SHECHEM:

THEUNCROWNEDQUEENOFPALESTINE

APaper

SubmittedtoDr.R.D.Cole

ofthe

NewOrleansBaptistTheologicalSeminary

InPartialFulfillment

oftheRequirementsfortheM.Div.Course

EncounteringtheBiblicalWorldBBBW5200

intheDivisionofBiblicalStudies

by

ElizabethJ.Raver

B.S.,LibertyUniversity,2016

0
 Dec.8,2016

Introduction

ThevillageofShechem(Hebrew:em),orNablus(Arabic:),ismentioned

sixtytimesintheOldTestament,insinuatingitsimportancetothebiblicalnarrative,andis

regardedtodayasoneoftheleadingculturalheritagesitesoftheWestBankyetits

significanceisnotconfinedtothebiblicaltexts.Shechemsstrategiclocationandplentiful

suppliesofbothfoodandwaterexplainwhyitwasinhabitedforthousandsofyears,datingback

toaperiodbeforethearrivaloftheIsraelites.Shechemislocatedattheverycenterofthe

countryofIsrael,advantageouslysituatedonthemajorNorthSouthandEastWestpassages,

fortymilesnorthofJerusalemandsevenmilessoutheastofSamariaintheHashemiteKingdom

ofJordan.1Thiscityinthehighlandswasakeysite,duenotonlytoitspositiononthetrade

routes,butbecauseofitsarable,agriculturallandsripewithvegetablegardensandfruitorchards,

itswatersupplybelievedtohavecomebymeansofaconduitfromacaveinMt.Gerizim2

anditsrich,religiousheritage.ThisworkwillexploreShechemshistoryastoldinthebiblical

andhistoricaltexts,itsgeographicimportance,andthearchaeologicaldiscoveriesatShechem,

highlightingitseverchangingrolethroughouttheHebrewandhistoricnarrativesandits

continuedreligiousandgeopoliticalentanglementasancienthistoryandmodernturmoil

collides.

TelIdentificationHistory&Archaeology

Wright,G.Ernest.Shechem.London:GeraldDuckworth&Co.LTD,1965,xv.
2

Ibid,215.

1
 TheHebrewwordshekemmeansbackorshoulder,probablybecauseofitslocation

inthevalleybetweenthemountainsGerizimandEbal.Disputescontinuedovertheexact

locationofShechemuntil1903,whenGermanscholarHermannTheirshdiscoveredtheruinson

theoutskirtsofmoderndayNablus,nearthesamelocationthatthechurchhistorian,Eusebius,

hadplaceditwhenhevisitedtheareain333A.D.3ArcheologicalevidencesuggeststhatTel

BalatawentthroughfourmajorperiodsofsettlementbeginningintheChalcolithicperiod

throughtheHellenisticperiodinthesecondcenturyB.C.4Remainsofheavilyfortifiedwalls

indicatesthatithadnonaturaldefensesagainstitsenemiesandevidencerevealsthatithasbeen

destroyedatleasttwentytwotimesthroughoutitslonghistory.5Wrightelaborates:

Aroundthewesternandeasternedgesofthismound,aresomeofthelargestextant
fortificationsfromancientPalestineanimportantancientcitywasoncelocatedhere
createdasagreatfortforcontrolofthemainroadsinnorthcentralPalestine.Itwasmade
strongenoughtoguardthepassbehinditandthegreatplainwhichsupplieditsfood
directlyeastandsouthofit...judgingfromthestrengthofitsfortificationstherecanbe
nodoubtthattheancientcitywhichoncestoodherecontrolledacitystatethatbordered
onthoseofJerusalemandGezertothesouthandMegiddotothenorththedateofthe
remainsshowsShechemtohavebeeninexistencethroughmostofthesecond
millenniumB.C.6

ThereareremainsofthefirstTempleoftheLord(Judges9)atShechem,whereErnstSellin

(19261928)alsodiscoveredstandingstones,ormatzevot,signifyingthepresenceofthe

divine.7ItispossiblethatthesewereplacedherebyJoshua,butthereisnotangibleevidenceto
3

Ibid,6.

