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Myocardial
ocardial infarction with ST
ST-segment
-segment ele
elevation
vation
overview
NICE Pathways bring together all NICE guidance, quality standards and other NICE
information on a specific topic.
NICE Pathways are interactive and designed to be used online. They are updated
regularly as new NICE guidance is published. To view the latest version of this pathway
see:
http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/myocardial-infarction-with-st-segment-
elevation
Pathway last updated: 21 July 2015
This document contains a single pathway diagram and uses numbering to link the
boxes to the associated recommendations.
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ocardial infarction with ST
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-segment ele
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ocardial infarction with ST
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No additional information
Immediately assess eligibility (irrespective of age, ethnicity or sex) for coronary reperfusion
therapy (either primary PCI or fibrinolysis) in people with acute STEMI.
Do not use level of consciousness after cardiac arrest caused by suspected acute STEMI to
determine whether a person is eligible for coronary angiography (with follow-on primary PCI if
indicated).
Resources
The following implementation tools are relevant to this part of the pathway.
No additional information
Offer coronary angiography, with follow-on primary PCI if indicated, as the preferred coronary
reperfusion strategy for people with acute STEMI if:
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ocardial infarction with ST
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-segment ele
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ocardial infarction with ST
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Offer coronary angiography, with follow-on primary PCI if indicated, to people with acute STEMI
and cardiogenic shock who present within 12 hours of the onset of symptoms of STEMI.
Consider coronary angiography, with follow-on primary PCI if indicated, for people with acute
STEMI presenting more than 12 hours after the onset of symptoms if there is evidence of
continuing myocardial ischaemia.
Consider coronary angiography, with a view to coronary revascularisation if indicated, for people
with acute STEMI who present more than 12 hours after the onset of symptoms and who have
cardiogenic shock or go on to develop it.
Quality standards
The following quality statement is relevant to this part of the interactive flowchart.
5. Level of consciousness and eligibility for coronary angiography and primary PCI
Consider thrombus aspiration during primary PCI for people with acute STEMI.
Do not routinely use mechanical thrombus extraction during primary PCI for people with acute
STEMI.
Consider radial (in preference to femoral) arterial access for people undergoing coronary
angiography (with follow-on primary PCI if indicated).
Do not offer routine glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors or fibrinolytic drugs before arrival at the
catheter laboratory to people with acute STEMI for whom primary PCI is planned.
Antiplatelet agents
Ticagrelor
This recommendation is adapted from Ticagrelor for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes
(NICE technology appraisal guidance 236).
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ocardial infarction with ST
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-segment ele
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ocardial infarction with ST
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NICE has written information for the public explaining the guidance on ticagrelor.
Prasugrel
This recommendation is from Prasugrel with percutaneous coronary intervention for treating
acute coronary syndromes (review of technology appraisal guidance 182) (NICE technology
appraisal guidance 317).
NICE has written information for the public explaining the guidance on prasugrel.
Cangrelor
The NICE technology appraisal of cangrelor for reducing atherothrombotic events in people
undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention or awaiting surgery requiring interruption of anti-
platelet therapy was terminated because no evidence submission was received from The
Medicines Company for the technology. Therefore NICE is unable to make a recommendation
about the use in the NHS of cangrelor for reducing atherothrombotic events in people
undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention or awaiting surgery requiring interruption of anti-
platelet therapy.
Anti-thrombin agents
Heparin
Offer unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin to people with acute STEMI who
are undergoing primary PCI and have been treated with prasugrel or ticagrelor.
Bivalirudin
Bivalirudin in combination with aspirin and clopidogrel is recommended for the treatment of
adults with STEMI undergoing primary PCI.
NICE has written information for the public explaining the guidance on bivalirudin.
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ocardial infarction with ST
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-segment ele
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ocardial infarction with ST
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Stents
Drug-eluting stents
Drug-eluting stents are recommended for use in PCI for the treatment of coronary artery
disease, within their instructions for use, only if:
the target artery to be treated has less than a 3-mm calibre or the lesion is longer than 15
mm, and
the price difference between drug-eluting stents and bare-metal stents is no more than
300.
This recommendation is from Drug-eluting stents for the treatment of coronary artery disease
(NICE technology appraisal guidance 152).
NICE has written information for the public explaining the guidance on drug-eluting stents.
Stents should be used routinely where PCI is the clinically appropriate procedure for patients
with either stable or unstable angina or with acute myocardial infarction.
This guidance specifically relates to the present clinical indications for PCI and excludes
conditions (such as many cases of stable angina) that are adequately managed with standard
drug therapy.
These recommendations are from Guidance on the use of coronary artery stents (NICE
technology appraisal guidance 71).
NICE has written information for the public explaining the guidance on coronary artery stents.
Bioresorbable stents
NICE has published guidance on bioresorbable stent implantation for treating coronary artery
disease (NICE interventional procedure guidance 492) with special arrangements for clinical
governance, consent and audit or research.
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ocardial infarction with ST
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-segment ele
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ocardial infarction with ST
ST-segment
-segment ele
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Resources
The following implementation tools are relevant to this part of the pathway.
