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The substation in Bhinmal, Jalore-343029, Rajasthan was completed by the year 1986 under
AEGCL; it is one of the largest power grids in the state of Rajasthan and the north eastern India.
This substation has the capacity of 220kv and can step down to 132kv using three input lines
through the incoming feeders. The input feeders are namely:
The substation has another substation under it. The capacity of this is 132kv/33kv. This
substation was completed by the year 1997 under AEGCL. The purpose of this station was to
step down the 132kv to direct distribution to the 33kv/11kv substations in six different areas of
the state.
The most important of any substation is the grounding of the instruments, transformers etc. used
in the substation. For grounding of the substation a metallic square or some poly shaped metal
boxes are placed in the ground. These ground the extra high voltage to the ground. As it is
dangerous to us to go near the instrument without proper earth. If the instruments are not ground
properly they may give a huge shock to anyone who would stay near it and also it is dangerous
for the costly instrument as they may get damaged by this high voltage.
EHV Sub-Station forms an important link between Transmission network and Distribution
network. It has a vital influence of reliability of service. Apart from ensuring efficient
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transmission and Distribution of power, the sub-station configuration should be such that it
enables easy maintenance of equipment and minimum interruptions in power supply. Flexibility
for future expansion in terms of number of circuits and transformer MVA Capacity also needs to
be considered while choosing the actual configuration of the sub-station. EHV Sub-Station is
constructed as near as possible to the load center. The voltage level of power transmission is
decided on the quantum of power to be transmitted to the load center.
Generally, the relation between EHV Voltage level and the power to be transmitted is as follows:
S.NO. POWER TO BE TRANSMITTED VOLTAGE LEVEL
Main points to be considered while selecting the site for EHV Sub-Station are as follows:
i) The site chosen should be as near to the load center as possible.
iv) Source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is because water is
required for various construction activities; (especially civil works,), earthing and for
drinking purposes etc.
v) The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be clear of public
places, aerodromes, and Military / police installations.
vi) The land should be have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation equipments,
buildings, staff quarters, space for storage of material, such as store yards and store sheds
etc. with roads and space for future expansion.
vii) Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways, State Highways
should be observed as per the regulations in force.
viii) While selecting the land for the substation preference to be given to the Govt. land over
private land.
x) The site should permit easy and safe approach to outlets for EHV lines.
After the selection of site of the proposed EHV Substation and finalization of the area
required, proceedings for acquisition of land have to be initiated. The acquisition of
land generally takes quite a long time. Forecasting and planning of substation and
selection of substation site needs to be done much in advance taking into account the
normal period of acquisition of land. The acquision of land should not in any way
disturb the commissioning of programme of sub-staion. In MSETCL a land
acquisition is carried out by the concerned Civil wing. The proposal for acquisition of
land is submitted to the District Collector in case of Govt. land and to the land
acquisition officer in case of private land through the PWD Authorities accompanied
by following documents:
(v) The certificate in case of private agricultural land that the owner of the land does not
become landless if his land is acquired.
(vi) These papers should be submitted after their due scrutiny. The land selected should be
marked on the village map by taking joint measurements with Revenue Authorities.
(vii) Once the proposal is submitted to land acquisition officer further legal proceedings
are completed by him, and the award is given followed by allocation of land to the
utility.
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The material received should be properly counted and checked for any damages / breakages etc.
The storage procedure for main equipment is as follows:
i) EHV C.T.s and P.T.s Normally, 132 KV C.Ts. and P.Ts are packed and transported in
wooden crates vertically while those of 220 KV and 400 KV are packed in iron
structures for extra supports with cross beams to avoid lateral movement. 132 KV C.Ts.
and P.Ts. should be stored vertically and those of 220 KV and 400 KV should be stored
in horizontal position. C.Ts and P.Ts. packed in wooden crates should not be stored for
longer period as the packing would may deteriorate. The wooden packages should be
stored on a cement platform or on M.S. Channels to avoid faster deterioration of the
wooden crates. C.Ts and P.Ts packed in iron cases stored in horizontal position should
be placed on stable ground. No C.Ts and P.Ts. should be unpacked in horizontal
position.
ii) L.A. s. and B.P.I. These are packed in sturdy wooden case as the porcelain portion is
very fragile. Care should be taken while unpacking, handling and storage due to this
reason.
iii) , Acid, Battery charger C & R panel, A.C.D.Bs copper piping, clamp
connectors, hardwares etc. should be stored indoor.
iv) £ The mechanism boxes of 33 KV ± V.C.Bs should be stored on raised
ground and properly covered with tarpaulins or should be stored in door. The interrupter
chambers should be stored on raised ground to avoid rain water in storage area.
v) .$$$£$$ Now-a-days SF6 circuit breaker are used at EHV rottages. The control and
operating cabinets are covered in polythene bags and are packed in wooden and iron
crates. These should be stored on raised ground and should be covered with tarpaulins.
