Welcome to

Electric Power Systems

Wind farm

Source: balticcable.com
HVDC

www.iea.lth.se/eks
Olof Samuelsson
Olof.Samuelsson@iea.lth.se 1 Olof Samuelsson 2

This lecture Blackout!

What is a blackout?
1. Initial fault
2. New power flow situation
3. Loads and generators disconnected
4. Restoration
About the course
Single line diagram
Per unit normalization
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 What is a blackout? Sweden 23 September 2003
Initiating event Initiating event
Fault (short-circuit) or malfunction Two-phase short-circuit at substation
Disconnection of faulted part Final stage
Problem spreads Voltage collapse
Lines overload and disconnect
4 Million people affected
Collapse and blackout
Stability limit is reached Restoration time 1.5-6.5 h
Restoration

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Starting point Sequence of events

P Sweden 15 000 MW

12:35
Nuclear plant Oskarshamn
Disconnector fails 12:30 -1200 MW
O1 and O2 out of service
Nuclear plant Ringhals O3 1200 MW
in Horred substation O3 Emergency stop
R1 out of service 12:35 -1800 MW
R2 870 MW R3 and R4 to house
R3 and R4 2x900 MW operation

Import from Danmark

450 MW
Karlshamnsverket out of
service (48 h startup)

Nuclear plant Barsebck

(B1 and) B2 out of service

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 Blackout! System frequency

12:37 Voltage collapse

The blackout is a fact

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Pantograph type disconnector

Restoration

14:00
400 kV network intact

13:46
Denmark allowed to
reconnect to Sweden 15:30
(max 200 MW). Gas turbines in South
Sweden in operation.
Karlshamnsverket
starting.
19:05
Last customers in
Open: Closed: Denmark brought on -line 18:20
Most Sydkraft
customers on-line
isolate for maintenance carry load current
visual open -circuit
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 USA 14 August 2003 System split into islands
Initiating event
Generator shutdowns
Final stage
Voltage collapse
50 Million people affected
Restoration time up to 30 h

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Area hit by blackout Italy 28 September 2003

Initiating event
Two lines trip in stormy weather
All lines into Italy lost one by one
Final stage unknown
58 Million people affected
Restoration time 16.5 h

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 Italy blackout
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Post mortem analysis
Pre-fault operating state
Generator and line status
Sequence of events
Digital fault recorders
Time of breaker openings
Time uncertainty
Large amounts of information
Sweden: Windpower trips cause/effect?
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Famous blackouts
USA 2 July 1996
Line into tree, voltage collapse, report 2 August
USA 10 August 1996
Line into tree, angle instability, 7.5 million
Sweden 27 December 1983
Disconnector failed, voltage collapse
USA 1965 The great blackout
Generator trip, angle instability, 30 million
See Textbook chapter 13
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Video 10 August 1996
Hot weather
Line sags into tree
Other lines overload
4 island networks
Fast analysis with new tools
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 Fault handling Events at fault
Detect fault
Isolate fault Fault occurs
Isolate fault and minimum part of the system Isolate fault
Neighboring parts back to normal Remove fault
Component can fail, larger area affected Restore service
Remove fault and repair damage Automatic reclosing
Lightning strikes only temporary Light back in <1s
Restore service
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Detect fault current Interrupt current

Moving contacts apart not enough
Relay protection Arc current flows through arc (ionized air)
Measures U and I Extinguish arc, AC current passes zero
Detects fault Fuse
Controls breaker Measures current!
Earth fault protection Manually replaced
Relay protection + small breaker Circuit breaker
Disconnector
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 Disconnector Circuit breaker
Interrupts large current
Arcing at opening
Cooling
of disconnector
carrying too large Pressurized air, oil
current Remote control
Protection
Control center
For small current, cannot extinguish arc
Hidden breaking point

Source: Nicklasson
Manual control
Visual open-circuit for safety Challenge: Several kA
Challenge: Open construction unprotected
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Transmission and distribution Bridging distances

Generation
|
Transmission Transmission
|
Distribution Hundreds of km
|
Consumption Hundreds of MW
Economical V 15 P
SE: 130, 220, 400 kV
High reliability
Source: vattenfall.se Meshed network