4
TellBalataArchaeologicalPark.AccessedSept.10,2016,113.http://www.tellbalata.com

5
Hansen.Shechem.
6

Wright,6.
7

Langfur,Stephen.Nablus(Shechem).AccessedOct.15,2016.
http://www.netours.com/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=113&pop=1&page=0&Iem=35.

2
supportthis.Otherfindingsincludeanaltarandgreatpillarswherethetemplesremainsnow

lay.TheWellofJacobalsosupportsthelocationofTelBalataasancientShechem,becauseitis

theonlywellintheregion,andwellsarestationaryfeatures.JohnplacesthewellatSychar,

whosenameispreservedinthevillageofAskar,akilometertothenorth,8andtheMishnah

callsitEinSychar,thespringofSychar.9

Geography&Topography

Geographyaffectshistory.10Whentracedbacktoitsorigins,everycivilizationis

subjecttoitsgeographiclocationbeitformilitarystrategy,accesstoacleanwatersupplyand

arablelands,oraccessibleroads.11ThecityofNablus(Shechem)islocated69kilometersnorth

ofJerusalemand42kilometerseastoftheMediterraneanSea.Israelsgeographyandtopology

aresuchthatShechemliesinthecentralportionofSamaria,knownastheHillCountryof

Ephraim,restingbetweenamountainrangethatextentstoabout1,600feetattheGilboan

Mountainsandclimbstomorethan3,300feetatBethel,stretchingfromtheGalileeinthenorth

toBeershevainthesouth,withJerusalemsituatedatthehalfwaypoint.12Thecrossroadsat

ShechemleadinthreedirectionsfromtheRidgeRoute,orTheWayofthePatriarchs,

throughthecityandsouthtothePlainofSharon,connectingtotheInternationalHighway(the
8

Ibid.

9
Ibid.
10

Stiles,Wayne.TheGeographical,Historical,&SpiritualSignificanceofShechem.AccessedSept.5,
2016.https://bible.org/geographicalhistoricalspritualsignificanceshechem

11
Ibid.

12
Schlegel,William.TheLandandtheBible:AHistoricalGeographicalCompaniontotheSatelliteBible
Atlas.Copyright@2013byBillSchlegel,Map21.

3
ViaMaris),atSocoh.13ThethirdroadfromShechemleadsnortheastalongtheWadiBeidanto

Tirzah,descendingeasttotheJordanValleybywayoftheWadiFaria.Oncetheroadpassed

throughtheJabbokValley,itreachedtheTransjordanianHighway.14Oneofthemajor

distinctionsofthePalestinianterrainisitsruggedness,butevenwiththeadvantagesofitscentral

locationbetweenMt.GerizimandMt.Ebal,Shechemwaslowandvulnerable.Thisisprobably

thereasonthatrulerssuchasJeroboamleftShechemandinhabitedothercitiesthatweremore

easilydefended.ThisvulnerabilitylikelyledtothebuildingofaCyclopeanwall,solargethat

itmusthavetakenagiantliketheCyclopstomovethehugestones15Othermajor

fortificationscanbefoundinthissameperiod,whentheHyksoshadtakenoverEgyptataround

1650B.C.16ThecentralspineoftheWesternMountains,whichrangefrom1,500to4,000feet

inaltitude,spanningwesternPalestine,isinterruptedonlybytheJezreelValley.17Theyconsist

ofsoft,sedimentaryrock,scoredbyrainfallformingwadisthatpenetratethemountainsfrom

easttowest.18Awadiisagullyorditchformedbyrunofferosion,andinaheavyraincan

rapidlyswellwithfastmovingwaters.Somewadisareeasilynavigated,whileotherscanbe

narrowanddeepandprovideadefensiblepositionfortravelers.OneofSamariasroadsthe

13

Stiles.
14

Ibid.
15

Langfur,Stephen.Nablus(Shechem).AccessedOct.15,2016.
http://www.netours.com/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=113&pop=1&page=0&Iem=35

16
Edersheim,Alfred.BibleHistoryOldTestament,Peabody,MA;HendricksonPublishers,Inc.,142.
17

Brisco,Thomas.HolmanBibleAtlas:ACompleteGuidetotheExpansiveGeographyofBiblicalHistory.
Nashville:B&HPublishingGroup,1998,1618.

