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R.J.Forbes : Metallurgy in Antiquity , Leiden (1950)

- H.H. Coughlan : Notes on the Prehistoric Metallurgy of Copper and Bronze in the Old
World, Pitt Rivers Museum Oxford , Papers on Technology, 1951

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c e?d* r' w _ uJ U?L? dJ , 5Kb? 5?d( W??O UU??U
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bOu WIOI( q1 U c , duE lOL nI

r , qJA Wd _ sK 5 d?O eH? bOMOU
qCH
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vK dOM* tze?
fLA tu d?LI d oUM fL? v w{_ VuJ r
b

: Empedocle qbO *
WMb?? w U? U??OUDU
W??OKI??@ w u?M?d? U?O?U? U??d? WMb?? w b
UuOU
fOu
uKO

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wuJ uD 5
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uJ
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c q?? W?U??O?@ v tU?? w d?* w? U? uKF* d??O? s _ `?D vK
bIF*

: Zenon uM *
b?OMO?U
U? u? d???F U?OUD uM
U?OK W?Mb? w U? b
U?N?O U? o? w U?OK WMb0 W?IKF?* W?OzU?O W?b* U? b? Parmenides
w UuF?{ rN _ WdJ
uU bu WdE u? Wb* c u?L
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s U? fLAU? d: dz s U?KBH b?I dL?I fLA U? ULK U?O{ s
d
WU d Ze s dLI 5 w d Ze

: Anaxagoras uUU *
b? UO?U W?O?d? dO? WMb? s d?IU
W?Fu W?Ou_ s? WMb? w b

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b?@ d??H vK UU??B?? VI? UU b??F
fOKd?
s u?b
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s b??I b?F

vK d?B U? t_ , d* U(U
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w d
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: O* q fU) dI Leucippus uOu *

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: Democritus fDdu1 *
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(Abdera) b
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: O* q fU) dI WUN Philolaos uKO *

R
tK% uJ e?d vK bL?F uB l{ wuU?OH dJH W b d?F
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: Plato u *
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W UE fO?Q tM b?N u? wUu?O uK?OH nOQ? s U? : u? Wu?NL?

s u??I t? Xu w uJ U?Od?I? W1b?I U?O?? vK W?Lz u?B
UN?O? kU?
= WHH , U?O@_ : w UI l
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U uM UL w bF
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b w VuJ ,

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uJ U UOuJ pKHU
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UM* fID?U
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j dI S 5R* iF

s U?L d?I u? bI? _ rN v Xu?% uJ rN w U?NU? s
_ v UeOH

: Heraclides jOKdO *
, U?O?d w wKd U?OU U?L?* UJO?u
U?OKd?O WMb? w rU?F c wu b
q? d?B? w U?LKF rEF? s d?? td?@U?F? t?O?I
U? UdE jOKd?O U?
sd UuMeHesiode ue uUO
uJU
rJ W?IUB S? r s UM u w_ dBMF S? jOKdON W?MU

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c u? WOK
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v UN?CF
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W
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VuJ jO?KdO
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jO
l{u rK s

t? U2 UI d?I s UuKF* dON?A UMO uKO SocratesdI

w UMO b?{ n s2 rN?LEF? 5Od?I? U?AU?
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, UA U  bF
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d
b?
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cOLK U 5R* s d UE uUM r sc 5OUuO 5OJKH 5O{Ud b
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,  W?MU
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U c wu?U?OH
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: Archimedes bOL *
b?O?L? r b? U?OJK U? u
W?OKI?@ de? w u?O?d?O? WMb? w b
- tId s VuJ s Wuu tb U YO pKH rKF
bb UUL w{Ud
5
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s d?O?H bO?L UM b?I r _ We?d U?B s U t u?M
VuJ Wd

: Hipparchus uUO *
wu UO?d s w
dG U?LA w wMO?O
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wU?? 5
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Uu U = WOJKH WM? d pK s WDIM fH v uF wJ qOKI
u
v lO
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Claudius Ptolemy bMJ uLOKD
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uuK *

U?NO? U? WbMJU
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uJOd
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b? b?
ULK d n@
qzU?? rC c u?LK* U?LKF t?L?d c wD?: U?? tU?L? r s

vN b?Mu
pK? rU?? : Copernicus, Nicolaus u???I??O , u?JOd
u???

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d WOM
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WOM_ ld*

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Lames Polies: Des elites, . La Recherche, No 312, September P:
70-75.
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Publications , New York .
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5- Encarta Encyclopedia, www.encarta.msn.com .
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