POETRYI

NSUFIPRACTI
CE
P
ATRONS
,POETSANDPERFORMERSINSOUTHASI
ANSUFI
SMFROM
THIRTEENTHCENTURYTOTHEPRES
ENT

MI
KKOVI
ITAMKI

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201
5
Mi
kkoVi
it
am
ki
Po
etr
yinSuPrac
ti
ce.
Pat
ron
s,Poe
tsa
ndP
erf
orme
rsi
nSo
uthAs
ianS
usmf
rom
Thi
rt
eent
hCe
ntu
rytot
hePr
esen
t
Co
pyr
ightMi
kkoVi
it
am
ki2
015

I
SBN978-
951
-51
-08
30-
2(pape
rba
ck)
I
SBN978-
951
-51
-08
53-
1(PDF)
Uni
gra
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a
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015
ABSTRACT

This study discusses poetic communication in the context of mafil-i sam (an
assembly of listening to sung poetry) among South Asian Sufis. Drawing from
both textual and ethnographic materials, the study explores the relationship
between Sufi practice, poetic expression and musical performance. It presents a
context-sensitive reading of a multilingual (Persian, Hindi, Urdu) poetic corpus
that takes into account its literary characteristics, the framework of Sufi practice,
as well as the various techniques the musicians called qawwals utilize in
conveying the meaning of a poetic text.
Thes tudyc ompr isest hre epa r tstha ta r
edi s
ting uishedb yt he irs o ur cesa nd
me tho do logicala pproa che s.The rstpa rtdi scus sest hedy na mic so fs am asa
me di t
ativea nde cs t
aticS u pra ctice
, andi tisba sedo nc lo s
er eadingo ftex tua lsources
inAr abic, Persi
ana ndUr duwr itt
enb et
we enthef ourtee ntha ndt we ntiethc enturies
.
Thro ug ho utt hesetex t
s,t hea ut ho r
sha v ec haracte r
izeds am a sas piritua lpr acti
ce
who s etra nsforma ti
vee "f
e ctiss udde n,eve nv i
olent .
Thes econdpa rtex ami nest we nt i
eth-centur ya ntho logieso fqa wwa lipo etrya nd
showst hee xtreme% &uidityo ft hepo eti
cr ep er
to i
re s
; thepe rf
orme rsa ref airlyf reeto
cho oset het ex t
stheys inga sl onga st hede si
rede "
fe c
tisb roughta bouti nt hel isteners
.
Thes t udyo fpo etryins am ,howe ve r
,isbo undt or ema insug ge stivei fitiss olel
y
ba s
e do nt extualsource s
. Ea chpe r
forma nc eofapo etict extisuni que lys ha pe dint he
interactionb e t
we ent hel istene rsands ingers.F ort hisr ea s
on,t het hirdpa rto fthe
studyc ov ersa ne thno graphi ca na l
y si
so ff ours a m a ssemb li
e st ha tto o kpl acein
De l
hia ndHy derabad.Whi lethef ocusi so nt hepo etict ext,thea na lysist a kesinto
acco untt heph ysicals ettingso ft heo ccasi
o ns,t hehi erarchiest ha tr eg ulatet he
interactiono fthepa rti
c i
pa nts,a swe llasthee co no micsi nvo l
ved.
Thea na l
y s
isr e
v ealsho wq awwa l
sc ont i
nuo us l
ya l
te r
na t
eb et
we e nmus icala nd
po eticte ns i
ona ndr el
e asedur ingma l -
is am .Int hi sma nne r,t he yi nte nsif
yt he
li
stene rs/f eel
ingsa nde mo t i
ons ,whi cha r
et heni deallyi ntegratedi nt ot hes p i
rit
ual
prac ti
ceo fe achpa rt
icipant .Fu rthermo re, t
hei mpa ssi
o ne dpo etrytha taddr e ssesGo d
astheb eloveda ls
oc onstitutesas ig
ni cantr el
ig i
o usdi scourset hatc ompl eme ntsthe
mo res yste ma ti
ca pproa chf oundi nIslami ctheo l
o gicala ndl egalpros ewr iting s.

3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Iwo uldl iket oe x pres smyg ratitudet oa llthei ndividua lsa ndi nstitutio nst ha tha ve
inspire dmyc ur i
o sityt owa rdst hehi storya ndpr esento fSu smi nI ndi a,a ndwhoha v
e
cont ribute dt ot hec o mpl e tio no ft hiswo rk.
F ir
sto fa l
l,Iwo uldl iket ot ha nkmys upe rviso r
s. Pro f
essorJ aa kkoH me en-Ant til
a
hasg e ner ous lyhe lpe da nds uppo rtedmywr i
ti
ngpr oc essthro ugho utt hey ears,a ndhe
hasa l
wa y sha dt hea bili
tyt oma kemeno ticenua nc esImi ghtha veo the rwi semi ssed.
Pro f
e ssorF ran oise4 Na l
ini /De lvoy eha sa lwa ysb e eng enerouswi thhe rtime , ands he
hasne ve rb e ent o ob us yt odi scus smywo r
ka nds ha rehe ri ns i
ght si ntoI ndo -Pe rsi
an
studie s.Ia mg ratefulf ormya ssesso rsPr o f
essorF r
a nc escaOr si
nia ndPr o fess orS cott
Kug lef ort he i
rv alua b l
es ug g estionsa ndc orrections .
The na ncials uppo rto ft heUni v
e rsit
yo fHe l
sink iF unds ,t heS a sak awaY o ung
Lea de rs
/ Fe ll
o ws hipF und,t heF i
nni shCul t
ura lF ounda ti
on,a ndt heJ ennya ndAnt ti
Wi hu riF ounda tionma dewr itingt hiswo rkpo ssib le.
Iwo ulda lsol i
k et ot ha nka llmyt e achersa ndc o l
league sa tt heUni v ersityo f
He lsi
nk i.Ia me spe ciall
yg ratefult oKa jhr nb e rg,S ylvi
aAk ar
,Be rtilTi k ka nena nd
RiikkaT uo rif ort hema nydi scus sionst ha tha v es ha pedmyunde rstandi ngo ft he
sub j
e cto ft hi ss tudy .Di sc us sionswi thHa nnaMa nni lao npo etry,mus i
ca ndda nce
hav ea lwa ysr emi nde dmeo f thea esthe t
ica nde mo tio nales s
e nceo f thet e xtsIha vein
thiswo rka ppr oa che dt hr oug has c ho l
arlya na l
y sis
.I nk aNo k so-Ko ivistoha sb e ena n
impo rtantc olleag uea ndade arf ri
e ndt hr ougho utt hef ourte eny ea rsweha veb een
study ingt o gethe r.
S uni lS ha rmaha sk indl yr e adpo rt
ionso ft hiss tudy ,andIha vema dea ne "fortto
incor pora tehi ss ug gestionsc onc e r
ni ngl itera
r yhi sto ryintot he na lv ersiono ft his
wo rk.Ho we v er
,a llt hel aps e sa remi nea lone .Re gulaBur c k
ha rdtQur es hiha da
signi cantr oleint hee arlypha seo fmywo rkwhe nIwa stry ingt ode te r
mi neho wt o
appr o acht het extua la nde t hno gr aphi cma ter
ia lIha dc oll
e cted. Pro fess orS ye dAus af
Aliha ssuppo rt
e da ndi ns pire dmet hroug houtt hey ea rs,andS yedMus tafaAt ha rha s
alwa ysb e eng ene ro uswi thhi sa dv icec o ncerningt hei ntricac ie
so fP e rsi
a na ndUr du
poe try.Thec ompa nyo fMa uro Va l
dino cima demy eldwo rki n Hy de raba da
me mo rab lee xplo rationo f thec i
ty /
sS u scene.
Myf rienda ndc olleag ueKi i
raAnde r sonr ea dmyt exta ndma deg re ate "fortsto
impr o vemyEng lish. Alltheo ve rs
ig ht sande r
ro rs,ho we ver,ares o l
e l
ymi ne .
Thi swo rkwo uldha v eb ee ni mpo ssib l
ewi tho utt heg ene ros i
tyo ft heS u swho
all
o we dmet oa tt
e nda ndo bs ervet heirs am a ssemb li
es.Ia me spe c i
a l
lyg ratefulto
Kh wa jaHa sanS a niNi zami ,Pi rAhme dNi zami ,Af sarAl iNi za mia ndAni sMi yan
Ashr ai nDe l
hi,t oQub o o lBa d sha ha ndt hel ateRa s
he e d-ul-Ha s anKa lee mii n
Hy de raba d,a ndt oWa risHus sainChi shtyMo i
nii nAj me r.Di sc us si
o nswi tht he
qawwa l
sMe raj Ahme dNi za mia ndI ftekha rAhme dha veb ee nv italf ori nc rea s
ingmy
unde r st
a ndi ngo fthepo e ms .

4
 Abov
ea l
l,Iwouldli
ketoex pr
essmyheartf
eltgr
ati
tudetoDrFa
ridaAlif
orher
supporta
ndhe l
p,aswell
asforintr
oduci
ngmet otheworl
do f
Supoe
tryandsama
decadeago.
Fi
nal
ly
,Iwo uldli
ketot ha
nka llmyfri
ends,myfamilyandes
pecial
lymywife
Heinifortheirti
rel
esssupportwhe ne
verIha vebeeno na el
dt ri
po rtot
al
ly
imme r
sedinwrit
ingt
hiswork.

5
CONTENTS

Ke
ytot
rans
li
ter
ati
on 9
I
ntr
oduc
tio
n 1
1
Ba
lan
cin
gbe
twe
enmy
sti
ci
sma
ndt
rad
iti
on 1
3
Dy
nami
cso
fsa
mEF 1
8
P
oet
ryi
nsa
mEF 2
2

P
artI
:Thes
am
oft
heChi
sht
iNi
zami
bro
the
rho
od

1S
am
int
heS
u%&
cir
cleo
fNi
z(
'ma
l-
D*nAul
iy
(+ 2
6
1
.
1Indi
adur
ingt
heDe
lhi
Sul
ta
nat
e 2
6
P
oli
ti
cal
dev
elo
pme
ntsa
ndt
hee
mer
gen
ceo
fIn
do-
Per
si
anc
ult
ure 2
6
Re
li
gi
ouse
nvi
ron
men
t 2
8
S
ubr
oth
erh
ood
sinS
ult
ana
teI
ndi
a 3
1
S
ult
ana
teCh
ish
til
i
ter
atu
re 3
3
1
.
2Sa
mEF
inNi
zE
Jma
l-
DKn
sde
vot
iona
lre
gime 3
7
1
.
3Inq
ues
tint
hes
ult
an
sco
urt 4
0
Za
rr
d%
sl
ega
lar
gume
nta
tio
nan
dae
sth
eti
cse
nsi
ti
vi
ty 4
1
1
.
4Ni
zE
Jma
l-
DKna
sapa
tro
nofl
i
ter
atur
eandmus
ic 4
5
Am%
rKh
usr
au 4
5
Am%
r)a
sana
nd*i
y+
al-
D%nBa
ran
% 4
9
Th
esi
nge
rs 5
0
Th
epa
tro
nag
e 5
1
1
.
5Thee
ti
que
tteo
fas
am
as
semb
ly 5
5
Ada
bve
rsu
smy
sti
cal
sta
tes 5
6
Th
efu
nct
io
nof
thee
ti
que
tt
e 6
3
2S
am
int
heS
u%&
cir
cleo
fKa
l*
mAl
l(
hSh(
hja
h(n(
b(d* 6
7
2
.1L
ateMug
hal
Indi
a 6
7
E
igh
tee
nthc
ent
uryi
nIn
dia
nhi
st
ory 6
7
Re
li
gi
ouse
nvi
ron
men
t 7
0
2
.2Thet
hre
eChi
sht
iNi
zami
mas
ter
s 7
4
Ka
l%
mAl
l
hS
hh
jah
n
bd
% 7
4
Ni
z
2ma
l-
D%nAu
ran
gb
d% 7
9

6
 Ma
ul
nF
akh
ral
-D%
nDi
hl
av% 8
3
2
.3S
am
andt
hedy
nami
cso
fSu
pra
cti
ce 8
7
Th
eMu
jad
did
iop
pos
it
io
n 8
7
Co
nce
ptu
ali
zat
io
nof
samE
F 9
2
2
.4Mus
ic,
poe
trya
ndt
hes
ett
ing
sofas
am
as
semb
ly 9
8
S
ett
ing
sof
asa
mEF
ass
emb
ly 9
8
Mu
sic
,po
etr
yan
dth
epe
rf
orme
rs 1
03
3Re
de%
&ni
ngS
u%&
pra
cti
cei
ntwe
nti
eth-
cent
uryI
ndi
a 1
09
3
.1Re
li
gi
ousc
urr
ent
s 1
09
Ar
gui
ngb
yre
wri
ti
ngt
heh
ist
oryo
fSus
m 1
11
Kh
waj
aHa
sanNi
zami 1
12
P
rov
ena
nceo
fNi
z
2m%
ban
sur
% 1
13
3
.2Ni
zE
Jma
l-
DKn
sL
ifer
eto
ldf
ormo
der
nre
ade
rs 1
15
Th
est
oryo
fHa
rde
v 1
15
F
romCi
hal
roz
aht
oNi
zE
JmK
bans
urK 1
17
3
.3Or
alt
radi
ti
onso
nsa
m
inNi
z
2m%
ban
sur
% 1
18
S
amE
Fbyt
hewe
ll 1
19
Ce
leb
rat
ingt
hes
pri
ng 1
20
3
.4As
ubj
ect
iv
ede
scr
ipt
iono
famy
sti
cal
sta
te 1
23

P
artI
I:P
oet
icr
epe
rto
ire
sandq
awwa
limus
ic

4Qa
wwa
lir
epe
rto
ire
s 1
27
4
.1Cl
ass
if
yi
ngt
hepo
ems
:l
ang
uag
es,
genr
es,
aut
hor
s 1
27
Th
ege
ner
alc
las
sic
ati
ono
fpo
emsi
nqa
wwa
lir
epe
rto
ire
s 1
28
L
ang
uag
esa
ndt
hei
rmu
tua
lhi
er
arc
hy 1
31
P
oet
icf
orms 1
37
P
oet
ica
nth
olo
gie
sfo
rpe
rf
orme
rsa
ndl
i
ste
ner
s 1
39
4
.2J
EmK
:f
roma
mbi
guo
uspo
eti
cima
gest
oex
pre
ssi
onso
fde
vot
ion 1
44
J
m%
inq
awwa
lia
nth
olo
gie
s 1
44
Ch
ang
ingt
heme
s 1
46
4
.3AmK
rKhus
rau:
poe
ti
cco
rpusl
ace
dwi
thl
ege
nds 1
51
P
ers
ianr
epe
rto
ire 1
51
Hi
nda
vir
epe
rto
ire 1
59

7
5Qa
wwa
ls,
qawwa
lia
nds
tag
eso
fpe
rfo
rma
nce 1
69
5
.1Theq
awwa
ls:
his
tor
yandhi
era
rch
y 1
69
Hi
st
oryo
fqa
wwa
li 1
70
Hi
er
arc
hyo
fth
eqa
wwa
ls 1
73
5
.2Themus
ica
lidi
om 1
78
5
.3Di
"f
ere
ntt
ype
sofq
awwa
lipe
rfo
rma
nce
s 1
80
P
erf
orma
nce
sink
hEnq
Ehsa
ndda
rgE
hs 1
81
P
erf
orma
nce
sons
tag
e 1
85
P
artI
II
:Po
etr
yins
am

6Obs
erv
ingpo
etr
yins
am
1
89
6
.1TheNi
zamuddi
nshr
inea
ndi
tsq
awwa
lis
cene 1
89
Th
eNi
zamu
ddi
nsh
rin
ean
dit
scu
sto
dia
ns 1
90
Qa
wwa
lis
cen
eat
thes
hri
ne 1
94
He
ri
ta
ge,
con
ser
vat
io
nan
dqa
wwa
li 1
97
6
.2Qa
wwa
lii
nther
it
ual
cont
ext
:
ursa
ndo
the
rfe
sti
vi
ti
esa
tNi
zamuddi
n 2
00
Th
eFur
s 2
01
Ri
tua
lso
ngsd
uri
ngt
heF
urs 2
04
6
.3S
acr
edhi
st
orya
ndl
i
vedPr
ese
nt:
sam
att
heme
dit
ati
onc
ell
ofNi
zE
Jma
l-
DKn 2
09
6
.4Gui
dingS
udi
sci
ple
sthr
oug
hmus
ica
ndpo
etr
y:s
am
atKh
waj
aHa
ll 2
27
6
.5As
am
as
semb
lya
ttheho
meo
fAni
sAs
hra
inOl
dDe
lhi 2
47
6
.6Thel
ega
cyo
fac
ont
empo
rar
ySu
poe
tatKha
nqa
h-e
-Ka
mil
,Hy
der
aba
d 2
74
7Co
n;<
uenc
eofpo
etr
y,mus
ica
ndS
u%&
pra
cti
ce 3
10
Th
ema
tics
equ
enc
ingo
fpo
etr
y 3
10
P
owe
rof
ani
ndi
vi
dua
lve
rse 3
12
Ar
ti
cul
ati
ngt
heme
ani
ngo
fav
ers
e 3
21
Me
tap
hor
ic
ald
isc
our
sea
ndi
mag
ina
tio
n 3
26
Co
ncl
usi
on 3
33
S
our
ces 3
44
Appe
ndi
x:Tr
ans
li
ter
ate
dte
xtso
fthepo
emsdi
scus
sedi
ncha
pte
rs6
.3t
o6.
6 3
57

8
 Ke
ytot
rans
li
ter
ati
on

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9
10
I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Thiss t
udydi scusse spo eticc o mmuni c ationi nt hec ont ex tofs a m a mo ngS o uthAs i-
anS us.Dr awi ngf romb o tht ex tual ande t hno g raphi cma teri
a l
s, mywo rke xpl orest he
mut ualr e l
ations hipo fpo e ti
ce xpr ession, Supr ac t
icea ndmus ica lpe rforma nc e. I
n-
ste
ado ft he ore t
ica ldi me ns i
o ns ,me taph y sicals pe cul ationso rmy s ti
ca le xpe rienc es,
thefo cusi so nt hepr actica ldy na mi cso fs a m .Ia ima tpr esent ingac onte xt-sens iti
v e
readingo fpo ems ,whi cht a kesi nt oa c co untt he irlitera ryc ha ra cteristics,thef ra me -
wo r
ko fS upr acticewhe ret he ya ree mpl o yed, aswe lla sthev a rioust e chni que sut il-
ize
di nc o nstruc ti
ngt he i
rme a ningdur ingt hemus icalpe rf
o rma nc e.Thi sa ppr o ach
compl eme ntst hel i
te r
a r
ya na lysist ha tc o nce nt rateso npo eticl a ng uag e,ima ge sa nd
writ
ingc o ntext,a swe l
l asther eligiousa na lysist ha tfoc us eso nt hedo ctrinal impo rto f
thetex ts.
Litera l
ly,theAr abicwo rds am me ans liste ning
.El ab ora tingo ni tsr o lei nt he
Supra ctice,Br uc eB. L awr enc ed e
ne si ta she aringc ha ntedv ers es( witho rwi t
ho ut
accompa ny ingi nstrume nt s)int hec ompa nyo fo the rsa lsos ee kingt opa rti
c ipa t
ei na
dyna mi cdi alogueb etwe e nahuma nl o vera ndt hedi v i
neb elove d.Thede
1

nit i
o nc ap-
turesma nyc hara cteristi
ct raitso fthepr a ctice: po etryi sg i
ve nmo rewe i
g htt ha nmu-
sic
,s am isus ua ll
yac ollectiveo cca si
o na ndt hea imi sso me thi ngg rea tert ha nt he
mus ica ndpo etryi nt hems elve s.Ins am ,mus ica ndpo e t
r yha v ea ni nstrume nt al
val
ue ,ye tthe irae sthetica nde nt ertainingdi me ns ionsa rea lsos i
g ni
c ant.Ane xclus i
v e
empha siso nt hes pi r
itua lna tureo fthepr a cticema yc aus eo net oi g no rether elev anc e
ofthe seo therdi me nsions ;t hef acti st ha tno ta lll i
ste ne rsa ttends am b eca useo f
spir
itua lpur sui t
s.S o me time sb e autifulpo etrya ndmus icma yj us tre ma int ha ta nd
nothingmo re.F ort hisr easo n,s a m i spe rha psb e stde
ne da sde epo ra bso rbed
l
istening ,whi c hma yl eadt oa chi evings pir i
tua lg o al
s ,b utwhi chma ya swe llpr oduc e
onlyapl easanta esthe ti
ce xpe rienc e.I ti sa lsoi mpo rta ntt ono t
et ha tthisl i
s t
e ning
doesno tde no tepa ssivere ceiv i
ng .Ont hec ont rary ,thel istene rsha vea na ctiver o lein
shapingt hemus ica lpe rf
o rma nc esdur ings am .
Itiss ignicantt ha ta ltho ug hs a m i
sar eligiouspr a cti
ce ,itsma ine leme nt s,po -
etr
ya ndmus ic,a reno tuna mb iguo uslys o.Whe nc o ntempo raryI ndi anS u
st alk
aboutpo e tr
yi nt hec o ntex to fsa m ,the yus et het e r
mk a l
m. I
ts i
mpl yme anss pe ec h,
disc
o urseo ra ny things aid,b uti te v oke sr eligio usa ssoc iat
io nsb e caus ei tfea ture sin
phrasesl ikek a l
ma llh( Go dss pe ech)o rk al m- im jid(
glor i
o uss pe ech), bo t
hr e-
fer
ringt ot heKo ran. TheS usj ux t
a po set het e rmk a lmwi tht het erms h
ir tha tde -
notest hes ecula rpo e trya ndpo e t
sc ra f
t.Thi sdi sti
nc tio nno twi ths tanding ,muc ho f
thepo etrype rforme dins a m ha sb eenwr itt
e nb ypo etswho s el i
nk swi thS u smha v e

1 L
awr
enc
e19
83:
72.

11
be ent enuo usa tb est.Iti sul ti
ma telyt hec ont exto ftheS u pra cti
c et ha ttur nst he
textsi nt ok al mt ha tc arriesdi v i
neme a ning s.
Thes a mea ppl iest ot hemus icale leme nt.I nc o nte mpo raryI ndi aa ndP akista n,
onepa r
ticul armus i
c alg enre ,q awwa li( qavv l
), hasb eco mes oi ntima te l
ya sso c
ia ted
wi ths a m tha tUr dua ndHi ndis pe ak ersfre que ntlyus ethewo rdsi nt erc hang e ablyt o
de no teb o
t ht hemus i
c alg enr ea ndt hepe rfo r
ma nc eo c casion. Thisa ppr oac hc ha ra c-
terize sb othc o lloq uial andl ite raryc ont ex t
s. Fore x ampl e,ar ecentUr dut rans lati
o no f
IbnT a imiyy a hs( d. 1328)Ar ab ictre atiseAl -sam wa l-
ra q(
L is
teninga ndda nc e
)wa s
simpl ye ntitle dQa vv l
.Ho
2
we ver, qawwa l
ii sno tpe rforme de xclusive lyi ns am , but
alsoo nc onc er tsta ges, r
e cordi ng sa ndi n lms ,whe rei tsasso ciationwi thS usmo rre -
l
ig i
o nb eco me s= >
ims y.Thes e emi ng lyi nc ompa ti
b lepe rfor
ma nc ec o nt ext sha v ele da
numb e rof sc ho larst o= >
a tl
ydi sti
ng uis hb etwe ena ut he nticS umus ica ndi tsc o mme r-
cialc ounte rpa rts.Re gulaBur ckha rdtQur eshis tates,o nt he r
s tpa geo fhe rs emi na l
studyS uMu sico fI nd i
aa n dP a kistan :S ound ,Co n t
e xt,a ndMe a nin gi nQa wwa li
, tha t
he rs tudydo esno tpur sueq a wwa liada pt edf ore nt ertainme nt,b utthea uthe nt i
cs pi r-
itua ls ongt ha tt rans po rtst hemy stict o wa rduni onwi thGo d.Ac
3
c or dingt ohe r,t he
Su
sho l
dt ha tt hes pi r
itua la chie veme nt ssho uldb et heo nl ya imo fq a wwa li,whi le
mus ica landpo e ti
c alno veltiesa reo nlydi rectedt ot hepo pul ara udi e nc e.Qa
4
ma r-
ul
Huda ,int ur n, sta test ha t[f]o rS udi sciplesQa wwa l
imus i
ci sno te nt ertainme nt ;
rathe rt hemus ici spur elyde vo t
io nal, de eplyi ntima te ,andc rit
ic al
lyi mpo rtantt ot he
j
o ur ne yo fs pi ritua lno ur i
shme nt.S
5
uc ha na ppr oa chl eadst oane glec to ft hedy na m-
isma ndo pe nne sso f sam tha tca na cc ommo da tedi Fferentmus i
ca la ppr o ache s;the r e
isno tne ces sa ril
yar adical diFferenc eb etwe ent hemus i
che a rdi ns am a ssemb l
ies, on
theo neha nd, ando npo pul a rrec ording s
, ont heo the r.Thes ames ongc ana ppe a lto
bo tht hewo rldmus ica udi enc ea ndt heS udis ci
pl eso f anI ndia nb ro the rho o d. Whe n
thisa ppr o
a c hb ec ome sapr emi sefo rar esearchi ns tea do fa ne mpi rica l ob serv ati
o n, it
ma yc o ntr
ib ut et omi ssingt hei mme ns es igni
canc emus ical andpo e tica lno v elt
yha s
ins a m .
S incei ti st hec onte xtt ha tul tima te l
yt rans formspo etrya ndmus ici ntot oolso f
spiritua lpr a ctice ,a na sse mb lyo fa bso rb edlisteni ng( ma *l-i s
a m orma jli
s-i sam )
isint hef oc uso ft hi swo rk,b o thint hec aseo ft extua la nde t
hno graphi cma te ria
l. Fo -
cus ingo npo e ticc o mmuni ca tioni nt hisc o ntex ta ri
se sfromt hec entra lityo fpo etryt o
thepr a cti
ce .Mus ica lkno wl edg e, essent iall
y, i
spa rto fthepe rforme rstra de .Whi l
et he
l
is t
e ne rsre a ctt omus icins tinc ti
v ely,the ya res eldo mi nti
ma telye no ug ha cq uaint ed
wi thmus i
c a lk no wl edg ea ndt ermi no lo gyt ob ea b letodi scussi tina na na lyti
c alma n-
ne r.Ther e ligio usk no wl edg e,o nt heo therha nd,b elong se ssent i
a l
lyt ot hel istene rs.
Thepe r
forme r sr eq uireac ert aina mo unto fitino rde rtos ingi nama nne rt ha tres on-
2 Se
eIbnTai
miyyah,Al
-s
am
va
'l
-r
aq:
Urd
-ta
rju
mahmu
ssa
mmb
i-
qav
vl
.
3 Qure
shi2
006:1
.
4 Qure
shi1
993
b:1211
22
5 Huda20
07:68
1.

12
ateswi t
ht helist
ene rs r
eli
giouswo rldvie
w. Ho we v
er,itistheS uma s
terandhi sdis
-
cipl
e swhoa rea de ptsini t
.P oeti
calk nowledge, ontheo therha nd, i
ssomethingthat
bo t
ht hepe r
forme rsa ndlistenersshare.Thepe rformersma sterav astra
ngeo fdiver
se
po e
tictexts,butthi sa ppli
est oanumb e
ro flis
tenersa swe l
l.Furthermore,thelatt
er
ha b
ituall
yr e
latet heire xperiencesdur i
ngs am topo etryinsteado fmus i
c.Thisa c
-
cordswi thJoyceBur ckhalt
e rF l
ue c
kiger
so bservat
ionf r
o m Hy derabadthatpo etr
yis
essential
l
ywha tthel i
stenersdi s
cusswhe nt heydiscusssa m.
6

Thisma kespo etr

yt he el
d, wherethec ommuni cationandi nte
ract
ionb etween
thepe r
formersa ndl ist
ene r
st akespl ace.Thepo eti
ct exta cquiresit
s
na lshape
throughthisco mmuni c a
tion.Thet extapo etha swritt
eni ssel
do ms unginthef o
rmi n
whic hitappearsinl it
e rar
ya nthologi
e s.
Instead,theperforme r
sc losel
ymo ni
torther e
-
acti
o nsofthelistene r
swhoa l
soa c
ta stheirpa t
ronsa nds t
rivet osi
nginama nner
thattakesthei
rt astesa ndne edsintoc onsiderat
iona nd,po t
ential
ly,le
adstoas pi
rit
ual
experience.

Ba
lan
cin
gbe
twe
enmy
sti
ci
sma
ndt
rad
iti
on
Supr acti
cesa ndme ditati
v ete chni quesr ema i
nar e la
tivel
yune xplo red
el
do fs t
udy.
Echo ingt hee arl
yOr ient al
ists cho larship ,s pe ci
a l
istso fIsl
ami cstudi esha veunt i
lre-
centlyt endedt ocha r
a c
te ri
zeS usma sIsla mi cmy stici
sm. The yhavepe rcei
ve dt hei n-
divi
dua lexpe ri
enc eso famy stica ndhi spe rsona lq uestforGo da st hee ssenc eo f
Su
sm. Inthewo rdso f
J.T.P.deBr u i
jn, Suswe repe oplewhok e
ptt he ms el
ve sr emo te
fromt hewo rldcultiva t
ingt he irinne rs oul sa nds t
r i
vinga ft
erape rso nal,rat
he rt hana
coll
ec tiveconf or
mi tyt ot hewi llofGo d.
S
7
i
nc et he yha veperc ei
vedt hei ndividua lex-
perienc east heesse nceo f my sticism, scho la rsha vet ende dtone gl
ec ttheo ft
e nc ollect
-
iveme anst oa t
taint hate xpe ri
e nce .I
ns te ad, the yha vec oncentratedo nstudy inga b-
str
ac tme t
aph ysi
ca lspec ulationa ndpo etice xpress i
o nsofmy sticalex perie
nc eso nt he
basiso ftextsthats eldomdi scus st hepr ac tica laspe ctsofSusm.Mo reov er
,themi nute
codicationo fav as trang eo fpr acti
c esa ndt echniq uesb egano nlywi ththea ppe ar
-
anceo fSub rot
he rho odsint het we lf
thc e ntur y,ade ve l
opme ntfreq uent l
ya sso ciated
witho ss
i
ed, some ho wa rti
cia lme anst oa c hievemy stic
a l
expe ri
enc e s
.8

Thewo r
ko f anthr opo l
o gistsa nds ocia l scientistsrepresentsano ppo si
tea ppr oach
toSu sm. I
ns tea
do fhis tori
c alma terial
s ,the yfoc uso nc ontempo ra ryma nife stations
ofSu sm,pub l
i
cne gotiationso fpo we ra ndo nther i
tua l
sinS us
hr ines. I
nt hiss t
udy,
Ib a
la nceb etwe ent het woa ppr oa ches.Ia na lysehi stori
caltexts,yetfo cusont heo nes
thata rerelevanttot hec ontempo rarypr ac titionerso f Su
sm. Idrawf rome t
hno g raph-
icma teri
al,b utrelatei tt ot heno r
ma t
iv ee xampl eo fpa s
tS u
st ha tiss t
illin v oked
today.
6 F l
uecki
ger2
006:2
0 8
.
7 DeBr ui
jn19
97:3
5
8 S ee
,e.g
.J.S
pencerTri
mingham
shis
tor
yo fS
ubr
other
hoods
,ent
it
le
dTh
eSu
Or
der
sinI
sl
am
(
197
1).
Ono nesuc
hcharact
eri
zat
ionof
sam
,seeGr
ibet
z1991
:61
.

13
 AsNi leGr ee ns ug gestsinS u sm: AGl ob al History ,S usmi sb es ta ppr oache da sa
traditiono fpo we rfulk no wl e
dg e,pr a cti
c esa ndpe rso ns ins teado fmy sticis
m.L9
ike
everyt ra dition,S usmha sahi storical,soc i
a la ndph ys i
c al cont ex t
, whi chk eepsc ha n-
ginga ndt ransformi ngt het ra diti
o n.I nste ado fb eingr eclusiv emy stics,theS u
s
eme rg ea sc arri
erso fat radition. The ya res i
gni
ca nta cto rsint he i
rr e spe ct
ives oc i
al
conte xts, andt he ira ctionst ouc hmo ret ha nt he irindi vidua llives. Thi sa ppr oachdo es
no ta imt one gatemy sti
c alexpe rienc es,itme relyc ha ng e st hef ocusf romt hei nne r
wo rl
do f ani ndiv i
dua ltohi sorhe rhi stori
c ala nds o cial co ntex t.Pe rceiv i
ngS u
s ma sa
traditiona lsof acil
ita t
e spi eci
ngt og etherc o ntinui ti
e sb etwe e npr e-mo de rna ndc on-
tempo rarype riods, be twe enliteraryt e xtsa ndl i
ve dpr ac t
ic e.Thi sa ppr oa chha sb e en
succe ssfullya do ptedb yCa rlW. Er nsta ndBr uc eB. La wr enc ei nt he irmo no gr
a phS u
Ma rtyrso fL ove:Th eCh i
sh t
i Orderi nS o uthAs iaa ndBe yo nda ndb yRo b ertRo ze hna lin
Isl
a mi cS u sm Un bo un d:P oli
ti
c sa n dP ietyi nT wen t
y -FirstCe ntu ryP ak i
sta n.The rs
t
wo rkf ocus e sont heChi s
ht iNiz ami brothe rho od, whi let hel atters tudi est hefo l
lowe rs
ofo neChi shtiSa birib ranc hinP akistana ndMa laysia.Whi l
et hef orme rwo rkisb as ed
onawi der angeo f t
e xtual sourc esa ndc o verst hepe ri
o df ro mt hirtee nthc enturyt ot he
prese nt, thel att
e rwo rkc o mb i
ne st extua la naly si
swi the thno g r
a phi c eldwo rki nt he
conte mpo raryco nte xt.Bo thwo rk sa l
soi nc l
udei n valua b l
ei nfo rma tiono nt hepr actice
of sam amo ngt hef o l
lowe r
so fther espec tiveS ub ro the rho ods .As
10
imi larappr oa ch
cha r
a cter i
z esthiss tudya swe l
l,b uti nsteado fapa rti
c ula rb rothe rho o d, itfocus eso n
onepa rticul arpra ctice:sa m
.
Al tho ug hIa t
temptt oa voidl osings ighto fthedi stinc tlymy stica lg oal ofsa m as
itwa sde linea t
edi nL awr enc e
sde nition, Ifo cuso ndi scus singt het ang ib l
e,o utwa rd
dime ns ionso fthepr ac t
ice .The sec ove rtheph ysicals etting ,theb e hav iouro fthepa r
-
tici
pa nts ,a swe lla st hemus i
ca landpo eticale l
e me nt s,a llo fwhi chc anb ea c cessed
throug ht ex t
sa ndpa rti
cipa nto b serva t
ion.Thi sha sa lsol eadt ode -empha si
zingt he
variousmy sticalstat esex pe r
ienc edb yt hel istene rsdur i
ngs a m .Ke nne thS .Av eryha s
ana l
y seds uc hsta tesi nAP sy
c holog yo fE ar l
yS us a mN O
:L isten i
n ga ndAl teredS tates
(2004 ).Heb aseshi ss tudyo nthea c count so fme diev al Ar ab i
ca ndP er si
a nS uma nu-
alsa nds aint l
yb iog raphie s.Ho we ve r
, duet ot hena tur eo fthe ses o urc es, no
r s
t-pe r
-
sonna rra tivesons uc he xpe ri
enc esa rea v ailable ,andheha stob asehi sdi scuss i
ono n
descr i
pt ionso fout wa rdb e haviour s.Simi l
a rlac ko f
rs t
-pe r
s onde sc ri
pt ionso fe xpe ri
-
enc esdur ings am cha rac ter
izest het e xt
ss t
udi edi nt hiswo rk,a ndt heo nlyde tailed
acco unto fape rsona lmy s t
icale xpe riencea ppe arsi nat we nt i
e th-ce ntur yte xtt hat
comb ine shi stor
y ,ha giogra phya nd ction. Thes amea ppl iestot hec o nte mpo r
a rySu
s
who mIha vee nc ount ered. The ywe rene ve rk ee ntoe ng ag ei nadi scus siona boutt he i
r
perso na le xpe ri
enc e s.Res pectingt he irinc l
ina tion, Ide cide dno tt opr ob et hema tter

9 Gre
en201
2:3
.
1
0 Se
eErns
t&L a
wre
nce2
002
:34
46
,13
31
37;
Roz
ehna
l20
07a
,21
32
25.
Seea
lsoRo
zehna
l20
07b
.

14
andi nste adl imit edmye nq uiryt ot hepub licdo ma i
no fpo etrya ndo nt hewa ysaS u
ma st
e rg uide shi sdisc i
pl esdur ingt hepr actice.
Whe ni tc ome st ot hepr ac ticeo fsa m i nI ndiaa ndP ak istan,c o nte mpo ra ry
qawwa limus icha sb e eni tsmo stt ho roughl ys tudi eddi me ns ion.Themo
11
ste xtens i
v e
res
e archha sb eenunde rt
a ke nb yRe gulaBur c k ha r
dtQur es hi.He re thno mus ico l
o gical
studyS u Mu si
co fInd iaa ndP ak istan :Soun d, Co ntex t
,an dMe a ningi nQa wwa li
,o ri
g in-
all
ypub lishe di n1 986 , st
illr ema i
nst hes emi na lwo r
ko ns a m int hec o nte mpo ra ry
contex t
. InQur e shi
so wnwo rds ,he rwo r
ki sa n ethno mus icolo gicala ppr oa chwhi c h
incorpo rate sthedi me ns i
o no fc ont exti ntot hea na lysi
so fmus ic also und. S
12
hel eads
ther eade rt hr oughade tail
e da na lysiso fmus icalpe rforma ncest o wa rdsa na b stract
mo de lo faq awwa l
io cc asiona nd, nally
,pr esentsac onte xt-sens i
tiveg ramma r
throughwhi chamus icall
yl iterater eade risa blet ounde rsta ndt hewa y sof va ri
ationi n
qawwa li
. Sheha sc ont i
nue dhe rwo rko nq awwa liinnume rousa rti
clespe rtainingt o
bothi t
sus ei ntheS u conte xta
13
swe ll asinpo pul arre cording sa ndc onc erts tages.1
4

Duet oi t
se thno mus icolo gicalf oc us,Qur e shiswo rki se s
sent iall
yc onc erne dwi th
themus i
c ale le
me nto fsa m ,a ndt hepo into fv i
e wi sg ene rall
yt hato fape rforme r
.
Shea cqua i
nt st her e ade rwi tht heq a
wwa lspr ofessi
o na ls ki
llsa ndk no wl edg eb y
studyingt hepe rforma nc ea ndt hea udi enc er es pons einade tailedma nne r.S i
nc ete x-
tualco nte nti sav ital pa r
to fq awwa limus ic,shei nc l
ude sal i
mi tedr angeo fe xampl es
oftex t
se mpl o yedb yt hepe rforme rs. Ho we ve r,shedo esno tdi scus spo e tryi nde pt h.
Evens till,Qur eshi
swo r
ki se ssent ialforunde rs t
andi ngt heus eo fpo e t
ryi nc onte m-
porarys a m
,be causet heq awwa lse x pertlyc a pitaliz
eo nt hec o mb i
na tiono fmus ical
andpo etic alcon vent ionsi no rde rt oc reatea ne Ffecti
v epe rfo r
ma nc e.S i
nc emus i
co lo-
gic
a la na lysisisno ti nt hes co peo fthiswo r k,Ik eepr e ferr
ingt oQur es hi
swo rk
througho utt hes tudyi no rde rtor e =>ectthepe r forme dt extsa gains ttheb ac kg r
o undo f
themus ica lpe r
fo rma nc e.
Theo nlys cho lart oha v es y st
e ma ti
callys tudi edpo etryi nt hec ont exto fs am is
ScottKug le. Heha sa ppr oac he dt het o picint hr e edi F
ferentpa pe rstha tus epe rforme d
poe t
rya sthe irma terial.The rst,Qa ww lbe twe e nWr itte nP oema ndS ungL yric, or
.
..Ho w aGh aza lL i
v es( 2 007 )a naly s
e sMuns hiRa zi
uddi n
spe rf
o rma nc eo fS irNj
Aur a
ng N bN dS
s( d.1 763 )famo usUr dug haz al.Thewo rki sa ni n-de pthe xpl orationo f
theg haz alspo eticima gest ha tre l
a tetot heS u conc epto f thes elfa ndi tsde s t
ruc ti
o n.
Althoug ht hedi scussio nisb asedo nar e
c orde dv er
s io
no fthet ex t,ther elev anc eo fthe
performa nc eo nlyc ome so uta sr efe r
e ncest omus ic a
lde v i
s ese mpl o yedb yt hes ing er
andi nno tingt heo mi ssi
o nso f ce rtainv ersesa nda dditionso fothe rs.Theha unt i
ngl i
t-
erarya na lysisisf oll
owe db yas tudyo ft hel i
feo fS irNjandt hee x pe ri
enc eo flov etha t
drovehi mi nt oma dne ssa ndas earc hf ordiv i
nel o v
e .
1
1 Ongenera
lint
roduct
ionstosam
,s
ee,
e.g
.Dur
ing1
988a
ndEr
nst1
997
:17
91
98
1
2 Qure
shi2006:
xvii
.
1
3 Se
e,e.
g.Qures
hi1993
b,201
2 .
1
4 Se
eQureshi19
92,19
95,199
9 .

15
 Ina no the rpa pe r,F rom Ba ghda dt oVr inda va n:Er o tica ndS piri
tua lL ovei n
Qa wwa li
( 20 0 9),Kug lepr ese ntsawi de rs elec t
io no fpo etrype rf
o rme db yt he
qa wwa ls.Ast het i
tles ug gests,t hepa pe re xplor est hewi dt ho ft hepo etici ma g ery
foundi nq awwa lilyr i
c s.Thea ut ho rpo i
nt so utt ha tima geso riginatingi nAr abicl i
te r-
aturel ivei nha rmo nywi thi ndi ge no usI ndia nlitera rya ndr eli
g i
o usmo tifs.Hec o n-
clude st ha tq awwa lima na gest oc reate ac ongr uenc eo fima gest ha t,de spitet he ir
i
n= >ecti
o nt o wa rde ithe rI slami co rHi ndue nvironme nt s,aremut ua llyunde rstanda b le
andr ecipro ca llye nfo rcing .
1
5

At hi r
dpa per, Da nc ingwi thKhus r
a u:Ge nde rAmb igui ti
esa ndP oe ticP erform-
anc ei naDe lhiDa r gah( 2010b ),o pe nsne wv istast oI sl
a mi cs t
udi esb ya ppl yingt he
que er-the oryt ohi sto ri
c alma teria l
.Kug lea rguest ha ta ttendi ngt heS u k h nq ho f
Niz N
Uma l-DSni nS ultana t
eDe lhi he lpe dthe( ma le)a de ptstos hedo ra tle astt empo ra r-
i
lys u spe ndt he irpa triarcha lro lea ndo Fferedt he m as pa cewhe r
ea lterna tivev alue s,
l
ik ede pe nde nc e,r ecipr ocity,se rvitudea ndhumb lede ferenc e,
coul db epe rf
o rme d.
Thi swa sg rea tlya i
de db ymus ica lpe rfor ma nc eso fpo etry.Thea ut ho rthe na na lyse s
Hindi andP e rsia npo emswr it
te nb y( ora ttri
b utedt o )AmS rKhus rau( d. 1325 ),focus ing
ont he irre spe c ti
v ewa yso f i
n vertings exua landg e nde rr ol
e s.Altho ug ht hea utho rus e s
thepo e msi nr e f
e r
e nc et ot hef our teent h-ce nturyc ont ext,hedo esno tdi sc usst he ir
pre cariousa ndo ftenl ate rautho rshi p.Ho we ver,thea nalysiss howst hepo t entialo fa n
appr oa cht ha tt ake st heb ac kgro undo fthepe r
for ma nc ei ntoc o nside rationa nd
reac hesb eyo ndt hec on vent i
ona lliteraryo rreligi
o usa na lyses.
Ina ddi tiont ot heo ng oingwo rko f Kug le,sev eral scholar sha vedi scus sedpo etryi n
thec onte xto fs a m o rq awwa limus ic.As pe cialis sueo fTh eMu slim Wo rld( 97 :4 ,
200 7)isde dic a tedt oq a wwa limus ica ndo uto fi tsse venc o nt r
ibut i
o ns, f
o ura mo ng
the m Kug le
spa pe ro nS irNjc o nc entr at
ee xc l
us i
v elyo npo etry.Qa ma r-ulHuda
relatesq a wwa li lyrics, whi che vo k et hePr ophe tMuha mma dse xempl aryb eha viouri n
con= >i
cts itua tio ns,tope aceb uildi nge Ff
o rts.Ame
16
rL a ti
ftra nslatest hel yricso fNus ra t
Fate hAl iKha n
sf amo uss ongT u me kg or akh dha nd h o(
Y ouAr eaL o ckPuz zl
e
)a nd
ana lysest het he olog ical impl i
c atio nso f t
het ext.S
1
7
he me emBur ne yAb ba s,int urn, e x-
plore sthepo li
t i
c aldi sc oursesi nv e rnac ularpo etrype rforme dinq awwa lia ndo the r
genr eso f Su mus ic.I
18
nt her e ma ini ngt hr eea rt
icles, po et
ryo ccupie sas i
g nicantr o l
e
aswe ll
.1
9

Poe tryi sa ls oc ent ralinS yedAk b arHy de r

swo rkRe l
ivin gKa rb ala: Ma rtyr
d omi n
Sou thAs ianMe mo r y,i nwhi cho nec ha pters tudi est her eme mb ranc eo fHus a i
ni n
qa wwa lil yrics.Hy
20
de rdi scus sest woq awwa lipe rforma nce s:onei nas hr i
nea ndo ne

1
5 Kugl
e2009:1
58.
1
6 Se
eHuda2 007.
1
7 Se
eLatif
2 0
07.
1
8 Se
eAb bas200
7.
1
9 Se
eNe well
2007;
Roze
hnal2
007a
ndZi
ad2
007
.
2
0 Se
eHy der200
6:1
051
35.

16
inac onc ert
.Ho we ve r,thea na lysisi tselfdo esno tta ket hepe rforma ncec o nte xti nto
accounta nd ins te adf ollowst hee sta blishe d pr a cti
c eso fl iterarya nd r eli
g ious
appro ach. I
ns te
a do fc onc entra tingo nt hepo emst he ms elve s,Hy de rtrac est he irt he o-
l
o gi
ca lb ackgroundb yr eferringt oanumb ero fdi spa ratea ut ho rsl i
k eHuj v SrS( d.c .
1072),LNl Shahb NzQa l
a nda r(d. 1274 )a ndVa sif
Al iVa sif(d. 199 3).
Ont heo neha nd,t he sewo rksde mo ns tratet hemy riada ppr oac hest ha tc anb e
appliedi na na l
ys i
ngpe rforme dS upo etry .Ont heo the r,no neo fthea utho rsa rticu-
l
a t
est hes i
gni
canc eo ft hepe rforma nc et ot hea na lys i
so ft hepo etict ext.I ns tea d,
theyf oll
o we s t
ab li
s he dl i
tera rya ndr eligio usa ppr o ache st ha tdi s
c usspo etici ma ges,
rel
igiousi dea sa ndt hepl aceo fs uchpo emsi nt heb ro aderc o ntex to fS ut ho ug ht.
Ho we ver,whe napo emi st ra ns cribe da ndt rans l
a ted,i tc ha ng ess ignica nt l
y.The
readero f t
het extnomo repe rc eive siti nas imi larma nne ra sahe arer.Whe nas cho l
a r
analysest het ext,heo rshei sa b l
et odwe llupo ni tsi mpo rt, disc ove rv ari
o usl aye rso f
me aninga ndr el
a tet hemt ob ro adhi sto rica landr e l
ig i
o usf r
a me wo rks.Ho we ve r,isthi s
wha tha ppe nswhe nal istene rhe arst hepo emi nape rforma nc edur ings a m o ro na
recording ?
Itryt oa ns we rt hisq uestio nb yde ve lopingac o nte xt-
se ns itiver eadingo fpo e try
performe ddur i
ngs a m ,ar ea dingt ha tta ke sthedy na mi cso f thi spa rticularS u pra c-
ti
cei ntoa cco unta ndc ompl e me nt sthee s tablisheda ppr o ache st ha tf ocuso nl i
te rary,
rel
igiouso ra utob iog raphi cala na lysiso f po etry.Ib
2
1
a set hisa ppr o acht oac o ns ide rab l
y
widers electiono f po e t
ict extst ha na nyo ft hee a r
lierr esea r
c he rsha sdo ne , andIho pe
todra wc onc lusionst hata reg ene rallya ppl ic a
b letopo e trype rforme ddur ings am i
n
India.
Ev ent houg ht hi swo rkdo e sno tc l
a imt ob eal itera r
ys tudyo fpo etry, i
ti sne v er-
thelessimpo rtantt ok eepa ne y eo nt hel iter
a ryc o nve ntionsa ndhi storicalde v elop-
me ntso findiv i
dua lpo e t
icg e nr ese mpl oy edi ns am .Thel i
t era rys ens i
tivitywi ll he l
p
toavo i
dt hepi t
fallso f i
nt erpre tingpo e ti
cc o nventio nsa sdi re ctr e=>ectionso f histo rical
events.Ni leGr ee n,f ore x ampl e,po rtray st heHy de rab adiS u po etI fti
k hN rO AlSS hN h
Vata
Un( d. 1906)a sas a t
iristwhomo cke dt hee xo t
e ricu lam < inhi sg haz als.Al tho ug h
therid i
culeo fas he ikha nda na sce ti
cha db ee nas tocki ma g eo fg ha zalsf ora lmo sta
millennium whe nV ata
U nwr otehi swo rks, Gr eenno wc o nne c tst hei ma g et ot hec on-
tempo rar ys ectarian mi l
ieut ha twa sc ha racterizedb yt her is
eo ft her efor mi st

u l
am <
.I
2
2
na nothe rpa pe r,hec o ntras tsthec ha stepo etryo fVa t a
Unwi tht hes ens uo us
ghaza l
so fhi sc ont empo raryDN g hDi hla vS( d.1 90 5),whoo pe rate di nt hec our tl
y

21 Thea nal
ysi
sofpo et
ryt hatcomb i
nesa llthethreeapproa
chesisper
hapsb e
stemb odi
edb y
Annemari
eS c
himme l

sstudyof t
woe i
ghteenth-ce
nturypoet
s,KhvNj
ahMSrDar
da ndShNhO
Abda l
-LaU
t
Sf
.
SeeherPa
inandGrace:AStudyofTwoMy st
icalWrite
rsofEi
ghtee
nth-
Cent
uryMusl
imIndia
,publ
ishedin
19
76.Herst
udyo f
vari
ousgenresofSupoetryandpoeti
cima g
eryhasal
sobee
ns i
gni

cant.
See,e.
g.As
Thro
ughaV ei
l:
My s
ti
calPoet
ryinIsl
am( 19
82 )andAT wo-Col
ore
dBrocade
:TheI
ma ger
yofPer
sia
nP oet
ry
(1
992)
.
22 S eeGreen2009.

17
mi l
ieu.Gr eena r gue st ha tt hef o rme rsv erseswe re deli
b erat
elyunc o nt rov ersia l

bec auseo fthei ncre as i
ngmi ddle -cl
a ssi n= >
ue nc ei nt her el
igiousl andsc apeo fl a te
nine t
e enth-centur yHy dera ba d.Whi
23
lehi so b serv ationa boutt heincr easi
ngi n=>ue nc e
oft hemi ddlec lassesa ndt he irc ons erva tismi sc orr ect,hedo esno tc onside rt hef a ct
thatS upo etryinUr duha db eene mine nt lyc ha stes incet hee ar
ly-e
ig hteent hc e nt ur y
inc ompa ris
o nwi th,f o re x ampl e,c ont empo r
a ne o usS u po etrywr itteni nP e rsia n.
Co nside r
ingt ha tS usl ikeS hN hNi yNzAYma dBa relvS( d.183 2)simul taneo us lywr o te
Pers i
anv e r
sest ha tuna b ashe dl ymi xedS ume ta ph ysicswi the roti
ct he me sa ndUr du
versesf ullo fme lanc ho lyl o ng ingf o rt hea b sentb el
o ved,t hec hast enesso fVa ta
U ns
po etrya ppe arst ob epo eticc on vent iona s s
o c i
a t
e dwi t
ht hel i
ng uisti
cme dium. 24

Unf ortuna t
e l
y,V ata
Undi dno twr it
ei nP ers i
a na ndi ti sthe reforeimpo ssibl
et ot elli fa
simi l
ardi cho tomywo uldha vec ha racte ri
z edhi st exts.Ho we v
e r
,t hedi stinc tio ni s
discerni b
lei nthemul ti-
ling ua lpo e t
ico euv reo f Va t
a
U nsla t
erc ompa triotOAb da l-Qa d Sr
ZiddSq S[a sr
a t(d. 1
9 62 ).
Lit
e r
a r
ys ens it
iv i
t ya lsohe lpst ode c iphe rt hef unc ti
o no fdiFfer
e ntpo e ticg e nr es.
Ina na rt
iclea ppe a ri
ngi nt hes pe ciali ssueo fTh eMu slim Wo r
ld,me nti
o ne da b ov e,
Ho ma y raZi ads e ekst oe x plaint hepo si
tivea ttitudeo fa ne ig hteent h-c ent ur y
Na sqhb andima ste ra ndpo etKhv NjahMS rDa rd( d. 178 5)tomus icb ya rguingt ha thi s
self-
u nder s
tandi nga sadi vine lya ppo i
nt edr enewe rl edhi mt ointerf
e rewi tht het ra di-
tionallyne gativeMuj addi dia tti
tudet owa rdsmus ic. Da rdc ondo nedmus i
ca l pe rform-
anc esb ecaus ethes ing erswo uldpe rformhi spo ems .The ywo uldthusc onv eyt heg ist
ofhi st eachingst oa udi enc e sa ndc o ntrib utet o wa rdst hes pr e
ado fhi sS u b ro the r-
ho od.Zi
25
adsarg ume nt sa rewe llre searche d,ye ts hei gno rest hecrucia lfa
c tt ha tthe r e
isno thingi nDa rdsg ha zalst ha two ulduna mb ig uo uslyl inkt hemt ohi sS u views . On
thec o ntrary,the yf ullyc o mpl ywi tht hel iteraryc o nvent ionso fc onte mpo r aryUr du
po etry.Someo ft hepo emsa rede scriptio nso ft hes we ets adne ssoflo ve,whi leo the rs
appe art oe spo us ev a *d ata l-vuj-d(
o ne ne s
so fe xistenc e
),ame t
aph ys
ica lc o nc ept
vehe me ntlyo ppo s
e db yDa rd. Ifg haza lswe rei nde e dme antt oenticene wpe opl et o
thef oldo fhi sb rothe rho o d,wr itingv erse stha ta relia bletomi si
nter pretatio ns ee ms
count eractivet oa chi evingt hi sg o al
.Thus ,ac o nt ext-sens i
tiver e
adi ngo fpo e t
ryi n
sam needst oa lsoc o nside rt heb roade rl iteraryhi st ory.

Dy
nami
cso
fsa
mNO
Ibegi
nb yane xpl
ora
tio
no fthedy namicsofsam ontheb a
sisoftext
uals
ourc
e s
.
Sai
ntl
yb i
ogra
phies(
ta?ki
rahs
)a ndc ol
le
cti
onso fdi
s c
ours
e s(
ma l
f-z

@ t
)compri
sethe
keysour
cesofPartI
.Concentra
tingo nsource
sthatc anbeloos
elytermedashag
io-
gr
aphica
lisares
ultof
choosi
ngtof o
c usonpract
ical
a s
pect
so f
saminst
eadoft
heory
.
Theor
yo fs
am
hasbeenthemo stkeenl
ystudi
edfacetofthepra
cti
cea mongt
hespe-
2
3 Se
eGreen2010
.
2
4 Onthepoet
ryofNi
yNz
,se
eVi
it
am
ki2
012
.
2
5 Zi
ad2007
.

18
ciali
s tso fS outhAs i
a nI slam. Erns ta ndL awr enc eha ves urv eyedt hee arlyChi sht icon-
tri
b utio nt ot het heo ryo fsa m bya na l
ysingt hec onc eptua lizati
o no fdiFfere ntt ypes
ofe csta sy .The yc o mpa ret hewo r
k so fe arlyI ndi ant he o r
e ticalthink erswi t
ht hewr it
-
ingso fno n- I
ndi a nS usa ndc onc ludet hatt hema jorde velopme nte Ffectua tedb yt he
forme rwa stoma intaint ha tempa the ti
ce c s
t asyi sno tj usto ptiona lb uti ndispe nsab l
e
tot hee nt iree x perienc eo fs a m .Thee arlyChi sht i
s,t he ya rgue ,c o ns idered
empa the tice csta sy( t
av ju d)a sane c essarypa ssa gewa yt ot hehi ghe rl evelso f genui ne
ecsta sy( v ajd).2
6

Thet he oryo fs am a lsoo ccupi e sac ent ralr olei nS y edS ha hKhus roHus sa i
ni
s
studyo fGe s]da rNzs(d.1 42 2)v iewso nS u
s m. Base do nat ho roughi nve s
tig ationo f
theS u ma ster
swo rks,thes tudyt a ck l
e sthet he o ret
ic alco nc eptualiza ti
o no f thepr a c
-
tic
e .Whi
27
l
eEr ns ta ndL awr encee stablishal inkb etwe e nt heI ndianS ua ut ho rsa nd
earlierS us,Hus sa i
niss tudys ho wsho wGe s]da rN zb uilthi sthe oretica lf
r ame wo rko n
NizN
U ma l
-DS nspr onounc eme nts.Ont hewho le,ho we ver,t hes tudyo ft he o retica
l
aspe ctso fs am indicate st ha tv eryl it
tleha ppe ne di nt his elda ndnor ev olut ionary
stepswe r et ake n. Ho we v er,t hel ac ko ft he oreticalde velopme ntdo e sno tne ce ssaril
y
indic atet hes tag nationo ft hepr actice .Ont hec ontra ry,theha gio graphi cals ources
evide nc ea= >our ishingpr a cticewho set he orywa s,Is ug ges t
,pur po se lyleftuna rti
cu-
l
a t
e d. Mo re over, inc ont ras ttot het he ore ti
c a
l wr iti
ng s,a cco untso fsa m
a ssemb liesin
hag i
o gr aphi c als o urcespo rtrayt hes ea mle s
sc o existenc eo fsee ming lyc ontr adic t
o r
y
disco urs est ha tt het he orie sus ua l
lyt endt osmo o tha wa yi nf avouro f co herentmo dels.
Whi lemyf o cusi so nha g i
o g r
a phica lma terial
, Ia l
sor e f
e rtot he oretical andl eg a ltreat
-
ises,a swe lla st ot hel e t
t erswr it
te nb yS uma sterswhe nev ert he ydi scus st he
prac ti
c al a spect so fs am .
Its ho ul db eno tedt ha tmyi nt ent ioni sno tt og lea nhi storicalf actsf rom ha gi
o-
graphi c als o urc esb y pur ging f r om t he m ma t
e ri
a lt ha ta ppe arsl ege nda ryo r
supe rna t ura ltot hemo de rnr ead er,li
k eRi azul Islamha sdo nei nhi ss tudyo fme di e
v a
l
ta?kira h sa ndma lf
- z
@t. Ra
28
ther,myf ocusi so nt heno rma tivec ha ractero ft hese
sou rces .I nstea do fb eingpa ssivea cco untso nhi storicale v ents,the yr ec orda ni de a
l
exampl ef o rthes ub seq ue ntg enera ti
o nso fSu stoe mul ate .Discus singt a?k ira hliter
-
aturei nS out hAs iaa ndt hisa ppl i
e stot hema l
f-z
@ ta swe l
lMa rc i
aK. He rma nsen
andBr uc eB. La wr e
nc eha v eno t
e dt ha t[a]ltho ug ht he ydr awf ro mt hepa st,t he yare
notc o mme mo ra tive;the ydono tr eca l
l thepa stf oritso wns akeo rf ort hes a keo fthe
hero eswho mt he ye xa l
t. The ya reme mo rative ,relyingo nme mo rya ndr eme mb rance
toc ommuni catewi tht hel iv i
ngt hel e ga cyo fpr iorIndo -Mus l
ime xempl ars.
29

Ina c c ordanc ewi tht hi sa ppr oa ch,Iha veno ta t

tempt e da ne xha us ti
ves ur ve yo fal
l
thewo rk so re v ena llthei mpo rtantwo rkst ha tdisc usss am
.Ins tead, Iha v es el
e c
-
2
6 Er
nst&Lawr
ence2002
:40,
44.
2
7 Se
eHussa
ini
1983
:11
017
2.S
eeals
oHus
sai
ni1
970
.
2
8 Se
eIsl
am2003
.
2
9 Her
mansen&Lawrenc
e2000:
150
.

19
tedt e
x tst ha ta rer eada ndq uo te db yt heS u swho sepr a cticeIha v eo bser veddur ing
my
e ldwo rki nDe l
hia ndHy dera bad.Di sc ussionswi tht hem ha vea lsohe lpe di n
unde rsta ndi ngt her elev anceo f textua lso urce sfromac ont empo rar ypo into fview. Fo r
thisrea so n, mys t
udypr esent so nl yaha ndf ul of sour ce stha tha v eno tbee npr evious ly
studied. Ho we ver, t
hec loser e adingo fthepa ssagesdi scus singt hepr acticeo fsam
,a s
we llast hedi al
o guewi tht hec o nte mpo rarypr acti
c ei nt r
oduc eaf re sha ppr o acht ot he
textual ma teri
a l
.
Cha pt er1,S am int heS u cir
cleo fNi zN
U ma l-
DS nAul iyN^,
fo cus eso no neo ft he
mo sti n=>ue ntiale a rl
yS usi nI ndi aa ndak e ygur ei nt heI ndi anhi storyo fs am
.
Niz N
Uma l-DS nAul i
y N^(d. 1325 )wr otenob oo kshi ms elf, y
e thi slifea ndt eac hingswe re
recorde di ne l
a bo ratede ta i
l byhi sdisc iples.Ina ddit i
o n, hisf oll
o we rss prea dt hro ugh-
outt heI ndi anS ub co ntine ntma k i
nghi sS ul i
ne a geo neo fthemo stpr e valenti n
India.
Ni zN
U ma l
-DSn ssigni
ca nc el iesint hec o i
nc ide nc eo fhi spe rso nals e nsiti
v i
tyt o
po etr
ya ndmus icwi tha na b ili
t ytoa ttractc e l
eb rate dpo etsa nds ing erstohi sc ircle.
Hee s
t ab li
she damo de lo faS u ma stera sapa trono fthe sea rtsa ndc o nt ri
but edt o
transfor mi ngs am i
nt oar ene di nstitutiono fS upr actic e,aswe lla so fpo eti
ca nd
mus ica la rt.Mo re over, hisdi sc i
pl eF ak hra l-DS nZa r
rN dSl aidt heb as i
sf ort hel ega lde -
fenceo fthepr ac ti
c einI ndi aa g ainstc riti
c s
. Thec ha pt ere ndswi thadi scus siono nt he
signi
ca nc eo fe tique tt
e( ada b)i nt rans formi ngt hea e sthet i
c all
yr ene do cc asioni nto
apo we r f
ul S upr acticewho see Ffectc anb ec ha nne ledf ors pirit
ua l goa l
s.
Cha pt er2 , Sam int heS ucirc leo fKa lSm Al lNhS hN hjahN nN bNdS ,
di s cusse s
sam int hewr itingso f thisi n=>ue nti
a l l
a t
eMug ha l Chi shti Ni zami ma stera ndhi sf ol-
l
o we r
s .Thel eapf ro mt hee arly ft
ee nthc ent ury,whe nGe s]da rNz( thel a stS udi s-
cussedi nCha pte r1)di e d,t ot het urno ft hee ighte ent hc entur yma yse emr ando m.
Whi les a m wa sc ertainlypr ac ticeda nddi sc ussedi nt ex tsi nthec o urseo fthei nt er-
veningt hre ec entur ies,theS uma sterswhol iveddur ingt hi spe ri
o da ppe aro nlyinf re-
que ntlyi nt hel atert raditionIa ms t
udy i
ng .Thi sa lsoa ppl iest ot hepo etrys ungi nc on-
tempo rarys am a ssemb l
ies .Thec lassicalc ano no fP ersia npo etsf rom Ni zN
U mS( d.
1209)t oJ N mS( d. 149 2)iswe ll-repre sente d.Theg reatMug ha lpo etsa reig no reda lmo st
compl e tely, whe re asthee ight ee nth-ce ntur yUr dupo etsa g ainf eatur epr omi nent l
yi n
ther epe rtoires.
Lik eNi z N
U
ma l-DSnAul iyN^,Ka l
Sm Al lNh( d.1 729 )wa saS uwho sei n= >
ue nc ei s
stronglyf eltinc o ntempo r
a ryS out hAs ia;t hema jo rityo fChi sht iNi zamib ranc he s
tracethe irlinea geo fma stersa nddi s
c iplest ohi m. Ka lSmAl lNh
sc are eriso ftens a i
dt o
hav eins tigatedar evivalo ft heChi s
ht iNi za mib rothe rho o d, yetins cho l
a rshipheha s
bee no ve rshado we db yt hec ont empo raryNa qshb a ndiMuj addi dis.I nt hec aseo f
sam ,Ka l
SmAl lNh
ss ignicanc el iesinc arryingt hepr acticeo verape riodwhe ni twa s
increas i
ng l
yc riticizedb yt heMuj addi disa ndwhe nt hef o cuso fr eli
giousdi sco urse
wa stur ningf romme ta ph ysical spe cula ti
o na nda llego rical, poet i
ce xpressio nt owa rds

20
l
e gala rg ume nt ati
o na nde xpo sito rypr o se.Ho we ver,Ka l
Sm Al lNha ndhi sf o ll
o we r
s
NizN
U ma l-DS nAur a ng Nb NdS( d.1 7 30 )a ndMa ulNnNF a khra l-DS nDi hla vS( d.1 78 5
)
deter mi ne dlyc o ntinue dt oa dv oc atet hepr actic ea swe ll ast heme ta ph ysic so fv a *dat
al-
vu j-d .
Cha pt er3 ,Re de ningS upr acticei nt we ntieth- cent ur yI ndi a ,
di sc us sest he
prac ti
c eo fs am ina ne nv ironme ntwhe r
ei tha db eco mei nc re asing lyc o nde mne db y
Mus limr efo rmi sts.Ho we ve r,sinc et her e f
o rmi stsi nI ndi aha vef o rt hemo stpa rtb een
thems elvesS us,the yha veno tb e ena blet oig no ret heno rma ti
v ee x ampl eo ft hepa s
t
Su ma ste rswhoha de ng a ge dint hepr actice. F orthi sr easo n, thel eg al arg ume nta t
ion
has, sinc et hel ateni ne teent hc e ntur y,b eens uppl eme nt e db yr e telling so ft hehi s t
ory
ofS usmi nI ndi a.Thec ha pt erdi sc usseso nes uchr etellingt ha ta imsa te nf orc ingt he
prac ti
c eo fs am
.Amo ngt hema inwo r
k so fapr o l
ica utho r,s o ciala ndpo l
itical
acti
v ist,e duc a t
o ra ndS ug uideKh wa jaHa sanNi za mi( d.1 95 5)i sas a int l
yb io
-
graph yo fNi zN
U ma l
-DS nAul iyN^,whi chs e ekst os i
mul tane ous lyr ewr i
t et hehi sto rya nd
addr essc ont empo raryi ssue s.Oneo fther ecur ringt he me si nt hewo rki ss a m
,a nd
thea ut ho rs tri
v estoa rmhi sdi sciple swi tha rg ume nt sa ga i
ns tt her ampa rtc riticismo f
ther efo rmi sts.Thi shes eek st oa chi ev eb ypo rtray i
ngt hepr acticea sak e ye le me ntin
thed evo ti
o na lregimeo f t
heme die val Suma ste r
.
Chi shtiNi zamima stersa reint hel ime lig htt hr oug ho utt hes et hr eepe r i
o ds .This
focusa ri
s esf romt heq ue stionpo se di nt hisst udy : wha ta ret hedy na mi c so f sa m and
wha ti st her oleo fpo etryi nt hispa r t
icul a
rS u pra ctice ?AsIha vee xpla ine d, thisne -
cessitate sa ne x ami na tiono ft extst hatr e l
a teo nt hea ctua lpr a ctice.Thi st y peo f
informa tionwa smo str ea dilya v ailab l
ei nt hewo rk so ftheChi shtiNi za mia ut hors,
whos e emt opr ofessak eeni nt eres tinde scribingt hemus i
c al asse mb li
e so ft he irma s-
ters
. T omyk no wledg e ,as imi lara ppr oac hisno tfo undi nt hewr iting so fo the rb r o
th-
erho odse v enwhe nt he ypr actises am ande mpl oyt hes amel i
te raryg enr e sa st he
Chis htiNi z ami s.Whe ret het ext sa boutNi z N
Uma l-DS na rer epl etewi thde t
a i
led
acco unt sa b outhi ss a m as semb l
ie s,the ya rea llbutmi ssingf r
o mt hedi s co urs esa nd
l
e t
te rso fhi sj uni orc o nt e
mpo rary ,theF irdaus is he ikhS ha ra fa l
-DS nMa ne rS( d. 1381).
Oneo fhi sl ettersinMa kt- b t
-ia d (
Hundr e dL etters
)de mo ns t
r atesapo sitivea tti-
tudet owa r dst hepr a ctice,b
30
utP aulJ a ckson,t het rans lato ro fhi swo rk s,no test hat
Shar afa l-DS nsinte restwa ne ddur ingt hel a t
e ry ears.Co
3
1
ns eq ue ntly, thet ext swr it
ten
abo uthi mdono tdi splayag reati nte restini te ithe r.Thes ameho ldst ruei nt hec a seof
atwe ntieth- cent uryQa diris heikhO Ab da l-
Qa dSrZ iddS q S[a sr at.Hewa sa na vidl istener
ofsa m
, whowr oteapa mphl etini tsde fence .Mo
32
reo ve r,hewa sa cq ua inte dwi tht he
theo rya ndpr acticeo fmus ic,a ndhewr o tepo etryt ha ti swi de lys ungi ns am
assemb liesi nt heDe cca n. Ye t
, hiso therwi see x tens ivea ndde t ai
le db iog r
a ph ywr it
ten
3
0 S e
eMa ner
S,TheHu ndre
dL e
tte
rs,
382393
.Anot
herc
oll
ect
iono
fhi
sle
tte
rs,
tra
nsl
at
eda
sInQu
est
o
fGo
d:Maner
i
sSecondColl
ect
ionof1
50Let
ter
s,mak
esnomenti
onofs
am
.
3
1 Za i
n,Khwn-i
Pu rNi
mat,36
.
3
2 S e
eHa s
rat
,Sam .

21
byhisg r
andso
na nddis
cipledoesno ti
ncl
udea c
count
softhesa
m as
semblie
she
at
tended. Al
33
t
houghthepresentstudyfoc
usesonChisht
iNiz
amis,Ire
fertoothe
r
br
otherhoodsaswelli
no rdertoa voi
dgivi
ngtheimpres
si
onthatthefor
me rhav
e
de
nedtheenti
repr
acti
ceintheIndianco
ntext
.

Poetry in sam
PartsIIa ndI IIc o nc ent rateo nthepo e tr
ya ndmus ice mpl oye di nt hec ont ex to fs am
.
Whi let het ext sdi scus se di nP a
rtIo ccasiona llyr eco rdt hev e rsest ha twe ree spe cially
eFf
e ct
ivei ns a m ass emb lies,suchr e fer
e nc esa ree x t
re me l
ys carcea ndpr o video nl ya
gene r
al ide aa b outt hepo etr ythatwa ss ung .Fo rt hisre ason, ther es to ft hes tudyc o n-
cent r
ate so nt het we nt i
e th-a ndt we nty-
rs tce ntur ies,whe npo etica nt ho log iesc o m-
pil
e dfo rthepe r
fo rme rsa ndl i
stenerspa rti
c i
pa tingi ns a m we reb e ginni ngt ob epub-
l
ishe da ndr eco rding sma depr eservingt hes oundpo ssible.S inces a m isal ivingS u
prac t
ice, ar e
s ear che rc ana lsous et heme t
ho dso fe thno g r
aphi c
e ldwo rk. Inc ont rast
tothee arlierpe r iods ,ho we ver,heo rshei sno wc o nfront e
dwi t
hadi Ffer entpr ob lem:
thea bunda nc eo f po etict ex tspe r
forme di ns am assemb li
e sb yq awwa limus icians .
Inar e cents tudyo nHi ndipo etryinE hu mr ,amus icalg enrec on ve ntio na l
lyc at-
egorizeda sl
ig htc lassic alo rsemi classical,LalitaduP errone st
a blishe st hema inc or-
puso fte xtsspe ci
ct ot hisg enre.He rma inc orpusi sno te x
ha usti
v ei nt hes e ns et ha tit
wo uldc o vera llt het e xtst ha tha veb e enpe rforme db yE h umr sing er sthr o ug ho utt he
genr e
shi storyo ra rei nc lude di na nt holo gieso fE hu mr lyri
c s.Inste ad, iti nc lude st he
textstha ta r
es tillpe rfo rme dinc onc ertso rha v eb ee ns ungo nr e cor ding st ha ta re
availables incet hev eryb eg i
nni ngo ft het we nt iethc e ntury. Ther e sultingc o rpusc ov-
ersa l
tog ether1 8 0t ex ts,inc ludingt hev ariations .Mo sto fthet extsa rer e lativelys ho r t
,
compr isingf o urt os ixl ine so na verag e,sot hema inc orpusi sma na g eab lea ndpr ese nt-
ablewi thint hel i
mi t so famo no graph.
We ret hes amepr incipl esa ppliedt or e perto ireso ftheq a wwa ls, thema i
nc o rpus
wo uldi nc l
udea ne no rmo usa mo unto ftex ts.Iha ver ec or
de dfo ur t
e ens am asse m-
bli
e sfort hiss tudya nda t
te nde ddo ze nst akingno te
s .Int hesef our teena sse mb li
e s,the
qawwa lspe rfor me da ltoge the r102so ngt ex ts.I
f di F
ferentpe rfo r
ma nc eso f as ing let ex t
,
disti
ng uishe df rome ac ho the rb ytex tual omi ssio nsa nde mb e ll
ishme nt s,a rei nclude d,
thenumb e rclimb st o1 38. Thes ongt e xt
si nq awwa liar ea l
soc onside ra blyl ong e rt ha n
inEh umr .Gha zalstha tc ompr isefourt oe ightt wo -l
inev ers
e so na ve ragef ormt heb ul k
oft hem.Mo r eov er,t her epe rtoiresi ncludeanumb ero fa djunc ti temsi ndi v idua l
verseso rg r o
upso faf e wv ersese xce rptedf romo the rpo e
mst ha ta rei ns er t
e di nt o
thes ali
e ntt ex tdur ingt hepe rforma nc e.Thi ss itua ti
o ni sfur therc ompl ica t
e db yt he
facttha tthes o ngt extsi nc ludeav astr ang eo fling uisti
ca ndpo eticr egiste rsinP er sian,
Urdua nda rcha i
co rdi alec tal fo
rmso f Hindi .

3
3 S
eeAn
var
,
AbdAl
l
h:
Ikb
and
ah-
yik
hud
.

22
 F orthi sr easo n,Iha dt og iv eupt hei deao f acc ompl i
s hingac o mpr e hens i
v es urv ey
ofther e pe rto i
res. I
ns tea d, Par tsIIa ndI I
Io fthiss tudypr o videt her ea de rwi thama p
thathe lpsi nc onte xtua li
z ingt hepo e tr y,unde rstandi ngitsf unc ti
o na nddi sting uishi ng
thef actorst ha tc r
e atei tsspe c i
ce Ffec tinas am assemb ly.
Cha pte r4 , Qa wwa lir epe rt
o ir
e s,b egi
nswi thag e ne raldi scus sio no ft hel an-
guag es,fo rmsa nda utho rso ft hepo e mss ungb yt heq a
wwa ls,whi chi sf oll
o we db ya n
analys i
so f thepo e t
ica nt ho log ieswr i
t tenf orthepur po seo f sam .Itt he ne x plo rest he
i
mme nse= >uidityo ft her epe rtoirest hroug hc a ses tudie so ftwowi de lype rforme d
poe ts:JNmSa ndAmS rKhus rau. Cha pt e r5,
Qa wwa l
s, qawwa liands tag eso fpe rform-
ance ,
di sc uss esthec o nt empo rarypr o f
e s
siona lpe rforme rswhos ingt he s epo ems .It
focuse so nt he irs elf-
ima g ea st hehe irso ft hemus i
cala ndpo eticl e ga cyo fAmS r
Khus rau, the irmut ua lhi e rarc hiesa ndc ompe ti
t ion,a swe lla sthes ta geswhe ret he y
performi nt heS uc ont ext .
Thes tudyo fpo etryi ns a m
, ho we ver,i
sb o undt ore ma i
ns ug ge stive, ifi tiss ole l
y
base do nt e xtua lsour ce s.Ea chpe rf
o rma nceo fapo eticte xti suni q ue l
ys ha pe dint he
i
nte ractionb e twe ent hel i
s t
e ne rsa ndpe rforme rs. Forthisr e ason, P artI IIo ft hes tudy
cove r
sade ta il
ede thno graphi ca naly siso ff ours a m asse mb l
ies.Mo sto ft hea ssem-
bli
e sdisc us sedi nc ha pt er6 ,Ob serv ingpo etryins am a sse mb l
ie s,
t o okpl a cei na nd
aroundt heNi zamuddi ns hr inei nDe lhio runde ri t
ss phe reo fin=>ue nc ei nt hes a me
cit
y. TheNi za muddi ns hr inei spe rha pst hemo s tc l
o sel
ys tudiedi ndi vidua ls hr i
nei n
Sout hAs ia.I tspi lg
r i
msha veb ee ni nt erviewe db yDe side rioPi nto . Ar
3
4
thurS anio ti
s
hass tudie dt hes ensuo usi nt era ctiono f thepi lgr
imswi t
ht hes piritua lla nds c apei nt he
shrine ,a
35
ndIha vedi scus sedt hec ultur eo fs centa ndpe rfumeo i
lsi nt hes a mec o n-
text.S
36
ev erals tudie so fq a wwa limus icha vef oc usedo nt hes hrines inc et hes emi nal
studyo fRe g ulaQur e shi.Whe
37
na no piniono far eprese nta t
iveo fa ut he nticq awwa l
i
mus icha sb e ens oug htb ys cho lars ,t heyha vei nva r
iab lyt urne dt oMe ra jAhme d
Niza mi, thes e niorg urea mo ngt heq awwa lso fthes hrine .Ho
3
8
we v er,noo neha ss pe-
ci
callys tudi edpo etrys ungb yt heq a wwa l
st here ,ands inc eIha db ec omea c q uaint ed
witht hes hr i
nea ndi tspe oplea lreadydur ingmyunde r
g radua t
es tudi es, Ide cide dt o
cho osei ta st heb aseo fmy e ldwo rk . Ho we ver,ino rdert oa vo i
di na dv erte nt lyg i
v ing
thei mpr essio nt hats am int heNi za muddi ns hr i
nei sr epre s
e nta tiveo ft hee ntire
Sub cont i
ne nt ,Ik e
e pr e f
e rringt ot hes ec ondl ocuso fmy eldwo rk,t hec i
tyo f
Hyde rab adi nt heDe cc an.Ii nc ludeo nea ssemb lyo rgani zedt he rei nt ot hec hapt er
.
Altho ughHy derab adi sa ne stab l
ishe dc ent reo fSu
sm,Ur dupo e trya ndq awwa l
i

3
4 S
eePi
nto1995and2004[1
984]
.
3
5 S
eeSani
oti
s2008.
3
6 S
eeVi
itamkif
ort
hcomingd.
3
7 S
ee,
e.g.
Devos199
5,Holl
and201
0.
3
8 S
ee,
e.g.
Hyder2006:
10610
7.

23
mus ic,i tha sa tt
rac t
e dc ons ide rab l
yl e
ssa t
tent iont ha nDe lhi.Co nse que ntly,o nlya
handf ul of scho la
rsha ves t
udi edq a wwa l
ia nds a m
the re.3
9

Ina na ttemptt opr ese ntac o ntex t-

sens i
tiver eadingo fpo e tr
yt ha tispe rforme di n
sam ,Ii ncludet heEng li
sht rans lationo fa l
l thepo emss ungi nr espe ctivea ssemb l
ies
int
ot hede scripti
o nso ft he seo c casio ns,whi let hef ulltrans cr i
pt i
o ni spr o v
ide dint he
Appe ndi x .Thea bunda nc eo ftex tsma ya tt i
me ss eemt edio us, butithe lpst oi ll
ustra t
e
theda zzlingv ari
etyo fpo e ti
ct he me sa nde mo ti
o nalr egister stha ta ree voke dint he
cour s
eo fas ing l
es a m asse mb ly.Mo r e
o ver,asIr a rel
yr e f
ert oi nterv i
e wswi tht hepe r
-
for
me rsa ndl i
s t
ene rs,t hisi sawa yt oa llowt he mt os pe aki nt he iro wnv oicet hroug h
thepe rforma nc e,o nt heo neha nd, andt hr oug ht he i
rr espo ns et ot hes ungpo e t
ry,o n
theo the r.Thi sformsac o nt r
a stt oanumb ero fs tudie s,whe repo etict extsa reme re l
y
useda sillustra t
ivee x ampl e s,andwhe ret hes cho la
rf reque nt lys el
e ctso nlyt hemo s
t
suit
a b l
et extsf orthedi s cus si
o n. Inste ado f s
elec tingo nlyt heb e stbitso fpo etry,Iha ve
include da l
sot extst ha tma yb ec rudei nt hel ite raryse nse ,b utc omea livei nt hepe r
-
for
ma nc e.Ia lsoi nc ludepe rf
o rma nc est hatha v eno tb e enpa r
ticula rlys uc cessful
,
fai
lingt oa rous ethel istene rs.Whi l
edi s
c ussingt hepo etry, Itra cet hes hapi ngo ft he
perfor ma nc et hroug ht hei nt era cti
o nb etwe ent hepe rforme rsa ndt hel istener sb y
focusingo ndi Fferentt ex tua landpe rfo r
ma ti
vet ec hnique st ha ttheq awwa l
sut ili
ze, but
als
opa y i
ngc l
o sea ttent iont ot heph ys i
cals et
ting so ftheo cc asion, t
hehi erarchiest hat
regu l
a t
et hei nt er
ac tiono f thepa rticipants ,aswe llasthee co no mi csin vo l
v ed.
Ipr esentmyo wna na lysi
so ft hepo etrype rforme di ndi Fferents a m assemb l
ies
inCha pt er7 , Co n=>ue nc eo fpo etry,mus i
ca ndme ta phy sics.Idi scus st heus eo f
poe ti
cl ang ua gei nr ela ti
o nt ot hedy na mi cso fs am discus sedi nP artIo ft hes tudy ,
andIa lsor ela teitt ot hee thno mu s i
c ol
o gicalinf orma tio npr o videdb yQur e shi.Ino r
-
dert oe s
t abli
s hac onc e ptua lf rame wo rkf ort hea nalys i
s, Iut il
izet het ermi no logyo f
ghaz al po eti
csa r
ticula tedi nF ra nce sPr i
tche tt
ss e mina lwo rkNe tso fAwa ren ess:Ur du
Poetrya ndI tsCr i
tics( 1994 ).He rwo rkisar arei nsta nceo fl iterarya na l
y sis
,whi ch
ackno wl edg est hatg ha z alswe res ungo rre ada lo uda ndt ha tthisha sa Ffectedt hel it
e r
-
aryc on vent i
o nso fthepo et i
cg e nre .Buildingo nhe rdisc ussio n,Ide mo ns trateho wt he
perfor me rsc a pit
alizeo nt he sel i
tera ryc on vent ionsi na na ttemptt oma ximi z
et he
eFf
ec to fthe i
rpe rf
o rma nc e. Ia l
s oe xpl oreho wt hi seFfecti slink edwi tht hec once ptu-
ali
za tiono fs
a m a saS u pra ctice.
Mo sto fthet e xtsi nt hi sstudya ppe arno wf o rthe rstt i
mei nt r
a ns l
a t
io n.All the
tra
ns lationsa remi ne, ifno to the rwi seme ntione d. Int rans latingpo etr y,Iha v ema de
ana ttemptt oma kei tr e ada blewhi l
ek eepinga sc l
oset ot heo rigina la spo ssi
b l
e. For
thi
sr e aso n,thet ra nsla ti
o nsa reno tl i
terary.F ort ho s
ei ntere stedi ne nj oy a
b lel i
terary
tra
ns lationso fs omeo ft he s
epo ems ,Ire comme ndt hes elec t
io no fAmS rKhus ra u
s
poe tr
ye nt i
tl
e dI nt h eBa za aro fL ove( 2011)t rans lat
edb yP aulE.L ose ns kya ndS unil
Shar ma .Ja shn- e
-Kh u srau :ACo l
le ct
ion( 20 12),ar e centv o l
umec e l
e bratingt hepo e ti
c a
l

3
9 S
eeHa
sse
tt1
995
;Jo
hns
ton2
000a
ndF
lue
cki
ger2
006
:20
12
34.

24
a
ndmus i
calleg
acyofAmS rKhusrau,i
ncl
udesthr
eeCDsofhispo e
tryper
formedby
q
awwa ls
,aswe l
lastheo r
igi
nalte
x t
sinthebeaut
if
ulha
ndo fSha
q-
ur-Ra
hma nand
t
ransl
ati
onsb ySunilSharma,PaulE.L os
enskyandSal
eem Kidwai.However
,one
s
ho ul
dk e
epi nmindthatwhilethet r
ans
lat
ionsa
reenj
oyab
lea ndpreci
se,t
hetra
n-
s
cript
ionofthesongt
extsisof
teninacc
urat
e.

25
 P
ARTI
:SAM
OFTHECHI
SHTINI
ZAMIBROTHERHOOD

1S
AM
INTHES
UFICI
RCLEOFNI
ZMAL-
DNAULI
Y

1
.1I
ndi
adur
ingt
heDe
lhi
Sul
tana
te

Whe nNizmal-D
nAul i
ywasbornin1238,
Delhihade mer
geda sthecapit
alci
tyof
theIndi
andomi ni
onsgover
ne dbyT ur
kis
hMus l
imso fCent
ralAsia
no ri
gin.It
ssul
tan
hadma nage
dt oe s
tabl
is
hedhi ssupremacyoverthegover
no r
so fcompe ti
ngurban
centr
esandgar
riso
ntownso ft
hearea,andhi
scourtwasdeve
lopi
ngi nt
oac entr
eofcul
-
tura
landrel
ig
iouspatr
onagethata
ttr
a c
tedi
mmi g
rantsfr
omdi,f
erentpart
so ft
heIsl
am-
i
cwo rl
d.

P
oli
ti
cal
dev
elo
pme
ntsa
ndt
hee
mer
gen
ceo
fIn
do-
Per
si
anc
ult
ure
AMus l
im pr e sencewa sno tane wphe no me no ni nt heI ndianS ubcont i
ne nt .Mus l
im
me rchantsha dl i
vedo nt heMa laba rc oasts i
nc et hes eventhc entury,a ndS indhha d
beena t
tache dt otheAr a b i
c-
Isl
a mice mpireb yt heUma y yadge neralMu/a mma dib n
Qsim, whol e dac ampa ignt other egioni n711. Ho we ver,theimpe t
usto wa rdst hee me r
-
genceo fI ndi aa so neo ft hekeya r
ea so fIsl
a mi cc ulturec amef r om Ce ntralAs ia.The
Gha znavidr ul erMa /m4dGha zna v(d. 1
0 30),whowa stob e c
omeo neo ft hemo s
tc on-
trov
e rsi
al89g uresi nI ndi anhi story,rans e v
e r
a lr ai
dst oI ndiai nthee a rl
ye lev ent hc en-
tury
. Theseha v eb eende s cri
bedb yhi sc ontempo r
a ryc hronicle
rsa sha vi
ngb e enmo t
iv-
atedb yMa /m4d spi etya ndhiswi sht oa tt
a cki n89
de lsa nds prea
dt heg loryo f Islam. Al-
thoug hthispo rtrayal ha sb eena ppro priatedb yc olonia landna tionali
sthi storia nso fIn-
dia,recentr esea rc
hha sno te
dthea mb ivalents tanceo f Ma /m4d sc o
nte mpo r
a riest ohis
all
ege dpiet ya nde mpha siz e
dthe8 9na nci
a lmo tivesb e hindhi sraidsandt hede structi
o n
ofHindut empl es.
40

Althoug hMa /m4d sc ampa ignst ot heI ndi anhe artl

andwe reloo ti
nge xpe diti
ons,
hea lsoe x pa nde dt heGha znavidt errit
o r
iest oc ove rpr esent-
da yno rthe rnP a ki
s t
an,
whe reL aho rewa se sta blisheda sthewi nterc a pit
a loft hedy nast y
.To wa r
dst hee ndo f
thetwe lf
thc ent ur
y, thes uc c
essorso ftheGha z navids ,theGhur idse xt
e nde dt he irterrit
-
oryso utha nde a s
twa rdsa nde stablis
he ds evera l89
e f
do msi nthea rea.The ymo ve dthe i
r
centreso fpo we randc ulturec l
o s
e rtot heI ndi anhe artla
ndt oUc h,Mul tana ndDe lhi
.
After1192,theg o v
er no rshi poftheI ndi ana ppe nda geswa sinc r
eas i
nglye ntrust edt ot he
sla
ve-g e
ne ralswho ser elationshipwi tht heGhur i
dr ule rgrewi ncreasi
ng lylo ose r.1192is
4
0
S
eee
.g.
Eat
on2
000
bandDa
vis1
999
:88
11
2.

26
some t
ime sq uo t
e da st hey e aro fthef o undi ngo ft heDe lhiS ul tana te,ye tS uni lKuma r
hasde mo ns tratedt ha ttheg ov ernoro fDe l
hi wa sno ti nitiallythes elf-evide nto verlordo f
ther eg i
o n.I twa so nlyi n1 22 6,they ea rwhe na ni nv estituref ro mt heAb b asidc al
iph
reache dhi scour t,tha theha dma na gedt oc ons olida tehi srul eo ve rt hea re aa ndc ould
clai
mt hes ymb o l
ica ut ho rizationa sav ic egerento f thec a li
ph. 41

Thepo l
iti
calhi s t
o ryo ftheDe lhis ultana tewa sc ha racter i
z edb yt hea lterna tiono f
str
o nga ndmi lit
a ri
lya dro itrul erswho ser ei
g ns pa nne ds evera lde ca desa ndpe riodso f
unre stwhe nc oupsa ndb attleso vers uc ce ss
io nl edt opr ev ail
ingunr est.No ne the l
e ss,the
sult
a nsk epte xpa ndi ngt he irdo mini onsdur ingt hes tab l
epe rio dss ot ha tt hee mpi r
eo f
Mu/a mme di bnT u ghluq( r.1 32513 51)c o veredt hee nt i
r eS ubc o ntine nt,e xceptf ori t
s
southe rnmo stt ip,dur ingt he1 330 s.Thi swa st hel a rges tg eo graphi cale x t
e nto ft he
Sultana te,a ndb yt hee ndo fthec e ntur y,muc ho fi tst erri
to ryha db e e nt a kenb y
di,
fer entHi ndua ndMus l
im po li
tiest heDe cca nik i
ng do mso ft heBa hma nis( 1
34 7
1527)a ndVi jayana gar( 133 616 46)b e i
ngt hemo stinJ Kuent ial amo ngt he m.
Ina ddi ti
ont ot hei nt erna lunr e st,theDe lhis ul tana tewa ss ha ke nb yt heMo ngo l
s
duringt het hirteent hc e ntur y.The yha ra ngue di tswe st
e rnb orde rs,b utwe r ene vera b l
e
towr e aks imi l
arha v oci nI ndi aa sthe ydi di nCe ntra lAs iaa ndt heMi ddleEa st.As or
to f
culmi na ti
o no ft he irc a mpa ignswa st hede struc tiono fBa ghda di n1 2 58a ndt he
execut iono fthel astAb ba si
dc aliph.Al tho ug ht hel a tt
e r
smi g htwa sb yt he npur e l
y
symb oli
ca ndt hepo lit
ic alf ragme nta ti
o no ft heAr a bic-Islami ce mpi r
eha da lre
a dy
begundur ingt het ent hc ent ury,thec o nc r
e tee ndo fhi sr ulee ,fectiv el
yf urthe re dt he
dece ntra l
iza t
iono f po li
tic ala ndc ultur al powe rt one wa re aslikeI ndi a.
TheMo ngolde s tr
uc t
iono ft hec e ntralI slami cl a ndspr oveds i
gni 89cantt ot he
eme rg enceo fthedi stinc tlyI ndia nI slami cc ul turet ha tisi ns c ho l
a rlylite ratur ec alled
eit
he rI ndo -Persiano rI ndo -
Is l
ami cc ul ture.S co reso fpe o pleb e long i
ngt ot hee duc ated
eli
teJ KedCe ntralAs i
aa ndt heMi ddl eEa stunde rt hei mpe ndi ngMo ngo lt hre at.Indi a
s
rel
at i
v es tabil
itya nd we a l
tha t
tra ctedt he mt ot heDe lhiS ulta na t
e ,whe ret he i
r
contr i
b utiont ur nedt hec ityi ntoas i
g ni89cantc ent reo fle arninga ndc ul turet ha twa s
kno wnt hro ugho utt heI slami cwo rld.
Ther ul i
ngc lasso ft heS ultana tewa sT ur kish. The ywe rec o nsc i
o uso ft heirdi s
tinct
identitya ndk e pta l
o off ro mt hel o calpo pul ace .Whi l
et hec hr onic le
swr itteni nt he
cour tpo rtrayt he ma sv a l
ianta ndno b le, t
hee v i
de nc eg l
e ane df romo the rs our ce ssuc h
asther eco rdeddi s
c our se s(ma lf
z
t
)o ft heS u89ma sterss ho wst ha to utsidet hec our t
s
theywe rec ommo nlype rceiveda s r
ude ,b ell
ic ose ,v ain,a ndt he irmi li
ta ryc a l
lingun-
doub tedl yle dtot heunj ustk illi
ngo finno centpe o ple .
Ev ent ho ug ht he ywe reno taho -
mo ge no usg roup ,a cc ordingt oKuma rt he ya ppe a reda ss uc ht ot heb roade rpo pulac e
,
forwho mt he ywe repo we rf
ul ,rich, andv erydi ,f
e rent .
Ho
42
we v er
, thei nJKuxo fimmi g-
4
1
Ontheemer
genceoft
heDe
lhiS
ult
ana
te,
seeKuma
r20
07.
Ont
hehi
st
oryo
ftheS
ult
ana
tepe
rio
d,
seeWi
nk1997a
nd2003.
4
2
Kumar20
07:
201.

27
rantst otheS ul tanategra dua l
lyt urne dDe lhiintoac osmo po l
i
tanc i
tywi thab roade t
h-
nicb asis.
Al thought her ul
inge li
tess po keT urki
s ha sthe i
rmo t
he rtonguea nds tr
o vetopr e-
servet heirident itybyc ultivatingt hislangua ge, i
tne vereme r
geda sal anguageo fli
ter-
arycul ture.Ara bicdo mina te
dr e l
igiousands ci
e nti8
9cwr i
ting,butitwa sP er
sian,theli
n -
guaf ran caoft hee as
ter
nI slami cwo r
ld,tha tbec amet hela nguageo fcho i
ceint he89el
d
oflit
e rature.Gha znavi
dL aho r
eha da lreadys e
e nt hebe gi
nni ngofP ers
ianS u8
9 writi
ngin
theS ub contine ntwhe nN Al Huj vr(d.c. 1
0 72
)ha dwr i
t t
enhi sma nualKa shfa l
-ma j
b
(Revela ti
ono ft heV eil
e d),whi let hec ourtpo etsAb4 l
-Fa r
aja l
-R4n( d.c.1 1
0 2
)a nd
Ma sN
4 dS aNdSa l
m n(d.112 1)hadl aidt hefounda tionso fPersianpo et
rywr it
teninI ndia.
43

InDe lhi
, t
hes ult
ana ssume da na cti
ver ol
ea sapa trono fJK
ouris
hinghi st
o ri
calwrit-
inga ndpo etryi nP ers
ian. Aut ho rslikeAm rKhus rau( d.1325)andAm rQa sanS i
jz(d.
1337)ha veacq uiredapr omi ne ntpl aceint hec l
a ssi
calcano no fPersi
anl it
erature.The
forme rwa salsoi nt i
mate lya cq uaintedwi thmus icands igni89
cantl
yc ontributedtoi ts
develo pme nt.T ypi ca
ltot hec o ntempo r
a r
yur b ane li
te,bo thKhus r
a uandQa sanwe re
alsoS u89disci
pl es.

Re
li
gi
ouse
nvi
ron
men
t
Init
ially
,t her elati
o nshipsb e
twe ent hes ulta nsa ndt her eligiouss cho lars,theu lam !
(si
ng . l
im) ,we r
et enuo us.Ho we ve r
,Kuma rha spo i
nt edo utt hatIltutmi s
h( r
.12 1
1123 6)
tookt hes tr
a t
e gi
cde cis
io nt ob uil
dc lo se
rtie swi tht he m. Inc o nditionswhe ret heT ur k-
i
s hrulingc lassk epti ts
e lfa l
ooff romt hewi de rpo pul acea ndwhe ret hes ultanwa so b-
l
igedt os eeka ll
ianc eswi thdi ,f
er e
ntpo werho ldersi no r dert oc eme nthi spo si
tio nint he
sti
llvo l
a t
ilec i
rcums tanc es,thepa tr
o nageo fu lam !pr ov ede ssent i
a l.The yha dc l
o se
contac t
swi tht hel oca lpo pulacea ste achersa nda dj udi cator s
, andt he ywe repa rto fthe
l
iveso flo calpe oplet hro ught hea dmi nistrationo flife-c ycler it
ua l
s. Fo rthisr easo n,the
sult
anma dea na ttemptt ointeg r
a t
et hemi nt ohi sa dmi nistrati
v ea ppa ratusa nd, i
nt he
proces s
,a cquiret he i
ra ppr o valofhi spo li
cie s.Thi shea chi evedb yg rantingt he ms ti
-
pendsa nda lsob ya ppo intingt hemt othepo st
so fq # $a nds haikha l-isl
m. Whi l
et he
forme ra cte
da saj udg ei nade signatedg eog raphi ca lar ea, t
hel a t
terst askwa stog uide
thec onduc to fMus l
imsi nhi sar e
ao fj uri
sdictio n, i
nt era ctwi tht hepi o usa ndmo stcr u-
cial
ly,scrutinizet he i
rt ex tsandt eachings.
44
Ilt
ut mi shwa sma rk e
dl ys ucc essfuli nt his
project,a ndhi sa l
lianc ewi ththeu lam !sig ni89cant lyf urthe redt hepe rce pti
o no fthe
De l
hi Sultanatea saha ve no fIsl
a m.
Indi scussingt her eligiouse nv i
ronme nti nt heDe lhi S ultana t
edur ingt hee a r
lyt hir-
teenthc entury ,Kuma rha sunde r
linedt hev a rietyo fdi ,fere nta ppro ache stoI s l
am. No t
onlywe resha ria
-o ri
ent edS unnis cho l
a r
s,Su8 9sa ndt heS hiitewe l
lr epre s
ent ed, butt he
pietywa sfurthermo res igni89
cant l
yi ndivi
dua lis
t i
ci nt hes enset ha tMus limsc o uldi n-
4
3
OnMasN
4dSaN
dSal
m n,
seeS
har
ma2
000
.
4
4
Kuma
r2007
:2302
31.

28
dulg einc ons idera ble b orro wi ng fro mt hes e pa ra t
eI slamics trea mso fb e li
e fwi tho ut
anys enseo fc ontra dictio n.F
45
ro mt hepo into fv ie wo ft hiss tudy , i
ti ss igni89ca ntt ha t
thei nJKuenc eo fre l
ig i
o uss pe ci
a listspr ofe ssi
ngaS u89a ,89
liationwa si ncre asing lyf elti n
thes oc i
e t
ya ndt her o leso f an lima ndS u89 ofte no ve rl
a ppe d.
Ama jo rde velo pme ntt hatr e nde re dS u89s m ma inst r
ea m Isla mc oinc idedwi tht he
estab l
ishme nto f Mus li
mpo l
itica lpo we ri nI ndi aa ndt hee me rge nc eo ftheI ndo -Pers ian
culture .Thi swa st heo rga niza tiono fS u89smi nto b r
o therho o ds or o rde rs
( ta
r$qa t)
,
whi chb ega nt oe me rgei nt het we lft
hc entur y.Al tho ug he achb rothe rho odi sna me d
aft
e raf oundi ngs ainto rt hepl a ceo fo rigin,t he ira c tuals ha pea ndc odi89ca tionwa s
usua ll
yt her esulto ft hee ,
fo rtso ft he8 9rstfe wg e ne ratio nso fdi scipl e
s .Thewo r dt a
r$qat
l
itera l
lyme a nsapa tha ndi tde no tesb othapa tht ot hei nt erna lr eali
t i
e so runi onwi th
Go da ndac ertai
npr actica lme tho dc ompr isingav ar i
a bles eto fpr actice s
, whi chwe re
di,f
e rentlye mpha size di nv ario usb rothe rho o ds .Asab rothe rho od,t a
r$qa twa sa l
s oa
me a nst otra nsmi tthepr actic ala ndt he or eti
c al tea chi ng sfromama ster( sha ikh, p$r)a nd
guide( mu rsh i
d )toadi sc i
pl e( mu r$d), whowo ul db e comei nitia tedi ntoab r
o the rho o d
throug ha no atho fa llegianc e( b a iat). Theb a ia tl ink edadi sc i
pl et ot hec ha i
n( silsil
a h)
ofma stersa nddi s ciplest ha twa sc ons true ds oa st oc o ntinuet ot hePr ophe t. S omeo f
thedi sciple swo uldb ema dede put ies( kh al$f
a h )o ft he irma sters, andt he yc ouldi nitiate
theiro wndi sciples .
Althoug ht hec ommi tme nto fd i
sc i
pl eswo ul dv aryg reatly,thene wo rg aniz atio nwa s
clearlymo res t
ruc tur edt ha nt heo lde r,mo rei nf orma ltea chi ngt r aditio n.Ho we v er
,
not withs t
a ndingt hede v otione xpe ctedf r omaS u89 dis ciple,thek h al$
fah swe ref airlyf ree
tos hapet het raditio nt he ywo uldpa sso nt ot he iro wndi sci
pl es. Thev ar i
e gatio ni ns ide
oneb rothe rho odwa sf urthe ri nc rea sedb yt hef ac tt ha tthe ys eldo m ha das i
ng lehe ad.
Instead,t he yha vek eptb ra nchi ngi ntov ario uss ub- silsil
a hswho sel e ade rsg ui det he i
r
owndi sci
pl esb utr a relyha v emuc hi nJ K
ue nc eo uts i
det hec ircleo fthe irfo ll
o we r s.Ifa
sub- branc ho fab ro the rho odb eco me spa rtic ula rlyi nJKue ntial,i tma yb ec omena me d
aft
e ritse po nymo usf o unde rwi thwho mhi sf o ll
o we rswa nttoi de ntif
y. Thus ,theChi shti
Niz amiNi yazis il
s i
la hr eferst ot heb r
a nc ho ft heChi s
ht ib r othe rho odt ra nsmi tted
throug hNi zma l-D nAul iya ndS h hNi y zA/ma dBa relv
.Thec o nte mpo rary
signi89
c anc eo faS u8 9ma steri sde c i
de db yhi so wna ctivities,whe r e
a shi spo st humo us
famel argelyde pe ndso nt hea b ili
tyo fhi sdi sc iple st oi mmo rt
a lizet he i
rma ste r
sf a me
forpo sterity.
Toge t
he rwi tht heo rgani zatio na lde velopme nt s, theb r
o ther ho odsa c qui redac l
e ar l
y
dema rcatedg eogra phi ca lloc us.No to nlydi dt he ys pre adt oc erta ina reasChi s htiyy at o
Sout hAs i
a ,Me v l
ev i
y yat oT ur keya ndt heL e va nta nds oo nb utt he ya lsob uiltph ysical
str
uc t
u rest os erv ea st hef o cio ft heb ro the r ho ods a ctivitie s
.Thema ste rsb ui l
t
kh nq hs,whe ret hec ommuna la cti
v i
tieswo uldt ak epl a ce.Inpr actice,ak h nq hc o uld
compr isear oo mi nt heho us eo ftheS u8 9ma ste ro ra ne l
ab ora tec ompl exo fb uilding s
4
5
Ku
mar2
007
:20
3.