18
Ibid.

4
previouslymentionedRidgeRoadfollowsthiswatershedandconnectsSamariawithJudah.19

AnotherkeygeographicfeatureisthemountainrangeitselftheoppositesidesoftheWestern

Mountainsaremarkedlydifferent.ThewesternsidecatchestherainfromtheMediterraneanSea

whiletheareatotheeastisdesertlike,especiallytothesouth,duetotheRiftonthatsidewhich

retainsverylittleprecipitation.20Tothenorth,Samariaislowerandmoreeasilyaccessibleas

comparedtothesouthernportionoftheregion.

TheJewishRootsofShechem:BiblicalEvents

Themodernnameforthetell,balata,mostlikelycomesfromtheArabicbalut,meaning

oak.21AbrahamsfirstdestinationwhenhetravelledfromHaranandenteredthepromisedland

wastotheplain,ortheoakofMoreh(eilonmoreh)(Gen.12:6),22inthevalleyofSichem.

ThisisthefirstcitymentionedintheBible,wheretheLordappearedtoAbrahamandmadethe

promiseofthelandtohisoffspring(Gen12:57),andAbrahamrespondedbyconstructingan

altarandofferingsacrificestoYahweh.TherelationshipofthepeopleofIsrael(Abrahams

descendants)withthelandofIsraelwoulddemonstratetotheworldthetranscendentsovereignty

oftheonetrueGod.23AftertwentyyearsofexileinParamAram,Abrahamsgrandson,Jacob,

crossedtheJordanoncemoreandarrivedsafely(Gen.33:19)atShechemhisfirststopwhen

19

Ibid.
20

Ibid.
21

Finegan,Jack.HandbookofBiblicalChronology.RevisedEdition.Peabody,MA:HendricksonPublishers
Marketing,LLC,194.

22
Unlessotherwisenoted,allscripturereferenceswillbefromtheHolmanChristianStandardBible.

23
Schlegel,Bill.TheLandandtheBible.

5
heenteredCanaan.Jacobpurchasedaplotoflandoutsidethecityforonehundredkesitahs,24

becausehedidnotwanttoliveamongtheidolworshippers,andhehonoredtheLordbybuilding

analtar,callingitEleloheIsrael,God,theGodofIsrael(v.1820).Thelandwasnotasithad

beeninthetimeofAbraham;itwastilledandplantedandacitynowexistedthere,mostlikely

builtbyHamortheHivite,(Gen.34)thefatherofShechem,whoseillfatedliaisonwithDinah

wouldbecomeapainfultrialbetweenJacobandhissons.However,beforetheseevents

unfolded,Jacobdugawell,whichmanycenturieslaterwouldbethesettingofanencounterwith

DavidsgreaterSon,25andasinningSamaritanwomanwhobecamethefirstnonJewtotaste

thewaterofthewellofeverlastinglife(John4:14).AftermanyyearspassedandJoseph

becamevizieroverallofEgypt,hebroughthisfamilytosettleinGoshen,andJacobblessedhis

belovedsonoverandabovewhatIamgivingyourbrothers(Gen.48:22),bygivinghimthe

deedtothecityofShechemtheveryplacethattheenemysolongagosetasideforJosephs

destruction(Gen.37:3135).ThisiswhereMosesandtheIsraelitesfulfilledtheirpromiseto

carryJosephsbonesoutofEgypttobeburiedandwherehistombremainstoday(Josh.24:32).

WhenterritoriesinthePromisedLandwereassigned,thetribeofMenashe,oneofJosephssons,

receivedthelandthatincludedShechem(Josh.17:7).26

Nearlytwomillennialater,scripturecontinuestoacknowledgeShechem(Sychar)asa

pivotallocationinthelivesoftheJewsandSamaritansthroughthestoryofJesusandthe

24

_____.AncientJewishHistory:Weights,Measures&CoinsoftheBiblicalandTalmudicPeriods.
AccessedOct.6,2016.www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/source/History/weightsandmeasures.html
25

Edersheim,97.