The arcing chambers and support insulators are packed in iron crates and transported
horizontally. The +ve pressure of SF6 gas is maintained in these arcing chambers to
avoid the ingress of moisture. It should be ensured that this pressure is maintained during
the storage. Other accessories like pr. Switches, density monitor, Air Piping, control
cables, wiring materials, SF6 gas pipes; SF6 cylinder should be stored in store shed.
vi) 3#
The main Tank - The transformer is transported on trailor to
substation site and as far as possible directly unloaded on the plinth. Transformer tanks
up to 25 MVA capacity are generally oil filled, and those of higher capacity are
transported with N2 gas filled in them +ve pressure of N2 is maintained in transformer
tank to avoid the ingress of moisture. This pressure should be maintained during storage;
if necessary by filling N2 Bushings - generally transported in wooden cases in horizontal
position and should be stored in that position. There being more of Fragile material, care
should be taken while handling them. Rediators ± These should be stored with ends duly
blanked with gaskets and end plates to avoid ingross of moisture, dust, and any foreign
materials inside. The care should be taken to protect the fins of radiators while unloading
and storage to avoid further oil leakages. The radiators should be stored on raised ground
keeping the fins intact. Oil Piping. The Oil piping should also be blanked at the ends
with gasket and blanking plates to avoid ingross of moisture, dust, and foreign
All other accessories like temperature meters, oil flow indicators, PRVs, buchholtz relay; oil
surge relays; gasket µ O µ rings etc. should be properly packed and stored indoor in store shed.
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Oil is received in sealed oil barrels . The oil barrels should be stored in horizontal position with
the lids on either side in horizontal position to maintain oil pressure on them from inside and
subsequently avoiding moisture and water ingress into oil. The transformers are received on site
with loose accessories hence the materials should be checked as per bills of materials.
1.6. *7* "/0* 7£ 7.*It should be properly checked as per bills of materials
of stacked and stored outside.
1.7. .1".3/ .£ "/0The fire protection device should be kept in store yard for
safety of equipments during storage.
1.8. "0*70£.) Transport of equipments from one place to other is done, where they
are actually erected. During transport, erection and commissioning the equipments may
get damaged resulting into loss, hence the equipments should be insured against storage,
transportations, erections, testing and commissioning as the paying authorities feels
suitable and can be insured with ( Govt. Insurance Fund / Insurance Authority ) the cost
of equipments and the period of insurance should be mentioned.
1.10.2. ' $ - Low pass filter when power frequency currents are passed to switch yard
and high frequency signals are blocked. Line Isolator with E.B. ± To isolate the line from
Sub Station and earth, it under shut down.
1.10.3.£
$ ± These are used for i) Measurement of current ii) Protection
current circuits when currents are passed through protective relays.
1.10.4.3
± A) Measurement of voltage. B) Provide secondary voltage for
protection purposes and measurements.
1.10.5." ( w.o. EB ) without earth blade. ± To isolate the bay from the Bus.
1.10.6.£ - These are used to operate on the Fault either on line or transformer,
depending upon where it is connected. This isolates the Faulty line or equipments from
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the live portion of the Sub Station by opening automatically through protective relays;
control cables etc. in a definite time.
1.10.7. ± to provide adequate D.C. supply voltage for operation of protection
system and circuit breakers. When A.C. supply fails as an emergency stand by. Battery
Charges to provide appropriate D.C. Voltage for operation of protective systems and
circuit brakes. To keep the battery set continuously is charged condition as it gets
discharged to certain extent due to internal resistance of batteries.
1.11. £/0 /,0&.,93 * - These are used to control the operations of
breakers, isolates, through protective relays installed on these panels various protection
schemes for transformers, lines etc, are provided on these panels. AC & DC DB¶S ±
These are used for extending A.C. & D.C. supplies whenever required through various
circuits.
There are two main Buses in this arrangement connected by each diameter.
i) Through either of line breakers the line side Main Bus can be charged normally (Bus-
I).
ii) The line breaker, tie breaker and IInd Bus breaker if closed in series will charge the
IInd Main Bus.
iii) Outage on anyone Bus can be availed without interruption on any Bus. The second
Bus can feed all the loads.
iv) Breaker from any bay can be taken out for maintenance without interrupting the
supply.
v) For efficient working two diameters are required having source in each diameter
preferably connected diagonally opposite to two different buses.
vi) If both the sources are connected to same Bus (i.e. from one side only one tie breaker
can be attended at a time).
vii) If all the four breakers connected to Bus are out the transformer can be charged
through the breaker from remote substation source.
viii) Changing over as in case of 2 Bus or 3 Bus systems is not necessary as supply is not
interrupted, in any case as said above.
ix) All the breakers in the diameters are in energized position including tie breakers to
keep the system in tact in case of any fault.
x) On line or transformer fault the tie breaker with respective line or transformer
breaker will trip.
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xi) On Bus fault on any Bus only the two breakers (of two diameters) connected Bus
will Trip.
xii) The Teed-point remains unprotected in any of line or transformer or bus faults hence
the Teed point protection is given by differential relay. In case of this protection the
breakers (2 Nos.) connected to Teed point (tie breaker + Bus breaker) will Trip.
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The minimum distance required between any exposed insulator which supports or contains live
conductor, and limits of work section where safety of personnel is ensured. Work Section - The
space where the person may work safely provided he remains with in that space. 132 KV Single
± Bus system
1) Minimum clearance to earth on air for : 132 KV level ± 1070 mm 22 KV level ± 280 mm 33
KV level ± 380 mm 220 KV level ± 1780 mm 400 KV level ± 3500 mm
3) This is Minimum clearance from any point where a man may be required to stand to the
nearest live conductor in air.