29
thatho us eda ccommo da tio nf ordi sciple s,amo sq ue,ama dra saa ndas oupk i
tche n
(langa r).Whe naS u89ma ste rdi e d, hewa so ftenb uriedi nt hepr e cinc tso fhi sk h nq h
andhi st o mbb ec amea ni mpo rta nts iteo fpilg rima gef orhi sf ollo we rsa ndo fte nt oa
wide rpo pul ac ea swe ll
. TheS u89ma sterhi ms elfwo ul db eco mepe rc eiveda saf r i
endo f
Go do ras aint( val$
),a ndt hemi rac ulouspo we r shewa st ho ug htt oha vepo s s
e ss
e d
duringhi sl ifewo ul dc ont inuet owo r kt hro ughhi sto mb .Thepr e -mo dernS u89ma sters
oft
e ne njo yedt hepa tro na geo fl o calr ulers,whos o ughtt he irb l
e ssing sfo rt he irrule.
Wi tht hes a mepur po sei nmi nd, the yf r
e que ntlyunde r
too kb ui l
dinge labora tema us olea
ont he irt o mb s.Al tho ug ht hei nc rea singe mpha siso nt omb sha sb eenpe rce ivedb y
earli
ers cho larsl ikeAr be r
ry ,Ni c ho lsona ndT r
imi ngha ma sas ig no fat rans i
t i
o nf roma
vit
a lte ac hingt r
a diti
o nt ot omb- cults,i ti swo rthno ti
ngt ha tb o tht ra ditionsha ve
continue dt oc o -existtot hepr ese nt .
The ses a mes cho larsha v ea lsot ende dt oc o nt rasttheo rga nize db rothe rho odswi th
ther oma nt i
c i
z edi de ao fs po nt ane ousmy sticismo fthee arlierpe rio d. Ho we ve r
, thef act
rema inst ha ti twa st hisv e rys truc tur et ha tma deS u89
sm ama j
o rs o cial,cul tura land
rel
igiou sf orc ei nMus lims o ciet i
e sdur ingt hepe r iode xt
e ndi ngf romt hef oundi ngo f t
he
brothe rho o dsi nt het we lf
thc e ntur yunt i
l the i
ra ut ho rit
ywa sv ehe me ntlyc ha l
le nge db y
mo de rnistsa ndr eli
gio usr efo rmi s t
si nt heni ne t
e enthc ent ur y
.A l argepa rto fS u89
l
iteratur eha sb e enwr it
te na ndas igni 89
c antnumb ero fcultur ale xpre ssionsg e ne ratedi n
thef r
a me wo rko fS u89b rothe rho o ds. Te ll
ing l
y ,pra ctica l
l
ya llthec ha ra ctersdi scus sedi n
thisstu dyb elo ngt oo neo ra no the rb ro the rho od.
Cr uc ialt ot hei nc rea sedi nJ Kuenc eo ft heb r othe r
ho o dswa sa l
s ot het he ological
synthe sist ha tc ulmi na t
e di nt hewo rkso fAb4Qa m da l
-Gha z l
(
d. 1111)a ndt ha ts oug ht
tos ubs tant iatet heS u89sc laimst or e pre sentno r ma tiveI slam. Al -Gha zl
wa saS ha89
i
j
ur i
spr ude nta nda nAs ha rit
et he olo gianwhof o rsookhi st eachi ngpo sti nJ mi N
a h
Nizmi yya ho fBa dg ad, themo stimpo rtantc ont empo ra
r yins tit
ut eo fre l
igiousl e arning,
andt ur ne dt oS u89smt owa rdst hee ndo f hislife.Hewr otehi sma jorwo rk,I y!u lma l-
d$n(
TheRe vivi89cationo fRe ligio usS cienc es
),dur i
ngt hel a s
tde c adeo fhi sl i
fe .Inhi s
ma gnum o pus ,he ut il
iz esl eg al,t he olo g
ic ala nd phi l
o sophi c ala rgume ntst o
demo ns t
r ateho wt heb e li
ef sa ndpr ac ti
c eso f t
heS u89sarei na c co rda nc ewi tht heKo ra n
andt heha dithsa nd, thus ,re pre sentt heno r ma tiveI slam. Simi la ra rgume nt sha da l
ready
bee nv o i
c edi nt he8 9rste xta ntma nua lo fS u8 9
sm, Ab4Na U
ra l
- Sarr j
s( d.9 88 )Ki tba l-
l
u ma hf $
l-ta( awwu f( Bo o ko fS ple ndo ur s Co nc e r
ning S u89sm ),b uta l
-Gha zl
s
systema t
ica ppr oac ha nde xpe rta rg ume nt ati
o nma dehi swo rke spe ciall
ype rsua s
ive.
Thepr a cticalr e s
ul to fthea ma lga ma t i
o no fsc riptur alre l
igio usl ea rninga ndt heS u89s

empha siso ni nte rnalize dr eligionwa st hec o ns o l
ida t
io no fS u8 9sma sapa rto fthe
Isl
ami cma ins tream.
Thi s,o fc o urse,di dno tme a nt ha tS u89swe reauna ni mo usl o t.F arf romi t,Su89
brothe rho o dsa ndi ndi vidua lma ste rsdi spla yedas tunni ngv arietyo fa ppro ache st or eli
-
gion,ra ng ingf ro ms t
rictl ega le mpha sist oe xpe rienc inge cstatics tate s.Ina ddi t
io nt othe

30
or
ganiz
edb r
othe r
hoodst
ha tge
nera
ll
yk eptwit
hint
hecon8
9nesofsoc
ialpropri
ety
,anti
-
nomianSu89
sli
k eqal
andarsandai
dar$sint
enti
ona
ll
ychal
lenge
dt he
sec o
n89nesby,f
or
i
nsta
nce,showingdisr
egar
dt othebas
icreli
gi
ousobl
ig
ati
ons,r
ovingaro
undna k e
da nd
co
nsumingdrugsa ndal
cohol.

S
u+,
bro
the
rho
odsi
nSu
lta
nat
eIn
dia
Thr eeb rothe rho ods,S uhrawa diyya ,F i
rda us i
y yaa ndChi shtiy
yaa rri
ve di nI ndiai nt he
wa keo ft he e s
tablishme nto ft he De lhiS ultanate .The f o unde r8 9gur eso ft he
Suhr awar diyyawe reAb4Na j
ba l
-S uhrawa rd( d.1 168)a ndhisne phe wS hih ba l-Dn
Ab 4Qa fsN Uma ra l-
S uhrawa rd( d.12 34).The ywe reb asedi nBa ghda d, whe ret heyha d
cl
o sec onne ct
io nswi ththeAb b asi
dc ali
ph. Ea chwr oteawi de l
yr eadma nua l oftheS u89
codeo fc o nduc te ntitle
d-d ba l-
mu r$d$n( Co deo fCo nduc tfo rS u89Di sciples
)a nd
Aw r
ifa l-ma rif(Gi f
tso fk no wle dge),r espe c ti
vely.S hihba l-
Dns ento neo fhis
kha l
$f
a hs,Ba h al-
D nZa kariyy( d. 1267)t oI ndi a,whe rehes et
tledi nMul tani nPunj ab.
Ano therk ha l
$f
a h,Jallal-DnBuk h r(d. 12 91)e st
a b
lishe dhims elfinUc hno tf arfro m
Mul tan.
Thes econdb r
o therhoo dt oe stablishi t selfi nI ndi adur i
ngt hepe rio dwa st he
Firdausiyy at ha ttrac editsc ha i
no fma s t
e rsa nddi sciple stoapr o
mi ne ntdi sc
ipleo f
Na jma l
-D nKub r
( d. 12
21),Saifa l
-D nB kha rz (d.1260 ).Thece ntreo f theb rotherho od
wa se st
a blishe dinBi har,whe reS ha rafa l-
D nMa ner( d.1381)le adaJ K
o urishingS u89
communi ty.
Thet hirdi mpo r tantbrothe rho odwa sChi sht iyyat hatwa sna me da ftert het owno f
Chi s
hts itua te
dc l
o s
et oHe r
at. Chishts erv eda sthec entreo ftheb ro t
he rho o dsactivitie
s
beforeKhv jahMuN na l-
D n( d.123 5)b roug hti tt oIndi aa ft
erlo ngwa nde ringsi nt he
Mi ddleEa sta ndCe nt r
alAs ia.Whi l
ehes ettle di nAj me rinpr esent-da yRa jas t
ha n, hi
s
l
ea dingk h al$f
a hQut ba l
-DnBa khtiy rK k (d. 1236),whof amo uslydi e ddur ings am,
l
ive dinDe lhi.Qut ba l
-Dnsk hal$
fa hB bF arda l-
D nGa njs
ha kk a
r( d.1 26 5)cho sea
mo rer emo tel o c
a t
io ninAj odha n( pres ent-da yP akpa ttan),eas to fMul tan.Hi st wo
i
llustri
ousdi s
c i
plesg avena me st ot hema inb ra ncheso ftheChi shtio rde r.Chi shtiyya
Sab i
riyyade ri
v esitna mef romt hee lusiveN AlA/ma dW b i
rNAla l
-Dn( d. 129 1
)who s
e
tombi ss itua t
e dint hev il
lageo fKa liyar,ne arpr e sent-da yRo orkeeinUt ta r
a kha nd.
Chis htiyyaNi zami yyaisna me da fterNi z ma l-DnAul i
ya.Hewa sb o rni nBa da yun,
ano rthI ndi anc i
tyt hatha dg ainedr eput ea sac entreo flearningdur ingt hee a
rlyt hir-
teenthc e ntury .Hisf atherdie dwhe nhewa sac hi l
d, andhes ub seque nt l
ymo ve
dwi t
h
hismo t
he rtoDe lhii no r
de rtoa c
q uiref urthe rr eli
giousl earni
ng . Altho ug hhei nitiall
y
aspiredfo rac areero faq # $
,hewa sa ttra ct
e db yt hefa meo fBb F ard, who sedis ci
ple
hee ventua llyb e c
ame .Afterthede a tho f hisS u89 guide ,Niz ma l
-D na cte da st hev ir
tua l
hea do ftheChi shtio rderinDe l
hi .
4
6

4
6
F
orade
tai
l
eda
cco
unto
fhi
sli
fe
,se
e,e
.g.
Niz
ami
199
1.

31
 Ni zma l
-D nwa sno taf o und i
ng8 9gureo ft heo rde r,no ral oner epre sentativeo f
Su89smi nt hirtee nth-a ndf o ur t
e enth- cent uryI ndi a.Ac c ordingt oS .
A. A.Ri zvi,the
kh nq hsint heDe lhi Sul t
ana tenumb ere dt wot ho us and.Ho
47
we ver
, hes ta ndso utf rom
hispr ede cesso rsa ndc ont empo ra ri
esb eca usehes upe rb l
yf ul 89
ll
e dthee xpe cta ti
onso fa
Sultana teS u89ma stera ndb ecaus ehei sthe8 9
rstI ndi anS u89ma sterwho sel i
feha sb een
record edinwr i
ttent e x t
s.
Ca rlW. Er nsta ndBr uceB. La wrenc eha v edi scus sedt hea t
t r
ibute same di evalSu89
sheikhne e dedi no rde rt ob eco mes uc c essfulno to nlydur inghi sl i
fe,b uta l
soa fter
passinga wa y.Ac cord ingt ot he m, Niz ma l
-Dnha dt he ma llandhema na gedt of ul8
9l
theo ftenc ont radicto rye x
pe cta tionso fhi sr ole.Hec omb i
ne dpe rsona lc ha rismawi t
h
thea utho ritys temmi ngf romf o rma l r
e li
g i
o usl earni ng .Hef o l
lowe das trictr elig
iousr e-
gimeo fpr ay i
ng ,f astinga ndk ee pingv igil,buthea ls
oha dak eena esthe tics ensiti
vity
thatma dehi ms usce pt i
b l
et omy sticalsta t
e sinduc edb ypo etrya ndmus icdur ingsa m.
Hea ckno wl edg edt hee xistenc eo fmi rac l
e spe rforme db yS u8 9
s ,
b utshunne dt he mhi m-
sel
f.Hes
48
uc cessfullyma nagedt ok ee pa loo ffromt hea ,fairso f t
hewo r
lda ndt ho sewho
gover nedt he m whi lel ivingi nGhi yaspur ,int hev icinityo ft heKi lokhr ifor te stabl
ished
byt hes ulta nKa iqub d( r.1287 12 90).Whe ne vert her eignings ultant riedt ome ethim,
hewo ulda bsenthi ms e l
f,buthene verthe lesslistedma nyc o urtiersashi sdi scipl e
s.4
9

Ina ddi tiont oe mb ody i

ngt hei de al ofaS u89 ma ste r
, Ni zma l-Dne sta blishedaS u89
traditiont ha two uldb ec ount e da mo ngt hemo s tinJ K
ue nt ialinS outhAs ia.Heha da
numb ero fa blek hal$fah swhos pr eadhi ste aching st hro ug ho utt heS ub cont ine ntdur i
ng
thef oll
o wingt wog ene r
a ti
ons .Hi sdi sc i
pl eBur hna l-DnGha r
b( d. 1
3 37)wa sf orcedt o
l
e aveDe lhiwhe nMu/a mma di b nT ug hluqt rans ferredhi sc apitala ndmuc ho fthe
politi
c alandc ultura le l
itet oDa ul atab adi nt heDe cca ni n1 32 8
. Ano therdi sciple,Ak h
Sir
ja l-
D n( d.1 357)t oo ktheb rotherho odt oBe ng al.F ro ma mo ngt hef o l
lowe rso f
Niz ma l
-D nsk ha l
$fa hNa U
ra l-DnMa /m4dCi r gh-iDi hl ( whos ta yedi nDe l
hiunt il
hisde a t
hi n1 3 56), Say yidMu/a mma dGe s4da r z( d. 1422)mi grateds out ht oGul barga,
whe rehewa sr ece i
ve db ytheBa hma nis ul t
a nF ro zS h h( r. 13971422 )in1 400 .Hewa s
the8 9rstChi shtima stert oe stab li
shc loser elations hipswi thr oyal
tya nde njoyt heir
l
a vis
hpa trona ge .Ha dNi zma l
-D nb e enar e cluse,hi sl egacywo uldl ikelyha ve
rema ine do b s
c ure .
Af terhi sde ath, Ni zma l-D nwa se nt omb edi nt hec our tya r
do fhisj ama tkhn ah,5
0

andhi sshr i
neb e camea ni mpo rta ntsiteo fpilg r
ima gei nt hec i
ty,whi chha ss erveda sa
capita lofv ari
o uspo litiessincet het hirtee nthc e ntur ywi tho nl ymi nori nter vals.

4
7
Rizv
i 1
998:47
.
4
8
Subsequent
ly
, b
o thli
ter
aryandoraltr
adit
ionswoulde
mb el
l
ishNiz
ma l
-D
nsc
are
erwi
thmir
acu-
l
o usf
eats.
4
9
ErnstandLawrence2002:73
77.
5
0
Thee a
rlyChi
shtisref
err
edtothei
rplacesofgat
her
ingasj
ama t
kh
nahs(
co
mmunityho
use
s
).
The
wo r
dk hnqhhassubsequent
lyrepl
ace
dt hi
ster
m.

32
S
ult
ana
teCh
ish
til
i
ter
atu
re
Ass ig ni89ca nta st hepa ra digma ticl if
ea ndt heph ysic alsiteo fpi lgr ima g ewe r
ef orthe
posthu mo usf a meo f ame diev al Su89 ma s
te r,hewo uldha veb eenf o rgo ttenwi t
ho utal i
t-
eraryt ra ditio n. Be foreNi zma l
-D n, theliteraryout puto fIndia nS u89sha db ee ns carce.
Theo nl ye xt antwo rkswr i
ttenb eforeNi z ma l
-Dna ret het re atise so fQa m da l-
D n
Na gaur ( d. 12 74), ak hal$
fa ho fMuN na l
-D na ndpo emsa nda pho rismso fJa m la l
-Dn
H ns av (d. 126 1),ak ha l
$f
a ho f B bF ar
d.51
Nizma l-
D nhi ms e
lf wr o tenob ook s,buthi s
disciple sr ec orde dhi sli
fea ndt e achi ngsa ndpr eserve da ni ma geo fhi ma sa ni de alSu89
guidef orpo ste rit
y .
Thee a rli
e stwo rko nNi z ma l-Dni sac ollec ti
o no fhi sdi sco ur ses( ma l
fz
t)
recor de db yadi sciplea ndc our tpo e t,Am rQa sanS ijzi,whoe ntitledhi swo r
kF a v!i
da l-
f
u d( Be ne 89tsfo rtheHe a r
t).S aying sandt eachi
ng so fSu89 ma stersha db e e
npr e s
e r
ve d
asapa rto fAr a bica ndP e r
sia nS u89ma nua lsands a i
ntlyb i
o graphi ess inc et het ent h
cent ury ;theI ndi a nma l
f z
tg e nrei sano v eldevelopme nti nt hes e nset hatiti nc l
ude s
onlyt hedi sco urse sb etwe ent heS u89gui dea ndhi sdi scipleswi t ho uta na tte mptt o
cont ex tua l
iz et he mi nt heb r oa derf r
ame wo rkoft hef orme r
sl ifeo rt e aching s.Asa
cons eq ue nc e ,thema lf
z
tma yc ov erawi dev ari
et yo fto picst ha ta ppe arinnol ogical
orde r.Al tho ug hma l
fz
ta rel itera rytext s,attheirb e s
tt he ypr e se rvec onve rsational
spont a ne it
ya ndr eco r
dt het opi cso fdiscus si
onwi tho utr econc ili
ngt hec ontra dictory
viewspr esent e db yaS u89ma stera tdi ,f
erentt imes.
Ami naS teinfelsha se mpha si
ze dt hedi ,
fere
nc eb etwe enma lf z
ta ndt hec o l
lec-
tio
nso ffo rma ls pe echesde l
iv ere db yaS u89ma s
ter,s ucha sF $
h imf $h( The rei sWha t
The reI s)r ec ordingt hes pe eche so fR4m , becauset hef orme ro ,fersg l
imps est ot hea c-
tual tea chings itua ti
o ns.Inhe ra na lysisof f
o urma lf
z
tof theS uhr a wa rdi ma st
e rS ayyid
Jal
la l-DnQus ainBuk h r,k no wna sMa khd4m- iJ ah niynJ a h ng as ht( d.13 84),she
hasdi sting uishe df ourdi ,
fe r
e ntt ype so fv oicespres enti nt hewo r ks. The reisthei ncid-
enta lv oice, whi chc o nsi
stso f thes ma l
ltal
kwi thgue stso rdi sci
pl esa ndha snodi rectdi-
dacticpur po se.S eco ndi st hema ster
sa ut obiog
ra phi calv oice,whi let het hird,ha gio-
graphi c alv o icede scribest heS u89ma s
terso fthepa st.F ourthly, sheha sna me dJ alla l
-
Dnse xpl i
c a t
io no fs c
riptur esa st hes cho larl
yv oice .Ev eni fs uc hdi spa ratema teri
als
ma ys e emi nc o he rent,thev eryl acko fthea uthor
se di t
o r
ial i
nputi smo t i
v at
e db ya na t-
temptt o repr o duc et hee xpe rienc eo fbei
ngi nthepr e senc eo fthes ha yk h.
52

AsS uni l Kuma rpo i

nt so ut, Am rQa sa nwa sno tt hei nv entoro ft hema l
fz
tg enre.
Co l
le ctionso fthes ayingso fB b F ar
dwe rea l
readyc i
r c
ul ati
ngi nt het imeo ft hewr i
t-
ing,a ltho ug ht heywe r
ec o nside reds puriousb yNiz ma l-Dn.53
Iti st hea utho rsa bil
ity

5
1
La
wr ence197
8:3639.
5
2
Se
infels20
04:6267.
5
3
Kuma r2007
:344.Atpre
sent
,acol
l
e c
ti
onofBbF
a r
d
smal
fz

t,
suppose
dlyre
corde
db yNiz
ma l
-
Dn,
isk
no wna sRatal-
qulb(

ReposeofHear
ts
)
.ForanUrdut
rans
lat
ionofthi
swork,se
eNi z
ma l
-
Dn,
Rata l
-q
ulb:2a#r
atBbFar
$dGanjs
hak
karkr
o z
n
mcah.
Thetexti
sals
oincl
udedinthecol
le
c-

33
tor eproduc et hev e rye xpe rienceo fbe i
ngi nt hepr es
enc eo fthes heikht hatha sma de
Fav !
ida l
-fu dthef ounda tional worko ftheg enr e
. Alt
ho ughhewa sas killedpo et,Am r
Qa sanus ess impl ea nds t
r aightf
o r
wa r
dP ersia
na ndr ecreatest hec onvers at
iona lat mo-
sphe re,whe ret hec o mme ntso fNizma l-Dna l
ternat
ewi tht heq ue st
io nso fhi sdi s
-
ciples.Insteado fde liveringl engthysolil
oq uies,Niz ma l
-D ne nga g
esindi scussi
o nwi th
tho sepr esent.Am rQa sana ll
owsa l
lfo urv oic e
sdi st
ing uishe db yS teinfelstoi nt er
-
mi ngle,andt heq uo tati
o nso fpo et
rymi xs eaml esslywitht hepr o s
e.Thet e xtisa l
sono t
-
ab l
ef orthef a cttha tAm rQa s
anr eportsNi zma l-D
nt oha veg ive
nhi mf e edbac ko n
hiswr iti
ng .
I
nsteado finv ent i
ngi t,Am rQa s
a nt ransf
o rme dthema lfz
tintoa ne stablished
genr eo fS u8 9wr itingo npa rwi thS u89ma nua ls(i s
h rt)a nds aintlyb i
o graphies
(ta5kirt)
.F ollowingt hei ns tantpo pularityo fthewo rk, col
lectionso fwha tEr nstc all
s

ina uthentic andNi za mi a pocryphalma lfz

twe rewr it
tens o ona f
ter.Ma
5
4
lfz
tha s
rema ine do neo ft hemo s timpo r
tantg enr eso fS outhAs i
a nS u89lit
e r
a tureunt ilt he
present ,andha vi
nghi sdi sc ussi
o nsrecorde dha sb ecomepa rto fthelegac yo fanye s t
ab-
l
ishe dS u89.F
55
av!
ida l-
fu ditselfhasr ema inede x t
reme lypo pul ar
,andi tiso neo fthe
fewS ul
tana tewo rk st ha ta rer e
adilyavailableini tso r
iginalP ersianina ddi t
iont oUr du
andEng lis
ht ransla ti
o ns.56

Fav!
ida l-f
u di nclude sa s
semb li
es( ma jl
is)o fNizma l-Dn, ea
c ho fwhi c hb eg i
ns
witht heda tea ndt hef ormul a:
thepr i
deo f kiss
ingt hefee twa so btai
ne d(s h
a r
a f
-ip bos
mu ya ss
a rshu d).Thea ssemb lie
swe r
er eco r
de da tirreg
ul arint erval
sb etwe en1 308a nd
1322.Thet asko fpr e sent i
ngac ompr e
he nsivepi ctureo fNi zma l-
Dnslifewa sunde r
-
takenb yAm rKhv ur dKi rm nab outthreede ca desa f
terthema st
er
sde ath. Hea ttemp-
tedt oc ollecta l
lt hea va i
la bl
ei nforma t
ioni ntohi sta5kirahS iyara l
-auliy!(
De edso f
Saints),whi chc ove rst hel i
fea ndt eaching so fNi zma l-
D ni nc onside rabl
ede ta i
l.
5
7

ti
ono fUr dutra nsl
a tionsofe ighte arl
yChishtima l
fz
t,entitl
edHa shtb i
h i
sh t(
Eig
htP ar
adise
s
).
5
4
SeeEr nst2 004: 7784a ndNi zami1991
: 194195.
5
5
Twe ntieth-cent uryexa mpl esincl
udet hema lf
z
to fsuchdi versepe r
so nali
ti
e sasA/ma dRi YKh n
Barel
v,thef o unde ro fthes oc all
edBe relwimo v
eme nt ,As hrafNAlTh na v
,aDe o ba
ndi l
im,a nd
Muha mma dIlya sKa ndhla wi,thef ounderofT ab li
ghiJama at.Se eDihlav ,Ma l
f
z
t-iAl 2a#rat;N
Us m n
&a l
.,Ma lfz
t-i2a k $
ma l
-Mi l
latI -
XXXa ndNuN m n:Ma lfz
t-i2a #ratMa u l
nMu amma dIlys.The
thi
rt
yv o l
ume so f t
hes econdwo rka l
soincl
u dema teri
alatypi c
a ltotheg e nre;theyre c
o r
dTh nav
sadv ice
concerningv ariousma tte
rsa swe llassomeo fhiso wnwr iti
ng s
.
5
6
Int hisstudy, Ir ef
ertoar ecentb i
li
ngua l( Pers
ian-Urdu)e dit
iont ha tinc l
udest hev a
riantreadings.
Thetex twa sedi t
eda ndtra nsl
a t
edb yKhwa jaHa sanS ani Nizami a
ndpub li
s hedin2 007.TheP ers
iant ext
waspub l
isheda sal itho g
ra phb yama jorco mme rci
alpub lis
he rMuns hiNa valKishorei n1894.Thewo rk
wastrans lat
edi ntoUr dudur ingt het wenti
e thc enturyb yS hamsBa relwi ,andi ti
si ncludedi nHa shtbi-
his
ht.AnEng lisht r
a nslat
ionb yBr uceB. Lawr encea ppeare din1 992,e ntitl
e dMo ralsfortheHe art.How-
ever
,thet ransl
a torc hosetoo mi ts omepa ss
a gesde ali
ngwi tht het echnic al
itiesof+
,q handS u89pract
ice.A
completeEng lisht r
a nslat
ionb yZi ya-ul-
Hasa nF aruqiwa spub lishedin1 99 6.
5
7
TheP er
sia ntex tusedi nt hisstudywa slithog r
aphe di n18 85.Acco rdingt oSuni lKuma r
, t
hee diti
on
publi
she di nL aho r
ei n1978r epro ducesthet ex tofthise diti
o n.AnUr dut ransla
tionwa srecentl
ypub-
l
ishedto getherwi thaf acsimileo faP ers
ianma nus cr
iptbyKh wa jaHa sanS a niNizami .Thetextwa strans-

34
Am rKhv urdspr o j
ec tb e ne 8
9tedf romt hef actt ha tma nyo fNi z ma l-D nsdi sci
ples
we r
es til
lalivea ndc ouldi mpa rtt he irremi ni scenc estohi m.
Whi l
et he set wowo rk sa ret hema ins o urceso fthisc hapt er,Is ha lla lsor ef
ert ot he
discourseso fNi z ma l
-D n skh al$fah ,Na Ura l
-D nMa /m4da ndNa Ura l-D n
sk h al$
fah
Ges 4darz. Thef o rme rwo rk ,Kh aira l
-ma j
li
s(TheBe stofAs semb lies
),wa
58
srec orded
byQa mdQa l
a nda rint hemi d-four te enthc enturya ndt hela tter,Jav mi a l
-ka l
im( Co m-
prehe nsiv
eUt te ranc es
),b
59
yGe s4da rzss on,Mu/a mma dAk barQus ain, overape riod
ofni nemo nt hsi n1 400.S iyar-imu amma d $(
Muha mma da nDe eds
),t
6
0
het a5kiraho f
Ges 4darzwa sa ut horedb yhi sdi scipleMu /amma dNAlS m n.I na ddi tiontot hese
wo rks,Isha llr efe rtoAf # a lal-fav !
id( TheMo stEx cel
lento fBe ne 89ts
),ac ol
lectiono f
discourseso f Ni zma l-Dnt hatwa sa l
leg edlyre corde db yAm rKhus rau.S61
cho la
r sco m-
mo nlyc ons i
de rt hewo rka si na uthe nt i
c .Ho weve r,sucht extsde serv ec o nside rat
io n,be-
caus etheyda teb ackt ot hef ourtee nt hc ent urya ndo ,ferimpo rtanti nfo rma ti
o no nc on-
tempo r
arypo pul arpe rce pt ions,a sBr uc eB. Lawr enc eha sa rgue d.62

Thet e xtswr ittenb yt heS ulta na teChi shti

si nc ludea bunda ntr ef
e renc est os am.
Evenwhe nt he ya res catte redt hro ug ho utt hewo rks ,theyo ,ferac o he r
e ntpi ct
ureo fthe
att
itude so fthee a rl
yChi sht isto wa rdss ama nd, mo reimpo rtant ly,co nt aini nvalua bl
e
inf
o rma ti
ono ni t sa c
tua l pr acti
c e.S a mi sac o mmo nt opicina llthema l
f z
t,whe reit
cropsupa ti rreg ularint erv als.Amo res ystema tica ppr o a
c hisa do pte db yAm rKhv urd
inS iyaral-au liy!,whe remo sto ft hema ter i
alfo undi nF av !
ida l
-fu di sc ollat
e dwi th
thei nforma t i
o nc oll
e ctedf rom Ni zma l-Dnss ur vivi
ngdi sciple si ntoac hapt ero n
sam.Ho
63
we ver,muc hmo rel iess c att
e redt hro ug houtt het e xt.Al tho ug ht hec hapter
ons ami nS i
y ara l-auli
y ! attempt st oe xha ustthet opicwhe ni tc ome st oNi zma l-
Dn,
ref
e rencest ot hepr acticea r efoundwhe nev eras a m- lovingpr ede ce ssoro rsucce ssorof
hisisd isc
us se d. So mepa s sage sinS iyara l
-a ul
iy !co verthe ore t
ica la ndl e galissue s,but
thema inb ul kc o ncent rate so nde sc ri
b i
nga ct
ua lsa ma ss
e mb l
ies .Siya r-i mu amma d$
ismo retac i
tur nwhe ni tc ome st os am,b uti nclude saf ewi nte restingr eferenc esto
Ges 4darzspr a cticeint hec ha pte rdi scus si
nghi sc us toms( ra vish).
Thema terial thatliess catteredt hroug ho utNi z ma l-
Dn sdi sco ursesa ndb iog raphy
wa ss yst
ema ti
z edb yt hes e condg e ne r
a tiono fhi sf o l
lowe rs.Thes ystema tizationwe nt

l
a t
edi nt
oUr dua l
sob ythelateima mo ft hemo squeo ftheNizamuddinshrine,Kh waj
aI s
lamuddin
Nizami,andthes econdedit
ionwa spubli
she din2 00
2.
5
8
Thetextwa sedit
edandpub l
is
hedb yK. A.Nizami i
n1959.
5
9
TheP ersi
antextwaspub l
is
he dasalitho g
raphinHy derabadin193
7.Atpresent,
as omewhatimpre-
cis
eUr dutransl
a t
ionbyMuNna l
-d
nDa rd
iswidel
ya vai
labl
e.
6
0
TheP ersi
antextwaspublis
he dwithapa r
all
elUrdut r
ansla
ti
oninGulb a
rgain1984.
6
1
Af#alal-f
av!
idwa spublis
heda sal ithographi n1887.AnUr dutransl
at
ioni sincl
udedinHa sht
bihi
sht.
6
2
SeeL a
wr ence1976.
6
3
Seeal-
Ki r
m n,Si
yar
,491534.Thesigni89
canceo ft
hischapte
rtothecontempo r
aryChisht
iNizamis
i
sunde r
li
nedb ythef a
ctthatitwa spub l
ishe dsepa r
atel
yi nUrdutrans
lati
onb yKh wa j
aHa sanSani
Nizami i
n2 01
2 ,
entit
led2a#ratNiz
ma l
-D$nAu li
y!kfarmnb ba
t-i
samv aj
dra q((
qa ul
oq av
vl$
).

35
handi nha ndwi tht hei nt egrationo fthet ea ching so fthee ar l
yChi shtiswi t
ht hepr ec e
d-
ingt raditiono fAr abica ndP ersianS u89
s m.Thei nc reasedc ons ciousne ssoft hee arli
e r
Su89literatur ea l
soma nifestsi t
se l
fi nt hedi s
c our se soft hes econd- gene rat
iondi sciples.
Forins tanc e,Jav mia l
-k ali
mr eco r
dsa na ne cdo teo fadi scipleo f Na U
ra l-
Dnwhoi sen-
raptu r
edb yaHi ndi po emt os uc ha ne x t
e nttha thedo e sno tno ticeana ilforcingi tswa y
intohi sfo otwhi l
ehei sda nc i
ng .Unf o rt
una t
e ly, hewa sa l
o nei nhi sroo ma ndwa sl ater
foundl yingde adinapo olo fb l
o od. Thisa nec do tei simme di at
e lyfo l
lowe db ya na ne c-
doteo nAb 4l-Qa sanN4r from Ri s lahq usha iriyy ah.Hedi edi nas imi l
arma nne r,al-
thoug hhi sde at
hwa sc a usedb ythes harps tub b leo fareedb ed.64

Ina ddi tiont olink ingc o ntempo ra ry

, orallyt ra nsmi tt
eda nec do te
swi t
ht heo l
de rlit-
eraryt radition, thes ys t
e ma tizationa lsome a nti nc reasede mpha siso nt heo reti
c ala nd
l
e galissue s.Thist ookt hes ha peo fe xtens i
v ea na ly seso fsamt ha ta ma lgama tedNi z
m
al-
D nss aying swi t
ht ho sef oundi ne arli
e rS u8 9literature.Ge s4da rz,whor el
a tedt he
anec dotea bo ve,wa sapr ol
i89ca utho rwhopr o duc edaP ersiant ranslati
o no fAb 4Na j
b
Suhr awa rds-d ba l
-mu r$d$n,whi chi nc l
ude sadi scuss i
o no ns am i no neo fi ts
chapt ers.Be
65
si
de sinte rlacingt het ranslationwi thhi so wnc omme nts,Ge s4da rza l
so
wro teas uppl eme ntt ot hewo r
k ,kno wna sKh tima h(
Epilo gue).Thef ocuso fthi st e
x t
iso nI ndi anma ter
ia l
. Ano
66
the rs eco nd-g ene ra ti
o ndi sciple,Ruk na l-
D nK sh n( d.
after1337 ),ak hal$
faho fBur h na l
-D nGha r
b ,inc lude sac hapt ero ns ami nS ha ma !
il
al-
a tqi
y !(Virtue so ftheDe v out).Thi se x t
e ns i
v ewo rkc o versawi der ang eo ft opic s
from me taph y s
icstoS u8 9pra cti
c edi scusse di nr espe cti
vec hapt erstha trevo lvea ro und
quo tati
o nsde rivedf ro mt heKo ran,ha ditha ndt hewo rkso fr eli
giouss c hola rsa nd
Su89s.Unl
67
ik ethee arlierwo rks, t
hes ystema tice xpo s
itionsc o nta i
nv erylit
tlei nfo rma -
tiona boutt hea ctual pra cti
c eo fsa m. The yf o l
lo wt hec o nv entionso f theea rli
e rwo r
k s
ofthei sh r tgenre ,di scussingt hepe rmi ssi
b ilityo fs amf rom al egalpo into fv i
ew,
analy s
ingt het he oryo fmy stic
a lex pe ri
enc es,a ndpr escribingt hepr o pere tique ttefo r
thepa rticipa nts.Ho we ve r,t
he ydono tde sc ri
b es a ma ssemb liesa ndt hea ctual co nduc t
ofthepa rti
c i
pa nts.F ort hisr eas on,t hiss tudyf o cusese sse ntiallyo nt hee a rl
ierwo r
k s
thatc omb i
nef r
a gme nt arythe o r
e ti
c almus i
ng swi thr eme mb ranc eso fsa ma ssemb lie
s .

6
4
Qusai
n,Ja
v mi,321
.
6
5
SeeGes4darz,T
arjumah ,
25 42 82
.
6
6
Onsami nKh t
imah ,
seeGe s 4dar
z,Kh t
imah,1
2013
9 .
6
7
Rukna l
-Dninter
twinestheq uotati
onsfrom Niz
ma l-
Dna ndBur h
na l
-Dnwithcita
ti
onsfr
om
ArabicandPersi
anwo rks,
sucha sthet rans
lat
ionso f
Ris
lahquhair
iyy
a handAw ri
fal
-ma r
if(
ref
err
edto
asTa r
jumahq ushair
$andT arjumaha v
r
if
,re
s pect
ive
ly)
,Q tal-
qul
bbyAb 4T l
ibal-Makk
,andthe
workso fal
-Ghazl
.SeeK shn,Sh am !
i
l,34
13 71
.Si
milarsyst
ematiza
tiontookplaceinthewo r
ksof
Ma s
N4dBa k
ka ndAs hrafJahngrSimn nduringthelatt
erhalfofthefourt
eenthcentury
.SeeErns
t&
Lawrence2002:4043.

36
1
.2S
am
inNi
z*ma
l-
D,n
sde
vot
iona
lre
gime

Whe nNi z ma l
-D na ssume dt hel ea do ftheChi shti orde raftert hede a tho fB bF ard,
hei nhe riteda ne s tab l
ishe dpr ac t
iceo fs a m. S amha da l
rea dyb een8 9rml yc ons olid-
atedi ntot hepr acticeo fSu89smi nKhur as anwhe nt heo rderwa sb roug htf romt he r
et o
Indiab yKhv jahMuN na l
-Dn. Sev eral Su8 9 autho rsl i
k ea l-Qus ha ir(d.10 1
5 )andHuj vr
hade xpr essedac autio usa cc e
pt anc eo ft hepr a c
tic e,whi leo the rslikeAb4Qa m da l
-
Gha z l
a ndAhma da l
-Gha z l
( d.1 1
2 6 )ha da dvoc ate di tina ne loque ntlya rti
c ulate d
ma nne r.Ho we ver,the yha da llsoug htt ol i
mi tthepa rtic i
pa ti
o nt oa dv anc edpr a ctit
io n-
ers.Inc o ntra st
,a no the rSu89ma sterf ro m Khur asan, Ab4S aN
di b nAb
l-Kha ir(d. 104 9)
wa smo relibe ralinhi sa ppr oa c
ha nda lsoa llo we dno vice stoa ttend. Heha das igni89cant
roleini ns ti
tutiona lizingt hek h nq ha st hec entreo fSu8 9sma ndt husi npa vingt hewa y
fortheo rgani zedS u8 9b rotherho ods. Thes he ikhf r
o mMa y hanawa sno tat he oristtoe x-
presshi st houg htsi nc o piouswr it
ing s.Ins te ad, thet a5 kira hswr ittena f
te rhi sde athpo r-
trayhi ma sat eache rwho sema inf oc uswa si ng uidi ngdi sciples.I nthec a seo fpo e try
andmus ic,hi sent hus iasms pr angf ro mt hepo tentia lo ft hesea rtst oa ssisthisdi sc i
ple s
inthe irS u89pr actice.Thi
68
se nthus i
a smwa ss ha redb yt hee a
r l
yI ndi anChi shtima sters,
whoa rer e me mb e reda sa vi
dpr actiti
o ne r so fs am. Ho we ver,Ni zma l-Dni st he8 9rst
Chisht iwho semy stica landa es
the tics ens itiviti
e sint hema tt
era rereco rdedi ng rea tde -
tai
l.
P oetrya ndmus icpl a
yac o nspic uo usr o l
ei nt het e xtss tudi edf ort hisc hapt er.I n
Fav!ida l-fu d,po e ti
cv ersesr ecurt hr o ug ho utt hedi sc us s
ionsb e t
we e nNi zma l-D n
andhi sdi sciples.Thema sterr esortst oe x pre ssi
nghi ms e l
finv ersewhe ns entenc e sin
prosef ailt oc ommuni catehi st houg ht s.Whe nAm rQa sa nc ommi ttedNi zma l
-D ns
discour sesint owr iting ,hec a pi
ta l
izedo nt hisi no rde rt ohi g
hlightt hee mo t
iona lcha rg e
ofNi z ma l-
D n
sa sse mb lie
s .Ons eve ra lo cc asions ,thea sse
mb l
ye ndswi thNi z ma l
-
Dn, tearsi nhi se yes, 89
ni s
hingas t
o rywi thav erset ha tc ry s
talli
z esitsmo ra lore mo ti
v e
impo rt.Theus
6
9
eo fpo etryise venmo repr o f
us einS iya ra l-
a uliy!.Am rKhv urdl ac es
hispr osewi thv erse sb yf avouritepo etso ft hepe ri
o da7
0
nda no ny mo usa utho rs,aswe l
l
ashi sownv erses.Thet e ndenc yt oe xtendt her ea cho f pr oseb ypo etryise spe cial
lye v i
d-
enti nt hea utho r
sde sc ri
ptiono fhisb a ia tf romt heha ndo fNi z ma l
-D n.Whe nt he
narra t
ionr eachesa ne mo tional cli
ma xa ndt her eade rc a nf eel thev oiceo fmo vedAm r
Khv urdc ho king,av ersef o l
l
o wsa lmo ste ve ryphr a sewr itteni npr ose.Whe
7
1
nMa uln
Fakhra l-DnZa rr d( d.1 347 )
,ak h al$faho fNi zma l-D n,unde rt
o okt hede f
enc eo f

6
8
OnAb4S aN

d,seeGraham1 999.
6
9
See
,e.
g.Si
jz
,Fa
v
!i
d,18
4 ,3
92,434.
7
0
Themostfr
equentl
ycit
e dpoeti
sS a
Nd
,cl
ose
lyf
oll
owe
dbyS
an
a
ndAm
rKhus
rau.
Ver
sesb
yAm
r
Qas
an,Niz
m,KhqnandNAtt
roccurocc
asi
onal
ly
.
7
1
AmrKhvur
d,Siyar
,357360.

37
samus ingle ga lt
e rmino log y,hisc entraljust
i89cati
o nforlisteningt opo etrywa sitsa bil
-
i
tytor e acht ot hedi v i
ner e ali
tya ndr e vealfro
mi thidde nme aning s.72

Af ur theri nc r
e aseint hee ,fecto fpo eti
cv e r
seswhe nsungi nab e aut i
fulv oice,and
notme re lyrea da loud, isa ck no wledg edb yb ot hNi z
ma l-Dna ndZa rrd .Whe
73
nt he
text
spr a isethee ,f
e ctofs ungv erses,the ysavenowo r
ds .
S amc a nb esto wab lissf
ul uni-
onwi tht heb e lovedt othel istenerswhodi edur ingamus ica lasse mb l
y ,asha ppene dt o
Qutba l-
D n. Ho
74
we ver,s am c a
na ls
or e vivet hede ad.I ne xpla i
ni ngho wt he
Suhra wa rdi s
he i
khRuk na l-Dn, whol eadt hef unerarypr ayerso fNi zma l
-D n,forba de
organiz i
ngat hree -
da ysa ma ssemb lya f
terthel atte
rsdea th,Ge s 4da r za ttr
ibute sthis
tohisde siretoa voidthedi sorde rtha two ulde nsuewhe nthema ste rwo uldr isefromhi s
gravea nds tartda nc i
ng.I
75
na na necdo terelatedb yNi zma l
-D ninS iya ra l-
a uli
y!,ade -
ceasedS u89di sciplev is
itedt heS uhr awa rdishe ikh\i y
al
-D nR4mi nadr ea mv ision.
De s
pitet hehi ghr a nkheha da tt
aine di nP ar
a dise,hea ppe aredf o rl
o rn. Asf o rther ea s
-
on,hee xpl ai
ne dt ha thisne wa bodewa sdevoido fplea s
urea ndt as te( l
a zz
Aa
A t
-eoz a
A uq-e)
equallingt ho sede rivedf roms a m. 7
6

Thea ne cdo te,nodo ub t,se ekstoe s t

ablis
hs ama sapo tentr elig i
o uspr acti
ce, butit
als
ode li
c atel
ye xpressest heChi s
ht isunde rstandingo ft he i
rs upe ri
o rit
yo vert he
Suhra wa rdis.Whi let heS uhr awa rdipa t
hma yl eadt oP aradi se,thepl ea suret hats ur-
passese v ent hepa radisiaca lde li
ghtsc a nbede ri
vedf r
o mt heha llma rkChi shtipra cti
c e
.
Simo nDi gbyha sde scrib edt her elationshipb etwee nt het woo rde rsi nt heDe lhi
Sult
a na tea sami cableriva lr
y .Thi
77
sat t
itudema nifest
sine arlyChi sht iso urc esasthea b-
senceo fo utri
g htc rit
ici
s mo ft heS uhr awa r
dis,y ettheyo ft
eni mpl yt ha tt heirl a
v i
shl i
fe-
styl
ea ndt heiri nade quac yins aml eftthemwa nti
ngi nthe irspiritua l achi eveme nt .I
78
n
additiont othea bo veane cdo te,Niz ma l
-Dns tatesinF av!ida l
-fu d, ont hea utho r
ity
ofShi h ba l
-D nS uhr awa rd
sc onte mpo rary,Na jma l-DnKub rt hatt hef o r
me rwa s
endo we dwi t
he veryc onc e i
va bleb lessinge xc
e ptforat astefo rsam.F 7
9
ur the revidenc e
ofthisi sf oundi na na ne cdo tede scr i
b i
ngS hih ba l
-Dnsla cko fint eres tinamus i
c a
l
7
2
Za rrd,Risl
a h,2022.
7
3
Sijz,Fav!i
d,35 0
3 52;Zarrd,
Rislah,1
519.
7
4
Sijz,Fav!i
d,62 8630;Am rKhv urd,Si
yar,555 6
.
7
5
Qus ai
n.Javmi ,132.
7
6
Am rKhv urd,S i
yar,500.
7
7
Di gby2 003:243 .
7
8
Se eL awrenc e1976: 1
29.TheChi shtis
portray
a lof t
heS uhra
wa rdisasini
mica lorindi,
fer
e nttosa m
andmus i
cno twithstanding,latermus icol
o g
icaltre a
tise
sa ttr
ibutemus icalinventio
nst oBa hal-Dn
Zakar
iy y. Forinstance,Na v
bSa i
fKh nFaq
rAllhstrea
tisecomple t
edin1 666
, whichinclude saPersian
tra
nsl
a tiono fthev e r
na cul
arMa nk ut
u halandhiso wnwo rkRisla
h -y
i r
gd a
rpan ,l
ocatesBah al-
D nin
thesamec atego r
yo fsaintl
ymus i
ca l
inno v
atorsasAm rKhus r
au.FaqrAll
ha scr
ibestheinv entionof rg
mu l
t
n $d h anashr$a ndt hes ongfo r
mc handtohi m.S eeF aqr
ull
h,T arj
uma -i
-Ma nakutuhal
aoRi sala-i
-
Ragada rpa na,656 7,1
17.
7
9
Int heS u89pa rl
anc e,t
hewo rdtaste(5auq)de notessensit
ivi
tyforspirit
ualexpe r
iencea swe l
la sthe
exper
ie ncei t
se l
f.The s
et wome aningsinter
twineint hee xpress
ion5 au q
-isam( t
astefor/
o fsa m)that
caneithe rdeno teincli
na ti
onf orthepr act
ic
eo rthee xperiencederi
ve dfr
o mit.

38
assemb lyheo rgani zedf orhi sg ue stAu/ da l
-D nKi rm n( d.1 23 7) .Ni zma l-D n
praise st heS uhr awa rdima ste rf o rhi sa bso rptioni nt her eme mb ra nc eo fGo d,b uti n
l
ighto fKub rssta t
e me ntq uo tedo na no the ro c casion, mi l
dc riticismi shidde ni nt he
praise .Ni
8
0
z ma l-
D nso vera ll cons ide r
a tionf o rtheS uhr awa rdispr ob a blyde r
ive sf rom
thef a ctt ha tAw r
if al-ma rifb yS hih ba l-
D nwa sus e db yB bF a rdi nhi st eac hing .
Ge s4da r z,o nt heo t herha nd, wa sno ta st actful:heb lunt lysta t
e stha tt heS uhr awa rdis
areg no stics( rif
)whe r
e astheChi sht i
sa rel o vers( sh i
q). Thepo sitio no fthef orme ris,
nodo ub t,co mme nda b l
e, butb eingal overi sano the rwo rld(jah n-ed $ga ra st
).81

Ina ddi tiont oma ki

ngs ama ni mpo rt anti dent ityma rkero f theS ul t
a nateChi s htis,
thec omme ntsa s
so ciati
ngt hepr a cticewi thpa ssiona tel ove(i shq )po intt ot heChi s htis
conc e pt ua lunde r
s t
a ndingo fi tsr olei nt heb roa derf r
a me wo rko ft he irde votio nal
regime . Thi sunde r s
t andinge me rge sc lea rlyinS iyara l-
a uli
y!.Af terr ec ordingt hel ives
ofNi z ma l-D na ndhi spr e de cess orsa nds uc cess orsi n8 9vel eng th yc ha pters,Am r
Khv ur di ni tiatesat he ma ticdi s cuss i
o no ndi ,f
e renta spe ct
so fS u89t eaching sa nd
prac tice sin8 9
v efur t
he rc hapt e rs.Thes i
x thc ha pte ro fS iyara l
-au li
y !e x ploresNi zma l
-
Dn
sa ppr oac ht ot her e l
atio ns hipb e t
we enaS u89g ui dea ndhi sdi sc ipl es,whe rea st he
seve nt hc ha pte rco verst opicsl iker itua lpur ity, pray ers( du )f orv a rio uss itua t
io ns ,as
we lla sr e li
g iouspr acticesa ss oc i
a t
e dwi thdi ,ferentt i
me sa ndo cc asio ns( va z$
f
a h).The
cha pte ra l
soi nc l
ude sa dv iceo ndi eta rya nds a rt
o riale tiquette,b utt hef ocusi so nt he
prac ticeo f5 ikr, t
her eme mb ra nc eo fGo d, whi c hi nt hec ontexto fS u89pr acticede no tes
repe at i
ngdi ,f
e rentr e l
igiousf o rmul aee ithe rs ilent l
yo ra loud, inpr i
v a teo rc o l
lec tively.
Theg e ne rale mpha s i
so ft hes eve nthc hapt eri so ns treng the ningo nesf aitha nd
cleani ngo ne
si nne rb eingt hr o ught hepr ac t
ice st ha ta rec hara cter i
z edb ynume r i
c al
repe titiona ndt ha ta ret ob eunde rtak ena t89xe dt ime sino rde rt oa chi evet hede sired
pur po se .Ino t herwo r
ds ,the yc ons tituteag radua la ndt oil
somepr oc esst ha tr eq uires
pers ona lco mmi t
me nta ndc o ns ide rab l
ee ,f
o rt.
Thedi sc our s
ec ha ng esint hee ig hthc ha ptert ha tdi scussesl ov e( mu abb at),de si
re
(sha uq ), pas si
o na t
el o ve(i shq )a nds e ei
ngGo d( ru!ya t
-i br$ta l) .Thee mpha siss hi ft
s
froms yste ma ticpr a cticeto wa r dst heS u89s ove ralla ima ndt hee xpl ora tiono fther e la
-
ti
o ns hipb etwe e nahuma nb einga ndGo d. Ex po sit
o rypr o segiv eswa yt opo etic, me ta
-
pho ric all ang ua ge.F o rinstanc e,Am rKhv urdr ecor dsNi zma l-Dnt oha vee xpl aine d
theme a ningo fi shqb yc ompa r i
ngi twi thac re epe r(a s hiqah)t ha tdr ainsat re efro ml if
e
bypr ev ent ingi tf r
o mg etti
ngwa ter.S imi l
a rly
, lovee mpt i
est hel ov erf romhi sindi vidua l
ego .Wha
82
tiss i
gni89canti stha tt heni nthc ha ptero ns a mf ol
lo wst hise xplo r
a ti
o n. Al-
thoug hi tb r ieJKyb eginswi t
hapr os aicdi sc ussio no nt hepe rmiss i
b i
litya nde tique tteo f
thepr a ctice ,its oonmo v e
st odi s cuss i
ngpo e t
icme tapho rsa ndNi z ma l
-D n
se ng ag e
-
me ntwi ths am. Thel a ngua g eus edi nt heni nthc ha ptere cho e sthedi sco urseo fl ove
8
0
Si
jz
,F
av!
id,
2482
50.
Thepa
ssa
gei
sre
pea
tedi
nAm
rKhv
urd,
Siy
ar,
525
.
8
1
Qusai
n,
Jav
mi,31
.
8
2
AmrKhvur
d,Si
yar
,46
6.

39
f
oundinthepr e
viousc hapter.Thesyst
ematicpr e
sent
ati
ono fNiz
ma l
-D
n
sli
feand
t
eachi
ngsendswiththec hapte ronsam,andt hetent
hchapterser
vesa
sanappendix
t
hatincl
udesami s
cella
ne ao fdisco
nnect
edto pics
.Theassoc
iati
onofsamwithpas-
s
ionat
eloveanddis
tinguishingitfr
omo t
her,mo resys
temat
icprac
tic
eswoul
dbearti
cu-
l
at
e dev
enmo recl
earlyduringt hel
ateMughalpe ri
od.

1
.3I
nque
sti
nthes
ult
an
sco
urt

Nizma l
-Dnse nthusias mf ors a mdi dno tpa s
swi tho uto ppo sit
io n.Thec ont rove r
sy
ragi
nga roundt hepr a ct
ic er ea che di t
sapo geea round1 32 0,dur i
ngt her ei
gno fGhi ysa l-
DnT ug hlaq( r
.1 32013 25),a ndt hisb ecameo neo ft hek eyhi s
to rica
lmo me ntsr e-
peatedlye vok edb yt hel at erg ene rati
onso fChi sht iNi zami s.Att ha ttime ,ac ertain
Qusma l
-Dn,who ,a c
c ordi ngt oAm rKhv urd,ha de nj oye dNi zma l
-Dnsc area nd
l
e a
rne dtowa lki nhisho use ,ha db eena ll
uredb yf ame .Thi sma dehi me nv iouso fNi zm
al-
Dnsstandi nga mo ngt her eside ntsof Delhi.Hel a unc he dav irulenta ttacka gainstt he
Su89ma sterusingt hef atwa spr e viouslywr it
tena ga instQa Y Qam da l-DnNa gaur

s(8
3
d.
1244)pra cti
ceo fsa m.Qus ma l-Dn
sc ampa ignwa ss uc cessfulandi tc ulmina tedi n
Nizma l
-Dnb e i
ngs u mmo ne dt ode f
endhi sv iewsa tthes ultansco urt.Dur ingt hei n-
quest(ma #ar), Nizma l
-D nr eto r
tedQus ma l
-D nf ors pe akinga b outs ome thinghe
wasuna bl
et ounde rstand. Whe nNi zma l
-Dnsa dhe renc et otheHa na 89
tes choo lof law
wasq uestione d, heb rushe ds uc ha llega
tionsa side, butdi dno tde nyt hene gati
ves ta nc e
ofit
sf ounde r
, Ab4Qa nfah( d. 76 5),t
omus ic.Thec asewa ss olvedo nl ywhe ntheg r and -
sono fBa ha l-DnZa ka r
iyy , Ma ulnNIlma l-Dna ppe a reda nde x plai
ne dt hats a m
wasac ommo npr acticea mo ngt heS u89
so fT urke y,S yri
aa ndBa ghda d.Whe nt hec as e
agai
ns tNi zma l
-Dnwa se v entua l
lydr opped,hede cl
ine dt hes ulta n
so ,fertopa s sa
conclusivever dictint hema tter.8
4

Nizma l
-D nsde fenc eo fsa mi sno tadi spla yo fe rudites chola r
ship .Heha ds pe -
ci8
9cal
lyde cli
ne dt hehe lpo fdi scipleswhoha dc ollectedl e galev i
denc ei nf avouro ft he
practi
cea ndwe ntt ot hes ulta nsc ourta l
one .Dur i
ngt hei nq ue s
t,her efusedt oa rgue
withQus ma l-D no nt heg r oundso fhisigno r
anc eo fsama ndt heb reacho f etique t
te
heha dc ommi ttedi nt akingas ta nda gainstaf orme rwe l
l-wi s
he r.Whe nq ue st
ione d, he
agreedtha tAb4Qa nfah, who mhec lai
me dt ofo l
low, i
nde ed,disappr ovedo fmus ica nd,
89
nall
y,thei ssuewa sso l
v edt hr oug hani nterventiono faS uhr awa rdishe ikh. I
tispo ss i
b le
thatthea ccounto fS iya ra l-au li
y !iso versi
mpl i89ed.I ns t
e ado fAb 4Qa n f
ahsv iews ,
Nizma l
-Dna ppe arstoha vea do pt e
dt hemo rele nients ta ncet omus icpr opounde db y
thefounde ro ft heS ha 8
9itele ga lsc hool,al-S
h 89
N(d. 820 ).Thef o l
low- upo ft hea nec do te
i
nS iyara l-a
u liy!c orrobo rate st hisv i
ew. Thet e xtq uo tes\i y! al
-D nBa ra n
s( d.a ft
e r
8
3
ThisSuhr
awardiSu8
9isnott
obec
onf
use
dwi
tht
hek
hal
$
faho
fKhv
ja
hMu
N
nal
-D
nbe
ari
ngt
he
samename .
8
4
Am rKhv
urd,
S i
yar,
5265
30.

40
1354)2a sratn maha nde xpla
insho wNi z ma l
-D n, a f
terhi sretur nfromt hec ourt,
com-
plai
ne dt oAm rKhus raua ndMu/ ya l
-D nK sh nt hatt hes c holarso fthec itydono t
l
istent os oundha diths,iftheya retrans mittedb ya l-Sh 8
9Nbutno tb yAb4Qa n
fah.8
5

Nizma l-Dna ls
or eferstodi,feringo pinionso fthet wos cho larsint hema t
tero fmusic
inFa v!
ida l
-fu d.
86

Mo rer eveali
ngt ha nthes cho l
arlya r
g ume ntatio ni stheur genc yNi zma l
-Dnfeltin
defendings a m. Heha da voide dme eti
ngt hes ulta nsf orhi se ntireSu8 9careerthatha d
spanne da lmo stsixtyy earsby1 32 0.Thea t
tenda nc ei nt hec ourtdur ingt hes amc on-
trov
e rsywa st heve ry89rstti
mehec o ncede dt of ac et her ulingmo narch. K.A.Ni zamiis
quickt opo into uttha tNi z
ma l-Dnwa sno ta tte ndi ngt her oy alcour tbutt hec ourtof
sharia. Thef
87
actr ema ins,ho we ver
,t hatNi z ma l-Dnwa sc o mpr omi s
ingo neo fhis
mo stche ris
he dpr i
nc ipl
e sino rdertode fendhi sv iews .Mo reov er,ino rdertoj usti
fyhis
practice,hewa sreadyt ob l
urt hec on ve
nt iona lb o unda riesb etwe e nthel e g
als chool
s.8
8

Int hee yeso fAm rKhv urd,t hec haino fe v ent sr eac hedi t
sc ulmi nati
o n whe n
Mu/a mma dib nTu ghlaqmo vedhi sc apitalfromDe lhitoDa ulat abad.This ,accordi
ngt o
him, wa sthec oroll
a r
yo f Nizma l
-Dnss uspicio no verthef utur ewe l
l-beingo fac i
tyin-
habitedb ysuc hstub b ornu l
a m !.Onamo
89
ret a ng i
blel ev e
l,t hec ont r
o ver
sys purred
theS ultanateChi shtistoa rti
cula t
et heirlega lsta nc et os am. The8 9
rsto net opa r
tici
p-
ateinthi sprojectwa sF akhral-D nZa rrd.

Za
rr
d$
sl
ega
lar
gume
nta
tio
nan
dae
sth
eti
cse
nsi
ti
vi
ty
MaulnFakhral
-DnZa rr
d i
sinSiya
ra l-
auli
y!desc
ribedasaS u89discipl
ewhoha da
st
ronga,89
nit
ywithsam. 90
Hewa simme r
sedinpa ss
ionatel
o v
e ,wee pedo ft
endur i
ng
sa
ma ndwa sa
ne nthusiasti
cli
ste
ner.Befor
ehisb aiat
,hewa sal earne dschol
a rinter
-
es
tedina r
gumentati
o n.Heha dlit
tlerespectfo
rNi zma l
-Dn,butwhe nNaUra l
-Dn
t
ookhi mtome e
tthema st
er,hewasdeeplyimpressedbyhisab i
lit
ytoe x pla
inscriptura
l
subt
le
tieshehimselfdi dno tunder
stand.Subsequentl
y,heb ecameo neo fNiz ma l
-
Dn
sl
e adi
ngkhal
$f
ahs. Aft
erthelat
ter
sde a
th,Zarr
dspentperipate
ticl if
e,di
vidinghis

8
5
AmrKhv urd,S i
ya r
,531532.Noneo ft
hee arl
ys ource sspec i
89
estheha dit
hits
e l
finthisconte
xt.
Kh wajaHa sa
nS ani Nizamismo dernhagi
ogra
phy,Nizm$b ansurrelat
esthatthehadithinquest
ionwa s
thef amousa ccountwhe r
et hePr o
phetwa sl
is
teningt oserv antgirl
swhos anga ndac c
ompa ni
edthem-
selveswithframe ddr ums( daCf
).Whe nUma rtri
edt os topt hem,t heProphe ttol
dhi mt odesi
st.Se
e
Ni z
ami2 009a:307 308.Referencetothehadi
thinZa r
rds Rislah i
ndicat
esitsci
rcula
tionamongthe
ea r
lyChishti
s.SeeZa rr
d
,Rislah,
29.
86
Si
j
z,Fav!
id, 9
049 06.
87
Ni
zami 1991:11
9.
88
Fo
ll
o wingthet rendso fhisti
me ,Khwaj
aHa sanNi zamii nterpret
sthisasapr oo
fo fNizmal-D
ns
attai
nme ntof t
hede gr
eeo famu j
tahi
d,apers
onwhoi sno tb oundb ythede c
isi
onsma deb year
li
erjur
is-
prude nt
sb el
ong i
ngt oapa rti
cularl
egalsc
hool
.SeeNiz ami 2009 a:31
131
2.
89
AmrKhv urd,Siy
a r,
53 2.
90
AmrKhv urd,Siy
a r,
2702 7
1.

41
ti
meb etwe enDe l
hi,Da ulata bad,Aj me ra ndAj o dha n.In1 3 47,hee mb arke do napi l
-
grima get oMe c ca ,butdr owne de nr ou t
e.
Am rKhv ur dme ntio nst ha tZa rr dpa rticipa tedi nco l
lectinge vide nc efo rhi sma s
-
terins uppo rto fs amb efo rethei nq uest.Al
91
thoug hNi z
ma l-D ndi dno tus et hisma -
teri
a l i
nt hec o urt ,Zarrd
swo rkwa sno twa ste da ndhewr otet hr eet re at i
seso ns am.
Oneo ft he m,t heAr abicRi sla tu (la l-sams eemst oha v eb e enmo sti mpo rtanto f
thema nda ppa re ntlytheo nlyo net ha tha ss urv ived.9
2

Za rrd
sRi sa l
a hispa rto fa ne stablishe dt r
a dit
io no flega ldi scus sio nso nt hepe r
-
mi ssibilityo fsa m. Su89sha dt ak enupt hede fenc eo fthepr actic einwo r ksb e l
o ng i
ngt o
thei sh r tg enre .Themo ste lo que ntde fenc ei spr o bablyf oundi na l-Gha zl
sI y!
u l
ma l
-d $n.Theo ppo ne nt so ft hepr actice, ma nyo fwho m we res ha ria-mi nde dS u89s
,
cri
tic iseds uchs tancei nanumb ero ffatwa sa ndl egaltreatises. Amo ngt hel eadi ngo p-
pone ntso ft hepr a c
ticewa sZa rrdss enio rc ontempo raryI bnT aimi y yah( d.1 328i n
Da ma scus ).Hi sMa j
ma l-ras!ilal-ku bri nc lude sac haptere nt i
t l
edAl -samv a '
l-r
a q(,
andi ti ss til
l wide lyq uote di nc o ntempo ra r
yS o uthAs ia .
Ar thurGr ib etzha sno tedt ha to neo ft hema inc ha ra
c t
e r
isticso ft hedi scus sionso n
thepe rmi ssibilit
yo fs am,a ndmus ici ng e neral,i sther epe titi
ve ne sso ft hea rgu-
me nt s.Hei
93
sc ircums pe cti npo intingo utt ha ttheKo ransa ysv eryl ittlet ha tc anb ein-
terpre teda sapr o hibit
io no fmus ic, whi l
et hee videnc efoundi nt heha dithsc anb ein-
terpre tedi nb o thwa ys.Ul tima te ly
,t hec onc lus i
o nso fa nindi vidua la ut ho rde pe ndo n
hiso v erall appr oa chtol eg alissue s.Heus e sIb nT a imiy yaha nda l
-Gha z l asins tanc esof
twoc o ntra rytre ndsdi rec tingt hei nt erpre tatio no fthef orma t
iv es cript ure s.Thef orme r
argue dt ha tsome thingno te xplicitlya ll
o we di st ob eunde rstoo da sf or b i
dde n, whe reas
thel a tt
e rma int ainedt ha ti fso me thi ngi sno te xpl i
citlyforbidde n, i
ti sa llowe d. Int he
caseo fs am, thisb asi
cpr emi sel eadt odi a me t ri
ca l
lyo ppo si
ngv iews .94

Lo isI bsena l-Faruq ia do pte damo rea rtic ul

a tea ppro achi nhe rc o mpe ll
inga rticl
e
ont hel ega lstatuso fmus ici nMus l
iml aw. Shes tatesa ttheo ut sett ha ts inc enopuni sh-
me nti spr e s
c r
ib edf ormus icala c t
ivitiesi nt heKo rano rtheha diths ,itc a nno tf allinto
thec a teg oryo f forbidde n( arm)a ctivi
ties. Ins t
e ad,thede b ateo nitspe rmi ssibili
tyha s
revo l
v eda roundt hec ont ex twhe rewha tshec al
lss ounda rt(h an d asa ta l-(awt )i spra c
-
ti
ce d. Whi lether ecitat
io no ftheKo rano rs ing ingpo e tryinr el
ig i
o uso rf estiveo c casions
i
sha r dlye verq ue st
ione d,mus ici no the rc o ntex t
sha sb eena tta ckedb e caus eo ft he
activitiest ha tac co mpa nyi t
.I
95
nt hec aseo f theS u89s
practi
c eo fs am, thec rit
icismha s
targe tedt he irda nce-li
k emo veme nts, rendi ngo fc lothesa ndo the re cs taticb eha viours
.
Ina ddi tio n,themo r
eo v ertlyq ue stiona b l
epr a ct
ic es
, li
kewi tne ssingt hema nifestations
9
1
AmrKhvurd,S
iyar
,52
8.
9
2
Acc
o r
dingtoSiy
aral-
Aul
i
y!
,t
heo
the
rtwowe
reI
b
at-
isa
ma
ndKa
shfa
l-
mif
tmi
nwu
jda
l-
sam.
9
3
Se
eGr i
betz19
91:44
.
9
4
Se
eGr i
betz19
91.
9
5
Se
ea l
Fa r
uqi1
985.

42
of Go diny oungb oy sa ndda nc ingwi tht he mdur ings am( sh hidb z
$),ha v eb eenus ed
tob uttresst hede ma ndf orb anni ngt hepr acticea ltogethe r.Int hel att
erc a se,t hea cc usa-
tionso fi mmo ralityc o uldc o n venient l
yb ec o mb ine dwi tha ll
egedi nca rna tio nism
(hu l
l
iyya ),a sL lo ydRi dg eonha sd e mo ns tratedt oha v eha ppe ne dint hec as eo fAu/ d
al-DnKi rm n .9
6

Altho ug ht hel e ga l t
rea tis
e swr it
teno nt hepe rmi ssib i
lit
yo fsa ma ndt hea cc ompa -
ny i
nga ctiv i
tie sha vepr oba blyne verma na gedt oc o n vincet ho sewhoho ldo ppo sing
views ,rec api tula ti
ngZa rr d
sma i
na r
g ume nt she rei sus e f
ul.Thewo rki spa rtic ula rl
y
interesting ,b ec ausei tha sv isiblyb eenwr ittenb yape rsonwhoi sapr actitione ro f sa m
andhi sa e sthe ti
cs ens i
tivities,a swe llast hec ont empo r arypr ac ti
ces,ha v ea ,fe cte dhi s
wr i
ting .Lik et hei nq ue sta tthes ul t
a n
sc o urt,Za rrdsRi salahha sretaine di tsc ur renc y.
Itwa spub li
she df romt heNi z ma l-Dns hrinewi thaP e rsiant ranslationa ndapr e face
de t
a i
lingt hei nq ue sti n1 8 89 ,a tat imewhe nt hec riticismo fsa mwa sv e he me nt l
y
voice db yt her e formi stIslami cmo veme nt s.T omyk no wl edg e,theo nlys cho la rt oha ve
discuss edt het ex tisBr uc eL a wr enc ei nhi sa rticle Thee a rl
yChi shtappr oac ht os a m E
pub lis
he di n1 9 83 .Ho we v er,hisa nalysisisl imi tedt oZa rr d
sunde rstandi ngo f thet erm
tav j
ud ,whi c hL awr e nc et ransla tesa sempa the tice cst asy.
I
nt heRi sala h, Za rrd ado pt sa na to mi stica ppr o achb ys plitti
ngs a mi ntot enb a-
sicpr i
nc iple s( u(l, singa (l).Int hec our seo fthewo rk, hepr ove sthejur idica l acc ept ab-
il
ityo fe acho ft he sea ndc onc lude stha tthee nt irepr a cticeisa cceptab l
e ,mu b .Int he
l
e galja rgon, t
hi sme a nst ha tno te ng agingi ns a mi sno tpuni sha ble,whe re a st heo p-
po sit
ewi l
l ber ewa rde db yGo d. Be foree nt eringt hedi s cussiono fthepr inc iple s,Za rrd
de 8
9ne shise piste mo log i
c alframe wo rkb yuna b ashe dlypr oclaimi ngt hatt heS u8 9
sa ret he
be stamo ngt her eligio uss pe cialistsb eca us ethe ya ref ullyimme rsedi nGo d, andt he re
-
foree xcel theha diths cho lars,jur isconsul tsa ndt ho see ng agedi nr at
iona lr e
a so ning .9
7

I
nt he8 9rstpr i
nc ipl e,Za rr d de89ness ama sac omb ina t
io no fbe aut i
fulv o i
c e( al
-
(awt a l
-a sa n/ v z-in ek )a ndme asureds pe ech( al-
k al ma l-ma wzn /ka l
m- i ma u zn)
ands tatest ha tl i
s t
e ni ngt one ithe ri sdisa ppr o vedi nt hes ha ria.Hedi stingui she ss a m
fromg hin(
s i
ng i
ng )a nde sta blishe sac o nc ept ua ldi,fere nceb etwe ent heS u89 pr ac tice,
ont heo neha nd, a ndmus ictha tislistene df o rpl easur ei npr o fanec onte xts,o nt heo t
h-
er.Thes ec ondpr inc iplei st ha tt heb eautifulv o icei sag iftfromGo d, whe r
e a st het hird
princ i
plec l
a i
mst ha tpr ohib itingt heus eo fc e rtai
ni ns trume nts,liket her ee dpi pe
(mi zm r),ha sa lwa ysb eenc ont e xtualb e caus epl ayingt he m ha sbe e
na ss
o c iatedwi th
drink i
ngo fa lco ho l.If,o nt hec o ntrary,t hea ctio nsa ndi nte ntionso ft hel istene rsa re
pur e,instrume ntsc anb eus ed. Za rrd,ho we ver, no t
e stha tt heS u8 9ma stersha v eg e ne r
-
all
yg i
ve npr e fere nc et ot hehuma nv oi
c eo v erins trume nt s.
98

9
6
Se
eRi dg
eon201
2.
9
7
Zar
rd,
Ris
la
h,1
3,4
950
.
9
8
Zar
rd,
Ris
la
h,1
31
9.

43
 Thef o ur thpr i
nc iplea na lysestheme a sur eds pe ech, whi chma ni f
e stsi t
se lfinpo etic
verses( sh ir ).P oetryha st hea bil
ityt oi mpa rtk no wl e
dg ea b outs ub tl
eme aning s,a ndi t
a,f
ectst hehe a rtb ec aus eo fthepo eticme tre .Unl ik etheb ea utiful voicet hata lsoc e rtain
anima lspo s sess,wr itinga ndunde rstandi ngpo e tryi ss pe ci
89ct ohuma nb eing s.Thedi s
-
paragingc o mme ntsa boutpo etsint heKo rana ppl yo nl yt ot ho sewhor idicule dt he
Prophe ti nt he irve rse s.Af terdi scussingmus i
ca ndpo etry,thet woma i
nc o mpo ne ntso f
sam, Za rr d co nte stsi nt he8 9ft
hpr i
nc i
pl et ha tc o mb i
ni ngt wog o odt hi ng swi lllea dt o
greaterg o o d. Theb e ne 89tso fthepr a cticet huse sta blished, Za rrd pr ocla i
msi nt hes i
x th
pri
nc iplet ha te vent ho ug hs a mi ni tse lfisa cce pta b l
e,e nga gingi ni tinaf r
ivo lousma n-
nerma k esi tf o rbidde n.Ag
99
ai
n, themus ica landpo etica ctiviti
e st hems e lv
e sc anno tb e
conde mne d, andt hec o nte xtde 89
ne sthe irpe rmi ssib il
ity.
Za rr d ha sk e pti nc o rpo r
a t
ingr e f
e re nc est ot heKo ra na ndt heha di thst hro ug ho ut
the8 9
rs ts ixpr i
nc ipl es.Thene xtt hr eepr inc i
pl esa ree xclusive l
yde dic atedt ol isti
ng
proofsf ro mr e li
gio ust ex tsinf avo uro ft hepr a ctice .T ypicallyt ol eg alwo rks ,heb e gins
withr e fere nc est ot heKo ran( s
e vent hpr incipl e)a ndt henc o nt i
nue st ot heha di ths
(ei
ght hpr inc iple)a ndt hes ayingso f r
e ligio uss c ho larsa ndS u89slikeAb 4T li
ba l-
Ma k k
,
Sulam ,a l-Gha zl,S hi bl,Ab 4l-
Da q qqa ndNi z ma l
-D n( ninthpr inc iple )
.10
0

The8 9na l,tent hpr inc i

pl edis cusse st a v j
u d ,whi chf orZa rrdde no t
e sme asur ed
mo veme ntt ha tca nb ei nt erpre t
eda sda nc ing .Het huss e emst or efert ov o l
unt arys imu-
l
a t
iono f va jda sthet ermi sunde rstoo di nt hee arlie rSu89 ma nua l
sa1
01
ndwhi chme ani ng
Lawre nc est r
a nslat ion e mpa thetice cs tas yc apt ur es.Ho we ve r
,Ia m no ts ur eift hisi s
wha tZa rrdme a ns ,b e caus ehea ttrib ute st heo r i
ginso ft av judt ot heme lo dy
(nagh ma h)t ha tmo ve sthes pi r
it(r ) ,whi c ht he nmo v est heb ody( q lab ).S i
nc et he
me l
o dyi sme asur ed, a lsot hemo v eme nt sc a use db yi tc anb eme a sure d. Thus ,i
ts e ems
thatfo rZa rrd t
a v j
u di sno tv ol
unt arymo v eme nta l
tho ug hi tca na ppe a rass uc h. Co n-
tra
stingt a v j
u dwi thda nc ing( raq( )s treng the nst hisi mpr e ssi
o n.Ta v juddi ,f
e rsf r
o m
raq(pr e cise lyb ec aus et hel atterisv o lunt a rya nds e l
f-cons cious .Asf o rt hemo v eme nts
oftho sewhoe xpe rie nc et av j
u d,Za rrd pr e sent se x ampl eso fas u, f
er i
nga ni ma l:o nei s
tobes la ug ht ered, thes ec ondi sa89sht ha ts eest heo ceanf romt hes ho re, ort het hirdi sa
mo tht ha ts oo nb ur nsi nt heJ Kame .Af terdi sc us si
ngt av jud ,Za rr dc onc lude sb y
declaringt ha tt heo newhoc o nsi
de rspr a ctisings a ma serr i
ngi shi ms e lfmi s g
ui de di n
ma kings uc ha ninno v atio n( al-mu btad ia l
- F l
l/b i
da t$gu mr h ).
102

Altho ug hZa rr d us esl ega largume nt s, hist ex ta ris

e sfro ml ive dpr a ctice. Thes am
Zarrddi v ide sint ot e nb asicpr incipl esi sno ta na bs t
ra cti
o nb utt hepr acticee nc o ur-
agedi nt hec ircleo fNi z ma l-Dna ndde scrib edi nde t
a i
l be l
o w. Thi sise spe ciall
ye vid-
entint he8 9rst8 9
vepr incipl es.Hea rgue sf o rt hec o mb i
ne de ,fecto ft het ri
a dt ha tc om-

9
9
Zar
rd
,Ris
la
h,20
2 5
.
1
00
Se
eZa r
rd
,Ri
sl
ah,2541
.
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01
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e,e.g
.Aver
y2004:6
6.
1
02
Zar
rd
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la
h,4445
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44
prisesNi zma l-
Dnssam: t
heb eauti
fulvo i
ce, i
nstrume ntsandpo etry
.Es pe cial
lyt he
abili
tyo fve rs
i89e
ds peecht orevealdivi
nes ecretswa sawi delyhe ldc oncepta mo ngt he
SultanateChi shtis
. Ther at
he rcurs
o r
ydi sc
us si
ono nt heus eofi nstr
ume ntsa lsoe c hoes
theira t
tit
ude s.Altho ughno tfavouredb yt heS u89sheikhs( i
.e.Nizma l
-D n),Za rr
d
wo uldno tpr ohibitthem, bec a
uses omeo fNi zma l-Dn
sdiscipleswe reg r
e ate nt husi
-
astso finstrume ntalmus ic.Thet r
eatme nto fthee ,f
e c
tso fpoe tr
yr eveal
st hea ut hor
s
sensitiv
ityt oitse,fects
,as ensi
tiv
itythatisinstincti
ver athertha nintell
ectua l.Eve nre-
de89ningt het ermt a v
juds eemst oa r
isef romt hephe nome naa ctua l
l
ywi tne sse din
sama sse mb li
es,whe rethemo vementso fthel i
stenersmi ghtr esemb l
eda nc ee venif
theywe r
eno tc o
nsc i
ous.Za rr
d
sdescript
io nofthe s
emo veme ntsa sresemb lingdi ,
fer
-
enta nima lsindi s
tressisbasedo nwha thes aw,no tonwha thet houg htshoul dha ppen.
Insteado fb eingat he ore
ticalsys
tema t
ist,Za r
rdisapr ac
tit
ione rwho sec ont ri
b ution
l
iesi nintegratingthel i
vede xperi
enceintothec a r
efull
ya rti
culatedlit
e r
arytra diti
o n.

1
.4Ni
z*ma
l-
D,na
sapa
tro
nof
lit
era
tur
eandmus
ic

I
na ddi
tiont oa dvoca
ti
ngs ama ndinteg
rat
ingliv
edpracti
ceintothepre
-exist
inglit
er-
a
rypa t
ternsa ndr el
i
giousdis
course
s,theChisht
itext
softheSultanat
eperi
odr evealt
he
r
oleoftheS u89s,es
pecial
l
yNi zmal-
Dn,intheconte
mpo ra
ryc ult
ura
lsce
ne. Hisabil
ity
t
oa tt
ractno t
a blepoet
sa ndmus i
ci
anstohisc i
rcl
econtr
ibutedt ohi
seme r
genc easa n
i
mpo rt
antc ulturalf
orceinSulta
nateDe l
hi.
Al t
houghhedidno tbel
ongtothea ,J
Kuent
r
uli
nge l
ite,hene vert
helessa
ssumedar ol
easapa t
ronofpoetsandmus i
ci
ans.

Am$
rKh
usr
au
Themo stpromi nento fNiz ma l-
D n
spo et-
discipl
e swa sAm rKhus r
au.Atpr esent,he
isreme mb ereda sag reatpo eti na r
easwhe reP er
s ianisstillthes pokenla ngua ge,al
-
though,forins t
anc e,inI ranheha sb ee
no vershadowe db yIr anian-bor
na utho rs.InIn-
dia,whe r
eP ersians kil
lsha vea llbutdisappe ared,hi sfamer estso ntheHi nda vipo et
ry
att
ributedtohi m. Hei sa l
sope rceive
da sac ulturalfo r
cetha tgreatlycontri
b utedtot he
eme rge
nc eo fthedi st
inc tl
yI ndianI sl
amicc ulturet hatseaml essl
yi ncor
po ratesCe ntra
l
Asian,
Mus l
im inJKuence swi t
hI nd i
an,Hindu culture.Hisi nv e
nt i
onsareb el
ievedt o
compr i
set hel a
ng ua g
e so fHindia ndUr du, av arie
t yo fra
ga s,mus ica
linstrume ntsl i
ke
tabl
aa nds itarandmus icalgenr esli
kek hayla ndq awwali
. Al t
ho ughthev e r
satil
ityof
Khus r
aui nthe8 9el
dso flit
eraturea ndbo thIndi a
na ndCe ntral Asianmusica ltradit
ions
isevidenta ndt extslikeNu hs i
p i
h rte
sti
fyt ohi sfondne sso fIndi aasar egionne xtto
Paradis
e, mo stoft heindi vidualin ve
ntionspo pul a
rlya tt
ri
but edt ohima reo fargua bl
y
l
a t
er,of
tens eventee nt
h-o reighteenth-c
ent uryo r
igin.
Inaddition,Khus ra uisinS outhAs i
ar eme mb ere dasaS u89discipl
eo fNiz ma l-
Dn.
His89nalre s
tingpl aceo ppo s
itehisma sterstomba ndthec ustomo fpay i
ngo ne
sre-

45
spe ctstohi mb eforee nt eri
ngt hema ins hr i
neha vek epthi mi nt hef oc uso fama jor
shr i
ne -culta ndt hec o ll
e ct
ivei ma g i
natio nof loc
a lMus lims .
Mo reb ook sha veb eenwr itte
na b outAm rKhus ra ut hana b outhi sS u8 9g uide.1
03
His
fathe rwa so fT ur ki
sho r
igina ndha iledf rom Ce ntra lAs ia,whe reashi smo t herwa sa
da ught ero fa nI ndia nMus l
im. Unlikepa radigma ticS u89po etsl ikeR4m , Khus rauwa s
bo thapr ofes s
io nalpo e tandaS u89disc i
ple.Dur ingt heS ultana tepe r
io d,b eingapr ofe s
-
siona lpo etme a nts ervingapa tron,whowa seithe rther ulingmo na rcho rs o meo fthe
am$ rs,int hec a pa ci
tyo f ac ourtpo e
t.Khus r
a uac teda sac our tiera ndac o urtpo etfo ra l
-
mo st89vede c ade sfrom1 277unt ilhisde athi n132 5a ndwr otemuc ho fhi spo e tr
yi nt his
cont ext.Hi se arlywo r
k swe r
epa ne g
y ri
cq a($d ahs.Ho we ver,dur inghi sc are erP ersi
anpo -
etswe reinc reas i
ng l
yt ur ningt ona r
rativema snav $
s, l
o ng erpo e msc ons is
tingo frhymi ng
coupl ets.S unil Sha r
mapo intso utthatwhi l
et hena rrat i
vepo etryha dt radi t
io na l
lyde a l
t
wit he pico rro ma ntict he me s, Khusra u
spe rsona leng ageme ntwi tht hec our ta ndt he
po li
ticale ve ntso fhi st i
me. .
. allowedhi mt opre sentl i
vinghi storyt hro ug ht hel e nso f
histo r
ya nddi da cti
cpo etr
y. Hewr
104
o t
eo nema sn av $fo re ac ho fthe8 9ves ultanshe
serve d,ina ddi tiont ot heKh ams ah(^Qui ntet_
)of 89
v er o ma nticna rrat
iv esmo de l
leda fter
thewo r
ko fNi zmGa njav( d.1 209).Ina ddit
io nt ona rr
ativ epo etry,hewr oteI jz -
i
khu srav$,whi c
hc ons i
sto f
mo de lprosewr itingsint hef ormso flettersa nda ne c
do tes.5
10

Thi swo rki simpo r

tantf orthei nforma tioni tco nta insa b outt hec o ntempo raryc ourt
culture .I t
ss igni89canc ef ort hes t
udyo fmus i
cha sb eene mpha size db yS ha ha b
Sar ma dee .
106

Khus ra uwa se x
tre me lys uc cess
ful inthec our t.Hena vigate dhi swa yt hr o ught ur bu-
l
e ntt i
me stha to ftenfo llowedt hede atho f
hi spatro nsa ndma na g edto8 9nde mpl oyme nt
int hec o urtso ft heirs uccesso rs.Ho we ver,hewa se q ua ll
yr espe c t
edi nt heS u89c i
rcleo f
Niz ma l-Dn. Khus ra usq a($da hs,ma sn av$
sa ndpr os ea redi st i
nc ti
ve l
ypr o duc tso ft he
cour tl
yc o nte x
t, eveni f hea ssoc ia
teshi ms el
f withNi zma l-Dnb ypr aisinghi mt oge t
he r
wit ht hes ul ta
ni nt heb eginni ngo fhi sma snav$s.Ho we ver
,hi sg haza ls
,s ho rterlyrical
po ems ,tha thek eptwr it
ingt hr ougho uthi sc ar
ee ra ndwhi chc ompr i
sef o urpo e t
icc o l
-
l
e ctions( d$v n)a remo rea mb i
g uous.Ma nywe r
ewr ittenf ors ulta n
ss oires( ma jl
is),and
\iy !al-DnBa r anv i
v idlyde s
c ri
b e
so nes uc ho ccasio nt ha tto o kpla cei nt hec ourto f
Jall al
-D nKhi lj
( r
.12 90-1296 )inhi sT r$kh-if$
ro zsh h $(
His t
o ryo fF rozS h h).Ba ran
1
03
Amo ngt hee a
rli
eststudie
sa reMo ha mma dHa bi
bsHazratAm$rKh u
srauof Delhi
pub l
ishedin1 9
27
andWa hi
dMi r z
asAm$ rKh us
rau:Sa v
ni
-iumr $publ
ishedin1 94
5.Forac ol
lecti
o nofnineteenth-and
earlytwentie th-centur
yk eywr i
tingso nKhur a
u, se
eAm$ rKhusrauedit
e dbySheikhS al
ee mAhme d.The
mo strecentc o mpr ehensiv
emo nographa boutthepo e
ta ndhiswo rk
si nEngli
shi sSunilSharmasAm$r
Kh usr
aw:Th eP oetofSultansandS u+
,s.Inaddit
ion,mo r
eo rle
ssschola
rlyworksonhi mk eepappe ari
nga t
regula
rinte rva l
s.Muc ho fthecontentso fthes
ewo rksi
sr epe
tit
iveand,asSunilSharmaha sno te
d,
ther
e
i
sl i
ttl
enewo rinterest
ingwo rkonhi sactualwri
ting.
SeeSharma2 00
6:89.
1
04
Sharma2 006:59.
1
05
Sharma2 006:66.
1
06
Fort he Eng l
isht ransl
ati
o no fr elev
antpa ssa
g es
,s eeS ar
ma dee20 04
.F ora di s
c us
si
o no n
mus ic
o l
ogica linformationinthet e
xt,seeS ar
made e2003:444
45 9
.

46
rel
a t
est ha tKhus ra uwo uldda il
ypr ese ntt her ule rwi thane wg ha zalina na ssemb l
y
whe rethepa rti
c i
pa nt sg oti nto xicat
e db yt hec ha r mso fthec upb ea rers,swe etv oi
c eso f
thesing ers,graceful mo ve me nto ffema leda nc ersa swe llasb ywi ne . Ho
1
07
we ver,thepo -
eti
ci ma ge r
yo ftheg ha za l
swa seq uallys uitab letob ei nte r
pr ete dint heS u89 frame wo rk,
ands oKhus raust ex tsf o undf av o
ura lsoi nt hes a m a ssemb l
ie so rgani z
edi nt he
j
a ma tkh naho fhi sS u8 9g uide .Thef actt ha tKhus ra uha da ne st
a blis
he dpo si
tioni n
bothc our tl
ya ndS u89 co nt extr evea l
sthee x tento f thea c commo dati
ngna tureo ftheS u89
tradi
tion;b eco mingar ec ogni zeddi sciplea ndac l
osec o mpa ni ono fapr omi nentS u89
sheikhdi dno tpr esumea do ptingac loisteredl ifestyle.
Am rKhus rau
ss pe c ialb o ndwi t
hNi zma l-
D ni sde scrib edi nde taili nS i
ya ra l
-
auliy!
,whi leo there a rlyt ex t
se i
therr ema ins ilenta b outhi mo rr eme mb ero nlyhi spo -
etry.F
1
08
av !
ida l-
fu d,awo rko fa no t
he rpo et-disciple ,Am rQa sa n,me ntionsAm r
Khus raui nas inglei ns t
a nc e. Er
1
09
nsta ndL a wr enc esug g esttha tt hisisduet ot her ivalr
y
betwe ent hetwopo ets.Ho
11
0
we ver,i
tiswo rthno tingt ha talsoo therpr omine ntdisc i
pl e
s
l
ikeNa Ura l
-Dna ndBur h na l-
D na reme nt ione do nlys po radicallyint het ext.This
ma yb eb ecauset he ys impl ywe reno tpr e senti nNi z ma l
-D nsa ssemb liest ogether
withAm rQa san,o rt ha tt hec on ve
rsa ti
o nne v ert urne dt ot he m dur ingthedi scour se
s
thatwe rer ecorde d.F ur the rmo re,t hef riends hipb e twe enAm rKhus r
aua ndAm r
Qa sanisno tedb ys ev era lco nte mpo rarya utho rs.1
11

Judg i
ngf romS iya ra l-a uli
y !
, t
hec ont actb etwe enNi z ma l-Dna ndAm rKhus rau
wa sestab li
shedv er ye arly ,whe nt hef orme rmo v edf romBa da y untoDe lhia ndt oo kup
hisre s
ide ncei nt hene ighb o urho odwhe ret hel a tt
erl ived. I
1
12
tiss igni8
9ca nttha tt hi
s
happe ne db eforeNi zma l-D nso atho fa ll
e gianc et oB bF a r
d.Af te
rheha de stab-
l
ishedhi ms el
fa saS u89ma ster,Khus raupr ov i
de dhi mi nte ri
ma cco mmo da t
ioni nhi s
grandfathe r
sho usea1
13
ndwhe nNi z ma l-Dnl ate rwa so nt hev ergeo fleavingDe lhi fo
r
amo res ecl
ude dl i
fe ,hec ons i
de r
e dAm rKhus rausv i
llag e,P atiya l
i,asapo ssibl
e
cho i
ce. Theb
1
14
ondb e twe e nKhus raua ndNi zma l-
D ns t
ay ed8 9
rmf orther es
to ft hei
r
l
ive s
.Ac co r
dingt oAm rKhv ur d,Khus rauwa sthes ol
edi sciplewhoc ouldme etthema s-
terwhe ne verhewa nt ed, wi tho uta skingf o rpe rmi ss
ion. Khus ra uwo uldk ee phimc om-
panyb e f
o reher etiredf o rhi sno cturna lso l
itudea ndt oldhi ms tori
e sa ndne ws ,thus ,no
doub t,alsok eepinghi mupt oda teont hee vent sint hec our t.Am
1
15
rKhv urdhi ghl i
g ht
s
Khus rauspo si
tionb ys tatingt hate venpr omi ne ntdi sc i
pl eslik eNa Ura l-
Dna ndBur hn

1
07
Se
eS ar
ma dee2003:52
5527.
1
08
Fo
ra nEngli
shtransl
ati
onoftheentr
yonKhusraui
nSiy
aral-
auli
y!
,s
eeS
harma2
006
:94
98
.
1
09
Si
j
z,Fav
i d
, 6
18620.
1
10
Er
nst&L awrence2002:77
.
1
11
Se
e,e.g
.Am rKhvurd,Si
yar
,2782
79;Qa
landa
r,Kha
ir,
55;Qus
ain
,Ja
vmi
,17
8.
1
12
AmrKhvurd,Siy
a r
,10
8.
1
13
AmrKhvurd,Siy
a r
,301
.
1
14
AmrKhvurd,Siy
a r
,11
0.
1
15
AmrKhvurd,Siy
a r
,12
5.

47
al-
D ns oug hthi sme dia tiona ndpr ese nte dt he i
re ntreatiest oNi z ma l-Dnt hroug h
him.11
6

Er nsta ndL awr e nceha vepa i

da tt
e ntio nt ot hef a c
tt ha tde spitet hepr omi nenceo f
Am rKhus r aua mo ngNi z ma l
-Dn sdis ciples,hewa sne verma det hel atter
sk ha l
$
fa h
.
Theys ugge stt hatt hiswa sduet ohi st ieswi tht hec ourt. Ho
1
17
wev er,no neo fthee a rl
y
Chisht iaut ho rsfel
tane e dt oe x plai
nt hea ppa rentc o ntradic t
io no fintima c yandl a c
ko f
for
ma lr eco gni t
ion,o rc our tl
yc are era ndS u89di scipleshi p.Thes inglei ns t
a ncet hat
pointst oKhus r
auswo rldlyt iesa sahi ndr anc ef ors pirit
ua ll i
festylei sa na ne cdo t
ei n
Siy
a ra l-auliy !thatr eco unt sNi zma l-D nsc ri
t i
ca lrema rkso nKhus r a
u sda ncingi n
sam: hes ho uldno tda nc ewi t
hhi sha ndsr aised, l
ikeade rvish, becaus ehewa ss t
il
ltied
tothewo rld. Ho
11
8
we ver, thisisal onei nc ide nti nc ont rastt oanumb ero fpa ssa gesthat
empha sizet hec los er e l
a tions hipb etwe enKhus raua ndNi zma l-D n.Ac cordingt o
Am rKhv ur d,Khus raui nv ari
a blyc ho seNi z ma l-D nwhe nhewa sf orcedt ode cide
betwe ent hel oyal
t yt ot hes ultana ndhi sS u89g uide .F ori nstanc e,whe nJ al
lal-
D n
Khiljwa nt edt opa yas urpr isev is
itt oNi zma l
-D n, Khus ra ub etray edt hepl a ntohi s
ma sterwhoi mme dia telys e tforthfo rapi l
g rima get oAj o dha n.11
9

Whe ni tc ome st ot hel i

tera r
ya cti
v it
ie so fKhus r a
u,t heS u89t extsa rec ur sorya nd
bri
e f
. Hispo e msa rec it
e di nS i
y ara l-auliy !
,e it
he rint erspe rsedb e t
we e nt hepr o s
epa s
-
sages,o rint hec ont exto fs ama s semb lieswhe ret heya res ung .I
1
20
na ddi t
io n,Am r
Khv urdr ec ordsaf e wi ns ta nce so fNi zma l-D n
si nvo lveme nti nAm rKhus rauswr i
ting
proce ss.Ont he8 9rsto cc as i
o n, inthei ni ti
a lsta geo fhi spo eticc areer,Khus raupr esents
somepo emst ohi sma ster,whoa dviseshi mt owr it
ea bo utmo l
esa ndl ocksi nt he
ma nne ro fI sfa
ha nipo e tss ot hathi sv erse swo ul di nc itepa ssiona t
el ovei nt he
audie nce. Ona
1
21
no the ro c casion, thepo e tpr esent shi sd $
v n stoNi z ma l-Dni no rder
tove rif
yt he irpo etica llus i
o nsa ndi ndi ca t
io ns( rum zoi sh rt). Am
12
2
rKhv urdf urther
sta
te sthatKhus rauwo uldb ringwha teverhewr o tetoNi z ma l-Dn, whowo uldt aket he
book si nhi sha nda ndr ea dapr aye ro vert he m. Ono cca si
o n, hewo ulda l
s ore adaf e w
l
inesf romt he m. Am
1
23
rKhv urdc onc lude sb ys tre ss
ingNi z
ma l-Dnsi mpa cto n
Khus rau
ss uc c e
ssa sapo e t,altho ug hhi so ut wa rdin vo l
ve me nts ee me dt ob elimitedt o
rat
he rg ene ra lsty
listica dv icea ndb lessingt hepo e t
swo rks.

1
16
AmrKhvurd,Si
yar,
237and280281
,re
spe
cti
vel
y.
1
17
Er
nst&L awrence2002
:7677.
1
18
AmrKhvurd,Si
yar,
506507.
1
19
AmrKhvurd,Si
yar,
135
.
1
20
Se
e,e.
g.Am rKhvur
d,Si
yar,
304,5
15.
1
21
AmrKhvurd,Si
yar,
301.
1
22
AmrKhvurd,Si
yar,
301.
1
23
AmrKhvurd,Si
yar,
302.

48
Am$
r2a
sana
ndIi
y!
al-
D$nBa
ran
$
Inc o nt rastt oKhus rau, t
hepe r sono fAm rQa sanS ij
z rema inse l
us i
v ei nt heS ultana te
Chis ht ite xts.Thi sho ldstruef o rhi sf amea mo ngt hepo steritya swe ll.Am rQa sa nwa s
ma det omo vef rom De lhit oDa ulata bad, whe rehedi ed.Hi st ombi ss itua tedi nas e-
clude dc ompo undo utsi
det het owns hipa ndt hema ins hrine so fKhul da bad. NoHi nda vi
po emso rmus ic a
li nno v
a tio nsa rea ttri
b ut edt ohi m,a ndhi sP er
s i
a npo e tryi st oda y
quo tedo rpe rforme de xtreme l
yr arely.Thea ccompl ishme ntt ha thass av edhi mf romo b -
l
iv i
oni shi sre cordo fNi zma l-D nsdi sco urse stha tKhus r aui ssaidt oha veb ee nr eady
toex c ha ng ea llhiswo r k
sf or.124
Al tho ug hAm rQa sank eepst hef ocuso nNi z ma l
-D nin
Fav !
ida l
-fu d ,hispe rs
o nao c cas i
o na l
lyc ome so utwhe nhepo sesaq ue stions ,e x-
press eshi sf ondne sso fsamo rr ec i
te sav e rse.1
25
Asapo et, hei spraise df ort hes ub tl
e ty
ofhi spo e msa ndf ort hee ,fec tthe yha v eo nl isteners.1
26
Hi ss tyleresemb ledt ha to fS ad
tosu c ha ne xt enttha thewa sk no wna sSa Nd ofIndi a.Siyara l
-a ul
iy! recount snoa ne c-
do t
e si nvo lvinghi m. I
na ddi tio nt ot hev erse sc i
tedb ythea utho r,t
hei nfo r
ma tiona bout
himi si nc l
ude di nab r i
efb io gra phi cal entryt ha tc onsistso fthepr aiseo fhi spo etrya nd
ame nt i
o no ft hes pe ci
ala ,fe ctio no fNi z ma l-Dnt o wa rdshi m.1
27
InF av!ida l-fu d,
Am rQa s ant e l
lsho whepr e se nte do neo fhi sb oo kst oNi z ma l-Dna ndr e ceiveda
blessing .12
8
Hea lsowr i
test ha twhe nhepr esentedt he8 9rstv o l
umeo fdi sco ursest o
Niz ma l-Dn, thema st
ert o okg re atint eres tint hewo rka nde venhe lpe d8 9
llingi nt he
gapst ha tAm rQa sanha dno tb e ena blet owr itefromme mo ry ,
thusc ont r
ib utingt ot he
cont ent so f hiswo r
k .
12
9

Thet hi rda utho rlist

e da mo ngNi z ma l-Dnsdi sciplesi nS iyara l-au l
iy !isthehi s-
tori
a n\i y !a l-
D nBa ran. Thet extno teshi se ruditiona ndpo sit
iona sMu/a mma di b n
Tug hla qs( r.132 5-5
1)b o
o n-c ompa nio n( na d $
m) .Am rKhv ur de nvisionshi ss ub seq uent
dismi ss alfro mt hec ourtb yF rozS hhT ug hla q( r
.1351-1388 )a svo l
unt aryr etireme nta nd
thec o ns eq ue ntpe nur yasa ne xpr essio no f hisde rvish-likedi spo si
tion.130
Ba ran
sr olei n
thec irc leo fNi z ma l
-Dnr e ma insma rgina l,andhei sno tme nti
one di nt heo the rte xts
discus se di nt hisc hapter.Ho we ver,S imo nDi g byha se mpha s
izedt hes igni 8
9ca nceo f
Ba r
a n
sT r$kh-i F$
rozshh $fo rt hei mmo rta li
za tiono fNi zma l-Dnsfa me .1
31

1
24
AmrKhvur
d,Si
yar,3
08.
1
25
Se
ee .
g.S
ij
z
,Fav!
i
d,528,
904906
,95
8.
1
26
Se
e,e.
g.Qusa
in,
Jav
mi ,
178
.
1
27
AmrKhvur
d,Si
yar,3
08.
1
28
Si
j
z,F
av!
id
,418.
1
29
Si
j
z,F
av!
id
,234.
1
30
AmrKhvur
d,Si
yar,3
123
13.Fo
radet
ail
eddi
scus
si
ono
nBa
ran
,se
eAq
uil
200
9:4
97
5.
1
31
Di
gby2003:
252253
.