26
Loewenberg,F.M.TheJewishRootsofShechem.AccessedOct.25,2016.
https://www.academia.edu/25396337/The_Jewish_Roots_of_Nablus_Shechem

6
womanatthewell(John4).WhenJesusaddressedherasshecametodrawwaterfromJacobs

Wellsheretorted,Sir,IseeyouareaProphet.Ourfathersworshippedonthismountain,yet

youJewssaythattheplaceofworshipisinJerusalem(v.1920).ShewasreferringtoMount

Gerizim,thegatheringplaceforSamaritanworshipsincetheeighthcenturyB.C.MountGerizim

ismentionedintheOldTestamentfromtheonsetoftheIsraeliteexperienceinthelandof

Canaan,whereGodcommandedtheIsraelitestoproclaimtheblessingatMountGerizimand

thecurseatMountEbalafterenteringthelandofIsrael(Deut.11:2632).27UnderJoshuas

leadership,aftertheIsraeliteshadcrossedtheJordanriverfollowingtheconquestofAi,they

builtanaltarofuncutstones,accordingtothelawofMoses,andthentheyofferedburnt

offeringstotheLordandsacrificedfellowshipofferingsonit(Josh.8:3035).Althoughthetext

makesnomentionofthenameofthisplace,Joshua8:33identifiesbothMt.GerizimandMt.

Ebal.Thecitywouldlaterbecomearefuge,whereIsraelitesorforeignerscouldcomeiftheyhad

unintentionallykilledsomeoneandnotbemurderedasretributionuntiltheyhadtheirdayin

court(Josh.20:79),andoneofthecitiesthatGodcommandedthroughMosesbesetasidefor

theLeviticalfamilies,providingpasturelandsfortheirstock(Josh.21).Duringthetimeofthe

Judges,Gideonsson,Abimelech,persuadedtheShechemitestoelecthimkingfollowinghis

fathersdeath(Judg.9:13).Threeyearslater,hispeoplerejectedhimandAbimelechburned

Shechemtotheground(Judg.9:2230).EvenduringtheUnitedMonarchy,Shechemplayeda

majorrole,andafterSolomonsdeath,thetwelvetribesgatheredtheretocrownhisson,

Rehoboam.ButRehoboamhadnopoliticalexperienceandthetennortherntribessplitfromthe

UnitedKingdom,andelectedJeroboamastheking(1Kings12:122),andhemadeShechemhis

27
Magen,Yitzhak.TheSacredPrecinctonMountGerizim.BibleandSpade14,3(2001).AccessedNov.
20,2016.http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2015/01/31/TheSacredPrecinctonMountGerizim.aspx#

7
capital.Thisdidnotlast,however,andShechemlostmostofitsimportancewhenJeroboam

abandoneditandmovedtoPenielinTransjordan(1Kings12:122),andlatertoTizrah,seven

milestothenorthofShechem.28ShechemcontinuedtoplayakeyrolefromtheTalmudicperiod

allthewaythroughtheArabConquestsandtheOttomanEra,butitsbiblicalsignificanceisput

asideuntilthe1stcenturyA.D.

Historical(nonbiblical)Records

Thestudyofbiblicalchronologynecessitatesthatwesearchasfarbackaspossibleto

correlatethebiblicalrecordwiththefindingsofancienthistoryandarchaeology.29Theruinsat

Shechemreveal4,000yearsofhumanoccupationanditismentionedinseveralEgyptiantexts

thatmaywithreasonableconfidencebetakentorefertoShechem.30Thefirstofthese

referencesisatextofexecrationpublishedbyPosener.Writtenonthebodiesofclayfigurines

representingboundcaptivesofthePharaoh,31thetextslistthenamesofoverseventyAsiatic

cities,manyinPalestine.ScholarssuchasAlbrightdatethetextstothemidnineteenthcentury,

whileAltdatesthemaround1800B.C.,andPosenerplacesthemattheendoftheTwelfth

Dynasty(19911778B.C.).32TheallegedreferencetoShecheminthetextreads:Theprince

(orruler)ofSkmimi,Ibshddw.33AlbrightbelievesthatthisshouldbepronouncedSakamior
28

Loewenberg,F.M.TheJewishRootsofShechem.
29

Finegan,Jack.HandbookofBiblicalChronology.RevisedEdition.Peabody,MA:HendricksonPublishers
Marketing,LLC,194.

