13 0 0 0 1
2 21 22 23 0 0 0 2
3 31 32 33 0 0 0 3
4 = 0 0 0 44 0 0 4
5 0 0 0 0 55 0 5
6 0 0 0 0 0 66 6
Physical Meaning of Elastic Moduli
Simple Tension
Pure Shear
Hydrostatic Compression
Simple Tension
State of stress
0 0
= 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
= 0 0
0 0
Pure Shear
0 0
= 0 0
0 0 0
0 /2 0
= /2 0 0
0 0 0
Hydrostatic Compression
State of stress:
0 0
= 0 0
0 0
1 2
0 0
1 2
= 0 0
1 2
0 0
Assignment
(To be submitted before next lecture)