49
Th
esi
nge
rs
Am rKhus rausl ast
ingi mpa c
ta sapo e t
-compo sero nthede v elopme nto fIndi a nmus ic
ha sb ee na na l
yse db yS ha habS arma de einse veralco mpe ll
inga rti
cles.1
32
Itisunf ortuna te
tha tno neo ft hec o ntempo raryt e xtse laborateso nhi sr olei ns ha pingt hemus i
c alc ul-
turea tNi z ma l-Dn
sj ama tkh n ahwhi ch, nodo ub t,mus tha veb e ens igni89ca nt.The
Sulta na teChi shtitex tsrare l
yme ntionKhus ra ua samus ici
a n. I
nS i
y ara l
-au l
iy ,hei sr e-
co r
de dt oha v et akenpa rti ns ing ingi nas a ma ssemb l
ya ft
e rtheq awwa lspe rf
orm-
anc e.13
3
Amo ngNi z ma l-
D n
so the rS u89disciples,Khv j
a hMu /amma d,thes ono fBa dr
al-DnI s/ q ,isde picteda sa ne x perti nthes ci
e nceo fmus ic(i l
m- im s$
q $)
.Ina ddi tio n
toa ttra ctinge xpertq awwa lss i
ng ingi nP e rs
iana ndHi ndi aro undhi ms elf
, hes o me t
ime s
sungi ns a ma ssemb l
ieshi ms elf.1
34

Al ong sidewi thaha ndf ulo fNi z ma l

-Dn
ss i
ng i
ngdi sc iples,sing ersfreq ue nt l
ya p-
pe arint het extsunde rdis cussion. Int hec ont extof Nizma l-D n
ss ama ssemb lies,the
sing ersa reus ua ll
yc al
ledq awwa ls( qa vv
l)
. Att he89rstsight ,thiss eemst os uppo r
tt he
mo de rnno ti
o nt ha tthec o ntempo rarymus icalge nrea sso ciatedwi ths ami nS o ut h
As i
a ,q awwa l
i,e xi
ste da l
re adyt he n. Ho we ver,thewo rdq awwa l,de ri
ve dfro mt heAr ab ic
verbq la(
tos a y
)a nds impl yme ani ngs ome onewhos ay so rr ecites,ha db e enus ed
thro ug ho utt heAr ab i
ca ndP e
rsia nS u8 9t
ex t
ss incea tleastthet enthc e ntury.1
35
Co nside r-
i
ngt heb readt ho ft heg eo graphi c ala r
e ae xtendingf r
o mt heAr abicMi ddl eEa stt o
Khur asa na ndL aho re,whe ret he sewo rkso r
iginated,t hemus icals tylese mpl o yedi n
sam mus tha v ev a ri
edg reatly.TheS ultana teChi s
ht it extss impl yc ont inue dt he
co nve ntio no freferringt oas inge rpe rformi ngi nsa ma sse mb l
iesa saq awwa l wi t
ho ut
i
ndi catingas pec i
89
cmus ical g
e nr e.
Wha tiss igni89
c anta b outt heq awwa lsint hete xtsistha tt heya ppe ar8 9
rsta ndf o re-
mo sta spr ofessiona lsing erso ,f
e ringt he i
rs ervicesint hemus icala ssemb lieso fS u89
s. It
i
sno whe reme ntione d,ift he ywe rei nitiat
e di ntoaS u89b ro t
he rho odo rno t.Whe ni t
co me st os inge rsing e neral, t
het ex t
se x
pr essdo ub t
sc onc erningt heirr espec tab il
ity.I n
Jav mia l
-k alim, Ge s4da rzde scribe sme ne ndo we dwi thb e aut i
fulv oicesa se xtreme ly
gree dy ,whe re asAf# ala l
-fav !
idc o ns i
de r
sr espe cti
ngs ing e
rs( mu gh ann i
y nomu tr
i
b n )
asade 89nites i
gno fthea rrivalo fthel astda ys.
13
6
Suchr ema rksa rene verpa sse do nt he
qa wwa lswhope rformi ns ama ssemb li
es.Ont hec ontrary,the ya reg ene rall
ypo rtr
ay e d
i
naf avo ura blel i
ght .

1
32
See
,e.
g.Sar
madee1
976and2 0
06[19
75]
.
1
33
AmrKhvur
d,Si
yar
,30
4.Thismusi
cala
ssemb
lywil
lbedi
scus
sedbe
low.
1
34
AmrKhvur
d,Si
yar
,20
0.
1
35
Thewordqawwali
semployedbyatlea
stal
-S
arr
jinKi
tbal
-l
uma, b
yIbnMuna
vva
rinAs
rra
l-
t
a u$
df$maqmt-
ish
aik
hAb$Sa$d(Per
si
an,co
mplet
edbetwe
en11
58and11
92)a
ndbyHuj
v
ri
nKa
shfa
l-
ma
jb.
1
36
Qusai
n,
Jav
mi,23
;Khusr
au,Af#
al,
100
.

50
 Sev e
ralprofess
iona lqawwa l
sa reme nt io
ne db yna mei nS iy
a ral-au l
iy !
137
a
ndo cca-
si
o nall
yi no t
he rtexts,aswe ll
. The
1
38
seme ntionsa re,ho wever,limi tedt os tat
ingt he
qawwa l
spres
e ncei napa rt
iculara ss
emb ly
.The i
ri dentit
ya ndt her elatio nshipwi th
Nizma l-
Dnr ema i
nunc lea
r.Thi sistruet os o mee xtenteveni nr e spe ctt othet wo
qawwa ls
,whor ecei
v eex t
endeda ttenti
onf romAm rKhv urd:Qas anP aiha d a
1
39
ndW mit
Qa vvl.Botharede scribeda sNi zma l-Dnsq awwa l
s,whos e
r vedhi mc ons ta
ntlyb y
si
ng i
ngv e
rses
. Ac
1
40
cordingtoAm rKhv urd, Qasa nP ai
ha d
sfortewa shi sa b il
i
tytoe x-
citethel i
st
enerswi tht hev e
ry8 9r
stphra sehes a ng a
14
1
ndt osti
rupe mo t
io nsi nana s
-
semb lythatwo uldo t
he rwi
ser ema i
nuna ,fected. The
1
42
sea bi
li
tie
swe rec o mb ine dwitha
skil
ltos el
ectappr opriatever
sesf orNizma l-Dnsstateas ki
llno tedi nt hea ccounts
oftwoa ss
emb l
iestha twe r
ede scribedtoAm rKhv ur db yhisfather.W
143
mi tQa vvlha d
f
a ir
lys i
milarqua l
it
ies.Thema jordi,fe
renc es ee
mst ob et hatwhi l
eQa sana ppearedi n
f
o rma lsama s se
mb l
ies,Wmitpe rfor
me di nmo r
epr ivatesettings:o nc einNi zma l
-
Dnsa nt
echamb era ndo nceinhi sroom. Thi
144
sma yindicatethathewa sa l
wa yspresent
atthek hnqhi ncaset hema st
e rwa nt
edt ol i
stent os a
m. Butb eyondt hepr ais
eo ft
he
mus icalski
ll
so ftheset woq awwa l
s,Am rKhv urddo esno telabo r
ateo nt he irrela
tion-
shipwi thNizma l
-D nno rdoesheme ntiona nypr of
e s
s i
onalq awwa l
sa mo nghisdi s
-
ciple
s. Wha t
,then, wa stheroleo ftheS u89ma s
tera sapa tr
ona nds po ns oro fqawwa l
s
andpo et
s?

Th
epa
tro
nag
e
Attheo utset ,
itisimpo r
tanttonotet ha tNiz
ma l-Dnsjama tk
h
n ahac teda sa nim-
portantcult uralinst
it
utionme diatingb e
tweent hec ourtandt heb r
oa de rpo pulace
.
Am rKhus raua ndAm rQa sanhelpe dt ointegr
atet hec ourt
lymus i
calandpo e t
ictradi
-
ti
onst oNi z
ma l-Dn
sSu89pract
icet ha tthevi
sito
r so fhisja
ma tkhnahwe r
ee xposed
to
.Thedo o rstot hejama tkh
n a
hr e ma i
nedo penf o revery
onea nda l
tho ug ht hede-
sc
riptionso fNizma l
-D
nsmus i
cal asse mbli
esreco rdo nlyt
hena me sofhi sclosestdis
-
ci
plesa mo ngt hel i
ste
ners,thepart i
c i
pa ti
onwa sno tlimite
dt othem.I no neins t
ance
Am rKhv urdr ecordsanti
no mianS u89sa ndtrav
e l
lersv is
iti
ngthec i
tyamo ngt hel i
st
en-
er
s.1
45

1
37
AmrKhv urd,S i
yar
,3 04( Bahl
4lQa vv
l)
,5 01(Junai
d Qavvland M hi
rQa v
vl
)a nd 5
05
(Mu/amma dBai
ramQa vvl
).
1
38
Sij
z
,Fav!
i
d,640642me nt
ionsAbuBakrKharr
t,aniti
nera
ntqawwalar
ri
vingfr
omMul t
an.
1
39
Probabl
ythesamepe rs
ona sNizma l
-D
nsspe
cialsi
ngerQasa
nMa imandmenti
onedinJa
vmi
al-
kal
i
m. S
imil
arabil
it
ytoe x
cit
ethelist
ene
rsisat
tri
bute
dt oboth.
SeeHusa
ini,
Jav
mi,
128
,150
.
1
40
AmrKhvurd,Si
yar,50
8.
1
41
AmrKhvurd,Si
yar,50
8
1
42
AmrKhvurd,Si
yar,51
4.
1
43
AmrKhvurd,Si
yar,51
4516
.
1
44
AmrKhvurd,Si
yar,51
1and513.
1
45
AmrKhvurd,Si
yar,50
8.

51
 I
nSi
yaral
-au
li
y!
,Am
rKhv
urdde
scr
ibe
sNi
zma
l-
Dn
sinJ
Kue
ncea
sac
ult
ura
l
f
orc
easf
ol
lows
:
I
ntho
seda
ys,t
hema
ino
ccupa
ti
ono
fthepe
opl
ewa
stor
eco
unts
tor
iesa
bout
s
am,
dev
otet
hems
elv
eswi
ths
inc
erehe
art
sandpe
ti
ti
ont
heb
elo
ved,
bef
ull
of
c
ompa
ssi
ona
nds
ympa
thy
,gi
ves
ola
cet
obr
oke
nhe
art
sandb
owdo
wna
tthef
eet
o
ftheme
nof
hea
rt.
Unr
iva
ll
edpo
ets
,ki
ng
sami
abl
efa
vour
it
esa
nds
ubt
les
pea
k-
i
ngy
out
hswhowe
ree
ndo
wedwi
thpl
eas
antc
har
act
er
,ha
dal
lbo
wedt
hei
rhe
ads
o
nthet
hre
sho
ldo
ftheMo
nar
cho
fShe
ikhs
.1
46
Ev
ery
oneha
dhi
ssha
reb
eca
use
e
ver
yonewa
sab
let
ofe
elt
het
ast
einhi
sche
sta
cco
rdi
ngt
ohi
sna
tur
e,wha
tev
er
i
tma
yha
veb
een.
Sing
erswi
thdul
cetv
oic
es,
bot
htho
sewhowe
rea
thi
sse
rvi
ce
a
ndt
hos
eli
vi
ngi
nthec
it
y,e
sta
bli
she
dthes
cie
nceo
fmus
ick
eepi
ngt
hei
rsi
ght
o
nthes
ubt
lena
tur
eoft
hatk
ingo
flo
ve.The
ywo
uldc
ont
inuo
usl
ybr
ingf
ort
h
f
res
hgha
zal
sandne
wme
lodi
esa
ndt
hust
heyma
demus
ico
neo
fthes
ubl
ime
s
cie
nce
s.[
..
.
]Al
lthi
swa
saf
rui
tof
thet
ast
eandl
ovef
orGo
dfe
ltb
ytheMo
nar
ch
o
fShe
ikhs
.1
47

Althought hepa ssages ho ul

db et akenwi thag raino fs alt,itpo intstot hef actthat
Niz ma l-Dnsjama tkhna ha ttr
a cte
dme no flettersa ndmus ic.Ther eferencet o
peo pl
er ecountings to
riesa bo utsampr o b ab l
yr eJ
Kectsthepo pula rr eacho fthemus ica
l
tr
adi t
ionso fthej ama t
kh na h.Thec o
nt e xto fthea b ovepa ssag ehe l
pst ot hrowmo re
l
ightintot hema t
ter.Acc ordingt oAm rKhv urd,whe ne verNi zma l
-Dnde s ir
edt oleave
hisk hnq hforas t
rollinag arden, hewo uldb ea cco mpa niedb yhi sa ttenda ntsIqbl
and AbdAl l
hK4l .Ont hewa y,t
he ywo ul dwa l
ko ne ithers ideo fthema ste
rspa l
an-
quina ndr ec i
tepo etr
yi nl owv o i
ces.Thev ersesa ndme l
o diest ha tpa rt
icula rl
ya ,
fected
Niz ma l
-D nwo uldstarttoc irculat
ea mo ngpe oplef r
o ma llwa lkso f l
ife
.1
48

PortrayalofNi zma l
-Dna sapa trono fpo etsa nds i
ng ersinc o ndit
ionswhe r
et hey
wer ede pende nto nt he i
rpa trons89nanc ia lsuppo rtr equiress t udy i
ngt her esources
neede dfors ponso r
ingt her espectivea r
ts. Thee arl
yChi shti ma ster swe rea versetob oth
begg i
nga ndwo rk i
nga same anso fs e
c ur i
ngt heirlivel
iho od.Ast hehi sto ri
anRi azul
Is
lamha sno ted,thisleftthemwi t
ho nlyo nepo ssi
bleme anso fs ub siste
nc e, t
ha ti
s,reli
-
anceo nuns oli
cit
e ddo nations( fut
)eithe ri nc asho rkindo rint hef ormo fv al
uab l
es
l
ikec lot
he sa ndb oo k
s. TheS
1
49
u89textsa rec urtindi scussingt hea c t
ual89na nceso fthe
j
ama tkh nah,b utthe ydode scri
b ethet wos eemi ngl
yc ontra dic t
orya ppr oa c
he sof
Niz ma l-
D ntowe al
th. The ypr ai
sehi spo v erty
,o nt heo neha nd, andhi sunb ounde d
gene r
osity,ontheo t
her.The set woide alsme r
gei nNi zma l-Dnsa tti
tudet ouns olici
ted
dona ti
onsa ndt heirredistrib
ut i
o n.Hewo ul da c c
eptt hefu t
b ut, asade mo nstrati
o nof
pove r
tya ndr eli
anc einGo d,hewo uldno ta ccumul ateany thing. Ins t
ead, hewo ulddi s
-
1
46
AmrKhvurdre
fer
stoNiz
mal
-D
nast
heMo
nar
cho
fShe
ikhs(
Jul
t
na
l-
Mas
h!
i
kh)t
hro
ugho
ut
Siya
ra l
-a
uli
y!
.
1
47
AmrKhvur
d,Si
yar,
510
51
1.
1
48
AmrKhvur
d,Si
yar
,510
.
1
49
I
slam2003:
9091
.

52
tri
b utet hea cq uiredwe altha sq uic klya spo ss
ib le.
150
Thus ,hi slibe ralg i
v ingo fg if
tsb e
-
come sa na cto f gene ro sity,whi ch,a cc ordingt oGe s4da rz,isapr omi ne ntc har acteri
s ti
c
oftheChi shtima sters .
15
1

Who ,t he n,b ene 8

9tedf romt hedi stributio no ff ut ?Al mo ste v eryo newho
happe ne dt ob ea ro und,i ts eems .I ndi sc ussingt hes ys t
emo ffu t,I sla m no test he
some wha ta rb itraryr edistri
b utiont ha ts temsf rom Ni z ma l-
D nsa b ho rrenc eo fa ny
we althi nhi sho use.I
152
tispo s si
b l
et ha ta lsot hepo e t
sa ndq awwa lsre ceive dt he irsha re
.
Thet exts,ho we v er
, me ntiono nlyo nek indo f g
iftst ha ta reg i
ve nt ot hem: ha tsa ndo ther
type so fga rme nt stha tNi zma l-
D nb esto wsa sas igno fhisg oodwi llandb lessing.Gi ft
-
i
nga rticleso fc lo t
hi ngt oq awwa l
si sme nt ioneda lrea dyi nt heAr a bica ndP ersianS u89
ma nua l
s,whi cht ouc hupo ng ivi
ngo utg arme nt sto rni ne cstasy. Thi sthe me8 9guresi n
theChi shtis our ces, aswe ll
,a ndS iy ara l-au li
y !me ntio nsaf ewi ns tanc es, whe napi e ce
ofc lothingi sg ivent ot heq a wwa ls . Af
15
3
#ala l-
fa v!idi nJ K
atest hisi ntopr ofus edi s
tri
b u-
ti
o no fg arme ntst oe v erypa rticipa nti nt hee ndo fe ac hs ama ssemb ly.F
154
urt hermo re
,
Am rKhv urdme nt i
o nsape c uli
arpr ac ticepe rt
a i
ni ngt os amt ha thec laimst oha ve
seenpr escr i
b edi nNi z ma l
-D nswr it
ing . Thel istene rwhof al
lsdo wns ot ha thi sba ck
touc he stheg rounds ho uldg i
v ehisc l
o tha sapl e dge .Inpr acticet hisme a ntt ha theg a ve
hisr ob ea wa y,b oug hti tb acka sas igno fg r ati
tudea ndt husb ene 89tedt heho lde roft he
pledg e.I
1
55
ti sunf ortuna t
et ha tthea utho rf ail
st ome ntio nwhor ec eivedt hepr icethus
paid, theq a wwa lso rtheo therl is
te ne rs.
Indi scuss i
ngt heg iftsofg arme nts, thet e xtsde -e mpha sizet he ira ctua lva luea tt he
costo ft heb le ssingst he yt rans mit. De spitet hef a cttha ttheg a rme nt sma yha veb eeno f
valua blef ab ri
c s,iti st he irs piri
tua lv a luet hatma ttere d.Thi si shi g hlight edi nAm r
Khv ur dsde script i
o no fa na ssemb lywhe reNi z ma l-D ns tandso nhi spr ayerma tand
cries,89rstdr enc hinghi ss l
eev esa ndt he nal ongha ndk erchief.Ano teo nt hepo wero f
tearst opr o t
ec to nef ro mHe lls89r
ef o ll
o wsi mme dia tely.L
1
56
a t
e r
, i
na na c co unto fano th-
era sse mb ly,so ak e
dha ndk erchie f
sa reg ive nt ot heq awwa l
s.F
1
57
urthe rmo re, thea utho r
str
e ssest hene e dtopr eservet heg iftso fade rvish, gene rati
o na fterg ene ra ti
o n. Thushe
exclude st hepo ssibilityo ft heirs ale. A pi
1
58
eceo fc l
othingg i
v en wi thmo ne yi n
remu ne r
a t
ionf ort heq awwa l
s service si sme ntione do nlyo nc e,inadi s cussio na bo ut

1
50
See,
e.g.
Am rKhv urd,Si
yar,1
20121
.Forast
udyoft
hef u
t s
yst
em,seeIs
lam200
3:87
139.
1
51
Qusai
n,J
avmi ,
585 9.
1
52
SeeIs
lam20 03
: 11
6117.
1
53
See,
e.g.
Am rKhv urd,Si
yar,5
07508,51
5.
1
54
Khusra
u,Afal, 1
4,9 5,1
90,19
6.Whe thert
hesedes
c r
ipt
ionsarest
ere
o t
ypedr
etel
l
ing
so fac
tua
las-
sembli
es,fo
rmulatio
nso f
po pula
rpercepti
onsonsamo rwaystole
git
imiz
ethepre
senceofs
aint
lyr
el
ic
s
i
nt heformofhatsandc lothes,
remainstobedet
ermine
d.
1
55
AmrKhvurd,S i
yar,504.
1
56
AmrKhvurd,S i
yar,509.
1
57
AmrKhvurd,S i
yar,515.
1
58
AmrKhvurd,S i
yar,513.

53
Bah a l
-D nZa k ariy y.
159
Inc ontras tt ot heS uhr a wa rdima ster,Ni z ma l
-D nne v er
seemst opa yt heq awwa lsf ort heirpe rfo rma nce s.Whe the rNi zma l-Dnsa ttenda nt
Iqbl,whowa sr e spo ns i
b lef ort hek h nq h8 9na nc es,pa i
dt he mo rno t
,isne v erdi s-
cussed.
Tha tt heq awwa l
sc oul dno td epe nds o lelyo nNi zma l-D nf o r89na ncials uppo r tis
highli
g htedb yt hef actt ha tthe yha do ther, pe rha psmo rel uc rative ,so urceso fi nc ome .
The ype rforme di nc elebra ti
o nswi thnoc o nne c ti
o nt oS u89pr ac tice. Asdo c ume ntedi n
Siyara l-auli
y !,Khv jah Az za l-Dn,ar e l
a tiveo ft hea utho r
,ha db e ena b sentf ro m
De l
hi toa ttendawe ddi ng. Upo nhi sr eturn, hec ames traightt ome etNi zma l
-D nwho
i
nq uireda b outhi st rip.Int eresting l
y, amo nghi sq ue stionsi sac asua linq uirya b outt he
qualityo fs ami nt hewe ddi ng s.P
16
0
erformi ngi nc e lebratio nso ccur sa ls
oi nKh aira l-
ma j
l
is,whe nNa Ura l
-Dna sk sfro m ac erta inS ayy idNAl a l-
D nho wt hes a mha d
beena ndc o
nt inue swi thas to rya boutapa rtya tte nde db ya l-Qus hay rinNi sha pur .I
161
t
seemst ha tpe rf
o rmi ngi nno n-Su 8
9c o nte x tsc o nstitut edas o urc eo finc omef ort he
qawwa ls.Andwhe ni tco me st ot hepo et-disc i
pl eso fNi zma l-
D n, b othAm rKhus ra u
andAm rQa sa nwe rec our t
ie rsinnone edo f89na nc ial suppo rt.Apa rtfromt hel atterr e-
ceivi
ngaha ta spe rt hea cc ounto fF av !
ida l-fu d ,the irpa tro na geb yNi zma l
-D ndo es
nots eemt oha v ein vo lvedma terialasse ts.
Thepa t
ro na geb yNi z ma l-Dne ss ent i
a llys t
e msf ro mt hei ns pi rationa ndt hes ta ge
ofpe rf
o rma nc eheo ,fer
e df ort heq awwa lsa ndpo e ts.Ont heo therha nd, its ho uldb e
empha sizedt ha tthepa trona gewa sr ec i
pr o ca l
. Simo nDi gbyha se mpha sizedt her oleo f
thel i
tera r
y -
mi nde ddi sciple si ni mmo rtalizingNi z ma l
-D nsf a me .I
1
62
nt hec a s
eo f
qawwa ls,perfo rmi ngi nt hea ssemb l
ieso ft hef amo usma stera c crue dt ot he i
rs ta nding
andi nt rav e
llingf ro m pl ac et opl ac et he ya lsos pre adi nf orma t
io na bo uttheS u8 9
st he y
hade nc ount ere d. Int hisc a pac it
y,aq awwa l na me dAb4Ba k rpl ay eda ni mpo rtantr ole
i
ne st
a blis
hingac o ntactb etwe e nNi z ma l-Dna ndhi sfut urema ste r
. Fav !
ida l-Fu d
recount stheq awwa lsc omi ngt oBa da yuna ndhi ss to ri
e sa b outav isi
tt oBa h a l
-D n
Zaka r
iy yinMul ta n. Niz ma l-Dni nitia l
lyr ema i
nsunmo veda ndi so ve r
co mewi tha t-
tract
iono nlywhe nAb4Ba k rde scribe sB bF ard, who m heha dme ti nAj odha n. I
1
63
n
additiont os pre adingt hef ameo fSu 89ma ster s,theq awwa l
sc o ulda l
soa ,f
ectt hepo pul ar
receptiono fthepo ets.V ersesb yNi zma l
-D n spo e t-disciplesa r efre que ntlyme nt ione d
i
nt hec o ntexto fsa ma ssemb lies.Duet ot hes ca rcityo f ma nus cripts, t
hepe rforma nc es
oftheq awwa l
snodo ub tc ons ti
tute da ni mpo rtantc ha nne lfo rco mmuni cati
ngpo etryt o
awi dera udie nc e.
Its eemst ha tNi z ma l-Dnsr olea sapa trono fpo etrya ndmus icr e l
iede s sentially
onhi sc har i
smaa sal eadingS u89 ma sterwhowa ss us c eptiblet ot hee ,fectso fmus ica nd
1
59
Si
j
z,F
av!
i
d,604
.
1
60
AmrKhv
urd,S
iyar
,19
9.S
eea
lsoAm
rKhv
urd,
Siy
ar,
304
.
1
61
Qal
andar
,Khai
r,2
23.
1
62
Di
gby2003:
252
253.
1
63
Si
j
z,F
av!
i
d,640
642.

54
poetry
.Hewa sal
soa narb
itr
atori
nthemat
ter
sper
tai
ningtothes
eart
sintheSu8
9fr
ame-
work.Whileatta
chme nttoNizmal-
Dnnodoubtbene8
9te
db ot
hpoetsandqawwals
,
theyals
ospreadhisfameinthecont
empora
rywor
ldand,throug
hthei
rwrit
ings
,among
thefut
uregenerat
ionsaswell
.

1
.5Thee
tiq
uet
teo
fas
am
ass
embl
y

Whe ni tco me st othea ctua lo r

g ani z
a t
iono f asa ma ssemb lyi nt heS u89 circl
eo fNiz m
al-
D n, ada b( pl. db)re ceivesde ta
iledt rea tme nt .Thet ermha sanumb e rofme aning s
thatha v ee volvedg ra
dua lly
,b
16
4
uti tcanb eg enera ll
yunde rsto odt oi ndica tedi,f
erentf a-
cetso fha rmo nio uslife,whe rebya nindi vidua lc anpo l
ishhi sc ha racterb yacti
ngi na
correctma nne rinr elationshi ptoGo da ndo t
he rhuma nb e ings. Ad abha samo rec o n-
cret
eme aninga sthec o deo fco nd ucto rb ehav ioura letique ttea ppl i
ca blei ngivenc i
r-
cums ta nce s.Inpl ural,itde no t
e st heg roupo fr ule spe rtai
ningt oas pe ci
89co ccasion. In
thefo ll
o wingdi scussion, Iuset hisc onc r
e teme a ning ,whi chno to nlys erve sthepurpo se
ofana ly si
ngt hedy na mic sofs ama ssemb lies,b uta l
s or e
so na t
e swi tht hef avouredus e
ofthet e rmi nt het extsunde rdi s
c ussion.1
65

Int hedi sti

nc tlyreli
g io
usf r ame wo rk,t hePr ophe tist heul tima t
emo de lofape rfec-
tedc ha racter,y ethi sex ampl ei sno tuna mb i
guo uslyde scribe di nt hef o rma ti
ves crip-
tures.S ha ri
a -
mi nde du lam !ha v ee ssentia ll
yr e liedo nt heha dithsi npr escri
bingt he
adab ,whe reasS u89u lam !
ha vewi dene dt hes c
o peb yinc orpo ratingt hee xampleo f Su89
ma stersi ntot heirdi scour se.F ori nstanc e ,thede scriptiono fa da bint heS ultana te
Chisht it e
x tsrev olvesa roundt hee xampl eo fNi z ma l
-Dn. Wha tc harac teri
zesthea p-
proac he stoa d abi nb othr eligi
o usa nds e cul arc ont extsisthec ent rali
tyo fsubduingt he
i
mpul se so fone
sb asena tureo reg o(na f
s)wi tht hehe lpo fther a tionalfac ulty(aq l
).1
66

Int hec aseo ftheS u89pr ac t

iceo fs am, whe rethen afsi ss ubdue do rt r
anscende d
witht hehe lpo fmus ica ndpo etryins t
ea do fr ea son,t hes ituat i
onc ha ng es
.Ho we ve r
,
sami sa lsog o vernedb ya d ab.Di sc
us sings ami nt heS u89c i
rcleo fBur hna l-D n
Gha rb, Ernstno t
e sthatt hef unc ti
o no fther ulesg overningt hepr ac ti
cei stok e
epo pe n
thea ve nue so fdiv i
nei nJKuenc ewhi lea t
tempt ingt oe xcludet hei ntrusiono fthehuma n
ego.I
167
nc onso nanc ewi tht hisg ene ralprinc iple, thea d abo fs amha sas peci
89
cf unc -
tio
ni ns ha pingt hee xpe rienc eso fthel iste nersi nt hemus i
c ala s s
emb li
e sinNi zma l-
DnsS u89c i
rcle.

1
64
SeeHmeen-Ant
ti
la201
4foranua
nce
ddi
scus
si
ono
ntheo
rig
insa
ndthee
vol
uti
ono
fthec
once
pti
n
Arabi
cso u
rces
.
1
65
Foranexcell
entcol
l
ecti
ono fpa
per
sdi
scus
si
ngada
binthecont
exto
fSout
hAsianI
sl
am,se
e
Me t
calf
(ed.
)1984
.
1
66
See,
e.gL
apidus1
984.
1
67
Er
nst2004:
153.

55
Ada
bve
rsu
smy
sti
cal
sta
tes
168

My st
icalstat
e s1
69
ar
et hemo stv isibleas pecto fpa s
sag est hatdescr
ibes am o f
Nizma l-D
na ndhi sfoll
owe r
s.Thet e xtsdescr i
bei neloq uentd e tai
lthema nif
estati
ons
oftheses t
atessuc ha sjumping ,danc ing ,
cryinga ndho wling .Ho wever,e
qua latt
e nt
ion
i
sg iventoad ab,whi chthepa rti
cipant sa r
ee xpectedt or i
gor ouslyfoll
ow.Re s
tri
ctingthe
bodilycompo r
tme nta ndmo veme ntso fthepa r
ticipants,ad abs e e
mst oclashwi ththe
st
a ndardb e
ha vi
ouro fapersonwhoha sbeeno v
e rwhelme db yamy st
icals
tate.Butwh y
applyar est
rict
iveco deo fconduc ttothi spracticeinthe8 9rstplac eifmyst
icalst
a t
e st
hat
breachita r
et hede si
redo utcome ?Wh yno tmo vea ndda nc eunr est
ri
ctedlyfromt he
verybe g
inningins t
ea dofsit
tinga bsolute l
ysti
ll?
Amo ngt heS ultanateChishtitext s,Siya
ra l
-au l
iy
!include sthemo s
tde ta
iledpa s
-
sagesdescri
b i
ngs ama s
semb li
eswhe reNizma l-D
no rhi sfollowersar
epr esent.The
assemb l
iesareno ts ele
c t
edr ando mly, butonl yo nest hatc ulmi nateinamy st
icalsta
te
arereme mb ere
d. Thef oll
owingpa s
sagei stypicalo fSi
ya ra l
-au l
iy!:
Ir
eme
mbe
rho
wpe
opl
ega
the
redi
ntheho
useo
fmyunc
le,S
ayy
idKh
mos
h,
a
boutwho
mIha
vea
lre
adywr
it
ten.
TheMo
nar
cho
fShe
ikhswa
spr
ese
nti
ntha
t
g
athe
ringa
ndQa
sanBa
had
,
17
0
t
heq
awwa
l,wa
ssi
ngi
ngag
haz
alo
fAu/a
d
Ki
rm
ndur
ingt
hes
ami
nar
e89
nedv
oic
e.The
nher
eac
hedt
hisv
ers
e:
Y
ous
aid
:fr
oma
mon
gth
oseo
the
rs,
onl
yyo
uwi
l
lno
wla
st
S
oth
aty
ourl
ovef
orl
i
fe,
Au
ad,
wou
ldp
rot
ect
theo
the
rs.
TheMo
nar
cho
fShe
ikhswa
sa,
fe
cte
dbyt
hev
ers
e,o
ver
whe
lme
dbyc
ryi
nga
nd
my
sti
cals
tat
e(
l)
.Hes
tar
tedt
oda
ncea
nda
cqui
redat
ast
e(5
auq
).Dur
ingt
he
s
tat
ehewa
sex
per
ienc
ing
,thes
uns
tar
tedt
ode
cli
ne.
Othe
rsg
aveups
ama
nd
s
atdo
wn,
butt
heMo
nar
cho
fShe
ikhswa
sst
il
lex
per
ienc
ingt
het
ast
eofs
am

1
68
Thisdiscussio
ni sb asedo nViit
am ki f
or t
hcomingb .
1
69
Througho utthisstudy ,Iwil
luse mys t
icalsta
teasag ene raltermf orvar
iousex periencesandb eha-
vioursde scri
bedb yt hedi ,
ferentauthorsa ndo ccurri
ngdur ings am. Themysti
ca l
s tat
e
c anma nif
estit
-
selfase c
stati
cl ossofco nsciousnessorme di
t at
iveclari
ty,asdr ama ticoutwardbehav iourso rascompl et
e
sti
llnessof t
heb ody.Thec ommo ntermsf orv ari
ouse x
pe ri
enc esint heChi s
htit
extsinc l
udev aj
d(8
9nding,
ecstasy
),tavj
u d(Lawr enc e
sempa t
he t
ice cstas
y)
, 5auq(t
a s
t i
ng
),sha u
q(
yea
rning, desire
),l(
stat
e
)
andt aay yur(bewilderme nt)
.Althought he seter
msa reana lys
e di nthetheoreti
ca lwr i
tingstowhi chI
occ as
ionallyrefer
,the i
rus einma lf
z
tandt a 5
kir
ah si
sc onsiderab l
ymo reli
ber
al.Thea uthoroft
e nrefer
s
toas ingl
ee xpe ri
encea ndi tsoutwa r
dma nif
e sta
tionswi t
hdi ,fer
e nttermsinthec our s
eo fo nepassage.I
t
sho ul
da l
s obek eptinmi ndt hatsome ti
me st heestabl
ishedEng l
isht ransl
ati
onsdono tc orres
pondt othe
cont e
nto fthet er
m. T r
ans l
atingvajdase cstasyisac as
ei npo int.AsKe nne t
hAv eryha sno tedinhisstudy
ofs ami ne arl
yS u89texts,i
ns t
eado ft
hef eelingsof ex
hilarat
io na ss
o ci
a t
edwiththeEng li
shwo rde cs
tasy,
theo utwa r
ds ympt omso fvajddescri
be dint hetextscouldwe llindicatetousas udde no nsetofill
nessor
seizurerathertha nwha ti sno r
ma l
lyunde rsto o
db yecstasy.
SeeAv er
y2 004:
65.F oraus efulovervie
wo f
thet er
msr eferri
ngt omy sticalsta
tesinS u8
9 l
iterat
ure,seeHe rma ns en19 9
7.
1
70
Probablythes amepe rsonasQa sanP aihadme nti
o neda bov e.

56
 a
ndt
ear
swe
rer
oll
ingf
rom hi
sey
esl
ik
epe
arl
s.Hewa
sasi
fint
oxi
cat
ed.
Att
hat
mo
mentAm
rKhus
raus
tar
tedt
osi
ngag
haz
al.
Heb
ega
nbys
ing
ingt
hisv
ers
e:
Her
eve
ale
dtomeh
isf
acee
nti
re
lya
nds
aid
:Don
otl
ook
!
F
romt
hat
tas
teI
ams
ens
el
es
san
din
tox
ica
ted
:Wh
atwa
sth
att
alk
?
Ass
oona
stheMo
nar
cho
fShe
ikhshe
ardt
hisv
ers
e,hel
ook
eda
tAm
rKhus
rau
f
romt
hec
orne
rof
hise
yet
hatwa
sthes
pri
ngo
flo
ve.
The
nthemy
sti
cal
sta
tea
nd
c
ryi
nga
gai
nto
oko
vert
heMo
nar
cho
fShe
ikhs
.Khus
raur
epe
ate
dthi
sve
rses
ev-
e
ral
time
s.Qa
sanBa
had
deduc
edt
hatt
heMo
nar
cho
fShe
ikhswa
sag
aine
xpe
ri-
e
nci
ngt
het
ast
eofs
ama
ndheb
egunt
osi
ngt
hev
ers
eofAu/a
dag
ain.I
taf
-
f
ect
edt
heMo
nar
cho
fShe
ikhst
reme
ndo
usl
yandt
hede
aro
neswhowe
re
pr
ese
nti
nthea
sse
mbl
yex
per
ienc
edt
hes
amet
ast
ebe
caus
eofhi
m.Go
dkno
ws
we
llt
hatwhe
nev
ert
hea
utho
rthi
nksho
wthet
heMo
nar
cho
fShe
ikhsha
dthe
t
ast
eofs
ami
ntha
tas
semb
ly,t
heb
laz
ing8
9r
eofs
eei
ngt
hema
ste
r,b
eaut
yof
s
aint
li
nes
s,Mo
nar
cho
fShe
ikhs
,st
art
stos
par
kinhi
she
art
.Thi
swe
ako
nes
ub-
mi
ts
:
I
wan
ttob
urnmyh
ear
tint
he+
,
reo
fyo
url
ove
I
wan
ttog
iveu
pmyl
i
fet
oyo
urt
res
ses
.1
71

Theo cc asi
o nwa swi tne ssedb yAm rKhv ur dhims e
lfa ndi tco nta insthee s
sential
characteri
sticso fsucha cco unts.I
tr eco r
dst hepl acea ndt hepa rticipant s,botht hepe r-
forme r
sa ndt hel i
steners, butt hefoc usiso npo e t
rya ndt hemy st
ica lsta te
sc ausedb yit.
He r
eNi zma l-Dnsmy st
ic alstat
ea ppe a rsa scryinga ndda ncing ,andi tissopo werful
thatitdo esno ts ub s
idee ve na ft
ert heo the rpa rtic
ipa ntsha vesa tdo wnwhe nt het i
me
formi ddaypr ay erisdr awi ngc los
e .Whi l
et he ya tt
e mptt oo b se
r vet hea dabb yg ett
ing
readyt opra y,Nizma l-Dn
se xperienc eg ainst heuppe rha nd,a nda llthepa rtici
pant s
areo verc
o meb yhi sc ontag iousstate.Thepa ssagea lsoo ,f
ersv aluab lei nsi
ghti ntoho w
thesingera nd, int hi
si nsta nce,Am rKhus r
a uut il
izet heirkeenpe rce ptiono fthema s-
ter
sstatet oe nha ncehi se xpe r
ienceb ys electinga ppr opriatev ersesf o rthepe r
form-
ance.
Ac co
u ntso fs ama ssemb li
eswe rea ppa r
e ntl
yo fsuc hg r
ea tint eresttot hewi de r
pub l
icthatt heyf oundt he irwa yintot he i
na uthe nticorapo cry
pha l
ma l
fz

t.Thesug -
gestedinc enti
v estowr itet hesete xtsra ngef roma ns weringt hede ma ndr ais
e db ythe
successof Fav!i
da l-f
u d ,t
17
2
o89l
li
ngt hev acuumc r
ea t
e db ythedi spe rsiono ftheChi shti
ordero nNi zma l-Dnsde atha ndt hea ll
e g
e dl osso fal i
vingt eac hingt raditi
on.3
17

Whi chevert hec ase ,

simi larc oll
ectionsr ec ordingt hedi scourseso ft heChi shtima sters
from Khv jahNUs m nH rv an(d. 1
2 20)t oNi zma l-Dnwe reso ona vailabl
e. Eachwa s
all
egedlya utho redb ythel e adingdis ci
pl eo fthema ster,no t
wi t
hs tandi ngt hatNi zma l-
1
71
Ami
rKhvur
d,Si
yar
,51
55
16.
1
72
Di
gby2
003:
252.
1
73
Ni
zami1
991
:1
95.

57
Dna ndNa U
ra l-Dnha db othc l
earlys t
a tedt hatne i
the rthe yt hems elvesno ra nyo f
thei
rpr e dece ssorsha dwr i
tte na nyb ook s. Co
1
74
mpa r
e dt oF a v !
ida l-f
u d,Kh a i
ra l
-
ma j
l
i
sa ndJ a vmia l-kalim, thel i
ter
a r
ys ty l
eo ftheina uthent i
cma lfz
tisinferi
o ra nd
theyb eardi s
t i
nc tsig
nso fli
te raryrathertha no raltr
a nsmi ssi
o n. I
17
5
ndividual ass
emb lie
s
aresolo ngt ha titisdi,8
9cultt oc onceiver eco rdingthe mwi tho utma ki
ngde tai
ledno t
es
asthema sters peaks,andma nya necdo tesa reb o r
rowe dfro mo the rlit
erarys ourcess uch
astheq i
( a(a l-a
n biy
!(
s t
orie so ft
hepr o phe ts)genre . Ho
1
76
we v er,thev alueo ft hese
text
sc anno tb ede nied.Bo thEr nstandL awr enc ehavea r
g uedt ha tt heirtargetaudie nce
i
nc l
ude dpe o plewhowe reno tfull
-t
imeS u8 9
sb utwe r
ene verthe lessdr awnt oi nJ
Kue ntial
ma st
ersi ns ea rc
ho f
,fore x
a mpl e,po we rf
uli nvocati
o nst hatwo uldhe l
pi nna vigat i
ng
throught hedi ,8
9cult
ieso flife. Byi
1
77
ncludi ngde tai
ledi nstructio nso nho wt ope rfo rm
suchi nvo cat
io ns,thei na uthe nticma lfz
tpr o vi
det her e
a de rswi t
hwha ttheywe r
e
yearni
ngf ora ndhe ncet hrowl ightont hemo repo pulara spec t
so f Su8
9smi nf ourt
e enth-
centuryI ndia. Thea ccount so fNizma l-D nss ama ssemb lies,s ucha sthef o
llowi ng
passagefo undi nAf #alal-fav!id,rev
ea lthepo pul ari
nt eresti
nt hepr acti
ce :
Thema
ste
r1
78
t
urne
dto
war
dsQa
san,t
heq
awwa
l,a
nds
aid:
Thede
aro
nesa
re
pr
ese
nt.S
ings
ome
thi
ng.
AsQa
sanb
eguns
am,Khv
ja
hNUs
mnS
ayy
/a
nd
S
hai
khJ
am
lal
-D
nH
nsa
vs
pra
ngupa
nds
tar
tedt
oda
nce
.The
yke
ptda
nci
ng
f
romt
hemi
d-mo
rni
ngunt
ilt
hemi
dda
y.Whe
nthe
y89
nis
hed,
aro
bewa
sgi
vent
o
e
ver
yone
.Ont
hato
cca
sio
nIa
lsog
otawhi
teha
t.Thi
sist
hepo
emt
hatt
hes
ing
-
e
rss
ung
:
Y
ourl
oveb
rou
ght
newsf
romt
hewo
rldo
fun
con
sci
ous
nes
s
I
tma
det
heme
nof
int
egr
it
ygu
lpd
owng
obl
eta
fte
rgo
ble
t.

Y
ourl
ovei
sas
ent
ine
lth
atma
de
Re
aso
n,t
hek
ing
,fo
ll
owi
tsl
ead
,se
izi
ngi
tbyt
hef
ore
loc
k.

Do
cto
r,I
hav
elo
stmyp
owe
rsb
ydr
ink
ingwi
ne
Gi
vememe
dic
inet
hat
wou
ldma
kemef
org
et.
1
79

Thoug
hb ear
ingar es
emb l
ancet
ot hepa
ssage
sfoundinSi
yaral
-au
liy
!,t
heac-
co
untsinAf#a
lal-f
av!
i
da r
es t
rai
ght
for
wardandste
reot
ype
dincompari
son.Theyal
-
waysf
ol
lowthepatt
ernof8
9rs
treco
rdi
ngthena
me soft
hepar
ti
ci
pant
sandthendes
cri
b-

1
74
Er
nst2 004:77.Itisno t
e wort
hyt hatdespit
esuchsta
tements
,theina
uthe
nticmal
fz

tarec
om-
mo nl
yac c
epteda sauthenti
camo ngt heChisht
is.S
ee,f
orexa
mple,t
hestat
ementofKhwa
jaHasa
nNiz
ami
tothi
se,fec
t i
nNi zami,Niz
m$b a
n s
ur$,1
0.
1
75
Er
nst2 00
4 :
8 2.
1
76
Lawrence1976:11
9.
1
77
Er
nst2 00
4 :
8 3andL awrence1976:12
4125.
1
78
HereNizma l
-Dnisref
erredtosimplyasthemaste
r(khv
jah
).
1
79
Khusrau,Af#al
,14.

58
i
ngt he i
rmy sticalsta tesa ndt heire x actdur a tion. Thepa ssag ea lsos ho wsade siret oi n-
cludef amo usS u89
sa mo ngt hepr o tago nistse v eni fitma det hea c co unt sles sr eliab l
e.
Jam l al-DnH nsa v wa sak ha l
$f
a ho fB b F ardwhodi e di n1 261. Thus ,Khus rau, who
wa sb o r
ni n1 2 5
3 ,coul dha veb eeno nlye ighty ea r
so l
dwhe nt hemus i
c al assemb lyto o k
plac e.Co nve ntiona l
ly,s uc hpa ssage se ndwi tht heq uo tationo ft hev e rsess ungdur ing
thea sse mb ly.Aub iqui toust r
a i
to ft hea cc ount sr ec orde di nAf # ala l-
fa v !
idist hel i
sting
ofg iftsg iv
enb yNi z ma l-D ntot hepa r t
icipa nts .Themy sticals tate s,po etrya ndt he
saintlyr eli
css eemt oha veb estcapt ur edt hei ma gina t
iono f t
her ea de rso f t
hei na ut he nt-
i
cma lf
z
t.
I
nt erestingly,thedi scus sionso na d aba rec o ns picuo us l
ya bsentf romt hei na ut he nt-
i
cma lf
z
t.Int hea ut he nticma lf
z
ta ndS i
y ara l-au li
y!, addr essinga da bgo esha ndi n
ha ndwi ththede s
cript ionso fmy stic alsta t
e s
. Thi sr eJK
ec tsthei nte restso ft her e spe cti
v e
targeta udie nc e
s .I
nAf # al al-f
av!id, thepa ssag eso ,ferg li
mps e so fthee xtraordi na rya nd
fascina t
inga spec t
so f thes a m. Ho we ver,thei nt ere s
to f thet a rgeta udi e ncei sa ssume d
tos topt herea ndt hepe rspe cti
ver ema inst ha to fa no ut side r
,whe re ast hea ut hent ic
ma l
fz
tandS i
y ara l-au li
y !seekt oi n volvet he ira udi enc eint hepr ac ti
c e.Themy stical
statesa ret ob ee x pe rienc edpe rso na l
ly,no tme relyo b serve d,a ndt her e ade rsa re
assume dt oint egratet hea dv i
cec o nc erninga d abi ntot he iro wnpr a ctice.
Ma nya s pectso fa d a bs peci8
9ct os ampr e scribedi ne arlyChi sht ite xtsa ppe ardi a-
me tricallyo ppo sedt ot heb e haviour so cc urringunde rt hei nJKue nc eo fmy sti
c als tates. A
pe rsono ver
whe lme db ys uc ha ne xpe rienc eisf req ue ntlys ee nda nc i
ng ,jumpi ng ,cra wl-
i
ng , cryingo rwa il
ingunc o ntroll
a bly ,whe r
e ast hea da bo fs ams eek stor estrictb o dily
mo veme nts.As ub-cha ptero ftheni nt hc ha pt ero fS i
ya ra l-au l
iy !titledAd ab -is am
(
Co deo fCo nduc tDur ingS am )s tatest ha tt hepa rticipa ntss ho ul da voidc oug hing ,
stretchinga ndl o okinga tt heo t
he rl istene rs
.The ys houl dk eept heirhe a dsb o we da nd
refrainf roma llpreme di tatedmo ve me nts,inc ludingda nc i
nga ndc l
a ppi ngha nds . The
1
80

onl ye xceptio ntot hiss e emst ob et heo bligatio nt os tandupwhe ne v eral ist
e ne re nra p-
turedb yamy st
ical statel eav eshispl ace.Thet
1
81
e xtsalsol istthec o ndi tionsf ora rr anging
as ama ssemb ly .
S i
y ara l
-a uli
y!q uo tesNi zma l
-D ni nstruc tinghi sdi sc i
ple stoo rga n-
i
z es ami napl ace( ma k n)t hati sc leana ndpl e asingt ot hes pirit. Thet ime( z am n)
sho uldb esuc ht hatt hehe artisno te ng agede lsewhe re, buti sr ec ept i
v et ot hee ,fecto f
sam. Perf
o rme rss ho uldb ea dultme n, no two me no ry oungb o ys,a ndt heys ho uldno t
singdi screditab l
eo rj o kingv erse sno rs ho ul dt heyus et hef o rbidde ni ns trume nt s
.
Listene rs(ikh vn,lit.theb rothers), i
nt ur n,s ho uldb einas tateo fr itua lpur ity,dr esse d
i
nc leanc lothe s
, ano inte dwi t
hpe rfume s,seate di nne atro wsa ndf avo ura blyinc line dt o-
wa rdst hepr a ct
ic e
.1
82

1
80
AmrKhvur
d, S
iyar
,494.
1
81
AmrKhvur
d, S
iyar
,494.
1
82
AmrKhvurd,Si
yar,4
93;Si
jz
,Fav
!
i
d,972
97
4.Al-
Ghaz
lat
tr
ibut
est
heori
gi
nsofdi
scus
si
ngt
he
condi
ti
onspe
rtai
ningtomakn,z
am nandik
hvnt
oJuna
id(
d.910
).Se
eAver
y20
04:45
46.

59
 Thet extst ak eadi mv iewo fb re ac hingt hea d aba ndwa rno fthedi rec o ns eque nc es
ofsu c hac our seo fa ct
io n. InF av!ida l
-fu d ,Niz ma l
-Dnr ela t
esho wa nunna me dq #$
ofKi rma no rg anize das a mwi shi ngt hato neo fhi sa ,J
Kue ntg ue st
swo uldb et he8 9rst
onet or iseupa ,
fe ctedb yt hemus ic .Ho we ver,the8 9rsto net oa bando nhi ss ea twa sa
poo rde rvish. Theq #$sla ppe dhi ma ndt o l
dhi mt os itdo wn. Whe nhehi ms elfsto odup
alittlel ater, thede rv i
shr etur ne dhi sa buse .Asac o nseque nc e, hes taye dputf o rse ven
year s.Whe nt hede rvishr et urnedt ot het o wn,e ve nhewa sno tab let ohe l
pt hepo o r
q# $whodi e dwi tho ute v erl eavinghi ss eat. Ab
1
83
r
e ac ho fa da bfollowi nga na ttemptt o
uses a mf o rmunda nepur po sesl edt oas everepuni shme nt .
Ana ne cdo t
ef o undi nJ av mia l
-k ali
mi se ve nmo res i
ni ster
, asiti sa ll
e gedlyb ased
one vent swi tne ss edb yGe s4da r zhi ms elf.Int hea ne cdoteac erta
inS ayyidNa U
ra l-Dn
danc e sa ndj umpsa r
o undi nt hepr e senc eo fhi sS u89g uideBur h na l
-D nGha rb.
Ges 4d ra zno tesho wt hema sters c owl sa tt hedi s
c iplea ndhet hink si tdo e sno tb ode
we l
l. Aftert hes am, Bur h na l-
D nr e ma rkst ha tNa Ural-Dni sav eryg oo dda nc era nd
hasmu chpo we ri nhi sf e et.S oo n,t hel at t
e rfa ll
si l
la ndi snol ong e ra b l
et os tand.
Bur h na l-D nr efus estos e ndr e mna nt so fhi sfo odt ohi mno tingt ha tlif
ea ndde atha r
e
intheha ndso f Go d. Awe ekpa sse sa ndNa Ura l
-D ndi e s
.1
84

Wh ywa sNa Ura l-D npuni she ds oha rshly,whe nhi sb eha v
iourwa sno t
hi nge x-
traordi naryj udg ingb yo the rc ont empo rarya ccount s?P erha psdi sreg ardf orhi sma ster
l
e dt ob reac hingt hea da bg o verningt hema ster-discipler elationship . Ano the rpo ssi
b l
e
reaso ni stha tNa U
ra l
-D ndi dno tful 89lthec o ndi ti
o nsunde rwhi chs uchb eha viour sa r
e
all
o we d ,whi c hwo uldha vema dehi sa ctionsab r eac ho fthea d abo fs am. Suchc ondi -
ti
onsa l
sopo intt ot hei nte rna ldy na mi cso fsa mt ha tha rmo ni zethes eemi ng lyc ont ra-
dicto ryr equi reme ntso f ad a ba ndt hehi ghlyv al
ue db eha vioursdur ingmy stical states.
Thee arlyChi shtite xtsf r eque nt l
ys tatet hatv ar i
o ust ype so fmo veme nta rea llowe d
durings ami fthel istene ri so ve rwhe lme db yt hemy sticalsta t
ea ndi sno tc o nsciouso f
wha thei sdo ing .Ac cord ingt oNi z ma l
-D n, quo tedi nS iyara l
-a u
liy !
,v olunt arymo v e-
me ntd ur i
ngt hes a mr ende rst hee ntirepr a cti
c ef or bi
dde n( arm) ,andi tb e come s
cont ami na ted( mal l
)i ft hel istene rmo v eswhi les tillretainingc o nt r
o lo verhi ms e l
f.5
1
8

Da nc ingi sa ll
o we d, ifitisno tme asur e d( gha irma uz n),b utf orb i
dde n, ifitisme a sured
(ma u z n). Onec
186
a nmo ve ,b uto nl y,if t
hemo v
e me ntsa reno tpr e
me ditate da nddono t
appe a rtof ollo wapr esetpa tt er
n.
Thel i
ste ne rsliabilityt of ol
lo wt hea da bi sa lsor e v
o kedb yr eferringt ot he iruna c-
count a bili
tyf o rt he irac tionsdur i
ngamy stica lstate. Oneo ft hef ewt heo retical aspe cts
ofsa mdi sc us s
e di nt hee a rlyChi s hti textsi sthea ttributiono fthee ,f
e ct
so fmus ica nd
poe tryt ot her eac ti
o nso fthes oul sdur ingt heda yo ft hepr imo rdial co vena nt( ya uma l-

1
83
Si
jz
,F
av!
id,
6686
70
1
84
Qusai
n,
Jav
mi,33
6337
.
1
85
AmrKhvur
d,Si
yar
,49
2,504
.
1
86
AmrKhvur
d,Si
yar
,50
7.

60
m$s
qo rr oz-ia last)dur i
ngwhi chGo da skedt he m Am Ino ty ourL ord? andt hes ouls
answe redi nt hea ,89rma tive. Ac
1
87
c ordi ngt oS iya ra l-au li
y !,
thisa ,89
rma tionwa sno tne -
cessa r
ilyv erb al,b utc o uldha veb ee ni ndi cate db y,fo re x ample ,no ddi ngt hehe ado r
mo v i
ngt hel imb s .Whe nab eaut if
ulv o i
cehe arddur ingt hes a mt he nr emi ndst he
l
istene rso f thev oiceo f thedi v i
neb e l
o ved, the ya uto ma tical
lyres po ndi nas i
mi larma n-
nera st he ydi ddur ingt heda yo ft hec ovena nt .Ac c o r
di ngt oB bF ard,t hisa ls
ode -
termi ne st her e tai
ningo rlosingo fo ne sco nsc i
o usne s sdur i
ngs am. Ifo neb e cameun-
cons ciousdur ingt heda yo ft hec o ve na nt,thes amei sb oundt oha ppe ndur i
ngs am,
whe re aso the rsr etaint he i
rs ens es.
188

Ho we v er,thiss e emi ng l
ys impl es o l
utio nr eso lvingt hec ontra dictionb e twe e na dab
andt heb e hav iourso ccur ri
ngdur ingmy stica lsta t
e si snua ncedb yy eta no the rs eto f
ideaspr ese ntedi nt het e xtsunde rdi sc ussion. S ever alpa ssagessug g estt ha tlo singc on-
sci
o u sne ssma yno tb et hemo stso ug ht-afters tatea fte ra l
l.Siyara l-auliy! repo rtsNi zm
al-
D nt oha v eno tedt ha tso mel iste ne rsloset he ms e lve sins amt os uc ha ne xte nttha t
theywo uldno te ve nno ti
c eana ilb eingha mme redi nt ot he i
rhe ads .Butt he rei sa nothe r
statea swe l
l,t hes tateo ft hepe rfe cto ne s.I tr ese mb l
esahe ighte ne ds tateo f
cons cious ne ssb ecaus edur ingi tt hel istene rs ens ese ve nar osepe talunde rhi sf oot.9
1
8

Altho u ghno ts tatede xplicitl

y ,iti sc lea rtha tt hea utho rc ount sNi z ma l-D ni nt he
l
a t
te rg r
o upo f li
stene rs.
Thes a mei deac ome so uti nNi z ma l
-D nsc la ssi89
c ati
ono fs ama se i
t he rso me -
thingt ha ta ssa ultsthel istene r( hjim)o rs ome thingt ha tdo esno t( gha irh jim) . Acco r
d-
ingt ohi m, not hingc a nb es aida b outt he8 9rstty peo fe x peri
enc e( sinc et hel isteneri s
noti nhi ss e nse s)
, whe re asdur ingt hes e cond, hei sa b let or el
atet hepo e ti
ci ma ge stohi s
sheik ho rdi vineb elove dt hro ught hepr oce ssk no wna st a
m$ l
. Al
1
90
t
ho ug ht hepa ssage
doe sno tg iveapr ef
e renc et oo net ypeo fe xpe rienc eo ve rtheo the r,o t
he re xce rptse m-
pha sizingt hei mpo rtanc eo fta m$ l( andc itingi ta st hef actort ha tma k esl isteningt o
l
o vepo etryf ull ofe rotici ma ge spe rmi ssibl
e )ma kei tc l
e arthatt hel atte rty peo fe xperi-
enc ewa sc o nsider edmo repr eferab le.1
91

Ra t
he rt ha nma kings a mac learlyde 89
ne da nds traightforwa rdpr oc ess, whe r
ef ol-
l
o wingt hea da bc a nb ewa ivedund e rthec ondi tiono func onscio usne ss, the sei de a
sup-
holdt hei nt erna lt ensio nst ha tunde rli
et hepr actice .Ho we ver
,t he set e nsio nsdono t
seemt oha vet roub ledt hee arlyChi sht is,ast he rea r enoa tt
empt st oha rmo niz ethe m.
Theo nlys tate me ntt ot hise ,f
ec ti nt heirt extsi sf oundi nJ a v mia l-kalim whe re
Ge s4da r zpa ra do xi
c all
yno test hatt hel i
stene rs ho uldb eb ot
hwi thhi ms elfandwi thout
hims elfdur ings am. Ot
192
he rwise, thedi ,f
e r
e ntdi sc our se sons ami nte rtwi newi thr e-
1
87
Theconceptof
theprimor
dia
lcove
nanti
sbase
do naneopl
at
oni
cint
erpr
eta
ti
onoft
heKor
an7:1
72.
1
88
AmrKhvurd,S
iyar,
497,
504.
1
89
AmrKhvurd,S
iyar,
497.
1
90
Si
jz
,Fav
!i
d,52
8. F
oradis
cus
sio
no nt
am$l
inthewri
ti
ngsofGe
s4da
rz,
seeHus
sai
ni1
983
:13
713
8.
1
91
Si
jz
,Fav
!i
d,468470
.
1
92
Qusai
n,
Javmi,15
2.

61
gardt
ot hepr ac t
ic
e,andma nyacco untsoft hes ama ssemb li
ess howt hepa r
tic
ipants
vaci
ll
ati
ngb e tweenf ol
l
owingthea daba nds uccumb i
ngt ot hemy st
icalstat
es.Am r
Khvurdrelat
e sthattheti
esofNizma l
-Dnsturbanwo uldfreque ntl
yloo se
ndur i
ngt he
sama ppa r
e ntl
yasac ons
equenc eofhi smo vementsb uthewo ul
da l
waystighten
thema gai
n. Thema
1
93
st
erisfr
eque ntl
ys eenc rying,buthisf a
cedo esno tcont
o r
ta sin
thecaseo fothe rpeopl
e,nordoe shee v
erho wlo rsig
h. Thef
1
94
o ll
owinga necdotere-
count
edb yGe s4da r
zshowsNaUra l
-Dnpe rformingsimil
a rbalanc i
ngac ts
:
Al
tho
ughNa
Ura
l-
Dnwa
sol
d,hewa
sene
rgi
zedb
ysa
mt
osuc
hane
xte
ntt
hat
hewa
lke
d,j
umpe
dandda
nce
dsov
igo
rous
lyt
hate
veny
oungme
nwe
reuna
ble
t
ope
rfo
rms
uchaf
eat
.Thi
sdi
dno
tha
ppe
nev
eryt
ime
,buti
tha
ppe
nedo
ncei
n
myho
use
.Ont
hatda
y,t
heq
awwa
lwa
ssi
ngi
ngt
hef
ol
lo
wingv
ers
e:
Ad
og[
ran
]af
te
rth
eca
mel
li
tt
era
ndI
amr
unn
ingt
oo,
humb
lyf
ol
lo
win
ghi
m
I
ans
wert
ohi
mAt
you
rse
rvi
ce
,i
fhej
ust
cal
l
sou
ttot
hed
og.
S
udde
nlyheg
otupa
ndr
anf
ast
ert
hana
nyy
oungma
nwo
ulde
verb
eab
le.
How-
e
ver
,hef
el
tqui
ver
ingi
nhi
sle
gandb
egi
nni
ngt
ore
el,
hes
atdo
wn.
Aft
ert
hat
,he
ne
vers
too
dupi
nsa
m.I
fta
steo
ver
camehi
m,hewo
ulde
xpr
esst
hea
git
ati
on
(
i#
ti
r
b)s
it
ti
ng.
Ifs
ome
ones
too
dup
,hewo
uldf
ol
lo
w,a
lt
houg
hhec
oul
dge
tint
o
amy
sti
cal
sta
tewhi
ler
ema
ini
ngs
eat
ed.
Heha
dal
lthet
ast
e.S
ome
ti
mes
,hewa
s
l
essa
,f
ect
edb
yHi
nda
via
ndi
tse
njo
yab
les
ounda
ndmo
rea
,f
ect
edb
yPe
rsi
an
v
ers
es.
Hewo
uldo
fte
nthr
owhi
stur
bant
othes
ing
ersdur
inghi
sst
ate
,butne
ver
t
orehi
scl
oth.
I
nGe s4da r
z
sa cc ount,Na U
ra l-
D nb al
ancesb e t
we enno tlet
tinghi smy sti
calstate
s
ma nif
esttooe x trava g
antly
, yete xpress
ingthemi ns u,
89cientme asure.Hef roli
csli
k ea
young s
terunt i
l hef e e
lsaq uiverinhi sleg,
whi chhet a
k esasas i
g ntor efra
infroms uch
behav i
our.Ev e
nt ua ll
y,hene v erstandsupa gainunl es
st hea dabr equireshimt odos o
al
o ngwi t
ht heo the rlis
teners.Her emo veshisturba n,butne vercavesint othemo ree x
-
tr
emeb ehaviouro fteari
nghi sclothes.
Ano t
he ril
lus trati
veexa mpl ei
sf oundinS i
ya ral-aul
iy!.Nizma l-Dnwa soncepa r-
ti
cularl
ya ,f
e ct
edb ys am. Lo si
ngc ontroloverhi ms e
lf
, hewa sthe8 9r
sto netostandup
i
nt hea ssemb l
y. Thi swasfo l
lowe db yav owtone veragainr i
seup8 9rst
. Unf
1
95
ort
una t
ely,
Am rKhv urddo e sno telaborateont hereasonsb ehindNi z ma l
-Dnsde ci
si
on.Perhaps
i
twa sconne ct
e dwi ththef eel
ingo fe mb a
rrassme ntforb eingsoe a s
ilyo ve
rcomewi th
ecstasy
.Wha te
ve rt hec a
se,thisde ci
sionwo uldinc onveniencehiml a ter
. Onanothero c
-
casionhewa ssittingi nthea nteroomo fhi
sjama tkhn ahlis
teningt oW mitQavvl.A
my st
icalstateo ve rtookhima ndheb e
gant ocry.Nodi sci
pleo fhiswa saround,sohe
couldno tda ncea ndt hosepr esentg r
e wanxious.Att hatmo mentas trang e
rarri
veda nd
st
ar t
edtoda nce, thusa l
lowingNi z
ma l-
Dntodot hes ame .Aft
e rthes am, Nizma l
-
1
93
Am
rKhv
urd,
Siy
ar,
510
.
1
94
Am
rKhv
urd,
Siy
ar,
509.
1
95
Am
rKhv
urd,
Siy
ar,
506.

62
Dno rde r
edhi sdisci
plestos ear
chf orthema n,buthewa snowhe retob efo und. Amr
Khv urde xpresseshisconvictio
nt hatheb el
o ngedto t
heme no fthehidde n andwa s
sentb yGo dt osa v
ealoverwhoJ Kail
shi shandsa ndfe etdrowningi ntheo ceano flove
andi ntima c
y.
1
96

Theb ehaviouro fNizma l-

D nill
ustratestheint er
ac t
iono fa daba ndmy stica
l
st
a t
e s.
Thema sterholdshims el
fba ckfromf ullyexpre
s s
inghismy sticals
tateduet ot he
codeo f conductheha spreviousl
yi mpo sedo nhims el
f.Thosepresents t
art
edt ob ecome
anxiousf orhims i
nces uppressi
ngamy st
icals t
atecouldc auseseve r
eha r
ma nde ven
l
ea dtode a t
h.Di vi
neinterventi
on, howe ver
,sa l
vagesthesituat
iona nda l
lowsNi z
ma l
-
Dnt oda ncewi thoutbreachingad ab.Thepa ssagesucceedsinpo rt
ra y
ingNi zma l
-Dn
asape rf
ectma s
terintwos enses:hef ol
lowsa dabtoitsutmo stl
imi tandrisk shisown
l
ifeint heproce s
s ,
buthea l
soe xpressespowe rfulmyst
icalstate
s.

The function of the etiquette

Thec o deo fc onduc tpr escr
ib edf orthepa rt
icipant so fsami sno tarb i
trary,butser
v es
ani mpo rt
a ntpr ag ma ticfunc tioni nt r
a nsformi ngamus icalrecita
lint oapo te
ntS u89
practice.TheS ultana tet extsa retaciturna b outt hea ct
ua lmus icalcontento fsama s-
semb lies.Ho wever,i tiss i
gni89canttha tt heyno whe res tatethee xi
st
e nceo fas eparat
e
genreo fS u89 mus i
c .Co nsideringt hato nepe rson, Am rKhus rau,wasinJKuent i
alinboth
Su89a ndc o urtl
yc o ntexts,its eemspr oba bletha tthemus icpe rf
o r
me di nthes ama s-
semb lieso fhi sma sterdi dno tdi,fe
rr adi cal
lyf romt hemus ics ponsoredi nthec ourt.
Theo nlyma jordistinc t
ionwa spr obab l
yt heus eo fins t
rume nts.Inthec our t
, t
heyo c
cu-
piedac entr alrole,whe reasNi zma l
-Dndi dno te x pressmuc hinterestint hem. I
nhi s
view,mus ica li
ns trume nt swe res upe rJ
Kuo usf ors ofteningt hehe ar
tso fthel i
stener
s.1
97

Someo fhi sfo l

lowe rsl i
keBur hna l-
D n, Am rKhus raua ndAm rQa sana ll
o wedinstr
u-
me ntsi nt he i
ro wns a ma ssemb l
ies,whe r
e aso ther sli
keGe s4da r
zg avet hem upo n
theins ti
gatio no fhisma sterNa Ural-
D n.1
98

Ev ent het erms a mdo e sno tsee mt oa pplye xclusivel

yt ot heSu89c ontext.Asha s
beenno teda bove, itisint heChi shtitextsus eda ls
oi nas s
oc i
a t
ionwi thmus i
calenter-
tai
nme ntinwe dding s.InT r$kh-if
$rozsh h$,\iy!a l
-D nBa ran r
efer
se vent othemus ic-
alasse mb l
ie sof t
hes ultansa ssa m, pairingt hemwi thpa st
ime slikehunt i
nga nddr i
nk -
i
ng .
19
9
Asadi sc
ipleo fNiz ma l
-Dn,hewo uldha v es urelydistinguis
he db etweendi ,
fer-
entty peso f sama ss emb li
esha ditbe ena ni ss
uea tthet ime .This,i
nmyv iew, i
ndicates
thatne ithermus i
cno rt hei nstit
utiono famus i
c ala ssemb l
yc a
lledsa mwe reuna m-
biguo uslyS u89phe no me na.
1
96
AmrKhv ur
d,Si
yar
,511
.
1
97
Hewa savers
etousingthereedpipe(mizmr)
,ha
rp(c
ang)andl
ute(
rab
b
),whic
hwe r
esus
pect
fromthelegalpoi
ntofvie
w. Othe
rwise
,hisatt
it
udetowa
rdsmus
ica
lins
tr
umentsi
sbestdes
cri
beda
sin-
di,f
ere
nce.SeeSij
z
,Fav
!i
d,464,9
06.
1
98
SeeQusain
,J
avmi,17
4,243;
Smn,S
iyar
, 8
9.
1
99
See,
e.g
.,Bar
an,
Tr$
kh,522.

63
 Simi lara mb i
g uitya ppliest opo etry.Ast hev e rsesi nc l
ude di nt hepa ssag est rans-
l
a t
eda bo veindi ca te,t hemo stimpo rtantt o pici npo etrype rf
o rme ddur ings amwa s
passiona telov e(i shq ).S uchpo e t
ryi sa mb iguo usa ndc a nr efe r,some ti
me ss imul t
an-
eously,t ob othdi vinea ndhuma nlo ve,a ndt herei sno thingi nt hev ersest he ms e l
ves
thatwo ulddi rectt hea udi encet opr e fero nei nterpre tati
o no vert heo the r
. Niz ma l-Dn
andhi sf ol
lowe rsr e fero ccasi
o na l
lyt oi nterpr eti
ngpo etici ma ge sinac ertai
nma nne r
.
Siyara l-
a uli
y!,fori ns tanc e,rec ordst hatt resses( z
u lf)de no teint ima cywi tht heb e loved
andi n89de l
it
y( k ufr)r eferstohi di ngt hel o ve
rse xis
te nc ea ndpe rso naino r
de rf ort heb e
-
l
o vedt oma nifes t
. Ho
200
we ver,the ser ema rksdono tf orm ac ompr ehe nsivei nte rpr eti
ve
syst
e mc overinge ac ha nde verypo etici ma ge .Ra t
he r, t
he ya redi s conne ctedt o pic sthat
havec o meupi nc o nv ersationswi t
ht hema ste r
,andul tima tely,ther espons ibil
ityf o rap-
plyi
ngt het echni q ueo ft am$ landr elatingt hei ma g eso fpa ss
io na t
el ovet oGo do rthe
Su89she ikhisl efttot hel is
tene r.
Thev er
sesr eco rde di nt hee arl
ys our cesi nc onne ctionwi ths ama ss
e mb liesno
doub tc onstit
ut eo nl yas ma llscra t
cho fthee ntirerang eof po etryut ili
ze db ythes ing ers
.
Ne v
e rthe l
ess,iti ss t
r i
k i
ngt hatno tas ing l
ev erse,g ha zalo rq ua tr
a i
nr ecorde di nt he
Sultana teChi shtit ex t
si suna mb iguo us lyr eli
g i
ous .Nov e r
see xplici
tlypr aise st he
Prophe tMuha mma do rno ta bleS u89s aints.No ra ret he r
edi dacticv e rsestha two ul dr e
-
cordapi eceo f Su89 wi sdo mi na ne asil
yme mo rizedf o rma t.Ni z
ma l-Dna ndhi sf ollow-
erswe rewe lla c qua intedwi ths uc hpo e tr
ya ndt he yo c
c asiona llyq uo t
ei tint he irdi s
-
course sa ndwr iting s.Ho we ver,theyne ve rli
ste nedt oi tdur ings am.
Thee x
pe rienc esc ausedb ylisteningt osungpo etryc o uldfur the rmo reb ee x treme l
y
powe rfula nddi ,8
9c ulttoc ontro l
, asisde mo ns tr
a t
edb ythepa ssa gesq uo teda bo ve. Un-
l
ikeo the rpr actice s,sa mi sno tapa rto ftheda ilyr outinea ndr athe rtha ng ra dua l,it
s
e,f
ecti ss udde n, ev env iolent.Whe nAm rQa sanno tesi nF a v
!i
da l-
fu dt ha tno thing
els
eb uts amc anmo vet hehuma nb e i
nga se ,8
9cient ly
, Niz ma l-Dna grees. Ona
2
01
n-
othero ccasi
o n, hec o ntrastssa mwi tha ctso fforma lwo rship(i bda t
)b ysta tingt hat
onlyt hef orme rg ive shi maf ee l
ingo ftende r-he art
e dne ss( riqqat-e )andr epose( r at-e
)
akintot ha tfeltint hepr esenceo fhisma st
er.2
02

Sinc emus ic,po etrya nde x perienc esi ncitedb yt he mr ema ini nt he mse lv
e sa mb ival
-
ent,ad abe me rgesa sapr ima ryme anst oi nte gratethe mi ntot hel is
tene rsSu89 pr actice.
Ma nya spectso fa d abe mpha si
z ether eligio
usc hara ctero ftheo c casionb ydr a wi ngpa r
-
all
elswi t hrit
ua lpr aye r:rit
ua lpur ityo fb ot
ht heb o dya ndc l
othe si spr escri
b edf ort he
l
istene rs.Also ,o rga nizingt hepa rti
c ipa ntsint or owsr e semb le st hea rr
a nge me ntf ol
-
l
o wedi nmo sq uedur ingpr ayers.Int hel ighto fs tat eme ntsl i
k eGe s4da r z
swo rds,i
f
therei sa dabi ns a ma s s
emb lies,noo nec a nha v
ea ny t
hi nga g ainsti t,
i
203
tist e mpt ing

2
00
Se
eAm rKhvurd,Si
yar
,4944
95;
Sij
z
,Fa
v!
i
d,4
84.
2
01
Si
jz
,F
av!
id,
3 2
5 .
2
02
Si
jz
,F
av!
id,
5 2
8 .
2
03
Qusai
n,
Jav
mi ,232
233.

64
toa t
tr i
b utet hee mpha sisl aido na d a btot heS u89satt
e mptt ole ndr espe cta b i
li
tyt ot he
pr acticei nt hee y eso fo ut s
ide rs.Thi sma yb et ruet oac ertaine xte nt,b utwhe ne ver
Ni zma l-
D nc la she dwi tht hec riti
c so fsam, ad abdidno tpl ayano tab l
er o leint hea r
-
gume nta ti
o n.Ra the r,thec r i
ticswe rede altwi t
hb yme anso flegal ar g
ume nts .Dur ingt he
i
n v estigatio nint hes ultansc o urt, Niz ma l
-Dni nvok edaha ditha ndt hee x ampl eo f the
she ikhsi nt heMi ddl eEa s ttos uppo rthi sv ie
ws .Za rrddo esno tr efert oa dabi nhi s
Ris lat us lal-sa m, buts tick stol eg alrea s
o ni
ng .
Whe nNi zma l-Dndi scus se st hepe rmissibil
ityo fs ame l
s ewhe re,hedo esno t
refe rtot heKo ra n, hadi t
h, orr eligiouss cholars,butt ot hemo tivationso ft hel iste ne rs
.
Fo rhi m,s amwa sno ta ll
o we do rf orb i
dde ni na nya bs ol
utes e nse . Whe
204
nhewa s
ask eda bo utthepe rmi ssi
b ili
tyo fthepr actice,he8 9
rstwa ntedt ok no wwhoi sl i
steni ng .5
20

Hef o rmul atedi tsl egals ta t

usb yr eferringt ov arioust ype so fl i
s tene rs:s ami ss anc-
tione db yr e l
igio n( a l
l
)i ft hel istene risf ull
yi nclinedt o wa r
dst het ruth. I tisa c cept-
ab le( mu b )ift hel istene rha ss omes piri
tuals tandinga ndwi she st oa t taint het ruth.
Ho we ver,i ttur nso b j
ectio nab le( ma kr h)ifthel istene r
sa ttentio na ndc o nc entra tion
ve ermo rei nt hedi rectiono ft hephe no me nalwo rl
di nstea do ft hes piritua l,andi tb e
-
co me sa bso l
ut elyf orbidde n( ar m)i fhei sfull
ys ub me rgedi nt hef or me r.20
6

Themo tiva ti
o no fal istene ri s,o fc ourse,v erydi ,
89cultt omo nito ra nds ome thi ng
mo ret ang iblei sr equiredi no rde rtoma kes amapr actical Su89te chni que ; thisiswhe re
thes igni89canc eo fa dabl i
e s.Iti se ssent i
allyat oo lf
o rtrainingS u8 9di sciplesb ydi re cting
the irmo tivationf romt hephe no me nalwo rl
dt owa r
dss pirit
ua lpur suits.I ti sa lsoa
me anso fr ende r i
ngmus ica nda mb iguo uspo etici ma gesr eli
gio usa ndc ha nne llingt he
ex pe rienc eso ft hel ist
e ner sto wa rd ss piri
tua lreali
ties.Thi spo intst oa no the rimpo rtant
func tio no fa da ba swe l
l:ifal istene ro bservesa da bb e f
o r
es uc c umb ingt oamy s t
ic al
statet hatma nifes tsasb eha viour sa to ddswi tha d ab,iti slikelyt hathi se x perienc ei s
ge nui nea ndno tj ustapr e me di tateda ctstemmi ngf roml esst hans piritua lmo tivatio ns .
Thee arlyChi shtiswe r ee mpha ticall
ya ve r
set oa ,f
ec t
e dmy stica lstatesa nde vent he
termt av juds ee mst oha vea cq uiredane w,c onc orda ntme ani ngi nZa rr d
sRi sala h.
Appa r ently, s
ho wi ngmy stica lsta tesdur i
ngs ama ssemb li
esc onf errede nha nce ds pi r
-
i
t ua la utho rity,a ndpe rso nswi thl e ssc leanmo tivationsus e dt oi mi ta t
ee c stat
icb e ha-
vio urse x pre s
se db yinJKuent ial Su8 9ma s
ter s
.Amo ngt hes epe rsonswe repr o b ab l
yt hea n-
tino mi anS u89sf orwho mt hec on vent ionala dabwa sso me thingo fa na na the ma . Indi s
-
cus singt heo ut co meo ft hes am i nves t
igati
o n,Am rKhv ur dr elatest ha ta ltho ug h
Ni zma l-Dnwa sa l
lowe dt oc ont i
nuewi thhi spr actice, aida r$
sa ndq a lan da rswe re
forb idd ent odos o ,si
nc et heyo nl ylistene dtomus icf orple asure. Al
207
tho ug ht hea utho r
2
04
Thi
swa spr
oba
blyoneofthere
aso
nswh
yNiz
ma l-
Dna
ske
dthesul
tantore
fra
inf
rompass
ingan
abso
luteverdi
ctont
helegalst
atuso
fsamaf
te
rconc
ludi
ngt
heinv
est
iga
ti
o n.
SeeAmrKhv
urd,Si
yar
,
530.
2
05
AmrKhvur
d,S
iyar
,492.
2
06
AmrKhvur
d,S
iyar
,491.
2
07
AmrKhvur
d,S
iyar
,530.

65
rejec
tst hisi nforma tiona sunr el
iable,iti ndi catest hes us pic i
o nwi thwhi c hNi z ma l
-
Dnsc i
r clev iewe dt hes amo fotherS u8 9
s.
Thec ha ptero ns a mi nS iyara l-
a uliy !endswi thas tro ngc o nde mna t
io no fpe ople
whot urns a mi ntoas howa nda tt
emptt oa c quiref amet hr oug hita ndwho ,i
ndo ing
so,onl yc rea teco nf usiona b outt heda nc ea ndo t
he rmo ve me nt so ftho sewhoha v ere a
l
taste
. Ad
208
a be me rg esa st hef actort ha ts epara t
e sr ealsa mf r
o mf a l
sepr etens ionst o
my st
ic al statesa ndg ua ranteest hatitisag e nuines piri
tual pra cti
c e.
Ont hewho l
e ,t het ex tswr itt
eni nt heS u89c ircl
eo fNi zma l-Dnc o nside rab l
y
shape dt hee tho so ft heNi z ami sub- branc hb ye l
e va t
ingt hes ensitivi
tyf ort hee ,fe ctsof
mus ica ndpo etryo npa rwi thpe rfe
ctio ni nr eli
g i
o usl ear
ni nga ndpr ac ti
ce .Indi sc ussing
Nizma l-
D nsfo l
lo we rs,Am rKhv urdt a ke scaret ono t
et he irpr oclivi
tyf ors ami na d-
diti
ont ot hemo rec on ventiona lmo tif
so fe ruditio na ndpi e ty
.Al mo stev ery onepo s
-
sessest hel a tte
rt woq ua l
iti
e s
, whi l
eo nl ys o meme ritspec i
a lme ntionf ort he i
rt as tefor
sam( z a
Au q-isam)a ndc ryingt hatb ur nst hel iver( gi
rya -
y iji
g arsoz).2
09

Ina ddi tiont ohi ghl i

ght i
ngt heme ri
tso fa bso rbedl istening ,theS ultana tepe riod
wa sespe ciallysigni 89
c antfo rthel aterde ve lopme nto fsa m, a sthepe rs
o na lq ualitiesof
my st
ic ala nda esthe t
ics ens i
tivityco mb ine dwi thhi ghmus ica landpo eti
cs ta nda rdsi n
Nizma l-
D nsja ma t
k hn ah, t
ransfo rmi ngt heS u89pract i
c eint oar e89ne dc ul t
ur al and
reli
giou si ns ti
tutio n.Thee x t
e nsivetra ditiono fS u89literatur et hate me rgeds i
mul tan-
eouslya rou ndNi z ma l-
D ne nsur edt hatt hepr acticeo fa ni ndividua l ma sterb ec amea
mo delf o rt hes ub se que ntg ene rati
onso fChi shtiNi z a
mi s. Thet extualc odi 8
9ca t
io na lso
establishe dc er
ta i
nk e yc ha racteri
sticst ha tsha pe dNi z ma l-Dnss am. Hee mpl o yed
professio na lmus i
c iansi nthema nne ro fc onte mpo raryco urtsi nsteado frelyingo na ma -
teurinputo fhisS u8 9di sci
ple s.Thepr actic ewa si nt i
ma telyl inkedwi thpa ssiona tel ove
and, asac oro l
lary, po etryo nt het opi cwa sde e me dt hemo sta ptc ho icet ob es ungb y
theq a wwa ls.F urthe r mo re,a d abtha te mpha sizedr est
rictingv olunt aryb odi l
ymo v e
-
me ntse ,
fe ctiv
ely pr e cl
ude dt hede velo pme nto fada nc e-orientedt radi ti
o nt hat
eme rged, f
o rinsta nc e,a mo ngt hes oc alledwhi rli
ngde rvishe so ftheT ur kishMe vlev i
s.

2
08
AmrKhv urd,Siy
a r
, 5
33 53
4 .Ono neo ccas
ion,suchbehavi
ourissai
dt ohaveinfuri
a t
edNizma l-
Dn.Oneda y,so
meno i
syy oung s
ters,
whoha ppenedtob esonsoftheFi
rdausis
heikhRuk na l-
Dnsail
ed
i
nab oatfr
o mb el
o whisjama t
khna ha nddist
urbedhisme di
tati
onwiththei
rloudmus icandrevel
ry.
Onse ei
ngthey oungste
rs,Niz ma l
-Dnrema rke
dwr yl
y :
Pr
aise
db eGod!Onedrinkstheb loodofli
veron
thi
spa t
h,yearaft
e ryea
r,ands acri
89
ceshiss oul
,butsomene wcome r
sonthisroadquestionwhe t
herheis
somethingtheyareno t
.Het henwa vedhi shandtowardsthemindismis
sal.Whenthe yattemptedtodis
-
embark, t
heydrowne d.Am rKhv urdincludesthi
sa necdot
einac hapt
eronNi z
mal-Dnsmirac
les.S
ee
AmrKhv urd,Si
yar,14
7.
2
09
See,e.
g.AmrKhv urd,Siyar
,164,196,199,
201,
20 5
,292,3
11,3
14,31
5,3
17,31
9.

66
2S
AM
INTHES
UFICI
RCLEOFKAL
MALLHS
HHJ
AHNBD

2
.1La
teMug
hal
Indi
a

Accor di
ngt oS cottKug l
e ,thelaterMug ha lpe ri
odb eginswi t
ht hec o r
o na t
iono f
Aurang ze bin1 65
9a nde ndswi ththede positiono fBa hdu rShhZ! a f
arb yt heBr iti
sh
i
n1 857 . Ont
21
1
heo therha nd, o
nec oulda r
guet hatitwa so nlythede atho fAur a
ng zeb
i
n1 707t ha thail
edt hes ett
ingino fane we rat hatwa scha racteri
z edb ythee me rgence
ofnewr ulinge l
it
es, cult
ura l
e x
pressi
o nsa ndr el
igio
ust rends.Theb e gi
nningo fthise r
a
sawa ls
ot hef o
rma t
iono fanumb ero fa spe ct
st ha tstillcha racteri
zeS o uthAs ian
cult
ur ea ndr el
igi
o nt oday.Inthecaseo fsam
,thes hifto fSu-.
s f
o cusfromme taph ys
-
i
c alspecul ati
ona ndpo et
ic-me t
apho ricalexpr essi
ont otraditiona l
istrelig
io uss c
ho lar-
shipa nde xposi
torypr osene cessi
tat
e dac ons ciouse 1for
tf romt hepa rto ftheChi shti
Nizami she i
khs,whowa nt edtoma intaini tsr el
evanc ey etr ema ino nthec ut t
ing-
e dge
ofreligi
o usde vel
opme nts.
Thisc hapteri nvesti
ga t
es,howt hre epr omine ntChi shtiNi za mis he ikhs,S hh
Kal6m Al lh S hhj ahnbd6( d.172 9),Ni z !ma l-D6n Aur angbd6( d.1 7
3 0
)a nd
Ma uln F akhral-D6nDi hlav6(d.1
7 85)pe rceiveda ndo rgani z
edt hepr acticeo fsam .
Noneo ft he m wa sapo eto rmus icianunl ike,f o
ri nst
a nce,t heChi shtima ster
so f
Barna wawhor ema rk abl
ya 1f
ectedthede v elopme nto fHi ndus tanimus i
cdur i
ngt he
six
tee ntha nds ev
e nteenthc enturi
es.I
2
12
nstea d,ther elevanc eof theseS u-.sst e
msf ro m
thein> ?
ue ncetheirleg ac
yha se x
ertedt othepr esentda y
.

E
igh
tee
nthc
ent
uryi
nIn
dia
nhi
st
ory
Whe nAurangzebdi edi n170
7 ,theMug halter
rit
orycove r
eda lmos ttheentireS ubcon-
ti
nentfrom Afghani s
tant ot hee as
ternb or
dersofBe ng a
la ndf rom Ka shmi rtot he
Deccan.Onlythes o uthernmo sttiprema i
nedo uts
idet heMug ha lrule
.Aur a ngzeb
s
mili
tar
yc a
mpa ignsha dc oncentrate
do ntheDe cca
n,andt heyc ulmi nat
edi n16 87with
theannexat
iono fGo lc
o ndao ftheQut bShahis
.Ther ema i
nde rofAur angzeb
slif
ewa s
spentintryi
ngt owa r
do 1
fthea t
tacksoftheMa r
athasi nthewe st
ernDe ccan.His
deathwasfoll
owe db yawa ro fsuccess
ion.Suchwa rswe reano rma lfe
a tureo fthe
Mug halk
ings
hipt hatwa sno tb as
edo nprimogenit
urea ndAur angz ebhims elfhadha d
tovanqui
shhisb rothers(andj ail
hisfat
her)inordertoa sc
endt ot hethrone. Ho wever
,
aft
erAurangze
bt her ulerscha ngedinrapidsuccess
ionunt ilMuDa mma dS hha s
cen-
dedtothethronei n1720 .
Thepo li
ti
caldis
integr
ati
onwa squicka ndb ythemi d-ei
ght-

21
1 Se
eKugle2
012
:456.
21
2 OntheChi
sht
itr
adit
iono
fBa
rna
wa,
seeRi
zvi2
002
:II
,27
52
79.
Oni
tss
igni
-.
canc
efo
rmus
ic,
see
Br
own2
010.

67
eent hc e ntur yt heMug ha lrul er
ste rr
ito ri
e sc ove r
e dnomo ret hent hes urro unding so f
thei mpe rial cityi nDe lhi .Int heDe cca n,Ni z !ma l-
Mul kAI ifJhs e tthet rendf o rg ov-
erno rst ode tacht heirpr ovinc e sfromt heMug ha lpo l
ityb yde claringhi s- .
e f
do mape r
-
sona l do mi nio ni n1 724 . Het husf ounde dt hes tateo fHy der aba dt hatwo uldl astunt i
l
194 8whe ni twa sa nne xedt oi nde pe nde ntI ndi ai nwha tisc al
leda po li
ceo perat i
o n
.
Mur shidKul 6Khnf o unde dhi sdy nast yinBe ng al andBi hari nt he1 740 s,andade ca de
l
a ter,Awa dhe me rgeda sa ni nde pe nde nts tateunde ritsg ove rno r
,L afda rJang .
Theg o ve r
no r swe r eno tt heo nlyo nest oe xtendt heirte rrit
o ri
e sa tthec osto fthe
Mug ha l
s .Sinc et he1 72 0 s,theMa ratha sha da dv ance dt owa rdsno rthf ro mt hewe st
e rn
De cc ana nde x tende dt he irr ul eo vermuc ho fc entra lIndi af rom Guj aratt oOr i
ss a
.
Afg ha nl ea de rst ooko verKa b ula ndS i
nda nda ls
of ounde dpo litiesi nt heGa ng e s
-
Ya munav alleya ndBho pa l
.The yi nitiall
yr uledPunj abi nt hena meo ft heMug hal
ruler, butwe reb ythe1 750 sr epla cedb yt heS ikhswho sef ra gme nt edr ulewa ss ub sti
-
tutedb yauni taryS ik hs t
a teund erRa nj i
tS ing hi n1 799 .Fromt hemi d-eight eenthc e n-
tury, t
heBr i
t i
sha ndF re nc hs hiftedt he irfo cusf romc o mme r cetog ove r
ningt erri
to r
ie s
.
Byt hee ndo fthec entur y, theBr itishha dde fe atedt heF renc hint heb a tt
leo v e
rc o l
o n-
i
z ingt heI ndi a nS ub co nt ine nt.
Thef rag me nt ati
o no f po li
tic alaut ho rit
ya ndt hepr eva l
e nceo fmi litaryc ampa i
g ns
ha vel edt oapo rtraya lo ft hee ighte ent hc ent urya sape riodo fv i
r t
ua la nar chy.Ho w-
eve r,rece ntr ese archs ug ges tst hatde s pitet hev ol
a ti
lec o ndi ti
ons ,theo vera l
l s
itua t
io n
wa sr elative lysta b l
e.L
2
13
argea reaso ft heS ub cont i
ne nte scape dt hee 1
fectso fwa r.The
Mug ha la dmi nistratives truc tur ewa suphe l
dunde rt hene wr ule rsa ndt hee co no my
rev i
ve ds wi ftlyina rea st ha twe rea 1fecte db ymi litaryc ampa i
gns .No whe ree lseist his
mo reta ng i
b let ha nint hec as eo fDe l
hi .Thec itysur vivedt hede vastatingi nc ursi
o nso f
Na d6rS hha ndADma dS hhDur rn6i n1 739a nd1 757 ,respe ctively, andne v e
rthe less
rema i
ne dac ent reo fsy mb o li
cpo we r,c ulturea ndr eli
g ionunt il1857 .
Ca pitalso ft hes uc ce sso rs tatesc a met os haret her o leo ft heMug ha lcour ta s
cent reso fre li
gio usa ndc ul tura lpa trona ge .Thena wa b so fAwa dhs hiftedt he i
rc ourt
fromF aizab adt oL uc k no wi n1 775 ,andt hel atterso ona cq uiredal eg enda ryf amef or
i
t sre -
.ne d, a ri
sto craticc ultur et ha tco ntinue dunt i
lt heBr i
t is
ha nne x ati
o ni n18 56. In
theDe cca n,Hy de rab adr ema ine dab a st
io no fIndo -P ersianc ultureunt il19 48.Af ter
thet er mi na ti
o no ftheMug ha lpe riod, it
sc ourta ttract eda ni nc reasingnumb ero fpo -
ets,mu sicia nsa ndr eligio uss cho l
a rsfro mo the rpa rtso ftheS ub co ntinent .Ina ddi t
io n
tot heur ba nc e nt r
es,C. A.Ba ylyha sde mo nstratedho wi nt hec aseo fno rt
hI ndi a
,
sma l
lert o wns hi ps( qab a h)c a met oa cqui reas igni-.cantr olei nc ontempo r
arye co-
no mi ca nds o ci
a lde ve l
o pme nts.21
4

Ther ela t
ives t a
b ilitype rha pshe l
pst ounde rstandt hea b unda nc eo fcultura lactiv-
i
t i
e so vert hee ight eent hc ent ur y.P ersians tilldo mi na tedt hel itera t
ur eint heMug hal

2
13 F
orre
cents
tudi
eso
nei
ght
eent
h-c
ent
uryI
ndi
a,s
eeMa
rsha
ll(
ed.
)20
03.
2
14 S
eeBayl
y2002.

68
empi rei nt heb eginni ngo ft hec entury.Thepo etics t
y leo ftza g 215
t
ha tha db een
promo tedi ntheMug ha l andS afa
v idc ourtsc ulmi na tedi nthel iterar yo e uv r
eo fM6 rz
P
Ab da l
-Q di rBe dil( d. 172 0).Thepo e t
ryo fBe dilandhi spr ede cess orsi so ftende cried
aspr ol
ixa nda b s
trus e lyi nte llectua l
,y ett hema ina imo fthepo etswa st oe xpre ss
thing si n af reshma nne ra st het ermt zag i mpl ies
.I npr actice ,t hisme ant
dev elopingno velma mn s(
po etict heme s
).S ha ms urRa hma nF a ruq ia rgue st hata
keyme anst oa chiev et hi swa st oe l
a boratet heme aning( ma n)o fe a chma m nb y
treatingt heme tapho ricme a ning so fma m nsa sfa ctsa nda ttrib utingt he m ne w
me tapho ricalimpo rt. Thi sl edt othewe avingo fde nsene tso fme ani nga nda 1fording
theme ta pho ras y nt ag ma t
icr athe rt ha npa radigma ticr ole.Thepo eticl angua ge
bec amee xtreme l
ynua nc eda ndi tpl aye dwi thpo lys
e mi cwo rdsi nama nne rt ha t
rend ereda lltheirme a ni ng sg erma nea to nc e.Thi sre s
ul tedinpo et r
yt ha tthrivesb e st
unde rr igo rousa ndv igo ro usr ea dingf oritsdr ivingf orcei sthei nte l
lec tua l,andno tt he
emo ti
ona lima gina ti
o n. I
216
nt hev iewo fF ranc i
sRo binso n,t zag ( hec allsitIndi an
style
)e nta i
led ame nt a lwi thd r
a wa lfro mt hei mme dia t
eph ysica le n vironme nt.2
17

Whi let hisma ya r

isee ss ent i
a llyfro mg ha za lpo eti
c stha te schewr ea lism, itle dt ot he
ali
e na t
iono fpo e t
icl ang ua gef roms poke ni diom.
Ho we v er
, ones ho uldno tjumpi ntot hec o nclusiont hatt zag po e tryinP ersian
wa se li
tistt ot hec o re. Thee i
g htee nthc ent urywa st hepe ri
o dwhe nP ersianwa sus ed
inI nd i
amo ree x
te ns ivelyt ha ne verb efo re.I tha ds pr e a
do uts i
det hee li
t ea shr af
classes,a ndt hei nvo lve me nto fHi ndusi nP ersianwr it
ingpe a ked. Be di l
, f
o ri nstanc e,
enlisteds e veral Hindusa mo nghi spo et
icdi sciples, andt heywr o teP e rsianpo e t
ryt ha t
empl o yedKr ishna itet he me s. Al t
ho ugho nemi ghta ssumes omeI ndi a niza ti
o no ft he
poe tryb ec aus eo fthe irr eligiousb ack gr
o unda ndt hec ho iceo ftopi c,S tefanoP el
lha s
demo nstr atedt hatt he irs tyleo fwr it
ingwa st otall
yi nl i
newi tht hel ang ua gea ndi nte r-
pretivef rame wo rkpr o mo te db yBe dil.Pers i
anwa ss til
lt heuni ve r
s allya ppl icab lelit
e r-
aryme diumt hatfa cilitate dadi sco urseo na nyc onc eivab letopic.2
18

Ho we v er
, Persianwa st ol osei tssigni-.canc ei npo e tryint hec o urs eo ft hee ight -
eent hc e ntur y,whe nUr dub eca mee stab l
ishe di nt hel it
erary- .eld.Thepe r iodpr o -
duc eds o meo fthemo stf amo usUr dupo e ts
, sucha sKhvj ahM6 rDa r
d( d. 1
7 85), M6r
Taq 6M6 r( d. 1
8 10)andMuDa mma dRa f
6PSaud ( d. 1
7 81)
.Thene wl ing uisticme diume n-
tai
le da da ptingane wpo etics ty l
e,a swe ll
. Altho ughma nyc onc ept so f t
zag ,sucha s
ma m na ndma
n, s ur vive di nUr dupo eticthe ory,thea ppro achwa sdi stinctlydi 1f
e r-
21
5 Thi sstyl
eisconve
nt i
onal
lyrefe
rredtoassabk-
ihi
n d(
Indiansty
le
).Raj
ivKinrahascompe l
li
ng l
y
ar
gue df
orab a
ndoningthisappell
ati
onfortwor ea
sons.Fi
rs
t,itwasco i
nedine a
rlytwenti
eth-ce
ntury
Ir
ana ndwo ul
dno thaveb ee
nr ecog
nizedbyt hepoetsas
cribi
ngt othi
spa r
tic
ularstyl
e.Second,the
st
ylewascosmopoli
tanandha dtrans
regio
nalimporta
nc ei
nst
ea dofbei
ngs o
me hows pec
i-.
ctoIndiaor
havi
ngIndia
nr oot
s.I
nc ontr
ast
,theter
mt zagcapt
urest
hedr iv
ingfor
ceofthepo et
icst
yleinama n-
nerthepoet
sthemselv
esus e
d.SeeKinra2007.
21
6 F a
ruqi2004:
31,3
7,63,67.
21
7 Ro bi
nson2001:
17.
21
8 P e
ll
2 01
4.

69
ent.Ins t
e ado fnua nce de x pres s
io nr equir
inge xtensiveint el
lect
ua le 1
for
t ,Urdupo et
s
didno ts huns eemi ng l
ys impl es pe e
c ha ndwo rdingstha twe reakint othes po kenlan-
guageo fDe lhi
.Itsho uldb ek epti nmi ndt hate venwhi leUr dub ecamet hel angua geof
choicei npo e t
ry,anumb ero f po etswr otealsoPe rsi
anv erses,anditt ooka lmo s
tac en-
turyb eforeUr duwa sesta blishe da sal anguageo fprose.
Ano t
he ra r
ttoa c quireaf o r
mt ha tisst
illrecognizab l
et odaywa smus ic.Botht he
Mug ha lco urtandt her ulerso fitss uccessorstatesex t
ende dag e
ne rouspa t
rona geto
mus ici
a ns.InDe l
hi,Ni P
ma tKhnS adr angintroduc edthene wf o
rmo fk hayl s
inging
tothec ourto fMuDa mma dS hh, a
ndi tsoo nwo npo pularfavourf romd hrup dthat
wasi nc r
ea si
ng l
ype rceiv eda sa r
c haic.Inthee ighteenthc entury,thei nstrume ntsthat
ares ti
llinv o g
uei nHi nd ustanimus ice merged. NiP
ma tKhn
sb rothero rne phe win-
tro
du c
e ds itar
,whi cha llb ute clipsedt hemo stprestigi
o usc ourtinstrume nto fthe
Mug ha lIndi a,thebn.S a rang ib e c
a met hemo stwi delyus eda cco mpa nyingi nstr
u-
me nta nds arodsubs ti
tut edr a ba b.Froma mo ngt heme mb ranopho nes,tab l
aa ppe ar
s
i
nt hepa intingsofmi d-ce ntur y.I
219
na dditi
ont oDe l
hi,Luc know, theRa jputc ourtsof
Rajastha na nd,sli
ght l
yl ater,Ra mpure me rg
e dasi mpo rt
a ntcentreso fmus i
calpa t
ron-
age.2
20

Religious environment
FrancisRo binso nhi ghli
ght stwof a ctorst hatwe rec ent ralt ot heP er
sianc ulturee x-
tendingf romOt toma nIstanbul toDe lhia ndb e yond. Fir s
twa st heus eo fPe r
s i
anl an-
gua g
ea ndt hes ha re
dl i
terarytraditi
o n. Thes eco ndwa st hec o mb ina t
iono fforma la nd
my st
icall ea r
ninga ndt hea ssociateds y stemso ftrans mi ssi
o n.Heha sa ls
ode sc
r ibed
twor eli
g i
o ust rendst hatc rys
tall
izedi nI ndiaint hee ight eent hc entury.The- .
rsto ne
comb inesl earningo frationals ci
e nc es( ma
q lt)s uc ha sl ogic,ma the ma ti
csa nd
philosoph ywi t
ht hev uj
d me taph ysicso fI bnP Arab6t ha twe re,asS tef
a noP ell
ha s
po i
ntedo ut,o ften- .
lt
e r
edt hroug ht hene o platonics cho o lo fIsfaha ne pit
o mizedb y
Mul lL adr( d.16 40)
. Thes econdt re ndc o ncent rat
eso nt raditiona lrel
igiouss ci
enc e s
(ma nql t),espe ci
all
yha diths t
udi es, ands uppo rt
sthes hu h dv i
e wspr omul gat
e db y
ADma dS irhind 6(d.1624).
22
1

Ani nsta nceo fthe- .

rstt r
e ndi st he ul
am o ft heF irang iMa ha llstudiedb y
Ro bi
nso n. Fro mt heirc e
ntreinL uckno w,the ye ducate dac o nside r
a bl
enumb ero fa d-
mi ni
strator stos erveint heMus limc our t
sdur ingt hee i
g htee ntha ndni ne t
e enthc en-
turie
s.The yus edP ersi
ani nte achingd a r
s-in i
z
$ mt ha tb eca met hemo stwi delyf ol-
l
o weds yllab usinI ndiaunt ilitwa ss upe rsededb ytraditio nalistre l
igio
usl earninga nd
mo derne duc ati
o nalinstit
ut i
onsi nt hel at
terha lfo nt heni ne t
e enthc entury.Mo sto f
thet extb oo ksi ncludedi nt hes yllabusr epres entedr ationa ls ciences,a ndi twa s
2
19 Onthemusic
aldevel
opmentsi
ntheeig
hte
enthcent
ury
,see
,e.
g.Bor&Miner20
10,
Bro
wn2
010
a
ndMine
r201
0.
2
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att
er
,seeBr
ahaspa
ti201
0.
2
21 Robi
nso
n2001:
16,4
1andPell
2014
:33
.OnSir
hind6
,se
eFri
edmann20
0 0[
197
1].