30
Harrelson,Walter.ShecheminExtraBiblicalReferences.TheBiblicalArchaeologist20,1(1957):
210.

31
Ibid,3.
32

Ibid.
33

8
Sakemi,34meaningthetwoshoulders.ThisfitswellwiththeregionofbiblicalShechemquite

wellthecityflankedbytwomountains,GerizimandEbal.Thesetextsdonotofferany

informationonthescaleorsignificanceofthecityandnodataonthepresenceorlackofa

militaryforceoritspoliticalstanding,butdoesacknowledgeitsexistenceearlyinthehistorical

record.

TheSebekkhuStelehonorsamancalledKhusobekandwasdiscoveredatAbydosby

JohnGarstangin1901.Itdatestothe12thDynastyreignofSensuretIII(18801840B.C.)and

tellsastoryofthekingsailingdowntheNiletooverthrowtheMentuofSetet.35Linetwoof

theinscriptiontranslatesashismajestyarrivedatadistrictcalledSekmem.36Thissteleis

devotedmainlytoaccountsofKhusobekslife,andisconsideredoneofthemostimportant

historicaldocumentseverfoundinEgypt,37becauseitrecordstheearliestknownEgyptian

militarycampaigninCanaan.38

TheAmarnaletters,whichcontainonlyasinglereferencetoShechem,stillhold

importancebecausetheyprovidethenamenotonlyofthecityofShechem,buttheprince

(Labayu)whoruledthecity.TheseletterswereapleatoPharaohAkhenatonforassistance

againsttheenemiesthatwereattackingthePharaohslands.TheymentionbothShechemandthe
Ibid.

34

Ibid.
35

T.EricPeet.TheStelaofSebekkhu:TheEarliestRecordofanEgyptianCampaigninAsia.Manchester:
Sherratt&Hughes,1914,8.
36

Ibid.

37
Ibid,3.

38
Clayton,Peter.ChroniclesofthePharaohs:TheReignbyReignRecordoftheRulersandDynastiesof
AncientEgypt.NewYork:Thames&HudsonLtd.,1994,85.

9
`Apiru,39sowecansurmisethistoindicatethecityandtheadjoiningterritoryunderitscontrol.

DuringtheAmarnaPeriod,(theendofthe15thandbeginningofthe14thcenturyB.C.),Shechem

wasacityofsizeableimportanceandamajorcenterofoppositiontothePharaohsauthorityon

thepartbothofitsprincesandthe`Apiru.40

OtherhistoricaltextsthatmentionthecityofShechemaretheEblatablets,whichdateto

thethirdmillenniumB.C.,41thewritingsofJosephus,whichspeakofMosesandthemountains

ofblessingsandcursings,42andthePapyrusAnastiI,43asatiricallettermostlikelyusedtotrain

apprenticescribes.

ThePeopleandtheLand:ModerndayConflict

Peopleacrosstheworldbegantodistinguishthemselvesasnationsandtopetitionfor

nationalrightsearlyinthenineteenthcentury,specificallytherighttoselfruleinastateoftheir

own(selfdeterminationandsovereignty).44BothPalestiniansandJewsdevelopedasimilar

awarenessandralliedtoachievenationalrights,sotheZionistmovementdevelopedin1882

withthefirstsurgeofEuropeanJewishimmigrationtoPalestine.45And,althoughtheypractice

39

Harrelson,Walter.ShecheminExtraBiblicalReferences.TheBiblicalArchaeologist20,1(1957),6.

40

Ibid,8.

41
Kessler.ExcavationsDoneatFormerIsraeliteCapitalShechem.
42

Whiston,William,Trans.Josephus:TheCompleteWorks.Nashville:NelsonPublishers,1998,(5.1.19):
6870.
43
Harrelson,45.
44

Beinin,JoelandLisaHajjar.PrimeronPalestine,Israel,andtheArabIsraeliConflict.(Feb.2014)The
MiddleEastResearchandInformationProject.AccessedNov.20,2016.http://www.merip.org/primerpalestine
israelarabisraeliconflictnew

