Filmreplacement

BAM Berlin
Film Replacement in Radiographic Weld

Inspection
The New ISO Standard 17636-2
Requests and information to:

Uwe Ewert, Uwe Zscherpel, Mirko Jechow uwez@bam.de
May 2011,
Zscherpel et al. Film Replacement in Radiography 1
Outline
- The 3 essential parameters for image quality in Digital Radiology (DR)
- Signal to noise ratio (SNR) vs. contrast to noise ratio (CNR)
- Specific contrast (eff)
- Compensation (I) : contrast vs. SNR
- Basic spatial resolution
- Compensation (II): basic spatial resolution vs. SNR
- IQI visibility, calculated from measured essential parameters.
- Minimum requirements of EN ISO/DIS 17636-2: NDT of welds RT
Part 2: X- and gamma ray techniques with digital detectors.
- Requirements for system unsharpness in accordance with requirements
for geometrical unsharpness of film radiography in ISO 5579
- Increased SNRN requirements
- 3 compensation principles
- Recent developments in standardization of DR techniques
May 2011,
1
Basic Requirements for Film Radiography
in all National and International Standards
All film based standards require:

Minimum optical Density (e.g. D > 2.0)
Maximum film system class (e.g. ISO C4)
Maximum unsharpness (< 0.1 mm, FFD/FOD)
Minimum IQI perception (e.g. > W14, < H3)
What are the correct requirements for film replacement?
May 2011,
Zscherpel et al. Film Replacement in Radiography
Effect of System Class in Film Radiography
Lost of information / perception of flaws
D
Fine grained film Coarse grained film
Opt. Density = 2
Film system C1 C5 C6
May 2011,
Zscherpel et al. Film Replacement in Radiography
2
Image Quality in Digital Radiology
The 3 essential parameters:

Contrast to noise
Signal to noise ratio (SNR)
ratio (CNR)
Specific contrast (eff)
Normalized signal to
Basic spatial resolution (SRb)
noise ratio (SNRN)
May 2011,
Influence of Image Noise on

Detail Visibility
Intensity
Intensity
Contrast Contrast
Signal Signal
(base material) (base material)
Length Length
Notch visible! Notch not visible!
Contrast/Noise is high Contrast/Noise is low

Signal/Noise is high Signal/Noise is low
May 2011,
3
Basics of Digital Radiography
Image Quality for small flaws or IQI of given size
Specific contrast
{
Material,
CNR
SNRITotal eff keV, Source type
w Scattered radiation
Screens and filters
{
Exposure time
Specific Tube current, Activity
Contrast-to-Noise Ratio Detector efficiency
Source-to-Detector Distance
May 2011,
Noise Sources in Radiographic Images
Typical noise sources in digital radiography:

1. EXPOSURE CONDITIONS: Photon noise, depending on
exposure dose (e.g. mAs or GBqmin). This is the main factor!
SNR increases with higher exposure dose.
2. Limitation for the maximum achievable SNR:
1. DETECTOR: Structural noise of DDAs and Imaging Plates
also called fixed pattern noise (due to variations in pixel to
pixel response and inhomogeneities in the phosphor layer).
2. OBJECT:
1. Crystalline structure of material (e.g. nickel based steel,
mottling)
2. Surface roughness of test object
May 2011,
4
Noise in Dependence on Exposure Time
Normalized at constant contrast

CNR and SNR increase with increasing exposure time due to
improved photon statistics
May 2011,
Compensation Principle (I)