70
des i
gne ds oa st ot e acht hinkingi nsteado fr otel e a
rninga ndt of a ci
li
ta t
eq uick er
compl eti
o no ft hec o urs e.The u la m o ft heF i
ra ngiMa ha l
la l
soa cteda sQa diri
she i
k hs,a nds o meo fthe irmo stwi de l
y-circ ulatedwr i
ti
ng si nc l
udet re at
iseso nv uj
d
me taph ys i
cs.2
22

Ine i
g hteent hc e ntur yDe l
hi ,ho we ve r,thes ec ond, tradi tiona l
ists huh dt rendwa s
gainingg round. Be f
o ret her e ig
no fAur a ng zeb ,theMug ha lc our tha df avouredQa diri
andChi shtib rothe rho o ds.D r S hi koh, whowa se xecutedb yhi sb rotherAur ang ze b
in1 659 ,wa sadi sc i
pl eo ftheQa di ris he i
k ho fL aho re,Mi ynM6 r(d.1 635).Hi ss ister
Jahnrwa smo r ee clec ti
c; shewa saQa diridi s
c iple,b uta lsowr oteaha g i
og raph yo f
Khvj a hMu P
6na l
-D6 na ndwa se ve nt uallyb uri
e do ppo si
tet hema uso leumo fNi z!ma l
-
D6n. Dur
223
i
ngAur ang z eb
sre ign,t hea tmo sphe rei nt hei mpe ri
a lar mya ndt her o yal
cour tturne df avo ura blet ot heMuj a ddidi sub- b r
a nc ho ftheNa qs hba ndib rothe rhoo d,
sona me da f
te rthet itleMu ja ddid -iAl f
-iS n( TheRe newe ro ft heS econdMi l
lenni -
um )pr oc l
aime db yi tsfo unde r,ADma dS irhind6 .
InDe l
hi,thet radi ti
o na l
isttre ndwa ss pe arhe ade db yS hhVa l6Al lh( d.176 2)a nd
hisde scenda nts. Va
22
4
l6Al lhwa sb o rnt oaf ami lyo freli
g iouss cho larsandS u-.s.Hi s
father, ShhP Ab da l
-Ra D6 m( d. 1719 )ha db e eni nv olveda l
t houg hr e l
uc t
ant l
y, acco rd-
ingt oGue nthe r i
225
nwr i
tingawo rko nHa na -.jurisprude nce ,Fa t
v-yi
la
mgr, f
o r
Aur ang zeb .Heha df ounde dMa dra saRa D6mi yy a,o neo ft hemo s tin>?uentialre l
igious
scho olso fDe lhi thatc onc entratedo ns tudy ingt heKo r
a na ndha dit
h, whi leesc he wing
scienc eslikelo gica ndphi l
o soph yt ha twe res oe ssent ialtod a rs-in i
z
$ m.
Va l6Al lhr ece i
v edt rai
ningi nr eli
gio uss cienc e sint hema dr asaa ndr e c
e i
v edt he
Muj addi dit ea ching sa ndpr a cti
c esf r
o m hi sf athe r.Hes pe nte i
g hty earss tudy ing
hadit ha nd* +
q hi nt heHi jaza ndc laime dhi so wnr a nkint heS u- .hier archyint hee xor-
bitantf ashi onf ami liarf romS i
rhi nd6
swr itings:a c cordingt oVa l6Al lh,heha db ee n
bes t
o we dt hel i
ghtt ha tma dehi mt hepo l
eo fthes aints.Pe ar s
o nc allsVa l
6 Allh sco m-
biningo fther o l
eso fa n l
ima ndaS u-.
auni quede vel
o pme nt
. Ho
2
26
we v
e r,s
uc hc om-
binat i
o nwa sno tunc ommo na ndi si ne vide nc ei nt hec a reerso fb oththe u l
a m of
Firang iMa hallandMa uln F a
k hra l-
D6 n. Itrathe rs eemst ha tthee mpha sisonf o rma l
rel
igio usl earningma yha vedi s
tanc edVa l6Al lhf romwha twa sc ons i
de r
edt her oleo f
aS u-.s he ikhi nl a teMug ha lso cie ty.Whe nS ayyidADma dKhnwr otehi s,s ra l-
an dddo cume ntingt hea r
c hitectur almo nume ntsa ndno tablepe rsonaliti
eso f De lhi
in1 846 ,hec las s
i-.edVa l6Al lh ss o n, ShhP Ab da l-P
Az 6z( d. 1824 )amo ngt her e l
igious

2
22 Robi
nson2001
:14
,4168.
2
23 OnJahnr, s
eeErnst&L a
wrenc
e2002
:8790.
2
24 OnV a
l6Allhandhi swri
ti
ngs
,seeJ
al
bani19
80;He
rma
nse
n19
88,
199
7and1
999
;Ro
bins
on2
001
:
3
03
2andPears
on2008:832.
2
25 Guent
her2004:
214.
2
26 Pea
rson2008
:9.

71
scho lars( ula m -
idn) .227
Ma uln F ak hra l
-D6 na ndhi sde s cenda nt swe ret e ll
ing l
y
founda mo ngt heg rea tshe ik hs( k ab
ira l-ma s h
ikhn) .
Muc ho fVa l6Al lh
swr i
t ing sr evolv ea roundi nte r
pr e t
ingt hefo rma tives criptur al
sou rcesa ndpo siti
ngr eli
g iona sac entra le xpla na ti
o nfo rt hes o cialandhi sto ri
c al phe-
no me na .Hede ve l
o pe dahi sto rica ltraje ctoryb ase do nt hea ppe ar
anc ea ndc o rrupt ion
ofr eligiousr ev el
a ti
o na nde xpla inedt het ur mo i
ls urr oundi nghi ma risingf ro mt he
ne glecto f sha ri
a .Asar eme dy , hea tt
e mpt edt oc on vincet heMus l
imno b i
lityt of o ll
o w
ande nf orcehi sint erpre tatio no fs ha ri
a .Thi swe ntha ndi nha ndwi tht ur ni ngt ot he
ea r
lyAr abf o ll
o we rso fthePr o phe ta sa ni ns pira ti
o nalmo del. Bypo rtray ingMus li
ms
ase x i
lesf ro m Ar a biat oI ndi awhe reAr ab i
cl a ng ua gea ndg e ne al
og ywe r et he irmo s
t
che ris
he dpr ide ,hede -
e mpha si
z edt heP ersianl egac ya ndc o ntribute dt ot hef orma -
ti
o no fane wa shra fide ntity .Itwa s
,a fte ra l
l,o nl yt hisc lasst ha tc ouldc l
a im Ar ab i
c
l
e arninga ndAr abf ami l
yt ree s.
De spitehi se mpha siso nAr ab i
cl e gac y,Va l
6Al lhwa sa lsoas y nt he tict hi nker
who sec onc e rnwa st hec o he sio no f thes o ciety. Thi sc onc ernl edhi mt of o rge ,thr oug h
tatbq(
$ r
e co nciliationo fdi ve rg enc es),co mpr omi s
e sb e twe enmut uallyc ont ra dicto r
y
views .Hea tte mpt e dt ore co nc ilev ujda nds h u h dv i
e wsb yde cl
aringt ha tv a- d ata l
-
vu j
dwa saq ua lit
yo fGo d, buts pe ak i
nga b outhi mi ndua listictermswo ulds e rvet he
pur pos eo fhuma nunde rs t
a ndi nga ndt husv a l
ida tea lsot hes hu hdv ie w. Hea ttemp-
tedt ob ri
ngt heS unni sa ndS hia sc l
o serb yde claringt ha tthedi vi
nea ppo intme nto f
the- .rstc aliphswa sa tt
e stedt ob ype ac et hatpr e vailedt hr oug houtt he irr e igns ,e ven
tho ughAl iwa ss piritua llys upe rio rt ot he m.Whe ni tc amet ot hedi ver gentl eg a
l
scho ols,her ej
e ctedc onfo rmi stf ollowi ng( t
a ql d)i nf a vouro fdi rectlyc o ns ultingt he
forma tivet e xts.Het husa ssume dar o l
eo famu jtah i
dwhopr a cticesinde pe nde ntr ea s
-
oningi nr es pe cttot hes ha r i
aa ndi se 1f
e cti
v elya bo vet hedi ve r
gentl ega ls cho ols.In
thishema yha veb ee nin> ?ue nc e db yhi st eac he rinHi ja z,AbY l
-T!hi ra l-Kur a n6, who
alsot aug htMuDa mma di bnP Ab da l
-Wa hhb st ea che rMuDa mma dHa yya l
-S ind6a nd
adv isedhi mt oa ba ndo nt aql d .Iti sdo ub tf
ul ,ifa nyo ft he s
ema noe uv resma na gedt o
co nvinc et ho sewhohe ldo ppo sitev i
e ws .P ea rsonpo intso utt hata tl e as tt hemo r
e
co mmi tt
e df o l
lo we rso fS i
rhi nd 6c ri
ticize dVa l6Al lhf o rc ompr omi singt hes hu h d
views .I
2
28
nste ad,t her efo rmi nga ppr oa chwa shi smo sti mpo rtantl eg acy ,a nddur ing
theni ne teent hc entur y,itwo ul db ec l
a ime db ys ev eraldi 1f
e rentmo v eme nt s .
As i
mi la rdr ivef orr e ne wa l( t
a j
dd )wa sb e hindt het raditiono ft heMuj a ddidis
MuDa mma dN I irPAnda l6b( d. 1
7 59)a ndhi ss o nKhvj ahM6 rDa rd. The
22
9
ywe repa t
-
roni zedb yAur ang zeb
sda ug ht erMi hr pa rvarBe g um, whob uiltthe mac ompo undi n-
sidet hewa llso fShhj aha na b adwhe ni tse nv ironswe reb ei
ngr epe atedl yr a i
de d. F ol
-
l
o wi ngt het eaching so fhi sf a t
he r,Da rda dv o ca t
e daMuha mma da npa th( ta
$ rq ah
mu - amma d i
y yah )
, whi chheb o ldlyc o nside redt ob ehi g he rtha no the rpa thsa ndr ep-
2
27 Se
eKhn, ,s
rI I
,51
55
.
2
28 Pe
ars
on2008:3
1.
2
29 OnDard,
seeSchi
mme l1
976
:29
14
7andZi
ad2
005
.

72
resent ativeo fthepur er el
ig i
o no ft hePr o phe t.Asas h uh d,hec la i
me dt ha this
expe rienc e sa sapur eMuha mma da nwe refa rb ey ondt ho seo fI bnP Ar a b6.Unl i
k eVa l
6
Allh, whopr o -
.leda san lim, Da rdwa s-.rsta ndf oremo staS u-. she ikh, andi n,s r
al-a n ddhi sde scenda nt sa reinc lude di nt hec hapt ero fg rea t sheik hs .
230

AsHe rma nse nha sno ted, Va l6Al lhf avo ure de xpo sitorypr o sea nda do ptedapo -
l
e mica ndl e gali
s ticdi sc
o urse . Da
231
rd, o ntheo t
he rha nd, ex pr esse dhi side asinme ta
-
pho ricpo e ticlang ua ge.Hi sma jo rwo rk,Il
ma l
-k i
tbc o ns i
stso f ac o mme ntaryo nP er
-
si
a npo e tryhec laimst oha v ewr it
te na sar e sulto fdi vinei ns piratio n. Ho we ver,hei s
bestr e me mb ereda so neo ft hef ourpi llarso fUr dupo e try. Anne ma rieS chimme lr e
-
>?
ectsac ommo nv i
ew,whe ns hewr i
test ha tDa rdi spr o ba blyt heo nl y[ Urdu]po et
whoha sa c hieve dac ompl e teb lendi ngo fmy sticisma ndv ers e.I
232
tisi nterestingt o
notet ha tde spit
et hee s
te em hee njo ysa samy s t
icalpo et, hisg ha za l
sa reha rdlye ver
sungi nc ont empo rarys am a s
s emb li
es .Thisi sa llthemo res ur pr isingc ons i
deringhi s
fondne sso fmus ic .Sirhind 6ha dc onde mne ds a m innounc e rtainwo rdsa ndDa rd
s
l
ikingo fmus icha sc ontinue dt opuz zleb o thhi sMuj a ddi dic olle ague s,a swe llas
scho larswhoha vet riedt os olvet hes eemi ngc o nundr um. Ho
2
33
we v er,iti se vident
fr
o m Da rdso wnwo rdst ha tf orhi m mus icwa sno tame a nst oe xpe rienc emy stical
states, buto neo f thema the ma t i
ca lsc i
enc es. Hise ng age me ntwi thmus icwa stha to fa
l
e arne dg ent lema nwhoa ppr ec i
a t
e db othi tsa e s
the ticdi me ns ionsa ndt hes cienti-.
c
precis i
o nt ha tc ha racterizedpe r
fo rma nc eso fs kil
ledmus icians .Ne v erthe l
ess,hee x-
press edc erta i
nr e serv at
iona b outhi smus i
c al soireswhe nhef a mo us l
ys ai
dt ha tmu-
si
c i
a nsk eptc omi ngt ohi mo nt he i
ro wna cco rdwi tho utb eingi nvited. 23
4

Int e resting l
y,Da rde xpr esse ds imi larr es ervationc o nc erni nghi sUr duv e rseb y
stati
ngt ha tpo etrywa sno thingt ob epr oudo v er,be c
a us ea sahuma ns k i
llitco uldb e
hone d. Hef ounds earchingf orpa tro na gedi stasteful,sinc er unni nga f
te rrichs po nso r
s
wo uldo nlyl ea dt ol osingo ne
sdi g nity.Whi leDa rda c co rde dt o Ilma l-
k i
tbas tatus
nea ringar e ve al
e ds cripture ,hene ve re xpress eds imi l
a rpr ideo ve rhi sUr duv erses. Un-
l
ikeDa rdsl iteraryl ega c
yi nUr du , hist omba ndt ha to fhi sf a the ra reno wa lmo stf or
-
gotten. The yl iei ns i
deaf enc e dc ompo undde epi nsideac o ng es t
e ds lumno tfa rfrom
OldDe lhisT ur kma nGa t
e .Bo tht ime sIha vev isit
e dthepl a ce ,itha sb ee nde sertede x-
ceptf o raf e wg oat s.Asfa rasIk no w, noS u-.s i
lsilahc arry i
ngDa rdsle gac yha ssur vived
tothepr ese nt.
Theo ppo siteho ldstruef orat hirdMuj a ddi di,M6 rz Ma zha
! rJn- iJnn( d. 1
7 80).
Hewa sa lsoapo e tandi sc o nside redo neo f thef ourpi llarso fUr dupo etry.L i
kehi sc ol
-
l
e ague s,hewa sas taunc hS unni .Hedi eda fte rb eings tab be db yuni de nt i
-.eda ssail
-
ants.Ho we v er,heha dmo ck edaS hi apr oce ssionc arryingar eplicao fHus ai
nst omb

2
30 Se
eKhn, ,srII283
0.
2
31 Her
mans e
n1999:343.
2
32 Sc
himme l1
976:57
.
2
33 Se
e,e.
g.Zi
ad2 0
07.
2
34 OnDard
sviewsonmus i
c,s
eeS
chi
mme
l19
76:
535
4.

73
(t
ziyah)earl
ierintheda y
.De s
pi t
ehi sne ga
ti
ves tanc
et owardstheS hi
a,hewa s
l
enienttowardsHindusanda r
gue dtha ttheydidno tworshi
pma nygods,butagreed
ont a
u -da ndb el
ongedtothepe opleo ftheb o
ok( ahl
-ikit
b).Hea pparentl
yha d
Hindusa monghi sdi
sci
ples
,ands i
nc et heturno fthetwentiet
hc entur
y,o nesub-
br
a ncho fhi
ssil
si
lahhasoperate
di napur e l
yHindue nvir
onme nt.I
2
35
nadditio
n,his
i
n>?uenceisfel
ta mongthelargerMus li
mc ommuni tythroughtheKha li
diyyasub-
br
a nch,whichhasaglo
b a
lfol
lowing.
236

2
.2Thet
hre
eChi
sht
iNi
zami
mas
ter
s

Thisisthec ontextwhe r
ethet hreeChishtiNiza
mima s
ter
soper
ate
d, s
preadi
ngtheir
i
n>?uencet hr o
ug houttheS ubc ont
inentfromt hei mperi
alca
pit
a l
so fDelhiand
Aurangabad. Theirpres
enceint heimpe r
ialci
ti
esiss
igni-
.c
antbe
causetheywereoth-
erwisedomi natedb yMujaddidistal
wartsduri
ngtheeighte
enthc
entury
.Thisenvi
ron-
me ntwa sco nduc i
vetoneit
he rthepracti
c eofsamnorvuj
dv i
ews.Never
thel
ess,
thethreema sterssucc
essf
ull
ya dvo c
ate
db oth.

Ka
lmAl
l
hS
hh
jah
n
bd
Mo stsourcesda tet hebirtho fS hhKa l
6mAl lht o1650.ShhJ a hn( r.162 7-
16 5
7)ha d,
afewy earsearl
ier, mo v
edt ohi sne wc apit
a lo fS hahjahana bad,who seb uil
dingwo rk
hads tartedin1 63 9;furthe rmo r
e,t heb uildingo fTajMa halwa sunde rwa y.Ka l6m
Allh
sfami l
yo fb uilder
s, eng ineersa nds cho l
a rsha il
edfro mKhuj and( i
npr esent-da y
Taji
kistan).Theyha dimmi gra t
e dt oIndiadur ingS hhJ a hn sreigna ndf o unde m-
ployme ntinthes e rvic
eo ft hea r
chi t
ecture-lovingmo na r
ch. Kal6mAl lh sg r
andf athe r
,
ADma dMi Pm r(theAr chitect
)wa sinvolv
e di nt heb ui
ldingo fb oththeT a jMa ha land
theimpe r
ialf
o r
to fShahjaha na b ad.Ka l
6mAl lh sf a
ther,[j j6NYrAl lh, wa sac el
e b-
rat
e dc all
igr
aphe r,who see leg antha ndg r
a cest hef a
c a
deo fS hahjaha na bad
sJ ami P
Ma sj
id.Thef amilyme mb ersa l
sowr oteprofus elya boutsciences.2
37

Ka l
6m Allhr eceiveda ne xcellenteduc ationa thomea nds t
artedtov eertowa r ds
Su-.
sma ta nearlya ge
.Amo nghi se a
rlytea che rswa sS hhVa l
6Al lhsunc le,S haik h
AbYl-Ri
\a l-
Hi nd6 ,whoha di niti
a l
lyrub beds ho ul
derswi tht hea ris
toc racyb ut,a c-
cordingt oNizami ,lat
ero pt edf oramo remo de stli
fest
yle . Hewa
2
38
sas uppo rtero f
va-da tal-
vujdwhoe mpha size dKo ranice xeg esisandha dit
hs tudiesinhi steac hing.
Kal6mAl lh
sintro ducti
ont ot heS u-.practicepr a cti
cefollowe dac oincide ncere coun-
tedinaf amo usa ne cdote.I
2
39
nhi sy outh,Ka l6mAl lhha db ecomee namo uredwi t
ha
Hinduy outhwho ,no nethe less,re ma i
ne dindi 1ferenttowa rdshi m.I no rdertodr aw
2
35 Onwhich,
seeDahnha
rdt2
007.
2
36 Onwhich,
seeAbu-Ma
nneh(ed.
)200
8.
2
37 Ni
zami198
4:75
80.
2
38 Ni
zami198
4:8990
.
2
39 Se
e,e.
g.Ni
zami19
84:9
1;Ri
zvi
2002:
297a
ndKha
n20
01:
304
.

74
nearert ohi m, Ka l
6mAl lhma na ge dtopr esentag i
ftt oama j/
b240
whowo uldo nl ya c-
ceptso me thingf romt ho sewho seg oa lwo uldb ea chie ve d.Whe nKa l6mAl lht he na p-
proache dhi sb elov ed, hewa sr ece i
ve dwi tha 1
fe ctio n. Ka l6m Al lh, ho we ver, ha dl o s
t
hisinteresta ndher e t
ur ne dt ot hema j/b,whoi nstr uc tedhi mt og ot oMe di na .The re
,
ashe i
k hc all
e dY aDy Ma dan6 wo uldg ivehimwha thewa sy e
a rningf o r
. Thea ne cdo te
fol
lowsac o mmo npa ttern i
241
nitsde s cri
ptiono faS u- .
st r
a nsitionf romme tapho r ical
,
huma n( ma j
z)lo vet or ea l
, divine( -a qq)l ove .
Ac cord i
ngt oRi zvi,Ka l6
m Al lhs t
ayedi nMe di nas omet imeb e twe en1 6 76/ 1677
and1 689 ,whe nY aD y Ma da n6d ied. Hewa
24
2
si nitiate da sadi scipleo fY a
D y Ma da n6
andl aterma dehi sk ha lfa h.Y aD y Ma d a
n6sS u-.l ine a gewa st heo net hatha db e en
takent oMuz a1far
id,Guj aratb yS irja l
-D6n( d.1 4 14) ,thes onNa I6ra l-D6nsk h al fah
Kam la l-D6nP Allma( d.1 3 55).Y aD y Ma dan6wa sS irja l-D6n sdi rectde s cenda nti n
seventhg eneration. Ho we ver, hisi mmi grationt oMe dinar eli
ev edhi mo fthehe re dit
-
arydut ieso fl ookinga ftert hef ami l
yk hnq ha ndt hei nc umb entdut iesc o nne c ted
withla nde dwe alt
h.Br ea ka wa yf romt hehe redi tarypa tterni sa lsodi sce r
ni blei nt he
facttha thi smo stc ele bra t
e dk h a lf
a h,Ka l6
m Al lh,wa sno tr elatedt ohi m.Whe n
Kal6m Al lhr eturne dt oDe lhi,her e-establi
she dt hee pi centreo ftheChi shtiNi za mi
sil
si
lahi nt hei mpe r
ia lc a pital,f rom whe rei tha ds pre adi nnume rousl i
ne a ges
througho utt heS ub cont ine ntdur ingt heSultana tepe r iod.
Ba ckinS hahja hana b ad, whi c hha dsinceAur a ng ze bsde pa rturet ot heDe cca ni n
1679b eenb ereftoft her ulingmo na rchspresenc e ,Ka l6m Al lhe s t
a blishedhi ms e lfin
Kha nam Ba zaara re aly i
ngb etwe e nthei mpe ria lfo rta ndt heJ ami P Ma sji
d. Al tho ug h
Nizami clai
mst hatKa l
6mAl lhl ivedo ccasi
ona llyinpe nur ya nds tub bo rnlyr efuse dt o
acceptg ift
sf romt hek i
ng s,i
243
tiswo r t
hno t
ingt ha tt hel o cationo fhi sk hn q hg ave
himc o nsidera blele verag ei no neo ft hepr i
mene i
g hb o urho odso ft hec i
ty.Ac c ordi ng
toStephe nP . Blake, t
hisa reawa si nha bit
edb yt hel o we rra nk i
ngg reata mr s,whowe re
inre l
ationt ot hee mpe ro rne xtt ot hepr inceso ft her oya lfami ly,a ndaha ndf ulo f
promi nentg re atamr s. Ka
24
4
l6mAl lhl i
vedi nDe l
hi unt ilhi sde athi n1 729 .
Hewa sb ur-
iedint hepr e ci
nc tso fhi sk h n qht ha trema i
ne da> ?o urishingS u-.c ent r
eunt ilitwa s
destroyedb yt heBr iti
s hi nt hea f
terma tho ft he1 8 5 7upr is
ingt og ethe rwi tho ther
buildi
ng ss urroundi ngt hef o rtandJ ami PMa sj
id. To da y, ther eb uiltda rg hliesi ns idea
cong e
s t
e d,de crepitc l
us tero f resident ialbuil
ding s.

240 Ma j/
b,li
t.
someonewhoi sdrawntowardssomeoneo rcar
riedawa y
.
Thet e
rmi ndic
atesacla
ss
ofSu-.
s,whosereas
onha sbeenrendere
ddy sf
unct
ionalbythei
ra tt
ract
iontoGo d.Theyareno t
ori
ous
fo
ra c
ti
nginunpredict
abl
eo rabs
urdwa ys.
241 Themo s
tfamouso fs
uchstorie
sispe r
hapsthelov
es tor
yo fShaikhSanP
ana ndaChr is
tia
ng i
rl
.
Theformerwassoenamo ur
edwiththelatt
erthati
no r
dertopleas
ehi sbel
oved,
hewo ul
de v
ena gr
eeto
her
dhe rpig
s.Oneofthebest-
knowntell
ingsoft
hestor
yisfoundinAt t
!a
!
r
sMa nt
i
$qal-t
a
$ir.
242 Rizvi2002
:II
,298.
243 Ni z
ami 1
984:96.
244 Blake2002:5
1.

75
 Ka l6
m Al lhwa sapr o li-.
ca utho rwhodi scus sedS u-.t opicsa swe lla sa strono my
andme di ci
nei nhi swo rks. Themo
245
stf amo uso f hisb o ok sise ntitledKa sh k l(
2
46
The
AlmsBo wl),co mpl ete di n1 69 0.Thet ex tha sb eent rans latedi ntoUr du a
247
ndi nt o
Eng lish,t hel at
e stt r
a nslatio nb eingS cottKug l
eswo rkpub li
she di n2 0 1
2 .Ka l6
m Al lh
name dt heb o oka ftert heb la ck, ov al-
sha pe db egg i
ngb o wlma deo fgo ur do rc oc ode
me ra ndus edb yS u-.me ndi ca nts. L i
kef oo do 1f
e ri
ng spl a cedi ns uc hab owl , hisb oo k
include sdi 1ferentt e chni que so f/ ikra ndc ont empl a tion( mu r q
a b ah)c o llecte df ro m
di1f
e rentt eache rs.Ka l6
m Al lhho pe st ha tt hemo rs els( luqma h )i ntowhi che ach
cha pte risdi v i
de dwi llno ur isht her e ade rsa ndt hate ver yonewo uld- .nds ome thing
froma mo ngt hewi dev ariet yo fme ditati
v ete chni que s. Theb
24
8
oo kb e ginswi tha ni n-
troduc t
iont ha ts etst het he o re t
ica lframeo fr eferenc ef o rre me mb eri
nga ndc o nte m-
platingGo d. Kal6m Al lht he ni nt roduc esawi der ang eo ftechni que si nt woc ha pt ers
thatdi s
c uss/ ikra ndmu rq a ba h, respec ti
v ely.The s
et e chni que sc ov erv ario uswa yso f
repe atingt hec o mmo nlye mpl oye dphr asel i lhai l
l
llah ,co ntempl a ti
ngt hewr itten
formo ft hesewo rdso rAl la hsna me ,o b serv i
ngt heb re ath( pas-ia n f
s),i ma g ining
every thinga sami rro rre >?
e ctingt hena me sa nda tt
rib ute so fGo d, aswe lla se xerc ises
borr owe df r
o my o gis.Theb o oke ndswi thal eng thyc o nclusiont ha to 1fe rsa dv i
c e
dee me dhe lpful f
o rpr actitio ne rs
.
Be f
o retheKa shk l,Ka l6mAl lhha dwr i
tte na no t
he rt ext,Mu ra qq a(TheP atche d
Cloa k),s ona me db ec auseb yput tingi tsc o nte ntsi ntopr acti
ce ,o nec oul ds titcha
clotho fi nsi
g htt ha two uldpr otec thi mo rhe rf roms tra yinga wa yf ro mt heT ruth. 2
49

Mu ra q qa c
o ntainsi ns tr
uc tio nsf orr ecitingKo ranica ndno n-Ko rani cpa ss age sa ndf or-
mul a so ndi 1fer
e nto cc asions . The- .
r s
tthr eec hapt ers,c all
e dpa t
che s( ruq ah ),li
s tte xts
fordi 1ferento b l
iga torya nds upe r ero gatorypr ayers.Thi si sf oll
o wedb ye le venc ha pt ers
thatpr escribec erta i
npr ac tice s(a shg hl,sing , s
h agh l
)c ons ist
ingo fre pea tingpa rticu-
l
a rfo rmul a
si ntende dt opr o cureac ertainr e sult,orwr itinga ndi ng estingo rwe aring
amul etst hato ftent ak et hef o rmo fma gics qua res.Thepr escribedr es ultso ft hepr ac-
tic
e sf oundi nMu raq qar a ng ef rome xtendi ngo ne
sl ive l
iho oda ndhe a li
ngdi 1ferent
ail
me nt st os piri
tua la chi eve me nt s.Mo nt hlyr ec it
atio nsa tthee ndo ft heb o okha v e
bee nb orrowe df romt hec ele brate dS ha ttarima nua l,Ja vh ir-
ik hams ah( TheF i
v eJ ew-
els
)b yMuDa mma dGha usGvl iya r6(d.1 5 63 )
,awo rkt hatMu r aqq ar es emb lesi n
ma nyr es pects.Bo t hMu raq qa a ndKa shk lwe rea ctiv elyus e da mo ngKa l6m Al lh s
kha lfa hs. I
nal ettera ddr es sedt oS hh[ - .z!PAb dAl lh, Ka l
6m Al lhi ns truc tshi mt o

24
5F oracompleteli
s to
fKal6
mAl lhsworks
,seeNizami19
84:10
0.
24
6 Asi nthecaseo fKal6
m Allh
sot
he rbooks
, t
hewo r
dk a
lm hasbeensub
seque
ntl
yaddedtothe
t
it
leandthewo r
kisco mmo nl
yk nowna sKas
hkl
-ikalm(
TheAlmsBo
wl of
Kal6
mAllh)
.
24
7S eeKal
6mAl lh, Kashk
l-
ika l
m: Urdtar
juma( 2
009)
.
24
8 Ka l6
mAl lh,Kash k
l-
ikalm, 2.
24
9 Thet exthasb e
e npub l
is
he dwit
hapa ral
lelUrdutr
ansla
ti
onin192
2,ent
itl
edMuraqq
a-
ikal
m
mau
rdtarj
uma h.

76
teach/ ik ra ndo therpr acti
c esfro m Mu r
a qq a andKa s
h k l,whi c ha rei nt hef orme r
s
pos sessio n.250

Thet woma nua l

saredi s
tinctlydi 1
fere nti nr espe ctt ob ot ht hec onte nta nda p-
proa ch. Ka s hk lc oncentrateso nc ultivatingt her e l
a tions hipb etwe e nahuma nb ei
ng
andGo d,whe reasMu raqqa include sma nypr a cticest ha ta reme a ntt or ende rdaily
l
ifee asie r
.Mu raqq ame r
e l
yl istsdi 1ferentpr a ctices,a ndKa shk lsa ppr oa chi smo re
holistici nas ens etha ti
ta lsodi scus sest het he oretica lfra me wo rka ndpr ov idespr ac-
ti
ca la dv icef o rtrans mitt
ingt het e chni que st odi sciple s.Thei nt ro duc tiono fKa s
hk l,
forins ta nce ,pr efacesthepr a cti
ce-o rientedc ha pt erswi thas umma ryo f thema nife
sta-
ti
o no ft heuni ve r
sei nvuj dt erms . Ka
251
l6
mAl lha lsok eepsr e >?ec tinghi so wnv i
ews
vis--vist ho seo fo t
he rSu-.ma sters. Whe nhea greeswi tht he m, heus ua l
lyme nti
o ns
themb yna me , buts i
mpl yr efersto b ook so nwa yfaring ( kutub -i su l
k),whe nhedi s
-
agre es.Thel a ttere xpres
sioni sus ed, fore xa mpl e,whe nKa l
6mAl lhr eco mme ndsc on-
cent ratingo n/ ikr
, *
+kr(
re>?ection)a ndu n s(
int i
ma cy
),a swe l
l a swa itingunt ildivi
ne
realitydr awsahuma nbeinga wayf ro mhi slimi teds e ns epe rcept ioni nsteado f str
ivi
ng
toa ttainv ario uswa ys tat
ions( ma q m) .L
252
ate rhede clare s/ ik
rhi g he rtha n* +kr,si
nc e
i
tc o nc ent rate so nGo dandl eadst ouni o n( v ul )wi thhi m whi l
e* +krf ocus eso nthe
self( na f
s )a ndme re l
yleadst or epe ntanc e( t
a u bah) ,the- .rsts tepi nt heS u- .pa t
h.25
3

Suc hs ta teme nt ss i
gni-.
cant lymo difyt hehi era rchica l
lyc onc e ptua li
ze dS u- .pa thi n
whi chdi 1ferents t
a t
ionsandme dita tivete chni q uesf ollowe a cho the r.
Thepe da g ogica dvic
ei nKa shk la ddr e ssesa ctua lte achi ngs itua tions .The- .
rst
cha pteri ns truc tstoi mpartt heme tho do f /ik rtoadi s ciplet o gethe rwi thg ivinghi mo r
herb aia t
.L a ter,Ka l6
m Al lhr eco mme ndsame t
ho df ort ea chi ngt heo bse rvat i
ono f
brea tht os impl eminde do ri ne xpe rience dpr a cti
tio ne rs.Theg ui dea ndt hedi s
ciple
sho ulds i
tk ne et ok ne ewhi lethef o rme rs ync hr oni zeshi so wnb r ea thwi t
ht hel att
ers
.
Hisi nt ens ec onc entrati
onc ause st hedi s ciple
sb re atht os y nchr o niz ewi the i
therl
i
lh ai llll
a ho ra ll
hh. Wha
254
ti sno tewo rth yist hatt hepr ac ticeo fsa m isdi s
-
cuss edo nlyi npa ssi
ng ,ev
e na so the rso urce sr ev ealKa l
6mAl lh se ng a geme ntwi t
hthe
prac ti
c e. Mu raq qaissil
enta bou tthet opi c, andas ho rtme ntioni sf oundi nt hev ery
endo fKa shk la si fa sa na ftertho ug htt odi scus singt hee te rna ls ound(a u t-
i
sarma d) .
25
5

Whi leMu raqq asee

mst oha veb ee nmo de l
leda fterJ av hir-ik ha ms a h,Sc o t
tKug le
haspo int edt oD r S hikoh
sRi sla h-yi- aq q nu ma st hea nte ce de nto fKa shkl.He
note st ha t,no t withstandingt heg e ne rale mpha siso n/ i
k rinS u- .te xts, l
itt
lewa swr it
-
tena bo utt hea ctua lpracti
c es.Inste ad, t
he ywe ret rans mi ttedo ra ll
y .InMug ha lIndia,

2
50 Kal
6mAl
lh,
Makt
bt
-ikalm,10
4.
2
51 Kal
6mAl
lh,
Kas
hkl
,34.
2
52 Kal
6mAl
lh,
Kas
hkl
,4.
2
53 Kal
6mAl
lh,
Kas
hkl
,56.
2
54 Kal
6mAl
lh,
Kas
hkl
,1
5 1
6
2
55 Se
eKal
6mAl
lh,
Kashkl,
515
2.

77
D rS hi kohwa sthe- .rsto net ob rea kt hiss i
lenceb yde s
c ri
b i
ngt ec hni q ueso f/ikri na
writte nt ext.I
nl inewi thr esearc ht ha tha sdrawna tt
e ntiont othec ompe titiono v era u-
tho ri
tya ndpa t
rona g eb etwe e ndi 1ferentS u-.b r
o t
he rho odsa ndi ndi vidua ls he ikhs,
Kug lepo si
tst hatKa l6m Al lhwr o teKa sh klasa na ns we rtoD rS hi ko hst reatisei n
ana ttemptt ode mo ns tratet hea ll-enc o mpa ssi
ngna t
ureo fhi so wnpr acticalt ea ch-
ings. Iwi
25
6
llsugg estb elowt hate v eni fKa shk l
wa sa rgua blyar espo ns eD rS hik oh
s
Risla h,i t
sc o ntent sa lsor e>?
ec tt hene wlyde -
.nedr oleo fal a t
eMug ha lS u-.g ui de,
whi che me rgesinc ont empo raryde script i
onso fsam .
Ont hewho le, thes electiono fv ario ust echnique spr esentedi nKa sh kl isre ma rk-
ablyc a tholic.Ho we v er,itisi mpo rta nt t
oe mpha sizet hatKa s
h kl i
sno ta ne nc yclopa e-
diao fa l
lthea va i
lab let ec hniq ue s.Ka l
6m Al lhwr i
test ha tunl i
k ec er taina ut ho rs,he
hast riedt oa vo i
di n>?a ti
ngt henumb e ro fpra c
t i
cesinc l
ude dint het ex tino rde rtoc a p-
turet hee ssenc eo f/ ik r. Hi
257
swo r kr epr esentsas ynt hes i
so fS u-.pr a cticet ha tf reely
bor rowsf r
o mv ari
o usb ro therho o ds ,indi vi
dua lma s
te r
sa nde veny ogis .Ther es ultisa
prac ticalme t
ho dt ha ts urpa sse st heb o unda rie
so fdi 1ferentS u-.l i
ne ag esa nde 1fect-
ivelyr aisesthepe rs onwhoma ster sita b ovethec ompe t
ingt radi t
io ns .Thi sr ese mb les
wha tVa l6Al lha ttempt edt oa chi eveb yt her econc il
iationo fc ontra di ctorydo gma s
andwha tDa rdt ri
e dt opr o veb yr a i
s i
nghi sMuha mma danpa tha b ovea llo therb r
o th-
erho ods .Ho we ve r
,Ka l6mAl lh spr a ctical approac hse emst oha ver esul tedi nt hemo st
endur i
ngo utco me ,sinc ehi sme tho di ss ti
llutili
zedinc ont empo r
a ryS o uthAs ia.
Ka l6
m Al lhe x pla ine dt heS u-.pa thi no ther,mo ret he oreticalwo rk sa swe ll
. The
Ara bicMl b uddami n hu( Fro m Whi chThe reI sNoEs cape), kno wnb yitsP e rsi
a n-
izedna meMl b ud d -ika lm, t2
58
rac est hepa tho fawa y f
arer( s l
ik )t hroug hs eve n
mo unt a inpa sses( Paq a bah )tha theha st otraverseo nhi swa yt oGo d. The- .rstpa sses
arek no wledge( Pil
m)a ndr epe nta nc e( tau bah)a ndt he- .nal onei spr a isinga ndg i
v i
ng
thank st oGo d.Ano the rwo rk,Ti lk a ash arata l
-kmi lah(
Tho seT enP erfectOne s)
,
popul a rlykno wna sPAs h ara hk mi l
a h, wa swr it
teni nas o l
itaryr etrea t( i
tikf)dur i
ng
the- .na lte nda yso fRa ma dani n1 68 1.Dur ingt her etreat,Ka l6m Al lhwr o teo ne
cha pte re a
c hda y.Thec ha pt ersdi scus st heo l
og i
cal andme taphy si
c alis sue spe rtaining
toGo dsna me sandq ua li
ties,lo ve, aswe llasmo reco nc r
e t
ema ttersl i
k et her espe ctive
qua li
tie sawa yfarers ho ulds trivet oe rasea ndc ultivate.Thet exti sr eve alingo fKa l6m
Allh
sa tti
tudet owa rdsv a -da ta l
-v ujd; theb ulko fthel eng thyt hirdc ha pters trivest o
clarif
yt hedo ub tso ft ho sewhoa rec r i
ticalo fva -data l-
v ujdt hro ug haq ue stion/a n-
swe rf orma t.S
259
ucht ex tsha di nI ndi aa cquiredpr ono unc eds igni-.ca nc ea fterADma d
Sirhind6
sc ri
tic i
smo fv ujdi de as, whi chhea ssocia
te dwi t
hl axf ollowi ngo fs ha ria.A
l
ittleb eforeKa l
6m Al lh,t heChi sht iS ab i
rima s
terMuDi bbAl lhI lhbd6( d.1 64 8)

2
56 Kugle2
012.
2
57 Kal6
mAllh,Kash
k l
,1
7.
2
58 Thetex
tisnott
ob econfuse
dwithatr
eat
is
eonHa
na-
.*+
qhb
yQ \
6Sa
n_Al
lhPn6
pat
6(d.
181
0)
a
lsoe
nti
tl
edMlbuddaminhu .
2
59 SeeKal
6mAllh,
Asharahkmil
ah,2
430
.

78
hade loque ntlyde mo ns t
ra t
edt hei nte r
conne ctedne sso fshariaa ndv a-d ata l
-vu jdi n
histreatisee nti
tledT a s
v i
yah( Ma k ingEq ua l
).MuDi bbAl lh ss i
gni -
.c a
nc ef o rthe
vujds cho o linIndi ai si l
lustr
a tedb yhise pi
t hetIbnP Ar ab6
-y iSn6( TheS eco ndI b n
P
Ar a
b 6
)
. Theni
26
0
nt hc ha ptero fAs harahk milahdi scusse ss am
,wi ths pecial
att
entiong i
v entos o meo f i
tsexpe rientialaspec t
stha twi ll
b edi scussedb elow.
Amo ngKa l
6mAl lh
swi delyc ir
c ulati
ngwo rksisac omme nt aryo nt heKo ra nwr it
-
tenin1 713a nda nAr ab i
ct reat
is eent itl
edS aw al-sabl(
TheEv enRo a d
).Thel atter
compr isess i
x ty
--
.vewa ys tati
ons( ma r-alah)t hatdis cusse xistence( vu jd),Go d
se s
-
sencea ndq ua l
i
ties, aswe llasther ela t
ionshipo fthec re at
ora ndt hec rea t
ed. Thet ext
empl oyst het ermino l
o gyc oinedb yI b nPArab6a ndhi sf oll
o we rsa nds quarelypl aces
Kal6
mAl lha mongt hes igni-.
ca nta dv ocat
eso f v
ujds choo linl at
eMug ha lI
ndi a .
261

Kal6m Al lh
sl e t
terst ohi sdi sciplesha veb eenpr eservedi nac o l
le ct
ione ntitled
Ma ktbt-ik alm.Ma k t
btinc lude s132l et
te r
s,o uto fwhi ch1 0 7a rea ddr ess edt o
Niz!ma l
-D6 nAur a ngbd6 .Somel ettersconsistofo nlyaf ewl ines,whe reaso the rs-.l
l
severalpa ge sint hel it
ho graphe de diti
onpub l
ishedi n1 88 31884 . Ac
262
co rdingt o
Nizami ,thel engthyni ne ty-
sixt
hl et
te r,
whi chc ontainsi nstr
uc tionso na cceptingc ha r
-
i
ty,givi
ngb a i
at
,tea chingv a-da ta l
-vu j
da ndpr ac t
icings am iskno wna sther uleo f
acti
o n(da stra l
-ama l)o ftheChi sht iNizamib rotherho od. Thel
26
3
e t
ter swe rea nim-
portantme a nsfo rKa l6
m Al lht oc o mmuni ca t
ewi thhi sk ha lfahswhoha ds pre ad
througho utt heS ub cont inent.Int hec aseofNi z!ma l-
D6 n,the ywe rev i
t alf
o rs ustain-
i
ngt hec loser el
atio nshi pb etwee ntheS u-.guidea ndhi smo stimpo rtantdi s
c i
pl e.

Ni
z
$mal-Dn Aurang
bd
Kal6
m Allhwa ss ur
v i
vedbyfours o
nsa ndt hreedaug hte
r s
.Ina ddi
ti
o n,Nizamil i
st
s
ei
ghteenofhi sk h
a l
fahsme nt
ionedinv a
rioustext
s. Af
2
64
terKa l6
m Allh
sdea t
h, t
he
khnqhinDe lhiwa spasse
dtohi sson.Ho we v
er,t
hemo stimpo rt
anto fhi
sdi s
cipl
es
wasNiz!ma l
-D6nAur angbd6who ,a c
c or
dingt oKug l
e,wa salmo s
tlikeana dopted
sontohim. Hi
2
65
syearofbi
rthi
sins omes ourcesgiv
ena s1650 ,
whi c
hwo uldma kehim
ofthesamea g eashi sSu-
.gui
de .Alt
ho ught her
eisno thinga ssuchtha twouldpr e
-
cl
udesuchapo ssibi
li
ty,Ni
zamic ont
eststhisy e
aront heg roundsthatthes t
yleoflet-
t
erssentbyKa l
6m Allht oNiz
!ma l
-D6ns uggest
stha tthelatterwasjuniortohim.26
6

26
0 OnMuDi b bAllha ndhi swo r
ks,se eRobinson2001:5758;Ri
zvi2002:II13
9143
,2 6
8 2
72and
Li
pton201
0.
26
1I nhi
ssurve
yo fIndianv u
jdt exts
,Wi ll
iamChitti
ckr a
tesSawal
-sablasVI+,i
ndicat
ingawork
bet
weenani
mpo rt
anttex tinIbna l
-PArab6
sschool
(VI)andano ut
standi
ngwo rk,o1
fe
ringfre
shand
or
igi
nalc
ontr
ibuti
onstoIb nal-
PArab6
sscho o
l o
f t
hought(
VII)
.SeeChitt
ick1992
: 2
38.
26
2 AnUr dutransl
atio
nha sre c
entlybee npub l
is
hedbyt hecust
o di
ansoftheAurangaba
ds hri
ne.
See
Kal
6mAllh,Maktbt-
ikal m:Ur d
t arj
uma h.
26
3 Ni z
ami1984:1
12.
26
4 Ni z
ami1984:4950.
26
5 Ku gl
e201
2 :
4 8
5.Forade tail
eddiscussionontheSu-.tra
diti
onsofAurangabad,s
eeGreen2 0
06.
26
6 Ni z
ami1984:1
52.

79
Niz!ma l
-D6nspl aceo fb irthi sa lsounc erta in. Bo thNi za mia ndRi zvina meKa ko riin
Awa dha sthemo stfreq ue ntlyq uo t
e do pt ion. Heb
267
el
o ng edt oaf ami lyt hattrace di ts
desce nttoS hihba l-D6nS uhr awa rd6.
268

L i
keanumb ero fhi sc o nte mpo raries,Ni z !ma l
-D6ni nitiallya rrive dinDe lhii n
questo fhighe re duc ation, b uts t
a r
te dt os ho wi nte res
ti nS u-.sm unde rKa l6
m Al lh s
in>
?ue nc e
. The- .r
s tme etingb etwe ent het woi st oldt oha vet a kenpl a cedur ingas a m
assemb l
y.Aswa shi sha bit,Ka l
6mAl lhk eptt hedo orstohi sk h nq hc loseda slo nga s
themus i
cc ontinue da ndNi z!ma l-
D6 nha ppe ne dt oa rriveb eforet he ywe reo pe ne d.
Whe nKa l6mAl lh sdis ci
pl ei nfo rme dt hema stertha tthe rewa sas tr
a ng eratt hedo or,
Kal6m Al lhs aidt ha thewa sno tas trang era ndt oldt hedi sciplet ol e tNiz! ma l-
D6 n
in. Af
269
te
rs omet ime ,Ka l6
mAl lhs e nthi sdi sc i
pl ewi tht hei mpe riala rmyt ot heDe c -
can.Hewa ss tatione di nBur ha npura ndS ho lapurb eforee v entua llys ettl
ingi n
Aura nga bada ndl a yi
ngt hef o unda t
io nso f hisk h n qht he re.
Aur ang abad wa so rigina l
lyf o unde di n1 610b yt heNi z amS ha hir ulerso f
Ahme dna gar.Af terAur ang z ebha dl eftS ha hjaha na badf org o odi no rde rtof ullye n-
gagei nt hee ne r
v ati
ngc ampa ig nsi nt heDe cca n,her e -
fo unde dAur a ngaba da shi s
southe rnc apita l
.Thehe yda yo ft hec ityc ont inue da fterAur ang zebsde at
h,a ndi t
serveda sthec apitalo ftheAs ifJ ahit erritor i
e sfro m1 7 24t o1 763.Ati tshi ghest,t he
popul ationo fthec it
ynumb e red2 000 00pe o plel i
v i
ngi n- .f
t y-threene i
g hb ourho ods .
270

Me asur i
nga b outha l
f of Sha hja ha nab adspo pul ation, t
hi swa sas igni-.ca ntnumb e r.
Gr eenpo i
nt so utt ha tthema i
ns uppo rte ro fNi z!ma l-D6nwa shisdi sci
pleK mgr
Khn,whowa so fCe ntralAs ia no rigi
na nda c t
e da sas upe rintende nti nt hehi gh
Mug ha l c
o urt.Hewa sr espo ns i
b lef orb ui l
di ngt hek hn q ha ndmo s quef o
rNi z! ma l-
D6n, aswe l
last hema us oleuma fterhi sde a th. Bui l
dingt he see di-.
ce sne x ttoK mgr s
hous einAur ang ab adsS ha hGa nj area, whi chwa sab usyma rk etint hev ic
inityo ft he
cit
ysr oya lpa l
a ce,o 1feredKa l6m Al lh ss uc ces s
o rapr o mi ne ntl oca tiont oo pe ra te
from.271

Ni zami empha si
z est ha tNi z! ma l-
D6 ns ta rtedt oa cceptg if
tsf r
o mt heno bil
ityo nl y
aft
erKa l6
mAl lha skedhi mt odos o .Be fore, heha dc ons ist
e ntlyr efuse df oodo 1fering s
from AP za
!mS hh, Aur a ng zeb
st hi r
ds on. De
272
spitet hiss eemi ngr eluct ancet oa sso ci-
atewi tht hea ri
sto cracy, Niz !ma l
-Mul kAI ifJh, thef ounde ro fthes tateo fHy dera ba d,
iscount eda mo ngNi z!ma l-D6n
spr o mi ne ntdi sc i
ple s,andhei sb elieve dt oha vewr it-
tenawo rke ntitl
e dRa sh k-ig ulistn-iI ram( En vyo ftheRo seGa rde no fIram)a b out
theS u-.ma ster.L
273
atert ra ditiona lsol ink st hef oundingo ft hes ta t
ea ndt her uling
26
7 Nizami198
4:153
;Rizv
i20
02:I
I,30
4.
26
8 Rizv
i2 0
02:I
I,3
04.
26
9 Nizami198
4:154
.
27
0 Green2006:1
2,4.
27
1 Green2006:2
425.
27
2 Nizami198
4:167
,17
0 .
27
3 Thea ut
hors
hipofthi
sbookse
emssomewhatdub
ious
,es
pec
ial
lya
sita
ppea
rstha
tneit
herGree
n,
Ni
zaminorRizv
iseemt ohav
ea c
tual
lya
cce
ssedthebook
.Iti
sals
oremark
abl
ethatthedes
igna
ted

80
dynastywi th Ni z !ma l
-D6n sb les
sings.
274
This,toge the rwi tho perat
ingf r
o ma n
ari
stocrat
icne ighb ourhoo do fAu rangabad, aptlydemo ns tr
atesthepo si
ti
o no fSu-.
si n
l
a t
eMug hals o ciety,whe ret hey,inNi leGr een
swo rds ,acteda sthes ource sand
reci
pientso fa utho ri
tyinas oci
etyi nwhi chS u-.a ndc ourtl
ypo wers o me ti
me s
compe tedbutj usta so f
tenc ompl eme ntedo nea nothe ra sthena tur
a ls
tateofa 1
fair
sin
thewo rl
d.
27
5

Afte
rse ttl
ingi nAur anga bad,Niz! ma l
-D6 nstayedt he reunt i
lhi
sde at
hi n1 7
3 0.
Hi s
assemb l
iesthe rewe redo cume ntedb yK mgri nac o l
lect
iono fma lf
z
$tent i
tl
e d
A-sana l-
sha m i
l(
TheMo s tBe auti
fulofVi rtues
). K mgrwr
27
6
otetheb oo ko nthe
requestofNi z!ma l-D6n
ssonMa uln F ak hra l
-D6na ndi twasc ompletedin1 743,over
ade cadea f
tert heS u-.ma ste r
spa s
sing.Ast hewo r
ki swr itt
enpo sthumo uslyunlike,
forex a
mpl e,F avida l
-f
uda ndJ av
mia l-
kali
m,i tc o nsis
tso funda t
eda ssemb li
es.
Ho wever,ar oug hc hronologyi se st
ablis
he da roundr ea dingpa r
ti
cularboo k
s, sucha s
Kimiya l
-sa
da tbya l-
Gha zl 6,Ba-ra l
-asrr,Lat
$f
-ia sh rafb yNiz!mGha r
6bY ama n6
andt hedv no fRYm6 ,i
nt hea ss
emb li
es. Thi
2
77
sma yb eal i
teraryconventionus edt o
organizedispa rateme mo ri
e so fK mgr .Ho we v
er,o nmo sto cca
sionsitisK mgr
himse l
forhi sb rotherNYra l-D6 nwhor e
adst heb ook stoNi z!ma l-
D6n.Thisma yhav e
helpedhimt oe st
a blis
ha na ppr oxi
ma techr onology
.
Passag
e slikethef oll
owi nga retypicaltoA- s
ana l
-s ha mi
l:
Oneda
y,b
rot
herNY
ral
-D6
nwa
sre
adi
ngt
het
rea
ti
seMa
nq
ib-
ici
sht
iy
yaha
nd
[a
\ra
t[Ni
z!ma
l-
D6n]
,ma
yhi
ssha
dowb
eex
tende
d,wa
sli
st
eni
ng.
Itwa
swr
it
-
t
eni
ntha
ttr
eat
is
etha
tonc
ethe
rewa
snor
ainf
oral
ongt
ime
.Thek
ings
ent
t
hef
ol
lo
winghumb
leme
ssa
get
oNa
I6ra
l-
D6nMa
DmYd(
whowa
sak
hal
faho
f
t
heMo
nar
cho
fShe
ikhs
,ShhNi
z!ma
l-
D6nAul
iy_
,t
heDi
vi
neBe
lov
ed)
,ma
y
hi
sse
cre
tbes
anc
ti
-.
ed:
Tr
uth,hi
ghi
she
,ha
sbe
sto
wedupo
nmet
her
uleo
f
t
hisc
ount
ry
.Ia
tte
mptt
opr
ote
ctt
hec
rea
ti
ono
fGo
dandI-
.g
hta
gai
nstt
he
sajj
danashno ftheAura ngabads hrine,Ma hbo ob-ul-Arifeen, hasno tb eena bl
et oloca t
eac opyo fthe
textde s
pitehi srepeatede 1f
orts.Twoe arlyni ne t
e e
nt h-ce ntur yha giographersGhulm S a r
varL ahaur6
andGulMuDa mma dADma dpYr6a ttri
b utet hi sb ookt oKmgrKhni nst
e a
do fNi z !
ma l-Mul k
.
Ma n qi
b-ifakhriyyah,as ai
ntlyb i
og r
aphyo fMa uln F akhra l-D6n, s
tatesthatKmgrwr ot
eama nu-
scriptRa s
h k-
igu l
ist
n -
iIram( nu s
k hah-yira shk-igulistn-iira m)o nNi z!ma l
-D6nswo nde rf
ullifea nd
na me ditA- sana l
-sham
il
.InNi zami
sv iew, alltheses tateme ntsa reinco r
rect.I
ns te
a d,hec hoo s
e sto
basehi sviewo nt hepr ovenanceo ftheb oo ko nMa ulviRa he e m Ba khshstest
imo nyt hatheha ds een
Ra shk-
igulist
n -
iIramwr i
tt
enb yNi z!ma l-
Mul k .SeeNi zami 19 84:175176.
274 S eeGr ee
n2 006:9
6 .
275 Gr een2 006:6.
276 F ort hi
ss tudy,Iha v
ec o
ns ult
e dt her e centUr dut rans lati
onc ommi ssi
one db yMa hboob- ul
-
Are fe
ena ndpub l
ishedto g
etherwi thMa j l
is-ika lm. Int hec a seo f v
erses,thetextinclude stheo ri
g i
nal
Persiantex taswe llasthet r
anslation.De emi ngf r
omt he m, t het ranslat
o rGho usMo hiyuddinAhme d
Siddiquiha sdo nedi l
ig
e ntandt ho roughwo r
k .Furthe rmo r
e ,t heP ersi
ano rigi
nalso fma nyo fthek ey
termsr el
atingtos am
ca nbeg l
e a
ne dfromo t
he rc ontempo ra ne oustextsdiscussi
ngt het opic.
277 F r
e quentr ef
erencestob oo ksre a
d, taug hta nddi sc usse di nA- sana l
-sham
ilque sti
onNi zami
s
asserti
ont hatinAur angabadNi z!ma l-
D6nc o nc entr
a tede x c
lus ivelyonde v ot
ionalprac t
ices,havinglo s
t
hisinteres
ti nbo oks.Se
eNi zami 1984:163.

81
 e
nemi
eso
fIs
lam.
Thedi
st
res
sof
God
scr
eat
ure
sha
sex
cee
dedt
hel
imi
ts
,si
nce
t
her
eisnor
ain.
Int
hisma
tte
r,Is
eekt
hehe
lpo
fGo
dsf
ri
ends
.
Ther
espe
cte
d
s
hei
kh,
NaI
6ra
l-
D6nMa
DmYd
,ma
yhi
sse
cre
tbes
anc
ti
-.
ed,
sai
d:
Iwi
llr
eada
pr
aye
r(f
ti
-ah
)whe
nthe
rewi
ll
beas
am
as
semb
ly.
Af
te
rso
meda
ys,
asa
m
a
sse
mbl
ywa
sor
gani
zed.
Oneo
fthedi
sci
ple
sre
minde
d[Na
I6ra
l-
D6nwhowa
s]
o
ver
come wi
thi
nte
nsey
ear
ning (
sha
uq)a
boutt
he k
ing
sr
eque
st.The
r
espe
cte
dshe
ikh,ma
yhi
sse
cre
tbes
anc
ti
-.
ed,r
ais
edhi
sha
ndsa
ndr
eada
pr
aye
r.Duet
oGo
dsk
indne
ss,
rai
nbe
gunt
ofa
llt
hatv
eryda
y.Af
te
rhe
ari
ngt
his
a
nec
dot
e,[a
\ra
t,ma
yhi
ssha
dowb
eex
tende
d,t
urne
dto
war
dst
hee
xce
ll
ent
a
ndpe
rfe
ctMi
ynMuDa
mma
dF\
ilJ
6_
Y278a
nds
aid:
Suc
hoc
cur
renc
esha
ve
t
ake
npl
aces
eve
ralt
ime
sino
ura
sse
mbl
ie
saswe
ll
.
Att
hatmo
ment
,br
othe
r
MuDa
mma
dNYra
l-
D6nr
eci
te
dthev
ers
e:
Be
aut
yof
Jos
eph
,br
eat
hof
Jes
us,
whi
teh
and
27
9
y
ouh
ave
Al
lt
hes
e[q
ual
i
ti
es
]th
at[
di:
f
ere
nt]b
eau
tie
sha
ve,
youp
oss
essa
lon
e.
Whe
nNY
ral
-D6
nha
dto
ldmet
hisi
nci
dent
,hes
aidt
hato
ncei
toc
cur
redt
hat
t
her
ewa
snor
aini
nSho
lapur
.I
ntho
seda
ys,
Mahd
6Khna
cte
dast
heg
ove
rno
r
a
ndr
eque
ste
dther
epo
sit
oryo
fsa
int
hoo
dNi
z!ma
l-
D6nAul
iy_
[Aur
angbd6
]
t
ode
alwi
tht
hisma
tte
r,a
sha
sbe
ene
xpl
ai
ned[
els
ewhe
re]i
nA-
sana
l-
s
ham
i
l.
2
80

InA- s
a na l-
sha m
il
,Ni z!ma l-
D6 n
sa ss
emb liesf r
e que ntl
yb eginwi t
hr eadingab o ok
aloud.Thi sc on-.r
msNi leGr eensa s
sertiont ha tine arl
ye ightee nth-centuryI ndi a
,
boo kswe restil
le sse
ntia l
lyasso c
iatedwi thpe o ple.The ywe rerare l
yr eada lonea nd
thei nfor
ma ti
ont heyc ont ai
nedwa sme diatedt hroug hal ivi
ngt e
ac her.Thene wb oo k
culturet hatwo uldenc ouragei ndivi
dua lreadinga ndo pent he- .
e ldf o
rt hepr i
nting
presswa sy ettoc ome . Thei
2
81
mpo rtanceo ftheS u-.g uidei sfurthe rempha si
z edb y
Niz! ma l-D6nsc l
aimt ha toccurrencesliketheo nede scribedi nMa n qi
b-icishtiy
ya h
dono tbe l
o ngt othepa s t
,butha vet a
k e
npl ac edur inghi so wnl if
ea swe l
l.Niz !ma l
-
D6nsc omme ntini t
selfrema i
nse lusiv
e ,
a nditiso nl yNYra l
-D6n
sex planationt hatre-
vealsthes i
tuationb ehindt hec lai
m. Suchc omme nta r
yb ythedi sciplesappe arso nly
inthema lf
z
$tthatwe reproduc edpo sthumo us lya ndi treve al
st her oleo ftheS u-.
sheik h
sfo l
lowe rsinbui l
dinghi sfame .Sincethet e xtwa sc ompo sedo nlyafterNi z!m
al-
D6 n
sde athwhe nt heg enerali mpres s
iono fhi sc ar
e e
ra nda chieveme ntsha d
alr
e adyt ake nsha pe,thea utho rproba bl
ywr o tehi sr ecords oa stos ubstanti
a tethis
impr essi
o n.Whi lethisnodo ubtc ompr o
mi sest hes pontane it
yc ha r
acteriz
ingt he
ma lf
z
$twr itt
e nwhe nt hei
rs ubjectwa ss t
illa li
ve,i tsimul t
a neous l
yhi ghlightsthe

27
8 Ther es
pectf
ulande ndear
ingj
,co
rrespondingtoHindij,i
sal
sousedbyKa
l6
mAllhi
nhi
swri
t-
i
ngs.
27
9 Y ad-
ibai
z(t
hewhi tehand
)isaref
erencetot hemirac
leass
ocia
tedwit
hMoses
.Whe
nhedr
ew
hi
shandoutofthecol
larofhiscl
oak,i
thadturnedshiningwhit
e.
28
0 Kmgr ,
Ma j
li
s-i
k a
l m oa-sa
na l
-s
ham i
l(hencefor
wardA-san)
,56.
28
1S eeGre
en2 01
0.

82
theme st ha twe rede eme dmo stwo rthyo freme mb rance. Sig
ni -.
c ant ly
, sam isa mo ng
thefreq ue nt l
yo c c
urringt opicsinA- sana l
-sha m i
l.
K mgrKhna l
s oa utho redt heo nlyb riefma lf
z
$ to fKa l
6m Al lh.I n1 719 ,the
governo r( s bad r)o fAur angab ad,[us ainPAl6Khn, wa sa b outt oe mb ar
ko naj our -
neyt oDe lhia ndK mgrwa so 1f
eredac ha nc etoj oinhim. Duet ot hea r
duo us ne sso f
thejo urne y,hisb othe rNYra l-D6ns taye db a cke vent ho ughheha dl ongnur tur eda
wisht ome e tKa l6
m Al lh. Ino rd ertoc o nsolehi sbrothe r
, K mgrde c i
dedt owr it
ea
boo ka bo utt hea ss
emb lieso fKa l6
mAl lhhewo ulda tt
e nd. Ho we ver, NYra l-
D6 ndi ed
duringK mgr
sso j
o urni nDe lhia ndt heb oo kb ecameame mo ria lhi m. Thes
2
82
ho rt
textco ns i
s tso ffourtee na sse mb l
iesr eco r
de do verape rio do fa b outo nemo nt hf ro m
27Ra b iPa l
-Tha nit o8J uma dia l
-Awwa l1 1
3 2(6F ebruaryt o1 7Ma rch1 7 20).Thei ssue s
discusse di nt hea ssemb li
e srevo l
vea roundt hedi sor
de rfo l
lowi ngt hede atho fe mpe r-
orF arruk hs iyarin1719a ndt hee me rgenc eo ftheS a
yyidb ro t
he rsi nt hepo li
tical arena ,
aswe lla st het hrea to fMa ratha sc ampi ngo uts i
deS ha hjaha na ba d.K mgra lsor e-
cordshi sa dmi rationo ft hei mpe rialcitya ndi tsJmi PMa sji
dwhe ret hee mpe ro rhi m-
sel
fwo ul dpr ay.Unf o rtuna tel
y,K mgrne i
the ra tt
ende ds am a ssemb l
ies,no rdi d
Kal6mAl lhdi scussthet opicdur ingK mgr sv i
sits
.
LikeKa l6mAl lh, Ni z!ma l-
D6 na l
sowr o teat r
eatis
eo ndi 1ferentme ditativet ec h-
niquesa ndc all
e ditNi z
$ ma l
-qu l
b( a
TheOr de rforHe artsb).I
28
3
tpr es entsawi des e l
e c-
ti
ono f/ i
k rsi ntwe nty -
o nec ha pters.Somea reme ntionedi nt heKa shk l,whi l
eo the rs
appe aro nlyi nNi z
$ma l-
q ulb.Ni zama l
-qu l
bl aysmo ree mpha s i
so nt heChi shti
a1-
.li
atio no fthea utho rt hanKa shk l
,a ndKug lei sprob ablyr ighti na ttributingt hi st o
theinc rea sedc o mpe titi
o nwi t
ht heMuj addi dis. Er
2
84
nstha sno tedNi z! ma l-D6n
so ver-
whe lmi nge mpha sisla i
do nv ocal/ i
kr,whi chc ontr
a st
st heMuj addi disshunni ngo f
thepr ac t
ic e.Amo ngt hev arioust echniq ueso fdi 1fe
rentS u- .bro ther ho odsa ndy og i
si s
als
oa ne xtende d di s cussiono ft he Na q shbandipr acticeo fc ontempl atio n
(mu rqa ba h )tha t
,Er nstpo intsout ,di1fersre ma rkablyfro mt hepr acticea sde sc ribe d
inthewo rk so fNi z!ma l-D6n
sjunio rco ntempo rar
yVa l6Al lh. Be
28
5
aringi nmi ndt he
sheera b unda nceo fme dita t
ivea ndc ont empl ati
v etechniq uesa v ailablet oS u-.sinl a te
Mug ha l I
ndi a,itispo ssiblet hatthepr acticesde scr
ibedb yNi z!ma l-D6 nwe rede rived
fro
ma no the rNa qshb andi Muj addidi l
ine age.

Ma
ul
nF
akh
ral
-DnDi
hl
av
WhenNiz!
ma l
-D6
ndi e
din1730
,barel
yoneye
araft
erKal
6mAllh,hewassucce
eded
byhi
ssi
xt
een-
year
-ol
dsonF a
khral
-D6n.
Nil
eGree
nsugges
tst
hatduetohi
syoungag
e,
t
hekhnqhwasma nage
db yase ni
ordi
sci
pl
eo fNiz
!ma l
-D6n,pos
si
blyK mgr

2
82 Kmgr ,
Ma j
l
is
-ik
a l
m, 3
4.
2
83 Thetex
twaspubl
ishedi
naPer
si
anl
i
tho
gra
phi
n18
911
892
.
2
84 Kugl
e2012:
484.
2
85 Erns
t1999
b.

83
Khn. 286
Ac cord i
ngt oRi zvi,F akhra l
-D6 ns pe ntt hre ey earss tudy inga nde ighty earsin
intens i
v eS u-.pra ct
ic ea ftert hede atho fhi sfathe r. Hes
287
tudi edI b nPAr ab6
swo rk s,es
-
pec iall
yF ua l
-- i
ka m, f
ro mMi ynMu Da mma dJn. Late rinl i
fe, hei ntende dt owr it
e
at r
e atiseo nv a -data l-vu j
dhi ms e l
f, butt he ng a veupt hei de ab e caus ehef ea redt hat
commo npe oplemi g htmi sunde rs t
a ndi t. I
2
88
na dditio nt oS u-.pr ac t
icesa ndI bn
P
Ar ab 6
stho ught ,thet hir dv ital-.
e l
do f l
e arning ,ha dith,wa sc o v
e r
e dunde rthet ute l
age
ofAs Pada l-AnIr 6.
28
9

Aftert hepe ri
o do fint ens i
ves t
udya ndpr a cti
c e,Fa khra l-
D6 nj oine dthea rmyo f
NI irJang( d.1750 )
, thes ono fNi z!ma l-
Mul k. Afterhi sde ath, her eso lvedt omo veto
De lhi,whe rehea rrivedi n1 7511752 .Itisdi 1
-.cultt os aywh yF akhra l
-D6 nc ho seDe l
hi
instea do fHy de raba d, whe rema nyS u-.swe remi g r
a t
ingdur ingt hepe riod. Perha psit
wa sduet ot hef actt ha theha db e ena t
tac he dt ot het roo pso fN I irJang ,whowa sde-
featedb yhi sha lf
-b rothe rMuz a
!1farJ ang( d. 17
5 1)int hes trug gl
eo vert hedo mi niono f
theAs ifJahi t
e rr
itories. Hi sc ho i
cei sa llthemo res urpr i
singb ecaus eint he1 750 s,De l
hi
wa ss li
ppi ngi ntoade epe ni ngc ha os. TheI rania nr ulerN di rS hh
slo oti
ngc ampa i
gn
in17 39ha dc ausedl ittl
ee ndur i
ngda ma ge ,butwhe n- .
ght inge rupt edi nthe1 75 0sa ft
er
themi lit
a ryadv anc eso fhi ss uccess orADma dS hhAb da l6a ndt heMa rathas, thes ub-
urb so ft heMug halc api tals it
ua tedo utsidet hec itywa llswe rel ef
tde solate.I nt he
1760 s,thec itywa srul edb yt heRo hi l
laAf gha ns, andwhe nt heMug ha lempe ro rS hh
P
cl ama ssume dhi spo sitioni n17 70, thec itywa smo stl
yi nr uins. Itst art
edt or eco v
er
onlya f
terb e i
ngb roug htunde rthepr o t
e ctiono ftheBr itishi n1 803 .
290

Int hev olati

lec ondi tio ns,F ak hra l
-D6 n
st ieswi t
ht heHy de rab adino bilityr e
-
ma ine dc losea ndhewa ss uppo rtedb yNi z!ma l
-Mul k
sg ra nds onP Im da l-Mul kF 6r
oz
Jang( d. 180 0)
, whowa st hef a ct
ua lr ulero fthec i
t ydur ingt hel atterpa r
to ft he1 750s
andwa sr espo nsiblef orb l
indi ngo nee mpe rora ndha v inga nothe ra ssa s
sinate d. Al
29
1
-
thoug hhedo e sno tc o mea cro s
sa sa ni de alc andi datef o rS u-.di sci
pl eship, P
Im da l
-
Mul ki mmo r
ta l
izedF a khra l-
D6 nsf amei nt wowo r
k s,Ma n qib-if akhriyy aha nd
Fak hriyyat al-
n iz
$m. Ina ddi tion,hepr o
v ide dhi mwi thapl acet ofo undama dr asaa nd
kh nq hc loset otheAj me ri Ga t
e .Bo thMa rgritP erna ua ndKha li
qAnj umha vei de nti
-
-.e
dt hisa stheb uil
di ngt ha tho use dt hef a mo usDe l
hiCo lleg eint hee arly-
ni ne teenth
cent urya ndt ha tisto da yk no wna sTheAng loAr ab icSe nio rS econda ryS c
ho ol.292

Thema dra s
ao fF a khra l-D6n,whowa sno wk no wna sMa uln a ndMuDi bba l
-
Na b6 (
TheL ov ero fthePr o phe t
),b
2
93
e c
a met hemo stimpo rtantr eli
gio uss cho olint he
citya longwi t
hVa l6Al lh
sMa dras aRa D6 mi yya h.F akhra l-D6nc omb ine di nhi st ea c
h-
2
86 Gre
en2006:22.
2
87 Ri
zvi20
02:305.
2
88 Se
eNYra l
-D6n,Fa kh
ra l
-t

$li
bn,39
.
2
89 Ni
zami1984:187188.
2
90 Bl
ake19
91:16
5 167,16
9.
2
91 Bl
ake19
91:16
4 ;Gr e
en2 0
0 6:
64.
2
92 Se
eKhn, ,s rII,250
;Pernau2
006:5
6.
2
93 Acc
ordi
ngtoF ak hral
-D6n,t
heti
tl
ewasb
est
owe
dtohi
mbyKa
l6
mAl
lh.
SeeNYra
l-
D6n,
Fak
hr,
73.

84
i
ngt her e l
igiouss cienc e
sa ndS u-.sm,pr ob ablyfo ll
o wi ngt hed ars -in i
z
$ms yll
ab us,
whe re asthel atteri nsti
tuti
o nc onc entratedo nt radi t
io na lis
tr eligio usl earning.F akhr
al-D6nha ds ev erala bledisciple swhos preadhi ssilsil
a ht hr oug ho utt heS ubc ontinent
j
us tlikeNi z !ma l-D6 n
sdisciplesha ddo neint hef our tee nthc entur y. Anumb ero fthe
mo stv italChi sht iNi z
a milinea ge so fcontempo raryS out hAs iac anb etra c
e dtoo neo f
thesedi sc i
ple s.NYrMuDa mma dMa hr v6(d.1790), ac lo sedi sciplewi thwho mF akhr
al-D6nunde rtookapi lgr
ima get oAj odha no nf oo t,spr ea dt hes ilsilahi nPunj aba nd,
acc or
di ngt oRi zv i
,po pularizeds a m int heBa ha v al
pura rea .S
294
hhNi yzADma d
Ba rel
v 6(d. 1834)e st
a bli
shedhi ms e l
finBa r
e i
ll
ya nds pr ea dt hes i
lsila hinRo hilkhand.
Hewa salsoapo e twho s
ete xtsha vere ma i
ne de xtreme lypo pula rins am assemb li
es
throug ho utt heS ub c onti
nent . Ma
2
95
uln di y al-
D6 n( d. 1
8 1
0 )s ettledi nRa j
putJ aipur
andM6 rS hamsa l-D6n,inAj me r.[ j j6L aP
lMu Damma d( d.1 833)s tay e
di nDe lhia nd
l
ie sb uriedi nt heNi zamuddi ns hr i
ne,whe rema nyo fi tsc us t
o dia nsb ecamehi sdi s
-
ciples.Ina ddi ti
o n, Nizami li
s t
st hir t
y-nineo f F
a khra l-D6n skh al f
a h s.2
96

F akhra l
-D6 ndi edi n178 5a ndwa sb uriedi nt hes hr inec ompl exo fQut ba
! l-D6n
Ba khtiyrKk 6,af av o
ur i
tesitef orhi spi lg
rima ges.Thema dr asac o nt inuedt owo rkfor
somet i
me ,b uti tc loseddo wnt owa rdst hee ndo ft hee ighte ent hc ent ury.The
kh nq hwa sta keno verbyF ak hra l-D6nseldestsonGhulmQut b!a l-D6n( d.18 1
7),who
enlist
e dt hel a stt woMug ha le mpe rorsAk b arS hh( r.18 061 837 )a ndBa hdu rS hh
Z!
a f
ar( r
.1 8375 7)a shisdi sciples .Fak hra l-
D6n
sg r a
nds o n,Na I6
ra l-D6nK l eMi yn
(
TheBl ac kGe ntlema n)alsoc ul tivatedc lo
s etieswi tht hec o urt,whe reheb efri
ende d
thepo etM6 r
z As a dAl lhKhnGhl i
b( d.18 6
9 ). Ther
29
7
e l
a t
io nshi pb etwee nF akhra l
-
D6n
sf ami l
ya ndt heMug ha lrule rsrema i
ne dac lo seo nedur ingt hel a
st-.ftyy earsof
thed y nasty.
Inhi swr iti
ng s
,F akhra l
-D6 nf o cusedo nc larifyingdo gma tici s s
ue s
.Ni z
$ma l
-

a qi
di sat reat i
s eo nS unnib elief
swr it
tendur ingt hepi l
g r
ima g et oAj odha n.I n
Rislahmu r
ji
a hhet ackl
e dP Ab da l-
Q di rJ 6
ln6
sc ont ro versials t ateme ntf oundi n
Gh uny ata l-t

$ l
ibnt hatHa na -.
swe r
eMur j
iit
es.F ak hra l-D6 na rgue st ha ttheHa na -.
s
empha s
iso ndi v i
neme rcyo v erwr athwa sb ehindt hi ss tate me nt .Ho we ver,unlike
Mur jiites
,t heHa na -
.sdidno ta ttemptt oe raseGo dswr atha ndt husdi dno tde vi
a t
e
fromt het ruth. Themo
29
8
s
tf amo uso fF akhra l
-D6n
swo r ks, F
a kh ra l--a san,refutesVa l6

294 Rizvi2 0
02 :
309 .
F orade t
aileddisc
us s
iononNYrMu Damma d,seeAl
v i20
10.
295 OnS hhNi yza ndhi spoe t
ry,se
eVi i
tamki2012
.
296S eeNi zami 1
9 84:242 .
297 Niz amirelat
e sthatNa I6
ra l
-D6ndiedi n184
7,whe r
e a
sRizvime nt
ions1846.S
e eNizami1 98
4 :23
9
andRizvi2 002:308.ZiaI nayatKha nq uesti
onsthisont heb a
sisofthee vide
ncef oundi n,s ral-
andda ndthewr i
ti
ng so fGhl i
b .Hesuggest
sthatNa I
6ral-
D6nwa sexecute
db ytheBr i
ti
shi ntheaf-
t
e r
ma t
ho fthe1857upr i
sing .SeeKha n200 1
:314
.
298I tissigni-
.canttha tF akhral-D6ndo esnotme nt
ionthepoliti
calconte
xtofAli-MuPawiyacon>?i
ct
wheretheMur j
ii
tev i
e wo fpostponingthede ci
si
onc oncerni
ngt hepiet
yo faMuslim untiltheda yof
j
udgeme ntwa s-.
rstvo i
ce d.Int hi
sre s
pect,hefol
lowsthepr a
cti
cee s
tabl
ishedbyNiz!ma l-D6nAuliy_.
Onthelatter
sviews,seeKuma r2007:205207.

85
Allh
sc l
aimt ha ttheChi s htis i
ls
ilahc oul dno tc ontinueunb rokenupt oAl i,s inc e
[asanBa Ir6wa sv eryy oungwhe nAl idie da ndc o uldno tha veb ee ns ele cteda shi s
khalfa h.Thet e xtwa swi de lyr eada ndwe ll-receiveda mo ngI ndi anSu- .
s.I
299
na ddi tio n
totack l
ingc o ntro versi
aliss ues ,
F akhra l
-D6 nwr oteat reatisee nt i
tl
ed Aina l-yaqn ,o n
Su-.
sm.
Iwa sunf ortuna t
ely una bl
et oc ons ul tP I
m da l
-Mul k
st a/ ki
ra h Ma n q i
b -
i
f
a khri
y yahf o rt hisstudy. Ma nuscriptsa ndt hel it
ho gra phpub li
shedi nl ate-ni nete ent h
centurya rer ela ti
velyr arei nc ompa r
isonwi tht heo the rwo rksdi scus sedi nt his
chapte r
.Ho we ve r
,F akhra l
-t$l
ibn ,ama l
f z
$tc o mpi ledb yNYra l-
D6 n[us a i
nKhn
containsi nf orma tiona bo utt hes igni -
.canc eo fsa m i nF akhra l-
D6 nsS u- .pra ctic e
.
LikeA- sana l-sh am
il
,F a kh ra l
-t

$ li
bna ppe arst oha veb e enwr itt
e npo sthumo us ly
.
Thea sse mb l
ie sa reno tda te da ndi nt hel itho graphe de ditionpub li
she di n1 8971 8 98
theya ree nt i
tled Ab outx (d ar-/i
kr-ix )andb e ginwi tht hef ormul aoneda yIo bta ine d
thewe alt
ho fs eeing[ him] (roz-
ed au l
at-imu sh ha da hmu yassarsh ud ).Mo sto fthe
passagesr e co rdF akhra l-D6 n
sdi sco ursesi nma l
fz
$ts ty l
e,b uto cca si
o na ll
yt hea u-
thor
sc o mme ntsa bo uttheb a ckgroundo fdi 1ferentpe rso nsme ntione dint het ex to c-
cupyt heg reate rpa rto ft hec ontent s.Mo stdi scour sest akepl acei nF ak hra l
-D6 n
s
khnq h ,b utt het e
x talsome ntionsf reque ntpi lgrima gest ot hes hrine so fNi z !ma l
-
D6n,Na I6ra l
-D6 na ndQut ba
! l
-D6n.Co mpl eme nt edwi t
hr e f
erence st ov isit
ingt he
tomb so fMuP 6na l-
D6na ndS al6mCi sht 6,
lo cate dinAj me ra ndF a t
ehpurS i
k ri,respe c t
-
i
v e
ly,thet e xtr e veal
st hei mpo rtanc eo fsa credg eo graph yi nF akhra l-
D6 nsde votio nal
l
ife.
Fak hra l
-D6 nspr omine ncei nDe lhiledt oar ivalrywi thc ontempo r
a ryMuj a ddi di
ma st
er s
. Thi sa ppl ie
se spe ciallytot het raditionpr omul gate db yVa l
6Al lha ndhi ss on,
ShhP Ab da l
-P
Az 6z.Fakhra l-D6 nha dc ontestedVa l6Al lh sv iewso nt hei nte grityo fhi s
Su-.line age .The irappr oa che stoS u-.pr ac t
ic edi 1
fere di nr espectt ov o ca l/ik ra nd
sam
. Att hes a met ime , t
het wof a mi l
ieswe rec lose .F akhra l
-D6nt iedt het urb ano f
ShhP Ab da l-P
Az 6zwhe nt hel a tt
era ssume dt hel eade rshipo f t
hef ami l
y
sS u- .tradi t
io n
aft
erhi sf athe rsde mi s
e. Ni zamipo i
nt soutt hatF ak hra l-D6 na lsoto okt hec ha nc et o
advisePAb da l-P
Az 6ztoc leant heo nlys tai
nf romt hehe mo fhisf at
he rb yg ivingupt he
cla
imso fb e i
ngamu j
tah ida nde mb racingt aql d. Ev
300
ent houg ht het wor eligio us
tre
nd sr epr esent edb yKa l6
mAl lh
sa ndVa l6Al lh
sr es pec ti
v eS u-
.c i
rcleswo uldg row
i
nc r
e asinglya pa rtdur i
ngt heni nete entha ndt we ntiethc ent uri
e s,t
hisdi dno tpr eve nt
ChishtiNi z amia ndMuj addi dif ami l
iesfro mf orgingma ritalt i
esb etwe ent he m. Af ter
all
,the ya llb elo ngedt ot heS u-.no bilit
yo fthec i
ty.Whe nl ithog r
aphe dS aw al-sa bl

29
9 Ane xt
ensi
veAra
biccomme nt
aryent
it
ledAl-
Qau
lal-
mu s
ta-
san*+f
akhral
--
asan(18
9418
95)was
wri
tt
enbyMa uln [a s
ana l
-Za
m n[a i
darbd6,akhalfa
ho fthefamousChis
htiNizamishe
ikh
MuDammadPAl
6Khai
rbd6 .Fort
heorig
inalt
extc
omple
me nt
edwithanUrdutr
ansl
at
ion,se
eFakhral
-
D6
n,Fak
hral
--as
anma
huta
rju
ma h
al- as
an.
30
0 Nizami198
4:2
11.

86
waspub
li
shedi
n19
2419
25,i
twasc
o mmi
ssi
onedb
ySa
yyi
dPAb
dal
-Gha
n6whowa
sthe
sa
jj
danas
hnofbot
h,Kal
6mAllhandVa
l6Al
lh.

2
. am
3S andt
hedy
nami
cso
fSu,
-pr
act
ice

Thea c
tivit
ieso fKa l6
m Al lh, Niz!ma l-
D6 nandF a khra l
-D6na r
eo fte
nc onside r
edt o
constit
ut ear evivalo ftheChi shtiNizamib rotherhoo d.Sincer esearcho nitshisto r
y
duringt hec enturiesf ol
lowingNi z!ma l
-D6nAul i
y aa ndhi simme diat
es uccessorsis
st
il
ll arg
e lylacking,itisdi 1
-.
c ul
tt odeter
mi nei ftheb rotherho odha dlostitsv i
talit
y
andwa si nne edo fr e
newa l.ChishtiNizami shadr ema i
ne da cti
vei nGuj aratfrom
whe reYa Dy Ma dan6 hail
ed,inBe ngal,a
swe llasintheDe ccanwhe r ethede s
c endants
ofGe sYda rzdo mina tedtheS u-.sce
ne .Wha tKa l
6mAl lha ndhi sfo l
l
o wersnodo ubt
didwa st ore -est
ab l
isht heb r
otherhoodi nt hei mpe r
ialca pi
tal.Fro m De lhia nd
Aura ngabad,ne ws ub-branche sspreadthroug houtI ndia,thuse nsuringawi deg e o
-
graphicaldistr
ibutio no ft
het eachingsandpr acti
ceso fthethreeS u-.ma st
ers.Theira r
-
ti
cula t
es tancetos a m guaranteedthes urvi
v alofthepr ac t
iceint hede votionalr e
-
gi
meo fe vent hemo ststaunc hreli
gi
o usreformist
swhowo uldha i
lfroma mo ngthe i
r
fol
lowe r
s .

Th
eMu
jad
did
iop
pos
it
io
n
Thet hre eChisht iNi zamiswe rea vi
dpr act
itionerso fsam.Inal ett
era ddresse dt o
Niz!ma l-
D6n, Ka l6
mAl lhwr it
esho wheha dde s
ignateddi1f
e rentda ysof t
hewe ekf or
di1
fer
e nta ctivi
tie s,sucha sc o l
lect
ive/ i
kr,sam andmu rq ab a
hi nhi sk hnq h .1
30

A- s
ana l-
sham
ilr e
latestha tNiz !
ma l
-D6nhe ldas a massemb l
ye veryF ri
day. The
incr
ea si
ngi n>?
ue nceo ftheMuj addidi
s,howe ver,ma deKa l
6mAl lha ndNi z!ma l
-D6 n
cauti
o us,andKa l6mAl lhfreq uentlyadvi
cesNi z!ma l
-D6ntob ec onsideratewhe ne n-
gagi
ngi nv oc al/ i
k r(/i
k r
-ij
a hr)a ndsa m,thetwopr act
ic
esc o ntest
edb yt hefo l
low-
ersofS i
rhind 6
.
I
no neo ft hel etter
si nclude dinMa kt
bt,Ka l
6m Allha s
k sNiz! ma l
-D6nt o
spreadr ealIsl
amf rome as
tt owe st,ye
ta c
tina ccordanc ewit
hc ha ngingtime sande m-
phasizes il
ent/ ikr( /
ikr-ik
h af)a ndmu rqab ah,becausetheya reuni versal
lya ccept ed
bya l
lS u-.b rothe rhoods.Ka l6
m Al lhj ust
i-.
e shisviewsb yt hef acttha ttheMug hal
rule
rsa reincrea singlyfavouringt heNa qs
hb andistowho mthe ya reatta
c hedliket heir
ancestorAmi rTi mur .Toc o mpe nsatefort hela ck
inge 1fe
c to fs am,Ka l6
m Al lh
suggeststhatpr a ctic
ingmu rq a
b ahforthreeho ursda il
ywillc reateas i
mi larstateo f
forg
ettingo nese lfa nd one
se nvir
onme nt( kai*+
yyat-ibe-
k hvu d ob e -h
o sh). As
3
02

import anta ss a m wa sf o rKa l6

m Al lh,her ecomme ndso r
g a
nizingamus ical

3
01 Ka
l6
mAl
lh,
Mak
tb
t,
93.
3
02 Ka
l6
mAl
lh,
Mak
tb
t,
131
4.

87
ass
e mb ly( ma jl
is-is urd)o nlyo c ca si
ona lly.Ones ho uldno ta bando nt hepr actic e
tot
a l
ly,b utne i
thers ho uldo nee ng ag eini te xcessive l
y.
303

Su chc a utionwa sa ppa rent l

yi ns pir
e db yar ea lda nger.Ka l6m Al lhr e l
a t
e showa
Su-.wa swhi ppedb yGhz 6a l-D6nKhnf o rpe rf
o rmi ngv oca l/ ikrinamo squea nd
Niz!ma l-D6 nme nt i
o nst hatas upe rv i
sor( mu- ta sib)int heMug hala rmyha dj ai
leda
Su-.
,whoa ll
o we dt hepl a yi
ngo fins t r
ume nt sins a m ,togethe rwi thhi sq a
wwa ls.
304

Unde rs uc hc ondi ti
ons ,empha si
z ingmu rq abaha nds ilent/ikrs e e
msana tura lme ans
toavo idt heun wa nteda ttentio no fMuj addi dis.Ont heo therha nd, sucha ppr oa c
ha lso
enable dt hei nc l
us iono fNa qshb a ndi sint hec ircleo fKa l
6m Al lha ndNi z !ma l
-D6 n.
Bearingi nmi ndKa l
6mAl lh sfre que ntremi nderst hatNi z!ma l-D6nc oul dv a
r ydi1f
e r-
entpr ac tic
e s,bec auseheha d allt het a
$rq ahs,
t
30
5
hee mpha s i
so nNa qshb andit ech-
niquesa ppe arst oe chot heg re aters ynthe sisofS u- .pr acti
cet hel a teMug halChi sht i
Nizami swe ref orging .IfaS u- .ma ste rha dc omma ndo v erawi der ang eo fme dit
ativ e
andc o nte mpl ati
v ete chni q
ue s, hec o uldc a tertope opleb e
long ingt ov a riouss i
ls
ilah s
andg uidet he mi na c cordanc ewi tht hete ne tsoft he i
rr espectivet raditions . I
nt hisr e-
spect,theChi s
hti Niz ami ma s tersr e -envisi
o ne dther oleo faS u- .guide .Ins teado fca r-
ryi
ngt hel i
mi tedt raditiono fo nel ine age,hee me rge sasav i
rtuo sicgui dewhoc anhe lp
peoplei nt he i
rs pirituale nde av our sl ikeado ctorhe l
pi nghi spa ti
e nts.Thee nviron-
me nt,whe remul tipleinitiati
o nsha db eco meano rm, facil
itat
e dt hisne wl ya r
ticulated
rol
e .
30
6

Thet extsdi scus sedint hi sc ha pt erindi c a

tet ha tthiswa sno tme relya nide ala nd
thatChi s htiNi zamima stersdi di nde edg ui dedi scipleso fo the rSu- .she ik hs.Fore x -
ampl e,A- sana l-sha m
ilme ntio nsape rso nwhowa sadi scipleo fs ome o nee lse,ye t
nos ignso fs piri
tua le xperienc ea ppe ar
e di nhi m.Onc e,heha dv isitedt het omb so f
Burhna l-
D6 nGha r6
ba ndRj YQa ttl i
307
nKhul da ba da nde ng age dinmu rqab a h
there.Her ec ei
v eda ni ndi c
a ti
o nt ha tNiz !ma l-
D6 nc oulda ssi
s thi mi ndi s co v
e ri
nghi s
i
nne rr ea lms .Sinc ehewa sa lre adyadi sc ipleo fs ome onee lse ,Niz !ma l
-D6 nwo uld
onlyt eac hhi mi nne rpr actice s(s ha g hl
-ib ti
$
n)t ha the l
pedhi mt oa c
hi ev ehi sgo a l
.
Sig
ni-.ca ntly,thedi s
c overyo fi nne rr ealmsma nife ste
di t
selfa smy sticalst atesdur ing

303 Ka l
6mAllh, Ma kt
bt,
2 6.
304 Ka l
6mAllh, Ma kt
bt,
9 0;Kmgr ,A- s
an ,7
5 .
305 See,e.gKa l
6
m Al lh,Ma ktbt,22,26,6 7.Ma ktbtme ntionsNa qshbandiyy
a,Ka zi
runiyya
,
Suhra
wa r
diyya
,Kub rawiyy
aa ndS hattari
yyaa sb rot
herhoodsincludedi nNi z !ma l
-D6n
sbaiatfr
om
Kal6
mAl lh.Qa dir
iyyaisnote xpli
ci
tlyme nti
o ned,butKal6mAl lhsfol
lo wersa l
soevokeama s t
er-
dis
-
ci
plechai
ntha tleadstoPAbda l
-Q dirJ6
ln6 vi
aKa l6mAllha ndY aDy Ma dan6.
306 Itshouldb ek eptinmi ndthatno tallSu-.
sc ombiningmul ti
pleline a
gesi nthei
rsil
si
lahha dac-
quir
edmultipl
ei ni
t i
ati
onsfromv ari
o usma st
ers.Inmo s
tc as
e s
,anill
us t
riousma s
terhadbeeni ni
tia
ted
i
ns eve
rall
ineages,allofwhic hhethe ntransmittedtohisfoll
owe r
s.Int hec aseoftheChishtiNizami
Kal6
m6sil
si
lah,di1f
e r
entb r
othe r
hoodsc onver
ge dinY a
Dy Ma dan6andwe rehe ncef
orwardtra
ns mit
ted
t
o g
ether
.
307 Sayyi
dYYs uf[us a
in6Rj YQattl (d.1
330)wa sthefat
he rofGesYda rz .

88
sam
.30
8
Al thoug hthepe r
s onha dv isitedt het omb so f
Chi s hti saintsi nKhul da ba d,his
prac ti
c eo f mu r qa baht he rei ndi cat
e st ha thewa sinf actaMuj a ddidi.
No twi ths t
a ndingt hec a ut i
oni nt hef aceo fMuj addi dii n>?ue nc e,s uc hv irtuo si
c
abili
t yt og ui depe opl ea cro sst heb or de rso fdi 1ferentb rothe rho odswo ulda l
soma ni-
fes
ti ts elfa sas enseo fs upe riori
tyo v ert hem.I nKa sh kl,Ka l6m Al lhc onte stst he
Naq shb a ndia da gea l-nih ya h* +
l
-bid ya h( Be gi
nni ngint hee nd )tha tt heMuj a ddidis
i
nte rpr etedt oi mpl yt hes upe riorit
yo ft he irme thod: t
he yb eginwi t
hwha tre pre sents
thehi g he sta chi eveme ntf ort her esto ftheb r otherho ods. Ho we ver,Ka l
6mAl lhho lds
thatt he/ i
k ro faNa q shb andi no vi
cei sdi 1fe rentf romt he/ ik ro fa ne xpe r i
e nce dpr acti
-
ti
one rb elo ng i
ngt oa nyo the ro rdera ndt husde niesc laimso nt hes upe riorityo fthe i
r
me tho d.309

As imi la ra ppr oac hisf o undi nF a kh ra l-

t
$ li
bn , whe reF a khra l-
D6 ni sr epo rtedt o
hav ei nterpr ete dBa h_ al-
D6 nNa qshb and ss tate me ntIne ithe rde nyi t, no rdoIpr a c-
ti
cei t( i
n k rm k u nm n a nk rm k u nm)t or efero nl yt opl ay ingr eedpi pes
(ma z mr ), nott ot hee ntirepr acti
ceo fs am a sitwa sa ppa r ent l
yi nte rpre tedb yc on-
tempo ra r
yMuj a ddidi s.Ino rde rtolenda ut ho ri
tyt ohiss ta teme nt, Fak hra l
-D6 nr e f
e r
s
toRa sh -a t,oneo f thewi de lyr eadha giog raphi esa boutt hee ar l
yNa q shb a ndis. Ce
310
r-
tai
nc o nte mptt owa rdss he ik hswhowe rea verset os am isa ls of el
ti nanumb e rof
Kal6m Al lh
sl etterst ha tr ec omme ndl iste ningt omus ic( rg )i ns olitudewi thc lose
fri
endsb ec auses omec o ntempo raryS u- .
sne ithe rob se
rv eda ppr opr i
a tea dabno rwe r
e
ablet opr ope rlyc o nc entrateo nthepr ac tice,b utne v erthe lessk epts pre adingt he i
r
viewsi nt heMug ha la rmy .I
3
11
tissigni -.cantt hatKa l
6m Al lhus eshe ret hewo r dr g
thatha snodi stinctlyS u-.c onno tati
o ns ;b eside sthei mpl ieddo c tri
na lo ppo siti
o n, they
l
a ckedt hea bil
ityt oa ppr ec i
a temus ici ng e ner al.
Theo ppo sitiono ft heMuj addidi ss e emst oha veb e enmo sta cut e l
yf e l
ti nt he
Mug ha larmy ,a ndKa l6mAl lh slet
tersa dv isi
ngc aut i
onwe rewr itt
e ndur ingNi z !ma l-
D6n
smi litar ys ervice.Theno t i
onf ade sa wa yi nA- sana l-sha m i
lt ha tde scrib est he
perio dwhe nNi z!ma l
-D6nha da l
rea dys e t
tledhi ms e
lfi nAur ang ab ad,a ndi tdi sap-
pea rsa ltoge the rinF akh ra l-t
$ l
ibnt ha tpa intsapi c t
ureo fF ak hra l-D6 na so neo ft he
mo sti n>?ue nt i
a lSu-.s he ikhso fDe lhi. Ho we ver, evenwhe ns am a ssemb lieswe reo r
-
ganiz edi nDe l
hi andAur ang ab ad,rest rictingt hea t
tenda nc eo fo utside rsr ema ine da n
i
mpo rtantt opici nt hes o urc e s
.Thewo rdf ora no utsider,b e-
g nah( a j
n abi nUr du
transla t
io ns ),de no t
e sas t
ra ng erwhodo e sno tb el
o ngtoac e r
ta ing ro up .Thec onc ept
echo est her eq uireme ntt or ese rvethepa rticipationi ns am onl yt ot ho sewo rth yo fi
t
(ik
h v n)t o g et
he rwi thk ee pi ngt hec o rre ctt i
mi ng( z am n)a ndpl ac e( ma k n)i n

30
8 Kmgr ,
A- s
a n,
143
.
30
9 Kal
6mAllh, Kashk
l,
910
.
31
0 Ras
h-tai
na l
--a
ytbyP
Al6
ibn[usai
nal-
VPi
z!
al
-Ks hi
f6
(d.
c.1
532
).
31
1 Kal
6m Allh,Ma kt
bt
,9495.Thes
tat
ementi
sfoundalmos
tver
bat
imi
nle
tte
r83
.Se
eKa
l6
m
Al
lh,
Maktbt,
75.

89
mi nd. 3
12
Int hel ighto fthe seo f
te ne v ok edpr inc iple s,onewo ul de xpe c tthec atego ryof
out si
de rst oc ompr iset hosewhode nyt hepr a cticeo ra rea verset oi tse 1f
ec ts.Unf o r
tu-
na tel
y ,thet e xtsdono tex pli
citlyr e vealwhot he ywe re .Ho we ver,t he yinc ludes ome
hintsa stot her ea sonsb ehindt he ire xc l
us ion.
So me time spr ob l
e msa ri
sewhe nt heo ut side rsf ailtoc on- .
rmt ot hepr e scribed
ad ab. Dur ingo neo ft heF ridays am a ssemb lies,Ni z! ma l-D6ns toppe dtheq awwa l
s
altho ug hdi scipleswe reo nt hev ergeo fa ttaininge scta sy( va j
d )
. K mgrwa sl eftpe r
-
plexe da ndNi z!ma l-D6 ne xplaine d, a sifr eadi nghi stho ug ht s,tha tthea da bf o l
lowe d
dur i
ngt her i
tua lpr aye rappl ie
st os am ,aswe ll
, andi te nt ailednot a l
k i
ng .Ho we ver
,
heha ds po ttedo utside rsc onver singwi the acho the r,b uti nste ado fv erballypr o hibit
-
ingt he m,heha dde cide dt oc allt hemus i
co 1fino rde rt oa voidhur ti
ngo ra ng ering
the m.313

Itiss ig ni-.
c antt ha tthedi srupt i
o nt o okpl a cei nt hemo me nts o medi sciple swe re
ab outt oa ttainamy sticalstate.No to nlywa sNi z!ma l-D6n sde cisiont osto pt hes i
ng-
erspr o mpt e db yt hev io l
ationo f a da b,b uta lsob yt hede li
c acyo f themo me nt ;ha dt he
disciple se nte r
e dde epe rint ot he ire xpe rienc e ,suc hdi sturb anc emi g htha vepr oved
fatal.Ina ddi ti
o nt oi mpl icitl
yc astingNi z!ma l-
D6 na sag uidewhot a ke
sc areo fhis
disciple s we ll-
b eing ,thepa ssag ei sr eve ali
nga bo uthi st ea chingme thods .Ins teado f
hur ti
ngt heo utside rsb ydi rectl
ypr o hib it
ingt he m, hedi sco ntinue dt heo c casio na lt
o-
gethe r.Thepa ssag edo esno tt e l
lwha tha ppe ne dt ot heo utside rs,whopr o bab l
y
wo nde reda b outt her easonb ehindt hea brupte ndo ft hea ssemb ly.Di dt he ye ve rget
tok no wt ha tt heyt he ms elveswe ret her easo n?Di dt he yno ti
c eNi z! ma l-D6n
sa p-
pro acht ot hema tter?Andi fso ,di dt he ya ppr ec i
a teita ndpe rha psb eco mehi sdi s
-
ciplesa swo uldha ppe ni nha gio gra phi calt ex tsa fters uc hi nc ide nts?Al tho ught he
ma lfz
$tl iteraturei ng ene ralco nta i
nsv a l
ua blei nf orma ti
o nt hati sno tfoundi no ther
genr eso fS u- .lit
e ratur e,thee xc lusivef o cuso nt heS u-.g uidel e ave sma nyq ue stions
pe rt
a iningt ot hemi no rc ha r
a c
te rspa ssingt hro ug hhi sk h n qhuna ns we r
e d.
Ono the ro cc asions ,theo ut side rsa repo rtray eda spe o plewhoa reuna c qua inted
witht hedy na mi cso fs am a ndhe nc el ike l
yt omi sint erpre ttheunc ommo nb eha-
viour so ft hel istene rs, orme r
elywa ntingt owi t
ne s sas pe cta cl
eo fe csta t
icallyda nc ing
Su-.s.Ni z !ma l
-D6 nr elatesi nA- s ana l-s
h am i
l ho wKa l
6mAl lhwo ul dlistent os a m
withhi sdi sciplesi nac l
ose dro omwhe nhea ttende dt heP urso fNi z!ma l-D6 nAul iy_
inDe lhi. The irc ries,ho we ver,att racte dt hea tte ntio no f outside rs,a ndwhe nadi sc i
ple
arrivingl atewa sa ll
o we di n, t
we ntymo repe o plef o r
c edt he irwa yi nt othea s semb ly.
Ka l6
m Al lhi mme diate l
yt oldt heq a wwa lstos topa ndhel e f
tt hepl a ce.Theha pless
disciplewhoha da rrivedl atewa lkedb ehi ndhi mi nt heb az aar,swo one d,fe l
l do wno n
theg rounda ndhur thi ms e l
f.Ka l6m Al lhg re ws oi rri
ta ted( be -
lu t
f
$)t ha thec o uldno t

31
2 Zamn,mak
na ndik
hvnasthepr
imarycompone
ntsoft
hea
dabo
fsa
ma
redi
scus
sedb
y
Kal
6mAl
lhin
Asha
rahkmil
ah.
SeeKal
6mAllh,
Asha
rah,
62.
31
3 Kmgr ,A-
san,2
8 2
.

