Block 3 Unit 1a Diodes (Oct 2015)

BLOCK 3
UNIT 3
Power Supply Circuits
NOTE: This lesson contains information which may not be disclosed to international
students without proper authorization. Refer to the foreign disclosure memorandum
in the Security Annex of the Course Training Plan for further information.
1
OBJECTIVE
3a. Without reference, identify general principles of

power supply circuits with at least 70% accuracy.
(11 out of 15)
2
OVERVIEW
3a. Identify principles of power supply circuits

Theory
Rectifiers
Filters
Regulators
3
Principles of Power Supply Circuits
Theory
Theory
4
Power Supply
Theory
Power supply: converts AC voltage into DC
voltage
5
Power Supply
Theory
The transformer may be used to step-up or
step-down the AC voltage or current
6
Power Supply
Theory
The rectifier changes AC into pulsating DC
Determines the polarity of the output DC
voltage
7
Power Supply
Theory
The filter changes pulsating DC into smooth DC
8
Power Supply
Theory
The voltage regulator keeps output DC voltage
constant if AC input voltage changes or output
load changes
9
Power Supply
Theory
Load device describes the actual device(s)
that draws current from the power supply
Load is the current drawn by the load device
A large load means high current, and a low
load resistance
10
Rectifiers
Rectifiers
11
Rectifiers
Purpose: A rectifier is a power supply

component that changes AC voltage into
pulsating DC voltage.
Three types of rectifiers

Half-wave
Full-wave
Full-wave bridge
12
Rectifiers
Half-wave
One diode
T1 D1
D1
1:1
RL
Resistor (RL) in series with the diode (used

to develop the output voltage)
13
Rectifiers
Half-wave with Positive Output
- voltage on anode
+ voltage on anode
reverse biases D1
forward biases D1
Current ceases
Current flows into
arrow of D1 Zero output voltage
(during all negative
+ output voltage thru
input alternations)
RL
14
Rectifiers
Half-wave with Negative Output
(Diode direction reversed from previous slide)
- voltage on cathode
+ voltage on cathode
forward biases D1
reverse biases D1
Current flows into
No current flow
arrow of D1
through RL
- output voltage thru
+ output voltage thru
RL
RL
15
Rectifiers
Half-wave with Phase Shift
(Observe Transformer Dots)
Primary & secondary Primary & secondary out of