4) Ground clearance. 33 KV ± 3.7 meters. 132 KV ± 4.6 meters. 220 KV ± 5.5 meters. 400 KV -
8.0 meters. 132 KV SYSTEM: Height of Bus from ground ± 8 meters, Bay width - Single Bus ±
11 meters. Double Bus ± 12 meters. Distance of Earth wire from ground ± 10.5 meters. Ph to Ph
Distance ± 3 meters. Between equipments At right angle to Bus ± 3 meters
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ii) Width to Bay ± 18 Meters.
iv) Distance bet equipments ± 4.5 meters. ( meter) ( Right angle to Bus)
v) Height of Earth wire from ground 15.5 meters 220 KV/ Bus two / three.
viii) Height of Earth wire ± above ground ± 28.5 meters. 400 KV Height of Main Bus
from ground ±15.6 meters. Height of stab Bus from ground ± 22 meters. Height of
Earth conductor ± 30 meters above ground Bay width ± 27 meters. Distance bet
Equipments (Right angle to Bus) - > 6 Meters. Distance bet. Phases 7 meters.
As in the case of 132KV Substation, the SLD shall show Lightening Arrestor, State Electricity
Board's C.T/P.T Unit, Isolators, Protection and Metering P.T & C.T. Circuit Breakers, again
Isolators and circuit Breakers, Main Power Transformer, all protective devices/relays and other
special equipment like NGR, CVT, GUARD RINGS, SDR etc as per design criteria.
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As these feeders enter the station they are to pass through various instruments. The instruments
have their usual functioning. They are as follows in the single line diagram.
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1. Lightening arrestors
Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used in the incoming feeders so that to prevent
the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very dangerous to the instruments
used in the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any damage lightening
arrestors are used. The lightening arrestors do not let the lightening to fall on the station. If some
lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the earth. In any substation the
main important is of protection which is firstly done by these lightening arrestors. The lightening
arrestors are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the lightening to the ground. The lightening
arrestor works with an angle of 30° to 45° making a cone.
2. C V T
3. Wave trap
Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap is that it traps
the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to
the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the
instruments here in the substation.
4. Current transformer
Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents entering the
substation. This transformer steps down the current from 800 amps to 1 amp. This is done
because we have no instrument for measuring of such a large current. The main use of this
transformer is (a) distance protection; (b) backup protection; (c) measurement.
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Lightening arrestors after the current transformer are used so as to protect it from lightening i.e.
from high voltage entering into it. This lightening arrestor has an earth switch, which can directly
earth the lightening. The arrestor works at 30° to 45° angel of the lightening making a cone. The
earth switch can be operated manually, by pulling the switch towards ground. This also helps in
breaking the line entering the station. By doing so maintenance and repair of any instrument can
b performed.
6. Circuit breaker
The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in any of the instrument.
These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the station. For
any unwanted fault over the station we need to break the line current. This is only done
automatically by the circuit breaker. There are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for any
substations. They are (a) SF6 circuit breakers; (b) spring circuit breakers.
The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high input kv input,
say above 220kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force ie under high
pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit breaker. The
motor starts operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the
breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas
to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a direct link
with the instruments in the station, when any fault occur alarm bell rings.
The spring type of circuit breakers is used for small kv stations. The spring here reduces the
torque produced so that the breaker can function again. The spring type is used for step down
side of 132kv to 33kv also in 33kv to 11kv and so on. They are only used in low distribution
side.
7. Line isolator
The line isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow through the line into the bus.
This isolator prevents the instruments to get damaged. It also allows the only needed voltage and
rest is earthed by itself.
8. BUS
The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for further
step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in la single line.
There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other can still have
the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distance
by a conductor having a connector between them. This is so that one can work at a time and the
other works only if the first is having any fault.
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9. Potential transformers with bus isolators
There are two potential transformers used in the bus connected both side of the bus. The
potential transformer uses a bus isolator to protect itself. The main use of this transformer is to
measure the voltage through the bus. This is done so as to get the detail information of the
voltage passing through the bus to the instrument. There are two main parts in it (a)
measurement; (b) protection.
10. Isolators
The use of this isolator is to protect the transformer and the other instrument in the line. The
isolator isolates the extra voltage to the ground and thus any extra voltage cannot enter the line.
Thus an isolator is used after the bus also for protection.
Current transformers are used after the bus for measurement of the current going out through the
feeder and also for protection of the instruments.
The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in the circuit of the any
feeders.
The use of lightening arrestors after the bus is to protect the instrument in the station so that
lightening would not affect the instruments in the station.
14. Transformer
There are three transformers in the incoming feeders so that the three lines are step down at the
same time. In case of a 220kv or more kv line station auto transformers are used. While in case
of lower kv line such as less than 132kv line double winding transformers are used.
The lightening arrestors are used with earth switch so that lightening would not pass through the
instruments in the station.
The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit for any fault.