90
event a l
k.31
4
Hi ss a m wa sdis turb eda ndadi sciplec a useda ne mb arrassi
ngs i
tua t
ion
i
napub li
cpl ac ewhe nKa l
6m Al lhc le arl
ywa nt edt ok eeps uc hbe hav i
our sb ehind
closeddo ors,hi dde nf rompr yinge yes.
Ni z!ma l
-D6 nc o ntinue db yr elatingho wheha dha das imi lare xpe r
ienc e,whe n
pe opleleftb e hindt hec loseddo o rha ds tarte dt owa ila ndf alldo wndur ings a m
.He ,
ho we v
e r
,ha dde cide dt ol ett heo utsidersb e ne -
.tf ro ms am bys etti
ngas c
reen
be t
we ent he ma ndt ho sehek ne wa nda llowe di nside .Thus , t
hef or
me rwo uldb ea bl
e
tohe art hes i
ng e rswhi let heirv i
ewo fNi z!ma l-D6n
sdi sciple s,whomi ghtb eha vein
fri
ght eni
ngo rb iza rrema nne rs, wa sr estri
cte d.Ac cordingt oNi z !ma l-D6n, Kal6mAl lh
ha db eenpl e ase dwi thhi sinno vation.315

Int hea bo veo cc asions ,theo utside rsa rec o mmo npe opleuna cq uaintedwi ththe
ruleso fpr o prietya ss ociatedwi ths am
.Ato the rt i
me s,thede s
iret os afegua rdthe
prac t
icef rom pe rsonswhomi ghtus et hel iste ne r
s b eha vi
o urt ob ut tr
e s
st he i
rc ri
ti
-
cisml e a
dst oc urb ingunc onv entio nalb ehav iour .Thi sb ecome se vi
de nti napa ss
age
from A- sa na l
-sh a m i
l, whe reab oo kNYra l-D6nr eadss tat
e st hatape rsone x peri
en-
cingamy stical sta t
e( kai*+
yya t)d urings am mi g hts tarttos pe a kli
kea l
-[a l
lj . Niz
! m
al-D6nc on- .
r mst hist oha veha ppe ne di nhi sa sse mb lies.Ono neo cca sion,whe nadi s
-
cipleha ds tartedt out tere csta ti
cphr a ses,Ni z !ma l
-D6 nha db loc
ke dhi smo ut hb e
-
caus eo fthepr ese nc eo f outside rs.
31
6

Itisimpo rtantt oe mpha siz etha t,de spitet het empo raryr e serv
at i
o nint hef aceo f
theMuj addi dio ppo s it
io na ndt hewi sht ohi des o mea spe ctso fs am f
romo ut si
ders,
Ka l
6m Al lha ndNi z!ma l
-D6 nwe reb oths ta unc ha dv ocate so fthepr actice.Ka l6
m
Allhe mpha sizesi tss i
g ni-.
canc ea sthef oodf o rthes pirit(gh i
/ -yir- )i
nanumb erof
l
e tt
e r
sa nde xpr esse shi sr egr eto ve rNi z! ma l-D6 nso ne -t
imel acko fi nteresti nthe
prac t
ice.S
3
17
uc hr efer enc esa r
ee xtreme lyv alua blea ddi tionst ot heha giographic alma-
terial
,whe remo me nt so ffatiguea ndl acko fi ns pirationa refa de doutf romt hei deal-
i
z edpo r
tray alo fS u-.s.3
18

Ni z!ma l-D6 nr eg aine dhi se nthus ias mf ors a m andA- sa na l-s

ha m i
la boundsi n
pa ss
a gest ha te xto litspo we r.AS u- .g uidesr ankc a nb ede duc edfro m hi sa bili
tyto
ma kehi sdi s ciplese xpe riencemy stica lstate sdur i
ngs a m
. Tho
31
9
sewhode nys am
(mu n k
ir-is am )s po nt ane ous l
yr etrac tthe iro pini on,i ft he ya tt
e ndamus ic a
la s-
semb l
yo far ea lS u-.jus to nce .I
320
no nei ns t
a nc e, sam con vinc eday ogitob ecamea

3
14 Kmgr ,A-san,
216.
3
15 Kmgr ,A-san,
216.
3
16 Kmgr ,A-san,
95 .
3
17 S e
e,e.
g.Ka
l6mAllh, Makt
b t
,1
5 ,
25,93
.
3
18 S e
eGreen2006:991
01foradisc
u s
si
ono nni
net
eent
h-c
e nt
uryhagi
ogra
phical
port
ray
also
fNi
z!m
a
l-D6
ninwhichthest
reamlineddescr
ipti
onandemphasi
sonc o
nformi
tywithsunnahasl
eadtoo
mit-
t
ingr
efe
renc
estopheno menali
ketheassoci
at
ionwi
thyog
isandguidi
ngthebic
keri
ngdi
sci
ples
.
3
19 S e
eKmgr ,A-san,92,1
53.
3
2 0 Se
eKmgr ,A-san,991
01.

91
di
sci
pl
eofNiz
!ma l
-D6
n.
32
1
Thust
hepr
act
icere
ma i
nedapower
fult
oolf
org
uidi
ngdi
s-
ci
pl
esandat
tr
act
ingpe
opletothef
ol
doftheChis
htiNi
zamib
rothe
rho
od.

Co
nce
ptu
ali
zat
io
nof
samP
Thee mpha siso ns am no twi thsta ndi ng , t
hes trivet oa vo idfo me nt ingc riticismi nt he
alreadyv olatil
es i
tua tiona 1fec tedt hec o nce ptua lizationo fthemy s ti
cals ta t
e sa s
s oci
-
atedwi tht hepr acticei nt hewo r kso ft hel a t
eMug ha lChi shtis.Aswa sno t
e da bov e,
thet ex t
so fthe irSul tanatec ollea gue sdono tt akea nune qui voca ls tando nwhe ther
ones ho uldi de all
yl o oseo ne
ss ens esdur ings a m o rr etaint he m.I npr a cticethis
me a ntl eavingo pent heq ue stionwhe theral is
te nerha sal icens et ob eha vei no dd
ma nne rso rno t.Dur ingt hel a teMug ha l perio d, theb a lancet ilt
e di nf avo uro fthela t
-
terv iewa ndt hea ut ho r
se mpha siz edt ha tsta yingi no ness e
ns esb estf acil
ita t
e db ene-
-.
tingf romt hef ruitso fsam ino ne ss piritua lwa y fari
ng .
Kal6m Al lhi ni tiat
e das y stema ticpo nde r i
ngo nt hemut ua ldy na mi c sb etwe en
cont rol( i
k hti
y r)a ndunde rsta ndi ng( sh ur). The- .rstindic ateso ne
sa b il
ityt oc on-
trolo ne
sb eha vioura ndr e actio ns, whe reast hel atterr eferst oo ne sa bil
ityt ounde r
-
standa ndpe rceivewha tha ppe nswi thina nda roundo nese lf
.I n As har ahk mi l
a h,
Ka l
6mAl lhl iststhec omb i
na tio nso f co ntro la ndunde rstandi ngi nwhi cho neo rb oth
aremi ssingo rpr ese nt.Ac co rdingt ohi m, t
hec o mb i
na tionswhi chl ackb o tho rfeature
onlyc o ntro lareus ele ss
,whe re ast hepr esenc eo fb othc o ntrol andunde rsta ndi ngdo es
notdi 1ferf romo nesno rma lsta teo f co ns cious ne ss.F ors am ,thei de al s
ta tewo uldb e
thea bsenc eo fc ont rolb utpr ese nc eo funde r
s tandi ng .Al istene rha slostt hec ontr o
l
ove rhimo rhe rself,y etunde rs t
a ndst heme ani ngo fpo e tr
ya swe lla shiso rhe ro wn
state.T oe lucida t
ehi spo int, Ka l6mAl lhe ndst hedi s
c ussionb yc o ntrastings am a s
-
semb l
ieswi tht heg a theringso fdr unk a rds, whode l
ib eratelywa ntt ol oset heirs enses
andunde rstandi ng.322

Ina na l
ysingt hee xpe ri
e nc est ha tma yo c curdur ings a m ,Ka l
6mAl lha llowsc er-
tai
nl i
ce nset ounc o n ventiona l be ha vio ur ,butdo e sno ta scribemuc hv al
uet oi t.Forin-
stanc e,hee xpla i
nsg hulba h( assa ult, pr edo mi na tion)a sas ta tewhe rethi ng stha ta r
e
agains ta da bfo rci
b lyma nifes tthe ms e lvess ot ha tthewa yfarerc anno tc he ckhi ms e l
f.
Instea do feithe rpr a is
ingo rj ud g ingt hi ss tate ,hes impl yno test ha ta fterc al
mi ng
down,t hewa yfarerc orrectshi mo rhe rs e
lf.S imi larly,hepe r mitst avjud .F o rKa l
6m
Allh, tav j
u disdi stinctf romi mi ta tingv ajda ndi te me rg esa sa ni nitialsta te,whe r
ea
wa yfarery earnsf ort hedi v i
neuni o na nde nc ount e rsso meb lessing s.Hedo esno tent e
r
vajdpr o pe r
,ye themi ghta cta si fhewa se x pe rienc i
ngv ajd.Ho we ve r,Ka l
6mAl lhdi s
-
credi t
so utere x press i
onso fmy s t
ic als tatesb yno tingt hatt hes tr ongo ne sr ema in

3
21 Se
eKmgr ,
A-san,
11
511
7.
3
22 Kal
6mAl
lh,
Ash
arah,
6263
.

92
seate di nt he irpl ac es,whi l
et heirhe artsk eeps o fteni ng .
32
3
Theur get or ema ino ut-
wa rdlys ilenti sa lsoo neo fthef e wf acetso fsam di scus s edi nKa s hk l
.324

Fak hra l-D6ne cho e sKa l6mAl lhb ys tatingt ha t,inhi sv ie w, as tatewhe reunde r-
stand ingr ema insb utc o ntro lislo st,isb e st.Thes tatewhe reb o tha r el ostisfro wne d
upo n, b eca us ei tha mpe r
so nesunde rsta ndingo ft hepr o gres sa ndr eg ressioninwa y-
fari
nga ndpr e vent so nef ro mde rivingj oyf roms am .Hei mpl iest ha ts uc hlist
eni ngis
wo rthle ss,b e caus ei tne ithe rfa ci
litatest hei ntegr ationo ft hel i
s t
ene r
se x
pe rienc e
s
intot hes pi ritua lde v el
o pme ntno rg i
ve shi m pl ea suref orwhi chunde rstandingi sa
prere qui site. Ont heo the rha nd, ifb o t
hr ema i
n, thepr a cticeb eco me same refo rma l-
ity
.32
5

TheS u-.g ui deswhowe res uppo sedt or epres entt hehi ghe s tsta nda rdo fe x em-
plarypr ac ti
c ea rel o gicallyde s
c ri
b eda sful -.
ll
ingt hi si de al.As igni -
.ca ntdi 1
ferenc ein
l
a t
eMug ha ls our ce s,whe nt he ya rec ompa red wi thS ultana t
es our ces,ist he
trans f
o rma tioni nt her o l
eo ftheS u-.g uidei ns am a sse mb lie s
. Unl ikeNi z!ma l-D6n
Auliy_ ,who seb eha viour sdur ings a m we reint hef oc uso fAm6 rKhv ur d
sr eme m-
branc e si nS iya ra l-au l
iy
,Ka l6
m Al lha ndhi sf ollowe rsne v ers uc cumbt os imi la
r
states.The ire x pe ri
e nc eispo rtrayeda sc ompl etel
yi nt er nalize d.Iti st hedi sci
pleswho
areo verta ke nb ye cst asi
e swhi leS u-.g uide sa res upe rvisingt heo cca sionf r
oma b ove
thec lamo ura ndc ommo tion. K.A. Ni zami relatest ha te ve nS hhP Ab da l-g
Az 6zwa si m-
press edb yF ak hra l-D6 nsma nne ro flisteningt os am ; exce ptf o rthec hang esinhi s
eyesa ndo nhi sf ace ,hes ho we dnoo ut wa rds ignso fe cstasy .F
326
ak hra l-
D6nhi ms elf
tel
lsho whi sf athe rus edt oho s ttwoa ss emb l
ies( ma -*+l)s i
mul ta neo us ly.Onewa sfor
thos ewhowe repr ac ti
cingdi scipleso fhi s, whe reast her e s
two ulds ito ut side,pe rhaps
behi ndt hes cre enme nt i
o ne da b ove .Ni z! ma l
-D6 nwo ul dk e epmo v ingb etwee nt he
twog athe r i
ng s, supe r vi
s i
nge ac h. Thi
3
27
se 1f
ec t
ivelye lev atesNi z! ma l-D6 na bov eb o t
h
thea de pta ndno vicel istene rsa ndunde rlineshi sro lea sag ui dewhoa dmi nisterst heir
prac ti
c esa nde xpe rienc es.
Thi spo rtraya lo faS u-. guidea ss ome one ,who see x pe ri
e nc esdur ings am areno t
expr esse do utwa rdlya ndwhomo nito r
st hepr acticeo ft hepa rticipa ntsi sc losel
ya sso-
ciatedwi tht hei de at ha thea ls
oc ont rolst heo ccas iono namo res ubtlel e vel
.Thi sr ol
e
ispo igna nt lyi ll
us trate dinapa s s
a gede scribingame et i
ngb e twe e nNi z! ma l
-D6na nd
peo plepr ev ious lyunk no wnt ohi m. Oneni ght ,Niz !ma l-D6nwa ss tro lli
ngt hes tr eet
s
ofAur a ng ab ada nde nj oyingt hea tmo sphe re,whe nhec ha nce dupo nag roupo f
peo plec eleb ratingawe ddi ng .Whe nt he ys a
whi m, thes ing ingo fthes i
ng ersinte nsi-
-.e
da ndt he irv ehe me nty earning( sha uq )c l
ima xed:

3
23 Kal6
mAllh,Ashar
ah,6
566.
3
24 SeeKal
6mAllh, Kas
hkl5
15
2.
3
25 NYral-
D6n,
Fakhr,4
041
.
3
26 Niza
mi 1
984:
2 1
1.
3
27 NYral-
D6n,
Fakhr28.

93
 E
ver
yonewhowa
sst
ruc
kbyt
hel
ig
htni
ngo
fhi
sga
zel
osthi
sse
nse
sandf
el
l
do
wn.Whowa
sst
andi
ng,f
el
ldo
wn.Whowa
ssi
tt
ing
,st
art
edt
oro
llo
nthe
g
round.
Thes
hout
soft
hos
epr
ese
nti
ntheg
athe
ringc
rea
teds
uchr
uck
ust
hat
i
tre
ache
dthes
kie
s.Ast
hei
rre
stl
ess
nes
sex
cee
dedt
hel
imi
ts
,thes
ing
ersl
ost
t
hei
rpo
wera
ndme
lodi
esf
roz
eont
hei
rli
ps.
Aft
ert
hat
,[a
\ra
tre
tur
nedt
ohi
s
ho
use
.3
28

Wi tho ute vent akingpa rtint hemus i

cal assemb lyhi ms el
f,Ni z! ma l-D6n
spre senc ein-
tens i
-.est hee xpe r
ienc eso ft hepa rti
cipant s.Hes timul atest hes inge rstos ings ot ha t
theye xha ustthems e lvesa ndt hel iste
ne rss wo on.Hei sac ata l
y s
tf ort heirex perienc e,
whi cha ppe arsex t
remea ndv iolent.Al t
ho ught heo c
casioni sno taf orma ls am as-
semb ly,thede scribedpa tterni sre peatedi ns everal passageso fA- sana l
-sham iltha t
discu ssthepr a ct
ice.
Su c
hpo rtrayalof aS u-. guidesrolea l
sodi 1fer
sf romt hes tateme nto f Niz!ma l-D6 n
Aul iy_ tha tany t
hingha ppe ningi nas a m assemb lyde pe ndso nt hepe rsonwho- .rst
stand supo vert
ak enb yamy st
ical st
ate.Thi ss ta
teme ntisre pe at
edi nKa sh
k l,y
32
9
e tit
isq uiteo bv i
oust hata ttributingt hec ourseo fasam assemb l
yt ot heS u-. g
ui des upe r-
visi
ngi tha sreplace dt hisc oncept .Altho ught het erm mr -ima - *
+l(
he a
do fa na s-
semb ly
)i sno tme ntio ne dint hewr it
ing so fKa l
6mAl lho rhi sfollowe r
s, t
hene wr o le
corr espondst ot hemo derna pplicatio
no fthewo rdint heS u- .cont ext.
Evenwhe nr etainingo ne
sco nsciousne ssha db e comet hei dea lstatefo rlis
te ning
tos am ando utwa rdi mmo b i
li
tyi nter
pr eteda sas igno fspi ri
tua lstreng th,t
he seq ua l
-
iti
eswe r ee ssential
lye mb o diedb ytheS u-.g ui
de .I nthec aseo ft he irdisc i
plesa nd
ma j/ bso pe r
a t
ingo ut sidet heo r
g anizedf rame wo rko fS u-.b rothe rho ods,unc on ve n-
tiona lande ve nb izarreb eha vi
ourwa sc o nsideredno rma l.Ma j
/ bswe rea ni nte gral
parto fthel ateMug ha lS u-.s cene ,yetthe yg enerallylivedo nt hee dgeso ft heur b a n
socie t
ywhi chKa l6m Al lh,Ni z! ma l
-D6na ndF akhra l-D6ni nha b it
e d.Ho we v
er,t he y
appe a ro ccasionallyi nt het e xt
s. InFa khra l
-t
$l
ibn , Fakhra l-D6nr elatesana nec do te
abo utape rs
onhek ne wi nt heDe c c
anb eforemo vingt oDe lhi. Heha iledfroma mo ng
theno bil
ityb utb eca meama j/bwhos penthi st i
mei nt hewi lderne sswe aring
tatteredc lothe s.
Ono neo cc asion, heattende daf unc t
ionwhe rewo me nwe r
eda nc i
ng ,
whe n
hes
udde
nlyj
umpe
dupa
nds
eiz
edag
olde
mbr
oide
reds
car
ffo
rhi
mse
lf
.Tha
t
ma
nda
nce
dina
cco
rda
ncewi
tha
llt
hepr
inc
ipl
es[
oft
hel
adi
es
danc
e].The
t
att
ere
dbr
owndr
essma
det
hisde
aro
nes
obe
aut
if
ult
hatt
hos
epr
ese
ntc
oul
d
no
tbe
art
olo
oka
thi
m.Hes
tar
tedt
ocr
yande
ver
yonepr
ese
nt,
whe
the
rama
n
o
rawo
men,
bec
amea
bso
rbe
danduns
elf
cons
cio
us.
Eve
nthedo
orsa
ndwa
ll
s
s
har
edi
nthi
sst
ate
.The
n,hel
ef
tther
oom,
rec
it
ingt
hisv
ers
e:
E
ver
yon
ewh
osa
tdo
wni
nth
edu
stg
rewh
ims
el
fl
eav
esa
ndf
rui
ts

3
28 Kmgr,
A-s
a n,
67.
3
29 Ka
l6
mAl
lh,Kashk
l,
51.

94
 Th
ese
edp
ush
edo
utas
pro
utwh
eni
tl
ai
dit
she
adi
ndu
st.
Hewe
ntb
ackt
othewi
lde
rne
ss.
Ifo
ll
owe
dhi
mands
awhi
mfa
ll
ingi
ntoapi
t.
F
rot
hgus
hedunc
ont
rol
l
abl
yfr
omhi
smo
uth.
Hec
amet
oaf
te
raf
ewda
ys.
3
30

Theb eha vio uro ft hema j

/ bs ho uldb es ca nda liz
ing , sincei tdo esno te v ent ake
placei nas am asse mb ly
, whe res uchb eha v iourswe ret o l
e rated.Thepr esenc eo fwo -
me ns ug ge s
t st ha tt heo cc asionwa saf ami lyc e l
e brationo fma rriag eo rc i
rcumc ision
whe ref ema l
eda nc erswe rehir e
dt ope rf
o rm. Ins uc har es pectab lee nv i
ronme nt ,the
ma j/bs e i
ze dal a dies sca r
f forhims elfands tar tedt oda nc elikea ne xpe r
tda ncer. I
n-
steado fjudg inghi m, Fa khra l
-D6nde sc ri
b est heb ea utyo fhi smo v e me ntsa ndt hee f
-
fectheha do nt ho sepr esent.Af te
rt hisb ri
e fe x cursio ni no rga nizeds ocie t
y,t he
ma j/br e t
ur nst ot hewi l
de rne s
swhe rehef a l
lsi ntoapi ta fterb eings e i
ze db ys o me-
thingt ha tr ese mb lesa ne pi l
eptic- .t
.F akhra l
-D6 nwa sc ur iouse no ught of o l
lowt he
ma j/b ,towho mhea ppa re ntl
yt ende dunt il her ega inedhi ss enses.
Ev ent ho ug ht hel a teMug ha l Chisht i
sa rti
c ulatedt he irs tanceo nc e rt
a i
nf a cetsof
sam mo r
ec l
e arlyt ha nt he i
rS ultana tec ount e rpar t
s ,
the ydi dno tf ra
met hepr ac ti
ce
withac learlya rticulate dt he oreticalf rame wo rk.I nstea d,t he i
rdi sc ussionsr e ma ined
practica l
. I
ti sa llthemo rere ma rka bl
ec ons i
de ringt ha tt hewr iti
ng so f
Ka l6mAl lh, es
-
pec i
allyt heKa sh k l
,me taph ysi
c all
yc onte xtua li
z edt heo t herk eypr actices,/ ikra nd
mu rq ab ah.Eng ag eme ntwi tht he sepr ac ti
c esi sa lsomi nut el
yde l
inea ted.The ya re
usua l
lyc ha rac terize db ynume ri
c alrepe titi
o nst ha ta ret ot a kepla cea tdi 1
fere nttime s
ofda ywi thac erta inr es ultinmi nd. Fo rex ampl e,Ka l6mAl lhr elate stha trepe atingl
i
lh ailll
lhat ho us andt ime sev erymo r
ni nga fterthea b lutionss e cureso ne
ss usten-
anc e.Ifr ecitedb efo r
er etiringint hee veni ng,o ne
ss piritwi l
lr estunde rt hedi vine
thronea ndg aini ns tre ng t
h,whi lear e cit
a tiondur i
ngt hea ppe a ranceo fthemo on
gua r
a ntee spr o tectio nf roma l
lk indso fa il
me nt s.Ifr e
c itedat ho us andt ime swi tha n
intentio ntoa chi ev etheun ve i
li
ngo fthehi dde n, ther e
s ultwi l
lb et hek no wl edgeo fal
l
thes ecre t
sinma terial ands pirit
ua l r
ea lms .
331

Di 1ferentme ditativ et echniq u esa rea l

s oo rgani z
e dhi e r
archi ca l
ly
.F o re xampl e
,
variousme tho dso f/ i
k rb e ginwi tht he/ i
k ro fthet ong uea nde ndwi t
ht he/ i
k ro fthe
inne r
, hidde ne sse nc e( kh af ). Ka
3
32
l
6mAl lha lsopr esent sas ystema ti
ca na lysiso fthe
phe no me naa nde xpe rienc esapr acti
tione rma ye nco unt e rdur ingt hepr a ctice.He
l
istsdi 1ferentt y pe so fl ightst hatma yma nife sti ndi 1f
e rentpa rtso ftheb ody .Fore x-
ampl e,t hel i
g hta ppe a ringne art her ights houl de rsig ni-.esa na ng elr ecordingt he
goo dde eds,whe r ea sitsa ppe a
r a
nc ene art hel efts ho ulde rs igni-
.esa na nge lrec ording
theb a dde eds. Thel i
g hti nf ronto fthec hes to rna velme a nst empt ati
o n, whe rea sin
fronto f t
hehe a rti tindi ca testhehe art
spur ity.
333

3
30 NYral
-D6
n,F
a k
hr,
27.
3
31 Kal
6mAllh,Kas
hkl
,89.
3
32 Kal
6mAllh,Kas
hkl
,46.
3
33 Kal
6mAllh,Kas
hkl
,1
2 1
3.

95
 Whe ni tc o me st oc o nce ptu alizings a m
,t het extss ayv eryl itt
ledi rectly
.The
prac ti
c eisno tme nt ione di nt hema nua lswr i
ttenb yKa l6mAl lha ndNi z! ma l
-D6 ne x
-
ceptf o ras ho rtno t
ei nt hee ndo fKa sh kl.Int hepa ssa ge, Ka l
6m Al lht ouc he supo n
theo utwa rds ignsa ppe ar i
ngi nt hepr act i
tione ro fs a m .S ome , suc hasmo istnesso f
eyes,mo ut ha ndno s e,a rec ommo nwi th/ i
krwhe reaso t he rslikewe epi ng,wa il
ing ,
restl
e ssne ssa ndv iole ntmo veme nt sa res pe ci-
.ct os a m
.Ina dditiont oha v i
ngi t
spa r
-
tic
ul ars ympt o ms ,sa m a lsoha sas pe ci-.cfunc tioni nhi sg re aters chemeo fSu- .pra c
-
tic
e .Int hepa ssag eo ns a m ,Ka l6m Al lhs tate st ha ttho sewhoha ver eache dt he
stageo fb ewi lde r
me nt( ta -a yyu r)dono tc ryo uto fs e pa rationa ndi fthe ydoc ry, t
he y
cryinuni o n( vi l).
Thes
3
34
tateme ntr e ve al
st hemut ua l rel
a tionshi po fsam ando th-
erpr a cticeswhe ni tisr ela t
e dt oadi scus siono nb e wi l
de rme ntno wt erme d- aira t
foundi nt hei ntro duc tiono fKa shk l. The reKa l6
mAl lhdi scus sest wodi 1ferentt y pes
ofb ewi lde rme nt .Theo nec aus edb ydo ub tc onc erni ngt het ruena tureo fso me thingi s
usele ss,whe reast heb e wi lderme ntc a use db yt hei n-.nitev astne ssandb eaut yo fa
phe no me no ni st he- .na ls tag eo ft hes piri
tua lpa th. Thes
335
yste ma t
ica pplianc eo f
techni que sde sc r
ib edi nt het woc ha pte rso fKa sh k lwo uldf a ci
litatetheg radua l de s
-
centt ot hi sg oal.
Thec o ntex to fthes t
a te me nta bo utc ry i
ngi nb e wilde rme ntdur i
ngs am
, sig
ni -.c
-
antlya ppe a ri
ngi nt hev er ye ndo fKa shk l,isma rk edl ydi 1f
e rent.The- .na lstageha s
alreadyb e enr eache d, pe rha pswi tht hehe lpo fo t
he rpr actic es.Ka shkl thusc onc ep-
tualizess a m inadi 1fere ntma nne rt ha nt hes ystema ticpr a ctices.Instea do fo ccupy -
ingac l
e arlyde -.
ne dpo sitio ni nt hehi erarch yo fme ditativea ndc ontempl ati
v epr a c
-
tic
e s,sa m ispr actice dt hro ug ho uto ne
swa yfaring .Ins teado fbe ingat e chniq ueus ed
toa chi eveac ertaing oal, itpr ov i
de sa ne nvironme ntwhe r eapr a ctit
ione rc anr ea l
ize
ande xpe rie ncet hes piritua ls tateheo rs heha sa c hie ved. Bik rando t
herpr acticesa re
usedf org ra dua ll
ydr awi ngc lose rtoGo d, whe reass am f
a cilit
at esnur turingt hel ove
betwe ent het wo . Whi l
et hee 1f
e cto f/ ikri sg radua l,sam iss udde n,eve nv iolent .In
thisr espe c t,thel a teMug ha lChi sht isc rystalli
z et hea ppro ac ht ha twa se me r gi
ngi n
theS ul tana tes our ces, espe ciallyinS iya ra l-
a uli
y .
Thec o nc eptua ls epa rat i
o no fs a m fromo the rpr actice sisa lsoe vide ntfro mt he
factt ha tthet ermi no log i
e sus edf o rde scribingt hee x pe ri
enc esdur i
ng/ ikra nds am
dono tg ene r al
lyo v erlap. Ka l6mAl lhwr i
te sint hei nt roduc t i
o no f Ka sh
k ltha tthei ni-
tia
l ex pe r
ie nc eo fb ec omi nge 1face di nt hea b s
o luteo ne ness( i
tl
$q)i suns elfcons cious-
ness( be-kh vu d)a ndt hea b senc eo fs ens o r
ype rce pt i
o n. Thi
3
36
si sa ne xpe riencee n-
count e reddur ings am aswe l
l,a ndb e -
kh vudi so neo fthemo stc o mmo nt ermsa ss o
-
ciatedwi t ht hepr actice.Ho we ve r,whe nt hedi sc our seb ec ome smo r
es pec i
-.c,t he
Chis htiNi za mia utho rse mpl o yas pe cializedt e rmi no logy.Thek eyt ermsa sso ciated
withs am a rede r i
ve df ro mt heAr a bicr o otw- j-d,
to- .nd, e xper i
e nce,fee l,exist
. Ex-
3
34 Ka
l6
mAl
lh,
Kas
hk
l,5
1.
3
35 Ka
l6
mAl
lh,
Kas
hk
l,1
11
2.
3
36 Ka
l6
mAl
lh,
Kas
hk
l,3
.

96
c
eptfo
rdi1f
erenti
at
ingthet
ermtav
judf
romvaj
dbymak i
ngt
heformerapre
par
ator
y
s
tag
eo ft
helatt
er,t
heSult
anat
eSu-
.swer
eli
ber
ali
nthei
rappl
icat
iono
f t
ermsde
riv
ed
f
romthisr
o o
t.Incontr
ast
,Kal
6mAllhprov
ide
saprec
isede-
.ni
ti
onofthete
rmsvaj
d
a
ndvujdin
As h
arahkmil
ah:
S
hei
khsc
all
anx
iet
yandg
rie
fva
jdwhe
rea
svu
jdme
ans-
.ndi
ng.
Bot
har
est
ate
s
g
ene
rat
edb
ysa
m
.So
mede
riv
esu1
fe
ring(
kar
b)a
nda
git
ati
on(
i
ti
r$
b)[
fr
om
s
am
],
whe
rea
sot
her
sde
riv
eenj
oyme
nt(
Pai
sh)a
ndmi
rt
h(t
a
$ra
b)f
romi
t.
Vaj
d
s
igni
-.
esl
osi
ngo
nesa
im(
mur
doma
qd
)andv
uj
d-.
ndi
ngi
t.Bo
tht
rans
-
f
ormt
heq
ual
it
ie
s(i
f
t)o
fthes
eek
er,b
utt
her
eisnoc
hang
eint
hes
oug
ht.
V
ajdi
sas
pec
ial
eni
gma(
ramz
)be
twe
ent
hes
eek
era
ndt
hes
oug
hta
nda
ppe
ars
o
nac
counto
fthel
at
ter
.Vu
jdi
sab
ount
yandf
avo
urf
romt
heb
elo
ved.
The
g
rie
fisa
nimpo
rta
ntme
ansf
ort
rans
por
ti
ngt
hewa
yfa
rert
ohi
sorhe
ror
igi
nal
,
r
eal
sta
te.
3
37

Theg ravi
tati
o nto wa r
dss e r
enit
ya nde quilibri
um dur i
ngs am i sa ppa re
nti nKa l6m
Allh
sde-.nit
ion. Vajdi scharacter
izedb ya nxiet
y ,g
rie
fa ndl o
o singt hes ighto fone
s
aim.Vu j
d,o nt heo t
he rha nd,signi-
.es- .ndingi tandi te me rge sa sas erenes t
ate.
Sam i
sapo we rfultrans f
orma t
ivetechniq uet hatc a
pitali
z esont hef ee
lingso fgrie
f as
it
se s
sentia
l t
o ol
.
Despit
et hefa cttha tthelateMug ha lChi shtiwriti
ng sa respe ci-.
cinde -.
ningc er-
tai
nt er
msa nd,furthe rmo re,evi
denc eade v el
opme ntto wa rdsmo r eco nt
ro l
ledpr ac-
ti
ceo fsam
,theyde l
ib er
a t
elyseemt oa vo ida nalys
ingiti nmi nut ede ta i
l.Whi lethis
ma ypartl
yb eal it
eraryc onv e
ntiono ftheS u-.pr ac
tic
ema nuals, Ib
33
8
e li
evet hatthe
decisi
ont orefrainf romi ntegrati
ngs am wi t
ht hetechni quesde s i
gne dtof acili
tate
gradualdev el
opme ntisf ull
yi nc ongruenc ewi t
ht hec ha r
a ct
eristicso fthepr act
ice.
Thema i
nc ompo ne ntso fsam ,musica ndpo etry,cal
lforar es
po nsetha tisimme di-
ateandi mpo ssi
blet ore duceintoas traightforwa rdmo de l
. Leavingt hepr ac t
ice,sot o
speak,untame d,isade c i
sio
nt hats e
rvest hepur poseofs uppleme nt i
ngt hemi nutely
deli
ne a
tedt echnique swi thapr actic
et ha tiss pontaneousa ndc a ny ieldune xpe ct
e d
resul
ts.
Thede ci
sionno ttointegrat
es am i
nt ot hesy s
tema t
iz edstruc tureo fSu-.practice
entail
edac ertai
nr isk.Asapr actic
ewi tho utac l
earl
yde -.nedwr itt
e nco nstit
ution,its
tra
ns mis
sionr ema inedt her es
po nsibi
li
tyo fli
vingma s
ters.Inc ondi t
ionswhe rev a
lid-
it
yo freli
giousi dea sa ndpr acti
ceswa sinc reasingl
ya rticulat
e di ne xpositor
ypr o se
evokingfounda tiona ls cr
ipturesa ndl egalisti
ca r
gume nt s
,di smi ssings am wo ul d
33
7 Ka l6
mAl lh,
As hara
h ,
65.
33
8 F ore xample
,t hec el
ebra
te dIndianS u-
.ma nual
,Javhi
r-ikh amsaho ftheS hatta
rima st
er
MuDamma dGha usGvl iyar
6includesnor ef
erencetosam
.Thistrendha spers
iste
dtot hepr esent
.
Majma
h-yi
amali
yt(2009),ar
e centmanual b
yaHy de
rabadiSu-
. mas t
erMo ul
anaGho usaviShah( b
.
1
955),
coversprac
tice
sf r
omv ari
ousd u
sa nddi1f
erent/
ikr
st omystic
a ldia
grams.I
te ve
ni ncludesde-
t
ail
edinfor
ma ti
ona bouttheuseo fprec
iousands emipr
eciouss
tone s
, bene-
.t
sofdi1f
erentvariet
iesof
meatandtheusagesofcommo nlypr e
scr
ibedme dic
ines.
Althoughthea uthori
sfavour
ablydisposedto-
war
dssam
,thete
xtissil
entaboutthepracti
ce.

97
haveb e
e neasy
.Inthefaceoft heincrea
singMuj addi
dio pposi
ti
on,i
two ul
dhaveals
o
compute dtogiv
eups am
a ndc oncent
ra t
eo npracti
cesli
ke/ikr
,whichenj
oyeduni-
vers
ala pprova
la mongdi1f
e rentb r
otherhoods.Ina ddi
tiontothemo retheor
eti
cal
conceptuali
zat
ions,a
mplee videnceo ft
hea ctualpra
c t
ic
eo fsami
nthelat
eMug hal
sour
cesma k
esitcle
arthatt
hi swasno tthecas e
.Inst
eado fcur
tai
l
ingtheprac
ti
ce,t
he
thr
eeChi sht
iNizamima s
tersco ns
ciousl
ys t
rovetoupho l
ditsvi
tal
it
y.

2
.4Mus
ic,
poe
trya
ndt
hes
ett
ing
soas
f am
ass
embl
y

Noneo fthet e
x tsdiscusse dinthischapte
rise xclusi
v el
yde votedtosa m
,yeteventhe
sca
tteredpa ss
a gesma kei tpossi
bletoconstruc tac ompr ehensi
v epictureofthepr a
c-
ti
ced uringt het imeo ft he i
rwr i
ti
ng.Thisappl iesalsotoi tstang ibl
edi mensionssuch
aspoe try,mus ica ndt heph ys
icalset
ti
ngso ftheo c
c asi
o n. P
o et
rywa swi del
ya ppreci
-
ate
da ndq uo t
ede veno ut si
desam
.Inacco rdancewi tht hec ommo nl i
ter
aryc o
n v
en-
ti
on,t hel ateMug halChi shti
sinters
persedt heirpr osewr i
ti
ng swithc opiousv er
ses
.
Poet
rywa sals
oac o
mmo nt opi
co fdis
cussi
o ni nthea sse mb l
ieso ft
heS u-.gui
de s.
For
exampl e,F akhra l
-t
$l
ibns howsF akhral-
D6na ndhi spo et-dis
cipleAm6 rQa mara l-
D6n
Minna tpo nderingo ve ra no st
ensibl
yirregularr hyme( radf )ofag hazalwritt
enb y
[- .
z. Apa
!339
ssa g
et ha ts howsF akhra l
-D6ne voki
ngt hemus icalpur i
tani
s mo fthe
hig
h-ra nkingv oc a
l s
o l
o i
s ts,k
alvant
s,asanide alo fthes i
ng l
e-mi ndedne s
sthatshould
char
a cterizealla cti
vitieso faSu-.,r
eveal
shi sa cquaintanc ewi t
ht hemus i
calsceneas
well
. Ho
3
40
we v
e r
, t
hemo stinter
esti
ngpassagesr el
a t
et othea ctual pr
ac t
iceofsam
.

S
ett
ing
sof
asa
mPa
sse
mbl
y
Whe nl a
teMug haltex t
sdiscus ss
a m
,themo s
tcommo nt e
rmf oramusicalassemb ly
isma jlis
.Int hisrespe ct
,thet ext
sf oll
owt heconventi
one s
tablis
hedb ytheS ultanate
Chisht i
s.Ho we ve
r,ma j
li
sdo esno trefe
re xcl
usi
vel
ytoamus icalassembly,
b utca nalso
deno tea ninforma lme etingo faS u-.ma s
terandhisdisc
ipl
e s
. Occasi
onall
y,thel att
er
typeo fgatheringisa l
soc a
lledja l
sah,at er
m deri
v e
df r
omt hes a
meAr ab i
cr oota s
ma jl
is.Forinstanc e
, A-sana l-
s ha
m
il
relat
eshowNi z!ma l
-D6na ndhisdis
c i
pleso nce
start
edag atheri
ng( jal
sah)b ythet ombo fMuntaji
ba l-
D6nZa r
zar6Zarbak hshi n
nea r
b yKhul da bad.S uddenly,thedi sci
pleswereovercomeb yamy sti
calstate( v
a j
d)
witho uta nya pparentr eason. La
ter,Niz!ma l-
D6ne x
plai
nedt hissta
tetoha vee ma n-
ateddi rectl
yf r
o mt het omb. He
34
1
rethewo rdjal
sahisusedtoe mpha s
izethefa ctthat
therewa snomus ico rotheri mpe tusfortheexper
ienceandt heo nl
ypo ss
ibles ource
wa sthet ombi tsel
f.

3
39 S
eeNYral
-D6
n,F
akhr,
17.
3
40SeeNYral
-D6
n,F
akhr,
6.
3
41 Kmgr ,
A-sa
n,73.

98
 Ma jli
si so cc asiona llys ub stit
ut edwi t
hma -*
+lde ri
v edf ro mt heAr ab icroo t- -f
-l de-
no t
ingg at heringt ogethe r.Thi swo rds pe ci-.cal
lyr e f
erst omus icals oire s
. Some ti
me s
theme aningo f thewo r dsma j
lisa ndma -*+lisma dee x plicitl
yc learb yq ua l
if
y ingt he m
witht hephr ases u rdos am (
mus ica ndl istening )
.I
3
42
nte resting ly,thispa iro fwo rds
wa sno te x cl
us ivet oS u- .pa rl
a nc e,b utc o ns ti
tutedag ene ra lt ermf ormus i
c . No
343
n-
ethele ss,thet ex t
ss ome time sus et hee xpr ess i
ons urdos am whe nr eferringt ot he
Su-.pr ac tice. Thes
3
44
a mea ppl iestot heo c casiona lappe ara nc eo ft het e r
mma jl
isb a-
rg( ana s semb lyforr a ga
), whi chi suse df o rsam eve ni fthee xpr es sionb ea rsnor e-
l
igiousc onno tationsi ni t
se l
f. The>
3
45
?uidityo ft ermi no logypr ob ablyi ndic ate st hat
therewa snoc l
e ar-c
utdi 1ferenc eb etwe ent hemus ical asse mb l
ieso fS u-.sand, fore x-
ampl e ,ur b anno bil
ity,whe ni tc amet ot hemus icale leme nt .Co rrespo ndingt ot he
sit
u ationdur i
ngt heS ul ta na t
epe riod, t
hel ateMug hal so urce sg ivenoi ndicat i
o na st o
thee x i
ste nc eo fas pe ci-.cg enr eo f Su-.mus ic.
Al tho ug hmus ic
a l as semb l
ie swe rea ni mpo rtantpa rto fde v otiona l l
ifeint hel ate
Mug ha lChi sht ikh nq hs ,i
ti simpo rtantt ob eari nmi ndt ha tthe ywe r eo nl
yo nepa r
t
oftheda ilyo rwe eklyr o ut i
nea ndb ynome ansc ons t
itut edt heo nlyo re vent hemo s
t
impo rt
a nta ctivity.Ka l6m Al lhdo e sno ta ppe art oha veo rga nize ds a m o nr eg ular
basis,a shewr itesino neo f hisle tt
erst oNi z !ma l-D6n. Hee xpl ainst ha to therpr a ctices
haves i
mi l
a rs plendo ura ndt he nde scribe shi sde vo ti
o na lro utine , whi chi nclude sdi f
-
ferentme dita ti
v epr ac ticesa f
te r-.veo b li
g ato r
ypr ayersa ndt het hr ees upere roga tory
praye rsa tda y brea k(ish r q),mi d- mo rning( c s
h t)andb e twe ent wos leepsi nt heni g ht
(taha j
ju d). Hea lwa y
sr e ma inse ng age di nmu rqa bahf romt hemo rningpr aye rtoda y-
breaka ndf romt hea fte rno onpr ay ert ot hee v eningpr ayer.Thet i
meb etwe e nt he
eveni ngpr ay era ndt heni ghtpr ayeri sde v otedt ov ariouss upe r
e rog atoryde vo t
io nal
activiti
e s.I na ddi tion,hepr acticesv ocala nds ilent/ ikr,r ea dsb o okso nha dith,* +qh
andwa yfar i
ng . Ke
3
46
e pings a m sepa r
a tefro mt heda ilyr o utine si slike lytoha veo nly
unde rline di tsno ve l
tya nde nha nc edi tspo te ntialtoa 1fectt hel iste ners.
Ni z! ma l-D6 no rgani z edas a m asse mb lyev eryF rida ya ftert hec ommuna lpra yer
andi two uldo c casi
o na llyc ont i
nueunt ilt hee veningpr aye r
.Hea voide do r ganiz ing
mo ret ha no nemus i
c al a ssemb lye achwe ek, andA- sa na l
-sh am
il relatesho whede -
cli
ne dt ol istent oq awwa lswhoa rriveda thi skh n qho ns omeo the rda ya ndho whe
wo uldpo stpo net heF r ida ya ssemb lyifa n urst oo kpl ac edur inga no the rda yo ft he
we ek. Asf
347
o rt heo the ra ctiviti
e s,A- sa na l-
sh am
ilme nt i
o nsag athe ringf or
conte mpl ation( -a l
qa h -yimu r qa bah )t akingpl ac ee v eryMo nda y,whi lev o cal/ ikr

34
2S e
e,e.
g.Kal
6mAllh,Makt
b t
,27
.
34
3 Cf.wit
hMul lTarz
6
suseofthete
rmi
nhi
sco
ll
ect
iono
fmo
ral
tal
ese
nti
tl
edMa
da
n-i
jav
hi
rand
wri
tt
enin1
616.S
eeDelvo
ye2010
:50.
34
4S e
eKal6
mAl lh,Makt
bt,
65 .
34
5S e
eKal6
mAl lh,Makt
bt,
51.
34
6 Ka l
6mAllh,Maktb
t,1
7.
34
7 Kmgr ,A-san,
234,
299.

99
t
ookpl a
ceo nseveraldi
1f
ere
ntwe ek
days.Theo nl
yinformati
ona bouttheacti
v i
ti
esin
F
ak hral
-D6n
skhn q
hc omesfr
omF akhral-t

$li
bn ,
whi chme nti
onsthatheledv ocal
/
ikrtwiceawe e
k.3
48

Occ
asio
na l
l
y,thedescri
pti
onsofthegatheri
ngsinNiz !
ma l
-D6
nskhnqharee x
-
t
reme l
ydetail
eda ndprovi
devaluabl
einformatio
na boutthes et
ti
ngsa ndthec our
se
o
fe vent
sduringsucho c
casi
ons.Thefol
lowingpassagedescri
besane veni
ngo fl
iste
n-
i
ngt opoemsreci
tedinprais
eoftheProphet(mil
dsha rf)
.
[a
\ra
t[Ni
z!ma
l-
D6n]t
urne
dto
war
dst
hev
irt
uousMi
ynMuDa
mma
dF\
il
J
6_
Yands
aid:
To
dayi
sthef
our
tee
nthni
ght
.If
PAb
dAl
lhKhnhk
ira
rri
ves
,we
wi
ll
li
st
ent
omi
l
ds
harf
.
Tha
tda
y,Ia
rri
vedt
oki
sshi
sthr
esho
lddur
ingt
hea
f-
t
erno
onpr
aye
r.Af
te
rthepr
aye
r,a>
?o
orc
lot
hwa
sspr
eadi
nthec
our
tya
rdo
fthe
k
hn
qh
.[a
\ra
tins
pec
tedt
he>
?o
ori
nga
nds
aidt
oSha
ikhP6
rMuDa
mma
d:
I
f
eelpe
bbl
esunde
rthe>
?o
orc
lot
h.The>
?o
orc
lot
hess
houl
dber
emo
ved,
pe
bbl
espi
cke
dawa
y,t
heg
roundma
dee
vena
ndt
he>
?o
ori
ngs
pre
ada
gai
n.No
pe
rso
nwhoe
nte
rsamy
sti
cals
tat
e(s
hau
q)s
houl
dex
per
ienc
ean
yinc
onv
eni
-
e
nce
.Ac
cor
ding
ly,
MiynP6
rMuDa
mma
dando
the
rdi
sci
ple
sra
ise
dthe>
?o
or
c
lot
hfr
omt
hec
our
tya
rda
nde
vene
dtheg
round.
[a\
rathi
mse
lfwa
ssi
tt
ingi
n-
s
idet
hek
hn
qh
.Het
urne
dtob
rot
herMuDa
mma
dNY
ral
-D6
nands
aid:
Em-
pa
thyde
mandst
hato
nes
houl
dbec
ons
ide
rat
eto
war
dst
hos
ewhoe
xpe
rie
nce
pa
in.
Ifpe
bbl
esr
ema
ine
dunde
rthec
lot
h,t
heymi
ghtha
rmt
hepe
opl
eex
per
i-
e
nci
nge
cst
asy(
vaj
d).

Ri
ghtt
hen,
themue
zzi
nga
vet
hec
all
tot
hee
veni
ngpr
aye
randNi
z!ma
l-
D6
ngo
tre
adyt
opr
ay.Af
te
rpr
ayi
ng,hewe
ntt
ohi
sbl
ess
edr
oom.Br
othe
r
Muha
mma
dNY
ral
-D6
nle
adt
hos
ewhowe
repr
ese
nti
nvo
cal/
ikr
.Af
te
rthe
/
ikr
,Ma
tl
!
abKhn,b
rot
hero
fM6
rz AbYT!
li
bca
met
ogr
eetNi
z!ma
l-
D6n.
Whe
n[a
\ra
tca
meo
utf
romhi
sro
om,
dis
cipl
ess
war
medt
oki
sshi
sthr
esho
ld.
Af
te
rfo
urho
ursha
dpa
sse
d,P
AbdAl
lhKhnhk
ira
rri
veda
ndo
1fe
redhi
s
g
ree
ti
ngs
.Hewa
sgi
vent
heo
rde
r[t
ore
cit
e]mi
l
ds
harf
.Be
caus
eof
ourg
uide
,
ma
nydi
sci
ple
sbe
ne-
.t
edf
rom my
sti
cals
tat
es(
sha
uqo/
auq
).Es
pec
ial
l
ythe
my
sti
cal
sta
teo
fM6
rz Ba
nda
hPAl
6andM6
rz NI
irP
Al
6ex
cee
deda
llt
hel
imi
ts
i
ntheb
les
sedg
athe
ringa
ndt
heyl
ostt
hei
rco
nsc
ious
nes
s.Whe
nthee
ncha
nt-
me
nto
fthe
ire
cst
asy(
vaj
d)a
bat
eds
ome
wha
t,t
heys
atdo
wn.
Ourr
espe
cte
dgui
det
urne
dto
war
dst
hisl
owl
ype
rso
nanda
ske
d:
How
muc
hoft
heni
ghtha
spa
sse
d?
Thi
swo
rthl
essa
nswe
red:
I
tmus
tbet
hre
ein
t
hemo
rni
ng.
[a
\ra
tsa
id:
Te
llP
AbdAl
lhKhnt
oco
mpl
et
emi
l
d.
Mi
l
dwa
s
c
ompl
et
edi
nac
cor
danc
ewi
tht
hec
omma
nd.
Allt
hee
cst
ati
cdi
sci
ple
sgo
tup
f
romt
hei
rpl
ace
sandf
el
ltot
hef
eeto
f[a
\ra
t.Hel
if
te
dev
erydi
sci
pleupa
nd
i
ncr
eas
edhi
sho
nourb
yemb
rac
inghi
m.The
nthe-
*+
z$
wast
oldt
ore
cit
ethe
-
.v
eve
rse
s(p
anc
yt
).Apr
aye
r(f
ti
-ah
)wa
sre
adf
ort
hes
pir
it
soft
heg
rea
t

3
48 NYra
l-
D6n,
Fak
hr,
26.

100
 o
neso
ftheChi
sht
i,Qa
dir
iandNa
qshb
andib
rot
her
hoo
dsa
ndt
hea
sse
mbl
y
wa
sov
er.Ni
z!ma
l-
D6ng
avehi
sdi
sci
ple
sando
the
rst
hepe
rmi
ss
iont
ogo
ho
me.
Her
etur
nedt
othek
hn
qh
,sa
tdo
wna
ndt
urne
dto
war
dst
hev
irt
uous
Mi
ynMuDa
mma
dF\
ila
nds
aid:
Ma
nyo
uts
ide
rsa
tte
ndt
heni
ghto
fmi
l
d
s
harfa
nde
njo
yingas
ecl
ude
das
semb
lyi
simpo
ssi
bl
e.T
oni
ght
,my
sti
cals
tat
e
(
sha
uqo/
auq
)be
camea
ppa
renti
ntwoo
rthr
eedi
sci
ple
sandt
hei
rre
stl
ess
nes
s
wa
sex
ces
si
ve.
The
yca
mea
ndc
langt
ome
.Iwa
sfo
rce
dtoe
mbr
acet
hem,
al-
t
houg
hemb
rac
ingy
oungdi
sci
ple
sde
not
ess
ome
thi
nge
lse[
tot
heo
uts
ide
rs]
.
Buti
fac
hes
tisno
tpr
ess
eda
gai
nstt
hec
hes
tofape
rso
nov
erc
omeb
ysuc
ha
s
tat
e,i
tma
yca
usehi
m ha
rm.Unde
rthe
sec
ir
cums
tanc
es,Iwa
she
lpl
ess
.
MuDa
mma
dF\
ilJ
6_
Ysa
id:
How ma
nyo
uts
ide
rswe
ret
her
ebei
nyo
ura
s-
s
emb
lyt
oni
ght
?Hea
nswe
red:
The
rewe
renoo
uts
ide
rsa
mongt
hepa
rti
-
c
ipa
ntso
fthea
sse
mbl
y.The
ywe
res
tandi
ngi
nthepe
riphe
rya
ndIr
eco
gni
zed
t
hem.

34
9

Itwa sa ppa rentlyNi z!ma l-

D6 n
sha b i
tt olistent ot her ecit
a t
iono fmi l
db yhi s
disciplePAb dAl lhKhno ne veryf ullmo o nni ght.Whi l
et hedi sci
pleswa i
tf orPAbd
AllhKhn,whoi sar ec i
terofpo emso fpr aise( /kir
),t heypr eparethev e
nue .Itis
touc hing, howNi z!ma l
-D6na tte
mpt stopr otectthepe opl ewhomi ghte xperienc ean
unc ont roll
ab l
emy sticals t
ate.Heo r
de rshisdi sci
pl estor e mo vethepe bb l
esfr om un-
dert he> ?oorings ot hatt heywo uldno thurta nyone .
Whe nP AbdAl lhKhn- .
na llyar-
riv
e sa ndb e
g insther e ci
tation,twodi sciplesloset heirco nsciousnessandmo v ea bout.
Thet extg iv
e sthei mpr ess
iont hatitwa ssoo na f
te rthistha tNiz! ma l
-D6 nco ncluded
thea ssemb ly.Hee mb racede acho fhisdi sciples.Apr ay erwa sreada ndt heme r
it
trans f
e r
redt ot hes piri
tso fthema st
e rsofthet hreemo sti mpo rta
ntlineag esNi z!ma l-
D6nha dr eceivedi nhi sinitiat
ionf ro m Ka l
6m Al lh.Unl ikeint hele t
terso fKa l
6m
Allh, Qa dir
iyy aisa ls
os pe ci
-.c
a l
lyme nti
one d.
Itisfortuna t
et ha tK mgrr ecorde dthedi scus si
onb etwe enNiz!ma l-
D6na ndhi s
disciplest hatf ol
lowe dt heg at
he r
ing .Niz!ma l-
D6 nr evea l
st heune asi
ne sshef e l
tb e-
caus eo fthepr esenc eo foutsidersho v e
ringi nthepe ri
phe ryoftheg athe r
ing. Hewa s
il
la te asewhe nheha dha dtoe mb racey ounge cs
ta ti
cdi sciples
,be ca
uset heo nlo oker
s
mig htha vei nterpre t
e di tasi mmo ralb ehaviour.Al tho ug hsh hi
db z wa sne vera
commo npr a cti
cea mo ngI ndianS u-.s,associati
ngs am wi t
hb ea r
dlessy out
hss eems
toha v epe rs
istedine i
g hteenth-centuryI ndia.
Ina dditiont opr ov i
dinga nide ao fani ghtint hek h n qhwi thpracticalpr epara-
ti
o nso fthev enuea ndl ongho urss penti nwa i
tingf ort her eciter
,thepa s
sa gea ls
o
referst otwot ypeso fa ssemb li
es.Itha sb eenno teda b ovet hatKa l6
mAl lha ndNi z!m
al-
D6 npr efe
rre dga theringstha twe r
ea t
tende do nlyb yt heirdiscipl
es.Ho we ver,inthe

3
49 Kmgr
,A-
san,
176
17
7.

101
caseo ft hemo ref estiveo c ca si
o ns ,l iket hef ullmo onni ght,i twa sa ppa rentlyi m-
po s
sib let olimi tthea ttenda nc eo ftheo uts ide rs.
Ina ddi tio nt ot hef ullmo onni g ht ,lar ge -
sc aleg athering swe reo rga niz eddur ing
di1f
e rentP ur sfe sti
v i
ties.Kal6mAl lhi ns truc tedhi sdi sciplest oc eleb ratet he urso fthe
Prophe ta ndY aDy Ma da n6a nda lsoo rga nizeag athe ri
ngo nt hee lev ent ho fe ach
mo nt h. Thel
35
0
atterreferst og y rah vns ha rf(
theNo b l
eEl event h)c omme mo ra t
ing
P
Ab da l-Q di rJ 6ln6 .Ina ddi tiont ot heg a the ring si nt hek h nq h ,Ka l6
mAl lha ndhi s
foll
o we rsv isite ddi 1f
e r
ents hr i
ne s,whe r et he yha dt heirpr ivatea ssemb li
e s.Ho we ver
,
broa da t
tenda nc ewa salsoe nc o ura ge db yKa l6mAl lh, whoi ns tructe dNi z! ma l-
D6 nto
invitee ve ryo ne ,b othme na ndwo me n, tot hef es ti
v it
iesinhi sk h n qh. Thi
351
swo uld
nodo ub the lpi nvolvingmo r epe o pl ewi tht heb rothe rhoo d,b uti talsone cess
itated
curb ingt hemo ste xtremeb e hav iour s. Fa khra l-D6 na dv ise
dc aut iondur ingf esti
v it
ies
,
whe re kno wi nga ndi gno ra nt,l ear ne da ndunl ea r
ne d,f aq i
rsa ndwo rldly,S u-.sa nd
l
a w-a bidings c ho l
a r
s( mu tash a rri
)a swe lla st ho sewhoa r
ef riendso f[a \ratMa uln
gathe r.[]Andt herema ya lsob ec hi ldre ni nt heg a t
he ring.
352

S imi larb roa da t

tenda nc ei sde s crib edb yDa rghQul 6Khn, ac losea ttenda ntof
Niz! ma l-
Mul k,inhi st r
av e l
o gueMu ra qq a-iDi h lwr itt
endur ingas ojour ni nt he
Mug ha lc apit alin1 737-1740. Da
353
rghQul 6sv ividde sc ri
ptio no fS u- .
s,po ets,c o
ur tes
-
ans, da nc ersa ndmus i
ciansha sma det hiswo rka no ftenq uo te ds o urcei nt hes tudies
ofe i
g ht eent h-c enturyDe l
hi . Hisme mo irsa ttestt oab roada tt
e nda nc eint hef e
s ti
vit
-
ieso r ganiz edi nv ari
ouss hr ineso ft hec i
t y.Es pe cia l
lyt he u rsa ttheNi z a
muddi n
shrinee me rg esa sas igni-.ca ntc u ltur a le ve nt.I ns i
det hes hrine ,q awwa lss ingi na
ma nne rtha te nticesmy stica l st
a tesi nt hel istene rsa ndt hepi lgrimss pe ndt heirnights
inc o ntempl a tiona ndr ecitingt heKo ra n.Ho we v er,thes hr inei ss urrounde db yg ar
-
densa ndb a za ars,whe ret heg oo dso fma ster-cra f
ts me na swe lla spe r f
o rma nc esof
si
ng er s,mus ic ians,mi mi csa ndd a nc ersv ief o rt hea tt
e nti
o no fv isit
ors .I
354
tiswo rth
no t
ingt ha ts uc ho ccasionswe rea tte nde da nds po nso redb yt heur b ane litesa ndc ha r
-
acteriz i
ngt he ma spo pularS u-.sm wo uldb emi sleadi ng.Al soF ak hra l-D6nno t
est he
prese nc eo ft heno bili
tyo fS ha hja ha na bada tt he u rsf e
s ti
v i
tieso ftheNi zamuddi n
shrine .Al tho ug hc loselya sso ciatedwi thanumb e ro fno bleme n, hene ve r
the less-.nds
ma ssa tt
enda nc es ome wha ts ha l
lo w.355

3
50 Ka l
6mAllh, Maktb
t,5
0,100,10
5.
3
51 Ka l
6mAllh, Maktb
t,5
0.
3
52 NYra l
-D6n,F
a k
hr,40.
3
53 Mu raqqa
-iDihlref
erstot hepassagesdescr
ibi
ngDe l
hifoundi nane xt
ensi
veme moir
-cum-
t
rav
elog
uetit
ledRisal
ah-
yiSl
rJa n
g.Itisunfor
tunat
ethatDarghQul 6Khn
ssoj
ournintheMug hal
c
apit
alto
okplacewhe nnoneofthethreeChisht
iNizamimaste
rsdis
cussedi
nthischa
pterwaspre
s ent
t
here
.Kal6
m Allha ndNiz!ma l
-D6nhada lr
eadypasseda
wa yandFakhral-
D6nhadno tye
tarr
ivedi n
t
hecit
y.
3
54 Da rgh,Mu r
aqqa,
5455
.
3
55 NYra l
-D6n,F
a k
hr,68.

102
Mu
sic
,po
etr
yan
dth
epe
rf
orme
rs
Thet extsa lsoi ncludei nfor ma tionc onc e rningt hemus icalpr acticesdur ings a m a s-
semb li
es. Inc ont rastt otheS ultana tet extst ha tc onv eya ni mpr essiono finfo rma la nd
spo ntane o uss am assemb li
e s,thel a teMug ha ls our cespa intapi c t
ur eo fmo res truc -
ture do c casions .Ka l6
m Al lhwr i
te si n Ash arahk mi l
a ht ha tamus ica la ssemb l
y
sho uldo pe nwi tht heS urao fOpe ni ng ,s omeo the rs uraa ndc opio uspr aisef ort he
Pro phe t(d ur d).Simi larpr oce dur es ho ulde ndt heg athe ring .3
56

Themo stde t
a i
le dinf orma tiono nho wt oo rgani zeas a m assemb lyi sfoundi na
sli
g htlyla terte xt,ent it
ledMa tl
$ba l-
t
$ li
bn( Go alo ft heS ee ke r
s).Itisa l
s oaChi s hti
Ni zamit ext, aha gio graph yo fNi z!ma l-D6 nAul iy_wr it
te ni nhi ss hrineb yKhvj ah
Mu Damma dBu lqNi z!m6 Ks hn6 dur i
ngt her e i
g no f MuDa mma dS hh( r.1719174 8).
Thea utho rb elonge dt ot hehe redi t
a ryc us todianso ft hes hr ine ,a ndhi swo rkde riv e
s
ma te r
ialf romv a r
io uss our cesr ang ingf ro mF avi
da l-fu
da ndS iyara l-au li
y t
ot he
ora lsour ce s.Inmo s to ccasions ,thea utho rna me st hes o urc eshec i
tesa ndwhe nno
sou rceisna me d, theda taispr o ba blyde rive df r
o mt heo ra llo re.Ho we ver,apa rtof the
l
a tterma terialc anb et racedt oc ont empo rane ouswo rkst ha twe rec ircula tinga mo ng
theChi sht iNiz ami so ftheMug hal capi tal. Fore xampl e ,t
hede li
ne ati
o no f thea dabo f
sam ass emb liesf ollowst het e xto fAs h ar ahk mila ha lmo stv e rbatim. Ma
3
57
tl
$ba l
-
ta
$libni sa l
sok nowna sS ha vh i
d -
i niz
$m( Niza mi Ev ide nc es)a ftertheUr dut rans la-
tiont ha tha sb eenus e di nt hiss tudy .Thet ranslatio nwa sc o mmi ssione di n1 90 0b y
GhulmNi z !ma l
-D6 n,ab oo ks el
lerf ro mCha ndni Cho wk , andpr epar edb ydmi nPAl 6
Ni z!m6 ,ahe reditaryc us t
o diano ftheNi z amuddi ns hr i
ne .
Thede scri
pt i
o no fapr ope rpr o ce dur eo fas a m as semb l
yf oundi nS h avh i
d -
i
niz
$ mi smo rede t
a iledt hant ha to fKa l6mAl lh. Thepa rticipa nt ssho uldb eginb yr e-
citi
ngt heF iveV e
rs es( pa nc y t
)o ra l
lt het hirtypa rts(sp rah)o ft heKo ran. This
sho uldb ef oll
owe db yapr a yerf ortheb e ne -
.to fthes pirito ftheg reato newho s
e u r
s
isb eingc omme mo r ated. Thiss t
a t
e me ntg ivest hei mpr es siont ha ti nt hee ightee nth
cent ury,s am assemb li
e swe reo rgani ze d, atl eastint hes hrineo fNi z! ma l-D6n, dur -
ingt he ursf estivi
tie sandno ta sspo nt ane ousg a t
he ring s.Af tert hepr el
imi na r
yr i
tua l
s,
itisthet ur no f thes inge rs(g ne -
va l
e )a ndq awwa l
s.S
358
i
gni -.
c antly ,t
het e xtna me stwo
groupso fpe rforme rs:t heg ene ralc ate go ryo fs ing ersa ndt hes pe c i
-.cg roupo f
qa wwa ls. Byt het imeo fwr it
ing ,thel a tterwe rea lrea dyi de nt i
-.eda sadi sti
nc tc l
a sso f
pe rforme rswhopo ssiblys pec i
a li
ze di nas pe ci-.
cg e nreo fmus ic .
Theq a wwa l
ss ho uldb e ginwi t
ho neo ftheq a uls. Acc ordi ngt oS h av hid -
in i
z
$m,
qa ulsa res aying s(qa ul)o fthec ompa nio nso fthePr o phe to rS u-.she ikhs, whi chwe r
e
sett omus icb yAm6 rKhus rau. Theq au li stheo nlyi te mt ha tha sapr escr i
b edpl ac e,
sinc ea ft
e ri ttheq a wwa lsa ret os i
ngwha tev erthema ste ro ft hea s s
e mb ly(terme d

3
56 Kal
6mAllh,
Ashar
ah,62
,64
3
57 Se
eKal6
mAllh,
Asha
rah,6
26
4;Bulq
,Sh
av
hid
,99
.
3
58 Bulq,
Shav
h i
d,99
.

103
 -i
b -ima jli
s)o rpe opl ee xperienc inge cstasy( ahl-iv ajd)t ellthe mt os ing .Thea s-
semb lys ho uldc oncludewi thano t
he rq au landt her e citatio no ft heKo ran. F rami ng
themu sic alpe rf
orma nc ewi t
hKo r
ani cpa ssage siss anc t
io ne db yaq uo tatio nf roma
wo r
ke ntitled,d ba l
-s likn ,acc ordingt owhi cht hepr ac ti
c ewa sr evea ledi ndr ea m
bythePr o phe thimself toMums hdP Ul v6D6na var6,ane arlyChi sht ima ste r.
359

TheS u- .text
sdisc us sedi nthi scha pterma kenome ntiono f t
heq ua liti
e so fag o o d
qawwa lo rhi ssocialsta ndi ng.Mu raq qa
-iDi hl, ont heo the rha nd, referst oanumb er
ofqa wwa lspr aisedfort heirb ea utif
ulv o i
ce stha tho ldt ho usa ndso fc ha rmsi nt he ir
hemsl iket hepe no fBihzd. Tj Khnwa sc el
eb ratedf o rhi sa b i
litytoma ket hel iste n-
ersforg ete venhung era ndt hirstb ys ingingas hortl ineo fpo etr
yi ndi 1fere ntr ag as
whe reasJ aj Qa vvlha daphe no me na lme mo ryf ort hes ay i
ng sa ndpo etryo fS u-.
shei
k hs . Aswi
360
l
lb e
co mec learinP artsIIandI IIo f
thi ss tudy ,simi larq ua liti
e sstillde -
ter
mi net hes uccesso fa ni ndividua lq awwa l.
Itisi mpo ssi
b l
et or e co nst
ruc tt hes tylis
ticf eature so ft heq a wwa l
s sing ingf ro m
thete xtso rtode termi newhe the ritr esemb ledt hepr esent -da ymus i
ca lg enr ec alle d
qawwa li
.Wha tisc l
ear,ho we v
er,i stha tsing ersc all
e dq awwa l
swe rea sso ciatedwi t h
notableS u-.s.Some ti
me st heype rf
o rme di nt hemus ica la ssemb lieso ft he irpa tro ns.
ShhGhulmMu Damma do rganiz edamus ic
a lass e
mb lya thi sk hn qhe ve ryT ue s
da y
whe reasS hhBs it!
opt edf o rSunda ys.No tingt hema s sa ppe alo fthe see ve nts, Da r
gh
Qul6Khnwr i
testhatt heg a t
hering so fShhBs it!
we rea ttende db ypo o ra ndr i
ch, a s
wella ss pe ctator
sa nds oma nyb e autiestha tthepl ac ea ppe are dlikeaf airyho use. A
fewq a wwa lswe rea lsoa mo ngt hemo stc elebra te
ds ing erso ft hec i
ty .Themus ic al
soi
re st he ya rrangedi nt heirr espe cti
veho us esa ttra ctedt hepa rt
icipa tiono fS u-.
shei
k hs ,fellow-mus i
cia nsa ndme mb erso ftheno b i
l
ity.361

Whe ni tcome stot het hreeChi shtiNi zamima ste rs,thei nfo rma tiona b outt he ir
patr
o na geo fc er
tains ing ersi sa lmo stine xist
e nt,a ndt heo nlyr eferenc et ot hee c o-
nomi cso fthepa t
rona gei st hel oneme ntiono fo neg o l
do rs ilverc o i
n( tan kah )b eing
thefe eo ft heq awwa lsr ec ordedi nF akhra l
-t
$li
bn . Thet
362
e rm mu td(
-.xeda ll
o w-
ance)us e dint hepa ssag es ug g
est sar egulars t
ipe ndr a the rtha nao ne-timepa y me nt .
Inc o nt r
a st
,Shav h i
d -in i
z
$mi nc l
ude se l
a bo rat
ei nfo rma t
iona b outt heq awwa ls
ofNi z!ma l-D6nAul i
y_a ndt heirde scenda ntspe r
fo rmi nga tthes hrine .Thea ut ho r
cla
imst ha tNi z!ma l-
D6 nha dtwohundr ede xpe rtqa wwa lsi nhi ss ervicea ndt hatthe y
werea llhi ss t
ipendiaries( v az$f
ak hvu r).Desc r
ib i
ngt hemus ica lasse mb lieso f Ni z!ma l
-
D6n,Khvj ahMuDa mma dBulqt ellsho wAm6 rKhus rau,Am6 r[a sana ndKhvj a h
Mub as hshi rwo ulda l
wa ysb eginb ys ingingag ha z a
l. The ywe ret he njo ine db yMi yn
Lmi t, [a sa nBhe d6,the irs onsa ndt her estoft het wohundr edq a wwa l
s .Oc c asiona lly
Khvj a hMuDa mma da ndKhvj a hMYs, t
heg rands onso f Bb F ar6d,wo ulda ls
os ing ,
3
59 Bulq,S
havh i
d,99.
3
60 Dargh,Mu r
aqqa
,919
2,1
00.
3
61 Dargh,Mu r
aqqa
,919
2,9
4,1
00.
3
62 Se
eNYra l
-D6n,Fa
khr,2
8.

104
overshado wingt hepr ofessi
o na lq awwa ls.
363
Thea ut horc oll
atesv a ri
o uss a m assem-
bli
esde scribedi nS iyara l
-au li
y i
nt oamo de ltha tiss uppo sedt or epr esentNi z! ma l
-
D6n
sg athe ri
ng si ng ene r
a l
.Thenumb e ro ft heq awwa l
si sa lsoc o nside rab l
y> ?
o at
e d
echoingt hec o ntempo ra r
ype rce ptiono fNi z!ma l-D6 na sani n> ?
ue ntialpa t rono farts
inSultana t
eDe l
hi.Ast hede scriptiono fDa rghQul 6Khns ug gests, thisr olewa si n
theeighteent hc enturya ssume db yhi ss hrine .
Shav hid-iniz
$ma lsoo 1fersade taileda c co unto nt hee nt r
a nceo fLmi ttoNi z!m
al-
D6n
sserv i
ce .Citi
ngat exte ntitledF ird a
u siyy ahq u dsiyya h,thea ut ho rrela testha ta n
unna me drule ro nceb ecamee nv i
o uso ftheS u-. ma stero na ccounto fhi ssa m assem-
bli
esa ndf orba deq awwa lsfroma ttendi ngt he m. Thet ex tdo esno te xplicitl
ys tatethe
reas
o nb ehindt hej ealous y
,b utBulq
so ver allpo rtray alo fNi z!ma l-D6n
sg e ne r
o us
patr
o nagei ndic ate
stha tther ulerma yha vefe lthiso wnpo si
tiona st heg r
e atestpa tr
o n
ofartsthrea t
e ned. Wha tev erthec a se, Ni z
! ma l-D6nwi she dt ol ist
e nt os am o neda y
,
butnoq awwa lswe r
et ob ef ound.Ho we ve r,a ttha tpr e cisemo me nt,as inge rc all
e d
MiynLmi ta rriv
e dwi thhi swi fea ndc hildr eno nt heb ank so fY amunao ppo s
ite
Niz!ma l
-D6 n
sj ama
a tkh nah .Wi t ht heb les singso fNi z!ma l
-D6n, the ywe r
ea blet o
cros
st her iverwi t
houtab oat. Lmi t
sg ra
c efulma nne rspl e asedt heS u-.ma ste r
, who
gavehim ab ito fpa anf rom hi smo ut h. Thi spur i
-.e dthehe arto fLmi ta ndi nspi r
e d
himt oc ompo seag ha zaltha thes ango nt hes po t. Heb
364
eca meadi s cipleo f Ni z!ma l
-
D6na nd, togethe rwi t
h[a sanBhe d6, hel
365
ea rnedt hea rto fqa wwa li(fan n-iq av vl)
fro
m Am6 rKhus ra
u.Thel at
te rt aug htt hemt heP e rsianq au landt ar na ha swe l
la s
Hindi sohlah,b ad hvaha ndb r,thec ompo sitionsc onside reds pec i
a li
tieso ft heDe lhi
qawwa lsins ev enteenth-a nde ighte ent h- c
e nt urys o urce s. Bulqe
366
ndst hepa s s
a geb y
stat
ingtha tthede scenda ntso f thes eq a wwa ls,whope rfo rma tt heNi z amuddi ns hrine,
aretheo nlys i
ng e r
swhos til
l pe rformt he ses o ng s.
36
7

Bulq
sde scri
ptionc ons ide rab l
ye la
b o ratest heb riefme ntiono fLmi t
sa nd
[a s
anBhe d6
st alentsfo undi nt heS ul tana tes o urcesa ndwe av esthe mi ntoar e cordo f
themy thical beg i
nning so fthemus ica ltr a
di tiono f theNi za muddi ns hrine .Itg ivesthe
qawwa lso fthes hrineas pecia lro l
ea st heg ua rdi a
nso f Am6 rKhus rausmus ica llegac y
.
Atthet imeo fwr it
ing,thepa ssa genodo ub ta cteda sa na dv erti
se me nto fthes hrinei n
thec ult
ur alsc eneo fDe lhi.I ta lsopr o vide sawr ittenr eco rdo ft heo riginso ft his
perf
o rmingl ine agetha tist oda yk no wna sq a vvlb acco Dk g h arn ( t
hel ine ageo f
thechildreno f theq awwa ls
).
363 Bulq ,Shav
h i
d,94.
364 Theg haza
lispr e
serve
di nananthologyofpoetryco
mpiledbyMe r
ajAhme dNizami,acontem-
pora
ryqawwa lc
laimingdescentf
romLmi t
.SeeMe r
aj 1
998
:122
.
365 Aswa snotedabove,hi
sna meappearsindi1
fe
rentfor
msintheSult
anat
esource
s.Thedisc
repancy
i
sclar
i-.
edinS ha
v h
id-ini
z
$m, wherethena meBhe d6i
sderi
vedfr
o mtheHindiwo r
db h
ed(
sec
ret
)
andexpl
ainedtodeno t
eape r
sonwhoi si
ntimatewit
ht hese
cret
softhepur
eSu-.
s.SeeBulq,Shavhi
d,
97.
366S ee,e.
g.Bro
wn2 01
0andT ri
vedi
20 1
0.
367 Bulq ,Shav
h i
d,97.

105
 Su chpa tro na g eofmus i
ci sno tsur prisi
ngc ons i
de ri
ngt heS ultana teantecede nts
ofthel ateMug ha lChis htisa ndt he i
ro wna tt
itude st omus ict ha tine vi
tab l
yin>?
ue nce d
themus icalele me nto fs am .The irattitudet omus i
cf romapur elya estheti
cpo into f
viewwa sc ons ide rablyi nclusive .Ka l
6mAl lhb o
ldlywr itest ha thec ons i
dersli
stening
tomus i
ca ndhe reheus e st hewo rdr gt hatb earsnoS u-.c onno t
a t
ionsa l
lowe dt o
event ho sewhol istentoi to nlyf orplea sure(n isht)
$.Het husi ndi catest hatli
steni
ngt o
mus i
ci sa ppro v ab leeve nwhe nitisno tapa rtofs piritualpr a cticeb utapl easanta es-
theti
ce x peri
e nc e .Hedi sappr o ve
sl is
teni ngt omus ico nlyi nt hec aseo ft hosewhodo
nota ppr eci
atee v eni t
sa esthe ticdime ns ions.3
68

Ka l
6m Al lh
sa tt
itudet o ward smus i
cali nstrume ntsi sl ik ewisea pprovi
nga nd
clear
lyde -.
ne d.I n Ash a r
a hk milah,hei nterpre tsthepr o hib it
iont ous ereedpi pe s
(ma zmr )tode no teonl yr eedpi pe sa ndno to theri ns t
rume nt s. Hi
369
sS ul
tanatepr e-
decesso rswe remo reamb iguo usi nthi sma t
te randi tisdi 1-.
c ulttoune qui
vocall
yde -
ter
mi ne ,ifthe yc ons i
de redma zmrt ode no teo nlyt her ee dpi peo rt oc overallthe
mus i
c alinstrume ntsex ceptt heda 1f
,whi c hha da ne x plici
tpr o phe ti
cs anc ti
on.
Altho ughNi z! ma l-D6ne xpre sseds omea mb i
g uityto wa rdst heus eo fmus ic
a lin-
str
ume ntsb ye xpr ess
inghi spr eferenc ef orda 1
fa l
o ne,hea l
s oa ll
o we draba ba nd
tamb ura .Onlyi fs ome onei nt heg atheringwa saga i
ns tthei ns trume nts,hewo uldf or-
bidus ingt he m. I
370
napa ssa gefro m A- sana l
-sham i
l,ac ertainM6 rz MuDa mma d
JaP
fara rri
vedf ro mHy de raba dwi thag ro upo fr abab- playingq awwa ls.Whe nhea ske d
forNi z!ma l
-D6 n spe rmi ssi
o nt oi ntroduc et he mi nhi sne xts a m as
se mb l
y,K mgr
declaredt hatr a ba be 1
fec t
st hel is
tene rsmo retha na nyo theri ns tr
ume nt.Niz!ma l-D6 n
appro vi
ng lyre plie dwi thav erse:
I
wasb
est
owe
dab
les
si
ngf
romt
hec
up3
71
of
rab
ab
E
ver
yon
ewh
odr
ewap
art
ic
lef
romi
t,
bec
ameas
un.
Thever
semovedt
heaut
hort
ote
arsa
ndNi
z!ma
l-
D6nr
eci
te
dtwof
urt
herv
ers
esf
ea-
tur
ingmus
ica
lima
ges
:
Dr
yist
hes
tr
ing
,dr
yist
hewo
oda
ndd
ryi
sth
esk
in
F
romwh
ered
idt
hisv
oic
eof
thef
ri
endc
ome
?

No
tfr
omt
hes
tr
ing
,no
tfr
omt
hewo
od,
not
fro
mth
esk
in
Th
isv
oic
eof
thef
ri
enda
ppe
are
dbyi
ts
el
f.
3
72

Bes
idesex
pres
singNiz
!ma l-
D6n
sappre
cia
ti
ono ft
hemusi
cali
nst
rume
ntandr eve
al-
i
ngt hemyst
ic
alasso
ciat
ionsoft
her a
babthatmediat
est
hevoi
ceofthefr
iend,t
he
ve
rsesar
esig
ni-
.cant
,beca
usetheyareoneofthera
repoe
ti
ctext
smenti
onedinthe

3
68 Kal
6mAllh,
Asha
rah,
6 1
.
3
69 Kal
6mAllh,
Asha
rah,
6 1
.
3
70 Kmgr ,A-s
an,75
.
3
71 Ks
ah.Thewordappe
a r
sinPe
rsi
anex
pre
ssi
onsde
noti
nggener
osi
ty(
saf
edk
sa
h)o
rmi
ser
li
nes
s
(
si
yh
ks
ah)
,buti
tal
soref
erst
othes
oundb
oxofamusi
cali
nst
rument
.
3
72 Kmgr ,A-s
an,303
304.

106
t
e x
tsdi scuss
e dinP ar tIo ft hisst
udyt ha tbelongt othec o ntempo ra
ryq awwa lire per
-
t
o i
res.At present
, t
het wov ersesareco nsi
deredt oc onstit
uteaq uatrai
nb yRYm6 .3
73

Ano therincidentr elatingt omus icalinstrume nt sisa l

soc onnectedwi t
hRYm6 ,
whe nF akhral-D6no rg anize damu s i
cal ass
emb lydur inghisurs. Hea skedadi scipleto
-
.nds ome onewhopl aye dt her ee
d> ?
ute( nai
),thei nstrume ntha ll
o wedb ytheo pe ning
ver
se so ftheMa snav.Ano therdisci
pl ereci
test heMa s
n av,whe reasay oungne w-
come rrec i
te
sHi ndi po ems . Unl
37
4
i
ker abab,whi chs e
e mst oha veb eenc ommo nlyus ed
i
ns am
,playingn aiwa ss o methingno ve l
,si
nc e- .
ndi nga> ?
a utistwasno ttake nfor
gra
nt ed.
No neo fthei ns trume ntsme ntione da boveha sr et
ainedi t
spo sit
ioni nIndi an
sam
,y etcertai
no the ra spe ct
sde scr
ibe dint het extspre -
.gurec ontempo r
arypr ac
-
t
ices.Theq awwa lspe rforme ding roups( cauk) ,nota sso l
ov o cali
sts
,andi ng r
a nder
ass
e mb li
esseve r
al gr
o upspe rf
orme dinar ow. I
37
5
na ddi ti
ont ot heq aul
sme ntione din
Shavh i
d -
iniz
$m, t
hes o ngt extscontinuet ob epr edo minant l
yP er
siang hazalss uch
asthef ol
lowingt exta ttri
b utedtoAm6 rKhus r
au:
L
ovi
ngt
heb
eau
tie
sismywo
rk
De
via
tin
gfr
omt
her
oado
flo
veh
aswo
und
edme
.

Mu
sli
ms!
Wha
tdoI
hav
etod
owi
thr
el
ig
ion
?
E
ver
yon
ewh
opr
act
ic
est
her
el
ig
iono
flo
vei
smyf
ri
end
.

Co
lds
igh
,pa
lef
acea
ndmo
ist
eye
s
Th
esewa
reso
flo
vea
rea
vai
l
abl
einmyb
aza
ar.
3
76

Likeanumb ero fpo et

ictext
sa t
tr
ibutedt oKhus ra ua nds ungb yc ontempo r
ary
qawwa l
s,theseve rsesarenotfoundint hedv nso fthepo et.Ano r
a l
lytransmi t
tedpo-
eti
cc or
pusdi stinctf ro
mt heliterar
yt ra
di t
ions eemst ohavee xist
e da l
readyint he
eig
hteenthc entury.Asha sb ee
nno t
eda b ove,Hindipo et
ryisa ls
ome ntionedint he
dis
cussi
o nsons am ,butnosongt ext
sint hi
sl a
ng uagea represerv
e dinc ontempo r
ary
Su-.s
ourc e
s.
I
na dditi
ont or ecordi
ngstrayversessungb yt heq awwa ls,t
het extspro v
idesome
inf
orma t
iona boutt hewa yspoe t
ictextwa str
e ate
di nt hec o
urseo fape rf
o rmance.In

Asharahk milah ,Ka l

6m Allha dvice
st hel i
stenerstob epa t
ientifape r
s onwhoi s
overc
omeb ye cstasy( vaj
d)orderstheq a wwa l
stor epeatac ertai
nv e r
se( bai
t)ora
quatr
ain( rub).Hef urt
heraddst ha ttheq awwa lss houldc onstantlymo nitorthe
sta
teofsuc hape rso
ni nordertoseewhi chwo r
d, l
ineo rv er
sea 1
fectshishe ar
tandt o
thenkeepr epeatingi twit
houtne edi
ngt ob ec omma ndedt odos o.Dis c
uss i
ngthefa-
vourabl
es ta
teforl is
teningtosam
,Ka l
6mAl lha lsono t
esthatretainingo ne
sunde r
-
3
73 See,
e.g
.Meraj1
998:77
.
3
74 NYral-
D6n,
Fakhr
,79.
3
75 Kmgr ,
A-san,2
9 1
.
3
76 SeeKmgr ,A-san,20
6.

107
stand i
ng( shu r)pr o v
idest hea dvant ageo fb e
inga bletoc ompr ehendtheme aningo f
thes ongt exts.3
77

Thet ex tswr i
ttenb ya nda boutKa l
6mAl lh, Niz! ma l-
D6na ndF akhra l-
D6 nre veal
thev itali
tyo ft hepr acti
ceo fsam int hel atese vente e
ntha nde i
ghte
ent hc enturies.
Des pitetheMuj addi dioppo si
tiona ndt heChi sht ima st
ers
o wnpr edil
ectionf ormo re
l
imi teda ccesst os a m
,itwa sb ecomi ngawi de l
ypo pularphe nome nonwhe repe ople
fro
ma llwa lkso flifeparticipa t
eda se itherpr actiti
o nersorme respectators.Thei n-
ter
e sto ft
heChi shti Nizamiswa sna turall
yi nthe- .rstg r
oupo flis
teners
,a ndt heyus e d
sam t os uppl e me ntt her igi
dlyo rganizeda nd l abori
ouspr act
iceo f/ i
k ra nd
mu rq abahwi tha ne nvironme ntwhe res pir
itua lsta t
esco uldb ee x
pe rie
nc edi na
mo redi rectma nne r
. T
opr e
s ervethes po ntaneityr equiredfore xperi
encingt hei mme -
diatee 1fe
cto fmus ica ndpo etry
, t
he ys i
g ni
-.cantlyr efrai
nedf romb reakingdo wnt he
prac t
iceintomi nut ede t
ails
.
De spitet hee mpha s
iso ns am a same ditativepr act
ice,thel a
teMug halChi shtis
wer eno tindi 1ferentt oitsa esthe t
icdi me nsions. Ho we ve
r,itisSh av
hid-iniz
$ ma nd
Mu raq qa
-iDi hlt hatpo rtra
ys i
ng e
rsa ndpo etso pera t
inginS u-.envir
onme nta sas ig-
ni-
.c antcultur al force.Tog e
the rthet extspo rtrays am asani nsti
tuti
ont hatwa ssim-
ult
a ne ousl
yapo tentme a nst oentices pirit
ua lexpe ri
e ncesanda na est
he ti
callye njoy-
ableo c ca
sion. Thepr esenceo ftheset wodi me ns ionswa se ssenti
alforthec o ntinue d
succ essofthepr a ctice
.

3
77 Ka
l6
mAl
lh,
As
har
ah,
63-
64.

108
3REDEFI
NINGS
UFIPRACTI
CEI
NTWENTI
ETH-
CENTURYI
NDI
A

3
.1Re
li
gi
ousCur
rent
s

Theni ne t
e ent ha ndt we ntiethc entur ieswi tne ssedab l
o omi ngo fther e l
igio ust r
e nds
thatha db e gunt oe me r geinl ateMug halDe l
hia ndf ur t
he rde v elope di nt heq a
b ah s
ofno rthIndi a .Va lAl lh straditiona l
istv ie
wsha di nt he1 8 20sc oa l
es cedwi t
hj ihadi st
tendenc iesint hea c ti
v iti
eso f
S ayyidA'ma dBa relv andS hhI sm) l
, ag rea t-grands on
ofVa l
Al lh. The yl edt he irfoll
o we rstoAf gha nista n,ino r
de rtol aunc hab a tt
lea ga i
ns t
theS ikhsa ndt heBr itish.Ho we ver,t heire .f
o rt
swe ref rustratedb yt hemut ua ldi s-
agreeme nt so fthel oca l Pashtunt ribesa ndb othwe rek i
lledt oge therwi tht he irfollow-
ers,ont heb attle01eldo fBa lakotin1 83 1. Theb
3
78
l
o o dys uppr essiono ft he1 8 57upr ising
byt heBr iti
s h,a ndt het r
ans fero fther uleo ft heirt errit
o riesdi rectl
yunde rthec rown
ende dthes ymb o l
ic, yets i
g ni0
1cantMug ha lking ship .Si
nc et hen, a rme db attlea sa ne f-
fecti
veme anst opr ote ctr eli
gionwa srul e
do utb ymo stMus li
ms .I ns tead,r e l
igious
scho l
arsc ha nne l
e dt he i
re ne rgi
e st oe ithermo de rnizingo rr eformi ngt her e l
igious
outlooka ndpr a cticeo f the i
rc o-reli
g i
o nists
.
Ther e f
o rmi stt rendt ha tclaimst or epre sentVa lAllh sleg acyi sb e stk no wnf ro m
ther e
ligiouss cho ol,Da arul Uloom, f
o unde di n1 86 7int heq aba ho fDe ob and1 50k il
o -
me tresno rtho fDe lhi .Thef oundi ng0 1
gure sMu'a mma dQ s im Na na utav (d.1 87 7)
andRa shdA'ma dGa ng oh( d. 1905)we reins piredb yt he i
rChi shtiS ab i
riS u01g uide
@j jImddAl lh( d. 1
8 99 ).Thel atterinc orpo ratedi nhi spe rso nat her oleso fan lim
andaS u01s heik h.Amo nghi swi delyr eadwo rksi si ya l-
q u l
b(
TheBr i
llianceo f
He art
s),whi c hwa st hemo stinBCuent i
a lma nua l of Su01pr acticewr i
tte ns inc et heda ys
ofKa l
mAl lh. Al
37
9
tho ughI mddAl lhr epres ente dr eformi stv i
e wsi nr espe cttor e l
i-
giouss chola rship ,itisi mpo rtantt ono t
et ha tthe ulamo fDa rulUl oo ma reno thi s
onlyhe irs.Ano the rs i
deo fhi sleg acywa semb odi edb ytheS u01 ma ste rEa uq Shh( d.
1951)who ,a mo ngo the rthing s,wa sapa ssionatea dv o cateo fsa m .
380

Da rulUl oo m di .
fe redf romt hee arliere duc a ti
ona li nstitutionsi ni tsdi sti
nc tly
mo derno rg ani zation. Ins teado f i
ndi vidua lboo ks, thes tudieswe reo r gani zedi ntos uc -
cessiv
ec our sess tudi eda tapr escribedpa ce. Ho we ver
, inr espe cttot hes ub jects
, the
scho o
la ssume dadi stinctlyt raditi
o na l
isto utloo k.The ypur g edd ars -in i
z
mt ha t
hadt husf ardo mi na te dt hee duc a
tiono fl earne dMus li
msa nd,t oac ertaine xte nt,
Hindusa swe llf rom mo sto ftheb o oksde ali
ngwi t
hl o gic,ma thema ticsa ndphi lo-
3
78
OnS ayy
idA'madBa re
lvandtheme s
siani
ce x
pecta
ti
o nsass
oci
atedwit
hhim,seeGa
bori
eau
2010
.Ont hecampai
gnofhimandS hhIsm)
l,s
eeJal
al20
08:5811
3.
3
79
Foradis
cuss
iono
nt het
echnique
sinc
ludedinthemanual,se
eKugle200
9:22
12
64.
3
80
OnEa uqS
hha ndhisSu01t
radi
ti
on,seeErns
t&L awrence2002:
118
127
,13
41
37;
andRoze
hnal
2007a.

109
soph y
, sub st
itutingt he mwi t
hwo r
k son qha ndha dit
hs tudi es.Pers i
a nl ang ua g ega ve
wa ytoAr ab ic,whi let het eachi ngwa sg iveni nUr du.S inc eb o ththef o unde rsha da
Su01bac kg r
o und, theya lsoa cte da sS u0
1 sheik hsa nddi dno tc onde mnS u01smi ng e
ne r-
al,buts trovet or eformwha tt heyde eme da sinno va t
ionst ha tha ds ee pe di ntoi tfro m
l
o calc us toms .Amo ngt he m we rev isit
ingt hes hrines,c el
e bratingt hede atha n-
nivers
a rieso fsa i
nt sandl isteningt omus i
ca spa rto f t
her eligiouspr a ctice.381

Da rul Ulo oms oone v olvedi nt oane t

wo rko fs choolsc ov er
ingmo s to fS out hAs ia.
Thene two rke njoy edt hepa tro na geo ft
hee me rg i
ngMus li
mmi ddlec lasse sa ndb ega n
toa t
trac tstude ntsf roma bro ada swe l
l. Whi l
ee duc ationa ndr e l
igi
o usl i
tera turec o n-
sti
tutedt hee ssentialme a nso f theDe oba ndi ula mt opr omul gatet he irtea ching s,a n
organiza tionc all
e dT ab li
g hiJa ma at(
Mi ssiona ryS ociety
)wa sfo unde ds i
x tyy ear slater
byMu'a mma dIlysKa ndhlv (d.1944)t os pr eadt heDe ob andi i
de alsa ndr e f
o rmt he
IndianMus limso nt heg rass roo t
sl evel. Bo
382
tht heDe ob andi ula m a ndT a bli
g hi
Jama atpo s
itedt ha tIslams ho uldb efoll
o we di nt hec on01neso ftheHa na 0
1
q ha ndt he
pietyo fa nindi vidua lb elieve rwo uldpr otec ttheMus l
imsa ndt hei
rf a ithi npo liti
ca l
ly
uns t
ablec onditions .Ot he rgro upsl ikeAhl -
i Ha disa doptedt hemo rer adi cal outlo oko f
ValAllha ndr ejectedt hel eg als choolsa lto gethe r.Instea d,the yc la i
me dt heKo ra n
andha di thsa sthes oleb a si
sf ort hec omma ndme ntso fsha ria.
383

Thea bov e-me ntio ne dg ro upswe reno ta l

o nei nthe ira ttemptt or ede 01net he
bounda ri
e so fIslami co rtho do x ya ndc orrec tpr a ctice.Thea ppr oacht ha te mpha s
ize d
scri
ptur als cho l
ars hi
pa same anst ole nds uppo rtt oreligiouspr act i
c esa nddo gma s
wa sado pt edb yS u01
sb elo ngingt ot ra
di t
iona lsilsilahsa swe ll
.The ys tudi edt hev e ry
samef o rma tivete xtsa st he i
rr ivals,butr eac he do ppo s
itec onc lusionswhe ni tca met o
thes o-calledc us t
o ma rypr actic es.A'ma dRi S KhnBa relv (d. 1920 )e me rgeda sthe
01
ercesto ppo nento ft heDe ob and isandhel ev elleda ccus ationso fi n0 1delitya gainst
themb ec auseo f theirde nialo f t
hePr ophe t
so nto logicalex ist
enc ea st he0 1rstc re at
io n
andhi si nterc essorypo we rs. Hee mpha si
z edt hel ov eforthePr ophe t( i
s hq-i rasl)a s
themo sti mpo rtante le me nti nt hef ai
tho ft heMus l
ims .A'ma dRi S Khnhi ms e l
f
wa saQa diriinitiate,andhee mpha s
izedt hes ig ni01canceo f Su01 sai
nt sa swe ll.
384

3
81
Onthee a
rlydec a
deso f
Da r
ulUloom,seeMe t
calf
2 00
5.
3
82
OnTablig
hi J
ama at,se
eMe tc
a l
f19
93.Ont hee xperi
encesoftheTabl
ighiJ
ama atme mbersofthei
r
ref
ormingwork,seeMe tcal
f2003.
3
83
OnAhl-iHadis
, seeMe t
cal20
0 5
:268296.
3
84
OnA'ma dRiS Khn, knowna sA)l'a Sr
a tamonghi sfol
lowers
,andhismo v ement,s
eeS anya
l
2006and2 01
0.Inpo pularusage
,inme di
aa ndo ccasi
ona l
l
yi nschol
arl
yli
tera
turea swell
,SouthAs i
an
Mus l
i
msa redivi
dedi ntoDeobandisandBarelwisdependingo nift
heyfol
lowas c
riptura
lis
torcustom-
aryapproa
cht orel
igion.Notonlyisthi
sdivideinaccurate
,sinceseve
rals
cholar
sha vegivenscr
iptur
al
supportt
oma nypr a
c ti
cesconsi
deredcust
oma ry,butalsoo.B
Tand,si
nceitposi
tstheS u0
1sbel
ongingto
thetr
adit
ionalsi
lsi
lastothelatt
ergroup,al
thoug hmo stofthemdono tconsi
derA'ma dRiS Khna s
anauthori
tyinthei
rma tt
ers
.

110
Ar
gui
ngb
yre
wri
ti
ngt
heh
ist
oryo
fSu

sm
No neo ftheg roupsme nt ione da bo vee ndo rsedt hepr acticeo fsam , andi tsde -
fenc ewa sa ssume db yS u01sb el
o ng ingt ot heChi shti,Qa diria ndNa qshb andiAb ul
-
)
Ul aUib rothe rhoo ds.Anumb ero fl eg alt reatise sde fendi ngt hepr act
icewe rewr itten
aftert hemi d-twe ntie t
hc entur y
. Ho we v er,wha tma k est hede b atee spec i
allyintrigui ng
inS o uthAs iai stha tb o t
hs ide swe reo bligedt oe xtendt heira rgume ntationb eyondt he
l
e ga ldiscour set oc o ve ra l
sot hehi stor icalt rajecto ryo fS u01s
m. Be caus eo fthe i
ro wn
Su0 1a .0
1l
iation,t hee a rl
yDe o bandi ula ma ndt hel e ade r
so fT ablighiJa ma atc o uld
no ts i
mpl yi gno rethee arli
erI ndianS u0 1ma sterswhoha dpr ac t
ice ds am
. Thisle adt o
as itua t
ionwhe rethe ywe r
ef orce dt os e l
ect i
v elyq uo tet he mi nt he i
rwo rksi no r
de rt o
sho wt hatf ort he m,t hepr a cti
c eha dme ants ome thinge l
s et ha nlisteningt omus i
c
ands ungpo etryde a li
ngwi thpa ssiona t elov e, i
nt ox i
c ationa ndi n01
de l
ityo re xpe rien-
cingmy sti
c als tatest ha tc ouldma ni f
e stt he ms e l
ve si nda nc e-likemo v e
me nts.S uc h
disc oursewa si nteg ratedi ntot hede ba tesa b outs am byt heDe ob andi li
mAs hraf
)
Al Thna v( d.19 43)c a l
led themo sti nBCue ntialS u0 1ofhi sda y byRo binson i
3
85
n
his$a qqal-sa m (TheRe a l
ityo fL iste ning
).T
38
6
os uppo rthi sv iewt ha tmus i
ci spr o-
hib it
e d,he ,fo rex ampl e,co ntestedo nt hea utho r
ityo fNi z
V ma l-Dnt ha tBb F ard
ha dpr ohibitedmus ica nda llk i
ndso fins t
rume nts. Ev
38
7
enif suc has elec t
ivea ppr oa ch
do esno tb ea rac l
o sers crutiny,b e ratingmus i
ca ndpo etrype r f
o rme di ns am no n-
ethe lessc ont r
ibut edt odo wnpl a yingt he irc ultur al anda r
t i
stics i
g ni0
1canc e. I
nste ado f
be i
ngpa r
to ft hehi g hc ul t
ur ea sthe ywe rei nl ateMug ha lIndia ,the yc amet ore pre s
-
ents o methi ngc hea pa ndv ulgari nt hee yeso fma nyMus li
ms ,some t
hi ngag oo d
Mus li
ms ho ulda void.
Ni z
m b ansu r
, thewo rkdi scus s edi nt hisc hapt er,repres ent sadi ame tricallyo p-
po sitetrajecto rye nvisa gedb yKh wa jaHa sanNi z ami .Ni zami wa sAs hra f)
Al Thna v
s
j
uni orc ontempo r a
ry ,aS u01 guidea ndr eli
g iouss cho larwhob elong edt othes il
silaho f
Ma uln F a khra l-D n. Niz
m ban sur wa swr itteni n1 9 41
, andi tna rratesthel ifes tory
ofNi zVma l
-D nAul iyU .Thewo rki sb a sedo nt hea llegedlyc ont empo raneo usdi aryo f
Niz Vma l
-D nWsHi ndudi s
ciple,Pr inceHa r dev ,a ndi tist hi s0 1
r s
tpe rs
o nna rrative
fr
a me wo r
kt hatma k esNi z
mb an su runi q uea mo ngt henume rousa ccount so ft he
ma sterW
slife.Ha ndi nha ndwi tht hehi stor i
c alna rrative,thet e xta l
sos t
rivest oo .fer
script uralaut horizat i
o nf orma nyo fthepr a ctices( sa m beingo neo fthem)t hatwe re
de no unc edb yt he ula mo f Deo ba nd. 3
88

3
85
Robins
on2 00
1:37
38.
3
86
SeeThna v1
904:820,
2227
.Hisst
ancehasbeenrepl
ica
tedinanumb erofsubs
equentworks
.
See,
e.g
.Husain,Qav
vlau
risl
m,11
81
49.Theautho
re v
enq uot
esZarrd
sRis
lahinsuppor
tofthe
banonmus i
c.
3
87
Thna v19
04:24
.
3
88
Foramo redet
ail
eddisc
ussi
ononthehis
tor
icalt
raj
ecto
ryofNiz

m b
a n
sur
,seeVii
tamkif
ort
h-
comi
ngb .