are in phase phase
Current flows into Current still flows into arrow
arrow of D1 of D1
+ output voltage thru + output voltage thru RL but
RL in phase with on second half of AC cycle
input due to polarity change
16
Rectifiers
Half-wave
Output voltage is in the form of pulsating DC
Peak output voltage is equal to the voltage
across the secondary
The voltage change from maximum to minimum
is called the Ripple Amplitude (RA = EMAX EMIN)
EMAX is the peak output voltage
EMIN is 0V
Average voltage (EAVG) = Output Peak x .318
17
Rectifiers
Half-wave
Output Ripple Frequency, in Pulses-per-Second
(PPS), is the same as the input (in Hz)
One pulse out for every cycle in
60Hz 60PPS
18
Rectifiers
Half-wave
Secondary peak and output peak voltage is 100V
Ripple Amplitude (EMAX EMIN) = 100V
Average DC output (Peak X .318) = 31.8V
Ripple Frequency = 50PPS
T1
1:1
100 Vpk 100V _ _
50 Hz RL
19
Rectifiers
Full-wave
Two diodes, and a center-tapped secondary
T1 D1
1:1
RL
D2
Resistor (RL) in series with the diodes (used
20
Rectifiers
Full-wave
Center-tapped transformer
Divides the secondary voltage equally
Resulting voltages are opposite in polarity with
respect to the tap (ground)
Ground tied to one end of RL, provides a current
path
D1
+ +
+25V
+50Vpk
_ _-25V
D2 21
Rectifiers
Full-wave
Positive alternation
Positive voltage at the top of T1s secondary
forward biases D1 (short)
Negative voltage at the bottom of T1s
secondary reverse biases D2 (open)
D1
+ +
AC Input
_ _
D2 22
Rectifiers
Full-wave
Ground negative with respect to top of secondary
Current flow
From ground, up through RL,
Through D1 (against the arrow),
Back to the top of T1
D1
+ + +
100Vpk
60Hz
_ _ _
D2 23
Rectifiers
Full-wave
Output voltage across RL is positive with respect
to ground
Peak amplitude of output is the peak secondary
D1
+ + +
100Vpk 50V _ _
60Hz
_ _ _
D2 24
Rectifiers
Full-wave
Negative alternation
Negative voltage at the top of T1s secondary
reverse biases D1 (open)
Positive voltage at the bottom of T1s
secondary forward biases D2 (short)
D1
_ _
AC
Input
+ +
D2 25
Rectifiers
Full-wave
Ground negative relative to bottom of secondary
Current flow
From ground, through RL
Through D2 (against the arrow)
Back to the bottom of T1
D1
_ _ +
AC
Input
+ + _
D2 26
Rectifiers
Full-wave
Output voltage across RL is positive with respect
to ground
Peak amplitude of output is the peak secondary
D1
_ _ +
100Vpk 50V _ _
60Hz
+ + _
D2 27
Rectifiers
Full-wave
Current flows through RL in the same direction for
both alternations of the input
Produces two pulses of the same polarity and
amplitude
D1
_
AC
Input
+
D2 28
Rectifiers
Full-wave
Reversing both diodes will reverse polarity of
output pulses
D1
_
AC
Input
+
D2 29
Rectifiers
Full-wave
Peak output voltage is equal to 1/2 the voltage
across the secondary
Ripple Amplitude (RA = EMAX EMIN)
EMIN is 0V
Average voltage (EAVG) = Output Peak X .636
30
Rectifiers
Full-wave
(PPS), is two times the input (in Hz)
two pulses out for every one cycle
60Hz 120PPS
31
Rectifiers
Full-wave
Determine the following outputs:
Polarity ________
Pos. Vpk _________
45V
RA_________
45V EAVG ________
28.62V
Ripple Frequency _________
800pps
D1
_
90 Vpk
400Hz
+
D2 32
Rectifiers
Full-wave
Polarity ________
Neg. Vpk _________
20V
RA_________ EAVG ________
20V 12.72V
120pps
D1
_
40 Vpk
60Hz
+
D2 33
Rectifiers
Full-wave Bridge
Four diodes
T1
1:1
D1 D3
D4 D2 RL
Resistor (RL) in series with the diodes (used
Positive Output Voltage
34
Rectifiers
Full-wave Bridge
Positive alternation:
D3 forward biased (positive on anode)
D4 forward biased (negative on cathode)
D2 reverse biased (negative on anode)
D1 reverse biased (positive on cathode)
+
+ +
100Vpk
60Hz
_ _
_
35
Rectifiers
Full-wave Bridge
Current flow:
Bottom of transformer
Through D4 (against the arrow) to ground
+
+ +
100Vpk
60Hz
_ _
_
36
Rectifiers
Full-wave Bridge
Current flow:
Up through RL
Back to the transformer
+
+ +
100Vpk
60Hz
_ _
_
37
Rectifiers
Full-wave Bridge
Output voltage is positive with respect to ground
Output peak is equal to the full secondary voltage
+
+ +
100Vpk 100V _ _
60Hz
_ _
_
38
Rectifiers
Full-wave Bridge
Negative alternation:
D1 forward biased (negative on cathode)
D2 forward biased (positive on anode)
D3 reverse biased (negative on anode)
D4 reverse biased (positive on cathode)
+_
_
100Vpk _
60Hz
+ +
_
+ 39
Rectifiers
Full-wave Bridge
Current flow:
Top of transformer
Through D1 (against the arrow) to ground
_ _
100Vpk
60Hz
+ +
+ 40
Rectifiers
Full-wave Bridge
Current flow:
Up through RL
Back to the transformer
_ _
100Vpk
60Hz
+ +
+ 41
Rectifiers
Full-wave Bridge
Output peak is equal to the full secondary voltage
+
_ _
100Vpk 100V _ _
60Hz
+ +
_
42
Rectifiers
Full-wave Bridge
Current flows through RL in same direction for
both input alternations
Produces two pulses of same polarity & amplitude
100Vpk
60Hz
43
Rectifiers
Full-wave Bridge
Reversing all diodes will reverse polarity of the
output voltage
100Vpk
60Hz
44
Rectifiers
Full-wave Bridge
Peak output voltage is equal to the voltage
across the full secondary
Ripple Amplitude (RA = EMAX EMIN)
EMIN is 0V
Average voltage (EAVG) = Output Peak X .636
45
Rectifiers
Full-wave Bridge
(PPS), is two times the input (in Hz)
two pulses out for every one cycle
60Hz 120PPS
46
Rectifiers
Full-wave Bridge
Polarity ________
Neg. Vpk _________
200V
RA_________
200V EAVG ________ 127.2V
2kpps
2
400Vpk
1KHz
47
Rectifiers
Full-wave Bridge
Polarity ________
Pos. Vpk _________
1kV
RA_________
1kV EAVG ________ 636V
120pps
4
500Vpk-pk
60Hz
48
Rectifiers
49
Filters
Power Supply Filters
50
Filters
Main purpose is to change Pulsating DC from