Specific Contrast vs. SNR (Exposure Dose)
The test object was exposed with different X-ray energies and mAs settings
Operators did read the visible IQI hole for evaluation, and indicated it in the following
graph with 1 for a visible 1T hole, 2 and 4 for visible 2T and 4T holes.
The test object was a ferritic step wedge with thickness (t) steps from 0.05 to 0.25
inch (1,27 6,4 mm) step height.
The relative IQI thickness (2% t) and the absolute hole diameters were kept
constant.
The best image quality was achieved at highest voltage and reduced mAs and,
therefore, testing is most economic at highest tube voltage here.
10
Compensation Principle I
Compensation
May 2011,
Zscherpel et al. for Reduced Contrast by Increased SNR
5
Compensation Principle (I)
Visibility of IQIs depends

on exposure dose and
tube voltage for steel.
- Increasing tube voltage
reduces the specific contrast
eff but increases the
exposure dose on the
detector.
- The increase of SNR by the
improved quantum statistic
compensates the loss of
contrast.
- Note: IQI hole diameters do
not change here.
contrast
IQI-perception (wires, plate holes)
CNR
SNRITotal eff
w
May 2011,
Digital Detector Arrays Exceed Film Quality

with
High Contrast Sensitivity Technique
HCS-RT
DDA
May 2011,
6
BAM 5, 8mm steel
FujiFilm IX25
SNRnorm~ 265
DDA Technology
provides better
Best (slowest) NDT film image quality than
film with a
special calibration
procedure!
Images high pass
filtered for better
presentation
PerkinElmer 1620
SNRnorm~ 1500
Magn. = 3.5
DDA exposure
May 2011,
Zscherpel et al.
IQI Visibility
Calculation from essential parameters and its

measurement
May 2011,
7
Measurement of Contrast to Noise Ratio
by ASTM E 2698
Noise CNR shall be measured in the

I=contrast 4T hole for proof of image quality.
A minimum CNR of 2.5 is
required by ASTM E 2698.
This value needs to be revised!
ASTM E 1025
I CNR = 6.7
C = I = 473
Noise = 71
SNR = 155
May 2011,
Operator Based Visibility of IQIs

and Influence of Image Sharpness
and Hole Diameter
Contrast of the radiographic image of a
The Visibility of indications is

based on the principle of
Scene Brightness
The threshold (PT), at which

we see (percept) an indication
is given below:
flat bottom hole
PT = d CNR
with d = Diameter
Diameter of flat bottom hole
May 2011,
8
Duplex wire IQI
EN 462-5 Measurement of Basic Spatial Resolution
ISO 19232-5
ASTM E 2002
Determination of the basic

spatial resolution in each
production radiograph is not
required but recommended.
SNRN controls sufficiently
the image quality at a given
pixel size.
The detector unsharpness
udetector shall be controlled
by reference exposures with
the duplex wire IQI.
The basic spatial resolution
is
SRb 12 utotal
utotal 3 udet
3
ector u geometry
3
May 2011,
Revised Minimum Requirement for

CNRmin for IQI Hole Visibility
ASTM DDA practice, E 2698-10, requires measurement of CNR in

production radiographs for visibility evaluation of plate hole IQIs.
The revised CNRmin for just visible IQI holes (2-2T) is given by:
10 SRbimage
CNRmin
diameterhole
SRbimage is the value measured in the object plane if magnification is used!
The constant value of CNRmin = 2.5 of ASTM E 2698-10 is correct for thin
objects (2T hole for testing of t < inch or < 13 mm) and typical DDAs in
the range of SRb of about 100 to 150 m, measured in the image,
but CNRmin = 2.5 is wrong, if SRbimage diameterhole is not fulfilled. The
standard should be revised for correctness.
May 2011,
9
Calculation of the Visibility of IQIs from
eff, SNR and SRb?
EPS Procedure of proposed CR qualification in the new ASTM
E 2033 draft
- The EPS (equivalent penetrameter sensitivity) measurement is based on E 746
- A smooth inch (19 mm) steel plate with a set of plate holes is radiographed at 200
kV in 1 m distance
- Other IQIs are on the plate
to increase the information
on image response.
The exposure is performed

with different mAs settings
Two graphs are generated,
see next page
SRbimage
d visible PT
eff SNR E 746
PT depends slightly on operator and viewing conditions
New formula eff for 200 kV and 19 mm Fe is about 0,05 mm-1
May 2011,
Example: EPS test with DRR HD CR

scanner at 20 m pixel size
Do you see the holes?
(19 mm) steel plate, 200 kV
CNR 0.8
May 2011,
10
New Formula for Conversion of SNRN
Measurements to EPS Values
PT is about 2 for visibility of the 2 T hole of IQIs corr. to ASTM E 1025