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Current transformers are used to measure the current passing through the transformer. Its main
use is of protection and measurement.
18. Isolator
19. Bus
This bus is to carry the output stepped down voltage to the required place.
Two PT are always connected across the bus so that the voltage across the bus could be
measured.
The capacitor banks are used across the bus so that the voltage does not gets down till the require
place.
The 220kV substation has the capacity of 220kv and can step down to 132kv using three input
lines through the incoming feeders. The input feeders are namely:
The purpose of the 132kV/ 33kV substation was to step down the 132kv to direct distribution to
the 33kv/11kv substations in six different areas of the state.
The complete line diagram of the station are shown in the figure below:
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Fig: Line diagram of the Bhinmal substation, Jalore, Rajasthan.
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,! !
Firstly we can see ! ! . These lightening arrestors can resist or ground the
lightening if falls on the incoming feeders. The lightening arrestors can work in a angle of 30
degrees around them. They are mostly used for protection of the instruments used in the
substation. As the cost of the instrument in the station are very high to protect them from high
voltage from lightening these lightening arrestors are used.
, < : (1) Represents Lord Kelvin's "reduced" area of
the region, (2) Surface concentric with the Earth such that the quantities stored over it and under
it are equal; (3) Building on a site of excessive electrostatic charge density; (4) Building on a site
of low electrostatic charge density.
In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrester is placed where wires enter a structure,
preventing damage to electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety of individuals near
them. Lightning arresters, also called surge protectors, are devices that are connected between
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each electrical conductor in a power and communications systems and the Earth. These provide a
short circuit to the ground that is interrupted by a non-conductor, over which lightning jumps. Its
purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a communications or power line is struck by
lightning.
The non-conducting material may consist of a semi-conducting material such as silicon carbide
or zinc oxide, or a spark gap. Primitive varieties of such spark gaps are simply open to the air,
but more modern varieties are filled with dry gas and have a small amount of radioactive
material to encourage the gas to ionize when the voltage across the gap reaches a specified level.
Other designs of lightning arresters use a glow-discharge tube (essentially like a neon glow
lamp) connected between the protected conductor and ground, or myriad voltage-activated solid-
state switches called varistors or MOVs. Lightning arresters built for substation use are
impressive devices, consisting of a porcelain tube several feet long and several inches in
diameter, filled with disks of zinc oxide. A safety port on the side of the device vents the
occasional internal explosion without shattering the porcelain cylinder.
High-tension power lines carry a lighter conductor (sometimes called a 'pilot' or 'shield') wire
over the main power conductors. This conductor is grounded at various points along the link, or
insulated from the tower structures by small insulators that are easily jumped by lightning
voltages. The latter allows the pilot wire to be used for communications purposes, or to carry
current for aircraft clearance lights. Electrical substations may have a web of grounded wires
covering the whole plant.
Electricity travels mostly along the path of least resistance, so an object outside the critical
distance is unlikely to be struck by the leader if there is a grounded object solidly OR within the
critical distance. Noting this, locations that are safe from lightning can be determined by
imagining a leader's potential paths as a sphere that travels from the cloud to the ground. For
lightning protection, it suffices to consider all possible spheres as they touch potential strike
points. To determine strike points, consider a sphere rolling over the terrain. At each point, we
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are simulating a potential leader position. Lightning is most likely to strike where the sphere
touches the ground. Points that the sphere cannot roll across and touch are safest from lightning.
Lightning protectors should be placed where they will prevent the sphere from touching a
structure. A weak point in most lightning diversion systems is in transporting the captured
discharge from the lightning rod to the ground, though. Lightning rods are typically installed
around the perimeter of flat roofs, or along the peaks of sloped roofs at intervals of 6.1 m or 7.6
m, depending on the height of the rod. When a flat roof has dimensions greater than 15 m by 15
m, additional air terminals will be installed in the middle of the roof at intervals of 15 m or less
in a rectangular grid pattern.
A controversy over the assortment of operation theories dates back to the 1700s, when Franklin
himself stated that his lightning protectors protected buildings by dissipating electric charge. He
later retracted the statement, stating that the device's exact mode of operation was something of a
mystery at that point. Diversion is a misnomer; no modern systems are claimed to divert
anything, but rather to intercept the charge that terminates on a structure and carry it to the
ground. The energy in a lightning strike is measured in Joules. The reason that lightning does
damage is that this energy is released in a matter of microseconds (typically 30 to 50
microseconds). If the same energy could be released slowly over a period of many seconds or
minutes, the current flow would be in milliamperes or a few amperes at most. This is the intent
of charge dissipation.
The dissipation theory states that a lightning strike to a structure can be prevented by altering the
electrical potential between the structure and the thundercloud. This is done by transferring
electric charge (such as from the nearby Earth to the sky or vice versa). Transferring electric
charge from the Earth to the sky is done by erecting some sort of tower equipped with one or
more sharply pointed protectors upon the structure. It is noted that sharply pointed objects will
indeed transfer charge to the surrounding atmosphere and that a considerable electric current
through the tower can be measured when thunderclouds are overhead.