the rectifier to smooth DC
*
A properly designed filter will:
- Reduce ripple amplitude of the rectifier output
- Increase average output voltage
51
Filters
Characteristics
Main components
Capacitors
Store energy
Oppose changes in voltage
Are placed in parallel with the load resistance
Inductors
Store energy
Oppose changes in current
Are placed in series with the load resistance
52
Filters
Characteristics
Capacitive Filter
Stores energy and
returns to circuit when
voltage supply is
removed
Capacitor is in parallel
with the load resistance
Capacitor size
determines charge and
discharge times
53
Filters
Characteristics
Capacitive Filter
Transformer replaces battery
Diode (D1) replaces switch
Positive alternation forward biases D1 and C1 will charge
As voltage decreases D1 will reverse bias and C1 will
discharge
54
Filters
Characteristics
Capacitive Filter
As capacitor charges and discharges the output will begin
to smooth. The average output voltage formula shows this
55
Filters
Characteristics
Capacitive Filtering
Does NOT affect the peak of the output or the ripple
frequency
Peak output can be changed by changing the turns
ratio of the transformer or by going from a full-wave to
half-wave or full-wave bridge rectifier
Output ripple frequency can ONLY be changed by
changing the input frequency or the rectifier type
The ability of a capacitor to have different charge and
discharge times is what allows a capacitor to work
56
Filters
Characteristics
Inductive Filter
Opposes a change in current and stores energy in its
magnetic field
Inductor is in series with the load resistance
57
Filters
Characteristics
Inductive Filter
Peak output voltage across RL is less than input voltage
due to drop across L1
This type of filter has a poor average output voltage and
is normally used in conjunction with a capacitor
Inductive filter does keep current relatively constant
Sub-types of Inductive filters
L-Type Inductive input
L-Type Capacitive input
Pi-Type
58
Filters
Characteristics
L-Type Filters
Inductive input Capacitive input
L1 closer to D1 C1 closer to D1
Lower output voltage Higher output voltage
Steady current Current regulation less
regulation steady
59
Filters
Characteristics
Pi-Type Filters
Mix of both L-Type filters
High output voltage
Steady current regulation
Most stable filter for voltage and current under varying load
conditions
60
Regulators
Regulators
61
Regulators Voltage
Regulator
Video
Purpose of the voltage regulator is to provide a