Prasugrel with percutaneous coronary intervention for treating acute coronary syndromes:
costing statement
Ticagrelor for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes: clinical audit tool
Bivalirudin for the treatment of ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: clinical audit tool
Drug-eluting stents for the treatment of coronary artery disease: costing template
Drug-eluting stents for the treatment of coronary artery disease: audit support
Offer fibrinolysis to people with acute STEMI presenting within 12 hours of onset of symptoms if
primary PCI cannot be delivered within 120 minutes of the time when fibrinolysis could have
been given.
When treating people with fibrinolysis, give an antithrombin at the same time.
Thrombolytic drugs
This guidance provides recommendations on the selection of thrombolytic drugs in patients with
acute myocardial infarction. Recommendations are made in relation to the use of the drugs in
hospital and pre-hospital settings. The guidance does not compare hospital and pre-hospital
models of delivering thrombolysis.
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ocardial infarction with ST
ST-segment
-segment ele
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Myocardial
ocardial infarction with ST
ST-segment
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the likely balance of benefit and harm (for example, stroke) to which each of the
thrombolytic agents would expose the individual patient
current UK clinical practice, in which it is accepted that patients who have
previously received streptokinase should not be treated with it again
the hospital's arrangements for reducing delays in the administration of
thrombolysis.
Where pre-hospital delivery of thrombolytic drugs is considered a beneficial approach as
part of an emergency-care pathway for acute myocardial infarction (for example, because
of population geography or the accessibility of acute hospital facilities), the practicalities of
administering thrombolytic drugs in pre-hospital settings mean that the bolus drugs
(reteplase or tenecteplase) are recommended as the preferred option.
These recommendations are from Guidance on the use of drugs for early thrombolysis in the
treatment of acute myocardial infarction (NICE technology appraisal guidance 52).
NICE has written information for the public explaining its guidance on thrombolytic drugs.
If a person has recurrent myocardial ischaemia after fibrinolysis, seek immediate specialist
cardiological advice and, if appropriate, offer coronary angiography, with follow-on PCI if
indicated.
Consider coronary angiography during the same hospital admission for people who are clinically
stable after successful fibrinolysis.
Stents
NICE has written guidance on drug-eluting stents for the treatment of coronary artery disease,
and guidance on the use of coronary artery stents. See treatment with primary percutaneous
coronary intervention [See page 4] in this pathway for more information.
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ocardial infarction with ST
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-segment ele
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ocardial infarction with ST
ST-segment
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No additional information
Offer people who have had an acute STEMI written and oral information, advice, support and
treatment on related conditions and secondary prevention (including lifestyle advice), as
relevant, in line with published NICE guidance (see below).
Lifestyle issues
patient experience: see the patient experience in adult NHS services pathway
Medicines adherence: see the medicines optimisation pathway
Information for the public
NICE has written information for the public explaining the guidance on:
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ocardial infarction with ST
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-segment ele
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ocardial infarction with ST
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familial hypercholersterolaemia
Lipid modification: cardiovascular risk assessment and the modification of blood lipids for
the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
type 2 diabetes
type 1 diabetes
hypertension
hyperglycaemia in acute coronary syndromes
myocardial infarction secondary prevention
patient experience in adult NHS services and
medicines adherence.
When commissioning primary PCI services for people with acute STEMI, be aware that
outcomes are strongly related to how quickly primary PCI is delivered, and that they can be
influenced by the number of procedures carried out by the primary PCI centre.
Resources
The following implementation tools are relevant to this part of the pathway.
See Patient experience in adult NHS services / Patient experience in adult NHS services
overview
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ocardial infarction with ST
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ocardial infarction with ST
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Glossary
PCI
STEMI
Sources
Prasugrel with percutaneous coronary intervention for treating acute coronary syndromes
(review of technology appraisal guidance 182) (2014) NICE technology appraisal guidance 317
Ticagrelor for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes (2011) NICE technology appraisal
guidance 236
Drug-eluting stents for the treatment of coronary artery disease (2008) NICE technology
appraisal guidance 152
Guidance on the use of coronary artery stents (2003) NICE technology appraisal guidance 71
Guidance on the use of drugs for early thrombolysis in the treatment of acute myocardial
infarction (2002) NICE technology appraisal guidance 52
Bioresorbable stent implantation for treating coronary artery disease (2014) NICE interventional
procedure guidance 492
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ocardial infarction with ST
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-segment ele
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ocardial infarction with ST
ST-segment
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Your responsibility
The guidance in this pathway represents the view of NICE, which was arrived at after careful
consideration of the evidence available. Those working in the NHS, local authorities, the wider
public, voluntary and community sectors and the private sector should take it into account when
carrying out their professional, managerial or voluntary duties. Implementation of this guidance
is the responsibility of local commissioners and/or providers. Commissioners and providers are
reminded that it is their responsibility to implement the guidance, in their local context, in light of
their duties to avoid unlawful discrimination and to have regard to promoting equality of
opportunity. Nothing in this guidance should be interpreted in a way which would be inconsistent
with compliance with those duties.
Copyright
Copyright National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 2015. All rights reserved. NICE
copyright material can be downloaded for private research and study, and may be reproduced
for educational and not-for-profit purposes. No reproduction by or for commercial organisations,
or for commercial purposes, is allowed without the written permission of NICE.
Contact NICE
www.nice.org.uk
nice@nice.org.uk
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ocardial infarction with ST
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