111
Kh
waj
aHa
sanNi
zami
Thea ut ho r
, Kh wa j
aHa sa nNi z ami wa sb ornin1 8 78i ntoaf ami lyo fhe re ditaryc ustodi-
anso f t
heNi za muddi ns hr inei nDe l
hi .Or pha ne da ta ne arl
ya g e,hes penthi syo uthi n
impo ver i
she dc ondi tions .Y etheb ec amea ni nB C
ue nt i
a l01gurei nt we nt ieth-centur y
Mus li
mI ndi a :av ersatilea ut ho r,ana ctivistca mpa igninga gainstt he[r y aS amj ,as o-
cialreformi s ta nde duc ato r, ano utspo kens uppo rtero ft heS u0 1pr actice sc onde mne d
byt heDe o ba ndi sa ndas piritua l guidet onume ro usdi sciples. Hist ra i
ni ngt ookpl a ce
inthet r aditio na le nviro nme nto fhi sho mea ndt hek h nqho fP rMi hr) AlS hh( d.
1937)inGo lraa swe lla si nDa ru lUl o om De o band, whe retheS u01i nBCue nc ewa sstil
l
stronglyf elt.AsaS u01s he ikhhec omb ine dc lassical Su01sma ndt raditiona listreligi
o us
l
e arningwi thpr o gress ivemo de rnism.Thi she lpe dt oe nde arhi mt ot ho seI ndia n
Mus li
ms ,whowe rei nf av o uro fmo de rne duc atio na nds ecul arismb uta tthes ame
ti
meun wi l
lingt ot urnt he irb a ckst oS u0 1sm.38
9

Ni zami wa sapr oli01ca ut ho r.Int hef orewo r

dt oNi z
mb an sur,fo urte eny earsb e-
forehi spa s si
nga wa yi n1 95 5, hec laimst oha vewr ittena bo utt wohundr edb o oksi n
additiont one ws pa pe ra rtic lesa ndo the rs ho rtpie ces. Thea
39
0
ppr aisal ofhi swo rksb y
thel i
tera ryc riticsha sv arie dg reatly:s o meha vel aude dhi sB Cowi ng ,a cce ssi
blepr o se
whi l
eo the rsha vea cc us edhi mo fpub lishingb oo kswr itt
e nb yhi sa ssoc iatesa nddi s-
ciplesa shi so wn. Wha
3
91
te v ert hec riti
c sopini onso nt hel i
te raryme ri
to fhiswr it
ing,
theb oo kswe r eNi z ami spr ima r yme a nso fe .fectivelye ng agingi ndi scus sionso nv a ri
-
oust opic sr elev antt oc ont e mpo raryI ndi anMus l
ims . Theb oo kswe rea lsoa ni mpo r t
-
antme di um t oc ommuni c atewi tht hedi scipleswho ,hee stima t
e d,numb er
e dhun-
dredso f tho us andsa ndwe res pr eadt hro ugho utt heS ub contine nt.
Co mpa re dt oe arlierc e ntur i
e s,pr o ducingb o oksf o rwi de rc i
rc ulatio nha di nt he
cour s
eo ft heni ne tee nthc ent uryb e comee asiert ha nk stot hei ntroduc tiono flit
ho-
graph yfro mEng l
a ndi nt heb e ginni ngo fthec entur y.Pr essesus ingmo va blet ypesha d
be e
ne stablishe da lrea dyi nt hee i
g hte enthc entur y,b utUr dua ndP ersia npub li
shing
tooko .fine a rne sto nlya longwi tht hei ntroduc tio no fl it
ho graph y.Asf o rther e asons,
Franc escaOr s inipo i
nt so utt ha tlitho g raphywa sno to nlyc o nside rab l
yc he a
pe ra nd
easiertoo pe rat etha nmo va blet ype s, buti ta lsofa cil
itatedt her epro duc tiono ft hee l
-
egantha ndo ft hec a lli
g ra phe rss ot ha tther es ultb orer ese mb lanc ewi thma nu-
scri
pt s. By1
392
8 86,t he rewe rea lrea dy1 094pr ess esi nI ndi a. Ma
3
93
nyo ft he m we re
sma ll
-sca l
ea ndo ftens ho rt-livede nte rpri
se s,whe re aso t
he rsg r
e wi nt os igni01
ca nt
busine sses. Ma tbV
a)-iMu\ ta
VfU inKa npur ,fore xampl e,wa sab l
et ot a pt hepo ssibili
ties
3
89
Formoreinf
ormati
ononNizami,s
eeHermanse
n2001andErnst&Lawrence2
002
:11
31
18.
Forhi
s

o .
01
ci
albi
ography
,seeV'id1
957,a
ndforadis
cuss
ionofhi
sli
te
raryact
iv
iti
es,s
eeDeoba
ndi20
07and
Bakhsh2012.
3
90
Ni
z a
mi,Niz
mban
sur
,9.
3
91
Se
eHe rmansen2001
:32
8329andErns
t&L a
wrenc
e2 0
02:1
151
16.
3
92
Orsi
ni2004:
109.
3
93
Gupta&Cha kr
avor
ty2004
:11
.

112
ofthema rketb ypr oduc ingb othe x pensivee di ti
onso fre l
igi
o usa ndme di
c alte xts
,in
additi
ont ot hepo pula rlyde ma nde da ndc he apa lma nacsa ndUr du0 1ction.One
i
mpo r
tanta spe cto ft heni nete enthc enturypr intc ulturei nI ndiawa sa lsot he
producti
ono fb oo ksb yo r
de ro ft hea utho ro rhispa tron.S ucht it
lesc onstituteda
sig
ni01
cantnumb e ro fb oo kspub lishe db ef
or et he18 60si nno rthIndi a
.3
94

Niz
a mia ndhi sc onte mpo r
a ri
e stoo kfulla dv antag eo fthepr intint hepr o mulg a
-
ti
ono fthei
ri de as. Thet
39
5
opicsNi z ami discuss esinhi swo rksincludemo derna pplica
-
ti
onso fsharia,S
396
u01pr a ct
ice a
397
ndc urrentpo l
iti
c alissue s
. Hea
3
98
l
sot ransla t
e dthe
KoranintoUr dua ndHi ndi a
399
ndc l
aime dt oha vei ntroduc edt hedi aryasag enreof
Indi
a nli
terat
ur e .Hewr otedi ariest odo cume ntt hee ve ntso fhisli
feinI ndia,a
4
00
swe l
l
ashisjourney st oAf gha nistan a
401
ndt heMi ddl eEa st. Hi
402
sbe s
t-knownwo rksa rehis
autobio
g r
aph y,t
40
3
het we lvehi stor i
c a
lb ook sde scribingt hee v
ent sanda fterma thof
the1857upr ising a
40
4
ndt het opico fthischa pt er,Ni z
mb an s
ur.Itisinte r
e sti
ngt o
notethat,contra ryt ot hec ommo npr acti
cea mo nghi sc onte mpo rarie
spr of
e ssingliter
-
aryamb it
ions, Ni zami co ncent r
a tedo nwr i
tingpr oseins teado fpo etr
y.Wha tco nne ct
s
himt otheco nte mpo raryl it
era r
ys c ene ,
o ntheo the rha nd, i
sthee x cl
usiveus eo fUr du
i
ns t
eado fP er si
a na nd t hee xpe rime ntation wi thl i
teraryg enr e
sa dopte df r
om
Europeanliteratur e.

P
rov
ena
nceo
fNi
z
mb
ans
ur
Thepecul
iart
it
leoft
heb ook,
Niz
mba ns
ur(
TheBambooF luteo f
NizVm[al-Dn]or
TheNizami[Brot
herhood]Bamb o
oF lute
),al
l
udestotheS u01ma st
erNizVma l-Dn
andtotheBC
ute
-pl
ayi
ngg o
dKr i
shna,whoa repar
tofamy s
tic
a lexperi
enceofthepr ot
-
agoni
st
,Pri
nceHardev.
Niz
mbansur
isar ewor
kedUrdutranslati
ono f
aP er
siantext
cal
ledCih
alroz
ah(F
o r
tyDays
)thati
ss uppose
dtobeaf our
te enth-c
entur
ydia r
yo fa
3
94
Orsini2004 :11
011
1,113.
3
95
Ana ttemptt ode terminet heaudienceofapr inte
db o okinmi d-twentieth-
ce nturyIndiarema i
ns
i
nc omplete,ifthef actthatb ookswe reoft
enr eada lo
udt othei ll
it
era t
eiso verl
oo ked.Thea utho rac
-
kno wle
dge sthepr a
ctic
eb yinvo ki
ngb l
essi
ngsf orb ot
ht her eader
sa ndhe arersint heb eginningof
Niz
m bansur
.S eeNi zami,Niz
mbansur
,3.
3
96
Ont axation,seeNi zami,Kh udinkum0aiks
.
3
97
SeeNi zami ,Aml-i1izba l
-ba1r,f
oral e
ng t
h ydiscussi
ono n@i z bal-Ba'r,thec el
eb r
atedp ray
er
co mposedb yAb _Wl-
@a s
a nal-
S hdhi l
(d.1
258).
3
98
Heus uallyde bate
dt heseint hepagesoftheUr dune wspapers2 f
,Mu nd
andZa mnd
r .
3
99
SeeNi zami ,Tart
ltar
juma h -
yiqurnma j
d( urd)a ndT art
l
ta r
jum -
eq ur nma j
d( hin
d
),re
-
spe c
ti
vely
.
40
0
SeeNi zami, Tr
khroznmc ah:193
1.
40
1
SeeNi zami ,Qa d
moj addAf ghni
st
nk ed osafarnme :Ekha r( s
ic)ma jas
tGh zMu 1 amma d
B dsh
hT jdr-iAfghnist
nk ,d s
rMu av
vir-
iFitr
at
Kh vj
a h$a s
a nNi z

mDihlavk.
40
2
SeeNi zami, Saf
a r
n mah :$ijz
,Mir,
Shm, Fil
a s
t

noL ubnn.Fo rad i
scussi
o no ntheMi ddleEa s
t
travel
ogue,seeVi i
tam ki2013.
40
3
SeeNi zami, Bpbt
.
40
4
Publishedr ecentl
yi no nev ol
ume .SeeNi z
a mi,1857:Sh amsa l-
Ulam$a HratKh vjah$a san
Niz
m k
b rahq admy dgrkitbeI.Onthehi s
tori
c a
ldiscourseinthe sewo r
ks ,
seeS chle
y er2012.

113
Hindupr i
nc eHa rde v, des cribinghi se x pe ri
ence swi thNi zVma l
-D ni nDe lhi. Nizami
rel
a tesho whec amea crosst hisb o oki nBha ratpur, whe r
ei tha de nde dupa fterS _raj
Ma l J`ha dra nsa cke dt heNi zamuddi ns hr i
nedur ingMu 'a mma dS hhW s(r.17 1
9 1748)
reign.S tudy ingt heb ook ,hedi sco ver edi tc oul dhe lphi mf ul01
lal ong-c he ri
shed
drea m: wr i
tingac ompr ehe nsiv elifes to ryo fNiz Vma l
-Dnt ha two uldc overhi st each-
ings( li
k et hema l
fz
tgenr e),histo rical co ntext(liketheta Jk i
ra hsa nddy nas tichistor-
ies)a nd, si
mul tane ous ly,addr essmo de rnc oncerns. Heha dt het ex tc opieda nds ett o
wo rki n1 941. As
40
5
ec ond,e nla r
ge de dit i
o nwa spub l
is
he di n1 945a ndt heb oo kha s
bee ni npr ints inc e,t hes ixthe diti
o nb e ingpub l
ishe din2 0 09 .Niz
mb ansu risa lso
amo ngt hea ut ho rW
sf e wb ook stha tha veb e
ent ranslit
eratedi nt oDe va nagar iscr i
ptin
ana tte mptt or ea chHi ndis pea kinga udi e nces.Ina dditi
on, itha sb eenr ece ntlyt rans-
l
a t
e di ntoEng l
ish.406

Ni z
m ban sur do cume ntst hel ifeo fHa rdevi nDe lhi be f
o rehee nteredt hel ime -
l
ighto f historya sA'ma dAyzKhvj ah- yi Jahn. Acco r
dingt oNi z
m ba nsur
,Ha r
de v
receive dt hena meA'ma dAyzwhe nhewa siniti
a t
edb yNi z Vma l-Dn, whe reasthe
sob ri
q ue tKhvj ah-y iJahn( Ma ste ro ftheWo rld
)wa searne di nt hes e rvi
ceo fthes ul-
tans. Hi
407
storica lc hro niclesl ikeT rk h -
ifrozshha ndT rkh -
iF ir
ishta hr e c
o rd
A'ma dAyz Wsa ctionsa st hec omma nde ro fthea r
myi nGuj arata nd, lat
ero n, asthe
prime -mi nistero fMu'a mma di b nT ug hla q(r.13251351).The ya lsog iveade taileda c-
counto fhisa ttempt e dre belli
o na g ains tt hene wmo narchF ro zShhT ughla q( r.1351
1388), andhi ss ub seq uentk i
lling.408

Thee v entsc o ve redi nNi z

mb an su rtakepl ac eb e
twe enHa rde vW
sa rriva lfr
o m
De og i
rt oDe lhii n1 2 97a ndt hed ea t
ho fNi zVma l-
D nin1 325 .Thes ub seque nte vents
thati nc ludeHa rde vWspo liticalc are era sA'ma dAyza reo nl yb rieBCys umma rizedin
thef oo tno tes.Itisunc l
ea rho wA'ma dAyzha sb ec omei de nti01
edwi tht hec on ver
te d
Hindupr i
nc eo fCi ha l roza h.Ba rane ve nme ntionsA'ma dAyz W
sf athe rwhoi sno ta
me mb ero fDe o gi
r ino b i
lityb ut)AlU a l
-D nAyz ,thec hiefo fpo li
cea ttheS iri f
o rtbuilt
by) AlUa l
-D nKha lj
( r.1 2961 316).F
409
ur thermo re,c onside ri
ngBa ranWsa ttit
udet o-
wa rdsc on vertedMus li
ms , who see me rge ncei ntheDe lhiS ultana tehepe rceive dasa
perv erseb urles queo ft hes ociety,i
410
ti sunl i
kelyt hathewo uldha ver efraine df r
o m

4
05
Niza
mi,Niz
mbans u
r,
11
.
4
06
SeeNiz
ami,ADi a
ryo faDisc
ipl
eofNi
zamuddi
nAuli
ya.
4
07
Niza
mi,Niz
mbans u
r,
291.
4
08
SeeBara
n,Tr
kh-if
rozs
hh,4
81,4
91,
509,
520,53
9548a
ndFir
is
hta
h,T
r
kh-
iFi
ri
sht
ahI
,449
,
470,
47 5
476,483
4 8
6.Fo rNiz
amiWsmorel
eni
enti
nter
pre
tat
iono
fA'madAyzW
sre
bel
li
on,s
eeNi
zami
,
Niz

m bansur
,5
354.
4
09
Bara
n,T
rk
h ,
278.
4
10
Aquil
2004:2
18.

114
comme nt i
ngo ntheb a
ckgroundo f A'ma dAyzha dheo riginall
yb eenaHi ndu.4
11
Iti
s
tel
li
ngtha tSi
yara l-aul
iyme ntio nsne i
therHa rdevnorA'ma dAyz .
41
2

Howe ver
,the reisnor easont oc halle
ng eNi z
amiWsc l
aimt hatNiz
mbansu ri
s
basedonat e
xte ntitl
edCiha l
roza hc onsideri
ngt heli
terarys tr
a t
egyheus esinmo s
to f
hisbooks .
Thea ut horrar
elywr it
e spur ely01
ctionalte
xt.Inste a
d, hetakeshisto
rical o
r
contempo rar
ye ventsasas t
a r
tingpo i
nta ndthe nemb el
lishest hemwi thS u0
1me aning
anddr ama ti
zi
ngl it
erar
yto uch. Wha
4
13
tr ema i
nsunc l
ea rist hepr ovenanceo fCi hal
rozahandt hereas onforA'ma dAyz W
sidenti0
1cati
onwi thHa r
de v.
IfNizamiWsaccount
onho wt hetextende dupi nBha ra tpuriscorrect,t
heans we rma ylieinthelargelyun-
expl
o r
edl it
erarypr oducti
ono ft hehe r
e di
taryc us
todianso ft heNi z
amuddi ns hrine.
Thesewo r
ksinc ludepr act
icema nuals,poetry,aswe l
la st aJki
rahsl i
keS havhid-i
niz

m thatincorpo rat
ema teri
a lno tfoundi nthee ar
li
erwo rkslikeSiyaral-
auli
y. As
will
b ec
o mec l
ea r
, al
soNiz
m ban su r
isparto f
t hi
sli
ter
a rytraditio
n.

3
.2Ni
z#
"ma
l-
D&n
sl
if
ere
tol
dfo
rmo
der
nre
ade
rs

Thespe cula
t i
onsabouttheprovenanc eofHardevWsstorya refurt
he rf
rust
rate
db ythe
fac
ttha titi spract
ic
a l
lyimpossi
b l
et ot e
llthev oiceo fNi zamia par
tfromt hatof
Hardev.Int heprocessofwriti
ngNiz
mb an
s u
r,thea utho rreworkstheo r
igi
nalso
thor
oug hlythattheb ookbecome sessenti
all
yal it
e ra
rypr o ductofhisown.F orthi
s
reas
on, Niz
m ba
nsurisbes
tanalyseda satwentieth-c
e nturytex t
.Fr
omt hepo i
ntof
vie
wo ft hiss t
udy,questi
onsaboutt heo ri
gi
nso fCi halro zaha ndthehistor
ici
tyof
HardevWsna rra
tiv
ea r
ei rr
ele
vant.Itismo r
er ewardingt oi nquirewha ttheauthor
wantedt oco mmunicatetohiscontempo rar
yreadersb ythisr et
elli
ngofme di
evalhis
-
tor
y.

Th
est
oryo
fHa
rde
v
HardevW
sstor
yb eg
insin1295wit
hade scri
pti
ono fthefutur
esult
an,)
AlUal-
Dn
Khalj
W
satt
ackonDe o
gir
.Thist
ime,t
herule
rofDe o
gir,Rmde v
,wasabl
etosav
ehis
t
erri
tori
esfr
oma nnexa
tionbypay
ingaransoma ndpromisi
ngtopaytri
but
etothe
sul
tan.However
,theg r
owingmightofthesul
tane ncour
agedhi
mt oha v
eaf ew
4
11
Forade tail
e ddiscussi
ono nBa ran
Wsatti
tudet o
wa rdsHindusandc on verte
dMus li
ms ,s
eeAq ui
l
2009:4875.
4
12
BothBa ran(T r
kh,389)andF iri
shta
h( T r
kh,4 1
6)aswellasAm rKhus rau(TheNu hSipi
hrof
AmirKh usrau,1
9 1
2 02)me nt
ionac ertai
nHa rpalDe vwhor oseagai
nstt
heS ul
ta nQutba
V l
-D
nMubr ak
Shh( r.131
6 1
32 0)inDe ogir
.Hewa ssoonde featedandDe og
irwasfor
c edt opa yheavytri
butetothe
Sult
an.Inhi saccounto ftheeventsinNu hsipihr,Khusr a
uo c
casi
onall
ypo rtra
y sHindusinafavourabl
e
l
ight,yetcommo naliti
esbetweenHa rplDe vandHa rdevdono tgobeyondt hes imila
rit
yofthena me
andthec onnectionwi thDe og
ir.
Itisthusdi.0
1culttoco ncei
veHarpl Deva sani nspir
ati
onforHardevW
s
chara
c t
er.Foradi scussi
ono ft
heT urkandHi ndui nNu hs i
pi
hr,s
eeGa bbay2 01
0 :6685.
4
13
Nizami W
sSu 0
1i nt
erpret
atio
no ft hea b
dicationo fEdwa r
dVI I
Iin19 36i saf asc
inat
ingspecimen
whereinthisli
terarys t
rat
egyisuti
liz
e d.SeeNizami ,Ex
-KingE d
wa r
d
sDiaryo ftheT enEve
ntfu
lDays.

115
princesHa rde va mo ngt he mt utor edi nP ersi
a nl ang uagei no rde rt ob et
t erc ommu-
nicatewi ththee nemy ,if t
hene edr ose .
414

Aftert woy e ars,)AlU al-

D na scende dt ot het hr onei nDe l
hia nds e ntAm r@a sa n
ashi semi ssar
yt oDe ogirt oe nsuret hec ont inua ti
o no f pay i
ngt het rib ute.Am r@a s
a n
happe nedt ob ea lsoac lo sedi sci
pleo f Ni zVma l-Dnwhowo uldr eco rdt hedi s cussions
ofhi sma s
teri nF a vi da l
-f
u d.Dur inghi ss o j
o urni nDe og i
r,heus edt ot e l
ls tories
abo utNi zVma l-Dnt oHa rde v.Het husk indledade sir
et ome ethi mi nt hel a tterW
s
hea rt
.Ob ta i
ningpe rmi ssionf rom hi spa re nts,Ha rdevt ra veledt oDe l
hiwi tht her e-
turningde legation.415

InDe l
hi,thena rrativer evo l
vesa ro undHa rde vWsme eting swi thNi zVma l-D na nd
hisdi s
ciples.Dur i
ngt he ir01
r stenc ount er, thepr i
nc ewa swa rmlywe lco me da ndo ver
thef ol
lowi ngmo nt hs, hev isitedNi zV ma l-D no nar eg ularb asisa ndha dlo ngdi s cus-
sionswi thhi m. Hea tt
e nde dt hea ssemb lieso ft hema ster,ont hec our seo fwhi cht he
partici
pa ntsdi scuss edr eli
g i
o ust opic sa nde xpe rienc edmy st
icals tatesi nduc edb y
sam .Ov erthey ea rs,Ha r
de vb ecameac l
o sea sso ciateo fNi zVma l-Dn, somuc hs o
thathewa sre gular l
yi nvitedt ome ethi mt ogethe rwi t
ht hede are stdi s
c iple sAm r
Khus raua ndS ay yidMu'a mma dI m m, ag rands o no fBb F ar
dl ivingi nDe lhi .
InHa r
de vWsv i
ew, Ni zVma l-Dnwa sapa rago no fhuma nv irt
ue : truthful, freef rom
sche minga ndf alsepr etens i
o ns.Hewa sape rsonwhos a we ve r
yonea se qual reg ardless
ofhi sb ackground. Buthewa
416
sa l
soas pi rit
ua lst al
wa r
tc a pableo fpe r
formi ngmi r
-
acles(ka rm t,k harq -id t).Themi rac l
e sa ree ssent ialtot hena r rative,sinc et he y
feedHa rde vW
sf ascina tio na ndpul lhi mc lose rtoNi zVma l-
D n.The0 1rstmi racle
Ha rdevwi tnessedt o o kpl aces oo nafte rheha da rrivedi nDe lhi andi s, byc oinc ide nce,
conne ctedwi tht hepr a cticeo fs am
. Heha dj ustme tNi z Vma l
-D nf o rthe0 1
r s
tt ime
andwa swa nde ringa ro undt heb a
z aa rso ft hec apita lcity,ma rvellinga tt heg oo ds
availabl
ef orpur cha se .Inas ho ptradi nga r
ms ,hee nc o unte redav endo rwhoc riti
c i
ze d
NizV ma l-
D nW
spr acticeo fsam andho whea l
lowe dt hedi sciplest opr o st
ra tei nfro nt
ofhi mself.Afte rahe ate da rgume nt ,Ha rde vs ucce ede di npe rs
ua di ngt hev e ndo rt o
visi
tNi zVma l
-D nWsja m
atkh nah .The re ,Ni zVma l-D ne xplainedt he seco nt rover s
ial
topicstot hev endo rb eforee venb einga skeda bo utt hem.Thev endo rr epe nte da nd
bec amehi sdisc i
pl e.4
17

No twithstandi ngt hel ac ko fpre ssur et ob e comeaMus li

m,Ha rde vc on ve r
te di n
duec ourse .Whe n hei nq uireda bo utc o nve rt
ingf rom Ni zVma l-Dn,t hel atter
answe redt hatt her ightf ai
thwa smo rei mpo rtantt ha nr epe at
ingc ertai
nf o rmul aic
wo rds.NizV ma l-Dnwe nto nt oask, ifHa rde vb eli
e vedGo dt obeo ne ,Mu 'a mma dt o
behi slastpr ophe ta ndi fhewo uldr efra i
nf r omwo rshippi ngi dols.Whe nhea nswe r
e d

4
14
Ni
zami
,Ni
z
m
ban
sur
,
161
9.
4
15
Ni
zami
,Ni
z
m
ban
sur
,
23,2
6.
4
16
Ni
zami
,Ni
z
m
ban
sur
,
31.
4
17
Ni
zami
,Ni
z
m
ban
sur
,
4041
.

116
i
nt hea .0
1rmati
ve,NizVma l
-Dnno ted:S
ee,youa realr
e adyaMus l
i
m.
41
8
Whent he
for
ma lc onve
rsi
onl at
ertakespl ac
e, i
tisdescri
beda sas i
mpl e,a l
mo s
tc ommo nplace
occur
r encelac
kinganytraceso ftr
iumpha li
smthatb ythet i
meo fwrit
ingha dcomet o
chara
c t
e r
izethea ct
ivi
tieso fseveralreli
gi
ouso rg
a ni
zationse ng a
gedinmi ss
ionary
act
ivi
ties.Subsequentl
y,Ha rdevwa sa l
soinit
iate
di ntot heChi shtiNizamib rother
-
hooda ndg i
venthena meA'ma dAyzb yNizVmal-Dn.
41
9

T
o wardsthee ndo fthedi ary,polit
ic
ale ve
ntsa reg iv
e nmo reattenti
on,a nd
HardevWsti
eswiththec ourtb ecome0 1
rme r
.HardevW
sna r
ra t
iveendswi ththeb ui
lding
ofado meo v
erNi z
Vma l
-DnWstomba ndHa rdevW
sma r
ri
a gewitht heda ughte
ro fthe
news ulta
n,Mu'a mma di bnT ughla
q ,marki
nghisrisetopo wer.
420

F
romCi
hal
roz
aht
oNi
zVm
bans
ur
Niz
m b an surisno tas tra i
ghtforwa rdt r
a nslationo fCihalroza h
. Int hec o urseo fthe
writi
ngpr o cess,Niz amiha se dited,co mme ntedo n,el
ab ora
ted, anno ta teda nda dde d
appendi ce st ot het e xt.Thema inna rratives umma rizeda bovei nc lude so nlyt hose
partso fHa r
de v W
sdi aryt ha tdi s
c ussNi zVma l-
D n, whil
et her ema iningpo rtionsha ve
beeno mi tt
ed. S
421
inc et hedi a rywa swr itt
e no v erape ri
o dof2 8y ea r
sa ndhe ncef ra
g-
me ntary, i
tha dt ob er e wo rkedi ntoac ons i
stentna r
rati
ve.Sot hea utho r01ll
e dint he
gapsc onc erningNi zV ma l-DnWslifewi thma terialderi
v edfromt het woc ollecti
onso f
thema ste r
Wsdi scussio ns,t
42
2
hec ompr ehe nsiveb iographyS iyara l-au li
y,a swe llas
fromt hewo r kso ftheS ultana t
ehi stori
a ns.I
423
na dditio
nt othel it
e r
a rys ources ,t
hea u-
thors eemst oha vedr a wnf romt heo ralt raditionc onnectedwi tht heNi za muddi n
shri
ne .Co nseq uent l
y,t hena rrativei sinte rs
pe rsedwi thleng t
h ypa ssagesdi scussing
thehisto ricalco ntexto fthee v ents,NizV ma l
-DnWslif
eb efor
eHa rde vW
sa r
rival i
nDe l
hi
andNi z Vma l-DnWspr e dec essors.The sese cti
o nsa reno r
ma l
lyi ntegra tedint othena r
-
rati
vea se xtensiver e spo nsesb yNi zVma l-Dno ro neo fhisdi sciplest oHa rdevWsin-
quiri
e s
. Thema
424
inb o dyo fthet extisfurthe ra ugme ntedwi t
hc opiousno tesi nwhi ch
Nizami discusse sso mehi storicaldiscrepa nc i
eso rc omme ntso nthec o ntempo ra
ryr el
-
evanceo fthee ventsde scribe dint het ext.Ina ddi ti
ont othea nno tatedna rrativ
er un-
ningfo r3 63pa ges,Ni z
m ba nsurinclude sat wo -hundr e
d-pa gea ppe ndixt ha tcov er
s
theliveso ft hei mpo r t
a ntdi scipleso fNi z
V ma l-
D naswe llasthehi st
o ryo fthes hrine
whe rehei sent omb e d.
Altho ug ht hea ut ho ri nclude dhi storicalb a ckgr
oundi nforma tio ni ntoNi z
m
bansu rint heho peo fr eachinga l
sot ho s
ewi t
ho utpa rti
cularintere stinS u0 1
sm, t
425
he
4
18
Ni
zami,Niz

mbans
ur
,1
92.
4
19
Ni
zami,Niz

mbans
ur
,209
,291.
4
20
Ni
zami,Niz

mbans
ur
,341
,350
,362.
4
21
Ni
zami,Niz

mbans
ur
,363
.
4
22
I
.e
.Fav
i dal
-f
udbyAmr@asanSi
jz
andAfH
a l
al-
fa
vida
ttr
ibut
edt
oAm
rKhus
rau.
4
23
Ni
zami,Niz

mbans
ur
,1
2,15
.
4
24
Se
e,e.
g.Niz
ami,Ni
z
mb
ansur
,19
23,5
768and101
14
8.
4
25
Ni
zami,Niz

mbans
ur
,1
5.

117
co rer eade rshipo fthet extha smo stpr o bablyc ons i
s t
e do fthedi sc iple sinhi sS u01 l
in-
ea ge.Thema infunc tiono fthet exts e emst ob eins tructingt he mt hr o ughas pi ritua ll
y
no urishi ngna rrati
vet hatr e adsl ikeahi storicalno ve landi sb o the nterta i
ni nga nd
educ a t
ing . Niz
m b ans urisa0 1nes pe cime no fNi za mi W
sliterarys t
y le.Hee sc he wsB C
o r
-
idpa rl
a nc ea ndr efrainsf rom us ingc o mpl icate dAr abica ndP ersianv o cabul aryi nf a
-
vo uro fl ucida nda cces si
b l
eUr due x pr essions. Hisna rrationi sstra ight f
orwa rd, almo s
t
co l
loq uia l
, andt her hy thmo f hiswr i
tingi sak i
nt os po kenl ang uage .
Thei nc l
usiono ffo otno tesa nda ppe ndic esa swe llasl eng thypa ssa g
e sfro mo ther
l
ite rarya ndo ral source sint ot het e xtb ri
ng st hea utho rW
sv oicef orc iblyint ot hewo rk
.
Thr oug ht hesee lab orations ,hee nt ersi nt oadi alo guewi tht hepa sta nds uc cee dsi n
ma kingt heme dieval ev e
nt shi ghlyr elev anttot we nt i
eth-c enturyS u01 disci
pl es. Ni zVm
al-DnWsS u01pra cti
ce st hatwe rec o nte stedb yr eli
g iouss cho larsint hef our teent hc en-
turywe rea l
soas ub j
e cto ft hec riticis mo ftheDe oba ndis,T ablighiJ a ma ata ndAhl -
i
Ha dis .Thewa rmwe lco mee x t
e nde dt oHa r
de vb yNi zVma l
-D nc ha llenge dt hei de ao f
clea r
lyde 01nedr eli
g i
o usb ounda r
ie st ha tha dg a i
ne dc urrenc yint we ntieth-c ent uryI n-
dia .Niz amia lsode sc ribest hes am i nq uesti nwhi chNi z Vma l-D nwa si nv olve di n
gre atde t ailande vok est hea rgume nt sheha dus e dwhi les pe a
k i
ngt oc ont empo rary
disc i
ple swhomi ghtr e coilinf ronto ft hef o rcefulc ri
ticismo ftheDe oba ndi s. The
42
6

pa ssage sb ol
dlyde fendi ngo the rc o nt roversialS u0 1pr acticesa ndt hee xplo ratio no f
simi l
a ritiesb et
we enI sl
a ma ndHi ndui smr esona temo res t
ro ng l
ywi tht hewr itingc on-
tex tof theb ookt hanwi tht heme die va lpe r
iod.
Ina ddi tiont ode b atingwi thc o nt empo rar ya dv ersariesthr oug ht heme a nso fhi s
-
torica l01
c ti
o ne mb ellishedwi ths cr i
pt ur al a
rg ume nt s,Niz
m bansu r isrema rk ab lefor
itsno ve la ppr oacht os a m .Thet ex ti nc l
ude sa ne c do t
est ha tareno tfoundi na nyo f
thee a rli
e rs ources,b utf eatur epro mi ne ntlyint heo raltr
a ditionst ha tc ir
cul atea round
theNi za muddi ns hrine .F urthe rmo re ,o nea ne cdo tea boute xperie nc esdur ings a m
is,po ssib l
yf o rthe0 1
rstt imei nI ndi a,r eco r
de da sa0 1
rstpe rs
onna r ra
tivef romt he
po into f viewo f theindi v
idua lwhounde rgoest hemy sticalex perienc e .

3
.3Or
alt
radi
ti
o ns
nso am
inNi
zm
bans
ur

Niz
m b
ansuri
ncludesma nyora
ll
yt ransmitt
eda necdo t
esthatarec ommo nlyknown
t
ob ot
hthehe r
editar
yc ust
odia
nso ftheNi za
muddi ns hri
nea ndtoi tspilgr
ims .Tomy
kno wl
edge,Niz

m ban s
u r
ist
he01rsttexttoincorporatethemi ntoab roaderha g
io-
graphi
calfra
me work.Ont heoneha nd, t
hislendst hem hist
oricalcredibil
ityand,o n
theo t
her,boos
tsthea uthor
sc
lai
mt ha thiswo rkisapr evi
ouslyunk nowndo c
ume nt
thr
o ughwhichhec ane ng
ageinthede b
a t
esa boutco rr
ectSu01pr act
ice.Dur i
ngthe
f
o l
lowingdis
cussi
on, oneshoul
dk eepinmi ndt hattheseane c
do t
e sma yha veentered
theo r
altra
dit
ionfrom Ni z

m b
ans u
r
.Ho wever,consider
ingthatt hea uthors e
ldom
4
26
S
eeNi
zami
,Ni
z
m
ban
sur
,
302
31
2.

118
f
abr
ic
atedhi
sma
ter
ial
,i
tisl
i
kel
ytha
tthe
yex
ist
eda
ndc
ir
cul
at
eda
lre
adya
tthet
ime
o
fwrit
ing
.

S
am)
byt
hewe
ll
Ones to ryo f
te nhe arda ttheNi z amuddi ns hrinede s cri
b e sas pontane ouss a ma s-
semb l
yo f NizV ma l
-D n. I
nNi z
m ba nsu rthi sa necdo t
e ,likes oma nyo thers ,istoldt o
Ha rdevb yhi sho s
t,S ayy i
dMu'a mma d. Oneda y,Niz Vma l
-D nwa so nhi swa ytot he
tombo fQut ba
V l-Dnwi thhi sc lose stdi sciple s,whe nt he ypa s
s edb yawe llfro mwhi c h
wa terwa sb e
ingwi thdr awnwi tht hehe lpo fa no x-driv enwa t
e rwhe el.TheHi nduwho
wa ss tandi ngi nt hev icinityo ft hewe ll
smo uths a ide acht imeal e athe rb uc ket
eme rg
e df ro mt hewe ll
:B rahl iy yor mma ni yyo!He aringt hewo rds,Ni zV ma l
-D n
inqui r
e dt he irme aningf romS ayy i
dMu 'amma da ndAm rKhus rau,bo t
ho fwho m, he
said, kne wHi ndi .The yv olunt eere dt heme ani ng Ra isewa tera ndc e
leb rateGo d!I
427
t
isno ts ur prisingt hathe ret hewo rdr mi st rans la
te da sk hu d, asNiz ami ha da l
ready
drawnpa rall
e lsb etwe ens omeMu s
lima ndHi nduc o nce ptss uc ha smu rq ab aha nd
sam dh a swe llast hei deao fGo dWse s senc e( Jt)a ndq ua l
itie s(i
ft)a ndt hec on-
cept sof n irguna nds ag un .
428

Altho ug ht heHi ndu sc allattracte dNi zVma l

-Dn sa t
t entio na l
readyb efo r
eheun-
de r
s t
oo di tsme a ning, upo nl earni ngi tf romhi sdi scipl es,hec riedo utAllah! ands tar-
tedt oda nc eo v ercomeb yamy st i
ca ls tate( vajd).Whe nS ay yidMu'a mma d,Am r
Khus r
a ua ndAm r@a sans awt hi s,the yb eguns i
ng ingt hephr a se,c
o mb iningwi thi t
Ar abica ndP e rsianv erse swhi chha dt hes ameme aninga st heHi ndie xpres sion.The
retinueha lteda ndt hea lwa yspr actica lI qbl ,Ni zVma l-Dn spe rs
o na lse rvant,r e-
turne dt ot hej am
atk h naha ndb ro ug htwi thhi mf o oda nds heetstob es pr eado n
theg round. Qa wwa l
sa rrivedwi thhi ma ndt heo ccasio nt urne di ntoapr o pe rsa m as-
semb l
yt ha tc ont i
nue df o rthr eeda ysa ndt hr eeni ght s.Af tert ha t
,NizVma l-Dnc o n-
clude dhi spi lg r
ima gea ndr e t
ur ne dtoGhi yas pur .
42
9

Thepa ssa geb e arss trikings imi l

a riti
e swi tha na nec do t
et oldb yGe s_da rzi n
Jav mia l-kalim. Thes ettingi ss i
mi l
a r,b utthepe rsonwhor aisesthewa terk eepss ay-
ing bh ur hob hur whi ch, acco rdingt ot het ex t,me a ns turnb ack,turnb a ck .
Niz Vm
al-Dndo esno tr equirea ne xpla na t
io na boutt heme aningo fthephr ase,b uti so ver-
comeb ymy sticalstate( J auq )imme dia tel
y .Hi ss e
r vant sIq bl a ndMub ashs hi rsetthe
phr asei nt oamus icalt unea nda c compa nyt he irma ster,sing ing,tohi sde stination,
whi cha ppe arst ob ehi sj am atkh n ahi ns tea do fthet ombo fQut ba
V l-Dn. Thes
43
0
to ry
isre pea tedi nS h avh i
d -iniz
mi nt hec ha pte ro ns a m ,whe r ethewo rds b har
bh aiyyb ha r,int erprete dt ome an comeb ack ,b ro ther,c omeb ack a reno w
intone db yama ndr ivingt heo x. Ag ain, Ni zVma l
-D ni sa .fectedb ythewo r dsa ndhe
4
27
Ni
zami,
Niz
mbansu
r,
86.
4
28
Se
eNizami,Ni
z
mbans
ur
,75
.
4
29
Ni
zami,
Niz
mbansu
r,
8687
.
4
30
@usa
in
,Ja
vmi
,15
0.

119
star
tst oc ry.Iq bla ndMub a shshir
,who sev oice
se qualtheme lodyo fDavid(la1n -i
du d),startt osingt hev ers
e .The yacco mpa nyNi zVma l-
Dnb ackt ohi sabode,whe re
hisent i
reda yiss penti namy st
icalstate(s hauqoJ auq)a nd no tas inglebreathwa s
bereftof cryinga nds ighing.
43
1

Altho ughS havh i

d -
iniz
m addss omede t
ail
stothea cco unto f J
av mi
al-
k al
im, 4
32

sucha sthedur a ti
ono fNizVma l-
Dnsmy s
ticalsta
tea ndtheb eautyo fNizVma l-Dns
servantsv oices,b otha rera therv aguei nc o mpari
sonwi tht hea necdo t
eo fNi z
m
bansu r
.Thel atterte xtset
st hei ncidenti nt hecontextofNi z Vma l-
D n
swe l
l-known
habito fre gularlyunde r
takingapi l
g ri
ma get oQut ba
V l
-Dnst omba nda l
soBC
o atsthe
chanc ee nco unte rintoaf ullB C
edgeds a m a s
semblywi t
hs heets,f ooda ndq awwa ls.
Mo reno ta bl
e ,ho wev er,
isthephr as
eo ft heHi ndub ythewe ll
.InJ av mial
-kal
ima nd
Shav hi
d -iniz
m,hes i
mpl ya s
kshi sco mpa niono rtheo xt ot urno rcomeb ack.In
Niz
mb ansu r
, hiswo r
dsha v eadi sti
nc tl
yr eli
gi
oust onea st heye xho r
ttoce l
eb r
a te
Go d( Ram/ Khuda )whi l
er aisingwa ter.Thee labor
ationo ft hea ne cdo t
eispr ob a
b ly
parto fther egula rha giogr
aphi calprocess ,
b utrephrasi
ngt hema n
sc allrev
ealsac on-
sci
ou satte mptt or ootNi zVma l-
Dnsreli
g i
ousv ie
wsi ntheI ndians o il
.Thes t
orya bout
theo ri
ginso fthes pringfestivalba s
a ntisev enmo rereveali
ngi nt hi srespect
.Itisa l
so
mo res t
rikingi nas ens ethat,tomyk no wledg e,i
thasnot extua lante cedents.

Ce
leb
rat
ingt
hes
pri
ng
Ont heda yo fba s
ant,Ha r
deviss tandinga tt hedo oro fhisho use .Hewa t
chesthe
Hinduswhoa r
eo ntheirwa ytot het e
mpl eo fKa lkaDe vic a
rryingmus tardB C
owers.
Suddenly,hespo t
sAm rKhusrauwhoa lsoha sapo to fB
Cowersinhi sha nd.Hei sonhis
wayt ome etNi zVma l
-Dn,whoi sb roodingo v erthepr ema t
urede atho fhiss i
ste
r
s
grandsona ndde sig
na t
eds ucces
s orT aqal-DnN_'i napl acec a l
l
e dCa bt
rah-y
i
yrn(
TheP avil
iono fFr
iends
).
43
3

Hardevj oi
nsAm rKhus rau wi thS ayy i
d Mu 'amma da nd S a
y yid M_s.At
Cab
trah-
y iyr
n,they01ndNizVma l-
Dns it
tinga l
o ne,headlowe redo nas tone-s
lab.
Ino r
dertoc heerhimup ,Khusraut i
ltshiscapa ndstart
st oswayi nf ronto fNizVma l
-
Dna sifdancing.NizVma l-
Dnr ais
e shisglanc e,as mil
es preadso nhi sfa ceandhe
askswha titisa l
labout.Khusraupl acesthemus t
a rdBC
owe rso nt hef eeto fhisSu01
guideands aysinHindi (
not r
ansl
a ti
oni srequiredthistime )
:
Arabf ri
end, Ic el
ebrat
ed
yourbasan t(
arabyrtor
b
asantma n )!T
o day,Hinduso .ferB
Cowe rsof springtothei
r
i
do ls
.Ihavec ometoo .f
ermus t
ardB C
owe rstomyi dol:

4
31
Bulq ,Shav
hid,90.
4
32
Misspel
ledJmi
a l-
kal
iminthetext
.
43
3
Nizami,Niz

mb a ns
ur
,21821
9.Inthetext
,AmrKhusrauexpl
ainsCabtr
a h
-yiy
rntoli
eby

theb ond(tal
b)thatisnearJallal
-DnKhalj

sKosha
kL al
,aro
undwhic hmy@a Sra
thashadninepa
-
vili
onsbuilt
,andwhe r
et herel
a t
ive
sandfrie
ndsof@a S
ratl
ieburi
ed.
Atpr es
ent,Cabt
rah
-yi
yrni
s
unde r
sto
odt odeno t
et heelev
atedgroundopposi
tethestepwel
lonwe ste
rnsideoftheNizamuddi
n
shrine
.

120
 P
eop
les
ayt
hat
Khu
sra
uiswo
rsh
ipp
ingi
dol
s
Ohy
es,
yes
,Id
o,I
hav
enou
sef
ort
hep
eop
lea
ndt
hewo
rld
.
43
4

Khus
raut
henr
eci
te
sano
the
rve
rse
:
S
hed
din
gte
ars
,th
ecl
oud
san
dsp
rin
gha
vea
rri
ved
S
aqi
!Sc
att
erR
l
owe
rsa
ndb
rin
gwi
ne!
4
35

Am rKhus rauisj oinedb yS a

y yidMu 'a mma da ndS ayyidM_s,a ndNi zV ma l
-D n
standsupa nds tartstoda nc e.Ac co r
dingt ot het ext,
thet hr eedisciplesk eptc o mb in-
ingv ersesi nHi ndi andP e
rsianwi thAm rKhus rausversethe ywe res i
ng ing .Afterthe
Su01ma st
e rha dc alme ddo wns ome wha t,hepl acedt hemus t
ardBCowe rso nt het omb
ofT aq a
l-D nN_'. Afterstandingt heres i
le ntlyfors o
met ime ,NizVma l
- Dnt urne dt o
Khus raut oi nquireho whewa s.
436

Ba san tisaHi nduf est

ivalof spr i
ngt ha tta kesplaceo nt he0 1
ft
hda yo fMe ghint he
Hinduc alenda r.Hinduswo rs
hipt heg o dde ssS a r
asvationt ha tday,butt hef e s
tivalha s
alsono n-re l
ig i
ousa spec ts
,sucha sB Cyi
ngk itesa ndwe ar
ings ome t
hingy e ll
o wa sapa rt
ofo nesattire,inwhi chma nyS out hAs ianMus limspa rt
icipa te.S
uc hinc l
us ivefe s
tivals
aret argetedb ythemo repur i
tanr eli
giouss cho l
ars.InP ak ist
an,the yha ver al
liedf or
banni ngt hef esti
va levok i
ngtheo .01
cialex cus eo fprotecti
ngpe oplefromf alli
ngo .f t
he
roofswhi leB Cyi
ngt hek ites.Howe v er,i
nChi shtishr i
nes,thef esti
val acquire sdistinctly
rel
igiousc o nno ta
t i
o ns.
Thea cc ounto fthel egendaryo ri
ginso f thef esti
valinclude dinNi z
m ba nsurdif-
fersins omer e
spe ctsfr
o ma no t
he rv ersiona l
s oc i
rculat
ingi nt heo rallore. Inthisv er-
sion,T aqa l-
D nN_'ha sjustpa sse dawa ya ndNi zVma l-D nisde pressedo nt hata c-
count .Itha ppe nst ob eb asanta ndAm rKhus raus eesso meHi nduwo me nc arryi
ng
mus tardBCo we rs
.Thi sinspireshimt odr essupa sawo ma na ndda ncei nfro nto fNi zVm
al-
D ni no rde rtoc he erhim up .S
43
7
cottKug leha srema rkedho wc onte mpo raryc us-
todianso f theNi zamuddi nshrinede -empha si
ze dthee r
o ti
cunde rt
o neso f thes toryb y
desc r
ibingKhus r
a usda nceliket ha tofal eapi ngmo nkeya ndturne di tint oac omi c
performa nc e ,whe nt he yrelat
e di tt ohi m. Ni
43
8
z

mb ansu rma kesnor eferenc et o
cross-dressing ,yetitlocatesthea ne cdo t
e0 1rml yintothec o ntextof Persi
a nl ovepo etry
.
Am rKhus ra u
stiltedca panda ddr essi
ngNi zVma l
-Dna st heArabf riend (ar
a by r)
bothe vokee rot
icpo e
ticima ges.Ifc ross-dre ssingwa spa rto ftheo rallorea tthet ime

4
34
Thev er
s eremo t
elyresemblestheclosi
ngverseofaghaza
lfoundinKhusrausdv
n .
SeeKhus rau,
Kull
iyt-
ianir
-idavv
n -
iKhusrau,49.Thewo rdtowordvari
antisf
oundintwe nti
eth-ce
nturya ntho-
l
o gi
eso fqawwa l
ipo et
ry.SeeN_ra l-@asan,Naghm tal
-s
am
,4849;Fr_q,Na g
h mtal-s
a m
,39;
Me r
aj,Surd-
i R1 n
,121
.
4
35
Althoughs ungb ythecontempo rar
yq awwa l
sandcla
ssi
calvoca
lis
ts,
theversedo e
sno tappe a
rin
anyo fKhusrausghazals
.
4
36
Nizami,Ni z

mbansur
,220222.
4
37
Forthisv ersi
ono ntheo ri
ginso fbasant
,see,f
orexample,t
he01l
mb ya nIndiando cume ntari
st
YousufSa e
ed( http:
//www.youtube.c
o m/wa t
ch?v=O2zl
N88unuI)
.Kuglerec
ordsthea necdot
ewi thouta
ref
erencetoba san t
.SeeKugle2010b:252.
4
38
Ku gl
e20 10b:262

121
ofwrit
ing,omit
ti
ngiti
spe r
hapsme antt
oavoi
dv ulga
ra ndc omicconnotat
ions.How-
eve
r,thisdoesnotr
esul
tindivest
ingtheanecdotefr
ome roti
cnuanc e
s.Ont hecon-
t
rary,theyb e
comee ve
nmo repronounce
ddur i
ngt hee nsui
ngdi al
ogueb etwe
e n
Niz
V ma l
-DnandKhusr
au.
Whe nNiz
Vma l
-D
ne nqui
resaft
erKhusr
ausheal
th,thelatt
eranswersbyexpre
ss-
i
nghi swishto01
ndreposeinthefeetofhi
sguidea f
tersle
e pl
essnight
sspendinthe
agonyoflove:
P
oorKh
usr
auh
asn
ots
le
pts
inc
ema
nyn
igh
tsb
eca
useh
ewi
she
s
T
ofa
lla
sle
epwi
thh
ise
yeso
nyo
urf
eet
.
Niz
Vma l
-D
nanswer
swit
hav
e r
setha
tplay
swit
hthewordst
ark(
f
ors
aki
ng
)
,tu
rk(
a
Tur
k)a
ndtra
k(t
hecr
ownofthehea
d)ande
xpre
sse
sadeepa.f
ect
ionf
orhi
sdi
s-
ci
ple
:
I
fth
eyb
rin
gas
awu
pont
hec
rowno
fmyh
eadi
nor
dert
oma
kemel
eav
emyT
urk
I
wil
lf
ors
aket
hec
rowno
fmyh
ead
,bu
tne
verl
eav
emyT
urk
.
Hethenc
ont
inue
swi
thaf
amo
usl
i
nede
scr
ibi
ngt
heuni
ono
ftheS
u01g
uidea
ndt
he
di
sci
pl
e:
I
bec
amey
ou,
youb
eca
meme
.Ib
eca
met
heb
ody
,yo
ube
camet
hes
oul
.
Hear
ingthi
s,Khusr
aubowsdo
wnt
othef
eeto
fNi
zVma
l-
Dna
ndc
ompl
et
est
hev
ers
e,
se
izi
ngthefe
e tof
hisg
uide
:
S
oth
atn
oon
ewo
ulds
aya
fte
rth
is,
Iams
ome
onee
ls
e,y
oua
res
ome
onee
ls
e.
Niz Vma l-Dnte l
lsKhus rautog e tupa ndsaystha to nt heda yo fj
udg ement, whe nheis
aske dtot el
lwha theha sbro ughtwi t
hhi mf romt hewo rldforGo d,hewi l
l presentthe
bur ningo fKhus r aushe ar
t. He aringt hesewo rds, Khus ra ucriesouta nds tartstocir
-
cuma mb ulateNi zV ma l-
D n.S a yyidM_s a ndS ayy idMu 'amma ds i
ngt hea bove
verse ,whileHa rdev ,hisbrea t
hc ho k i
ng ,l
ooksupo n.4
39

Likethei nc i
de ntb yt hewe l
l,theb asan tane cdo tede scribesspontane ousr ea
c-
ti
o nso fNi zVma l-
D nt opo eti
cs t
a t
e ments.Hi sdisc i
ple sexpe rtl
ys e
izethemo ment
ande nhanc ehismy st
icalstateb yt urningtheo c
ca si
o ni ntoane x t
empo raneo ussam
assemb l
y.Bo t
ha nec dotesna tura l
izes uchincident sa sapa r
to ftheha gi
ogra phicalac
-
count so nNi zVma l-Dnslifea nda r
g ueforthes igni 0
1canc eoft hepracti
c e.Ho wever,
ther ami 0
1cationso ftheb asa nta ne cdotearemo ref ar-reaching.Itprovidesa e t
iol
ogy
f
o rt hec el
ebrationso fthefe st
iva lint heSu01shrine s.Niz ami al
soa sser
tsinaf oot
note
thatt hei ncidentg aver i
set ot het radit
iono fce l
eb ratingthef esti
vala mo ngS outh
Asia nMus l
imsi ng ene r
al,no to nlya mo ngt heS u01s. Het
4
40
husma nagestoa dvoca
te
botht hepr acticeo fs am a ndt hec elebrati
o no fa no r
igi
na ll
yHi nduf e sti
valby
Mus li
ms ,bothb eingpr acticesde mur redbyhi sDe ob andi contempo rarie
s.

4
39
Ni
zami
,Ni
z
m
ban
sur
,
221
22
3.
4
40
Ni
zami
,Ni
z
m
ban
sur
,
224
225.

122
3
.4As
ubj
ect
ivede
scr
ipt
iono
famy
sti
cal
sta
te

No neo fthet extsdiscusse dthusf arha sde scribedthemy stic

al expe r
ienc ee nticedb y
sam fromt hepo i
nto fv iewo fthepe rsonwhounde r
g oesit.Not extt el
lswha the
mi ghthav efelt,seeno rtho ught.Ins tead, theyc oncentrateo nt heo utwar db eha vi
o ur
.
Niz
mba nsurisar ema rka bl
etexti nt hes ensethatitre l
ateso nes uchi ncidentf rom
Ha rdev
spo into fv i
ew.
Thei ncide ntt ookpla cee a
rlydur ingHa r
de v
sstayinDe lhi.Itisa mo ngt hek ey
passa ge
so fNi z
m bansu randitss igni01canc eisunde r
linedb yt hef acttha ttheb ook
derivesitstitl
ef romi t.Oneda y,Ha rdeva ndS ayyi
dMu 'a mma dwe r
es ummo ne db y
NizV ma l
-Dn. Thepa ss
a ger es
emb le sthema lf
z

tg enrea sitb egi
nswi t
hno tingwho
wa spr e
senta ndde scr
ibest hede tailso fthedi scussi
o nbe tweent heS u01g uidea ndhi s
disciple
s.Thet o
pi cspo e t
rya ndt he ologya rea ls
ot ypicaltot heg enr e
.Whe n
Ha rdeva rri
ves,Ni zVma l
-D nisex pla i
ni ngt oNa \
ra l-
DnMa 'm_dt hatMus limsdo
notc onsidertheq uali
ti
e s( i
f
t)of Go ds eparatefromGo dsessence( Jt).Na \
ra l
-Dn
repliesbys ayingt hatheha sexpress edt hes a meide ainpo e t
iclang uage:
Hei si nme ,
andIa mi nhi ml ikefrag r
a nceinsidet her ose.Thelinepl easesNi zVma l-Dna ndhe
asksNa \ral-Dnt orecitet heresto fhi spo em. Atoucho fre a
lismi sadde dt ot hepa s
-
sage, whenHa r
de vfail
st or ecor
dt hee ntireg hazal
,b e
c auseheha sf orgo t
tenpa rtof
thev erse
s .I
ns tead,Niz
m bansur i
nc lude so nlythreeo fits01
v eversestha twe rec er
-
tai
nl ykno wnt oNi zami . Thi
441
sma yb eal i
terarytrope,buti tma ya l
soi ndica t
et hathe
isno wa ctual
lyt r
a nsl
atingt heolderP ersiant ext.
I
amu
sel
es
san
dus
ef
ull
i
kema
ddi
nre
cko
nin
g44
2

I
spe
aka
ndI
ams
il
ent
li
keal
et
te
rinab
ook
.

S
ome
ti
mesI
amh
app
y,s
ome
ti
mess
orr
owf
ul
,un
awa
reo
fmyc
ond
iti
on
I
crya
ndI
lau
ghl
i
keas
le
epi
ngc
hil
d.

Th
ech
est
ofNa
ra
l-
Dnc
ont
ain
sno
thi
ngb
utl
ove
L
ooka
tth
iss
urp
ris
ings
pec
tac
le:
ano
cea
nisi
nsi
deab
ubb
le.
4
43

WhenNizVma l
-Dnhearst
heg hazal
,hi
seyes01
l
lwi t
htear
s.Sayy
idMu 'ammad
i
nte
rrupt
sbysumma ri
zingadis
cussi
onheha dhadwithHa r
devearl
iert
hatday,
say-
i
ngthata
ccor
dingtotheHindufa
ith(hi
n d
aq
dah),
Go dhasdi
str
ibut
edhisqual
it
ie
s
t
ogodsandgoddes
ses.Hewondersi
f t
hiscor
res
pondstotheIs
lami
cc o
nceptthemas-

4
41
Theg ha za
listheonlypoema t
tri
butedtoNa\
ra l-
DnMahmudanditi
sastoc
kiteminqawwa l
i
reper
toir
es.Itisalr
eadyincl
udedinana ntho
logyofqawwa l
ipo
etr
ypubl
is
hedin1
935.S
eeN_ral
-@a s
an,
Na g
hm t
,156 157
.
4
42
Theliner ef
erstot
hef a
ctthatal
thoughma d
d( )wri
tt
enabov
ethel
ett
eral
i
ftur
nsiti
ntoal
o ng ,
i
tdo esnota .
fectit
snume r
icalv
a l
ueintheabj
adsyst
e m.
4
43
Nizami, Ni
z
m ba
n s
ur
,8081.

123
terjustdiscus s
e d?Ni zVma l-Dnb rushe ssuchc ere bralspe culatio
nsa s
idea nds a
ys
thatitisb ett
e rtob eint oxicate db yt heb ewilderme nto v era no ceanb eingi nsi
dea
bubb l
et hant ot ryt of atho ms ucht he ologi
caldi lemma s.Het he na ddresse sHardev
dire
c t
lysayingt ha tthemo stimpo rtantthingist ok no wo ne s
e l
fa ndt hepa radoxpe r
-
tai
ningt othes e l
f:a l
tho ughi tpe rceptiblye xi
sts,itisi ma ginarya ndl acki
ngr eale
x i
st
-
ence,becausee verythingi sama nif
esta t
iono fasing lee ssenc e
. Ni
44
4
zVma l-Dnswo r
ds
andNa \ral-
D n
sg haza larec ompl e t
e l
yinl i
newi tht hev ujd concept s
.Thi sissome-
wha tanachro nisti
c ,si
nc et heide a
se xpo undedb yIb n) Arab andhi sdi s
ciplesreached
Indiaonlydur ingt hel atterpa rto fthef ourtee
nt hc ent ury,afterNiz V
ma l-
D nspas
s i
ng
away .
Everyonepr esenti st ouche db yNi zVma l-Dnswo r
ds .Whe nNi zVma l-Dnthen
l
o okstowardsHa rde v,tearsinhi se yes,thel at
ter
sr epo rtof thee ventsturnsi ntoavery
personalde scripti
o no famy sticalstatet hatiswo rt
hq uo ti
ngi nf ullbe causeo fit
s
uniquene s
sinI ndi anS u0 1wr i
ting .Rec or
dingv isi
o na rye xpe r
ienc e
sha sb eena nesta
b-
l
ishedpr acticea mo ngI ndianS u01s.F ore xampl e,t heS ha t
tarima s
terMu 'amma d
Gha usGvl iyar wro t
eade tai
ledr eco rda bouthisa sc ensiont ohe aven( mirj)hecon-
test
edt ohav ea ccompl ishe dinhi sph ysicalbody. Ho
445
weve r
,suc hpa ssag
e sha dne v
er
appe a
redint hec ontexto fs am .
@a
Sra
t[i
.
e.Ni
zVma
l-
Dn]r
ais
edhi
sgl
anc
eto
war
dsmea
ndt
her
ewe
ret
ear
sin
hi
sey
es.
Its
eeme
dasi
fthee
nti
reuni
ver
sewa
sappe
ari
ngt
omei
ntho
set
ear
s
i
nana
git
ate
dco
ndi
ti
on.
@aS
ratme
rel
ylo
oke
datme
,hedi
dno
tsa
yan
ythi
ng.
ButIs
tar
tedt
otr
emb
le.
AndIs
awe
ver
ythi
ngi
nthet
ear
sof@a
Sra
t.L
oos
ing
mys
elf
-c
ons
cio
usne
ss,
Iwe
ntf
orwa
rdi
nor
dert
oki
sst
hef
eeto
f@a
Sra
t.Buta
s
s
oona
sIs
too
dup
,so
met
hingi
nsi
demes
tar
tedt
oda
nce
.Ins
tea
dofl
ayi
ngmy
he
ado
nhi
sfe
et,
Ist
art
edt
oda
ncei
nthemi
dsto
fthea
sse
mbl
y.Iwi
shIc
oul
d
ha
vec
ont
rol
l
edmy
sel
fandr
efr
aine
dfr
oms
uchi
nso
lenta
ndr
udeb
eha
vio
ur,
b
utIha
dnoc
ont
rol
ove
rmy
sel
f.
Isa
wsk
yande
art
hmo
ving
,jumpi
nga
ndda
n-
c
ing
.Iha
dno
tlo
stmyc
ons
cio
usne
ss,Is
awe
ver
ythi
nga
ndunde
rst
ood
e
ver
ythi
ng.
Butwha
twa
sha
ppe
ningi
nsi
demea
ndwh
ywa
sIda
nci
ng,
tha
tI
a
m no
tab
let
owr
it
e,b
eca
useIdono
tkno
wther
eas
onb
ehi
ndi
t.S
eei
ngme
da
nci
ng,my@a
Sra
tst
oodupa
nds
odi
dev
ery
onewhowa
spr
ese
nt.Khvj
ah
S
ayy
idMu'a
mma
dst
art
edt
osi
ngt
hec
los
ingv
ers
eofS
hai
khNa
\ra
l-
Dn
Mahmudwit
he x
cee
dingl
yb eaut
if
ulvoi
ce:
Theche
sto
fNaral
-Dncont
ain
sn o
thi
ngbutlo
ve
Lo
o kat
thi
ssur
pris
ingspect
acl
e:anoce
anisi
nsi
deabubb
le.
Khvja
hMu'a mmadwa srepeati
ngthewo r
dsc
onta
insno
thi
ngbutlo
ve
time
a
nda
gai
n.Iha
dne
verk
nownt
hatheha
dsuc
hab
eaut
if
ulv
oic
eandt
hathe
s
ing
ssowe
ll
.Te
arswe
reB
Co
wingf
romt
hee
yeso
fmy@a
Sra
tandmys
tea
dfa
st
g
azewa
s01
xedo
nhi
sbl
ess
edf
ace
.Suc
hvi
si
onswe
rea
ppe
ari
ngt
omei
nea
ch
4
44
Ni
zami
,Ni
z
mb
ansur
,8
2.
4
45
Se
eKugl
e200
7b:1
361
60.

124
 o
neo
fhi
ste
arst
hatIc
anno
tex
pla
int
hemi
nwo
rds
.Is
awmyc
ount
ryi
ntho
se
t
ear
s.Is
awmypa
rent
s.Is
awa
nima
ge(
mr
t
)ofKr
is
hna
,Is
awhi
m pl
ayi
ng
t
heb
amb
ooB
Cut
e(b
ans
ur
).
44
6
Theno
teso
ftheb
amb
ooB
Cut
ese
eme
dtome
rge
wi
tht
hes
oundo
fKhvj
ahMu'a
mma
dsv
oic
e.AndIunde
rst
oodt
hatKr
is
hna
wa
spl
ayi
ngt
heb
amb
ooB
Cut
eandda
nci
ngwi
thmea
ndIwa
sda
nci
ngi
nsi
de
@a
Sra
t
ste
arswi
thKr
is
hna
.Iwa
sre
pea
ti
ng
con
tai
nsn
oth
ingb
utl
ove
and
Kr
is
hnawa
sal
sor
epe
ati
ng
con
tai
nsn
oth
ingb
utl
ove
.
Af
te
rso
met
imeIl
ostmyc
ons
cio
usne
ssa
ndf
el
ldo
wn.
Whe
nIc
amet
o,
t
hea
sse
mbl
yha
ddi
spe
rse
dandKhvj
ahMu'a
mma
dandS
hai
khNa
\ra
l-
Dn
we
res
it
ti
ngc
los
etome
.Myhe
adwa
sont
hek
neeo
fKhvj
ahMu'a
mma
dand
hewassoft
lysi
ngi
ng:
Theches
tofNa
ral-
Dncon
tainsnot
hin
gbutlov
e
Lookatt
hissur
pri
si
ngspect
acle
:anoceani
sin
sideabu
bbl
e.
Aft
erre
gainingmyc o
nscio
usnessIf
eltasifIhadbeendri
nki
ng.
Ther
ewa
sa
wo
nde
rful
fee
li
ngo
fel
at
ioni
nsi
deme
.Is
atupa
ndt
hens
too
dup
.Sha
ikhNa
\r
a
l-
DnMa
'm_da
ndKhvj
ahMu'a
mma
dca
ughtmyb
otha
rmsa
ndt
ookme
t
othel
at
ter

sho
use
.Ande
vent
her
e,t
hes
amev
oic
eke
ptc
omi
ngt
omea
sif
t
hedo
orsa
ndwa
ll
swe
res
ing
ing
con
tai
nsn
oth
ingb
utl
ove
.
44
7

AtS a
yyidMu'a mma dsho u se,S ayyidM_s r e ci
tedHa rdevt heS urao fY usuf
whichuphe ldthelatter
se nc hant edmo od( ka i

y y
at)e ve ntho ughhedi dno tunde r
-
sta
ndt hewo r
ds.SayyidM_se xpla i
ne dtha tNi zVma l-
D nha di nstr
uc tedhimt or eci
te
thi
ss pe ci01
csurabec auseHa rdevwa sa .
fe c
te db ythepo eti
ct he me( ma Hmn)o flo ve
,
whichi sthetopicofthispa rticularsur aaswe l
l.Het hene nli
ght enedHa r
devtha tifthe
qawwa lsune xpect
edlys wiftthet he meo f po etrytheya res i
ng i
ngwhe nsome onei sex-
perienc ingamy st
icals t
a t
e( k ai
yyat),thel atterma yb eha rme do re v
endi eo uto f
shock .
448

Thepa s
sagesumma r i
ze sma nyo fthet heme stha tha vea lreadya ppearedi nt he
Sult
a na teandl a
teMug halS u01texts.Itde scri
b esthea da bo fas am assembly:Ha rdev
att
empt st oholdhims elfatb ay,buti sforc e
dt os urrende rinfro ntof theurgetoda nce
thatrise sfro
mi nsi
dehi m. Itte l
lsho wa l
lthepa rt
ici
pa ntss t
oo dupi no r
dertoco nfo r
m
toHa rde v
sexperi
enc e.Ita ttri
b utesHa r dev
smy s
ticals tat
et opo e tryandde sc r
ibes
howt hephr aseisbeingr epe atedi no rdertoupho l
dhi sstate.Itwa rnsa gai
nstthedi re
conse que ncesofas udde nc ha ngei nt hes i
ng ingo rint hes ongt e
xt. Thepassag ea l
so
evoke sadi sti
nctl
ya nti-i
ntellectua lappro acht os am
.Ins t
eado ftryingtograspt heo-
l
o g
ica lc oncepts
,ones ho uldf eelo ne
so wne xistence(o rlackt hereof)throught hepo -
eti
cme taphors.

4
46
Thi
sist
heonlyi
nst
anc
ethewor
dba
nsu
ra
ppe
arsi
ntheb
ooka
par
tfr
omt
het
it
le
.
4
47
Niz
ami,Ni
z
mban
sur
,
828
4.
4
48
Niz
ami,Ni
z
mban
sur
,
848
5.

125
 Thede scriptio no fHa rde vss tatee cho est hewr i
t ingso fS hhKa l
m Al lha nd
Ma uln F ak hra l
-D ndi sc uss eda bo ve.Be for
ec olla psing ,Ha rdevr ema insc onscio us
ofwha ti sha ppe ningt ohi ma nda roundhi m.Heunde r st
andst heme ani ngo fthe
po em, butl o ose sc ont rolo verhi ms e l
f. Ha dhel o sthi sc onsciousne ssr ig hti nt heb e-
ginning , hewo uldno tha veb ee na b l
et ode scribet hev isionshes awi nt het earsNi z Vm
al-Dn,whe rehi sc o untry,hi spa rentsa nd,0 1
na lly,a ni ma geo fKr i
s hnaa ppe aredt o
him. Anda l
l thet ime ,eve rythi ngk e ptr epe atingt hephr as ec
o ntain sn oth ingb utlov e

i
nuni s on.
Thei nc l
us iono ft hepa ss agei nNi z
mb an sur andg iv
ingi ts uc hl e ng thyt rea t
-
me nta chie ves eve ral di.
fere ntg oals.Ont heo neha nd, t hepa s
sa ges pe aksf o rthepr es-
enc eo fHi ndusi nt hec i
rcleo faS u01 ma st
e rinat i
me ,
whe nthede ma ndf ore xc l
us ive
reli
gio usi de nt i
tieswa sb eingv oicedmo rev eheme nt l
yt ha ne verb e fore .Ita lsopo r-
trayst heS u01ma stera sar eligio uss pe cialistoft hehi g
he s
tr ank ;aftera ll,hei sa blet o
bes t
o wa ne x pe ri
enc eo fdi viner ealityt oa n yonea cc ordingt ohi so rhe rr eligiouso ut-
l
o ok.Ha rdev
sv i
sio na rye xpe rie ncei same anst opr ov idea0 1r
st-ha ndt e stimo nyt o
that.And, 01
na lly,itc astsb anni ngt hel isteningo fsungpo etry,whic hha sapo tent i
al to
evo kes uc he xpe r
ienc e s,i
na na bsur dlig ht.
Wha ti ssig ni0
1ca nti nt hepa ssagei st ha tNi zamido esno tinte rpr etitt ohi srea d-
ers.Hema kesnoe .for ttojus tifyt hea ppe aranc eo fKr i
s hnai nNi zVma l
-D nst ea r
,b ut
l
e tsthede scriptions pe akfo ri tself.Thet e xtco ntainsc er t
a i
nhi nts, suc ha se mpha siz-
i
ngt ha tHa rde vsa wa ni ma geo fKr i
shna ,no tKr ishnahi ms elf
,tha tindi ca tet or eade rs
thatt hev isionwa spur el
ys ub jectivea nddo esno ti mpl y,forins t
a nc e,thedi vinityo f
Krishnai na nyo nt olog i
cals e ns e.Ho we ve r
, whi l
eNi z ami
sdi scipleswo uldha v eb ee n
l
iteratee no ug ht or e a dthepa s sagei nama nne rt hea utho rha dme ant,i twi llha v e
o.feredg roundsf o rc riti
cismt ohi sa dv ersaries.Int hi ss ens e,Ha rdev
se x pe rienc er ep-
resent so nemo rei ns tanceo ftheb oldne sswi thwhi chNi za mia dvo cate dt heS u01pr ac-
ticest hatwe res eena sco ntro ve rsialb yt het raditiona l
ist,pur i
tanic al ulam. Fo rhim,
sam wa sana t
ur alc o
mpo ne nto ft heS u 0
1pr a ctic e
.Asaha ndb o okf oraChi shti
Niz ami disciplet ot hehi storyo ft heb rothe rho od, Ni z
m ba nsurfo rceful l
ys tatesthe
caseo fs am
: itisno ta ne x cus ef orf rivolous ,immo rale nt er
tainme nta si twa se nv i
-
sione db yhi side olo gicalo ppo ne nts.Ont hec ont rary, i
ti sa ninte gral par to fS u01pr ac-
ticea ndpa r
ta ndpa rce lofthev ujd visio ntha tse est hema nifest
a tionsa ndhe arsthe
echo eso ftheo nee xistenc ee v ery whe re .Thepo e t
icwo rdsa ndme l
o dio usv oice o
449
nly
o.ferthe sema ni f
es t
a tionsac o mpr ehe ns i
b l
ef orm. Themo reattractivet hi sfo rmi s,the
greate ritse .fecto nt hel istene rs .

4
49
Niz
ami d
oesnot
me nt
ionmusi
cal
ins
trument
sinNi
z
mba
nsur
.
Ho wev
er,
hewasf
ondo
fcl
ass
ic-
a
lHi
ndust
animusi
cb o
thinst
rume
ntala
ndv o
calandal
lo
wedins
trument
alacc
ompa
nime
nti
nhis
s
am
ass
emb l
ie
s.

126
 P
ARTI
I:POETI
CREPERTOI
RESANDQAWWALIMUS
IC

4QAWWALIREPERTOI
RES

4
.1Cl
ass
if
yingt
hepo
ems
:la
ngua
ges
,ge
nre
s,a
utho
rs

Be foree nteringade t
a i
leddi scus siono ni ndi v i
dua lpo emsi nt hepe rforma ncec ontext,
itishe lpfult of orm ag enerali deao fthepo etrys ungi ns am assemb li
e s.Thet askis
da unting ,sincet heshe erv astne ssa ndui dit yo ftheq awwa lsrepertoi
r est hrea te
nt o
frustratea nya ttemptst oc ha ract eriz
et hisc orpusi name aningfulwa y.Re pe rtoir
es
va r
yf romo nepe r
iod,o neg eo gra phica llo cationa ndo nepe rforme rtoa no t
he r.This
l
a cko fst anda rdizati
ons temsf ro mt hef actt ha to nlyt woi t
e msb earac o nne ctionwi th
regu lat
edr it
ua lsetti
ng .
The s
et woi te
ms ,Qa u la ndRa n g, wi
450
llbedi scus s
e di nde tai
l
be l
o w.No w, s
u' ()
ceittos aytha tt he ya rea lwa yspe rforme di nc onne cti
o nwi t
hac o m-
me mo rativepr ayerca l
ledf t
i aht hati sre ado nt hede atha nni ver
sa r
yo faS u()saint.
Ho we ver,whe nas am a ssemb l
yi sno tc onne c tedwi tht hec omme mo r
a ti
v er i
tual,
the setwoi temsc anb eo mitteda ndt heq a wwa l
sa refree,e veno bl
iged, toa da ptthe i
r
pe rf
o r
ma nc etot heo ccasi
o na ndt hea udi enc e .
Eveni ft hepe rforme rsareg ive ns uchal icense ,ther eligi
o usc ontex to fpe rform-
anc esc ouldha veledt oforma lizat iono f thepr actice. I
two ul d,fore xampl e,bena t
ur a
l
fort hedi scipleso face r
tains i
lsilahde siri
ngt ok e ept heme mo ryo ft
he i
rde pa rtedS u(
)
guidea l
iv et oins t
ructtheq awwa lst os inghi sf avo urit
epo emsa fterhisde ath. Ho w-
ev er
, s
uc hf orma l
izat
ionha sha do nlylimi tedi nue nc eo nthes am asse mb liesIha ve
ob served. Itisa ls
otell
ingt hato nl yaf ewpo emst ha ta reme nt i
o nedi ntheS ultana teor
l
a teMug halS u()textsana lysedi nt he( )r
s tpa rto ft hiss t
udyha verema inedpa rta nd
pa rcelof theq a wwa l
irepe rto
ire stot hepr ese nt.
Tofur therc ompl i
c a
tet hes itua tion, t
her ang eo fpoetict extsavailablef orq a wwa l
s
tos electf romi sv ast
. I
na ddi tiont ote xtsb ypo etsr eco gnizeda sSu()s,itc ove rspo et
s
who selink swi thSu()sm ha veb ee nno mi na lo ri ne xist
ent .Thec ontento ft het e xt
s
wr it
tenb yb othk indso fautho rsiss ouni formt ha ti npr act
ic ethedi video fpo etryinto
Su( )andno n-Su ()
,ormy s t
ica ndpr o fa
ne ,isi rreleva ntint hec o ntextofI ndi anpr acti
ce
of sam .Int hec aseo fPersianpo e try
, thisha sbe ent hec as esinc ethet we lf
t hc entury
whe nS u()sa da ptedthei ma ger yo fpr o fanel o vepo etryintot heirdisco urseo fdivine
l
o ve. Later,int urn, o
therpo etse mb race dt hec on ventionso fSu()wr it
er swhi chr esul
-
tedi na na ma l
g ama t
iono fthel e velso f huma n, me tapho ri
ca l(ma jz
)a nddi vine ,rea
l
4
50 Bo
thqa
ulandra
ngarenamesf
orce
rtai
nsongty
peswit
ha s
soci
at
edtext
ualco
nte
nt.Howe
ver,
in
t
hec
ont
empor
aryc
onte
xt,
bothha
vecometodenot
eonespe
ci(
)ci
tem.Henc
e,theus
eofca
pit
all
ett
er
.

127
(a qq
)lo veinP ersiana nd, l
a ter, i
nUr dupo etr
y .Asar esult,therei snos pe ci
()cs tyl
e
ofmy sti
cal orpr o f
a nepo etry.Ins tead, thepo eticsty l
ei sgene rica ndb othpr ofa nea nd
my sticalpo etrys ha ret hes a mei ma gisticr epertoirea ndpr ono unc edlyme tapho rica
l
l
a ng uage.Inb oth, fore x ampl e, thehuma no rdi vineb el
o vedi sa bsenta ndt heuni on
betwe e nthel o versi ss eldomde scrib ed. Thea bsentb el
o vedi sa l
soa na b stractio n; al
-
tho ught herea rede scripti
onso fhi so rhe rph ysicala ppe aranc e,theyr ema ing e ne ra
l
andc anb eint erpre teda spur elyme tapho ricali
nt hemy sti
cal f
ra me wo r
k .
Occ a
siona lly,thel ifeo fthepo e ta ddst ot hea mb iguityo fhispo et
icwo rks. Am8 r
Khus r
au,f ore x ampl e ,wa sb o tht hec losestdi scipleo fNi z;
: ma l-D8n,b uts imul tan-
eous lyas ucce ssful cour tpo et.Iti simpo ssibl
et ode terminewhi c
hpo emshewr otet o
bepe rf
o r
me dint hej am
atkh n aho fhi sma st
e ra ndwhi cho ne sint hes o i
ree so ft he
sultan.S a=
d8( d.c .129 1),who mS uni lS ha rmac allsune quivoca l
ly apur elyr o ma ntic
,
no n-my sti
ca lpo et,i
451
sinS out hAs ia, aswe llasinI ran, genera l
lyr eckoneda mo ngt he
Su() poe t
sa ndc alledS ha ikhS a =
d8 .Ast hef rameo fr ef
erenc eo fapo emi sno tc o nc l
us-
i
v elyde termine db yt hepo etict exti ts
e lfo rbyt heb i
og raphical datao fthea utho r
, the
i
nt erpretationo fea chpo emi sul tima telyde (
)nedb ythec ontex tinwhi chi tisc itedo r
per f
o rmed. Theq awwa l
sma keus eo f thisa mb ivalenc eint heirpe rforma nc es,a ndt hey
arei npr acticea b letos inga nypo etict exta slonga sitsc onte nt( )
tsthepe r
fo rma nce
occ asion.
Thisf r
e edo mo fs e l
ecti
o na l
sol eadst oas itua ti
onwhe rema nyi te mso ft he
qawwa lirepe rtoiresa reno te xc l
u sivet ot hispa rticularmus icalg e
nre.P erha pst he
mo s textensivec on verge nceo c cur swi thn at
k hvn ,anothe rre l
igiousg enr eo fmus ic,
whi chc onsistso funa ccompa ni edr ec i
ta t
iono fpo emsi npr a i
seo ft hePr ophe t
Muha mma d. Ano
452
the rg e
nr et ha tha smuc hc ommo nwi thq awwa liisgha z al
. Es
453
pe-
ciallyma nyc lassicso fUr dupo etrya res ha r
e db yb othq awwa lsa ndg h a zals ing ers
.
Mo rerarely
, theq awwa lssings o ngt e xtst hata rea l
s ope rf
o rme db yc lass
ic alsing e rs.I
t
i
sg enerall
yi mpo ssib l
et ode te rmi newhob orrowsf r
om who m, ye ttheq awwa lss eem
tob ee speciallyo pe nt oa dopt ings o ngt e xtsfromo therg enres.

Th
ege
ner
alc
las
sic
ati
ono
fpo
emsi
nqa
wwa
lir
epe
rto
ire
s
Fr
o mthesepr emises,itisnotsurpri
singthato nlyones chol
ar,Regul
aBur c k
hardt
Qures
hi,hasatt
e mptedtoc at
egor
iz
et heitemsint heqawwa l
sr
epert
oire
s.Shedi v
ides
t
her e
pe r
toir
epe rf
orme dattheNizamuddi nshr i
neintofourgroups:(
)r
st,
so ngsspe-
ci
()
cal
lya ssoc
iatedwi thNi z
;
:ma l-D8n;second,S u()clas
sic
sk nownt oS u()sa nd
qawwalsalloverIndia;thi
rd,s
ongstha tfor
m pa r
to ftheperf
orme r
sper
sona lre
pe r
-
t
oire
,andf ourt
h,s ongswithpopularsuc c
ess. Thec
45
4
lassi
()
cat
ionisconcernedwi th
t
herepertoir
eofq awwa lsofasi
ngleshrine,butev e
ns oitpres
entscert
ai
npr o bl
ems.
4
51 Sha
rma2 0
12:80
.
4
52 Onnat
khvn
,seeQures
hi1
990:
4794
81.
4
53 Onghazal
,se
eMa nue
l19
881
989andQur
eshi
199
0:4
834
91.
4
54 Qure
shi2006
:1920.

128
Tob eg i
nwi th, ca tego ri
eso nea ndt woo ve rl
a p.Ni z;
: ma l
-D8 ni so neo ftheb est-kno wn
Su()s ai
nt si nS o uthAs ia ,a ndpo emsl ink edwi thhi ma ndhi spo et-disc i
pleAm8 r
Khus raua rek no wnt oa ndf reque ntlype rf
o rme db ymo stq a wwa l
s.Thi si struee s pe-
ciall
yi nt hec aseo f t
her itua llypr escribe dQa ula ndRa n g, whi cha reb otha ttri
but edt o
Khus rau.
The( )
rstc a teg ory,ho we ve r
, ishe lpfulindi scus sings ma l
le rshrinesa ttracti
ngl im-
ite
df o l
lowi ng. Ins uc hshr ine st hepo emsc onne c t
e dt oa ndwr ittenb yt hes ainta nd
hisfo llowe rsa repe rf
o r
me db ylo ca lqawwa lsb uta rer arelyhe ardo utsidet hes hrine s
.
Suc hi sthec ase ,fo rex ampl e ,inHy dera bad, whe rema nyo f t
hek hn qhsa reself-s
u' ()
-
cientwi t
hr espe c tt opo et ry
.Thef o undi ngs aintsa ndt he irdi sci
plesha vewr i
tte n
eno ug hpo emst os u'()cef ort hene edso fthe irs am asse mb liesa ndt heq a wwa lsa re
expe c te
dt olimi tt he ircho i
c etot hem. Ont heo t
he rha nd, t
he irtextsa rer a r
elyhe a rd
outsidet heirk h n q hs.Its ho uldb eno tedt ha tso me ti
me spo e mso f l
oc al reno wnma y
ente rint otheuni ve rsal
lys ha redr e pertoire.Thi sha spr oba b l
yb eent hec a sewi tht ex t
s
assoc iatedwi thKhus r
aua ndNi z ;
:ma l-D8n, orwi tht hepo e msb ytheHy de rabadi Su()
ma ste rKa mi l( d. 1976 )whi c ha repe rforme dt hr oug ho utt heDe ccana nd, o ccasiona lly
,
elsewhe rea swe ll.
Qur eshi
sdi v isiono ft her epe rtoiresint oc lassicsa ndpe rsona lsong sc anb ec o n-
testeda swe ll.Iti st ruetha tmo stq awwa lsha veas e lecti
o no fsigna t
ures ong sthe ya re
credi t
e dwi ths ing ingpa rticularlywe ll,whi cht hea udi enc eha sg rowna c custome dt o
expe c tfromt he m. Ho we v er,ma nys uc hpo e msa rea l
soc la ssicsint heiro wnr ighta nd
thusc ommo nlyk no wna mo ngt heq a wwa ls. Some time sa no t
he rq awwa lig roupma y
intent iona l
lya ppr o priates ucha ni te m,i ft he irt urnt ope rformo cc ursb eforet he
groupwhous ua llys ingst he ses ong s,o rifthec usto ma rype rforme r
sa res impl ya bse nt
andt hea udi enc es ti
llwa nt stohe arthes pe ci(
)cpo em.
Qur eshi
sf our thc at
e go ry,po pula rs ong s,ispe r hapst hemo stelusive .Atpr esent,
popul arpo e msa reo f
tena do ptedf r
o mq awwa lir ec ording st ot hepe rfor ma nc estha t
takepl acei nt hes hrinec ompo unds .Dur ingno rma lda y s, t
hea udienc ec onsistspr e-
domi nant lyo fr eg ula rpilgrimswi thl it
tlei ntere stino ra pt i
tudef orlisteni ngt odi '()
-
cultpo emsl oa de dwi thc o mpl ica tedme tapho rs.P erformi ngpo emswi thpo pul ara p-
pea lisawa yt oe nsur eao wo fmo ne taryg ifts( na "rn ah ,na "r)o ns uc ho ccasi
o ns.
Thes ucc esso ft he sepo e
msi so f
te ns ho rt
-li
v eda ndne wpo emsa refreque nt lyado pt ed
tor epe rtoires.I nc aseo fs us taine ds uc cess,ho we ve r
,apo pul arpo em ma ya cq uirea
statuso fac lass i
c .They o ung erg e nera t
iont e ndst ope rformpo pul arsong smo rere ad-
il
yt ha nt he i
re lde rs.Att heNi z amuddi ns hrine ,fo rins tanc e,t hey oung erq awwa l
s
prefe rthev ersio no fAl l
hh $ma depo pula rb yNus ratF atehAl iKha n t
45
5
ot hemo re
traditiona lAl l hh $wr itte nb yJ; mi n= Al 8. Thel
456
atterv ersionf e atur esi nt he
repe rtoireso fthes eniorme mb erso fthepe rf
o rmi ngc ommuni ty.
45
5S ee,e.
g.Nusr
at,
Tra
dit
io
nalSu Qawwali
sI,
trac
k2.
45
6F orthetext
,seeMera
j,Su
r$d,12
512
6.Forthepe
rfo
rma
nce
,se
eMe
raj
,Th
eLy
ri
cal
Tra
dit
io
nof
Qawwa
li
,CD1,tra
ck1.

129
 Thepr o ce sso f ado ptingpo pula rpo emsi ntoq awwa lipe rfor ma nc eha sina l
l pro b-
abil
ityb eenano rma lpr oce dur ea sl o nga ss am ha sb eenpr a cti
s edb yI ndianS u( )s
.
Theq a wwa lss eemt oha vea lwa ysb e eno nt hec uttinge dg eo f de velo pme ntsint hepo -
eti
cs ce ne ,a nda ni ndi v i
dua lq a wwa l
sr eper t
o irei sa 'fecte db yhi smus icaltraining
andpe rsona l po et i
cs ens iti
v i
t y.Thepo etick no wl edg eisus ua llyt rans mi ttedwi thmu-
sic
alt rainingi nt hef ami ly.Asac hildl earnst os ingb yo b se rvinga nda ccompa nying
hiselde rs,hea lsoa b so rbst he irpo e ticr epe rtoire. Whi les o meq a wwa l
s( )ndt hei nhe r-
i
tedr epe rto i
r es u'()c i
e nte v ena ftert he yha vet he ms elvesa ssume dar oleo fale ading
vocali
s t
, othe rss triv et oe x pa ndt he irr epe rtoireb yint roduc ingi ntoi tne wi t
ems .The y
ma ya chie vet hi sb ye x tens i
v elyr ea dingpo etry, buta lsob ype rformi ngi nmus icala s-
semb li
e so fS u()swhoa ree s tab l
ishe dpo ets.Thel eadingq a wwa lo ft heNi zamuddi n
shri
nei nDe lhi,Me rajAhme d,e xe mpl i
()ess uc ha na ppr o ach.Hewa si niti
atedi nt o
Su()
smb yt heHy de rab adiS u()ma stera ndpo e t=Ab da l-Qa d8 rN idd8 q8Oa srat,andhe
performe da ndl e arne dpo etryi nhi smus icala sse mb lies.I
45
7
na ddi tion, Me ra
j Ahme d
hasa l
wa ysk eptak e ene yeo nc onte mpo ra r
yUr dupo etry,a ndheo wnsd
v nso fse ver-
alautho rs. Re gulaQur eshi ha sno tedt ha tiswa st he inte l
lige ntunde rsta ndinga ndr e-
ma rkab l
eme mo ryf o rS u()po e tr
y t ha tma deMe r
a j
sf athe rt ot rainhi ma shisma in
successo rins tea do fhi sb ro t
he rwhoha daf ars upe riors ing ingv o i
ce .
458

Thus ,eve ryq awwa lha shi so wnr epe rtoiret ha tde pe ndso nhi se duc at i
on,p erson-
alproc li
v iti
e s,fami lyb ack gro und, mo bilityb etwe ens hr ine sa ndt her eq ui r
eme nt so f
hisresp ec t
ivea udi e nc es.Ther ep erto i
reo faq awwa lwhoha ilsf romat ra diti
ona lpe r-
formingl ine a gea ndc o mmut e sb etwe ent hema jo rursf es ti
v itieso ft heS ubcont ine nt
i
slikelyt ob eb ro ade rt ha nt ha tofano n- profe s
s iona lq awwa lwhor ema insa tta
c hedt o
alocal shr i
newhe rehepe rformsal imi te ds eto fpo ems .
Fur the rmo re, po emse nte rt her e pe rtoir
e sa ndf al
l o uto fus ec o nsta nt l
y,ande ac h
poem sa b il
ityt oo utla stthet esto ft imeo ve rt hef o l
lo wi ngc e ntur iesde ter
mi ne s,if
theye arnape r ma ne ntpo sitiona sc lassicsi nq a wwa lirepe rto ire sorc easet ofeatur ei n
performa nce s. Atpr es ent, thei mpo ve ri
she dl itera ryst anda rdo fma nypo pularpo e ms
hasrende redt heire ntr anc et ot hes a m pro permo redi '()
c ultt ha ni tpr o ba bl
ywa sb e-
fore.
Be caus eo ft hisv ar i
atio n,Is ug ge stt hatas i
mpl edi visiono fther epe rtoi
re sint o
corese ctiona ndv ary ings e ctio nwo ul db eb o t
ht ena blei nt hev iewo ft hev as
tne sso f
there pe rtoiresa ndf rui t
fula sa ni nte rpre t
ivet o o l
. Thec o res e c t
io nc ov ersthei tems
thatall qa wwa lig ro upswhowa ntt ope rformi nama jo rs hrineo rk h nq hc anb ee x-
pectedt ok no w. The sei nc l
udet hei te mswi thr itualc o nne c ti
o na swe lla sc ommo nl y
performe dc la ssicsa ndpo pul a rso ng s.Thev ar yings e ctionc o v erst hei te mst ha ta re
i
dio s
ync ra tict ot her epe rtoireo fa ni ndiv i
dua lq a wwa lo rs pec i(
)ct oapa r ti
cul ar
shri
ne ,k h nq ho ro cc asion. Tot hi ss ectionb e l
o nga lsot hes pe ci
a litems( kh ))cz )
,

4
57 Dev
os,
Peshl
afz

:,3
1.
4
58 Qur
eshi2
00 6
:10
2.

130
whicha r
eco nsi
der
ede xc
e pti
onalduetothei
rmusi
calset
ti
ngorpo et
iccontentor
merelybeca
us ethe
ya r
ek nownt ohavealonghi
st
orybutareper
for
me drarel
y.The
re
pe r
toir
eofe achqawwalc o
nsis
tsofi
temsfro
mb ot
hgroupsinvar
yingpropor
tions
.
Thus,theys
ha rece
rtai
nitemswi t
ho t
herqawwal
swhil
eo t
hersa
repe r
for
me dsolel
y
bythemo ronlyince
rtai
nshrines
.

L
ang
uag
esa
ndt
hei
rmu
tua
lhi
er
arc
hy
Thepo emsi nt heq awwa li r
e perto iresa rewr i
ttenins e vera llang ua ge sa ndi npe rform-
anc e sthe sel anguage sc anb emi xe d. Mo sti temse xista sliter aryt extsi npo e t
icc o l
l
e c-
tions( d vn),b utafterb einga da pte dt ot heq a wwa l
i repe rtoirest he ya reg ener all
yme -
dia tedo ra
llya ndc o met oo c cupyapl a ces ome whe reb etwe enwr i
ttena ndo raltradi-
tions .Thepo emsa lsoc ha ng ef romo nepe rfo rma ncet oa no the rt hro ug ht hea pplianc e
of va ri
o ust extualtechni que sut ilizedb yq a wwa l
sanddi scus se db e l
o w.
Thec o res ect
iono fther epe r
to iresi nc lude spo emsi nt hreel ang ua ge sP ersi
a n,
Ur dua ndHi ndi .Persi
anwa st hel in guaf ra nc ao fthepr e -mo de r
nI ndo -P e rs
ianc ult
ur e
sinc et het hirteenthc entur yunt ilt hemi d- ni neteenthc ent ur y
. Initiallyal iteraryla n-
gua g eo ftheT urkishe lit
ei nt heDe lhiS ulta na te,i
tb ec amet heo '(
)ciala dmi nistrati
v e
l
a ng ua gei nt heMug ha ldo ma i
nsdur ingt her ei
gno fAk b ar( r.15 561 60 5). I
nt hec ul-
tur alsphe re,itre c
e i
ve da lmo ste x clusivepa trona g
eunde rt her ulerso ft hedy nasty.
Pe rsianwa spo pularizeda mo ngt hes tateo '()cial
sa ndt oa cq uirea ne duc atio ni nthe
l
a ng ua gewa sc ommo ne ve no nt hel owe rr ung so fthea dmi nistration. P
45
9
ersi
a ns kil
ls
we rei nc rea si
ng l
ya cq uiredb yHi nduswhowo rkedf o rt heMug ha ls ta te.Theo f
te n
quo t
e dl et
te rfromt hemu n sh andpo etCa ndr abh; nBr ahma nt ohi ss o nwr itt
e ni nthe
ea rl
ys e vente enthc entur yr eve alsho wwe ll-re adtheme mb erso f thisc la ssc ouldb e.In
orde rt ob e comes ucce ssfuli nt hepr ofessio n, Candr abh; nwr it
e s,hi ss ons ho uld()rst
l
e arnt heMug halsy st
e mo fno rmsf romt heb o oksone thic sa ndmo rals( ak hlq)a nd
the na c quireat r
ainingi nwr itingi nag rac eful andc o here ntma nne r.T ol e arnP ersi
a n,
hes houl ds tartwithS a=d8
sGu li
stn , B$st na ndt hele tt
e rso f J;m8 andt he npr o ceedt o
histo ryi no rde rtob eco mec o nvers anti nt hes oci
almi li
e uo fMug ha lno bili
ty. Inthe
end,Ca ndr abh; nlistsa lto gethe rs ev entyP e rsianpo e t
sf ro mI ndi a,I ra na ndCe ntral
As iawho sed vnsa ndma sn av
sheha ss tudi edi nhi ss trivet og a inma steryo verthe
l
a ng ua ge.4
60

Theus eo fPersianc o nne c tedI ndi anr ule rs,s

cho larsa ndwr iterswi tht heb roade r
Pe rsian-spe aking( ora tlea stP ersia n-readi ng )wo rl
d. Thee duc atede l
itef ro mOt toma n
Istanb ul toS afavidIsfaha na ndMu g hal De lhi wo uldr eadt hes ameb o ok s. Byt hee ight-
ee nthc entur y,Persianha db e comemo rewi de l
yus e di nI ndi at ha ne v erb e fore.Ac -
co rdingt oF rancisRo bins on, thispe r i
oda lsos awthepe a ko fHi ndui nv o l
v eme ntwi th
thel ang uag ea ndi twa sf urthe rmo reus edi nt hea dmi nistra ti
o nb yS ikhs,Ma rat
ha s

4
59 Al
am1998:
325,
328.
4
60F o
rtheEng
li
shtr
ansl
at
iono
fCha
ndr
abh;
nsl
et
ter
,se
eAl
am&S
ubr
ahma
nya
m20
04:
636
4.

131
andt heBr i
tishi na ddi tiont ot heMus li
mr ul eds ta tes.461
Theni ne te enthc ent urys a wa
rapidde clinei ntheus eo fP ersianb othi nlite ratur ea ndi na dmi nis t
ra t
ion. In1 837, the
Britishr epl ace di twi thUr dui nNo rth-We ster nPr ov i
nc e s
, andt hemo s
timpo rtanto f
theMus li
m pr ince lys tates,Hy de rab ad, stoppe dus i
ngP ersianf o ra dmi nistr ativepur -
po sesi n1 8 83 . De
462
spi t
et her elative l
yq uickde clineo fP ersians k ill
si ng ene ral,Indi an
andP a k i
s taniS u()sha ves tri
ve dt ok eept hel ang ua g ea livei nt he irl i
mi t
e dc ircle, be-
caus et he yc he ri
shi tsa ssociationwi thl e g
e nda r yS u( )s aintsa ndpo ets
.Al tho ug hi n-
dept ha c qua int anc ewi tht hel ang uag ei sra ree ve na mo ngt heS u()s,basics kill
sr e-
quire df o runde rstandi ngpo etry,fori nsta nce ,a r
eno tunc ommo n. Thi sisa l
s ot her ea s
-
onwh yq awwa lsr eg ularlysingP ersianpo etry .Ini tsus eo fP ersia ns ongt ex ts,q awwa l
i
isuni q uea mo ngt hec ontempo raryg enreso f Indi a nmus ic.
Thede clineo fP ersi
anwe ntha ndi nha ndwi t ht hee me rg enc eo fUrdu, anI ndi c
l
a ng ua gewr it
te ni nP erso-Arab ics cript.Ur duc omb ine sIndi cg ra mma rwithami xture
ofP e rsian, Ar a b i
ca ndi ndig eno usI ndi anv o c abul ary. Ina ddi tiont ob ec
omi ngt hea d-
mi nistra tivel a ngua gei ntheni nete ent hc ent ury, itde v elope di ntoa ni mpo rt antme di-
um o fr eligio usa ndr ationalistsc i
e nti()
cdi sc o ursedur ingt he( )rstha lfofthec entur y
.
Initialimpe tusf ort hisde velopme ntwa sawi de -sca l
et ra nslationo f Ar abi
ca ndP ersian
reli
g iousa nds cient i()
ct extsint oUr du. Int he( )
e ldo fr eli
g i
o n, thev ernacul art rans l
a-
tionwa ss pe ar hea de db ythee me rgingI s
la mi cr e formi stmo ve me nt stha ta ime da t
educ a tingt heb r
o ade rr eadingpub licthr oug hpr int edwo rks.Byt heb e
ginni ngo ft he
twe ntie thc ent ury, P ersianpub li
shingha db e ena ll buto versha do we db yUr du. Dur ing
the( )
rs tde c adeo ft hec entur y
,2 81P e rsi
a n- l
ang ua geb oo kswe repub lishe di nt he
Uni tedPr o vinc e
s( ana reac a ll
ed thehe a rtl
a ndo fP erso -
Isla mi cc ivil
iz ationb y
Ro bins o n), whe rea sUr dub ook snu mb e red3 5 47.463

Asame di um o fpo etry,Ur duha dg a i

ne dmo me ntum a lrea dya tthet urno ft he
seve nte ent ha nde ig hteenthc ent urie sint hei mpe rialc api t
a lso fAur ang a bada nd
De lhi.Inr es pe cttot hepo eti
cf ormsa ndi ma g es, Ur dupo etso fthepe ri
odf o l
lowe dt he
Pers i
a nmo de l
s .Toac ertaine xtent ,thisr epr e sente dar upt ur ewi tht hewo rkswr itten
prio rtot hes ystema tiza t
iono fthel ang uag ei nDe lhi,i nt heDe c caniUr dut ha tha d
freelymi x edI ndia npo e ti
cima geswi thP ersiano ne s. Ast hec on ve ntionso fP ers i
a npo -
etrywe r et rans po rte dt oUr du, theo verlappi ngo f huma na nddi v i
newa sco ns oli
da ted.
TheS u( ) a'()
lia tiono fanumb e ro fle adingUr dupo etso nlyf ur the redt hepr oce ss.The
pione e rUr dupo e tVa l
8Da k kan8( d. 1707 ),whowa sb o rni nAur a ng ab adb utmi g r
a ted
toDe lhi, ha dc losec onta ct
swi tht heS uhr awa rdisi nAhme da bada ndt heNa qshb a ndis
inDe lhi .S
4
64
ir;jAur ang ;b;d8,a no the rDe c c anif r om Aur ang ab ad,wa sadi scipleo f
=
Ab da l-Ra Um; nCi sht 8
. Amo
4
65
ngt heDe lhipo ets, Khv ; jahM8 rDa rda ndM8 r z;Ma: z har

4
61 Robi
nso
n2 00
1:2
021
.
4
62 Robi
nso
n2 00
1:3
3;S
tar
k20
09:
31.
4
63 Robi
nso
n2 00
1:3
2.
4
64 Sc
himmel197
5:1
53
4
65 Kugl
e2007
a:599
.