EPS by ASTM E 746 with 200 kV, t = 19 mm Fe plate and eff = 0.05 mm-1
EPSvs.SNRmethodwith3/4"Fe
4
PT ' SRbimage
3,5
EPS
3 ttestplate eff SNR
2,5 MeasuredEPS,UR1,DynamIxHR
PT/sqrt(SNR)
2
MeasuredEPS,STVI,HDCR35
EPS
1,5
Calc.EPSfromSNR,STVI,HDCR35
1
Calc.EPSfromSNR,UR1,DynamIxHR
0,5
0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000
Pixelvalue
May 2011,
Requirements of ISO/DIS 17636-2
NDT of welds RT Part 2: X- and gamma ray

techniques with digital detectors
May 2011,
11
Key Technologies for Film Replacement
Computed Radiography (CR) with storage
phosphor imaging plates
Digital Detector Arrays (DDA)
CR DDA
May 2011,
New Standard Proposal

EN ISO 17636-2
Radiographic testing of welds with digital detectors.
Most important parameters that are regulated by this standard:
I. Minimum score for wire type or step-hole type Image Quality
Indicators (IQIs) in function of test technique (similar to ASME)
II. Maximum image unsharpness requirements (SRb = Basic Spatial
Resolution, determined using a duplex wire gauge)
III. Choice of tube voltage or gamma source in function of object
composition, penetrated thickness and detector
IV. Minimum normalized Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNRN) requirements
Determine SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) and SRb
Anti-scatter filter type & thickness
Source-to-Detector Distance requirements
New testing geometries
V. New compensation principles
May 2011,
12
Minimum IQI score for wire type or step-hole
type IQI
IQI scores taken
from EN1435
Potential Issues
Same requirements for
wire type and step hole
IQIs as in EN 1435 and
ISO 19232-3
New exceptions for
isotopes for double
wall inspections
10 mm < w 25 mm :
1 wire or step-hole
value less for Ir192
5 mm < w 12 mm:
1 wire or step-hole
value less for Se75
May 2011,
New European standard proposal ISO 17636-2

Choice of tube voltage or gamma source
Max. X-ray voltage as given in EN 1435 or ISO 17636-1 or gamma source

is given in function of object composition and penetrated thickness
NEW: Compensation principle (I): ISO 17636-2

Low SNR: IQI score not reached use lower X-ray voltage (increase
contrast sensitivity) longer exposure times
High SNR use higher X-ray voltage IQI score reached
May 2011,
13
Consequences of Compensation Principle (I)
Selection of Exposure Voltage of X-ray Tube
To maintain a good flaw sensitivity, the X-ray tube voltage should be

as low as possible. The recommended maximum values of tube
voltage versus thickness are given in figure shown before.
These maximum values are best practice values for film
radiography.
DDAs provide sufficient image quality at significant higher voltages
too.
Highly sensitive imaging plates with high structure noise of plate
crystals (coarse grained) should be applied with about 20 % less X-
ray energy as indicated in the figure shown before.
High definition imaging plates, which are exposed similar to X-ray
films and having low structure noise (fine grained) can be exposed
with X-ray energies of figure shown before or significantly higher if
the SNR is sufficiently increased.
May 2011,
New European standard proposal

ISO 17636-2
Minimum SNRN and anti-scatter filter
Concept SNRN
was taken from
EN14784-1.
Minimum values
are tabulated in
function of
radiation energy
and object
thickness, similar
to table 2 of
EN14784-2.
Front lead screens
are reduced to
maximum values
only except for
high energy.
May 2011,
Zscherpel et al.
Higher SNRN requirements than in EN14784-2
14
New European standard proposal ISO 17636-2
Maximum detector or image unsharpness (SRb)
0.030
0.030
0.040
0.040
0.063
SRb concept taken from EN14784-1