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 Reach addresses Radial network
Distribution Line length SE 1996 Distribution Infeed
400 kV 9851 km
Distance few km
130- 220 kV 19740 km Tree shape Line
SE: 10, 20, 50 kV 30-70 kV 21100 km Single infeed
Radial network 10-20 kV 152000 km Node
400 V 280000 km Many supply points
Reliability
City Countryside
Single fault
interrupts service
0,4 kV Load

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Meshed network N-1 reliability criterion

Transmission Intact system has N components
Meshing Withstand loss of any single
Many infeeds Generator
Many supply points Line or cable
Many paths for power Transformer
Reliability Busbar (interconnection point)
N-1 criterion No overload on remaining components
Major outages: N-1 turns into N-2
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 Power flow in PowerWorld
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Restoration
Blackstart generating units
Batteries and diesel for starting
Energizing lines
Careful with voltage
Adding little load
Limited control capacity
Adding generation and load
Restoration important, how to practice?
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Stability limits
Angle instability
Active power imbalance
Mechanical generator dynamics excited
Generator loses synchronism
Generator disconnected
Voltage instability
Lack of reactive power
Overload of power lines
Loads disconnected
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Blackout and course modules
Problem spreads
1. Load flow
Blackout when stability limit is reached
2. Voltage stability, power system control
3. Angle stability, synchronous generators
Short-circuits initiate problems
4. Relay protection and symmetrical faults
5. Unsymmetrical faults
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 A course module Learning sequence
Tuesday: Lecture Demonstrate need for knowledge
Thursday: Hand exercise Learn theory
Work in pairs Lecture
Small system in detail by hand Practice principle
Monday: Computer exercise Hand exercise
Work in pairs Practice principle in practice
Large system in detail with computer Computer exercise
Large system simplified by hand

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Other activities Schedule

Laboratory exercises
W Monday Tuesday Thursday
Power in AC networks
1 L1 L2 E1 Lecture
Synchronous generator
2 SV1 L3 E2 Exercise
Study visits 3 C1 L4 E3 Computer
Real-time simulator, Malm Hgskola
4 C2 L5 E4 Study Visit
Substation in Lund
5 C3 L/E5 L/E6
Current topics lecture 6 C4 L/E7 L/E8
7 C5 SV2 L6
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 Rooms Textbook
Mondays 13-15 J. D. Glover & M. Sarma:
M:E Power System Analysis and Design
E:Neptunus, E:Pluto Brooks-Cole, US, 2002
Tuesdays 15-17
M:B 3rd ed, ISBN 0-53495-367-0
Thursdays 13- 15 Akademibokhandeln today
E:1406 this week Internet cheap but slow
M:E
M:E other weeks Olof

PowerWorld CD included
Notice board
Lab 7
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Assumed knowledge Substation

Parts of a power system
Generator, line, transformer
Source: Lakervi & Holmes

Three-phase voltage and currents

AC power
Electric machinery basics
Matlab/Simulink

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 Substation functions Single line diagram symbols
Three-phase component Comment
Busbar No impedance
Voltage transformation (reduction) Three-phase line Line with impedance
Power transformer Power transformer US:
Switchyard for network configuration Generator
Busbars, circuit breakers, disconnectors Load
Circuit breaker US: Open Closed
Monitoring point for control center Disconnector
Potential and current transformers Surge arrester Overvoltage protection
Fuses and other protection Current transformer
Potential transformer
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Substation layout Per unit normalization

Normalize to nominal value
Source: Lakervi & Holmes

Example: 11 kV at 10 kV bus
V p.u.=V actual /V base =11kV/10kV=1.1p.u.
p.u. indicates if situation is normal
Voltage levels comparable
Simplifies transformer calculations

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 Per unit base values
Theoretically
Any two of S, V, I and Z
Practically
System MVA base + One voltage base
Three-phase: Sbase/(v3V base) => Ibase
V base2/Sbase=> Zbase
Transformer turns ratio => voltage base
on other side of transformer
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