45
Ibid.

10
differentreligions,thetensionsbetweenthemisnottheresultofreligiousconflict.Thestruggles

theyfaceperpetuallyrevolvearoundthelandtheyeachmaintainbelongstothem.TheJews

upholdthatthelandclaimwasguaranteedtoIsraelwhenGodmadeHiscovenantwithAbraham

andhisdescendants(Gen.17:8),whilethePalestinianArabsassertionisbasedontheir

continuousresidenceinthecountryforhundredsofyearsandthattheyrepresentedthe

demographicmajorityuntil1948.46Theydonotacceptthatabiblicalerakingdomsupportsa

validclaiminmoderntimesandcitethatIshmael,Abrahamssonandtheforefatherofthe

Arabs,hasasmuchrighttothelandastheJews.47

In1913,aGermanteamledbyErnstSellin,beganworkatthesitewhileNabluswas

undertheauthorityoftheOttomanTurks,however,theyweresooninterruptedbyWorldWar

I.48Theyreturnedafterthewarendedandcontinuedtoexcavateintermittentlyupuntilthe

1930sunderBritishrule,butmostofthosedigrecordsweredestroyedintheAlliedbombings

duringWorldWarII.49UnderJordanianrule,Americanteamsexcavatedatthesiteinthe1950s

and60s,andsoonafterward,IsraelconqueredNablus,alongwiththerestoftheWestBank,in

the1967Mideastwar.50Inthelate1980s,afterdecadesofneglect,thefirstPalestinianuprising

causedfurtherdamagewhenthesitebecameacenterforresistanceforIsraelicontrol.51In
46

Ibid.

47
Ibid.

48
Hansen,DavidG.Shechem:ItsArchaeologicalandContextualSignificance.
49
Kessler,Oren.ExcavationsDoneatFormerIsraeliteCapitalShechem.(2011)AccessedNov.16,2016.
http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/ExationsdoneatformerIsraelitecapitalShechem

50
Beinin,andHajjar.PrimeronPalestine,Israel,andtheArabIsraeliConflict.

51
Ibid.

11
2011,archaeologistsfromLeidenUniversityintheNetherlandsexcavatedatShechem,where

contemporaryscholarsarewritingthelatestchapterina100yearoldexcavationthathasbeen

interruptedbytwoworldwarsandnumerousroundsofMideastupheaval,52andthisrenewed

effortrevitalizedthePalestinianDepartmentofAntiquities,whichceasedtoexistin1948.53

ShechemiscurrentlyunderthesupervisionofthePalestinianAuthority,withapopulationof

130,000ArabsnoJewsareallowedthere,yetitisstillthesouloftheJewishpeople.Attacks

onthesitefrombothsidesIsraeliandPalestinianhascausedgreatdamagetoJosephsTomb

anditsYeshivasincetheearlydaysofthealAqsaIntifadain1987,undertheprotectionofthe

UnitedNationalLeadershipoftheUprising.54Overtheyears,thetombhasbeenrepeatedly

besiegedbygunfire,stones,andfirebombs,andIsraeliforcescontinuetostruggleagainst

Palestinianoccupationtothisday.

Conclusion

ThisworkrevisitedtheancientcityofShechemanditshistorical,archaeological,and

biblicalsignificancethroughoutmuchofits4,000yearexistence.Archaeologicaldiscoveries

continuetorevealarichpastanditremainsacitysteepedinculturalimportance,frombeforethe

timeoftheSamaritansofJesusday,tomoderndayprincipalitieswhocontinuetodisagree

aboutwhoshouldpossesstheland.Ithasendurednumerousoccupationsbymanyconquering

nations,butvisitorscontinuetogathertheredespitethedangersthatyetremain.Covetedby

pharaohsandkings,Shechemremainsastudyoftheexploitsoftheancients,especiallythe

52

Kessler.ExcavationsDoneatFormerIsraeliteCapitalShechem.

53
Ibid.
54

BeininandHajjar.PrimeronPalestine,Israel,andtheArabIsraeliConflict.

12
biblicalPatriarchs,whoindeliblylefttheirmarksontheMountainsofGerizimandEbal,aswell

astheirenemieswhopursueditsdestruction.Thistimelesscitycontinuestofascinatetothisday,

andonecannotpredicthowmanymorenarrativesmayyetarisefromitsancientruins.

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14