Lightning strikes to a metallic structure can vary from leaving no evidence excepting perhaps a
small pit in the metal to the complete destruction of the structure. When there is no evidence,
analyzing the strikes is difficult. This means that a strike on an uninstrumented structure must be
visually confirmed, and the random behavior of lightning renders such observations difficult.
The research situation is improving somewhat, however. There are also inventors working on
this problem, such as through a lightning rocket. While controlled experiments may be off in the
future, very good data is being obtained through techniques which use radio receivers that watch
for the characteristic electrical 'signature' of lightning strikes using fixed directional antennas.
Through accurate timing and triangulation techniques, lightning strikes can be located with great
precision, so strikes on specific objects often can be confirmed with confidence.
The introduction of lightning protection systems into standards allowed various manufactures to
develop protector systems to a multitude of specifications and there are various lightning rod
standards. The NFPA's independent third party panel found that "the [Early Streamer Emission]
lightning protection technology appears to be technically sound" and that there was an "adequate
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theoretical basis for the [Early Streamer Emission] air terminal concept and design from a
physical viewpoint". (Bryan, 1999) The same panel also concluded that "the recommended
[NFPA 780 standard] lightning protection system has never been scientifically or technically
validated and the Franklin rod air terminals have not been validated in field tests under
thunderstorm conditions." In response, the American Geophysical Union concluded that "[t]he
Bryan Panel reviewed essentially none of the studies and literature on the effectiveness and
scientific basis of traditional lightning protection systems and was erroneous in its conclusion
that there was no basis for the Standard." AGU did not attempt to assess the effectiveness of any
proposed modifications to traditional systems in its report.
No major standards body, such as the NFPA or UL, has currently endorsed a device that can
prevent or reduce lightning strikes. The NFPA Standards Council, following a request for a
project to address Dissipation Array Systems and Charge Transfer Systems, denied the request to
begin forming standards on such technology (though the Council did not foreclose on future
standards development after reliable sources demonstrating the validity of the basic technology
and science were submitted). Members of the Scientific Committee of the International
Conference on Lightning Protection has issued a joint statement stating their opposition to
dissipater technology.
Various investigators believe the natural downward lightning strokes to be unpreventable. Since
most lightning protectors' ground potentials are elevated, the path distance from the source to the
elevated ground point will be shorter, creating a stronger field (measured in volts per unit
distance) and that structure will be more prone to ionization and breakdown. Scientists from the
National Lightning Safety Institute claim that these dissipation devices are nothing more than
expensive lightning protectors and that they, unlike traditional methods, are not based on
"scientifically proven and indisputable technical arguments". William Rison states that in his
opinion the underlying theory of dissipation is "scientific nonsense". According to these sources,
there is no proof that the dissipation arrangement is at all effective. According to opponents of
the dissipation technology, the various designs of dissipaters indirectly "eliminate" lightning via
the alteration of a building's shape and only have a small effect (either intended or not) because
there is no significant reduction to the susceptibility of a structure to the generation of upward
lightning strokes. Some field investigations of dissipaters show that their performance is
comparable to conventional terminals and possess no great enhancement of protection.
According to these field studies, these devices have not shown that they totally eliminated
lightning strikes.
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terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of
secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically
single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the
use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often
replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop across
the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop
across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.
Type: WP-245 V
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A device used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as noise or other interference, of a wave.
A device used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as noise or other interference, of a wave.
Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap is that it traps
the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to
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the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the
instruments here in the substation.
The instrument current transformer (CT) steps down the current of a circuit to a lower value and
is used in the same types of equipment as a potential transformer. This is done by constructing
the secondary coil consisting of many turns of wire, around the primary coil, which contains only
a few turns of wire. In this manner, measurements of high values of current can be obtained. A
current transformer should always be short-circuited when not connected to an external load.
Because the magnetic circuit of a current transformer is designed for low magnetizing current
when under load, this large increase in magnetizing current will build up a large flux in
the magnetic circuit and cause the transformer to act as a step-up transformer, inducing
an excessively high voltage in the secondary when under no load.
These transformers are basically used to get the incoming current on the incoming feeders. It
steps down the incoming 800 amps to 1 amps.
Rating factor:
Rating factor is a factor by which the nominal full load current of a CT can be multiplied to determine
its absolute maximum measurable primary current. Conversely, the minimum primary current a CT can
accurately measure is "light load," or 10% of the nominal current (there are, however, special CTs
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designed to measure accurately currents as small as 2% of the nominal current). The rating factor of a
CT is largely dependent upon ambient temperature. Most CTs have rating factors for 35 degrees Celsius
and 55 degrees Celsius. It is important to be mindful of ambient temperatures and resultant rating factors
when CTs are installed inside pad-mounted transformers or poorly ventilated mechanical rooms.
Recently, manufacturers have been moving towards lower nominal primary currents with greater rating
factors. This is made possible by the development of more efficient ferrites and their corresponding
hysteresis curves. This is a distinct advantage over previous CTs because it increases their range of
accuracy, since the CTs are most accurate between their rated current and rating factor
Current transformer
Type 132 kV CT
Burden (VA): 30 15 NA
Highest system
The instrument current transformer (CT) steps down the current of a circuit to a lower value and
is used in the same types of equipment as a potential transformer. This is done by constructing
the secondary coil consisting of many turns of wire, around the primary coil, which contains only
a few turns of wire. In this manner, measurements of high values of current can be obtained. A
current transformer should always be short-circuited when not connected to an external load.