132
J;n-iJ; n; nwe repr omi ne ntMuj addidis.Int hec aseo fs omema jorUr dupo e tswho
thems e lveswe reno tpr a cti
singmy s
tics, t
hec ha nne lo fa cq uiri
ngi ntima t ek no wle dge
ofSu( )
s mi swe llde mo nstra t
ed.M8 rTa q8 M8r( d.18 10)wa sas o no faS u() ma ste r.Ev enif
thepo e t
sf a the rwa sno tsuchac elebratedmy st
ica shewa ntst her e ade rso fhi s
autob iog r
a phi c al,i kr-iM rtob eli
eve ,thef ac tr ema i
nst ha thel ivedi naho useho ld
freque ntedb yhi sf athe r
sdi sciple
s.I nhi ss e l
f-po rtraya l
,M8 rc l
aimst oha v eha da n
innates piritua l dispo siti
o nt hatwa sr ecogniz edb yt heS u()sheme t. Al tho ug hheha d
nof orma lS u() initiation, hispo emsb earadi st i
nc tlymy stical t
o ne. M8
466
rz ;As a dAl l;h
Kh; nGh; lib( d. 1869 )a ndJ igarMur ;d; b;d8( d. 196 1
)we r
eno tfamo usf o ra ne xa ctl
y
piousl ifesty le,y et
,t hef orme rwa saf rienda ndf o l
lowe ro fMa ul;n;F a khra l
-D8 n
s
grand so nNa W 8ra l-
D8 nK; leMi y;nwhe reast hel a t
te rma intaine dc l
o set ieswi t
ht he
Su()po e tAW g ha rGo nda v 8(d.1936).I
467
nt hec a seo fJiga r
, hisa l
legedr e pe nt anc eb efore
passinga wa yha ss ome time sbe env oiceda sa na rg ume ntf orthemy stic alt oneo fhis
po et
r y
. Ho we ve r,thei nc lusiono fhisP ersianpo emsi na na ntho logyo f q awwa lipo e t
ry
almo stt hirt yy ea r
spr iort ohi sde mi ses pea k sa ga i
ns tt hisa rgume nt .I ng ene ra l
,it
seemst ha tt hek no wle dg eo fSu (
)tea chingsa ndpr ac ti
c eswa sno tc o n()ne dt ot ho se
whowe reini tiat edi ntoo neo ra nothe rb rothe rho o da ndwe rec ommi ttedt or egular
practice .I
468
ns t ead, itwa swi despreada mo ngt hee duc a tedc lasses,Mus l
imsa ndno n-
Mus limsa like ,andt he ywe reab l
etodr awf romi tint he irwr iti
ng s.
Al tho ug hUr duha sb ecomet hel ing uafra nc ao fMus li
msi nc ont empo ra ryS o uth
Asia, i
ti sar e lativelyne we ntr
a ntamo ngt heI ndi cla ng uag es.Fromt heS u( )po into f
view, itla ckst hel onga ndha l
lowe dhi storyo fP e rsiana nda mo ngt hel ang ua gese m-
ploye db yt heq awwa ls,itha sal owers tatus.Itma yc omea sas urpriset ha ta lsoa no th-
erla ng uag e,Hi ndi ,sur pa ssesUr dui nt hee steemi ti sa ccorde db yt heS u( )
s .P oe t
ry
wr i
tteni nt hi sl ang ua geha sahi st
oryt ha treac he sb ackt ot het hirteent ho rf o urtee nth
centur ya ndt hi sr ai
se sito napa rwithP ers
ian.
Thef ormo fHi ndie mpl o
y edint hepo e mspe rforme db yq awwa lsi sv ari
o us l
y
call
e dh i
n da v, p$ r
a b, bh k,bh s
h o rs i
mpl yh i
n db yt hepo e
ts.Hi nda v iisus ua l
ly
unde rsto odt ode no t
et hev ernac ul
aro ft heDe lhi regio na ndt hel ang ua g eo fv erna cu-
l
a rpo e msa ttr ibute dt oKhus r
aui sc ommo nlyc all
e dHi nda vib yt hes c ho lars . The
46
9

term, whi c hs impl yme ans anIndianl a ngua ge,isa lsous edt ode no tea nyi ndi geno us
Indianl ang ua ge .Muz a '
fa rAlampo intso utt ha tinBi j
a puro ftheAdi l Sha hi s( r.149 0

46
6 Mi r,Zi
kr-
iMir:TheAut
obi
ograp
h yoft
h eE i
ghteen
thCe nt
uryMu ghalPoe
t:MirMu ha
mma dTaqi
5
Mir6(
17
2318
10)
,12
,16;
Isl
am&Rus s
ell
2 00
4:207.
46
7 Gr een2006:9
495;Mat
thews
,Shackl
e&Hus ain1985:
124.
46
8 Thewo rk
sofconte
mporar
yUrdupo et
sS hakeelBadayuni(
d.1970
)andF a
izAhme dFai
z(d.1
984)
,
f
orinst
ance,ar
epermeate
dwithpoet
icimagesthatb et
rayacquai
ntancewithSu(
)s
mt hatgoe
sb e
yond
merel
yma st
eri
ngs t
ockpoet
icmoti
fs.SeeSha k
eel,Kull
iy
t-iSha
klBady$n
;andFaiz,Nusk
hah-
yi
Va
f.
46
9S harma2006:7
4.

133
1686),itme a ntMa rathiwhe reasinGo lc ondao fQut bS ha his( r.15 1816 87)itr ef
erred
toT el
ugu. L
47
0
aterS u() po etsr a r
e l
ye mpl o yt het erm.
Instead, the yus ev ario uso the rtermsi nr e ferringt ot he i
rv erna cularwr i
tings.For
instance,Be da mS h; hV; ris8 (d.1936),ana tiveo fEta wa hint heBr aj Bha shar egiona nd
adi sci
pleo fV; ris=Al8 S h; h( d. 1905)o fDe wai nt heAwa dhi reg i
o n, call
e dhi spo emsi n
dialect
so fHi ndiv ario uslya sb h sh,b
4
71
h k ,a
4
72
ndp $rab b h sh . The(
473
)r
stt wo
refertoBra jBha shawhi l
et hel att
e r
,easte rnla ng ua ge,
indi ca tesdi alectso fthee a
stern
Indo -
Ga ngeticpl ain, espe c i
a ll
yAwa dhi .Y etBe da msl angua g edo esno tune q uivocall
y
represente ithe ro fthel a ng ua gesno rist he r
ea nydi scernib ledi 'ferenc eb etwe ent he
poe msc l
a s
si()eda sb h sh o rb h k,o nt heo neha nd, andp $ ra bb hsh o nt heo ther.
Oa b8b=Al8S h; h( d.1 9 05 )a nd= Ab da l-Qa d8rN idd8 q8Oa sra t( d.1 9 62),b o thfro m
Hy derabad,c allthel ang ua g es imply Hi ndi int he irdv ns. Thus
47
4
,thel a ngua g
eo f
eighteenth-a ndni ne te ent h-c enturypo emse me rg esa sa ne s sentia l
lyl it
e ra
ryme dium
notb asedo napa rti
c ula rs po kendi a l
ec tinama nne rsimi lart ot heHi ndipo et
rye m-
ployedinD hu mr perfo rma nc esa nds tudie db yL alitaduP erro n.475

Itshouldb eno t
e dt ha ti nt heS u()c ircleso fP ak ist
a n,o l
dPunj a bia ndS iraikiho l
d
asta t
uss i
mi lart ot ha to fHi ndi .The irus ea st heme diafo rpo e tryb yt heQa dirisSult;
:n
B;hY( d. 1
6 91)a ndBul lheS h; h( d.1757)a swe llast heChi sht isKhv ; j
ahGhul ;mF a r8
d
(d.1901)andMi hr= Al 8S h; h( d. 1937)ha se nsur edt he mapr o mi ne ntpl a ceinq awwa l
i
repertoir
esi nP akista n.Theur getoe sta blishac ult
ur ali de ntityf orpo st-parti
tion
Pak i
stanha ss ig ni(
)ca nt l
yc o ntributedt ot hepr omo tiono ft he sea utho rsb yt hest at
e
autho r
iti
esa swe ll
.P
47
6
oe msi no l
dPunj abia ndS iraik
ia re ,ho we ve r
,c on()ne dtot he
repertoir
eso fq awwa lsb ase di nP akistani Punj aba ndKa rachiwhe reast heya r
er arel
y
performe dinI ndi ans hr ine s.
Theus eo fv e r
na c ula rss incet hee a rl
ie stda y so fSu( )
smi nI ndi a47
7
andt heinc or
-
pora t
iono findi g eno usi ma g esa ndpo eticf ormsi nt oitsl iteraryc ultureha sintrigued
scho l
arsmo ret ha nt heus eo fP ersi
ana ndUr du. Ev ent ho ug hus i
ngt hev er
na cularsin
Su()po et
ryha sb e enac ommo npr acti
cei nT ur keya ndWe st
e rnAf rica,fo rexa mple, i
n
thec as
eo fI ndi ai ti ss o me time spe rce i
v eda sa na no ma l
yt ha tde ma ndsa n
explanation,whe re ast heus eo fP ersiana ndUr dui se xpe c t
e df ro m Mus lims .Some
scho l
arsha v ea ssume dv erna cularpo e tryt oha veb e enat oo lf ors prea dingt he
470 Alam19 98:344
.
471S e
eBeda m,Dvn-i
Bedam: Karis
hma h -
y ivr
isma
r$fbi-
)aut-
isarmad
,12
9 .
472 S e
eBeda m,Ph$ l
oFkcdar
: Guldast
a h-
y ivr
is
,7 1.
473 S e
eBeda m,N$ra l
-
ainal-
ma r
$fmu ) af-
iBedam, 1
62.
474 S e
eOa b8
b ,
Dvn-imubrak-iav
val,216;Oa sr
at,Ku l
li
yt-
iGa sr
at,1
66.
475 S e
eduP erron2007:8.
476 OnKhv ;
jahGhul ;
mF a
r8dinpo s
t-parti
tionP aki
s ta
n, s
eeSha c
kle2006.
477 Thee arl
ies
tHi ndivers
eswr it
tenb yS u()sarethes oc al
ledFar8dver
sesattri
butedtoB; b;Far8
d
andfoundinGu r$granthshib.
De spit
et hei nit
ialdo ubt
sa stotheiraut
henti
cityamo ngthes c
hola
rs,
CarlW.Ernsthasb e
e nabletolendc r
e dencet othea cc
ur a
tenessofthei
ratt
ri
b uti
onb yana l
ysi
ngthe
malf$
z
Htli
te
raturewr i
tt
eninfourteenthce nturyKhul dabad.SeeErnst2004:
167168.The()
rstexte
nsi
ve
nar
rati
vepoem, Candyanwa s()
nishedin1 379b ytheChi shti
sheikhMa ul
;n;D; Z
udinAwa dhi.

134
me ss
a geo fI slamt ot hema ssesi nal ang ua gea ndi diom wi thwhi c ht he ywe re
famili
a r. Ac
47
8
co rdingt ot he m,t heS u( )smo ti
v ationwa st ot husl ibera tetheHi ndus,
whowe r
es lav edb yther i
gidc astes ystem. 47
9

Tog ethe rwi tht hel ang ua ge,theS u( )sado pte ditspo eti
cc onv ent i
o ns.I nt hec ase
ofNo r
t hI ndi anv e rna culars,t hisme a nt,a mo ngo the rt hing s,a ssumi ngaf ema le
heroinea st hepo etics ub ject.Thi sha sl e
a dc er t
ains c ho l
ar slikeS he me e m Bur ne y
Ab bast oa r guet ha tv ernac ularS u()po e t
rywa spo etryo fsub alternr esi
s tanc e. Ont he
oneha nd,i tr epre sent edt he( )
ghta ga instt hepa t
riarcha lsy stema nds o ci
a li njustice
direc
te dt o wa rdswo me n. Ont
480
heo the r,itwa sdi recteda ga instt her e pres sivee lite
.
Shes umma rize s
: [t]hef a ctt hatt he ywr otea ndc ompo sedi nHi ndi,Br aj,Guj arati
,
Sindhi, Sara ikia ndPunj a biv erna cula rsb ri
ng i
ngt hes pir i
tua lme t apho rt ot he ira udi-
enceswa si ni t
se l
fapo li
tica lactf orS u( )s
.Shec ontinue stha tt heirc ho iceo fl a ngua ge
indic
a tedac ha l
leng et ot hec laimso fr eli
gio uso rthodo xya ndc ultura le l
itet hroug h
there j
e ctio no fAr ab ica ndP ersian. He
4
81
ra r gume ntt ha ts uchpo etryha sa cq uired
po l
it
icals ig ni (
)ca nc ei nc o nte mpo raryP akista ni sv al
ida tedb yhe ri nterv iewswi th
vario
uspe rfor me rs, yetitspr ojecti
o nt ot het i
mewhe nt hepo emswe rewr i
tt eni sa na-
chronistic.482

Nodo ub t,the sepo emsha vepo tent iall

ye g alitariana ndg e nde r-sens it
ivee leme nt s
.
Yetthea na lys i
so fthe sepo e msi nt hehi stor i
c alc onte xtre quiresamo renua nc eda p-
proach. Its ho ul db ek epti nmi ndt ha tt hepo e mswe rewr ittenb yma lea ut ho rsf ora n
audienc et ha tpr o b ablymo stl
yc o nsiste do fo the rma les.F urthe r
mo re ,mo s
tS u( )
swho
wr ot
ev e rna cul arpo etryut i
lizedt hemo rec o smo po l
itanl ang uag eso fAr ab i
c ,P ersian
andUr dui nt he i
ro t
he rlitera rywo r kswr itt
eni npr o seandv erse .
Whe ni tc o me st ot hepo r
tray alo fpr e-mo de rnS u( )
sa smi ssio nar i
es,mo stve r
-
na c
ularpo e mswo uldha veb eeni ne '
()c i
entt o o l
sf ort hisk indo fwo rk. Ca rlW. Ernst
no t
estha tS u( )
smwa s,dur ingi tse arlypha sei nt heI ndia nS ub cont inent ,es sent ial
lya
wa yof dee pe ni ngt heb asicI slami cr it
ua l
sb ya ddi nga ninne rdi me ns i
o nt ot he m. I
tre-
quiredde e pa c qua intanc ewi tht heb a si
ct e ne tso fI sl
a m,a ndc oul dha rdl yb ede -
scri
be da sas impl i()
ca ti
o no f Isl
ami cdo ctri
ne sha vingama ssa ppe a l
. Indi scus singv e r
-
na c
ularpo e try,hepo intso utt hatmo sto ftheS u() po emsi nHi ndi arede vo i
do fo vertl
y
Isl
ami cthe me sa nddi da cti
cpa ssage sa nds o me ti
me sthe ye mpl o
yo ve r
tlyr eligio usim-
ageryc onne c tedwi thKr ishna .Di sting uishingt he mf romo t
he rHi ndipo emsa ndr en-

478 S ee
,e.g
.S c
himme l1
975:
128a ndAbbas20
02:11
4,1
36.
479 S ee
,e.g
.Ab bas20 0
2:14
,19.
480 Ab bas:
20 02
:86 ,
119.
481 Ab bas2007:628.
482I tshouldb efurthernote
dt hatwhil
eAb ba
sarg
umenttha
ttheperfo
rme r
sli
keNusratFat
ehAl i
Khana ndAb idaParveenus e
dv ernacul
arte
xtsinthe198
0stoprot
estagai
nsttheZia
-ul
-Ha qr
e g
ime
(1
978198
8)so undsrea s
onabl
e,thepe rf
ormer
sinte
rvi
ewedfort
hearti
cleneveract
ual
lyma kesucha
st
atementthems el
ve s
. I
nst
ead,theyrefe
rtogener
icoppre
ssi
onofmassesbytheeli
tes
.Whe ntheo p-
pre
ssorsarespeci(
)ed,theybel
ongt othepre-
Is
lamicera(
Tar
tar
sandS a
ssani
ds)ortotheland-
owne r
cl
ass
. S
eeAb bas2007.

135
de ringt he mme aning f
ul i
nt heS u()cont extwo uldr e qui rein- de pthb ac kgro undk no w-
l
e dg eo ft het e
ne tso fSu()
s m. Wr i
ti
ngi nv erna c ulars ,ac cordi ngt oEr ns t
, simpl ys te ms
fromt hef a cttha tS u()
slivedi nt heI ndi ane n viro nme nta ndwe rei nue nc edb yi t.
The ya dopt e dfromi twha ttheyf oundt ob epl e asinga ndi nc o ng ruenc ewi tht he irde -
votio na lpr acticea nd ae st
he ti
ct aste. Thet
483
erm pa ra l
lele njoy me nt us edb y
Fra nc escaOr siniinhe ra na l
ysisofas ixtee nt h-ce ntur yt rea tis
eGa qIiq-ih ind disc uss-
ingt hei ma g e
ryo fHi ndipo etryint heS u()f rame wo rkb estc aptur est hes itua tion.
Samepo e ti
ci ma g eswe reus edb ya utho rsb e long ingt odi 'f
e rentc ommuni ti
e sb ut
we rei nter pre t
edi nv aryi
ngwa ysb yrespe ctiv ea utho rsa nda udi enc es.4
84

Su( )
se nthusias t
ice mb raceo fv erna c ular sa lsoi ndi ca t
esade siret o( )ndne w
me a nst oma kethe irpracticese '
fect
iv e,int hisc aset hroug hane wl it
e raryme dium
tha tc ouldb ei nco rporatedintot hede votio na lre gimet hr o ughs am . Ge sYda r; zwa s
fondo f Hindi po etrybe c
aus eitssoft
ne sswa sapo te ntme a nso fe vokingt hef e el
ing so f
he l
pl essne ss( =ajz),de sol
ation( kharb
)a nda b j
e ctne ss( in kisr)i nt hel istene rs.5
48

Co nt raryt ot hei nte r

pretationo fSyedS ha hKhus roHus sa ini,thi ssta teme ntdo esno t
see mt oi ndi catea na t
temptt or enderS u( )ide a so rt hepr ac ti
ceo fsa m ac cessible to
thel o calinha bitantsandt huss preadI s
la m. I
486
ns tea d, i
tindi catest heS u()srea dine ss
toa do pta s pe ct
so fIndi a
nc ulturetheyf o undus eful.487

Dis cus singt hehi er

arch yo fthes el ang ua ges,Qur eshino test ha t,t he o r
e ti
c ally,
Ur duha snopl aceinas am assemb l
yo f hi ghs ta tus. Shea lsor epo rtsa ni nc identf ro m
the1 9 70swhe nag r
o upa t
tempt ingtos ingUr duv erse swa sma det ol ea vet hepr inc ipal
sam a ssemb lydur ingthe ursfesti
vit
iesi nAj me r. Al
4
88
t
ho ug ht heinc ide ntwa spa rtly
duet ot hene wl yi nveste
ddi wa n
sde siret ode mo ns tratehi spo we ro v erhi spr e de-
cess orwhoha da lloweds inginginUr du, ita lsor e vea l
sho we asi
lyUr duv erse sco uldb e
dismi s
s edi nf avouro f
P er
s i
ana ndHi ndi .Inhi ss tudyo fac onte mpo raryChi s htiS ab ir
i
l
ine a geinP akistana ndMa laysia,
Ro be r
tRo zehna lno test ha tUr dupo emsha vene ver
be ena llowe dint hemus icalassemb li
e so f^a uq 8Sh; ha ndhi sk h alf
ah s.4
89

Ho we ver,thisa tti
tudedo esno tappl yuni ver sally.Int heS u()po e ti
ca ndmus ical
sceneo fthel a
teni ne t
eenth-a ndt went i
e th-c ent uryHy dera b ad, whe rema nyS u()ma s-
terswe rea ccompl i
shedpo etsanda vidpr ac tit
io ne rso fs am ,Ur duwa st hepr eferr ed
483 Erns t2004 :16
6 168.
484S eeOr si
ni 2014.
485S eeOus ain8,J
a vmi
,311
;S;m;n8,Si
yar,90.
486S eeOus ain8,J
a vmi
,179
.
487 Alt hought heus eo fv
ernacul
arpo e
trywa se s
sentia
llyaresulto
f a
e s
theti
cands pi
ri
tualc
o nsi
dera-
ti
ons,it
sus ema yha veplayedal i
mite
dr ol
ei nt heIsl
ami zati
ono fcer
tai
ns egmentsofIndi
anpo pula-
ti
on.RichardM. Eato nhaspo i
ntedoutthatverna cula
rS u()poemspe r
formedinS u(
)shri
nesma yhave
i
na dve
rtentlyhe l
pe dtoI s
lamiz
epe opl
eint heedg esofthee st
ab l
i
shedHindus oci
alsys
temwhov is
it
ed
theshri
ne sinho pefo rsai
ntl
yinterce
ssi
on. Ma nyo fthesepe opl
ewe rewo men,whowo ul
dle a
rnthe
poemss ungi nthes hrinesandthentransmitsomeS u(
) t
eac hi
ngstothei
rc hi
ldr
enb ysi
ngingthem. S
ee
Eaton200 0:
191,198199 .
488 Qur e
shi2 00 6:188.
489 Ro z e
hna l2 007a:221.

136
l
ing uisticme dium. Ce leb rat
edS u()po e t
slikeS h;hKh; mo sh( d. 187 1)
, M8 rImd ;d= Al8
=
Ul v8( d.190 1),S h; hKa r8
m Al l; h=_s hiq( d.1 902),Oa b 8
b=Al 8S h; h,I f
tikha r=Al 8S h; h
Vatan( d.1906 ),Gha us8 Sh;h( d. 1956) ,=
Ab da l
-Qa d8rNidd8q8 Oa sr ata ndS ha hSha i
kha n
Ahme dQua dri al-Shut tariKami l ado ptedUr dua sthepr ima ryl a ng ua gefo rtheirpo et-
ice xpr ess
ion. Thepr
49
0
ofusi
o no fUr dupo etryb yi nue nti
a lS u( )sha sa ppare ntlya f
-
fectedt hea ttitudet o wardsl ang ua gese mpl oye dins am inHy de rab ad, whe reIha v e
neve ro bserveda nyo bjecti
o nt os ing i
ngUr dupo etry.TheMus limsr ulerso ft he
De ccanwe rea lsomo reo pent owa rdst heus eo fverna cul
arst ha nt heirMug ha lc o n-
tempo rari
es, andP ersianne verb ecamet hes ing l
edo mi nantl a ng ua gei nt heirdo mi n-
ions.4
91

InNo rthI ndi aa ndP aki

sta nt hec a s
eha sb eendi '
ferentduet ot hes ma l
l numb er
ofUr d upo e tswhowo uldha veb eenr ecognize dasS u()ma s t
e rsa ndwhowo uldha ve
beeni nue nt ial eno ug htoc ha ng ethea t
titude sbythe i
re xampl e .Ye tint hel i
ghto fmy
()
eldwo rk,thea ppr oa chde scribe db yRo z ehna lseemse xtr
eme . Iha vea ttende do nl ya
handf ulo fs am a ssemb li
eswhe rea llthepe rfor
me di temsha v eb eeni nP ersiano r
Hindi .Ev ent hemo stdi scernib l
ea nde l
iti
stlistenersIha v
ee nc o unt eredwo uldne ver
fr
o wnupo nUr dupo e msb ySu( )
sl i
k eS h;hNi y ;zAUma do rBe da mS h; hV; ri
s8.Ironi c-
all
y,t heo nlyt imewhe nIwi tne ssedc e
ns oringaq awwa l
ipe rfor ma nc eo nl ing uistic
grounds ,t
heq awwa lsa t
te mpte dt os ingaP ersiante x
t. Thisha ppe ne dinDe lhi, whe n
Kh wa jaHa sa nS a niNi zami ,ani nue ntialSu()she i
kha ndahe re dita r
yc us todiano fthe
Niza muddi ns hr i
ne , toldaq a wwa ltode si
stfro ms ingingaP er sianpo em, b ecaus eno
onewo uldunde rstandi t.Altho ug hthi sma yha veonlyb e e
napr etex tfora voidingt his
particul a
rs ing era no t
he rpe rforme rwa sa llowedt os i
ngi nP ersia nla terthes ame
eveningi ts ho wst ha ta tpre sent,P e r
siani sno ta uto matica llywe l
lr eceivedi na l
l
sam assemb l
ie s.

P
oet
icf
orms
I
nrespecttothepo et
icformandlite
raryg enre,theoverwhel
mi ngma j
ori
tyoftheP er
-
s
ianandUr dute x
tsinq awwalireper
toiresa reg haz
als
.Asal i
terar
yformg hazalhas
b
eens oinuenti
althatevenma nyHindi poe msf ol
lowit
sfor
ma l
requi
rementsev e
nif
t
heirimageryands ubjectmatte
rma ydi'ferfromP er
si
ana ndUr dutext
s.Ag haza
l
c
onsis
tso fanumb e
ro fv er
ses,usual
lyc all
eds hi
ro rbait
,whi charepr imaril
y
c
onnectedtogetherbythec o
mmo nme trea ndr hyme.Therhymeo faghazalconsist
s
o
fthee ndrhyme ,
radf,
whichisrepeatedthr oughoutthever
s e
sunc ha
nged.Ther ad
f
i
sprecededb yqy ah,av ar
yingrhymewo rd. I
49
2
nthefol
l
owi ngvers
e,att
ributedto

49
0F orthed
vnsofthes
eSu(
)s
,seeKh;mosh,Dv
n
-iShhKhmosh
;=Ulv8
,Khumkhnah
-yi
Ulv
:
Majm$
ah-yimuntakhab-
ikal
m-
iUl
v;=
_shi
q,Dv
n-iaMr
atNs
hiq
;Oab8b,Dv
n-imub
rak-
iavval
;
Va
ta
:n,Bus
tn-it
a)avvu
fyan
d
vn
-iV
a t
a
Hn;Ghaus8
,TH
ayyi
bt
-iGha
us;
Oasra
t,Kul
li
yt;
Kamil
,Vri
dt
-i
Kmil
.
49
1 Al am1 9
98:34
3 3
44.

137
Khv;
jahMu=8
nal
-D8n,d
dam(
Isa
w)ist
her
ad
fandt
hewo
rdsj
am
l-
e(
bea
uti
ful

)
andzul
l
-e(
l
i
mpi
d)actast
heq
y ah.
anda
r;Z
8
nah-
yij
;n=
aks
-ij
am;l
-ed8
dam
hamcYk
hvur
sh8
dki
hdar;b-
izul
;l
-ed8
dam493

I
sawabeau
tif
ulr
ePl
ect
io
nint
hemir
roro
fth
eso
ul
[
Itwa
s]l
i
kethesu
nI s
awinli
mpi
dwater
.
Ther hymeo ftheg ha zalfo l
lowst hepa t
te rnAA, BA, CA, DAe t
c. The( )
rstve rs
el i
ke
theo neq uo teda b ovee stablishesther h ymewi t
hb o thl ine s.Int hec o nsequent
verse s
, t
her hymef eatureso nlyi nt heseco ndl i
ne .Ag haz al no rma ll
yc onsistsof (
)veto
thirteenv erses,e a cho fwhi chi sac o
mpl e tea ndi nde pe nde ntwho l
e.Theo pening
verse ,ma t
l
Ha,andt hec losingv erse ,maqta
H
, aree a si
lyide nt i
()a ble,si
nc ethef orme rhas
ther hymei nb o t
hl i
ne swhe rea sthel a
tt eri nc lude sthepo e t
spe nna me ,takha l
lu).
Qit
Hah, afragme nt, r
es emb lesg ha zalinst ruc ture ,buti ss ho rtera ndf requent l
yo mi t
s
thema qta
H.
Thes tr
uc tureo fas i
ng leve rseinag ha z alisb i
na ryinr e spe cttob othme aninga nd
form.Re gardingt heme a
ni ng,t he( )r
stlinede scribesas itua tiono rpo s
esaq uestion
thatr equiresas olut i
o no ft hes ec ondline .Thi sb inarys e ma nticc ompleme ntar
ityis
reinforcedb yt her hyme -
pa ttern. The()r
s tl i
nei sde vo i
do ft her ad
f,whic hc haracter-
i
z eso nlythes eco ndl inei na llb utthe()rs tv erse .Bo t
hl ine so fav erseare ,mo reover,
oftendi v i
de di ntot wos ema nt icall
yme a ning fulha l
veso fa ppr oxima t
elyt hes a me
l
e ng tha nds epa ratedb yt hec a esuraint hepo eticme t
r e.The sef ourpa rtsc arr
yt he
me a ningo fthev er seto wardst hec l
imaxi nt he( )
na l f
ourt h.
Ina dditiont og ha z
a lsa ndq i
t
H
ahs,t hei temsi nq a wwa lirepe rt
oiresi nclude
tazm nsa ndmu stazd s.Ta zm nr efer
stopo emswhe rev e r
s eso fa notherpo etarein-
sertedt othene wpo eti
cpr o duc t.Inthec ont ex to fq awwa li
, thet azmnno r
ma l
lytak e
s
thef ormo fa()v elinev e r
sec alledmuk hamma s.Ini t,ave rseo ftheo rigi
na lpo emc on-
sti
tu testhel astt wol ine s
. Thet hreepr e
c edi ngl i
ne sde rivet he irr hymef romt he()rs
t
l
ineo ftheo rigina lve rse.Thust her hymes c he mei sAAAAA, BBBBA, CCCCAe tc
. The
tazm nsa r
eo ften ma caronic ,wr i
tt
eni n Ur du o rHi ndio nP ers
ian po ems.I n
mu s t
az ds,
a ug me nt edpo e ms ,eac hli
neo ftheg ha zalisa ug me ntedwi tha na ddit
iona l
ha l
fl i
newhi chr h yme swi tht hepr e
cedi ngl ine .Themu staz ds houldb eape rfec
t
po eme veni fr eadwi tho utt hea dditi
ona lha lf-l
ine swhi cho nlys ervet oa ddane w
sha deo fme ani ng.
492 Ther hyme-patt
erni suniv
e r
sal
lye mployedinPersia
na ndUr dupo et
r y
,whereasi
tisnotaneces-
sit
yinArabi
cg hazal
s.Oc c
a s
ional
ly,P
ersianpoetsseemtoha veta
k enrecourseontheArabicconv
enti
on
andwr i
tt
eng hazal
stha tdono tfoll
owt heregularrhyme-patt
ern.Mi c
ha elBori
sBednar,fo
rinst
ance,
hasnotedthatAm8 rKhus raucall
sc e
rtainpass a
gesinhisDu v
alr nkhiM
rk hnghazal
se vent
hough
theyfo
ll
owt her hy
me -patter
no fthema sn
Hav
. Bedna
ra rg
ue st
ha tinst
eado fthepoeti
cform,Khusr
au
hashereunde rs
toodt heg hazaltode notethec ont
entsa ndpo etictheme s
.Usingthet e
rmg haz
al,
Khusra
us e
pa rat
esthema inhist
o r
icalnarra
ti
v ewho s
eo ut
linewasdi ct
atedtohimb yKhi`rKh;nfro
m
hisownroma nti
celaborati
ons.SeeBedna r20
14.
493 Mu= 8
nal-D8n,Kal
m-ii
rf
nta
Hrz,206.

138
 Ama jorityo fHi ndipo emsc o nsisto fgt
s,song s
,whi cha reme t
ric
allyv e ryfree,
l
y ri
cal poe ms .Nouni f
ormr hymes che mei sappli
edi nt hegt,andt he( )r
stl i
nes erve
s
asar efrai
nt hr ougho utt hepo em.S incea tleastthel ateeighteent hc entury ,Indian
Su()sha vea lsowr it
teng tst hate mpl oyt heformal st
ructureo fag ha zal
.Ina ddi tionto
gt,qawwa l
ir e per t
oireinc lude sHindipo e
mst hata reclass
i(
)e dbyt hena meo famu-
sicalgenrea sh or,Dhumr o rd dr, yettheya r
epe rforme di
na cc
o rda ncewi tht hemu-
sicalcon vent i
o nso fq awwa li
.
Whi l
et hel ong erpo eticf ormsl isteda bovec onsti
tutethes alientt extint hepe r-
forma nc e
, ther epertoiresinc ludeav a s
ta rr
ayo fsoc al
ledadjunc tite mstha ta rec om-
binedt ot hes a li
e nttextint hepe rforma nc e.
Themo stc ommo nadj unctitemi sr ub
,
aq uatrain.Ru b
sarewr i
tte nus i
ngs peci(
)cme tr
esa ndt hetraditiona lr
h ymes che me
i
sAABA. Ther hymes che meo faq uatrainisclosel
yt iedtotheme aning.The( )rsttwo
l
ine sb uil
das itua t
ion, ak indo fthe sis
.Thet hirdlineo 'f
ersa na ntithesi
st oi t,whi l
e
thef ourthl ine ,whi chr e turnst ot heo rigi
nalrhyme ,pr es
ent sas y nthesis.InHi ndi,
do h
,ac oupl e t,isthemo s tco mmo na djunctitem. Bothl i
neso fad ohha v et hirt
een
syll
ab l
e sandt hes amer hy mi ngwo rd. I
na dditi
ont or ub
sa ndd oh s
,o neo rmo r
e
versesf romg ha z a
lsa ndma snavsa r
eus e
d.Ma sna v
s,longna rra t
iveo rdi dacti
c
po ems, cons isto frhy mingc oupl et
s( AABBCCDD)o ft
e nwritteni nr ama lmu saddas
ors omer ela t
e dme t
er.V er seswr itt
e nindi 'f
erentl anguagesc anb ecomb ine dina
singleitemo f pe rf
orma nc e.

P
oet
ica
nth
olo
gie
sfo
rpe
rf
orme
rsa
ndl
i
ste
ner
s
Tog etab et
teride ao fthef orma t
iono fq awwa lirepert
oirest hatalt
erconstantl
ya nd
cani nprinci
plei ncludea nypo em wr it
teno verthepa stmi llenni
um ins ev
e r
allan-
gua g
esusingdi'
fer entforms ,o nene edst oturnt opo eti
cantho logie
sthatwerewr it
ten
forthepurposeso f s
am . Aswa sno tedinP a rtI,
thete x
tswr i
t tenduri
ngtheS ult
ana t
e
andl at
eMug halpe ri
odso ccasiona l
lyreco r
dwha tq awwa l
ss ungi napa r
tic
ularo cca
-
si
o n.Howe ve
r,the sesho rtno tesc onst
ituteo nlyfragme ntaryi nfor
ma t
ionanddono t
el
a borat
eo ntheb roaderpo eticc onte
x tb e
y ondindi vi
dualv e rs
esorpo e
ms .Itisnot
untilthetwentiethc e nturyt ha tpo e
ti
ca ntho l
ogiescompi l
e df ortheparti
cipantsof
sam as
semb l
iesb egint oa ppe ar.The( )
rsto ftheseistit
ledNa ghm t
-i
sam
(
Me l
od-
iesforLi
steni
ng)pub l
ishe dinBa dayuni n193 5.I
twa sco mpile dbyac er
tai
nS u()fr
om
Bareil
lyca l
ledNYra l-Oa san. Thea
49
4
utho rde scri
besi nt hef or
ewordhi sinitia
l
scepti
cis
mt o
wa rdspub lishi
ngt hea nthology .Howe ver
,a t
tendi ngtheursof=Al;Zal
-
D8nN ;bi
rinKa l
iya rcon vincedhi mo ft
hev a
lueo fhisproject.
495

49
4 Theo nlyinf
ormatio
no nNYral-
Oasa
navai
la
bletomei sthr
oughhisname:hi
srootsi
nS ahas
wa n,
s
ayyi
dsta
tus,fa
milyconnect
ionwitht
hesai
ntMaudYdCisht8(d.
11
39inChis
ht),
dis
c i
pl
e s
hipinChishti
Sa
bir
ili
neagea swellasintheli
neageofMaul
;n;Fa` l
-iRaUm;nGa nj
mur;d;b;d8(d.18
80i nGa nj
Mora
dabad).Dedi
catio
no ft
heb oo
kto=Al
;Za
l-
D8nN;birseemstoindi
catet
hecompiler
sempha s
ison
t
hefor
me rl
ink.
49
5 NYra l
-Oasan,Naghmt,i
i.

139
 Thec o mpi lerlame ntst hec hang ingt i
me sa ndt hec hang ei nt het y peo fpo etry
peopl er e l
is ha swe l
la sthea b s
enc eo fq ua l
i()
edS u() ma s
ters,sing er sa ndl istene r
s.I
49
6
t
i
spe rha psno ts urpri
s i
ngt ha tthea ntho lo g
yi nc l
ude so nlyP e rsianpo emst hatNYra l
-
Oa s
a nwa nt st os av
ef r
o mo bl
ivion.Het ellstha theha sha db otht hel istene rsa nd
qawwa l
si nmi ndwhe ns elect i
ngt hepo emsa ndo neo fhiss elec ti
o nc r
it
e riaha sb ee n
toinc ludepo e mst ha tt heq awwa lsc a ne a si
lys e ttot het une s( ha ng)t he yus e.7
49

Na ghm t
-is a m pro vide sa mpl ema terialf orpe rfo r
ma nc e.Iti nc lude sat ota lof7 2 2
l
o nge rpo ems ,mo s
tlyg ha zalsa ndf ewe x t
rac tsf rom ma sn av
s,i na ddi ti
o nt o4 4
rubs. Thel ong erpo emsa reo rganiz edi na lpha be tical orderb yt her ad
f.Wi thi ne ac h
radf,theo rgani zati
ons eemsha pha za rd. The ya reno to rganize da l
pha beticallyb yt he
()
rstline , no rb yt heme tre, topico ra ut ho r.Ther u b
sa rea ppe nde dt ot hee ndo fthe
book . Af tert hepo ems , ane ssayt i
t l
e dMa j
lis-
i un s(
AnAs semb lyo fIntima cy)o 'f
e rs
ther eade rsinf orma tiona boutt heS u() t
e aching spe rta iningtos a m a ndt hea ppro pr i
-
atea da b .
NYra l-Oa s anha da ni ntentio nt opub l
ishas eco nd, upda tede ditiono fthea ntho -
l
o gy.Ino rde rt or eali
z et hispr oject, hes oli
citedt hehe lpo fco nt empo raryP ersianpo -
etsa nds a jj
da na s
hnsi ni de ntifyi
ngt hea no nymo uspo emsa ndpr ov i
dinghi m mo re
textstha tde se rvedt ob ei nc l
ude d. Thes
498
econde ditio nne ve rma te ri
a l
izedo nhi si ni-
ti
a t
ive .Ho we ver,Na gh m t-is am g o tane wl i
fei n1 972whe nMus ht;qI l
;h8F ;rYq 8
hadane we ditionpub li
s hedi nKa rac hi.F ;rYq8 wa sana t
iveo f Ka npur ,butpr io rtoi m-
mi g
r atingt oKa rachi heha dr esidedi nHy de r
a bada ndhede dic a t
e stheb oo kt oal o ca l
Su()MuUa mma dMu =
8na l-D8n,a lsok no wna sPy ;r eMi y;n( d.1 94 8).Hi sNa g hm t-i
sam isar a dica lrewo rk i
ngo fthe( )rsto ne .Thea ut ho rs a
y st ha theha so mi ttedt he
mo redi '(
)c ultpo emst ha te i
the rmi ghtb eo bscur et ot her eade rso rdi '(
)cultt os i
ng .I n
additio n, heha sa dde ds omec onte mpo ra r
yf avo uritest ha twe reno ta vailab l
et oNYr
al-
Oa s an. Ther
4
99
e
sulti sac oll
e cti
o no f3 64l ong erpo e ms ,mo sto ft hemg ha zals,a p-
pende dwi th2 7r ubs.Thus , F;rYq 8ha sr educ edt henumb ero fpo emst oa l
mo stha l
f
oftheo r i
g i
na l. Hisaddi tionsa r
eus ua l
lyf oundi nt hee ndo feac hr ad f
.
F ;rYq 8ha do rigi
na llyb o rr
o we dt heo r
igina lNa gh m t-
is a m f romJ a=farOus a in
Niz:
;m8 , aq a wwa lattache dt ot heNi z amuddi ns hr inei nDe lhia ndb estowe dt het itle
T$ t
-yi Cish t(
TheP arro to fChi sht)b yQ; `8Tur ;b= Al8Ni z
:;m8 ,ahe re dit
a ryc us t
o dia n
ofthes hr ine .L ateraS u()na me dOa b 8ba l-Oa qqha dhe l
pe dF ;rYq 8toa cq uiret he
page smi ssingf romJ a=farOus ainsc opy . Thi
500
sisas igni (
)canti ndi c ationt ha ts ucha n-
tholog ieswe rei ndeedr eadb yb othq awwa lsa ndl iste ners.The1 97 2e ditioni nc lude s

4
96 NYral
-Oa
san,Na
ghmt
,i
ii
.
4
97 NYral
-Oa
san,Na
ghmt
,i
i.
4
98 NYral
-Oa
san,Na
ghmt
,i
ii
iv
.
4
99 F;r
Yq8
,Naghmt
,3.
5
00 F;r
Yq8
,Naghmt
,4.

140
al
soas ho rtb i
o gr
a phyo fF;rYq 8

sS u()g
uidea swellasa na b
ridgedv ers
ionofthee ss
ay
Ma j
lis
-iuns.50
1

Thedi versityo fthec ontentso fbo t

ha nthol
og i
esr eectsthee clec
ti
cis
mo fthe
qawwa l
s r
e pe r
toires.Table1s howst hetenmo s
tq uotedpo etsi nthetwoe di
tio
nso f
Nagh m t
-isa m
.Theg reatc l
assi
c sofPersi
a npoetry,O; f
iz
: andS a=
d8,who s
ewo r
ks
werea nimpo rtantpa rtofthet raditi
onalma dras
ac urric
ulaf eatur
ei nbothli
sts
. The
ot
he rpo et
si ncludeno n- I
ndia nSu()sOusainMa nWYral-Oa l
l;j(d.922),AUmadJ;m( d.
11
41)andS ha ms -iTabrez8.Thepo emswi ththepe nnameS hamso rShams -
iTabr
ez8 a
re
i
nt hea ntho l
o gie
sa tt
ributedt ohim whe reasthepo emswi tht hepe nnameRYm8a re
at
tribut
e dt ohi sil
lust
riousdi sci
ple.Ho wever,t
he()rs
tg roupo fpo e
msb ear
sgenerall
y
aclosera'()nitywi ththeliterall
ytransmitt
edo euvreo fRYm8whoo f
tenusedthepe n
nameS hams ,whe rea
st hepo emswi ththepe nna meRYm8a readoptedfromo ther,
possibl
yo rall
yt ransmittedso urce
s.

T
abl
e1:
Mos
tquo
tedpo
et nNag
si hmt
-i
Sama
ntho
log
ies
Ra
nki
ng Na
ghm
t-i
Sam
19
35 Numb
ero
fpo
emsNa
ghm
t-i
Sam
19
72 Numb
ero
fpo
ems
1
. J
;m8 5
3 J
;m8 3
2
2
. O;
fi
z: 4
9 O;
fi
z: 2
7
3
. S
hams
-iT
abr
ez8 3
9 S
hams
-iT
abr
ez8 2
2
4
. AUma
dJ;
m 3
1 AUma
dJ;
m 2
1
5
. Am8
rKhus
rau 2
8 Am8
rKhus
rau 1
9
6
. Ni
y;z 2
8 Ni
y;z 1
6
7
. AUma
dSh;
hja
h;npYr
827 Ma
ghr
ibi 1
2
8
. a
l-
Oal
l
;j 1
9 S
a=d8 1
1
9
. S
a=d8 1
9 =
Az8
zNa
f8
pYr
8 9
1
0. S
hah8
d 1
8 al
-Oal
l;
j,BY=
Al8Sh;
h8
Qala
ndarSha
raf

Inhi sNa ghm t

,F;rYq8haso mittedonlyfewpo emsb yMa ghri
b8(d.1406)
,who
become soneo fthemo stquo t
edpo etsinhisantho l
ogy.Ano therdo minantgroupof
poet
sa retheIndi a
nS u()
sBY= Al8Sh;hQa l
anda rSha r
af(d. 1
324),Sh;hNi y;zAUma d
andAm8 rKhusrau.Bothlis
tsa l
sofeaturecontempo rar
yS u()poets=Az8zNaf8
pYr8and
AUma dS h;hja
h; npYr8
,bothfrom Ut t
erPradesh.Thusf ar
, Ihaveno tbeena bl
etoe s
-
tabl
i
sht heidenti
tyo f
thepo etShah8d.
Similardi
stri
buti
o ncharacter
izestherestofthepo emsf oundint heanthol
o gi
es.
Amo ngtheq uotedpo et
sareIndianS u()
s(e.
g.Khv; j
ahMu= 8
na l-
D8n,Khv ;j
ahQut ba
: l
-
D8n)
, non-I
ndianS u()
s(e.g
.MuUy 8al-D8n=
Ab dal-
Q; dirJ8
l;n8,Fakhral-
D8n=Ir;q
8),ot
h-
erPersi
anpo etsi
nc l
udedinthec lassi
calca
no n(e.
g .Niz
:;
m8 ,IbnY am8n),poet
sha i
li
ng

5
01F
ora
nEng
li
sht
rans
lat
iono
fthee
ssa
y,s
eeEr
nst1
999
a:1
051
17
.

141
fromMug ha lci
rc l
e s( e.g.Ma khf8, t
heo nl ywo ma n),g r
e atma sterso f t
zag $I(e.g.F ai
`8,
Figh; n8,=Ur f
8)a swe l
la sI ndi anc ontempo rari
es( e.
g.J i
ga rMur ;d; b;d8 ,Ma i
kash
Ak ba r
;b ;d8).Bothc o ll
e ctionsa lsoi nc l
udet hes ingles urvivi
ngpo emsa ttri
b utedt othe
earlyChi shtima sters .
At hirda ntho lo gyo f qa wwa li po etry,ent it
ledS ur$ d-ir
$ n (Spiritual Song ),wa s
pub lis
he di n1 99 8b yt hel eadingq awwa lo ftheNi z amuddi ns hrine ,Me rajAhme d
Niz ami. Thei mpe t usf o rpub l
ishingt hea ntho logyc amef romhi sc l
o sefriend, s tudent
andr esearcherCl a ireDe vo s.Inhe ro wnwo rds,ittoo kt e
ny e arso fre cording sa ndi n-
terviewsi nv ari
o uss hrine sa ndwi thdi 'fere ntmus i
cia ns,comb ine dwi thMe rajsinput ,
topr epa rethea nt ho lo gy. Whi
5
02
let het woNa ghm tsc ontaino nl yP e rs
ianpo e msa nd
aima tpr e
servingt her e pe rtoi
rei nt hisl ang ua geint hef aceo fUr dusg ro wingpo pul ar-
i
t y
, Sur$dr eprese nt sa na c tualre pe rtoi
r eo f anindi v
idua lqa wwa l. Int hisc ase,ther ep-
ertoireco nsist
so f po e msi nP ersian, Ur du, Hi ndi andPunj abi.Eve nt ho ug hMe ra jdoe s
no tregul ar
lys i
nga llthet extsinc lude di nS u r$d,no rdo est hes e l
ec tionc ov era llthe
textshes i
ng s,thea nt ho logyne vert helesspr ovidesa na ppro xi
ma tei de ao fthes izeo f
ther eper t
oireof ane st
a blishedq awwa l.
Into t
al,Sur $di nc l
ude s2 65po e ms .Mo sto fthe ma r
eg ha za l
s, butt hea ntho l
ogy
i
nc lude saf ewr u b sa nds evera lg t
s. Ink e epingwi t hthea ctua ldi stri
b utiono flan-
gua gesinc o ntempo rarys a m a sse mb lies,thel argestg roupo fpo e msi si nUr du( 1
3 2
po ems )foll
o wedb yP ers i
a n( 75po ems ), Hindi (
5 6po e ms)andPunj ab i(2po ems ).The
po emsa reno to rga nize db yther ad f
,b utb ythel ang uagea ndt he me .The( )
rstc l
assi-
()
ca ti
o npr i
nc i
plei st hel ang ua gea ndt hea ntho logyha ssepa r
a t
es ectionsf orP ersian,
Ur dua ndHi ndi ;thet woPunj ab ipo e msa r
ei nc l
ude di nt hel atterc ategory.Wi t
hin
eac hs ection,thepo emsa r
ef ur the rc lassi()
e di na c cor
da ncewi t
ht hepr esc ripti
v e
the ma t
ics equenc eo fpo emsi ns a m .Thus ,po emsi ne achl ang ua gea ref urthe rdi -
videdi nt opo emsi npr aiseo fGo d( amd ),thePr o phe t(na
t)a ndt hes aints( man-
qa bat).Thede votio na lpo e msi nP e rs
ia na ndUr dua refoll
o we db yg haz als,whi c hare
furtherdi videdi nt og ro upst ha tde alwi thl ove( i
sh q),kno wle dg e( i
lm) ,sepa r at
ion
(r q)a ndo nene sso fe xistence( va da ta l-
vu j
$ d).I
503
nHi ndi ,thede votiona lpo ems
aref oll
owe db ys o ng s( gt),dev otiona lh ymnsut il
izi
ngHi ndui ma gery( bh ajan), po ems
forc el
eb ra
tingt heh o l
( hol)a nd( )
lms ong s(l mg
t).Al tho ug ht het he ma tic
seq uencei sa ssoc iate dwi thpe rforma ncepr a c
tice,itha si tsr oo t
si nt het radi ti
ona l
org anizati
onpr inc ipl esf ollowe di nd
v ns ,whe ree ac hr ad
f oftenb eginswi t
hg ha zals
pra i
singGo da ndt hePr ophe t.I nd
v ns,t he s
epo e msa reno t,ho we ver,s epa rately
na me da s amdo rn at.L ang ua gea ndt he me -base dc l
a ssi
()ca t
iono fpo emsi nto
sepa ratec ategorie ss eemst oha veb e co meas t
anda rdpr ocedur edur ingt hel ate

502 Devos
,Pe
shl
afz

:,26.
503 Thepoemsofpraiseareghaz
a l
sinformand,oft
en,incont
entaswe l
l
.Here
,thec l
ass
i(
)c
ati
on
pr
inc
ipl
eseemstobetherel
igi
ouscontentoft
hepoe
ms .
Whi l
epoemsofprai
sear
eunambiguousl
yrel
i-
gi
ous
,thepoemscl
assi
()e
da sghaz
alsutil
iz
etheambig
uouspoeti
cmo t
if
slik
ewine,i
n()
deli
tyandpas-
si
ona
telov
e.Thesa
mei str
ueinthecaseofHindi
poems,aspoe
mso fpr
ais
earepr
edominantl
ygt
s.

142
ninet
eenthcentur
yinthewo r
ksofSu()poetswhohailedfr
om Hyder
aba
da ndwere
pract
iti
oner
so fsa
m
.Atle
astt
hed
vnsofOa b
8b,Ghaus8andOasr
atar
eo r
gani
zed
()
rstbylanguageandthenbythethemea ndr a
df
.InS ur$d,t
he()
nalo
rgani
zat
ion
princ
ipl
ewi t
hinathemati
ccate
goryi
sno ttherad
f
, butthechr
onol
ogyorhie
rar
chy
ofthepoets
.

T
abl
e2:
Poe
t nS
si ur
d-
iRn
Ra
nki
ngP
ers
ian Numbe
rof Ur
du Number Hi
ndi Numbe
rof
poe
ms ofpo
ems poe
ms
1
. Am8r 1
6 Ka
mil 3
4 Ano
nymo
us 1
7
Khus
rau
2
. J
;m8 1
2 =
Ulv
8 9 Am8
rKhus
rau 1
2
3
. Ni
y;z 7 Ano
nymo
us9 Oa
sra
t 4
4
. RYm8 5 Oa
sra
t 6 Ni
y;z 4
5
. O;
fi
z: 4 Be
dam 5 Bh8
k;,M8r
;B;Z
8, 2
6
. Ano
nymo
us 3 Gh;
li
b 5 Sha
il
endra
,Sh;
h
Tur
;b,Va
q;ral
-D8
n
7
. S
a=d8 2 Ni
y;z 5
8
. Oa
sra
t 2 J
ig
ar 4 Aughaa
,Beda
m, 1
9
. Re
stoft
he 1 S
hak
eel 4 Bul
lheSh;
h,Kab8
r,
po
ets Luq
m; nal
-Daul
ah,
1
0. Z:
a
far 3
Mauj,N
aUv

Thedi s t
ributionofP ers
ianpo e t
si nSur $d(T ab l
e2 )i snotr adicall
ydi'ferentfrom
thee arli
era ntho l
ogie
s,e xce
ptt hatKhus r
auha sb e comet hemo stciteda uthor.Ho w-
ever,J;m8,Ni y;za ndO; (
)z:
ares til
lcloseb ehindhi m.Thes igni()
canceo fKhus r
aui s
prob a
b lyempha siz
edinS ur
$ db ecauseo fMe raj
sa '(
)liationwi tht hes hri
newhe rehe
i
sb urieda ndwhe r
ehispo et
ryi sfrequentlyhe ard. Thei nue nceo f Hyde r
a b
a dipoe t
ic
scenewa sa lre
a dydiscernibl
ei nF ;rYq 8
sNa gh m tt ha tincludedpo emsb ythel ast
Nizam,Os ma nAl iKha n(r.1 911
-1967).Co nside ri
ngMe raj

sf ami lyb ackgroundi n
Hy derabad, thev is
ibl
epr esenceo fthec i
tysSu()po et si shardlys urprisi
ng.Oa sratis
amo ngt hemo stc i
tedPe rs
ianpo et
swi thtwopo ems ,a ndt heUr dus e
c t
ioni sdomi n-
atedb yKa mi l,=
Ul v
8andOa sr
at. Otherpo etsincludet hemo stwi delykno wnUr dupo -
etsBe dama ndNi y
;z,thec l
assicsGh; l
iba ndBa h; durS h; hZ:afara swe l
lasc ontem-
porarypo e tsJi
ga randS hakeel.InHi ndi,Khus raui st hemo stq uotedindi vi
dua lpo et
,
ando nlyOa sr
ata ndNi y;za req uotedmo ret ha no nc eo rtwi ce.Ther e s
tc oversa
mix edg roupo fpo ets
,fromHy de r
aba diSu()sNaU vAbY -l
-=bl;Z
8(d. 1906)andVa q;ra l
-
D8n( d.199 2)toBe dama ndAug haa( d.1954),andf ro mt heBha ktipoe tM8 r;B;Z8(d.
1546)a ndt heSa ntKab8r(d.1518)tothe( )
lml yri
c i
s tS ha il
e ndra(d. 1
9 66).
Su r$di spo ssi
blytheo nlywr it
tent exttha ti nc lude sawi des el
ecti
o no fHi ndi
poe ms, whi chareno r
ma l
lytransmi t
tedo rall
ya mo ngt heq awwa l
s.As igni()
cantnum-

143
b
erofpoe
msi neac
hla ng
uagei
scl
ass
i(
)e
da sanony
mous(n
-ma
l$m),i
ndi
cat
ingt
he
f
actt
hataut
hors
hipisnotthet
opmostcons
ider
ati
onwhenpoet
ictex
tsar
eadopt
ed
i
ntoqa
wwa l
iper
for
ma nce
.Thea
nal
ysi
softhenextt
wocha
pter
sma k
esthi
sevi
dent
.

4
.2J
,m-
:f
roma
mbi
guo
uspo
eti
cima
gest
oex
pre
ssi
onso
fde
vot
ion

Closera nalysiso fthewo rksb ya ni ndividua lpo eti nq a wwa l

ia ntholo
g i
esc ano '
fer
somei ns i
ght si ntot hede ve l
o pme nto fq awwa l
ir epertoireso verthepa stce ntury.In
thi
sc ha pt e
r, Idi scusst hepo emsb yJ ;m8 int het hreea nt hologiesandr e
fera lsotot he
tre
nd sf ollowe di ns am assemb li
esa ndt hec o mme rcialre c
o r
dingindustry.
=Ab da l
-Ra Um; nJ; m8 (d. 1492)wa saTi mur i
dpo lyma thlivi
ngi nHe rat
.5
04
Hislit
e r
-
aryo utpute nc o mpa ssess aintlyb iogra phies,aKo ranicco mme ntaryandaS u( )treati
se
aswe ll asas e rieso fseve nro ma ntic-my st
ic al
ma snavsa ndt hreed
vns.Hec o mb i
ne d
ac aree ri nt heTi mur idc o urtwi t
haS u()dis c
iple s
hipunde rtheg uidanc eo ft he
Naq shb andima st
e r=Ub a i
dAl l;hAUr ; r(d.1 490).Hi si mpo rtancei nqawwa lirepe r
-
toi
re sisi ndica tedb yhi spo sitiona st hemo s
tq uo t
e dpo etinb othNa ghm ta ntho l
o-
gies.InS ur$d , hei sse condo nlyt oAm8 rKhus rau. I
ts eemspr obablethathi spo ems
wer ea lsope rfo rme dins am assemb l
iespr iortot het we ntiet
hc enturye ve
ni fhis
to r
-
i
c ale videncet ot hee 'fecti smi s
sing .Ata nyr ate,hiso therwo rks,thec oll
e ct
iono f
sai
nt lyb iogra phi es,Na fa ta l
-u ns(Br ea
t hso fIntima cy
),andt het r
eati
seo nv adat
al-
vu j
$ d ,Lava I
i( Flashe sof Light),ha veb eenwi delyrea db yIndianS u(
)s. Ho
505
we ver
,
aclo sera naly siso fhiso ra nyo t
he rpo et
swo rk sint hec o nt
e x
to fsam beco me spo s
-
sibl
eo nlyint het we ntiethc e ntu r
ywhe nt heq awwa liantho l
ogieswe repub li
she da nd
recordingt ec hno l
o gya l
lo wedf o rthepr es
e rvat
io no factua lqawwa liperf
orma nces.

J
m
inq
awwa
lia
nth
olo
gie
s
Beforeenteringadisco ursethatisb as
edo nt heqawwa li
a nt hol
ogie
s,i
tisimpo rtantto
empha siz
et ha tthetwoNa ghm tsa r
epr escri
pti
v eint hes ensethatt heywa ntto
presentthel ist
enersa ndpe rf
o r
me rsas electi
ono fP ersianpo et
rytheyc oulda nd
shoulde mplo yins am assemb li
e s
.Sur$d ,ontheo t
he rha nd,ispresc
r i
ptiveini t
s
present
a t
iono fthere pertoir
eo fani ndivi
dua lqawwa l
.Int hefor
ewo r
dt ot heea r
lie
r
Nagh mt,NYra l-
Oa s
anno testhatinthepr ocessofsearc
hi ngforpo e
mst ob eincluded
i
nt hea nthology,heco nsultedd
vnso fi
ndi vi
dualpo et
s. Thi
506
sgi
vesthei mpr ess
ion
thatthec ompi l
atio
no fthea nthologywa sas tra
ightfo
rwa rdpr oces
so fcopy i
ngt ext
s
fro
md
v ns.Ho wever,ac loserinspectio
no fthec ontentsr evea
lsthatitwa smuc h
mo reinvolved.Generally
,thepo e
msa remuc hshorteri
nt hea ntholog
iesthant heya r
e
i
nt hed v
ns,andma nya reno tfoundint helatt
era tall
. Po e
msi nF;rYq8
sNa g
h mt

5
04 Forarec
entbi
ographyofJ;
m8,s
eeAlg
ar201
3.
5
05S ee,
e.g
.K;mg;r,
A sa
n,145
,31
0;NYra
l-
D8n,
Fakh
r,2
0;An
var
,=
Abda
ll
h,
130
.
5
06 NYral-
Oasan,
Nagh mt,
ii
.

144
gene ra l
lyfo llowt hemo de lof NYra l-
Oa sansedi ti
o na ndo nlyr a rel
ydo e sthec ompi l
er
compl etet hepo emsa sheha sdo ne , fore xampl e,int hec aseo fO; ()z
:
sg ha zalTz i-
ma ikh na homa i n mon i
sh nk h v ha db $d( Asl onga st het ra ceso fthewi neho use
andwi newi llr ema in).I nNYra l-Oa sa n
sNa ghm t,thi sg ha zali nclude so nly( )ve
verse sv erse s1, 2, 4 ,8a nd1 0o ft het e nfoundi nt hed
v n. I
5
07
nF ;rYq 8
sNa ghm t
,
thisg ha zal ha sb ee nr emo vedf romi tso ri
ginal pla c
ea nda dde di ntot hee ndo frad fd
ina ne xt
e nde df o rmt hatc o versv erse s1, 2,3,4, 5,8a nd1 0o fthed vnsv e
rsion. I
508
tis
no t
e wo rth yt ha te ve na f
te rinc reasingt henumb ero fv erse sfro m( )
v et os even, F ;rYq8
sti
lldo esno tinc ludea llthet enf o undi nt hed v n.Thes amea ppl i
e stoS ur$da swe ll
,
inwhi cht hepo ems ,e spe ciall
yt heo lderP ersia no ne s,a repr e sente di na na bridg ed
form.
The set ende nc iesa r
ec l
ea rlyvisib leint hec a seo fJ; m8 .Outo fthe5 3o fhisg ha zals
foundi nNYra l-
Oa sa nsNa ghm t,37a refo undi nKu ll
iy t
-i Jm pub lishe db yMuns hi
Na valKi sho r ei nt hel a t
eni ne teent hc e ntury. Iha
509
v eus e dt hi spa rticul are diti
o no f
J;m8
sc o l
le ctedpo ems ,sinc eiti st hee diti
o nNYra l-Oa sanmo stpr o ba blyha da ccess
to.Thepub lishe rfa vo ure dr elativelyl argepr intr unsa ndt hee diti
o nswe r
ea 'forda ble
toe ve nt ho sewhodi dno tb elo ngt ot hemo sta 'ue nts o cial stra t
a .F;r Yq8sNa g hm t
include s3 2po e msb yJ ;m8 outo f whi ch1 9a ref oundi nt heKu lli
y t.F; r
Yq 8hasa lsoa d-
dedt wog ha za l
st ha ta reno tfo undi nNYra l-
Oa sanse dition. InS ur$ d,o nlyf ouro uto f
the1 2po emsa ref oundi nKu l
li
y t.The set we lvepo emsi nc ludet het woa ddi ti
o ns
ma deb yF ; rYq 8a swe ll as()vef urthe rpo emswhi cha reno tfo undi ne ithe rNa g hm t .
Whe nc ompa r ingi ndi vidua lg ha za l
sint hea ntho l
o giest ot ho sef oundi nKu l
li
y t
,
almo stallthepo emsa ppe ara b ri
dg edde spitet hef actt ha ttheg haza lso fJ;m8 areg en-
erallys ho rtert ha nt ho sewr i
ttenb y,fo re xampl e ,O; ()z:
.InNYra l
-Oa san
sNa gh m t,18
gha zalsa ree xac t
lyt hes a mea si nt heKu l
li
yt, whe rea st henumb erinF ;rYq 8
se dition
is10a ndi nS u r$do nlyo ne. Onl yo no nei ns t
a nc e,fo undi nNYra l-
Oa sansNa ghm t
,
thepo emi nt hea nt ho log yislo ng ertha nthev a riantf oundi nKu lli
yt.51
0

Thea b unda nc eo fma teri

a lat t
rib utedt oJ ; m8no tinc lude di nKu lliy
tc on()rms
thei mpr essiono fhi ss igni()canc eint heq a wwa l
i repe rtoires. Po emswo ul do nlyb ea t
-
tri
b ute dt opo e tswhowe res ome ho ws ig
ni (
)ca ntint hec o nte xtwhe r
eq awwa lspe r-
forme d.Ther e adi ne sst oa ccepts uc hi temsa lsoi ndi ca test ha tq awwa lir e
pe rtoires
haveb eenf o rme di nt hei nterfaceo fl ite
ra r
ya ndo ra ltra ditio ns.Thef acttha tt he i
r
propo rt
io ni na nt ho lo gi
e sha sk epti nc reasings eemst opo inta tg rowi ngdi v ergenc e
betwe ent heo ral andl iteraryt raditio ns. I
nNYra l-Oa sa n
sNa g hm ta bo uttwot hirdso f
thepo emsa res til
l fo undi ntheKu ll
iy t.InF ;rYq 8
sNa g hm t
, thenumb e rdropst oj ust

50
7S eeNYral-
Oasan,Nagh mt,1
19-
120;
O;()
z:
,D
vn,1
321
33.
50
8S eeF;r
Yq8,Naghm t
,87.
50
9 Thee dit
ionIam us i
ngi spri
nte
dinOc t
ober19
12.However
,thebookhadbee
npublishedforthe
(
)r
stti
meb e
forethi
sda t
e ,
sinceitappear
sinMunshiNavalKis
hore
sca
tal
oguei
n1896.S
e eShekhar&
Ras
heed,F
ihr
ist
-iku
tub1896,11
8 .
51
0 S eeEdil
od
dahh ardok hna
h-yit
oinNYral
-Oasa
n,Na g
hmt,31
2;J
;m8,Ku
ll
iy
t,
418419.

145
ove rha lfwhe r
e asi nS ur$di tiso nl yo net hird.Al lt hemo reno tablei st hef actt hat
onlyo neo fJ;m8
spo emsinS ur$di se xac t
lyt hes amea si ntheKu l
liyt.
Thea bri
dg eme nto fthepo emsb eforei nc ludingt he mi ntot hea ntho logiess eems
arbitrary,andi ti simpo ssibl
et ode t
e rmi nei ft hepr o cessha sb e enc onsc i
o uso rpur ely
instinctive.Ont hewho le,itdo esno ta ppe a rtha tt heo mi tt
e dv e rsesc oul dha veb e en
cons ideredi nappr o pri
atefo rsa m
, sincema nyo ft he mc anb ei nterpr eteda se qua ll
y
haunt i
nge xpressionso fS u()ide asa st hev e rsesr e taine dint hea ntho lo gi
es.No rdo
theya ppe are specia l
l
yc on vo l
utedo ro b s
c ur e.Ift hes e lect
ionpr ocessha sb eenc on-
sci
o u s,ther e a
s onf oro mittingc er
t ainv ers esmi g htl iei nt hepe rf
o r
ma nc ec onte xt
.
Co ntra r
yt oNYra l-Oa s
an
sallegeda dhe renc et ot hel itera rytradit i
o n,Is ug gestthatt he
variant sfoundi nhi sediti
o no fNa g hm tma yr epr es enta c t
ua lpe rforma nc estanda rds
curre nta tthet imeo fcompi lation,a ndt ha tt hisa ppl iest othet wol atera ntho l
ogiesa s
we ll
.F oll
owi ngf romt hiss uppo s
ition,i ts e emsl ikelyt hatt heo r
iginso fs tanda rd
qawwa l
iv ersio
nso fpo emsc anb et rac edt oq awwa lswhoha vea ts omepo intint ime
dee me dc erta i
nv ers e
suns uitedf orpe rf
o rma nc e,po ssi
b lyb ecaus et heywe retoodi '()
-
cultt os i
ng .Itisa l
sopo s s
iblet hatthe yc onc eive do fo therv ersesa ssui t
a b l
eforapa r
-
tic
ul ars am a ssemb l
yo rt ha ts omei nue ntialS u()a mo ngt hea udi enc edi r
e cted
themt oo mits omev erses.Thea bridg edv e rsionwo ul dha vethe nb eenpa ssedo no r
-
all
yt ot hene xtg eneratio
no fq awwa lswi t
ht her es ulto fthes ta nda rdiza ti
ono fthis
versio nint heo ra l
lytransmi ttedt r
a dition. Thef actt ha tt heo lde rpo e msi nthea nt ho-
l
o giesa reus uall
yt hef urthe stre mo ve df romt hel ite raryv ariant sa lsos upportst his
suppo si
tion.I na na lys
ingt hedi 'f
er ence sb e twe ent hel ite
r a
ry ,t extuallyt ransmi tted
andt hepe rf
o rme d,o ral
lytr ansmi ttedv ari
a nt s,o nes ho uldb e ari nmi ndt hat,e spe-
ciall
yi nt hec aseo fIndianS u()autho rs
, thepo emsma yha v ee nt eredq awwa l
ir epe r
-
toi
r esb ef
oret he ywe rec odi()
e di nt hed v n s.Int ha tc ase,t hepe rforme dv ersi
o n
wo uldb ecome t
heo r
iginalinsteado fthel iteraryv ersio n.

Ch
ang
ingt
heme
s
Anotherpieceo finforma t
ionpe r
tainingtothedevel
o pme nto ftheq awwals
reper-
t
oir
est hatcanbeg leanedf r
o mthea nthol
ogi
esre
late
st othec ontentofthepoems .
In
NYral-Oasan
sNa ghm t
,ac ons
iderablenumberofJ;m8sghazals,aboutone()f
th,ar
e
na
ts
. Theremainingfo ur()
fthsdealwithvari
ousas
pectso fl
o v
ea nde mploythepoeti
c
i
ma g
e sconnectedt owi neandin()deli
ty.Manyofthesepo emsa retingedwithvuj$d
metaph y
sic
s.Thef oll
owi ngghazalisoneo ft
hefewvuj$ d
p oemsb yJ;m8 t
hataresti
ll
occ
asionall
yperforme db ytheqawwa l
s:
Y
ouma
det
hef
aceo
fhu
manb
eau
tie
same
anst
okn
owb
eau
ty
Th
eny
ouma
dey
our
sel
fap
pea
rint
hee
yeso
fth
elo
ver
s.

F
romwa
tera
ndc
layy
ouma
det
her
eP
le
cti
ono
fyo
urb
eau
tya
ppe
ar
Y
oue
xal
te
dth
eca
ndl
eof
ther
osyc
hee
kan
dth
emo
ono
nth
ecy
pre
ss.

146
 Y
ous
cat
te
redt
hed
reg
sfr
omt
heg
obl
eto
fyo
url
ovet
oth
esa
nd
Y
ouma
deal
ear
nedr
ati
ona
li
stc
raz
yan
din
fat
uat
ed.

Th
oug
hyo
uar
eth
ebe
lov
ed,
youc
lot
hedy
our
sel
fasal
ove
r
Th
eny
ouma
nif
es
tedy
our
sel
fan
dye
arn
edf
ory
our
sel
f
.

Y
out
ie
dbl
ackl
ock
sasmu
skyp
lai
tso
nyo
urf
ace
Y
ouc
hai
nedt
hep
ass
ion
atewo
rldt
oth
efe
tt
ers
.

Th
eea
rtha
ndh
eav
enc
ann
otc
ont
aint
hep
roc
ess
iono
fyo
urb
eau
ty
I
amp
erp
lex
ed:
howd
idy
oun
dap
lac
eint
hes
anc
tua
ryo
fmyc
hes
t?

J
m
,yo
ulo
sey
ourn
amea
ndma
nne
rsi
nlo
ve
Br
avot
oth
isn
ewma
nne
ryo
uha
vec
onc
eiv
ed.
5
11

Ont heo neha nd,t heg hazalisr epl etewi tht hes ta
nda rdde pictionso ftheb e
-
l
o vedsb e autyfrom thec a ndleofther o s
yc heektomus kypla it
so ny ourf a ce.Ina d-
diti
on,J ;m8i ntroduc est heme t
a ph ysica lidea so fGo d ma nifestinghi ms elfi n
everythi nga ndt he nc reatingthewo rl
di no rdertob elo v
ed. Ne verthe less,e venwhe n
thepe nul t
ima tev e
r s
epa raphrasest heha ditha ccordingtowhi c hGo d, whoc anno tb e
conta i
ne di nt hehe a
v ensa nde arth, cans t
ill()
tint hehe arto fhiss e r
v ant, theg ha zal
retai
nsi tsamb i
guity.Itisno tune quiv ocallyr el
igi
o us,yetwouldb eunde r
sto oda ssuc h
byS u() audi e
nc ewhe npe rforme dinas a m as
semb ly.
InF ;rYq 8
sNa ghm t,then a
tsc onstituteo net hirdofJ;m8 spo e msa ndi nS ur$d
overha l
f. Outo fthes evenpo emst ha to nlya ppea rinthelattertwoa nt holo gies,sixa r
e
na
tswhe reaso nlyo nei sag hazalde ali
ngwi t
hv adatal-vuj$d .Thei nc rea sede m-
pha si
so no vertl
yr el
igiouspo et
ryi ndi catest hec hang eqawwa lir e
pe rtoire sha v eun-
dergo nedur ingt het we ntiethcent ury.The rea res e
ve r
alreaso nsb e hindt hisc ha ng e.
The( )rsti sthede teriorationo fPe r
s i
a ns killsamo ngt helis
tene rs. Persiang ha zalsdi s
-
cussingpa ss
iona t
el oveo rme taphy sicsa redi '(
)culttounde r
standwi tho uta deq ua t
e
l
a ngua ges ki
llsands ing i
ngt hem wo uldunl ike
lyl eadtoas uc cess f
ulpe rf
o rma nc e.In
thec as eo fn at
s,ont heo therha nd, thes y ntaxisg eneral
lymo res traightfo rwa rda nd
thev o cab ularymuc hmo rel i
mited.Na tsf urt
he rinc l
udes eve r
a lwo rdsa nde xpr es
-
sionst ha ta r
eunde r
stoo db yUr du,Hi ndio rPunj abispeakinga udie nc esa nde na b l
e
themt oi dentifythepo ema san atandg leana na ppro xi
ma teide ao fitsc ont ents. This
isthec asewi tht hefo ll
o wingpo pul arpo e mwhi che mpl oysthena meo fMuha mma d
asther ad f
.Ina dditi
o n,theq y ahsme etingo runion( v
i)l),tho ug ht( kh ay l
), dis
-

5
11 J
;m8
,Ku
ll
iy
t,
433
43
4;NYra
l-
Oas
an,
Nag
hm
t,3
373
38;
andF
;rYq
8,Na
ghm
t,1
771
78.

147
c
ussi
on(q
loq
l)a
ndfamil
y(l
)area
llf
ami
l
iarwo
rdsa
ndc
omb
ine
dwi
tht
her
ad
f
,
t
heyfor
measi
l
yunder
st
o o
dexpre
ssi
ons
.
Th
ebe
aut
yof
Muh
amma
dil
l
umi
nat
est
hewo
rld
Myh
ear
tca
met
oli
f
efr
omame
eti
ngwi
thMu
hamma
d.

Ha
ppyt
hee
yewh
ichs
eesMu
sta
fa
Ha
ppyt
heh
ear
twh
ichc
arr
ie
sth
eth
oug
hto
fMu
hamma
d.

Ha
ppyt
hemo
squ
e,p
ulp
ita
ndk
h;nq
;h
Wh
erep
eop
lec
onv
ers
eab
out
Muh
amma
d.

Th
epo
orJ
m
bec
ame
,si
nce
rel
yan
dwi
thp
urei
nte
nti
ons
As
lav
eof
thes
lav
eof
Muh
amma
dsf
ami
l
y.5
12

Thes econdr e aso nb ehindt hec ha nge de mpha sisr elatestot hewi de rtra nsfo r
ma -
ti
o nso fre l
igi
o usa t
titude sa mo ngS o uthAs i
anMus li
ms .ThePr o phe tMuha mma dha s
alwa ysb eena tthec e nt reo fther eligiousa ctiv
iti
e sofMus lims .Ho we ver
, hiss igni()c
-
anc eha sincrea s
e ds i
nc et hee ig
hte enthc e nturyandt her ival vi
ewsa mo ngt her ef
orm-
i
s tmo ve me ntso ftheni ne t
ee nthc ent uryha veme rel
ya c celer
a t
e dt hepr oce ss.Tho se
whoa scribet ot hev iewspr o mulg atedb yt heDe oba nd ulam I,T ab l
ighiJa ma atand
Ahl -
iHa disa l
le mpha sizethePr ophe tsro l
ea samo rala ndl e gale x ampl e.Ho we ver
,
theye sche wt heS u( )c o nceptso fhispo sitiona sthe( )
r stc reatedb eingi nt hef o rmo f
Muha mma da nlight( n$ r-imu amma d
),hisr ol
ea sa ni nt erme dia ry(v a)
lah )a ndi n-
tercessor( shaf
)b etwe enhuma nb e ingsa ndGo da ndhi spa rti
c i
pa ti
oni nt hek no w-
l
e dgeo ft hehi dden( il
m- igha i
b).Suc hv iewswe rev ehe me ntl
yc ha ll
eng edb yAUma d
Ri`;Kh; nBa rel
v 8andhi sfollo
we rs,whoa ccus e
dt he semo veme nt so fdisre specting
thePr ophe ta ndb eingg uil
tyo fin()de l
ityb ecauseo ft he irpo rtr
a ya lofhi ma same re
pa ss
iveme diumf orGo dsreve l
ation. Al
51
3
thought heS u( ) parti
c i
pa ntso fsam assem-
bliesdono tfollowAUma dRi `;,whoc onde mne dt hepr ac t
ice,hi sv iewsa rene verthe-
l
e ssclose rtothe i
rsa ndhi se xcessi
vepr omo t
iono fthePr ophe tha sa '
fectedt he irreli
-
giouso ut lo
o k.Int hec ont e
x tofq awwa li,thisha sledt oi nc r
eas ede mpha siso nr eli
-
giouspo e tr
y.
Thei mpr essi
o nt ha ta ri
s esfromt hea na l
ysisofthea nt ho l
o giesi sfurthe rsub stan-
ti
a t
e db yal ooka ttheq a wwa lss
e l
ec ti
o no fpo emsi na c t
ua l perfor ma nc e
s.Dur ingt he
sam a ssemb li
esIha v eo bserveds i
nc e2 00 4,Ihavewi tne ssedas ing l
epe rforma nceo f
al oveg ha zala t
tri
b ute dt oJ;m8 . Thi
51
4
sisi nas tarkc o ntras twitht henume rouspe r
-
forma nce so fhisn a
ts .Whe ne vertheq awwa lsha vema dec omme rci
a lreco rdingso f
5
12 F;rYq8
,Naghm t
,88;Meraj
,Sur
$d,50.
5
13 Onc ontr
adict
ingviewsonthePropheti
ntheni
net
eent
hce
ntur
y,s
ee.
e.g
.Me
tca
lf2
005
:27
22
73;
a
ndSa
nya l2
010:234
24 0
,2442
64.
5
14 Forthi
spe r
for
ma nce,s
eeKhwajaHall
,It
em6bel
ow.

148
J;m8stexts,the yhav eo ptedf o ral imitednumb e ro fhisn a
tssuc ha sJah nr oshana st
azj am l-imu amma d(
Theb ea utyo fMuha mma di l
lumi nate st hewo rldq uote d
abo ve),Tan -
a mf ars$da hj np rahz i-
h i
jr
ny ras $la l
l
h( Myb odyha sg ro wnwe ak,
thes oul r
endt opi ecesb e caus eo f se
pa rat
ion, oMe ssengerof Go d
),C$ nm hd a
ra rMo
samt bnt uIt
b ntu I
(
Yo ua r
es hininglikethemo ono nt hee artha ndi nt hehe av-
en,y oua res hining)a ndNa smj n i
b-ib aH
tg uzark un( Ze ph yr,tra ve ltowa rds
Batha
).Ar aree xceptioni sa na lbum b yGhul amF ar
idS ab r
i( d.1 9 94)o ft heS abri
Bro t
he rs,recordeds ho rtl
yb efor ehisunt ime lyde mi sea ndr el
e ase dpo s t
humo uslyi n
1996b yaGe rma nlab elPi r
a nha . Beingg i
venf reeha ndsb ythepr o duc ers, hede cide d
tof ul
()lal ong-standingdr eama ndr ecor
da na lb um de dicatedt oJ ; m8. Ther e
sulti
ng
album i nclude sfourt r
a ck s
,t won a
tsandt wog ha zalsonpa s s
io na t
el ove ,s ungt othe
mi nima lacco mpa nime nto f the[ holak,tablaandha rmo nium. 51
5

Still
,thea lmo ste xclusivee mpha si
so nn at
sha sno tsta
g na tedt hel it
e ra r
ya cti
v i
t-
iesaro undt hepo e mso fJ ;m8 .Aswa sno t
eda b ove,ne wpo e
mswe rea tt
rib ut edtohi m
ande nteredi ntoq awwa lire pe rtoir
e sduringt hepa stc entury.I npe rf
o rma nces,the
qawwa lskee pinterlaci
nghi sg ha z al
swi thv ersesfromo therpo e msi no rde rt orende r
thema cc
e ssi
b l
et ot hea udienc e .Ina dditi
o n,ma nyS u()po etsha v esinc et henine -
teenthc entur ywr i
ttenUr dut a zm nso nJ;m8
sgha za l
s.Thef oll
o wi nge xa mpl e,writ
te n
asamu khamma sinr ajazmu sa mma n( --c-- -c-- -c-- - c)liket heo ri
g ina lt
ext,is
veryre cent.Itiswr it
tenb ythec u rrentsajj
d ana s
h no fthed arg ho f Ge sYda r;z,Sye d
Sha hKhus roHus saini(b .1945 )a ndpub l
ishedi nas e l
e c
tiono fn atiyyahpo e tryappe n-
dedt oa ne ssayo nn a
tkh vn inab ookt i
tledWar a f
anla kad hikrak :Mu amma d
(
Andwer a i
sedy ourf ame :Muha mma d
).TheP e rsi
a ngha zal(inb old)a ppe a rsonlyi n
Sur $da ndi ts eemspr ob ablet ha tthea utho ro fthet a zmnha sc o met ok no wt his
po emt hroug hq awwa l
ipe rforma nc esinst
e ado fawr i
ttensour ce.51
6

Th
eag
onyo
flo
vewa
sth
use
vol
vi
ngt
owa
rdss
el
f-
kno
wle
dge
:
Go
dcr
eat
edaf
ri
endf
rome
ter
nal
li
ght
.
Hes
aidt
oth
isl
i
ght
ofh
is:
MyP
rop
het
,
Y
ouar
eshi
ningl
ik
ethemo
ono
nthee
art
handi
nthehe
ave
n,y
ouar
eshi
ning
Tho
ughy
ouar
eli
ght
ofGo
denv
iedb
ytheang
els
,yo
uar
eahuman,
youar
eahuman.

I
sawa
nge
lsi
nth
ehe
ave
nan
dont
hee
art
hev
eryn
owa
ndt
hen
S
ear
che
dar
den
tlyf
orb
eau
tya
ndg
rac
ehe
rea
ndt
her
einCa
naa
n
S
mit
te
nbyy
ourl
ove
,th
ega
zeo
fhe
art
exc
lai
med
:

Yourf
acei
ll
umi
nat
est
het
wowo
rlds
,sunandmo
onr
e'l
ect
yourc
ount
enanc
e
Oh,
youar
eradi
ati
ngt
hel
ig
hto
fdi
vi
nee
sse
nce
,yo
uar
eradi
ati
ng.

I
twa
sas
ked
,if
youh
adma
nyb
eau
tif
ulv
ir
tue
s
5
15 SeeSab
riBro
thers
,Jami
.
5
16 Forf
urt
herexamplesof
Urdut
azm
nswr
it
teno
nJ;
m8
spo
ems
,se
e,e
.g.
Beda
m,P
h$l
oFk
c
dar
,3
4
;Kh;
mo s
h,Dv
n,9294
.

149
 I
twa
san
swe
redt
hat
all
thea
ttr
ibu
tesc
anb
efo
undi
nth
eKo
ran
.
On
lyi
nyo
urb
ond
agei
sth
epa
tho
fmy
sti
cal
kno
wle
dgei
l
lumi
nat
ed
Y
oure
yeb
rowsar
eve
rse
sof
theKo
ran,
yourhai
rist
hec
omme
ntar
yof
theKo
ran
Y
ourf
acei
sourKo
ran,
youar
efai
th,
youar
efai
th.

Mu
sta
fa,
Iamb
oun
diny
ours
lav
ery
I
don
otn
eedt
olo
okh
erea
ndt
her
e,I
amj
ust
abe
gga
rat
you
rdo
or
E
ver
ymo
men
t,t
heh
ear
tca
ll
sou
ttoy
ou:

Thec
hos
eno
ne,
thee
lec
tedo
ne!
Beme
rci
ful
tous
,beme
rci
ful
tous
!
[
For
]thehando
fal
lt
hehe
lpl
ess
,yo
uar
ethehe
m,y
ouar
ethehe
m.

Myh
ear
tisy
our
s,mys
oul
isy
our
s,myl
i
nea
gei
syo
urs
E
ver
ymo
men
tof
mye
xis
ten
cei
sano
^f
er
ingt
oyo
u.
Al
so,
myL
ordj
ust
nee
dsy
oua
sane
xcu
se.
I
amas
inne
r,I
amwe
ak,
Iamde
sti
tut
e,i
f,
oint
erc
ess
ori
ntheda
yof
ret
ri
but
ion
y
ouar
eas
kingmyc
ondi
ti
on,
youar
eas
king
.

Kh
usr
o,h
isl
i
verwo
und
ed,
rai
se
dhi
sha
ndsi
nsu
ppl
i
cat
io
n
As
Whos
eesme
il
l
umi
nat
edh
ish
ear
t
An
dhec
ri
edo
utt
oyo
u:
Mus
taf
a,Mu
sta
fa!
T
ear
s5
17
'l
owf
rommye
yes
,byGo
d,s
howy
our
sel
f!
I
sac
ri1
2c
emyl
if
eandhe
art
toy
ou,
youar
emyb
elo
ved,
youar
emyb
elo
ved.

51
8

Thet extill
ustrat
esthev ar
iousf unc t
ionso fat azm n.TheUr dus ectionc onstitutesa
comme ntar
yt hatprefacestheo riginalte
x ta ndg i
v esitacertai
ninter pretation. Inthe
ma t
l
Ha
,f orexampl e
,t heP ersianlinesa r
et ur nedi ntos peechofGo ddi rectedt othe
Prophetb ytheUr dus ectiont hatc ontext
ua lize
si t.Thema qt
a
H
,o nt heo t
he rha nd, is
renderedahumb lesuppl i
cationo fthepo eto rade vo tee
.
Thet azmnsa ree njoyab l
eo ns everalle ve
ls.F orthosewhoa rewe llacq ua i
nte d
withPe rs
iana ndarea bl
et oc onne cttheUr dua ndP ersi
ansecti
ons,the yfo r
mac o her-
entwho l
etha tfr
eque ntlyaddsune x
pe c
teds hadeso fmeaningtot heo rig
ina lpo em.
Fortho se
,who seP e
rsians ki
llsaremo rel
imi ted,Ur dul i
nescanhe l
pi nt hrowi ngs o me
l
ighttot hepur porto ftheP ersi
a ns ect
ion. Thisa ppliesespeci
al
lywe lltot hes e cond
vers
eo fthea b ov
ee xampl e,inwhi c htheUr dus ecti
o npre()
guresthet o pico finc om-
parablebe a
uty.
Ho wever,thetazm nsha vet hea bi
li
tyt oa ppe a lt
oe venthemo reune duc a t
ed
l
isteners,
whomi ghtha veonl yrudime ntarya cquainta ncewithpoetica l
Ur dua ndas u-
per(
)cialunde rs
tandingo fS u()conc epts
.I nq a
wwa liperf
o r
manc e,av erseo re ve na
shorte
rs emant i
cunitha sthea bili
tyt oa'f
e ctthelisteners.
Thea bovet azm nha saf ew
5
17 Al t
houghtheme a
ningofthewordj
m i
soft
enunders
tooda
ssome
thingconnect
edwit
hthecup
(
jm)
,thati
swine,i
tisocca
sio
na l
l
yint
erpre
tedtodenot
eanyli
qui
dandi
nthispa
rtic
ularc
ase
,te
ars
.
5
18 Hus sa
ini
,Warafa
nlaka"ikr
ak:
Mu amma d
,148
150
.

150
l
inest hatma naget os tr
ikeac hordwi t
ht hek eyr el
igi
o usv a
luesofnume r
o usS outh
AsianMus li
msi r
r especti
veo fthei
re ducationandb ack g
round.Onee x ampl ei sthe
()
rstlineinthefo urthv erse
,Mustaf
a ,Ia mb oundi nyo urslaver
y
,whichc aptur esthe
l
ist
e ne r
sa'
fect
iont othePr ophet.
Thes i
gni()
canc eo fJ
;m8
sghazalsinq awwa lir
e pert
o ir
es,andthecontinuingpo et
-
icactivi
tyaroundt he m,isallt
hemo rer ema rkabl
ec onsideringthathi
spro ()
lea saS u(
)
rema insunart
iculatedint hecoll
ect
iv eima ginat
iono fSo uthAsianSu()
s.Histo mbi sin
dis
ta ntHe r
at,t
her eisnoS u()brot
herho odt hatwo uldtraceitsli
neagetohi ma ndv er
y
l
itt
lei nf
o r
ma t
iona bo uthisli
fecir
culatesa mo ngtheS u()s.
Thepo pular
it
yo fhi spo ems
o rpo emsa tt
ributedt ohim s eemst ostems olelyfromt heirli
ter
aryq ualiti
esa nd
theirsuita
b i
l
itytos am
.Thene xtcha pterturnstoAm8 rKhus r
au,whosec asei sradic
-
all
yd i
'f
erentandwho seroleasal i
te rar
ya ndmus icalg e
niusisc o
mpl eme nte db ya
cornuc opi
ao fl
ege nds.

4
.3Am-
rKhus
rau:
poe
ticc
orpusl
ace
dwi
thl
ege
nds

Am8rKhus r
a u
ssi
gni()
canceint heco nte
xtofqawwalica
nb ehardl
yover
rated.Hei s
popular
lyconsider
edt heinventoro ftheenti
regenreandhi spo emshavet oda ya
pl
aceo fpri
dei nqawwa l
irepertoi
res.Inaddi
ti
on,hisrel
ations
hipwithNiz;
:ma l-D8n
ha
si mmo r
taliz
edhisfamea mo ngSo uthAsi
anSu()
s.I
tisthusnowo ndert
hatma nyo f
hi
spo emspe rf
ormedb ytheq awwa lsareacc
ompaniedwi thle
g e
ndsexpl
ainingt heir
writ
ingcontext.I
na ddi
tio
n, hi
sl e
genda r
yfamehasleadt oinc
reasi
ngthenumb ero f
poemsa tt
ri
b ut
edt ohim.I nthisc hapter
,Idis
cusssomeo fthePers
iana ndHi ndi
poemsfamo usl
ya s
socia
tedwi t
hAm8 rKhusr
au.

P
ers
ianr
epe
rto
ire
Twodi stinc trepertoire
so fpo emsa rec onne ctedwi ththepoet.The( )
rstisinP ers
ian
and,pe rha pssurprisingl
y,isno tveryex t
e nsivede spit
ethefactthatKhus rauha swrit-
t
e nfours izeabledv ns.I
5
19
nNYra l
-Oasa nsNa ghm tthePers
ianrepe r
toir
ec onsist
so f
me rel
y2 8po emsa ndinF ; r
Yq8sediti
ono f19po ems.InSur$dhei sthemo s
tq uoted
Persi
a npo e t,
y etthispo si
tionisg uarantee dwi tho nly16poems .Whe nthes elect
ion
f
o undi nt hea ntholo gi
esisree cte
da gains ttheo b s
erva
tio
nso fsam as
semb liesand
comme rcialreco r
di ngs
,its eemst oe xhaus tt heP ers
ianrepert
oire.Ihaveo nlyo nc e
witnessedape rfor
ma nceo fapo emt hatisno tincludedinanyo ft
heq awwa li
a ntholo-
gi
e s
. Mo
5
20
reover,s
e veralpo e
msi ncludedi nt hea nthologi
esar
eha rdlyeverperforme d,
andt hes electi
ono f Am8rKhus r au
sPersianpo etryregul
arl
yutili
zedb ytheq awwa l
si s
i
npr act
icel i
mi t
edt oab outado zeng ha zals.Itisa l
sonotewo r
thyt hatevent hos e

51
9 The s
ewerepubl
is
heda
sonecol
l
ect
ione
nti
tl
edKu
ll
iy
t-
i
an
)ir
-id
av
vn
-iKh
usr
aub
yMuns
hi
Nava
lKi
shorei
n191
6.
52
0 S e
eKh wa
jaHal
l,
It
em4bel
ow.

151
ghaza
lst
hata ppeari
nKhusr
au
sdv
nsoft
endi'
fe
rfr
omthelit
era
ry,tex
tua
ll
ytr
ans
-
mitt
edve
rsi
o ns.
Thebestk nownandmosto
fte
npe r
for
medofthes
eghaza
lsi
sk nownasNahm
dnam(
Idono tkno
w)byi
tsopeni
ngwords
.Thefo
ll
owingi
sthes t
andar
dver
si
on
s
u ngbyq
awwa ls
:
I
don
otk
nowwh
atwa
sth
atp
lac
ewh
ereI
wasl
ast
nig
ht
E
ver
ywh
eret
hes
lau
ght
ere
dda
nce
dwh
ereI
wasl
ast
nig
ht.

F
air
y-f
ace
dbe
lov
ed,
bod
yac
ypr
ess
,f
aceat
uli
p
F
romh
eadt
oto
eth
edo
omo
fhe
art
swh
ereI
wasl
ast
nig
ht.

Ha
ugh
til
y,
ther
iv
alsl
i
ste
nedt
ohi
svo
icea
ndI
wast
err
ied
Ho
wdi
^cu
lti
twa
stos
pea
kwh
ereI
wasl
ast
nig
ht.

Go
dhi
mse
lfl
edt
hea
sse
mbl
yin
sid
eth
epl
aceo
fno
-pl
ace
,Kh
usr
au
Mu
hamma
dwa
sth
eca
ndl
eint
heg
ath
eri
ngwh
ereI
wasl
ast
nig
ht.
5
21

Theg ha zali sa cc o
mpa niedb ya na ne cdotede sc
r i
b i
ngi tsc ompo s
ition.I rf
a n
Zub erirelateso nev ersi
ono ft hel egend:o neda y,Khus r aume tt heq alanda rpo eto f
Panipa t
, BY=Al 8Sh; hQa l
anda r,whos a i
dt ha tduringhi sno cturna li ghtstot hes pir-
i
tualwo rld,hene vers awNi z;
:ma l-
D8 nt he rea mo ngt hes pirituals talwartshee n-
count er
e d.Ni z;
:ma l-
D8 nadv is
e dthedi spi
r i
tedKhus raut otel
l BY= Al8 Sh;ht ol o o
kf or
aspe cialchamb erwhe rethemo s
te l
ec tshe i
khss it.Andi nde e
d, hes awhi mt he rewi th
=
Ab da l-
Q; dirJ 8
l;n8, Khv;jahMu= 8na l
-D8 na ndt hePr ophe t.He aringt hene wsa fterBY
=
Al8S h;h sreturn,Khus r
auwa se l
a t
e da ndi ssuppo sedt oha vewr i
ttent hea bov e
ghaz alasade scr
ipt i
o no f
thei nc i
dent .
522

Ihe ardas l
ight l
ydi '
ferentv ersi
o no fthes t
orya ft
e ras am asse mb lyo r
g anizeda t
thes hrineo fS h; hR; jYOus ai
n8( d.1 68 2
)i nHy de r
ab ad,whe ns omel oc alS u()
ss at
aroundc ha t
ting.Oneo fthe mr el
atedt hef oll
owi ngv arianto fthea ne cdo t
e :BY= Al8
Sh;hus e dt ov i
sitt hedi v
inea s se
mb lywhe reGo dhi ms elfwa sthehe a d( mr-ima jl
is)
andt hepr esenceo fthePr ophe till
umi natedt hea ssemb l
yliket hec a ndle,a sthel ast
verseo ftheg haza lstates
. Ho we ver
, het oldKhus raut hathene v ers awNi z;
:ma l-
D8 n
there.Int hisv ersi
o nNi z;
:ma l-D8nt el
lsKhus raut oa skBY= Al8S h;ht ot akehi m wi th
himwhe nhea tt
endst heassemb l
yt hene xttime. Onc ethe re
,hes ho ulds earcht heve i
l
ofli
g httha tisb ehindt hePr ophe t.Ac cordingly,BY= Al8Sh;ha ndKhus rauwe ntt ogeth-
erintoc ontempl ation( mu rqa bah).Thi st ime ,Khus rauk newwhe r
et ol ookf orand
hei ndee ds awhi sma st
eri nt hev eilo flight,sitt
ingo nt helefts ideo fthePr ophe t
,

521 Thetr
ans
lat
ionisbas
edont
hetextt
rans
cri
bedf
romar
eco
rde
dpe
rfo
rma
nceb
yla
teJ
af
arHus
ain
KhanBada
uni.
SeeBadauni
,Qa
wwali
II,
tra
ck1.
522 Zuber
i20
12:
128.

152
whilet her ights i
dewa so cc upiedb y=Ab da l-
Q; dirJ8l;n8. Acc ordingt ot hisstory, Na h
m dana mi sKhus rausde sc riptionofhispe rsona lexpe ri
e ncei nt hata ssemb ly.
Altho ught heo utli
neo f b othanecdo tesisthes ame , thes eco ndi nclude ssomes i
g-
ni()
cantde tail
st hata r
emi ss ingfromt he( )rs
t.Ini t,Khus raua c t
ua ll
ya ttendst hi sa s
-
semb l
yi nt hec o mpa nyo fBY= Al8Sh;h.Asar esult, t
heg ha zalbe come sa ne y ewitne ss
accounto fthedi vinea sse mb ly.I
nthe( )
rsta necdo te,Niz;
: ma l
-D8 nisf oundi nas pe cia
l
chamb erwi tho the rg r
e ats he ikhswhe reasi nthes econdhei si nt hev eilo fli
g htb e-
hindt hePr ophe t.Limi ti
ngt henumb ero fsaintlype rsona g estot hr eeisa lsos i
g ni()
c-
ant.Thi sgro upc ove rsthet hr eepersonswhoa rea mo ngS outhAs ianS u()sc onside red
toha vea t
tainedt her anko fma bubiyyat( bei
ngt heb elo vedo fGo d). ThePr ophe tis
knowna sGa bbAl lh( theBe l
ovedo fGo d),=
Ab da l-Q; dira sMa b $b-iS ubn (the
DivineBe l
o ved)andNi z;
:ma l-
D8na sMa b$b-iIl h(
theDi vineBe loved).Thus ,the
anecdo teha sthedo ublef unc ti
ono fco ntextualizingt hec ompo sitiono ftheg ha za
l
and, i
na dditio
n, co nne ctingt heg hazaltoNi z;
:ma l-D8nsr anka mo ngt hemo stex alted
()
gureso fIslam.Thea ne c do te,howe ver,appe arss ome wha ta na chroni s
tic,sinc et he
fameo f=
Abda l-Q; dirha dno tre a
chedNo rthernI ndiai nt hee ar l
yf our t
ee nthc ent ury
,
norwa sNi z;
: ma l-D8ny etr efe r
redtoa sMa b$ b-iIlh.Thi sc onc eptde vel
o pedo nly
l
a t
er.
Ont heb as
iso ft hea na lysisofthet extuals ources,i ta ppe arst hatt hel egenda ry
anecdo tea ndt hepo e mha veb eenjoinedt ogetherf ai
rlyr ec entl
y .Theg haz a
l i
sno tin-
cl
ude di nt hed
v nso fKhus rau. Wheni tappe arsinNYra l-Oa s
a nsNa g hm tin1 935 ,i
t
l
a cksthema qta
Htha tco nne c tstheconte mpo rarys tanda rdv e r
sio ntot hel egendo fi t
s
compo si
t i
on. I
ns tead, t
hema qta
Hrea
ds :
Kh
usr
au!
Ther
eof
you
rlo
veb
urn
tmyh
em
Mu
hamma
dwa
sth
eca
ndl
eint
heg
ath
eri
ngwh
ereI
wasl
ast
nig
ht.
5
23

Omi tt
ingtheme nt i
ono fGo dasthehe a
do ftheas s
emb ly(m r
-ima j
lis
)ando f Khusrau
beingb eyo
ndt hel i
mi t
ati
o nsofplace(l-makn)ma k
e sitdi'()
culttoconne ctthele-
genda ndthepo em. Nowi tisMuha mma dwhoi gnit
esthes parkso fl
ovea ndb urnsthe
poet
she m.Thea s
semb l
y,whe reKhus rauha sb ee
n,e me rgesasapo eticme taphor
rat
he rthanadi vinea s
semb lythathasb eenv i
si
tedinpe rson.Thel ege
ndc onne c
ted
witht hepoe m hasa pparentl
yb eenwe llknowna mongt heq awwa l
sanda udiences
,
andt hechang einthema qta
Hs
ug ge
ststhatforgi
ngal inkb etwee nthem ha sb e
e nde-
l
iberate.
KhusrausPersianpo emsi nq awwa lirepertoi
resa l
soi ncludes omei ndivi
dual
verses,whi
c hhavea cquir
e dlegendaryfame .
Amo ngthe s
ei sav ersethathei ssaidto
haveut t
eredasa nill
ustr
ationof hi
sinti
ma cywi t
hNi z;
:ma l-D8n:
I
bec
amey
ou,
youb
eca
meme
,Ib
eca
met
heb
ody
,yo
ube
camet
hes
oul
S
oth
atn
oon
ewo
ulds
aya
fte
rth
ist
hat
Iams
ome
onee
ls
e,t
hat
youa
res
ome
onee
ls
e.

5
23 NYra l
-Oa
san,Naghm
t,228
.F;r
Yq8ret
ainstheva
ria
ntf
oundinNYra
l-
Oas
an
sNa
ghm
t.S
ee
F
;rYq
8,Na
ghmt,1
211
22.
Meraj
hasno
tinc
ludedthegha
zali
nSu
r$d.

153
Onev ersi
ono fitso ri
gi
ni sfoundinNi z
Hm Ba nsur,discusse da bove,whe r
ethev erse
appearsinadi sc us
s i
onb etweenNi z;
:ma l-D8na ndKhus rau. Niz:
;ma l-
D8 naddresses
him withthe()rstlineo ftheq uotedv e
rse, andKhus rauc ompo sestheo therl
ine.The
vers
eisnomo readi s
ciplesadula
tiono fhisg ui
de ,butas ta t
e me ntthatbindsKhus rau
andNi z;
:ma l
-D8nt ogethe rasinti
ma tel
ya sthet wol i
ne sof thev erse.
Ina l
ltheq a wwa l
ia nthologi
es,thev erseisinse rtedjus tbe f
orethema qt
a
H
intoa
famousg hazalb yKhus rau, Ecih
rah -
yize
b -yi t
or a
sh k-ibutn -i"ar(
Ohy ourbea ut
i-
fulf
ace ,
thee nvyo fAz arsidols
)
. Thi
5
24
si conicv er
s eisno tf oundi nthed v
na ndi t
appearstob eal a t
eraddi tioninsert
edint oa na lreadye x i
stingg hazal. TheMa
5
25
nt o
shudam-v e
rsea ppea r
sunc onnectedwitht her esto ftheg ha zal,inwhi c
hKhus r
aua t-
temptstopraiset heb e
lo ved,butiseacht i
mef rust
ra t
e dbyhi sincompa r
a bl
eq ual
itie
s.
Av ers
eo nunio nb etwee nt helov
era ndtheb elovedi sas udde nc hangetot hi
sthe me.
Ital
soc ontr
aststhema qta
H i
nwhi chthedi st
a nceb etwe ent hel overandtheb elov
e dis
agai
ni ncrea
seda ndKhus rauisforcedtoi mpl orethel att
e rtol ookt o
wa rdsastranger
i
nhi scit
y:
Kh
usr
aui
sas
tr
ang
era
ndab
egg
ar.
Heh
ase
nde
dupi
nyo
urc
it
y
L
eti
tbe
,fo
rth
esa
keo
fGo
d,t
hat
youl
ookt
owa
rdst
hes
tr
ang
ers
.

Ev
enmo
rei
coni
ctha
ntheMa
ntos
hud
am-
ver
sei
sthes
oca
ll
edKa
jku
lh
-ve
rse
:
ha
rqa
umr
;
str
;h-
ed8
n-ev
aqi
bl
ag;
h-e
m;q
ibl
ahr
;stk
ard
8mb
ars
imt
-ik
ajk
ul;
h-e
52
6

E
ver
yna
tio
nha
sit
spa
th,
rel
i
gio
nan
ddi
re
cti
onf
orp
ray
ers
I
dir
ect
myp
ray
erst
owa
rdsh
imwh
owe
arsh
isc
apa
wry
.
Thev erseisquotedbyal
mo s
teve r
yonewr i
ti
ngo nq awwali
.Thelege
nds urr
oundingit
res
o natesperf
ectl
ywiththespi
ritoftolerancea ndhuma nis
mNi z;
:ma l
-D8nnodo ubt
advoc at
eddur i
nghisli
fe
time,butthatha sinpo s
t-
part
iti
onIndiabeenha r
ness
e dfor
propa ga
tionofcommuna lhar
mo ny.
Thev ers
eisq uot
edthre
etime sbydi 'f
erentauthorsinJas
hn-e-
Khusrau:ACo l
l
ec-
ti
on,ar ecentvolumec e
lebr
ati
ngt hes i
g ni(
)c
a nceofKhus r
auinq awwalimusic.Ac-
cordingtoIrf
anZub er
i,t
heli
nesa r
eiconic,becausetheydepi
ctthesymb ol
is
munde r-
l
yingt hesam
experi
ence,
which,accordingtohim, i
st
hephilos
ophyof ni
sbat(as
so-
ci
ationwi thaS u()(
)g
ureorli
nea g
e).
Thi
5
27
sinter
preta
tionste
msf r
o mthelegendary
52
4 S eeNYral-Oa san,Naghm t,
383384;F;rYq 8
,Naghmt,2002
01;Meraj
, S
u r$
d,8485
.
52
5 S eeKhusrau, Ku l
l
iyt456.
Theg hazalbe l
ongstothedv
nBa qi
yyahna qi
yyah.Theqawwal
i a
ntho -
l
ogi
esadda not
he rve rs
etothedvn
sv er
sion:
Youaremo reelusiv
ethanaf ai
ry
,mo red el
i
c at
ethanap e
talofr
ose
Youarebett
e rthana nyt
hin
gI mightsay,byGo d,y
o uar
eawo nder
fulsweet
h ea
rt!
52
6 F orthevariantv ers
ionsfoundins cholarl
ylite
ratur
e,seeQureshi2006:42;Kugl
e2010
b:259a nd
Qure
shi2012:
117.Sha rma2 01
2:80andZu beri2012:1
27fol
lowt hevar
iantfoundinAm8 rOasa
nsd
v n.
Se
eOa san1933:39 0.TheIraniancri
ticalediti
o nfol
lowsthes amereading
,b utgive
sma nqib
lahr st
ka
rdama savari
antr eadingfort
he( )
rsthalf
o fthesecondli
ne.SeeSi
jz8,
Dvn-iGasan-
iDi
hla
v,
4 0
6.
52
7 Zu beri2012
: 12712
8.