constant DC output voltage with little or no
variation.
Regulator circuits maintain the output of a power
supply at a predetermined voltage, even with
changes in load, ripple amplitude, or the input
voltage.
62
Regulators
Shunt Regulator (Zener Diode)
Zener diode is in parallel with the load and handles
small changes in ripple amplitude from rectifier & filter
Current limiting resistor (R1) in series with the load and
Zener
63
Regulators
75V input from filter
Zener Voltage set at
44V
Zener current is 12mA
Load current is 50mA
64
Regulators
The Zener diode's
12mA combines with
the load devices
50mA and causes
R1 to drop 31V
65
Regulators
Simplified Electronic Voltage Regulator
(EVR)
Q1 Series Regulator Transistor
Zener diode D1 & R1 develop Q1
+ 10V
+
forward bias for Q1
Zener diode sets R1
20V 9.4 VEB = .6V
reference voltage INPUT FROM V
(10.6V) on base of Q1 FILTER LOAD RL
R1 series current
CR1
limiting resistor for Zener 10.6V
-
Output voltage from
emitter to ground is 10V regulated
66
Regulators
Simplified EVR
Q1 is a transistor Q1 + 10V
+
Transistors are
semiconductor devices R1
Two functions 9.4V VEB = .6V
Electronically controlled 20V
INPUT FROM LOAD
switch
FILTER
Amplifier
CR1
Word is derived from 10.6V
TRANSFER AND -
RESISTOR
67
Regulators
Simplified EVR
Transistors have three COLLECTOR
leads Q1
Emitter- arrow
Base- bar
Collector- third lead
BASE
Labeled with a Q
Q1, Q2, Q3, etc.
EMITTER
68
Regulators
Simplified EVR
COLLECTOR
Transistors are classified as PNP Q1
or NPN
BASE
Arrow points at N-type material
PNP: the arrow points toward the
base EMITTER
(A) PNP TRANSISTOR
Pointing iN Pointer
COLLECTOR
NPN: arrow points away from the Q1
base
Not Pointing iN BASE
EMITTER
(B) NPN TRANSISTOR
69
Regulators
Simplified EVR
If the input voltage
increases Q1
+ 10.1V
+
Output voltage will start
to increase R1
20.1V 9.5V VEB = .5V
Forward bias on Q1 VOLTAGE
FROM POWER
decreases SUPPLY
LOAD
Q1s resistance increases,

CR1
causing Q1 to drop the 10.6V
increase in voltage -
Output remains constant
70
Regulators
Simplified EVR
If the input voltage
decreases Q1
+ 9.9V
+
Output voltage will start
to decrease R1
19.9V 9.3 VEB = .7V
Forward bias on Q1 VOLTAGE V
FROM POWER
increases SUPPLY
LOAD
Q1s resistance decreases,

CR1
causing Q1 to drop the 10.6V
decrease in voltage -
Output remains constant
71
Regulators
IC EVR
3 PIN IC REGULATOR
Pin 1 - unregulated input
Pin 2 - regulated output
Pin 3 - common or ground
Input must be 2-3 volts higher than desired regulated
output
72
Regulators
IC EVR
Extremely sensitive
to stray signals that
can interfere with
the proper operation
C1 will filter out stray
signals, preventing
them from entering
the IC EVR
C2 improves circuit
stability
73
Regulators
IC EVR
Advantages
- Miniature, all-in-one board application
- Internal wiring is part of the
manufacturing
process
- Improved reliability
Disadvantages
- Provides only one fixed regulated
voltage
- Low voltage applications
74
SUMMARY
3a. Identify principles of power supply circuits

Theory
Rectifiers
Filters
Regulators
75
OBJECTIVE
3a. Without reference, identify general principles of

power supply circuits with at least 70% accuracy.
(11 out of 15)
Questions? Homework Progress Check

76

Block 3 Unit 1a Diodes (Oct 2015)

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BLOCK 3

3a. Without reference, identify general principles of

3a. Identify principles of power supply circuits

Purpose: A rectifier is a power supply

Three types of rectifiers

Resistor (RL) in series with the diode (used

Primary & secondary Primary & secondary out of

Power Supply Filters

Main purpose is to change Pulsating DC from

Purpose of the voltage regulator is to provide a

Transistors have three COLLECTOR

Transistors are classified as PNP Q1

Q1s resistance increases,

Output remains constant

Q1s resistance decreases,

Output remains constant

3a. Identify principles of power supply circuits

3a. Without reference, identify general principles of

Questions? Homework Progress Check

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