108 THE JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES

Richter's major contribution is her analysis of the politics of tourism and its impact
on international public policy. That countries are impelled to promote tourism to gen-
erate foreign exchange is easy enough to understand. But there are also political di-
mensions that even countries that view tourism as a capitalist device are willing to
consider. China, for instance, relaxed its travel ban on foreigners as early as 1953-
Since then it has been trying to expand and professionalize its tourism.
The author's fundamental premise is that there is often a political agenda under-
lying a nation's tourism program. These political considerations include goals of cul-
tural preservation, national integration, and economic development. In some cases,
policies are "destined primarily for the political aggrandizement and power of the chief
executive" (p. 20). Tourism has various political uses, both good and bad.
The book includes ten case studies of tourism politics in China, the Philippines,
Thailand, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Nepal, and Bhutan.
The author cautions, however, that any work with ten case countries has to be ex-
ploratory, not definitive. She hopes to provide a benchmark for future political or policy
research on tourism.
As in many works of this nature, the principal shortcoming is unevenness. The
best-written cases are those on India, the Philippines, and Pakistan. The weakest
chapters are those on Bangladesh, the Maldives, and Bhutan, which rely exclusively
on secondary sources.
Perhaps the book would have been more effective if it had included fewer countries.
But the author obviously wants to convey a sense of the variety in political uses of
tourism. The Philippines exemplifies the megadevelopment pretensions of the Mar-
coses; Thailand is a mixed bag of esoteric pilgrimages and sex tours; India has to take
into account the pluralist policies inherent to all federal systems; Pakistan and Bang-
ladesh have to reconcile the more secular demands of tourism with the conservative
nature of their societies; and Bhutan and Nepal, which have spectacular mountain
scenery, are Shangri-la prototypes of modern tourism.
The most interesting chapter is the last, in which the concept of alternative tourism
is discussed. This involves recognizing the sensitivities and values of the destination
area and the "encouragement of respect and non-exploitative relationships between host
and guest" (p. 193)- The long-term development of the industry should take into
serious account the preservation of the natural environment. In short, it must be socially
responsible.
In this sense Richter's book makes a significant contribution in calling attention
to the need for appropriate and responsible tourism in the world.
BELINDA A. A Q U I N O
University of Hawaii at Manoa

Pacific-Asian Economic Policies and Regional Interdependence. Edited by R O B E R T

A. SCALAPINO, SEIZABURO SATO, JUSUF W A N A N D I , and SUNG-JOO
H A N . Research Papers and Policy Studies 27. Berkeley: University of Cal-
ifornia, Institute of East Asian Studies, 1988. viii, 352 pp. $20.00
(paper).

Robert A. Scalapino and his coeditors introduce this volume of studies on the
Pacific basin by indicating that its purpose is to chronicle the major shift in world
economic power now underway. Fifteen scholars treat such wide-ranging topics as the
economic policies of the big powers, ASEAN, intra- and interregional affairs, joint

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 BOOK REVIEWS ASIA GENERAL 109

ventures, technology transfer, sources of conflict, the role of multinationals, financial