Because the magnetic circuit of a current transformer is designed for low magnetizing current
when under load, this large increase in magnetizing current will build up a large flux in
the magnetic circuit and cause the transformer to act as a step-up transformer, inducing
an excessively high voltage in the secondary when under no load.
The main use of using the earth switch (E/S) is to ground the extra voltage which may b
dangerous for any of the instrument in the substation.
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Isolator ratings
Sulphur hexafluoride gas is prepared by burning coarsely crushed roll sulphur in the fluorine gas,
in a steel box, provided with staggered horizontal shelves, each bearing about 4 kg of sulphur.
The steel box is made gas tight. The gas thus obtained contains other fluorides such as S2F10,
SF4 and must be purified further SF6 gas generally supplier by chemical firms. The cost of gas is
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During the arcing period SF6 gas is blown axially along the arc. The gas removes the heat from
the arc by axial convection and radial dissipation. As a result, the arc diameter reduces during the
decreasing mode of the current wave. The diameter becomes small during the current zero and
the arc is extinguished. Due to its electronegativity, and low arc time constant, the SF6 gas
regains its dielectric strength rapidly after the current zero, the rate of rise of dielectric strength is
very high and the time constant is very small.
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Fig: SF6 circuit breaker.
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Gas circuit breaker: high voltage side
Type 220-SFM-20B
Rated frequency 50 Hz
Main parts:
Type 120-SFM-32A
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Rated ling charging breaker breaking current 50 Amp
Rated frequency 50 Hz
Main parts:
'7*
It is a incoming 220kv feeder BUS from which the line is taken to the transformer for further
step down.
The instrument potential transformer (PT) steps down voltage of a circuit to a low value that
can be effectively and safely used for operation of instruments such as ammeters, voltmeters,
watt meters, and relays used for various protective purposes.
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There are two potential transformers used in the bus connected both side of the bus. The
potential transformer uses a bus isolator to protect itself. The main use of this transformer is to
measure the voltage through the bus. This is done so as to get the detail information of the
voltage passing through the bus to the instrument. There are two main parts in it (a)
measurement; (b) protection.
7*"
These isolators are used to isolate the incoming high voltage or the high incoming current from
the incoming feeder which enters the bus. The isolator prevents damage to the instruments by
just isolating the line current or the voltage.
The instrument current transformer (CT) steps down the current of a circuit to a lower value and
is used in the same types of equipment as a potential transformer. This is done by constructing
the secondary coil consisting of many turns of wire, around the primary coil, which contains only
a few turns of wire. In this manner, measurements of high values of current can be obtained. A
current transformer should always be short-circuited when not connected to an external load.
Because the magnetic circuit of a current transformer is designed for low magnetizing current
when under load, this large increase in magnetizing current will build up a large flux in
the magnetic circuit and cause the transformer to act as a step-up transformer, inducing
an excessively high voltage in the secondary when under no load.
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Sulphur hexafluoride gas is prepared by burning coarsely crushed roll sulphur in the fluorine gas,
in a steel box, provided with staggered horizontal shelves, each bearing about 4 kg of sulphur.
The steel box is made gas tight. The gas thus obtained contains other fluorides such as S2F10,
SF4 and must be purified further SF6 gas generally supplier by chemical firms. The cost of gas is
low if manufactured in large scale.
During the arcing period SF6 gas is blown axially along the arc. The gas removes the heat from
the arc by axial convection and radial dissipation. As a result, the arc diameter reduces during the
decreasing mode of the current wave. The diameter becomes small during the current zero and
the arc is extinguished. Due to its electronegativity, and low arc time constant, the SF6 gas
regains its dielectric strength rapidly after the current zero, the rate of rise of dielectric strength is
very high and the time constant is very small.
These lightening arrestors are used to prevent the lightening from damaging the instruments in
the substation.
Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used in the incoming feeders so that to prevent
the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very dangerous to the instruments
used in the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any damage lightening
arrestors are used. The lightening arrestors do not let the lightening to fall on the station. If some
lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the earth. In any substation the
main important is of protection which is firstly done by these lightening arrestors. The lightening
arrestors are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the lightening to the ground. The lightening
arrestor works with an angle of 30° to 45° making a cone.
is static equipment which converts electrical energy from one voltage to another.
As the system voltage goes up, the techniques to be used for the Design, Construction,
Installation, Operation and Maintenance also become more and more critical.
If proper care is exercised in the installation, maintenance and condition monitoring of the
transformer, it can give the user trouble free service throughout the expected life of equipment
which of the order of 25-35 years. Hence, it is very essential that the personnel associated with
the installation, operation or maintenance of the transformer is through with the instructions
provided by the manufacture.
It is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively
coupled conductors ² the transformer's coils. Except for air-core transformers, the conductors
are commonly wound around a single iron-rich core, or around separate but magnetically-
coupled cores. A varying current in the first or "primary" winding creates a varying magnetic
field in the core (or cores) of the transformer. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the "secondary" winding. This effect is called mutual
induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding
and electrical energy will flow from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an
ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (× ) is in proportion to the
primary voltage (×), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary to the
number of turns in the primary as follows:
An auto
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secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of
the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the
magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary
coil.