May 2011,
Zscherpel et al. IQI scores relaxed compared with EN14784-2
Compensation Principle (II)
Compensation of high detector unsharpness by increased SNR

Unsharp digital systems may be applied for NDT if they enable
to compensate the missing sharpness by increased SNR.
That means, achieves a digital system not the required
visibility of the separated duplex wires, it can be used for
NDT, if one or two single wires more than required (see
tables B.1 B.12 of ISO/DIS 17636-2) can be seen clearly in
the digital image for one or two missing duplex wire pairs.
Compensation of 3 wires vs. wire pairs requires agreement
of contracting parties.
Compensation principle (II):
High detector unsharpness can be compensated by
increased SNR 30
Compensation Principle II
May 2011,
Compensation for Higher Unsharpness by Increased SNR
Zscherpel et al.
15
Test sample
Compensation Principle (II) BAM 5: 8 mm steel
Detection of fine flaws with sub-pixel resolution
highpass
filtered
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Wire O 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
EN 462-1
W13 200m
C1 film: W14 160m DDA (magnification = 1):
wire ~16 visible W15 130m W19 = 50m contrast resolution
100m contrast resolution W16 100m
W17 80m 200m pixel size!
class B W18 63m
W19 50m
May 2011,
New European standard proposal

ISO/DIS 17636-2
Example : new compensation principle II
Interesting for detectors with higher unsharpness
Compensate missing spatial resolution by increased single

wire sensitivity:
A lower spatial resolution i.e. a lower double wire score (D)
may be compensated by a higher single wire sensitivity i.e.
higher single wire score (W).
Max. two (or three) single/double wire scores may be exchanged.
Not Not Required: OK: OK

OK OK D12
Duplex wire score D9 D10 W14 D11 D10
Single wire score W17 W15 W15 W16
P. Willems, ICS
May 2011,
16
Measurement of Basic Spatial Resolution
and SNRN vs. grey value (GV)
Annex C: Determination of basic spatial resolution SRb

Annex D: Determination of normalized SNRN from SNRmeasured
May 2011,
SNR and Grey values by Measurements and

Calculations for
Qualification of imaging plate - scanner systems
- The qualification is based on the fixed correlation of SNR and Grey

Values of a CR system (IP and scanner) with fixed scanner settings.
Scanner parameters as
gain, scan speed, laser
intensity, scan pixel
resolution and others
shall not be modified for
qualification and usage in
SNRN
the field.
SNRnorm = SNR * 88,6m/SRb

Grey value (GV)
May 2011,
17
Exposure Chart for CR
SNRmin=100
May 2011,
Testing with flat Detectors and flat Cassettes is

Possible
for Effective Testing with DDAs and Imaging Plates
Film or flexible IP DDA or Cassette
f source object distance (SOD)