and trade issues, and the possibility of a new organization in the Pacific-Asian region.
Lawrence Krause assures us that despite America's decline in economic hegemony
in the Pacific, there is potential for recovery. But it should be remembered that the
U.S. "realizes that it has less room than before for independent action" (p. 24). Krause
succeeds in demonstrating Ronald Reagan's economic accomplishments in creating
jobs, reducing the rate of unemployment, and sustaining a long peacetime expansion.
One assumes that peace means no nuclear war or war involving the U.S. However,
budget and trade deficits remain a serious scourge. The U.S. has also lost competi-
tiveness owing largely to an easy fiscal policy and a tight monetary policy, resulting
in two major deficits. Therefore the U.S. must, according to Krause, urgently tackle
the problem of budget deficitsif for no other reason, to curb the voices demanding
protectionist measures. No doubt American contributions to the progress of the region
are impressive. Indeed, open access to the American markets and technology transfer
have benefited the Pacific-Asian region, especially Japan.
In tracing the impact of Japan's economic policies on the area, Yukio Noguchi
emphasizes the need to examine Japan's monetary, fiscal, industrial, tax, and land
policies. On balance, Noguchi maintains, Japan has increased its horizon by encom-
passing the ASEAN countries and other regional NICs; not only have Asian imports
to Japan increased, but Japan has also begun direct investment in ASEAN and the
NICs. Explained in terms of the changing trends, Noguchi predicts that Japan will
become a net capital exporter to the Asian NICs.
According to John Wong, China's contribution to the economy of the Pacific-Asian
region is less than that of the smallest two nations, Singapore and Taiwan. But the
region's overall growth potential is considerably enhanced by the mere fact of China's
presence. In view of the spring 1989 developments in China, one wonders about the
intentions of China's leaders and their desire to keep an open-door policy intact.
The Soviet Union's economic intercourse with the Pacific-Asian region has been
limited; Moscow has not had, it seems, a well-thought-out regional economic policy.
From Robert Campbell's point of view, with which one can scarcely disagree, the Soviets
not only have made their economic policy in the region a function of political-military
considerations but have also consistently emphasized Western Europe and the United
States at the expense of the Pacific basin. Campbell rightly asserts that it is premature
to expect Gorbachev's Soviet Union to become overly entangled with the global eco-
nomic system.
With one or two exceptions, the other chapters are straightforward, readily un-
derstandable, and uncontroversial. They contain little that is new; all set forth the
basic and obvious economic trends in the region and discuss the extent to which these
trends promote a desirable regional interdependence. One such purported interde-
pendence is through the felt need for a Pacific trade body. No one can dismiss the
need for a regional organization that would deal with finance, trade, tariffs, investment,
commodities, and other issues, but what would a new organization achieve that the
existing ones cannot? One fails to find much illumination on this subject. The members
of the proposed organization would likely bring the same kinds of beliefs and attitudes
they put forth in the existing ASEAN organization. Indeed the policy principles and
directives would emanate from the same leadership source. Hence, Pacific basin scholars
need to think seriously about ways and means to strengthen the existing regional
organization.
A solid chapter by Gustav Papanek tends to enlarge the importance of the region.
It promises a fruitful future through cooperation between South Asian economies and
the Pacific basin region that would create a giant countervailing force in the world.

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 110 THE JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES

Despite inevitable unevenness, this book is indispensable for students of the Pacific
basin who wish to grasp the often-puzzling issues linking the major world actors.
Indeed the bipolar world has been transformed into interdependent centers of power,
and the Pacific basin is one such center. The U.S. can strengthen its role in the area
provided it remedies its trade deficit, no doubt a major factor in formulating American
foreign policy in the region.
The editors have produced a scholarly, well-supported, and well-edited volume
that adequately analyzes many important problems and developments.
BRIJ B. KHARE
California State University, San Bernardino

Social Values and Development: Asian Perspectives. Edited by D U R G A N A N D

SINHA and HENRY S. R. KAO. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications,
1988. 336 pp. $27.50.

The sixteen studies that make up this book, based on a 1987 workshop in Hong
Kong, discuss the importance of understanding the relationships between the value
systems of a culture and economic growth, in cases where psychological knowledge
can contribute to national development.
The authors of the first six chapters analyze the value-belief systems characteristic
of certain cultures in relation to the needs of modern socioeconomic development.
Durganand Sinha takes up Indian people's belief systems, values, and modes of be-
havior, then discusses their relevance to national development. Lin Fang describes
Chinese modernization and the reform movement as linked to socialist values, and
Chung-fang Yang indicates the role of the family in modern Chinese society from
studies conducted in the contemporary Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.
Hamida Akhtar Begum emphasizes the importance of attitudes and values as under-
lying causes of the success and failure of development programs in Bangladesh. Son-
Ung Kim proposes a conceptual model for identifying specific factors influencing the
job performance of workers in South Korea. Virgilio G. Enriquez emphasizes the need
for proper understanding of Filipino values as the starting point for progressive changes
and development.
In the second section of the book, six chapters provide empirical data to describe
the general problem of value-development relationships in a culture. Suntaree Komin
analyzes various interpretations of the value system and social behavior in Thailand
and identifies nine value clusters. Udai Pareek defines development in psychological
terms as a sense of power in individuals and collectives in a society, then elicits ten
dimensions of Indonesian culture from data about Indonesian managers. Based on the
contention that the Confucian heritage of the Five Dragons has played an important
role in development, Michael Harris Bond identifies "Confucian work dynamism" as
a key factor by means of a Chinese value survey. Wan Rafaei Abdul Rahman focuses
on the need for achievement and discusses its relationship to differences in economic
achievement by native Malays and by Chinese and Indian settlers in Malaysia. Hideo
Kojima discusses the role of the child-rearing value-belief system and its impact on
educational achievements by Japanese children and then demonstrates some of the
characteristics responsible for children's good performance. Henry Kao and Ng Sek
Hong describe how a repository of normative and social values spreading behavior and
relationships in the grassroots milieu has evolved in Chinese culture; they also show

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