An
ideal transformer.
An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent figure. Current passing through the primary coil
creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very
high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most of the magnetic flux passes through both
primary and secondary coils.
" #
The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faraday's law of
induction, which states that:
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secondary coils in an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding
equals
Taking the ratio of the two equations for × and × gives the basic equation for stepping up or
stepping down the voltage
If the voltage is increased, then the current is decreased by the same factor. The impedance in
one circuit is transformed by the
of the turns ratio. For example, if an impedance is
attached across the terminals of the secondary coil, it appears to the primary
circuit to have an impedance of . This relationship is reciprocal, so that the
impedance of the primary circuit appears to the secondary to be .
The simplified description above neglects several practical factors, in particular the primary
current required to establish a magnetic field in the core, and the contribution to the field due to
current in the secondary circuit.
Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible reluctance with two
windings of zero resistance. When a voltage is applied to the primary winding, a small current
flows, driving flux around the magnetic circuit of the core. The current required to create the flux
is termed the ~
; since the ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero
reluctance, the magnetizing current is negligible, although still required to create the magnetic
field.
The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across each winding. Since
the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no associated voltage drop, and so the voltages
VP and VS measured at the terminals of the transformer, are equal to the corresponding EMFs.
The primary EMF, acting as it does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the
"back EMF".This is due to Lenz's law which states that the induction of EMF would always be
such that it will oppose development of any such change in magnetic field.
Transformer rating
0
1u
2u 3u
3w
2w 2v 1v
1w
3v
Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used in the incoming feeders so that to prevent
the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very dangerous to the instruments
used in the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any damage lightening
arrestors are used. The lightening arrestors do not let the lightening to fall on the station. If some
lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the earth. In any substation the
main important is of protection which is firstly done by these lightening arrestors. The lightening
arrestors are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the lightening to the ground. The lightening
arrestor works with an angle of 30° to 45° making a cone
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Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents entering the
substation. This transformer steps down the current from 800 amps to 1 amp. This is done
because we have no instrument for measuring of such a large current. The main use of this
transformer is (a) distance protection; (b) backup protection; (c) measurement.
Type 132 kV CT
Burden (VA): 30 15 NA
Highest system
"
The line isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow through the line into the bus.
This isolator prevents the instruments to get damaged. It also allows the only needed voltage and
rest is earthed by itself.
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The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in any of the instrument.
These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the station. For
any unwanted fault over the station we need to break the line current. This is only done
automatically by the circuit breaker.
(-'7*
This bus is to carry the output stepped down voltage to the required place.
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3
#
Two PT are always connected across the bus so that the voltage across the bus could be
measured.
7*
Current transformers are used to measure the current passing through the transformer. Its main
use is of protection and measurement.
The use of lightening arrestors after the bus is to protect the instrument in the station so that
lightening would not affect the instruments in the station.
The simplified description above neglects several practical factors, in particular the primary
current required to establish a magnetic field in the core, and the contribution to the field due to
current in the secondary circuit.
Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible reluctance with two
windings of zero resistance. When a voltage is applied to the primary winding, a small current
flows, driving flux around the magnetic circuit of the core. The current required to create the flux
is termed the ~
; since the ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero
reluctance, the magnetizing current is negligible, although still required to create the magnetic
field.
The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across each winding. Since
the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no associated voltage drop, and so the voltages
VP and VS measured at the terminals of the transformer, are equal to the corresponding EMFs.
The primary EMF, acting as it does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the
"back EMF".This is due to Lenz's law which states that the induction of EMF would always be
such that it will oppose development of any such change in magnetic field.
The use of lightening arrestors after the bus is to protect the instrument in the station so that
lightening would not affect the instruments in the station.
r
These transformers are used for measurements and protections.
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The use of the circuit breaker again is to break the circuit if there is any fault in the line.
"
--'7*
This bus is used for the 33kV line. This bus carries 33kV voltage.
The potential transformer is used in the bus only. This is because to measure the voltage in the
bus. The use of the potential transformer is to measure and to protect the instruments.
7*
The bus isolator is used to isolate the extra high voltage through the bus.
The use of the CT here is to protect the instrument and for measurement purpose.
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The circuit breaker breaks the circuit whenever there is any fault in the line.
An isolator with switch is part of an electrical circuit and is often found in industrial applications,
however they are commonly fitted to domestic extractor fans when used in bathrooms in the UK.
Isolator switches may be fitted with the ability for the switch to padlock such that inadvertent
operation is not possible . In some designs the isolator switch has the additional ability to earth
the isolated circuit thereby providing additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply to
circuits which inter-connect power distribution systems where both end of the circuit need to be
isolated. Major difference between isolator and circuit breaker is that isolator is an off-load
device, whereas circuit breaker is an on-load device.
^
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A capacitor bank is used in the outgoing bus so that it can maintain the voltage level same in the
outgoing feeder.