f b
d focal spot soze
t wall thickness (nominal)
a 1/ 3 Class A: a = 7,5
Class B: a = 15
d t
May 2011,
18
Overview of Standards on Digital Industrial Radiology
EN 13068 Radioscopy
EN 14096, ISO 14096 Film Digitization
EN 14784 CR (2005) Part 1: Classification of Systems, Part 2: General
Goes to ISO, revision required principles, becomes ISO 16371
ISO 10893-7 (2010) Steel tubes NDT of welds with DDA and (CR)
New ISO/DIS 17636-2 NDT of welds: CR and DDA to substitute EN 1435
New ISO draft: corrosion and Practice with film, CR and DDA for double wall and
wall thickness measurement tangential technique
ASME (BPVC, S.V, XI) CR Radiography (CR) with Phosphor Imaging Plates
ASTM CR (2005) Classification (E 2446-05), Long term stability (E2445-
Revision required 05), Guide (E 2007-10), Practice (E 2033-06)
ASTM DDA (2010) Characterization (E 2597-07), Guide (E 2736-10),
Practice (E 2698-10), Long Term Stability (E 2737-10)
ASTM DICONDE (2010) Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication
(data format) Non-destructive Evaluation (DICONDE)
(E 2663-08, E 2699-10, E 2669-10, E 2738-10, E 2767-10 )
ASTM E 2422-05, E 2660- Digital reference image catalogues,
May 2011,
10, E 2669-10
Zscherpel et al. light alloy, titanium and steel castings
Conclusions
Digital radiography with CR and DDAs will substitute film radiography similar to digital
photography.
Image quality depends on (specific) contrast eff, achieved SNR and basic spatial
resolution SRb.
SNR increases with exposure time but it does not exceed a SNRmax value which is
limited by the design of the imaging plate (fixed pattern noise) or DDA calibration.
The operator increases the contrast sensitivity by the exposure time and tube current.
DDAs achieve a significant higher contrast sensitivity with correct detector calibration
than film radiography.
A practice for CR and DR with DDAs is proposed in one standard document for weld
inspection in ISO 17636-2.
SNRN or grey value are used as equivalent value for film system class and opt.
density.
Usage of duplex wire for system qualification and system selection is mandatory.
Mandatory usage of duplex wire is required for magnification technique only.
Usage of flat cassettes and DDAs for curved objects with new formula for
calculation of SDD will be accepted.
New revised unsharpness tables enable correct hardware selection.
3 compensation principles (3rd one for DDAs only) are described in the standard.
May 2011,
19
Acknowledgement www.filmfree.eu.com
European Projects:
FilmFree
with 33 Partners, 11 countries
2005 2009
HEDRad
High Energy Digital Radiography
2009 2011
May 2011,
End
uwe.ewert@bam.de
uwez@bam.de
May 2011,
20

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BAM Berlin

Film Replacement in Radiographic Weld

Requests and information to:

All film based standards require:

What are the correct requirements for film replacement?

Effect of System Class in Film Radiography

Lost of information / perception of flaws

The 3 essential parameters:

Influence of Image Noise on

Notch visible! Notch not visible!

Contrast/Noise is high Contrast/Noise is low

Image Quality for small flaws or IQI of given size

Noise Sources in Radiographic Images

Typical noise sources in digital radiography:

Normalized at constant contrast

Compensation Principle (I)

Visibility of IQIs depends

Digital Detector Arrays Exceed Film Quality

Calculation from essential parameters and its

Noise CNR shall be measured in the

Operator Based Visibility of IQIs

The Visibility of indications is

The threshold (PT), at which

Determination of the basic

Revised Minimum Requirement for

ASTM DDA practice, E 2698-10, requires measurement of CNR in

The exposure is performed

Example: EPS test with DRR HD CR

Do you see the holes?

(19 mm) steel plate, 200 kV

PT is about 2 for visibility of the 2 T hole of IQIs corr. to ASTM E 1025

Requirements of ISO/DIS 17636-2

NDT of welds RT Part 2: X- and gamma ray

Digital Detector Arrays (DDA)

New Standard Proposal

New European standard proposal ISO 17636-2

Max. X-ray voltage as given in EN 1435 or ISO 17636-1 or gamma source

NEW: Compensation principle (I): ISO 17636-2

Selection of Exposure Voltage of X-ray Tube

To maintain a good flaw sensitivity, the X-ray tube voltage should be

New European standard proposal

SRb concept taken from EN14784-1

Compensation Principle (II)

Compensation of high detector unsharpness by increased SNR

Detection of fine flaws with sub-pixel resolution

New European standard proposal

Compensate missing spatial resolution by increased single

Not Not Required: OK: OK

Annex C: Determination of basic spatial resolution SRb

SNR and Grey values by Measurements and

- The qualification is based on the fixed correlation of SNR and Grey

SNRnorm = SNR * 88,6m/SRb

Testing with flat Detectors and flat Cassettes is

Film or flexible IP DDA or Cassette

f source object distance (SOD)

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