Capacitor Control
is usually done to achieve as many as possible of the following goals: Reduce losses due to
reactive load current, reduce kVA demand, decrease customer energy consumption, improve
voltage profile, and increase revenue. Indirectly capacitor control also results in longer
equipment lifetimes because of reduced equipment stresses. Experience shows that switched
feeder capacitors produce some of the fastest returns on equipment investment.
Sources of Energy Loss
Energy losses in transmission lines and transformers are of two kinds: resistive and reactive. The
former are caused by resistive component of the load and cannot be avoided. The latter, coming
from reactive component of the load, can be avoided (Fig. 1). Reactive losses come from circuit
capacitance (negative), and circuit inductance (positive). When a heavy inductive load is
connected to the power grid, a large positive reactive power component is added, thereby
increasing observed power load (Fig. 1). This increases losses due to reactive load current,
increases kVA demand, increases customer energy consumption, usually degrades voltage
profiles, and reduces revenue.
Reactive
Compensation
Energy Loss Reduction
More than one half of system energy loss is caused by the resistance of the feeders. To minimize
energy losses it is, therefore, important to locate feeder capacitors as close to the loads as
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possible. Substation capacitors cannot do the job - the reactive load current has already heated
feeder conductors downstream from the substation. Reducing reactive current at the substation
can not recover energy losses in the feeders. Another way to minimize energy losses is to use
capacitor banks that are not too large. This makes it possible to put the banks on-line early in the
load cycle. Since energy saved is the product of power reduction and the time the banks are on-
line, the overall energy reduction is usually greater than when using large banks which are turned
on for shorter amounts of time (Fig. 2).
Demand
Reduction
When capacitors
are on-line reactive
current and, therefore,
total line current is
reduced. During
heavy load periods this
has several advantages:
The peak load is
increased when it is
most needed (essentially releasing demand), the effective line current capacity is increased, and
the operating line and transformer temperatures are reduced ± prolonging equipment lifetimes.
The latter makes it possible to upgrade lines and transformers less frequently. All of these
contribute to reduced costs and higher revenues.
Voltage Profile
Distribution feeder demand capacity is usually limited by voltage drop along the line. The
customer service entrance voltage must be stable, usually ±5% to ±10%. The feeder voltage
profile can be µflattened¶ by connecting large capacity banks to the grid. Several benefits become
available: The kVA demand can be increased to arrive at the original voltage drop (this is
equivalent to releasing feeder demand), the substation voltage can be lowered to reduce peak
demand and save energy, or the service entrance voltage can be allowed to increase thereby
increasing revenue (at the expense of less than optimum kVA demand).
System Considerations
If there is to be only one capacitor bank on a uniformly loaded feeder, the usual two-thirds, two-
thirds rule gives optimum loss and demand reduction. This means that the bank kVAr size should
be two-thirds of the heavy load kVAr as measured at the substation, and the bank should be
0
located two-thirds the length of the feeder from the substation. If the objective is voltage control
the bank should be farther from the substation.
With several banks on a uniformly loaded feeder, the total capacitor kVAr can more closely
match the total load kVAr. Depending on the type of the switching control used, multiple banks
on a feeder can lead to µpumping¶ as the controls affect the operating points of each other.
Usually no more than three or four banks are used per feeder.
In the case of concentrated industrial loads, there should be a bank, sized to almost equal the
reactive load current, located as close to each load as possible (Fig. 3).
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VAr control
is the natural
means to
control
capacitors because the latter adds a fixed amount of leading VArs to the line regardless of other
conditions, and loss reduction depends only on reactive current. Since reactive current at any
point along a feeder is affected by downstream capacitor banks, this kind of control is susceptible
to interaction with downstream banks. Consequently, in multiple capacitor feeders, the furthest
downstream banks should go on-line first, and off-line last. VAr controls require current sensors.
Current controlis not as efficient as VAr control because it responds to total line current, and
assumptions must be made about the load power factor. Current controls require current sensors.
Voltage control is used to regulate voltage profiles, however it may actually increase losses and
cause instability from highly leading currents. Voltage control requires no current sensors.
Time control is based on assumptions about load characteristics. Control effectiveness depends
on how well load characteristics are know. Not useful in cases where those characteristics
change often. Time control does not require any current sensors.
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Power factor controlis not the best way to control capacitor banks because power factor by itself
is not a measure of reactive current. Current sensors are needed.
Combination controlusing various above methods is usually the best choice. If enough current,
and/or other sensors are available, a centrally managed computerized capacitor control system
taking into account the variety of available input parameters can be most effective, though
expensive to implement.
7*
The bus isolators are used to isolate high voltage entering the bus or entering the substation.
The current transformer used in the line is known as the line current transformer. The main use
of this current transformer is to measure and to protect the instruments.
,
The circuit breaker used in the line is known as the line circuit breaker. The use of the circuit
breaker in the outgoing feeder is to break the circuit when the any fault occurs in the line i.e, any
fault on the outgoing feeder.
The line isolator with earth switch is to isolate the extra high voltage through the feeders going
out of the station. The isolator used in the line is known as the line isolator.
The outgoing feeders are used to give the step down voltage to the required area. This feeders
supply the voltage to the required place for further step down or its use in the place.
The Bhinmal substation has six output feeders it six different places namely:
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