154
anecdotesurr
oundingt hecompo sit
iono ft
hev ers
e. Thepr otag
o nis
tsoftheanecdote
areagai
nKhus rauandNi z;
:ma l-
D8na ndtheverseisa s
cribe dtothe i
rjoi
nte'f
orts
.One
day,Niz:
;ma l
-D8nwa so bse
rvingHinduwo r
shipperso nt heb ank sofYamunaa ndhe
pronouncedthe( )
rstl
ine, i
ndicat
ingthattheya l
soha dt he irrel
igiouspathtofol
low.
Khusrau,sta
ndingne arby,conti
nuedwi ththes econdl inei nwhi chhedi sc
redit
sa l
l
theotherrel
igi
onsinfav o
uro fhisa'(
)l
iat
ionwithNi z;
:ma l-D8n,descri
bedintheverse
astheonewhowe arshiscapra k
ishl
ya wry(kaj
kulh).
Occas
ionall
y,theve r
seispr efa
cedwi ththreeHi ndil ineswhi cha r
ec l
aimedt o
havebeenuttere
db yNiz ;
:ma l
-D8n,whe r
easKhus r
aur espo ndsinP ersi
an:
s
ans
;rha
rkopYj
egurk
oja
gats
ar;
he
ma
kkeme
dko
Z8ehYdehek
;sh8
medk
oZ8
c;he
dun
y;me
dapnep8
kepa
iyy
;dpa
fYdna
hk;
he
ha
rqa
umr
;
str
;h-
ed8
n-ev
aqi
bl
ag;
h-e
m;q
ibl
ahr
;stk
ard
8mb
ars
imt
-ik
ajk
ul;
h-e
52
8

L
ett
hewo
rldwo
rsh
ipGo
d,l
ett
hee
art
hpr
ais
eth
esp
iri
tua
lgu
ide
S
ome
onema
yse
arc
hhi
minKa
shi
,s
ome
onei
nMe
cca
Wh
ysh
oul
dIn
otf
al
lt
oth
efe
eto
fmyb
elo
vedi
nth
iswo
rld
?
E
ver
yna
tio
nha
sit
spa
th,
rel
i
gio
nan
ddi
re
cti
onf
orp
ray
ers
I
dir
ect
myp
ray
erst
owa
rdswh
owe
arsh
isc
apa
wry
.

Inhe ressayinJ ashn -e-

Kh usr
a u:ACo l
lec t
ion,Qur eshiov erturnst hec onv
e nti
onal
ordero fappe aranceb ys tatingtha ttheHi ndipa rtwa sspo kenb yAm8 rKhus r
aut o
whi c
hNi z;
:ma l-
D8 nr es
po nde dinP ersian. S
52
9
hea l
s oe vokest hemo stpr ominentin-
terpr
etationo fthev e r
seb ys t
ati
ngt ha tthisuni ques eto fv ersesi sinspir
edb yt he
sig
hto fHinduwo rshippe rsbyt heriverJamunaa nddr a
wsf r
o mi tapr ofoundvisi
ono f
rel
igiouspluralis
me xpressedi nadi alogueo fbo t
hHi ndiandP ersian. Ak
53
0
barHy der
,
cit
ingo nlytheP ersianve rseinhiswo r k
, i
nt erpretsitinas imila rfr
ame wo r
kbyno ting
thatthepo etha sinc orpora t
edi ntoi tt her el
igi
o ust ol
era nc etha tNi z:
;ma l-D8n
expressed.Bo t
hHy derandS ha r
maha vea lsopo intedo uttha tinr eality
, t
heve rs
ewa s
writt
enb yAm8 rOa san,no tAm8 rKhus rau.5
31

No t
ingtha tther eala uthoro fthev ersewa sAm8 rOa san, SunilS ha r
mawr i
tesin
hisessayinJa s
h n-e
-Kh usraut hatthea ss
o ciationo ft
hev er
sewi thKhus r
a uwasa l
ready
commo nint heda yso ftheMug hal empe rorJ ah;ng8r( r
.1605-162 7)
,towho mitwa sr e
-
cit
e d
.Interesti
ngly,thepe rsonwhoe xpl
a i
ne dt hes t
o rybehindt hev ersetothee mpe r
-

5
28 Tra
nscr
ibedfr
om arec
ordedper
for
ma nc
eo fWar
siBrohe
rs.
SeeWars
iBrot
her
s,Qa
wwali
IIt
rack
4
.
5
29 Inanearl
ierwor
k,however
,shemainta
instheconv
enti
onalor
derofa
ppear
ance
.Se
eQureshi
2
006
:42.
5
30 Qures
hi201
2:1
17.
5
31 Hyder20
06:11
81
19;
Sharma2006
:47.

155
ordie do nthes pot.5
32
Ine ighte
enth-centurySu() c
irc
lesof Delhi,thev ersewa sa lsoat-
tri
but edtoAm8 rKhus rau.InF ak
h ral-
t
Hli
bn,Ma ul
;n;F akhra l-
D8nno te
st hatt hispar-
ti
cularv ers
e ,writ
tenb yre s
pe c
tedAm8 r(aMrat
-iamr),causedNa W8ral-
D8 nMa UmYd
tostamphi sfeetsos trong l
ytotheg roundt hathewa sleftli
mpi ng . Co
533
mme ntingon
theimpo rt
anceo fs uchle gendarya c
count s
,Sharmapo i
ntso uttha t[w]hethe rtrueo r
not,s ucha necdotesa ll
o wpo e
trytob es uppli
edwi thac ontext,a ndrema ina liv
ein
popul arme mo ry.
Wi
5
34
t
ho uta na necdotea boutintera
ctionb et we entwol eg endar
y
()
gure s,theKa jkulh -
versemi ghtha veb e e
nf orgot
tenl ikei t
sf ac t
uala utho r,Am8 r
Oasa n.
Iti sofc oursepo ssiblethatAm8 rOa sanc amet ok no wa boutt hee xcha ng
e
betwe enhisS u()gui dea ndKhus raua ndt heninco r
poratedt hev erseintohi sg ha za
l.
Howe ver
,whe nt heKa jku l
h-ve
rsei sreada sthepa rtoft heg ha zalitb el
o ng stoin
Am8 rOa sansd
v
n, itacq ui
r e
sac ompl et
elydi'f
erentshadeo fme a ning:
E
ver
yna
tio
nha
sit
spa
th,
rel
i
gio
nan
ddi
re
cti
onf
orp
ray
ers
I
dir
ect
myp
ray
erst
owa
rdsh
imwh
owe
arsh
isc
apa
wry
.

We
ll
,pr
eac
her
,gi
vee
ver
yse
rmo
nyo
ukn
ow
S
igh
thi
sfa
ce!
The
yar
eli
ket
he=
8
d,e
yeb
rowsl
i
keap
lac
eof
pra
yer
.

I
fyo
udon
ots
eet
hec
ypr
essa
ndmo
ons
uit
inge
acho
the
r
L
ooka
thi
scy
pre
ss-
li
kes
tat
urea
ndamo
ono
nto
pof
thec
ypr
ess
.

Myh
ear
tha
sfo
rgo
tte
nth
ede
via
tio
nsI
hav
ere
pen
tedf
or
I
fIs
eeh
isl
i
p,I
amr
emi
nde
dof
sin
.

I
fth
eyma
kef
et
te
rsf
romh
isd
arkt
res
ses
F
rome
ver
ycu
rlwi
l
lar
is
eac
ryf
orj
ust
ic
e.

S
ee,
howt
ear
sap
pea
ronmye
yel
ash
ese
ver
ymo
rni
ng
L
iked
ewt
hat
fal
l
sont
hef
aceo
fgr
asss
tal
ks
.

Go
d!Y
ouk
eepa
ney
eonmye
yesa
ndo
nth
eli
ght
ofmy[
eye
s]
E
veni
fhen
eve
rbe
sto
wedag
lan
ceo
nmyc
ond
iti
on.

Th
eju
dgewi
l
lno
tre
qui
reawi
tne
ssf
ormyl
ove
-pl
ay
Hek
nowst
her
eisn
one
edf
orwi
tne
ss,
whe
nbo
tha
gre
e.

5
32 Shar
ma2012:80
.Theasse
mblywher
ethev
ers
ewa
sex
pla
ine
dtoJ
ah;
ng8
risr
eco
rde
dinb
oth
T
uzu
k-i
jah
ng
ra
ndMa j
li
s-
ij
ahn
gr
.
5
33 NYral
-D8
n,Fak
hr,5
0.
5
34 Shar
ma2012
:80.

156
 Wh
ati
sth
ere
aso
nof
Gas
ani
nth
epr
ese
nceo
flo
ve?
An
av
ech
il
dinf
ron
tof
thee
mpe
ror
?5
35

Int hec ont e

x to ft heg ha za l
,theKa j
k ul
h-versea cquiresanuna b ashe dlye rot i
c
tone .F
o rsak
ingt her eligioni nt he( )
rstv e
rser esonateswi thdi s
creditingt hepr eache r
i
nt hes econd. Ho we ver,itisha rdt ode t
e c
tt r
a cesofr eli
g i
ouspluralismi ni tsme ssag e.
Rathe r
,itb eco me sapr aiseo ft hef orceo fpa ss i
ona t
el ovet hatha sthepo tentialt o
ma kethel ove rreje ctreligiona ltogetherinhi spur suito ftheb elo
v ed.Int hisc ontex t,
theKa jku l
h-ve r
ser ef
e rst otheBe lovedi na l
li t
suni ve
rsali
tyanda mb ivalenc e,
as
ScottKug l
es ug ges t
s , r
5
36
athe rt hant or e l
igi
o uspl urali
tyo re venpr a i
sef orAm8 r
Oa san
sS u()guide .
Whe nre adwi thoutt hea ne cdotea bouti tsc ompo si
ng,theinte r
pr e t
a t
io no ft he
versea sa na dv oca cyo fr eli
g iou splura l
ismb ecome se vi
dento nlywhe nt heP e rs
ia n
coupleti sco mb ine dwi t
ht het hreeHi ndil ines.Thel it
eraryformo ft hisma ca r
o nic
verseindi c
atesi t
st e xt
ua l histo ry.AsQur eshino tes
, t
he( )
velinemu k hamma sa ppe a r
s
l
ikeat az mn,s
5
37
imi lart ot hepo e mwr ittenb yS yedS ha hKhus roHus sa ini i
nUr duo n
ag hazal byJ;m8q uo teda b ove. Itisthuspo s
s i
ble,thataHi nditazm nwa swr i
tteno n
Am8 rOa san
sg haza l,buto nlyt he( )
rstve r
seha ss urvivedint heq awwa li repe rt
oires. I
f
i
twa swr i
tte
na ft
e rthev erseha db ec
o mea s s
o ci
a t
edwi thKhus r
aua nds epa ratedf r
o m
i
tso rig
ina lc
o ntex t,thet azm ni sunl i
k elytoc overanyo therverses
.
Interest
ing ly
, theq awwa l
so ftenempha sizethee ro ti
cdime nsi
o nso ft heKa j
k ul
h-
verseint hei
rpe r
fo rma nc es.Thema c
a ronicmu k hamma sv er
seis,i
npe rfo r
ma nces,fre-
que ntl
yi nsert
e di ntoCa sh m- ima st-
ea j
ab-ez ulf-
id arz-eaj
a b-
e(
Wo nde rfula ret he
i
nt oxic
at ede yes,wo nde rfula r et hel ongt resses
),ag hazala t
tri
butedt oKhus rau.53
8

Oneo fitsve rsesi nclude st hephr asek aj

ku l
h,andt heKa jkul
h-
ve r
s ei sc ommo nly
i
ns erte
da f
terit:
t
urk
t;z
-e=
aj
ab-
eshu=
bada
b;z
-e=
aj
ab-
e
k
ajk
ul;
h-e=
aj
ab-
e=a
rba
dab
;z-
e=a
jab-
e5
39

Wo
nde
rf
uli
sth
epl
und
eri
nge
xpe
dit
io
n,wo
nde
rf
uli
sth
eco
nju
ror
Wo
nde
rf
uli
shewh
owe
arsh
isc
apa
wry
,wo
nde
rf
uli
sth
etr
oub
lema
ker
.
Combi
nedwiththi
sver
se,
theKaj
kul
h-
ver
seret
ainsit
serot
icc
onnot
ati
onse
venwit
h
theHi
ndipr
efac
e.Thever
seoft
heghaz
alpra
ise
st herog
uis
hbelo
ved,whoi
scha
rac-

535 Thet r
ansl
ati
onisb as
edonthetexti
nSij
z8,
Dvn-iGasanSij
zDihlav,
390391
.
536 Ku gl
e2010:2
59.
537 Qureshi2006:4
2.
538 Inb ot
hNa ghmta nt
holog
ies
,theghaza
lappearsa saq i
t
H
ahof( )
vev er
sesand,nota
bly
,do
esnot
i
ncludeama qta
H
withthepoet
spenname .
SeeNYral-Oasan,Naghm t,3
9 3394;
F;rYq8
,Naghmt
,207
.
InSur$d,
itappear
sasac omplet
eghazalwi
ththematl
Ha,
ma qta
Ha
ndt hre
emo r
ev er
sesi
nb et
wee
n.The
poemi snotfoundint hedv
nsandno neoftheant holo
giesfeat
urest heverseincl
udi
ngtheword
kaj
kul
h.
539 T r
anscr
ibedfr
omt heperf
ormanceofWarsiBr
othe r
s.SeeWa r
siBrothers1
992,QawwalII

157
te
rizeda saplunde r
er,conj
urora ndt r
oub l
ema kerweari
nghisc a
pawr y
.Thea lmostvi
-
ol
enti ndi'f
erenceo fthebelove de '
fec
tivelydepri
vestheKa jkul
h-v
erseo fanycon-
notationsofreli
g i
ousplural
isma nduni vers
alhuma ni
sm. Rather
,itcontra
ststhede-
penda nce(niy
z)oftheloverwi t
ht hec oquett
ishandno t
-so-
tenderpl
a yf
ulness(n
z)
oftheb elo
veda ndc r
ea t
esasituationwhe retheformerisdri
ventofors
a kehisrel
ig
ion
becauseo ft
hel att
erinthespiritofAm8 rOa sa
nsor
igi
nal g
hazal.
Ano t
herpe rf
orma ncest
a ndardwhe retheKa j
kul
h-ver
seisregul
arlyempl oy
edis
aHi ndiverseattri
butedtoKhus r
au.He retheP er
si
anv ers
esarefol
lowedb ytheHindi
l
inet hatactsasar efr
ain.I
nte r
e s
tingl
y,theKa jkul
h-v
erseishereama tl
Hai
nat hre
e-
ver
s eqit
H
ahwhi chiscompletelydi'fe
rentfromAm8 rOa s
a n
sghazal
:
I
hav
ecl
ungt
oyo
urf
eet
Ma
ste
rNi
j
ma
l-
Dn
,lo
rdNi
j
ma
l-
Dn
.5
40

E
ver
yna
tio
nha
sit
spa
th,
rel
i
gio
nan
ddi
re
cti
onf
orp
ray
ers
I
dir
ect
myp
ray
erst
owa
rdsh
imwh
owe
arsh
isc
apa
wry
.

I
hav
ecl
ungt
oyo
urf
eet
.

Myf
acei
sto
war
dsy
ourf
ace
,myd
ust
upo
nth
edu
sto
fyo
url
ane
Y
ourf
acei
sth
edi
re
cti
onf
orp
ray
ers
,yo
url
anei
swh
ereI
pro
str
ate
.

I
hav
ecl
ungt
oyo
urf
eet
.

I
sit
ony
ourl
anei
nawr
etc
hedc
ond
iti
on
Ho
pin
gth
aty
oumi
ght
bes
towmeag
lan
ce.

I
hav
ecl
ungt
oyo
urf
eet
.
Ma
ste
rNi
j
ma
l-
Dn
,lo
rdNi
j
ma
l-
Dn
.5
41

Althoughthemo t
ifofbeggi
ngont hebelovedslaneisoft
enus edi nromanti
c
g
ha z
als,her
eitacqui
resamo r
edevo
tionalt
oneduet otheHinditex
tthatdes c
ri
besa
g
irlcl
ingingtothefee
to fNi
z;
:ma l
-D8n.However,theKa j
kulh
-ver
se,whi c
hc ons
ti
-
t
uteshe r
eapa rtoft
hea dor
ati
onoftheb e
lov
e d,issti
lldevoi
do fre
fer
e ncestore
li
-
g
iousplural
is
m. Onthewhole,
thei
deawa snei
there vok
e dwhentheversewa squot
ed

5
40I nHindi,wordso fArabi
candPer
sianori
ginareada pt
edtoitspr
onunc i
atio
n.ThusNi z
;
:ma l-D8n
b
e co
me sNij
;ma l
-D8n,Fak
hral-
D8nbecomesFakharD8ne tc
.Ihaveret
ai
ne dthiscon
v ent
ionintransla
-
t
ion,bec
auseitisanimpo r
tantpar
toft
hea e
sthet
ice'f
ecto f
thepoems.Further
mo re
, t
heauthorsusing
P
e r
so-Ar
abicscri
pttowr i
teHindiwoul
dhaveb e
ena bl
etous etheori
gi
na l
s pel
l
ing,butconsci
ousl
yde -
c
idednottodos o.
5
41 Thet extistranscr
ibedfr
omape r
for
ma ncebyBaha uddinQawwal.IthankScottKuglef
orpro vi
d-
i
ngmewi ththisrecordi
ng.

158
i
ntheMughalcourtandint
heSu(
)kh
n q
h,nori
ntheori
gi
nalcontex
to f
thever
sein
Am8rOas
an
sdvn,norwhe
nitwasa
doptedtoqa
wwa l
iper
for
ma nces
.Theideaofr
e-
l
igi
ouspl
ura
lis
mi nt hi
spar
ti
cul
arve
rsecle
arl
yhasit
ssourc
eo uts
idetheconte
xtof
sa
m
andqawwa l
i
.

Hi
nda
vir
epe
rto
ire
Thes alie
ntt ex tint hel a ste xa mpl eq uo t
eda bo vei so neo ft hei temsb elong ingtoa n
extensiveco rpuso fHi nda v i po
542
emsa t
t r
ibutedt oAm8 rKhus rau. Ina ddi ti
o nt oav ast
numb e rof gt
ss ungb yq awwa l
s, t
hec orpusc ompr iseso fl yricsus edi nc lassicalmus ic
(bandish),r i
ddl es( pah el
),b awdr yv erse
st ha t pl ay wi th do ub lee nt e
ndr es
(kahmu karn)a swe l
la saP ersian- Hindidi ct
iona ryKh l
iqb r .Khus ra usa l
legedi n-
ventiono fHi ndia nd/ o rUr dur e s
t so nt he s
ewo rk s,ye tt he( )r sta va il
a bler ecordso f
them da tetot hee i
g htee nthc entur y.Thi sisthes amepe riodwhe nt hei n ventiono f
sit
ara ndta blawa sa ttri
b utedt oKhus raua ndwhe nhi sima gea swek no wi tto daystar-
tedtos hape .
Ac cordi
ngt oS ha rma ,Khus rausHi nda vipo emsi nc ludel i
ng uistict raitstha trefer
tothee ightee nthc ent ury .Ho we ver,thisdo esno tr uleo utt hepo ssib il
ityo fo raltrans-
mission.Wha ti sa vailablet o da yme relyr epresentst hel a str ece ns ionb e f
o r
et het exts
we r
ec ommi ttedt owr it
ing .F
5
43
e ws cho l
arsa rei ncline dt ode nyt hepo ssibili
tytha t
Khus r
a uinde e dwr o tesuc ht e xts.Hi slif
ec o i
ncidedwi tht hepha sei nI ndi anl iter
ature,
whe nBha ktipo etsa ndNa thy og i
sb egunt oe xpe rime ntwi thwr itingpo etryinNo rth
Indianv erna culars. Khus
5
44
rausP ers i
a nwo r
ksi nc l
udeHi nda viwo rdsa ndhi sf avour-
ableattit
udet owa rdsa l
l thing sI ndia nise videnti nhi sma sn avs. Hede scribeshi mse l
f
asanI ndianpa rrott ha ta nswe rswhe ni tispo s
e daq ue stio ni nHi nda via nd, i
na no th-
erverse,tell
st ha ta saT ur kfro mI ndi a ,hedo esno tha vet heEg y ptians uga ro fArab i
c,
butins t
eadpr efersHi nda vi. Themo
545
s
tc ommo nl yv oice de xpla na tionf o rthel acko f
contempo r
a ryt extua lev idenc eus ua l
lyi nvokest hei nfe riors ta tuso fHi nda viinc om-
parisontoP e rsi
a na ndt hec ons e que ntla cko fi
nte restto wa r dsi ta mo ngt her ul er
swho
sponso re
dt hema nus criptt radi t
ion. Asac
5
46
ons eque nc e, theHi nda vi po emswe r
epr e-
servedb ythepe opl eo fIndi a, whos ungt hemdur ingwe ddi ng sa ndo therc eleb rat
ions.
Whe nMuUa mma dOus ain_z ; d( d. 1910)pub li
she dhi sNb -i a y t(Wa tero fL i
fe
), a
hist
o r
yo fUr dul itera t
ur e,in1 88 0,hes ti
llreferredt oKhus r
a usHi nda v ipo e mstha t
we r
es ung, mo stlyb ywo me n, dur i
ngdi '
ferentc eremo nie s.5
47

5
42F o l
lowingthes c
holar
lyprac
ti
ce,Iamr ef
erri
ngtoKhusrau
svernacul
artex
tsasHindavipoe
try
.It
s
houl
d,ho wever,bekepti
nmi ndthattheter
mHi ndavii
sno tusedamongthec ont
empo ra
ryqawwals
o
rthei
ra udi
ence.
5
43S ha rma2 006:7
8.
5
44F o racompa rat
ivest
udyo f
thepoeti
cima g
esfoundinKhusrau
sHindavipoems,
ont heonehand,
a
ndinthewr it
ingsofBhakt
iandNa t
hpo et
s,ontheother
,se
eRi z
vi2011
:5996
.
5
45S ee ,e.
g.Sharma2006:78.
5
46S ee ,e.
g.Panchal20
13:
4 2
.
5
47S eeS harma2 006:8
2.

159
 Unl essapr ev i
o us l
yunk no wnma nus cri
pti sdi sc over edo rl ingui stica ndphi lolo
-
gica lana l
y s
iso fHi nda vi t
e x tsthr owsl ighto nt he irpr ovena nc e, t
heq ue stionspe rtai
n-
i
ngt ot heo ri
ginsa nda ut he nt i
c it
ywi l
lr ema i
nmo ot. Yet, study ingKhus r
a usHi nda vi
co rpusi nq awwa l
i repe rto i
r eswi l
l she ds omel i
g hta st ot hepr ove na nceo fs omet ext
s
tha ta ret oda ypo pul arlya ttribu tedt ohi m.Thi sHi nda vic or puspe rforme db yt he
qa wwa lsi ssigni()ca ntlywi de rt ha nt hes ele
ctio nso fg tsg le ane df romt e xtua lsources
by, forex ampl e,Go pi Cha ndNa ranga ndP arma na ndP a ncha l
.548

Thet we lveHi nda v ipo e msi nclude di nSu r$ dpe rha psr epr ese ntt hewi de st,
y etby
nome a nse xha ustiv e,a va ilables e l
e ct
io no fKhus ra usHi nda vit ex tss ungb yt he
qa wwa ls. Othe r
wi s
e , t
hepo e msha veb eent rans mi t
te do ra ll
ya mo ngt heq awwa lsa nd
classical si
ng erso f theDe lhi gh ar n .Int hec aseo fKhus ra usHi nda vig t
s, thela ckof
clea r
lyde (
)ne dfo rma lst r
uc ture, thea '(
)nityo ft hel ang ua g et ot hes po kendi alectsas
we llast hea b s
e nc eo f codi ()edl iterar yve rsi
onha vele adt oapr o f
us i
o no fva riantread-
i
ng swhi c ho ft
enb ea rtra ce so ft hedi alectspo k eni nt heq awwa l
sho mer e gion. I
tis
i
mpo rt
a ntt oe mpha sizet ha tt heq awwa l
sa reno tt heo nlys i
ng erst ope rfor
m
Khus rausHi nda vit e xts.Es pe cia l
ly,t hec lassicals i
ng erso ftheDe l
hig ha rn ha vea
wi dea rrayo fthe set e xtsint he i
rr epe r
toires.
Befo reent eringa na na lysiso findi vidua lpo ems ,itishe lpful toi ntro duc et het erm

Khus rau- es
q ue (co inedb yS uni lS ha rma )intot hedi sc ussio n. S
549
har mas ug geststhat
thist ermc ouldb eus e di nr eferringt ol i
teraryt extsi na na l
o gywi tht hede s i
gna t
ion

Khus raus tyletha tisa ppl ie dt oc ert ainmus i

c al f
e aturesa nda cc epteda ndus e db ythe
ex pertso fIndia nmus ic.Mo r
es pe ci()
ca l
ly,hes ugg estsa ppl yingKhus rau- esquet o
Hi nda vipo emst ha ta reno ti nc lude di nt hed v nsb utc o uldha vepo ssiblyb eenwr it
-
tenb yhi m. Thet ermha st hea dd eda dv antageo fde e ctingt hea ttent i
o nf romt heo f
-
teni nco nc l
usivede b ateso nt hea ut ho rs
hi ptowa rdst hepo etict extst he ms elv es.Inthe
co ntexto fqa wwa lir epe rto i
r es,Khus r
au- esquewi l
lpr oveus efuli ns tudy ingt hee x
-
pa ndingc orpuso fHi nda vi po emsa t tr
ibut edtohi m.
Whi let hea utho rshi po fs omeo fKhus r
a usHi nda vipo emsma yne verb ee st
ab-
l
ishe d, ino therc ase sthea ut horo ra tle astthewr i
tingc o nt extc a nb et r
a ce d.Ast he
sing l
et ex t
ua lso urcet ha te x plicitl
yr ecordsKhus raua st hea ut ho ro fc ertainHi nda v
i
po ems ,S ur$dc a no 'fers o mei nfo rma ti
ona boutt heo riginso ft hes epo ems .At present,
the reisade ma ndf orKhus ra u-es queHi nda vipo emsa mo nga udi enc es, beca us eheha s
be comea ni cono fr e l
igio ust oleranc ea ndc ul turalc re ativityt ha ti sno tb o undt oa
sing l
er eligi
o uso re thnici de ntity.Asf ewe ra ndf ewe rpe opl eunde rstandP ersian,the
co rpuso fhisHi nda v ipo e msha sg ainedi nimpo rt
a nc e.Theq awwa lir epe rtoir
e sa r
e
no tc l
o sed,a ndpo emsKhus rau- esq uee no ughc a ne asilyl o oset he ira sso ciationwi th
theo ri
g i
na lautho ra ndb e co mea ttr i
b utedt oKhus raui nst ead. Inq awwa l
i repe r
to i
res,

5
48S
eeNara
ng199
8:2
422
48and2
004
:41
49
;Pa
ncha
l20
13:
751
57.
5
49S
ee,
e.g
.Sha
rma201
2:7
5.

160
the res e emst ob ea tleas tthreepo s s
ibles o urc esf rom whe res uc hpo e msa reb eing
su pplied.
The( )rstco nsist
so f thepo e
msb yle sskno wnt we nt ieth-c entur yHy de rab adi po ets
tha tdono tc ontaint hepe nna me .Byl essk no wnIr efert oa ut ho rswhoma yha v ewr it-
teno nlyaha ndf ulo fpo e msi nst
ea do fapub lishe dd v no rwhoa r
eno tk no wno ut-
sidet he irlo calc ontext.Thus ,apo em wr i
ttenb yapo etk no wno nlyi nHy de r
a ba d
co uldwe l
lpa ssasat extwr i
ttenb yKhus rau, inKa r
a chio rDe lhi.Int hec as eo fs ome
aut ho rs,the reisa lsoal ac ko fane stabli
s hedS u() foll
o wi ngt hatwo uldg ua rdt he i
rpo -
etiche ritag ea gainsts uchr eatt
ribution.Thec ont raryi st ruei nt hec aseo f=Ab da l-
Qa d 8
rN idd8 q8Oa s
r at
,f ore xa mple.Hi spo etico euv rei nc lude sma nyKhus rau- esque
i
te ms ,b uthi ss ucc ess
o rse ndo wedwi thpo e t
ica cume nha v ek epthi sme mo r ya live
andhi spo emsc loselya sso ci
atedwi thhi m.
Twof amo usHi nda v ipo ems,Njb a dh v( T oda y,[ si
ng ]f el
icitati
o ns
)a ndMo se
na in nma tmo d
n (
Dono tturny oure y esawa yf rom me ),a rei nS ur$da ttrib utedt o
Khus rau.Ho we ver,inab ookwr itt
e nt oa c compa nyaCDb yMe rajAhma d,Cl a ire
De vo ss tate s(o nthea utho rit
yo ftheq awwa l)t ha tthe s et ex t
swe rei nr ealitywr i
tten
byHy de r
a badipo etsAmj adOa idar;b ;d8( d.1 9 61)a ndNa v ;bL uq m; na l-Da ulah
Ba h; dur ,respe cti
v el
y.5
50

Nj b adh vi sc l
assi()
e da sac ong ratulatorys o ng( mu bra k)i nS ur$d .
55
1
Ite mpl o ys
po eticc o nv entionsl i
ket hef emalev oice ,o'f
e ringo ne se l
fa sas a cri(
)cefort hes ak eo f
theb e l
o veda swe l
la swe ddingi ma gery.Al lthe sea ret ypic alt opo e msa ttrib utedt o
Khus raua ndNj ba dhv i sthusKhus rau-esq uee no ug ht opa ssa shi stex t
.Ina ddi ti
o n,
i
tha sc o met of ul()
la ni mpo rt
antr itua lfunc tio na tt heNi zamuddi ns hrine ,whe re
Khus raul i
e sb uried.Ho we ver,bef
o reS u r$dwa spub lishe d,De vo sc ontestedt hatt he
aut ho rwa sAmj adOa ida r;b;d8.Amj adwa sal itera r
y( )g ureb estk no wnf orhi sr ub
s
andhi sl ame nto ve rthede structi
o nc aus edb yt heo o dingo friverMus ii n1 90 8.At -
tribut i
ngt hepo emt ohi ms eemsa lmo sta so dda sa tt
rib utingi ttoKhus rau. Al thoug h
Amj adus edawi der ang eo fpoeticf orms ,s uc ha sr u b,g ha zal,muk hamma sa nd
mu sad da s(apo emc ons i
s ti
ngo fsi
x -
linev erse s)ina ddi tiont opr ose ,noneo fhi sma jor
wo r
k si nc l
ude sHi ndav ipo ems ,andt hel it
e raryhi storia nBa she erAhme dma kesno
refere nc etoHi nda vipo emsi nhise ntrya bo utAmj ad. Ho
5
52
we ver,thisdo esno tne c es-
sar i
lyme ant ha tAmj addi dno twr i
tet hepo em. Instea d, itma yha vene ve rfo undi ts
wa yt ohi sc ollect
e dwo rk sb utsurv i
ve do nl yt hr oug ho ra lt r
a nsmi ssi
o na mo ngt he
qa wwa lsha i
li
ngf ro mHy de rabad.
Thes eco ndpo em,Mo s
en ai
n nma tmo dn ,isar ema rk ablee xa mpl eo fho w
qui cklyapo em wr i
ttena pparentl
ydur ingt he( )rstha l
fo ft het we nt i
ethc e ntur yc an
be comea sso ciatedwi thKhus rau,ifitisKhus rau- esq uee no ug h.
5
50 Devos1
995:77
80.
5
51 Fort
hetrans
lat
iono
fthepoem,s
eebelow.
5
52 SeeAhmed2 00
7:46
52.Fort
herub

s,se
eAmjad,Ru
bi
yy
t-i
Amjad.Mukammal
i))
a-y
iav
val
t
si
vum.F
orthelo
ngerpoe
ticf
orms,
see.
e.g
.Amjad,
Khir
qa-
yiAmjadandRi
yM-
iAmja
dII
I.

161
 Don
ott
urny
oure
yesf
romme
,Ih
avef
al
le
ntoy
ourf
eet
Asy
ouh
avema
demey
ouro
wn,
acc
ord
ing
ly,
kee
pyo
urp
romi
se
Myh
ono
uri
siny
ourh
and
s,b
elo
ved
,don
otg
ivet
hep
eop
lear
eas
ont
ola
ugh
I
hav
efa
ll
ent
oyo
urf
eet
F
ory
out
her
ear
ehu
ndr
edsl
i
keme
,bu
tfo
rmey
oua
ret
heo
nlyo
ne
L
ooka
tyo
uro
wnme
rcy
,no
tmyf
aul
ts
I
hav
efa
ll
ent
oyo
urf
eet
I
for
got
all
duet
oyo
u,d
ono
tfo
rge
tme
I
fyo
ufo
rge
t,I
sha
lld
isa
ppe
arf
romt
heb
othwo
rld
s
I
hav
efa
ll
ent
oyo
urf
eet
.
55
3

Thet e xtisag t,butinS ur$di ti scla

ssi
()
eda sapo e mo fpr aise(ma nq ab at
). Thiss eems
str
a ng ei fo nei sno tf a miliarwi ththel ege nda rya ne cdo t
ea t
ta c
he dt ot hepo e m.
Khus ra ui sa g ai
na ccompa ny inghi sSu()g uide ,whe nt hel atterha ltsfo ramo me nt,
stand ingo nas tone .Whe nhei sabouttomo veo n,t hes t
o nes tartst ospe aka sking
Niz;
: ma l-D8nno ttode priveitf romt heco ntac twi thhi sb lessedf eet.Thepo emi ss up-
pose dt ob eKhus r
ausde pictiono ft
heinc i
de nt .Thea ne cdo t
er evealst her ationa l
eb e-
hindc lassif
y ingitasama nqa ba t.
Theg apb et
we enpub lishingCl air
eDe v oswo rka ndS ur$d ,b otho fwhi cha re
base do ni nfo rma ti
onr elayedb yMe raj,
iso nlyt hre ey ears.Fo rsomer ea s
o no ra no t
he r,
Me rajde cide dt oa ttri
b utet het wopo emst oKhus raui nste a
do fAmj ada ndNa v;b
Luq m; na l-Da ulahBa h; durdur ingthissho rtpe riod. Thel e gendspr iore xistencet o-
gethe rwi tht hede ma ndo fKhus rau-es
quer epe rto i
rema yha vepr ompt edthede c i
sion.
Al sot hepo emdi sc usseda bo v
e,Terrema iFt oc ara nanl g (
Iha vec lungt oy our
feet
),i ntowhi cht heKa jkulh -ver
seiso fteni nse r
te d,r esemb lesa no the rpo emb y
Luq m; na l-Da ulahL grma iFtoca r
ant ih r(Iha vec lungt oy ourf eet). Thel
5
54
at-
terisama n qa batinpr aiseo fN ;b i
r=
Al;Zal-D8ni ns teado fNi z;
:ma l-D8n, butt heme an-
i
ngo ft her efrainise xa ctlythes amei ns piteo ft hes light l
ydi 'f
er entwo rding .The se
poe msa res to ckpe r
fo rma nc es tandardsint her epe r
to ireso fqawwa lswhono wr eside
i
nHy dera ba d,Ka rachia ndDe lhi,butwho seline ag esg ob ac ktoT ;nr asKh; n
sfa mi ly
i
nl a t
eni nete enthc ent ur y
-a nde arl
ytwe ntieth-c entur yHy de r
aba d.Its eemspr o bab le
thatt hes eq awwa lsa rer e spo nsibl
ef ori ntr oduc ings uc hHy der abadii temsi nto
qawwa l
i repe rt
o i
resa ndc ontrib uti
ngtothe irs ub seque nta sso ci
ationwi thKhus rau.
Ano the rpo s
sibles o urcepr edate
sthei mmi grationo fT ;nrasKh; ntoHy derab ad
andi sc o nne c t
edwi tht heMug ha l
court,perha psdur ingt her eigno f thela stmo narc h,
Bah; du rS h; hZ: af
ar.Amo ngt hemo stfa
mo uso fKhus rausHi ndav ipo emsi sac elebr a-
ti
o no f spring ,Ph$ lrah sarsoFs akalban(
Themus tardi sb l
o omingi na l
l f
o rests
).The
poe m de scribesag i
rla r ri
vinga tthedo oro fNi z;
: ma l
- D8nwi t
ha ne arthenpo tfullo f

5
53 Mera
j,S
ur$d,3
47.
5
54 Fo
rthetex
t,s
eeMera
j,S
ur$
d,3
80.

162
y
ell
owmustar
do
wer
sinama
nne
rtha
tre
semb
lest
hepr
act
ic
efo
ll
owe
ddur
ingt
he
b
asant
fes
ti
val
:
Th
emu
sta
rdi
sbl
oomi
ngi
nal
lf
ore
sts
.

F
lameo
fth
efo
res
t5
55
isb
loo
min
ginmyc
our
tya
rd
Wh
oleh
erd
sof
koe
lss
ing
An
daf
ai
rbe
aut
yde
cor
ate
she
rse
lf
.
F
lowe
rse
ll
erb
rou
ght
ane
art
henp
ot.

Th
emu
sta
rdi
sbl
oomi
ngi
nal
lf
ore
sts
.

Ma
nyk
ind
sof
Pl
owe
rss
hea
rra
nge
d
T
ookt
hev
ess
eli
ntoh
erh
anda
nda
rri
ved
T
oNi
j
ma
l-
Dn
sd
oor
.
Th
eco
lou
rfu
llo
ver(
=
;shi
qra
ng)t
ol
dhe
rtoc
ome
An
dma
nyy
ear
spa
sse
d.

Th
emu
sta
rdi
sbl
oomi
ngi
nal
lf
ore
sts
.5
56

Asha sb e e
nno teda bov e,itisimpo ssi
b l
etoe xactlyde t
ermi net heb egi
nni ng sof
theceleb r
a t
iono fbasan tattheNi zamuddins hrine, althoug ht hel aterha giog
ra phic a
l
tra
diti
o npo intstoKhus r a
ua sthepe rsonwhoi ntroduc edt hef esti
valt ot heSu( )s.By
theearlye ig
ht ee
nthc entury,whe nDa rg
;hQul 8Kh; nwr otehi sMu raqqa
,thec elebra-
ti
onsa ttheNi z
amuddi ns hrinewe r
eapa rto ft
hes i
x-da yfe sti
val thattoo kplacea tdif
-
fer
entlo cati
o nsofthec i
ty.
Alt
ho ugha t
tri
butedt oKhus rau,thepo emi nc l
ude st hec o nspicuo uswo rds s
hiq
rang.The yde noteape rson,who sena tur
eo rc olour( r
a ng)i sl i
k et hato fal over
(
shiq),b uttheya ls
oc onstit
ut ea no bvi
ouspe nna me .Oc casionall
y ,theg ua rdians
andq awwa l
sa ttheNi z amuddi ns hrinea cknowl edget hatt hepo emsa t
tri
but iont o
Khus r
aui sina cc
uratea ndt ha titwa swritt
enb yBa h;durS h; hi nstead. Hes i
gne dhi s
Hindavipo e
msa sSho khRa ng( Playf
ull
yc oloured),butt he ira ssumpt ionma yina ny
casepo inttot her i
ghtdi rection.P enna me sendi ngwi thr a ng( c
o l
o ur)gai
ne df r
e-
quencya mo ngthemus ici
ansa ndpo etsconne ctedwi t htheMug halc ourtdur i
ngt he
earl
ye i
g hteenthc e
nturya ndr ema i
ne dinvo g
ueunt ilthee ndo f thedy na st
yin1 8 57.
55
7

Thea bo vepo em wa spro bablywr itt

e nduringthee ighte entho rninete enthce ntur i
es
byapo e twhowa sc onne ct
edwi ththeMug halco urta ndf a mili
a rwitht heb asa ntc el
-
555 ees
$,i.
e.But
eafro
nd o
sa.Powderedowersofthisplantusedtobeas our
ceo fyell
owc ol
our
thr
ownduri
nghol
.
556 Meraj
,Sur
$d,37
4.
557 Theprac
ti
cehasconti
nuedamo ngmo der
nc l
ass
icalmus i
ci
ans.
BadeGhulam AliKhan(d.1
968)
usedt
hepennameS a
brang(
All
-c
oloured
)andAchary
aK. C.
D. Br
ahas
pati
(d.1
979)
,aco ur
tmusic
ianin
theer
st
whil
eRampursta
te,cal
l
edhims e
lfAnangr
ang(
Bo dil
essCol
our
orCo
lour
edL i
keKa ma
).

163
ebrationsa ttheNi zamuddins hri
ne.S i
ncet hepo emi sani ntegralpartoft here pe r
-
toir
eso fb otht hec ontempo rar
yq av
v l-
baccoFk gh arna ndt heDe l
hig ha
r n
,
Bah; durS h;hscourtf r
omwhe rebo thstems ee
msal i
kelyc ontextforitswr i
ting.
Furthermo re,themo narchhi msel
fwa siniti
a t
edint heChi shtiNizamib rotherho od
andi twa sinthes hri
neo fNi zamuddinhec ho setohideb ef
o r
eb eingc a
pt uredb yt he
Brit
ish.Asi nt hecaseo fHyde r
abadipo et
s,itisthemus ic
ianswhoa rea ppare nt
lyb e-
hindf orgi
ngal i
nkb et
we enKhus r
aua ndthepo emswr i
tte
ni ntheMug halc ourt.
At hirdpo ssi
blesourceforAm8rKhus rausHindavipoemsc onsis
tsof t
e xtswritten
i
nho no urofNi z;
:ma l
-D8nAur ang;b;d8.Insomec ases,ame ntiono fhisso na nds uc-
cessor,Ma ul;n;F akhra l
-D8n,ma ke
si tclearthatthet ext
sa rea ddress
e dtohi mi n-
st
e a
do fhisDe lhiname sa
k e
. Oneinst
a nceisthef ol
lo
wi ngtext,Mo sebol nahb olme r

suny n ahsun( Y
ouma yspeaktomeo rno t
,youma ylist
ent omeo rno t

):
Y
ouma
ysp
eakt
omeo
rno
t,y
ouma
yli
st
ent
omeo
rno
t
I
wil
lno
tle
tyo
ugo
,de
are
st.

I
fmymo
the
r-i
n-l
awa
nds
is
ter
-i
n-l
awt
urna
way
,l
ett
hem
Wh
ysh
oul
dno
tth
een
tir
evi
l
lag
efo
rsa
keme
?

Y
oua
lon
edi
dno
ttu
rna
wayf
romme
,myb
elo
ved
I
hav
eal
soc
omeu
nde
ryo
urs
had
e.

Da
rli
ngo
fNi
j
m,
lov
elyF
akh
arD
n
Y
out
el
lme
,wh
ereI
sho
uldg
o.

I
fth
eme
nan
dwo
meno
fth
eto
wn5
58

P
utmyn
amea
tst
ake
,Iwi
l
lma
rrya
gai
n!

I
wil
lno
wst
ayi
nyo
urc
omp
any
,ec
sta
tic(
mau
jse
)
S
tay
ingh
ere
,Iwi
l
lno
tgoa
str
ay,
[i
fyo
u]s
hie
ld[
me]
.5
59

Thepo emi swrit

tenb yapo etwhoc all
shi mselfMauj.Alt
houghSur$dinc l
udes
t
het ext
,itdo esnotpr ovidefur t
herinfo
rma ti
ona bouthima ndme rel
yc al
lshim
Miy;nMa ujorMa ul;n;Ma uj.
Hi sdatesareno tprovi
dedunlikeinthecaseofmo s
t
aut
ho r
sincl
ude dinthea nthology.Thepenna metoget
he rwit
htheme nti
ono fFakhr
al
-D8ncle
arlyindic
atest
ha tthepo emwa sno twritt
enbyKhus r
au,however
,ithasno w
beco
meapa r
to fhi
sHi nda vir
e pert
oir
e.Ita ppear
so na nalb
um b yaP ak
ist
aniS u(
)
s
ingerAbidaPa r
veentit
ledAb idaSingsAmirKh usrauwiththever
sesinc
ludi
ngt heau-

558 Su
r$dreadsnij
mke(
ofNi
j;
m )
,butIha
vefo
ll
owedhe
rethemor
ecommonl
ysungve
rsi
on.I
t
woul
dseemoddt hatt
hepeo
pleo
ftheb e
lov
edwoul
dsett
omali
gnthef
ema
lepr
ota
goni
st
,wher
easa
publ
i
chumili
at
ionisacommonpoet
icmoti
f.
559 Mera
j,S
ur$d,378
.

164
thor
spennamea ndt heme ntio
no fFa khral-D8ninta
ct.
560
LateMuns hiRa
ziuddin,on
theo t
herhand,change dF akharD8ni ntoNa W8ral-
D8n,Ni z;
:
ma l
-D8nAuli
y;Z
sf amous
khal
fah,o
na nalbum t it
ledAT ri
butetoAmi rKh us
roo.F
56
1
urt
her,heo mi
tsthev er
se
withthepenna meMa ujands ub s
ti
tutesitwi ththev e
rseme nti
oningNiz;
:ma l-
D8n
andNa W8
ral-
D8n.Hec reate
sa ni mpressiono fapo emtha twa swr i
tt
eninho nourof
Niz;
:ma l
-D8nAuliy
;Za ndhi sde puty
,a ndt husma kesthea tt
ributi
ono ft
hepo e
mt o
Khus r
aumo r
eplausi
b l
e .
Anot
heritemb el
o ngingtot hesameg r
o upo fpoemsi soft
ens ungdur
ingt heu
rs
f
e s
ti
v i
ti
esattheNizamuddi ns hri
ne.
I
nth
eto
wno
fCh
ish
t,t
hel
ove
lyNi
j
m
I
sth
epr
inc
essb
rid
eamo
ngt
hema
ste
rs.

Ohf
ri
end
,ho
wfo
rtu
nat
eisi
nde
edt
heo
ne
Wh
oha
sfo
undt
hel
ove
lyNi
j
m.

I
twa
sas
pel
l
,no
thi
nge
ls
e,I
don
otk
nowmyh
ear
t
Th
ena
meo
fth
eFa
kha
rismyr
ef
uge
.

Byt
hisv
eryn
ame
,sh
owmet
hev
is
ion
:
Ni
j
mi
sth
eki
ng,
Na)
rt
heb
rid
e.5
62

Again, theme ntiono fFakhral-

D8 nindicat
est hatthepo em wa sorigi
na l
lywr i
tt
eni n
hono uro fNiz
;
: ma l-
D8nAur ang;b;d8likeMo sebolna hbol.Ho wever,thel a
stverse
ref
erst oNi z;
:ma l
-D8nAuliy;ZandNa W8ral-
D8 n,andi tispo s
si
b l
et hatitwa sadde d
l
a t
ert othepo em, inordertoint
e gr
ateitmo rec l
osel
yt otherit
ua l
so ft
heNi z
amuddi n
shri
ne .
Int hec as
e sdisc
usseda bove,enti
repo emswe reattri
butedtoKhus rau.Inother
case
s ,thet extualbulko fab ri
efpo emi sincreasedb yinclusi
ono fversesfromt he
workso fo t
herpo et
s.Inser
tingversesfromo therpo emsintothes alie
ntt extisi
nt he
qawwa l
i perf
orma ncecall
edg i
rahlagn(
t
y i
ngak no t
).Howe v
e r
,inpe rf
orma nc
et he
i
nserte dv er
sesa r
eusua l
l
yma r
keda partfr
omt hesali
enttextbydi '
ferentrhymes t
ruc-

5
60S eeParveen,AbidaSing sAmi rKhusr
a u
,tr
ack4.
5
61S eeNiazi,AT ri
butetoAmi rKh u
sroo,t
rack2.Thec ov
erofthea l
bum publ
is
hedb yEMIP akist
an
i
nfor
mst hatthesingerisMa nz oorAhme dNi a
zi,acousinofMunshiRazi
uddin.However,t
hevo i
ceof
t
heleadi
ngq awwa lbelongsunmi stak
ablytothelatter.
Iwaspuz z
ledbythisunt
ilRegul
aQure shii
n-
f
ormedmet ha tMunshi Raziuddinus edtorecor
dint henameof hi
scousi
n,whoha dconsi
dera
b l
yb et
-
t
ervoi
ce,whe nhewa sta k
eni l
linthe1970s.I
nthea l
b um,MunshiRazi
uddinaddsonev e
rsenotfound
i
nSur$dtohispe rf
ormanc e
:
Wh ati
sth er
etodiscus
sa b
ou thonou
ra ndchast
ity
Nowth atIhavefoundea rt
h enjar
soflov
etodrinkfrom.
5
62 Thet ranslat
ionisb a
sedo nthepe r
formanceoft heqa
wwalsa tt
heNizamuddinshri
neduringthe
b
adqulrit
ualo n19February2 014.

165
tureandpo e
ticme t
re.Thisdist
inct
ionisma dee xpl
icitbyperf
ormingtheminr ecit
at-
i
v einsteadofsett
ingthemi ntotheme l
odya ndr hyt
hmo ft
hesal
ienttext
.
Iftheinsert
edversessharetherhymea ndt heme trewit
hthesali
enttext
,itispos-
sibl
et hattheyb ecomea ssi
mi l
ate
dwi thita ndthene wvers
ionb ec
ome sape rfor
m-
ances tandard.Thisha sha ppenedint hec aseo fKhus r
ausmo s
tfamo usHi ndavi
po e
m, Chptil
ak(
Si
gna ndma r
k)
.Whe nt het e
xto fthest
andardversi
ono fthisg
t,
whic hi scla
ssi(
)eda sma nqabatinS ur$d,i scompa redwithad dr
ahwr i
ttenby
Beda m, t
hesimilari
ti
es(inbo l
d)arest
riki
nge veniftheo r
derofvers
esisdi'
fe
rent:

Ch
pt
il
aki
nSu
r$d
56
3
D
dra
hinD
vn
-iBe
dam564
1 Herobbedmeo 5ff
romthesig
nsa
ndmar
ksby Herobbedmeo 5
ffr
omthesi
gnsandmar
ks
gl
anci
nga tme byg
lancinga
tme
Bygl
anci
nga tme,di
spa
tchi
nganar
my Hespokeina
nunspeak
abl
ema nner
56
6

Hesai
dinexpres
si
b l
ewords Byg
lancingatme.
Bygl
ancingatme.

2 Isa
cri
89c
emyselft
oyou,
timea
nda
gai
n,dy
er Iwa
sjus
tlef
tsta
ring
Hedyedmelikehims
elf Hemademes u5
ferf
roms
epa
rat
ion
Bygla
ncinga
tme . Byg
lanc
ingatme.

3 Makingmedri
nkthel
iq
uorf
romt
hedi
st
il
le
ry Dyer!
Isa
cri
89
cemys
elf
toyo
u,t
imea
nd
ofl
ove aga
in
Hema demedrunk Hedyedmeli
kehi
mself
Bygl
a nc
inga
tme . Bygl
anci
ngatme.

4 Iwa
sjus
tlef
tsta
ring Wit
houtl
iq
uor,
hemademedr
inkt
oddy
Hemademes u5
ferf
roms
epa
rat
ion Hemademedrunk
Byg
lanc
ingatme. Bygl
anc
ingatme.

5 Whi
te,whi
tear
ms,g
reen,
gree
nbang
les Isa
cri
()
cemybodyandsoul
tomyma s
ter
Heca
ughtmyhandandtookmea
way Herobbe
dthever
ybasi
soft
hesoul
Byg
lanci
ngatme Bygl
anci
ngatme

6You,
dar
li
ngc
,har
me dthehear
t56
5
You,
V;r
isc
,har
medthehear
t
Youmademebre
athle
ss(be
-dam) Youmademebrea
thl
ess(
Bedam)
Bygl
anci
ngatme. Bygl
anci
ngatme.

5
63 Me r
aj,
Sur$d,343
.
5
64 Bedam,Dv
n,141.
5
65 Banema n
mo han,l
it
.
beco me
/ b
ecamethehear
t-
rav
ishe
r
.
5
66 Akathkat
hka hd
n,l
i
t.hes
po keanunspe
akabl
espeech,
i
.e
.thr
oughthee
yes
,theb
elo
vedwa
s
a
blet
ocommunicateame s
sagethatcoul
dnotbespok
enduetothesoci
alno
rms.

166
7 Khusr
aus a
cri
()c
eshims
elf
forNi
j
;mt
imea
nd
aga
in
Hema demet hebri
de
Bygl
ancingatme .

Iti spo ssibl

et ha tCh ptilake xiste
da sas ho rtso ngt e xtc onsistingo f the( )
rst,(
)ft
h
ands eve nths tanz aso ftheS ur$ dv e rs
iona ndt ha tBe da mb ase dhi sd d ra ho ni t.
Ho w-
ev er,t
hes ixths t
anz ao f theS u r$dv e r
si
o ni mpl iesab o rrowingf romBe da m sd drah.It
co rrespo ndsa lmo stv erb atimt oBe dam sclo si
ngs tanz a.Theo nlye xcept io ni st hatthe
co nspicuo usr eferenc et oBe da m sS u()g uide ,V; ri
s=Al 8Sh; h, ha sb eens ub stitute dwi t
h
theg e ne rict erms aiyyFde no tingda rl
ing .Be da mspe nna mei sslightlyt ooP ersianto
beaHi nda viwo rd,y etinc ons picuo use no ug ht ob el efti nitspl ac e
, whe rei ta cquire
s
itslit
e ralme a ningb reathl ess
.
Thedi sc ussiono fthepo ssib l
es ourceso fKhus ra usHi nda v icorpusr e ve alsthef act
tha tther eattribut i
o no fpo emsi sa no ng oingpr ocess. Theq awwa lsha v eb ee ns uccess-
fuli no b scur ingt heo riginala ut ho rshipo fc ertainpo emsa nda ssocia tingt hem wi t
h
Khus r
a u. Thi swa y ,theyi nue nc et hel ite
ra ryc ulturewi tho utb e i
ngpo et st he mse l
ves.
Int hec aseo fthepo emsdi scus sedi nt hisc ha pter,thea ttri
b utionpr oc es sisdi s t
inctl
y
di'ferentf rom,f ore x ampl e,t hec a seo fr ub
si nt hee a r
lyP ersianl ite ratur e.Ma ny
ru b
st ha twe reo rigina l
lya ttrib ut e
dt os e v
e rala utho rswe r eul t
ima te l
ya s s
o cia
ted
so l
elywi th= Uma rKha yy;m.S uc hv ersesa rec all
e d wa nde ringq uatra ins b ymo de r
n
scho lars. Thi
56
7
sde no t
e st hatt he ira utho rshipwa so f
tenunc leara lre adywhe nt hey
we rec o mmi ttedt owr iti
nga nda sac onseq ue ncet he ywa nde re df r
o mo nepo eti
cc ol-
l
e ctiont oa no t
he rb ef
o re( )
ndi ngape rma nentpl acei no neo ft he m.I nt hec aseo f
Khus r
a usHi nda vipo ems ,thea utho r
sa reo f
tenk no wn, butt he ya r
eno ta sfa mo usas
Khus r
a u. Asar espo nset ot hei nc re ase
dde ma ndf orKhus rausHi nda v i re pe rtoir
e ,
the
qa wwa l
sa dde dne wi t
e mst oi t.Thef a vour abler espo ns efro mt hea udi e nc ee nsured
tha tthe yb ecame( )r
ml ya ssoc i
a tedwi thhi m.Oc c asio nally,the ye v e na c quiredl e-
ge ndar ya ne cdo tesa bo utt heirc ompo s
ing .
Thepr oc essre semb le sins omer e
s pec tsthet e
x tua lhisto ryo fI s
ma il
ig i
n an sdis-
cus sedb yAl iAs ani. Theg inan sa rev ernac ularwo rk stha te ndwi thame nt i
o no fthe
na meo fo neo ftheI s
ma il
ip rswhol ivedb etwe ent hee leve ntha nds ix tee nthc entur-
ies.Ho we ve r,thel i
ng uistica ndphi lologica lana lysi
so fthet ex t
sha sr e ve ale dt hatthe
pre sentf or mda tesb a c
ko nlyt ot hepe riodb etwe en1 50 0a nd1 8 50.As ani ho ldst hatthe
tex t
swe rewr ittenb yt hef o l
lowe r
so fthep i
r sande vo kingt he irna me si nt hes i
gna t
ure
ve rses( bh an it)i same a nst oi ndi catea '()l
iationwi t
ha ndde votio nt ot hem.The

g ramma tical hiatus t

ha tpr ece dest hes i
gna tur ev er
s ess etsthe ma pa rtf romt her es
to f
thet ex ta ndt husi ndi cate stha tt he ya reno tme anta sfo rgeries.Ther e spo nsibili
tyo f

5
67S
ee,
e.g
.deBr
uij
n19
97:
10.

167
hearingt hes igna tureversea sa ni ndica t
io no fthea utho r
shipi slefttothec o mmuni t
y
ofbe l
iever s
, whoul ti
ma t
elyi n v
e stthet ex twi t
hr el
igiousme aning .
5
68

No ta llthepo emsdi scus seda b oveinc l

udear e fer
enc et oKhus ra
u,a ndt hefactor
thatde termi ne sthe i
rattr
ib ut i
oni st heirl i
terarystyle.Thec ontempo r
aryc ontexta nd
thede ma ndf o rHi ndavipo e msha v eledt hea udienceo fqa wwa l
imus ictope r
ceive
thema shi swr itings.Howe v er,thei nitialimpe tusfo rascribingt hepo emst oKhus rau
hasc o mef romac lear
lyide nt i
()
a bleq uart er,t
heq awwa l
s. Thepr oce s
so frea t
tri
buting
text
s,who s
ea utho rs
hipha sb eenk no wn,t oKhus rauha sb eenac onsc i
ousde ci
sion
thatha sfo l
lo we dfroma na ttemptt ome e tthede ma ndo fl i
steners.Thea g
e ncyint he
proce ssbe l
o ngse s
senti
allyt ot hepe rf
o r
me rs,nottot hec o mmuni t yofb el
ie ve
rso rto
thea udienc e.
Thedi scus si
o naboutt hepo emso fJ; m8a ndKhus raui l
lustrat
e sthec ha ngesthat
havet a k
e npl ac einq awwa lirepe rtoir
e si nr e
spe c
tt ot hepo eti
ct extsoft het woa u-
thors.Qa wwa lsada pt,borrowa ndo mi tindi vi
dua lversesa nde ntir
epo e
ms . Ope r
ating
ont hei nterfa ceo flit
erarya ndo ra ltradit i
onst ogetherwi t
hc e r
tainpr actical
itythat
charac te
rizess a m thev alueo fas ongt extisdet ermine db yitse '
fect
, no tbyitslit
-
erarya uthent icit
yma ke sthes ha pingo fr epertoi
resr el
a ti
velye asy.Bef
o redi s
cussing
howt heq awwa lse xer
tthisr o l
eini ndi vi
dua lsam assemb l
ies,Ibrieya ddre s
sthei s
-
suesc once rningt hehi s
toryo fqawwa limus icandt heide ntityof t
hepe r
forme r
s.

5
68 As
ani
200
2:8
49
4.

168
5QAWWALS
,QAWWALIANDS
TAGESOFPERFORMANCE

5
.1Theq
awwa
ls:
his
tor
yandhi
era
rchy

Whoa r
et heq awwa l
swhos i
ngt hepo emsdi sc
us seda bovea nds ha pet hepo eti
cr epe r
-
toir
e sperfo r
me di ns am asse mb li
e s?Asha sb eenno te
di nP artIo fthi sstudy, qawwa l
wa siniti
a l
lyag ene ri
ct ermde no ti
ngas i
ng e
r.Thisa ppliede spe ciall
yt ot hef rame wo rk
ofsa m
,whe r
et hes i
ng erswe r
ef req uentlyreferr
e dtoa sq a wwa l
s,butwa sno te xcl
us-
i
v etoi t
.Unl iketo da y,thete rmwa sno torigi
na ll
ya ssoci
a t
e dwi thas ing lemus ica lstyl
e
call
edq awwa l
itha tha sitsc l
e arl
yde $
%nedc onventions. Asana meo famus i
ca lstyle
,
thewo rdq awwa li isre l
ati
v elyne w, a nditha sb e
ende ri
v edf romt hewo rdq a
wwa l,not
theo therwa yround. Ex
5
69
ceptf ort het extswritt
endur i
ngt het we ntiethc e ntury,no ne
ofthes our c
esdi sc ussedi nP a rtIo fthisstudyus esi t.Ac co r
dingt ot hemus i
co logis
t
Ka t
he ri
neBut lerS c ho $
%el
d,t hewo rda ppe ar
si nawr it
tenr eco rdfo rt he$ %r
stt imei n
1698i namus icalt reati
see ntitl
e dS hamsa l-
avt( TheS uno fV o ices
),whe reas

[b ]
e f
o r
et hisda te ,ther e
pe rtoires pe ci$
%ctot heQa wwa lswa sr eferredt ob yi tsc on-
sti
tue ntpa r
ts,mo s tpr omi nent l
yq a ulandt arna
.S hef urthe rno test ha tdur ingt he
earlye i
ght eenthc e ntur y
,thet e r
mq awwa liseemst oha v eb eenag ene raltermf o rmu-
sicalmo de s
asso ciate dwit hS u$%smt hata l
sos i
gni$%edas haredmus ica lstyl
e .I
57
0
tap-
pea r
st oha veb eenc ommo nlya do pte dasana meo f amus icalge nrewek no wt oda yas
qawwa l
io nl
yt owa rdst het urno ft het wentiethc entury.I nt hemi d- nineteent hc en-
tury,whe nMu:a mma dKa ramI m; mKh; nwr otehismus i
c altreatiseMa dan -
i m sq
(
Mi neo fMus i
c),t hiswa sno tyett hec a
se.Qur eshino test hatt heq awwa lsa reint hat
texta s
soc ia
teds pe ci$%
callywi tht hemus icalg enr eso ft arn aha ndk hay l
,no t
qawwa l
i.5
71

569 Katheri
neBut lerScho$
%e
ldsuggest
sthattheqawwa lsi
niti
all
yderi
vedt
heirnamefromthe i
rmo s
t
i
mpo rt
antspeciali
ty,t
hemus i
calgenrecal
ledq au
l.(Brown2 010
:162
.)However
,thewo r
dq awwalde-
note
das ingerintheS u$
%contex
tmuc hb ef
oreitwasi ntr
oducedint
otheIndianmus i
calj
argon.F
ur-
ther
more,theSultanateSu$
%sour
cesinvar
iabl
yde s
cri
b ethesinger
scal
ledqa
wwa lsper
for
mingg haz
als
,
notqaul
s.Thus,theIndianuseofthewo r
dqawwa lcontinuedtheCentr
alAs
ianpr a
cti
ceanditsas
soci
-
ati
onwithqau l
wa sestab
lis
hedonlyinthela
terperi
od.
570 Brown2 010:1
6 2
.
571 Qure s
hi2010:230.

169
Hi
st
oryo
fqa
wwa
li
Altho ug hq awwa liist oda yt heb estk no wno fS outhAs iang enr eso fS u$%mus i
c ,
57
2
its
historyr e ma insl a r
g elyune xplo red.A r ec entv ol
umej oi
ntlye dite db yJ o epBo r
,
Franc oise Na li
ni De lvo ye,J ane Ha rve ya nd Emmi et e Ni j
enhui sa nd e nt i
tle d
Hind us t
an iMu si
c: Th ir
tee nthtoT we ntiethCe n turies,co nstitutesac ompe ll
ings tudyo f
No rthI ndia nmus ica lge nresb yl ea dings cho la rs.The irc ontribut i
onsdi scus sv arious
aspe ctso fHi ndus tanimus icfro m awi der a ng eo fpe r
s pecti
v es,a ssumi ngdi Gfere nt
me tho do l
o gicalappr o ache s.Themo stpr omi ne ntg enre s
, dh ru
p da ndk h ay l,rece i
v e
specia lattentioni ns ev eralpa pers, whi leo the r s,mo stno ta bly#hu mr, area lsot ouche d
upo n.Thev olumedo esno thav eas pe cialc ha ptero nq a wwa li,yetq awwa lse spe -
cial
lyt heq awwa l
so fDe lhia reme ntione di ns eve r
a lco ntributions .Cul tura lhisto ri
-
anMa dhuT ri
v edida t
e sthee volveme nto fq au l andt ar na h,t
hemus icalg enr e
sa ss o-
ciat
e dwi t
hDe l
hi q awwa ls,i
ntoane wg enrec alledq awwa l
i t
ot hee ig hteent hc entur y
.
Shea lsoa ttributest hee arlynine teent h- cent ur ye volutiono f#hu mri ntoar e$%nedmu-
sicalge nret oI ;diqJ AlKKh; n, as i
ng e rb elong ingt ot hemus i
ca ltradi ti
ono ftheDe lhi
qawwa ls.I
573
nhe rc ont ribution, Ka the rineBut lerS cho $%
elde x
pl orest her o l
eo fDe lhi
qawwa lsint hee arlyde v elopme nto fk h ayl. Shea rgue stha tkh ayl didno ta risefro m
thepe rsona lg eniuso fAmK rKhus ra uo rLus ainS h; hS ha r
qK( d.1 4 83),ther ulero f
Jaunpu r
,b utf rom t
hec re ati
vec oll
isio n oft he irmus icalle gaciesint hes ev entee nt h
centur y.He rr eadi ngo fthehi storica ltex tss ug gestst ha tthek h nq ho ft heChi s hti
sheikhso fBa rna wawa st hel ocuso ft hisc o l
lision, be caus eitfa cil
itatedt hef usiono f
theset wot raditions .TheBa r
na was he ikhswe rea ssoc i
at edwi tht heDe lhiq awwa ls
ando neo fthe m, Sha ikhPK rBud d ha n( d. 149 8 ),hada cteda stheS u$ %guideo fLus a in
Sh;hS ha r
q K.
57
4

Ot he rc ontribut i
o nsi nt hev o l
umec ont a i
ns nippe tso finfo rma tionpe rtainingt o
qawwa ls.Qur eshi, fore xampl e,
s ugg estst ha tt her eferenc ef oundi nMa
da n -
i m sqt o
song spr aisingMuha mma d, i
nwhi c hus tada nds h girda lter
na t
er e petit
io ns ,
mi g ht
bear eferenc etowha ti stoda yk no wna sq awwa li
. No
5
75
t
wi thstandi ngt hes i
g ni$%
ca nc e
oftheq awwa lsf ort hede ve l
opme nto fHi ndus tanimus i
cdur ingt hee i
g hte entha nd

572 I tsho ul
db ek e
ptinmi nd,thatqawwa liisbynome a
nst heonlySouthAs i
a ng e
nreo fSu$%musi
c.
Qawwa liisma inl
yhe a
rdi ntheareassurroundingt heaxi
sf ormedb ythreeimpe ria
lc api
tal
sL ahor
e,
DelhiandHy dera
b ad(Dec ca
n).Aftert
hepa rtit
ion,Ka rac
hiha sbecomeas igni$
%cantcentreofqawwa l
i
mus i
cduet othei mmi g
rationofseveraldis
tinguishe dmusiciansthe
r e
.Ge ogra
phi ca
llyandc ul
tural
ly
,
qawwa lihasde ve
lopeda ndQRouri
shedint heur banc entr
eso ftheheart
lando fcosmo poli
tanIndo-Per
-
si
anc ulture.Otherareas
,sucha srural
Punj a
b ,Si
ndh, Kas
hmi randBe ngalhavetheirdist
incttra
diti
ons
ofSu$%mus icassocia
tedwi thpoetrywritt
eni nrespe cti
velanguagesoftheseregions.Today,thes
emu-
si
calge nresare,PeterMa nuelpointsout,oftengro upedunde rthetermS u$%(orS u$
%yana)Ka l
am( l
it
.

Su$%poe tr
y).
SeeMa nuel 2008:
379.
573 T rivedi2010
: 84,88
.
574 Br own2 01
0.
575 Qur eshi201
0:231.

170
nine teenthc e nturie swhe nmo sto ft hemus icalg enresa ssume dt he i
rpr esentf orms ,
thehi storyo fq awwa limus icr ema insl arg elyune xplo r
e d.
Thes t a
nda rda ccount so nt hehi st
o ryo fqa wwa lir
e latedb ype r
forme rsinv ar i
a b l
y
revolvea r
o undt wok eymo me nt ss epa ra tedb yha lfami ll
e nnium. The$ %
rs to nei sc o n-
nec t
e dwi thNi z ;
Sma l-
DK n.Asha sb eenno teda b ove,thec o ntempo rane o uss o ur ces
por t
rayhi ma sa ne mine ntpa trono f poe trya ndmus ic.Heha da tl easttwoq awwa l
sa t
hiss ervice,whi leo the rsQRo cke dt ohi smus icala ssemb liesf r
o mo the rpa rtso ft hec ity
.
Thet extsa lsono tet hepr es enc eo fAmK rKhus raui nNi z;
Sma l-DK nscircle, butdono t
elabo rateo nhi sre l
a ti
ons hi pwi tht heq a wwa ls.Ho we ve r
, theo ral histori
e sna r
r atedb y
thepr ese nt-da ype rforme rsc onne c thi mi ntima telywi tht hemi nama nne rt hat
echo est hea cco unt sint hee ighte ent hc e ntur yha giograph yS ha v hid-iniz
' m. Qur eshi
hasdo cume nt e dho wt heq awwa l
sho ldt ha tAmK rKhus raut raine dy oungs i
ng e rst o
perfo r
mi nt hea s
se mb lieso fhi sS u$ %gui de. Oneo fthes eb oyswa sMi y ;
nI ; mi ta
5
76
nd
theDe lhiq a wwa lst racet he irline a get ohi m. Themus ic i
a nsb el
o ng i
ngt ot hisl i
ne a ge
furthera ss ocia tethe ms elve swi tho neo fthef ourt o wnss ituat eda r oundDe lhi:Da sna ,
Sikanda ra ba d, Khur jao rHa pur .5
77

Thes e co ndk eymo me nti sc onne cte dwi t

ht hec our to fthel astMug ha l empe ror,
Bah; du rS h; hZS af
a r.Hi sle adi ngc o urts ing er,T; nr asKh; n( d.1 8 84),wa sa ll
e gedl ya
desc enda nto fMi y; nI ;mi t
. T; nra sKh; ns urv i
v edt heb loo dya fterma tho fthe1 857up-
ris
inga ndma na g edt oimmi g ratet oHy de rab ad, whe rehec o ntinue dhisc areera tt he
cour to ftheNi z am. S
5
78
o meo fthemo stc ele bratedpr es
e nt -
dayq awwa lstra cet he irlin-
eaget ohi mo rtoo neo f hisr elativ es.
Atpr e s
e nt ,ther e
pr ese nta ti
v eso ftwopa r
tlyo ve r
lappi ngmus ica ltr
a ditionsc laim
thehe ri
ta geo fMi y; nI ;mi t-
T ;nr asKh; nl ine age .The$ %rstist ha to ftheq awwa lswho
prefert oc all the i
rt raditionq a vv lb a c
c o)k g ha rn( theg h ar n o fthec hildre no f
theq awwa ls).S i
ng e r
ss pe c ializingi nv ario usg e nreso fHi ndus tanic lassicalmus ic
,
sucha skh ay l,#hu mra ndg ha zal re prese ntt hes e condt ra dit
io n.Whi lethe yo c ca si
o n-
all
ye vok et hea ppe llati
o nq av vlb ac c
o )k g h arn ,the yus ua llypr e f
ert oc allt he i
r
traditi
o nDe lhi g har n. Thewo rdg h ar ni mme diatelya ssoc iatesb othmus ical tradi-
tionswi t
ht heb roa derwo rldo fHi ndus tanic l
ass i
c almus icwhe ret het rans mi ssio no f
mus ica lk no wl edg ea ndt het raini ngo fmus iciansha sb eenc onc eptua lizedi nt he
frame wo rko fv a r
io usg ha r n ss inc et het urno fthet we ntiethc e ntury. Altho ug ht he
conc epto fag ha rn isv asta ndha smul tiplec o nno tationsf ordi Gferentpe ople ,int he
wo rdso fDa ni elNe uma ni tma yb es aidt oi nc lude ,mi nima l
ly, aline ageo fhe redi tary

5
76 ClaireDe vo
sr e
cordsMiy;
nI ;mi
t
syearofbi
rt
has13
09i
nherpref
acetoSu
rd .(
Devo
s,
Peshl
afz

S,
2
7.)Co
nsideringNiz;
Sma l
-DK
n
sstr
ongaver
si
o ntoempl
oyi
nga
dol
escentboy
sinhisa
sse
mbli
es,
itse
ems
i
mprobab
let hatMiy;nI ;mi
twouldhaveachie
vedsuc
hapro
minentst
atusbef
oret
hedeat
hofNiz;
Sm
a
l-
DKnin1325,ift
hiswascorr
ect
.
5
77 Qure shi2006:99and201
2:10
6.
5
78 Qure shi201
2:106.

171
mus icians,t heirdi sc iples,a ndt hepa rticula rmus ica ls t
ylet heyr epres e
nt .
579
Int he
caseo fq awwa ls,thepr estigeo ft heirgh ar ni sde r
iv edf romt hea sso ci
a t
io nwi tht he
ori
g i
na lq a wwa lso fNi z;
S ma l
-DK n,whe rea st hec lassic almus iciansa dditio na ll
yl ink
thems elve swi t
ht heMug ha lco urt.
Thec lassical si
ng e ra ndwr iterVidy aRa oha sr eco rde dano the rhi st
o r
ic al ac count
thata tt
e mpt st oc ons olida t
et hes i
mul tane o use xistenc eo fc ourtlya ndS u$%mus i
c al
tra
di t
ionswi thinas ing leg h arn .Thea cco untwa sr ec ountedt ohe rb yIq b al Ahme d
Kha n,thepr ese nthe ado ftheDe l
hig har n , whoa
5
80
ddsa no therk eymo me ntt ohi s
account . Hepus he st hef o undingo ftheg ha rn f ur the rback ,tot hec ourto fthes ul-
tanI l
tutmi sh( r
. 121112 36).Iltutmi shha dt womus icia nsa thiss er vi
c e.Oneo fthe m,
Miy; nI ; mi t
sg randf athe rMK rLa sanS ;vant ,b eca meadi s
cipleo fKhv ; j
a hMuJ Kna l-
DKn, whe re astheo the r,MK rBul l;Ka l;vant ,re ma ine da tthec our t
. Ho we ve r,the irmu-
sic
alt raditionsc ontinue dt orunpa ral
leltoe a cho the ra ndwe ref usedi ntot heDe lhi
ghar ni nt hepe r
s ono fMa mma nKh; n,a ne a rlyt we ntieth-cent uryde sce nda nto f
T;nra sKh; na ndt heg re at
-gra ndfathero fI qb alAhme dKha n. Thus
58
1
,theg ha rn
camet oi nc l
udet wos epa r
atemus i
calt r
adi tionsa sso ciatedwi ththe irr espe ctivepe r-
for
me rs.Ont heo neha nd, ther ea r
et heq awwa lswhope rf
ormq a wwa limus ici nt he
Su$%shr i
ne sa nd, ont heo t
he r
, therea ret hec lassica lmus ic
ians .De spi t
et hedi G
ferent
mus icals tyles
, the r
ei ss igni$%canto v er
lappi ngi nt hepo eti
cr eperto i
re s.Espe c i
a ll
yt he
textswr ittenb yo ra ttrib utedt oAmK rKhus raua swe l
la sg ha zal
so fDe l
hipo etslik e
Gh; li
ba ndBa h; durS h; hZSa f
a ra r
es ungb yb otht heq awwa lsa ndHi ndus ta nis inge rs
ofthisg h arn .
582

The sea ccount sha vee vi

de nt l
yb eens ha pe db ya na tt
emptt ol enda ut ho ritya nd
l
e gi
tima c ytot hepr es ent-da ymu sicaltradi t
io ns. Mo reo ver,t
he yb ringo utc e rtaini m-
portantq uestionsa b o utt hepa standpr esento fq awwa limus ic.Mo stimpo rta ntly,the
me mb erso ftheq avv l ba cco)k g ha r
nc ons tit
ut eo nlyas ma l
lmi no ri
tya mo nga l
l
thosemus ici
answhoc allthems elvesqawwa ls.Ho we ver, t
hemus i
cpe rforme db ya l
l of
themi simme diatelyr eco gnizeda sq awwa l
ib yt hel isteners,whe reasr egiste ringt he
regi
o nalo rstylist
icdi Gfere ncesf ollowst hei ni tialrec o gniti
on. Ho w, the n,di dq awwa l
i
579 Ne uma n1990:146 .
580 Whe nDa nielM.Ne uma nc onduc tedhis$ %e
ldwo r
ki nDe l
hidur ingt hel at
e-60sand7 0s
,t hi
s
part
icularmus ica
l l
ine agewa sno tyet$%rmlyestabli
she da nditwa sr e
ferre dtoa stheDe l
highara
nao f
Ma mma nKha nbyt heo ut
siders.Hispredicti
ont hatt heg harnwo ulds oonb ecomee st
abl
ishe
db e
-
causeoft hepresenceo faccompl i
sheds oloi
stsinitsrank sseemst oha vec omet rue,si
ncetheli
neageis
nowc ommo nlyreferredt oa stheDe lhig harn. (
SeeNe uma n1 990:155 ,160.)Ho wever,I
qbalAhme d
Khansp osi
tiona sthel eaderofa llthemus i
cianso ft heg harn isno tune q
uivocal
.Me rajAhme d
cl
aimst ob ethesenio rs urv
ivingde sc
e ndanto f
T ;nrasKh; n,whileNa seer uddinS aami,acl
assi
cals
ing-
erfr
o mP akist
an,cons ide r
shims el
ftob ethea uthenticrepre se
ntativeof theg ha r
n
.
581 Ra o2010.
582 Ons omer areo cc asi
ons,theset wot r
aditionss ti
llco mbinei no nepe rson.Ar ecentexampleis
Muns hiRa zi
uddin,aq awwa lwhomi gr
a t
edf r
o m Hy de r
ab adtoKa r
a chia fterthepa rt
iti
on.Hes ung
qawwa lihimse l
fandt rainedhi sson,F areedAy az,int hea r
to fqawwa li.Ho we v
e r
,tohisson-i
n-law
NaseeruddinS aami,hei mpartedat ra
iningink hayla ndo therclass
icalg enres.

172
mus icthatsharesc er
tainmusicalcon v
entionsevolve?Di dtheotherq a
wwa lsimita t
e
theDe lhiqa wwa l
so rdiddiGf
erentmus icalstyl
esa ma lgamateintoas i
ng l
emus ic a
l
genrea ts o
mepo into fti
me ?F urther
mo re,doe sthemus ico fq avvlbacco)k
gha r
n
r epresentt he mo sta uthenti
ca nd o ri
ginalq awwa limus ica st he i
r
unde rs
tandi
ngo fthehistor
ic
altraditi
onssug ges
ts?Ar ethereanyg r
o undsforho l
di ng
theirmus i
ca sapa r
ame te
ragainstwhi c
ht hepe r
forma nceso fo
the rq awwa l
ssho uld
bee val
ua t
ed?Ani n-depthexplor
a t
iono fthesequestionsisoutsidethes copeo fthis
study.Ho wever,unde rs
tandi
ngt hec o
nsiderati
onst hatde te
rminet hehierar
c hyo f
qawwa lspe rfo
rmi ngint heS u$%co nt
extf ormsa ni mpo rta
ntb a
c kgroundfo rt he
subsequentc hapters.

Hi
er
arc
hyo
fth
eqa
wwa
ls
Despi t
et he irs ma l
lnumb er,t hepe rf
o rme rsb elongingt oq avvlbacc o)k g har n
domi na t
et het opr ung so fthemu tua lhie r
arch yo fqawwa ls
. Theirstat
uss temsl arge l
y
fro
mt he ira sso ci
a tionwi thNi z;
Sma l
-DK na ndAmK rKhus rau.Thisa ssociatio nisc e-
me ntedb yado cume nt( mu td )tha ta ttachest he mt ot heNi zamuddi ns hrineb ye n-
ti
tli
ngt he mas ha rei ni tsinc o me .Altho ug hthedo cume ntha snor eal $%
nanc ials i
gni-
$%
canc edur ingQur eshis$ %
e ldwo r kint hela te19 70st he i
rs harea mo untedt oo nlya
fewpa i
sas i
58
3
tg ua r
a ntee st heq awwa lsc ert
aine mi ne nc e.
The irpr estigei sf urthe ra ug me ntedb ythe irfami liaritywi t
ht het heoryo fmus ic
.
Qur eshipo int so utt ha tthek no wle dgeo fthel eadingq av vlbacceinclude st heg ram-
ma ro fra gaa ndt ala,theme lod ica ndr hythmi cs truc turest hatg overnt hec la
s si
c a
l
mus ic.Thi sk no wl edg eha se na bledt he mt oe Gfecti
ve lyt ransmita ndc l
assicizet he i
r
mus icaltraditio n. I
58
4
tha sa lsoe arne dt heq avv lba c
c pe rf
o rmersreco gniti
o na mo ng
theI ndiana ndP ak is
ta nic lass icalmus icianst hati sge ne ral
lyde niedfro m mo sto ther
qawwa ls
.
S omeo ft heb e s
t-k no wnI ndi anq awwa l
sl ikeAz i
zAhme dKha nWa rsi( d.198 6)
,
Hay atAhme dKha n( d. 20 11
)a ndMe ra jAhme dNi zami( b. 1
9 37
)b elongt ot heq a vvl
bacco )kg ha rn . Ma nyme mb erso ft heg ha rn ha v emi g r
atedt oP akistan, whe re
theirfami li
al a ndmus ical cre de nti
a lsha veundo ub tedlya ss
istedine stabli
shi ngt hem-
sel
ve sint hemus icals ceneo fthene wlyc r
eate dna tion. Amo ngt hem we ret het hree
cousinsMuns hi Ra z i
uddi n( d. 20 03),Ba ha uddinKha n( d. 2006)andMa nzoo rNi azi(d.
2013),whoi nitiallype rforme dt oge t
he r,b utt henf o unde dt hei
rr espe c
tiveq awwa l
i
groups .Thes o nsa ndg r ands o nso fa llt hea bo ve-
me ntio nedpe rforme rsco ntinuet he
mus icaltraditio no f t
he irf ore b ears.So meo fthe m, li
keMuns hi Raz i
uddi n
sso nF a reed
Ayaz ,haveb e co mev eritab leq a wwa lisupe rst
ar s.
Amo ngt hemo stpr estigio usq awwa lsarea l
sot hes inge r
swhoa reab let ot race
theirlinea g
et oo neo ra no the rc our t.F ore xampl e ,Mo hamme dAhme dWa rsiNa sir
i

5
83 Se
eQureshi20
06:9
9.
5
84 Qure
shi
20 1
2:1
08.

173
comb ine sape di greeo fcour tmus ic ianso f thee rstwhi ler ulerso fRa mpurwi thc l
assic
-
alq awwa liidiom. Ifaq awwa ldo esno tha ppe nt ob e longt oe ithe rt heq a vvl bacco)
kg h ar no ral ineageo fc our tmus icians, theb estwa yo fpr o curingpr estigeisg et
-
ti
ngt rainedi nc lassi
calHi ndus t
a nimus ic.Thi si sas trategya do pt edb y,fo re xampl e,
Ghul am Hus sainNi azi.Heha sha da ne xte nsivet raini ngunde rt hee xpo ne ntso fthe
Ha purg ha rn ,whi chha sle dt ohi sa ttachme ntt ot heNi za muddi ns hrinee veni fhe
l
a cksal i
nkwi thq a vv
lbacco )k g har n .
585

Theq awwa lswhoc anb oa ste it

he rapr esti
g iousl i
ne ageo rt rainingi nc l
assica
l
mus ic, orb oth, tendt ob et heo ne swhob ec omea ttac he dtot hemo s tpr estigiousS u$
%
shrine s.Inpr ac ticethisme anst ha tt he ya rea c c
o rdedpr i
mepe rfo rmi ngt imei nt hese
shrine sa ndt hust heyha vear elative l
ys ecureme a nso fe arni ngt he irl i
v i
ng.F or
qawwa lswhol acks uchpo si
tion, thes hr i
nee n vi
ro nme ntc anb ev eryha rsh. The yha ve
toc ont entt he ms elveswi ths ing ingi nl essera ndus ua llypo orers hr ines.I nt hemo re
prestigiouss hr i
ne s,theya reg ivenl essv is
ib il
ity.
Theq avv lb acco)k g ha rn ha sb ee nk ee nlys tudiedb ys c ho larsa ndc riti
cs.
The ype rceivet he i
rtraditi
o na sa ut hent i
ca ndr eg ularlyb elitt
leo the rq awwa ls.Ane x
-
cell
e nte x ampl eo f t
hisist hec a seo fIftekha rAhme d. Heha ilsfromAmr o ha, apro vi
n-
cialt ownno rth- easto fDe lhi.Whe nQur e shic o
nduc t
edhe r$ %eldwo r
k ,I f
tekhar
Ahme dwa say o unga ma teurpe rfo rme r,whoha dl imi tedmus ica la biliti
es . No
586
nethe-
l
e ss,heha sma na gedtopr o gressi nhi sc aree r
. Ove rthr eede c adesl ate r,in2 0 1
0 ,hewa s
acco rde dapl ac ene xttothee stab lishe dq awwa l
si nJa sh n-e-
Kh u srau, amus ical f
estiva
l
celeb rati
ngt hel egacyo fAmK rKhus raui nq a wwa li mus ic.Ho we ver, thes tigmao fl
a ck
-
i
ngpr e sti
giousmus icalli
ne ag es tillatta c
he st ohi m. Sha ke
e lHo ssa in, thee ditoro fan
i
mpr ess i
v ev olumer e
lease da f
te rt hef estival,e mpha sizesint hei nt roduc t
iont hat
If
tek ha rAhme dl acksb ot
ht hec o nne c tio
nwi t
hq avv lb acco)k g ha rn a ndt ra
ining
i
na nyo fthes cho o l
so fHindus tani mus i
c. Mo
5
87
re over, het ermshi mnodo ub techo-
i
ngt hec ontempto ft hee l
iteq awwa lsa sn aqq l(
mi mic ,imi tator)i na nun-
aba shedl yde rog atoryma nne r.S uc hc omme ntss ho who wdi G$%culti ti sf oraq a
wwa l
l
ikeI ftekha rtog etthea ppr oval of cr i
tics.
Ho we ver,thef avouri
tism pr e va i
lingi nS u$%s hrine sha saQ Ri
ps idet hatha sb een
rarelyt o uchedupo nb yt hes c ho lars.Di s cussingt hehi erarch yo ft heq awwa l
si n
shrine s,Qur eshi po i
ntso utt ha tthec us toma ryo rdero fpe r
fo r
me rst ha tfa vour sqav v
l
bacco )k g har ni sfoll
o we df ro mg e nerat i
o ntog ene ration. I
58
8
faq awwa lb ecome s
attache dt oac ertainshr i
ne ,thisr ig htisc onf erredt ohi spro genya swe ll.Ho we v e
r,the
factr ema inst ha te ver
yne wg e ne rat i
oni sno tne c essarilya stalent eda st hepr eceding
onea ndahe reditarye ngag eme ntc a nb e
co mea ne nc umb rancef o rt ho sewhopa tron-
i
z etheq a wwa ls. Atpre se
nt ,thisi sha ppe ninga tt heNi zamuddi ns hr i
ne , whe reMe raj
5
85 Hos
sain2
012
:32.
5
86 Qur
eshi2
006:3
8,10
2.
5
87 Hos
sain2
012
:32,3
7.
5
88 Qur
eshi2
006:1
91.

174
Ahme d, t
hes enio rlivingme mb ero ft heq avv lb acc o)k g ha rn he adst heq awwa li
communi ty( b i
r d ar).
Me r aj
st ra i
ni ngha sb ee ne xtens i
v e. I
tb e gani nhi sna t i
v eHy de rab ada nda mo ng
histea che rswe reb othe mi nentmus ici
a nsa ndS u$ %
s.F ro mt hel atte r,hea c qui r
ed
knowl edg ea bo utb o thmus ica ndS u$%sm. Me ra jhims elfs ee st hispha seo fhi sl ifea sa
sig
ni$%cantpr ereq uisi
tef orhi sde epunde rstandi ngo fpo etry .Int hee arly$ %
fties ,Me raj

s
fat
he ra ndunc lemi g r
a t
e dt oDe l
hii no rde rtot a keupt hel e ado ftheq awwa lsa tthe
Nizamuddi ns hrine .Af t
e rt hede atho fhi se lde rs,Me r aja ssume dt hi sr es po ns i
b il
it
y
ande sta blishe dhi ms el
fa sac onsumma tepe rforme rinhi so wnr ight. Thea ppr ecia ti
on
hee njo yedi se vide ntf romt hee pi the tsS it
rah -yiDa kk an(
TheS taro ft heDe cc an
)
andBu lbu l
-i Cish t(Nighting aleo fChi s ht)
, conf erredt ohi mb yt heS u$%so f Hy dera bad
andb yPi rZa mi nNi z ami (d. 1993),res pe ct
ive l
y.589

Dur ingt he$ %eldwo rko fQur eshi, Me rajAhma dwa st heq awwa lwhowa si n vi
te dto
performi nt hee l
itea ssemb lieso ftheNi zamuddi ns hr ine . Ho we v er,heha sno tb een
abletopa s shi str eme ndo usmus i
c ala ndpo eti
che ritag et ohi ss onsa ndg rands ons .As
ac ons eque nce ,t heyl ackt hemu sica ls ophi sti
c ationa ndpo etics e ns i
t i
v i
t yo ft hei
r
fat
he r
. Thes a df actist hatt hea udi enc esa renol o ng erk e ent oliste ntot he m, b uts ince
heisa ttac he dt ot hes hrine ,hisa cces stot hes am asse mb liesc anno tb ede ni ed. Ho w-
ever,a tpr e sent ,Me raj
sg ro upi so f
t ena ll
o we dt os ingo nlyt her i
tua llypr e scribed
it
ems ,a fterwhi cht heyha v etog ivewa yt oo the rq awwa l
s.Thepr efe renc e so ft he
heredita r
yc us todi anso ft hes hr i
neb eca mee vide ntdur i
ngas a m a sse mb lyhe l
da t
theurso fNi z ;
Sma l-DKni nMa rch2 013 ,whe nt he yo pe nl yt hr eate nedt oi nv it
eo ut si
de
qawwa lstope rfo rmi ns t
e ado f t
hel o ca lone s,ifthe ywo ul dno timpr ov et he i
rs ing ing.
Int hes am a s
s emb liestha tdono tfe aturet her i
tua l itemsa ndwhe r et hepa trons
havenoo b ligationt oin vit
et hel o calq a wwa l
s, the reisat ende nc yt or elyo nq awwa li
groupst ha tg athe rtoDe lhif romo utsidet hec itydur ingt he u rs.No t
wi ths ta ndi ngt he
deroga t
o ryr ema rkso fS ha keelHo ssa in,I ft
e kha rAhme di st oda ya mo ngt hemo s
t
sought-a f
te rq a wwa lsinNi zamud din. De spi t
et hec o nte mpt , heha spe rsistedwi t
hhi s
careera ndk eptr e$%ninghi smus i
cal andpo etics kills.Awi der epe rtoirea ndt hea b il
it
y
toco mb i
net hewo rdso fpo e t
rywi t
hmus ics oa st ob ringo utt he irful le Gfecta r
ehi s
tra
de ma r
k s. Hei sa lsoo neo fthef e wq awwa lswhok ee psi nt roduc i
ngne w, le ssfa mi l
i-
arpo emsi nt ohi spe rforma ncese v enwhe nhek no wst ha tt hel istene rswo uldb ee n-
ti
relyc ont ent edt ohe araha ndf ulof hiss igna turenumb e rsa g aina nda ga in.
Theq awwa l
sa repo pula rl
yc a l
ledS u$%mus i
c ians, butt he irr olei nt hes o cial hier-
archyo fS o uthAs i
a nS u$%smi sfa rr emo vedf romt her oma nt icizedi ma g eo fr ov i
ng
mins t
re lswhopr ea chal ib erati
ngme ssa geo fI sl
a mt ot hema sses.I
5
90
ns te ad,t he
qawwa lsa res e rvicepr o f
e ssiona l
s,who sedut yi st opr ov idemus icint heS u$ %shr ines.
Theyf orma ne ndo ga mo uspr o f
e s
s i
o na lgro upwho see x iste nc eisar esul to fthepr o fes
-

5
89 Devo
s,
Pes
hla
fz
S
,29
31.
5
90F o
rsuchpo
rtr
aya
lofSu$
%mus
ici
ans
,se
e,e
.g.
Abb
as2
002
.

175
siona l
iz ationo fsa m inS o uthAs i
a .
591
Ino therS u$%t radi t
ionswhe res a m ispr ac-
tised,theS u$% sheikhsma yg e tin vo l
vedi nt hepr oduc tiono fmus ictog et
he rwi t hthe i
r
disc i
ple s.Ont heo neha nd,t hisa ppliest ot hes i
mpl e/ a0 raho fNo rthAf ri
ca ,whe re
mus ic
a ll
yt a lent ed,butg ene ra l
lyno n-pro fessionalme mb erso faS u$%brothe rho odt ake
car eo ft hemus icalas pec tso ftheo cc asion,a nd,o nt heo ther,tot hehi g hlyr e$%
ne d
semao ft heT ur kishMe vle vist ha tin v
o lvesOt t
oma na rtmus i
ca ndde ma ndi ngwhi rl
-
ingda nce .5
92

InS o uthAs i
a ,t
heS u$% she ikhsa ndt hehe reditaryg ua rdianso f t
hes hrine sma yre-
citepo etryo rt heKo r
a n, butt he yr arelys ing. Whe nt he ypr ac
ticemus ic,the yt endt o
tak eupc lassic almus ici ns tea do fqa wwa li
. Forex ampl e , t
heHy de rabadiS u$%s heikh,
religiouss cho lara ndpo etJAb da l-Qa dKrI iddKqKLa sr
a tle arntmus ica soneo ft hes ci
-
enc es,no ta sape rformi nga rt. Hi
59
3
sb iog rapherAn vara l-
DK nI iddKqKAn v are xplains
tha towi ngt ohi sreli
gio uss ta tusa ndf a mi lyb ackground, hec ouldno tfr
e que ntt hea l
-
l
e ysa ndma rk etplaceso rho us eso ftho sewhowe ree x pe rtsofthea rt
(
m hirn-ifann
keg h aro)y kc ahob zrk ec akk arton a hk arsak t
et h e)ino rde rtope rfecthi smus i
c-
al prac ti
c e. He
59
4
re, t
hea ut ho rr eferstot hef acttha tma nymus ic alprofessiona lswe re
co urtesanso rmus i
ciansa sso ciate dwi tht hem.Ar espe ctedS u$%ma sters impl yc ould
no tmi ng lewi tht hem. Fo rt hisr e ason, La s r
atde visedadi sti
nc tivel
ymo dernwa yo f
l
e arningmus ic :hepur c has edt hea va i
lab ler ecor
ding sa ndt ogethe rwitht het he oreti
c-
ali nforma tio ng a i
ne db yr ea dingmus ico logicaltreatises ,hema ste
re dthea rt.Oc ca-
siona l
ly, heha dac hanc et ohe arl onge rpe rf
orma nc esi
595
nt heho useso fhi sdi sci
ples
whob elo ng edt ot hel oc alno bili
tya ndha dme anst oo rgani z
emus i
cal s
o ireesi nthe i
r
ho me s.59
6

Altho ug hLa sratwa sno tape r f

o r
me r,hel istedaq awwa lna me dMo ha mme d
Gho usa mo nghi sdisc iplesa ndheg avehi m mus i
c altr aining. Ac
597
co r
dingt oCl a i
re
De vo s
,Me ra jAhme dwa sa no the rq awwa lwhowa si ni ti
a t
edb yhi mt ot heQa dir
i
bro therho od. I
5
98
na ddi ti
o n,La s ratt aughto neo fhi ss o nsa ndo nedi scipleo fhist o
singpo e tryheha dc ompo sedi ndi Gferent r
agasa ndr ag inis
. The
599
yus e dt os ingt o

591 Onwhi c h,seeQur eshi 1

9 93and20 0
6 :
97.
592 Ont hemus i
co ftheMe vl
evi
s,seeDur i
ng1 999:2 7
728 8;Ambrose,Feui
ll
eboi
s&Za rcone200 6
,
1
2 31
72;andAmb r
ose2 014:1340.Ana rti
cleb yJeanDur i
ngi ncl
udesa ninter
est
ingcompa ri
sono f
Me vl
evimus ica ndq awwa li.I
tis,howev e
r,misl
e a
dingi nitsjuxta
posit
ionofav er
yformalpe r
for
ma nce
occasi
ono fthef orme rwitha ninformal q
awwa l
i sess
ion.
593 Thi sresemb l
esDa rdsapproachtomus icdiscussedab o
v e.
594 An var,AbdAl l
h,526 .
595 Dur ingLa srat
sl i
feti
me ,theg ra
mo phoner ecordsdo mi nat
edIndianmus ici
ndustry.Theco m-
binedlengtho fthet wos ideswa slessthantenmi nutes,whic heGf
ect
ive
lyinhibi
tedreco
rdingperfo
r m-
ancesthatinliveo ccasionsc ouldconti
nueforo neho urorlong er
.
596 An var,AbdAl l
h,534 .
597 An var,AbdAl l
h,529 .
598 De vos,P e
s hl
afz
S,31.
599F oralisto fLasra t

spo e
msa ssoci
a t
edwi t
hpa rt
icularragasandragi
nis,se
eAn v
a r
,
AbdAl l
h,531
532.Theragasa ndr agini
sa rea l
sorecordedinKu l
li
yt-i2asrat(2002
).

176
hima ndma kehi mb eco mea bsorb edint hewo rldo funs el
fc ons ci
ous ness( be-kh v
u d).
Ho we ve r,thiss e emst oha veb e e
nas trictl
ypr iva tepr ac ticea nddi dno to ccuri npub lic
asse mb lies.6
00

Int hepub licors e mi -

pub licsphe r
eo fsam asse mb li
e s,theS u$%sdono tt akepa rt
i
ns i
ng inge ve ni ft he yha dt hea bili
tyt odos oa ndt hewo rkisde l
e gatedt othe
qa wwa ls. I
nt heS u$%hi erarc hy,t
heq awwa lsstatusi sl owe rt ha nthato ftheS u$%seve n
tho ug ht he ya rei ndi spe nsa blefo ra rr
a ng i
ngas am a sse mb ly
.The irinf eri
o rr ol
ei s
ma dee xplic i
ti nt heo rgani zatio
no fas am asse mb ly. Inste ado ftheq awwa ls,itisthe
mr -ima / 34
l( thehe ado ft hea ssemb l
y)whoi si nc o nt rolo ft heo ccasio n.Themr -i
ma /34
li se i
the rt hes eni ormo stme mb ero fthea udi enc eo raS u$%func ti
o nary, who se
statu sa st hehe ado ft hes hrinee ntitleshi mt ot hepo sition.Heha st hepr imes ea t
,
eithe ro ppo s i
tet otheq awwa l
so ro nt he irrig hts ide ,ifat o mbo ccupi esthef orme r
l
o ca ti
o n.He( ore xt
re me l
yr arely,she )ist hec entreo ft heo ccasi
on,e spe ciall
ywhe n
thea udi enc ec onsistso fhi sdi s
c ipleswhopa yc losea t
te ntiont ohi se verya c
tion.
Whe nt hel istene rswa ntt or ewar dt heq a wwa l
sf orpe rfo rmi ngi nama nne rt hatha s
touc he dt he mo ns omel eve l
,the yg ivet hen a5rn a h( orn a5r;ZoG
fer i
ng ,gift[
)t othe
mr -ima / 3
4l,whot he ng ive sittot heq awwa ls.Themr -i ma /34l
stasksinc ludea l
sos u-
pe rvisingt hea d abo ft hel isteners, ando nthemo res ub t
lel e vel
,hisc onc ent r
a ti
oni s
be l
ie vedt oa Gf
e ctthee ntireo ccasion. Hede cide swhoi sa llowe dt os i
ng , andheha s
ther i
g htt oi ns tructt heq awwa l
so nwha tthe ys ho ulds ing. Thea ct
ua linte r
v entioni n
theq awwa lsde cisi
o nsv ari
e sfromo nemr -i
ma / 3
4ltoa no the r.
Dur ingaf o rma lsa m a ssemb l
y,theq awwa l
sa rer e qui redtoa voidc ompo rti
ng
the ms e l
v esi na nyc ons picuo usma nne ri no r
de rt oa vo ida ttra cti
ngt hea ttentiono f t
he
l
iste ne rs.Al tho ug ht he irv o i
cepe rvade st hes pa cewhe res am t akespl a ce,the y
sho u l
do the rwi s eb ea suno b t
rusivea spo ssi
ble .The ys ho uldc ontrolthe i
rmo veme nts
and, f
o ri nsta nc e,refrainf ro mg esticulatinga nima tedl y.Qa wwa l
swhope rformi nb oth
Su$ %shr ine sa ndo nc o nc ertstagesa ssumedi Gferentc ode so f b ehaviourfo rdiGferento c-
cas i
o ns .F are edAy az ,fo re xampl e,ha st hema nne rismo fa ppr eciati
ngt hepo etryb y
pa usingi nt hemi ddleo fsing i
ngav ers
ea ndi nto ningphr ase slikev hv h(
Br avo!
)o r
kyb t( Wha tat hing !
)whe npe rformi ngo ns tagea ndi nas tudio.Hea l
s ofreq uently
sing sthee ndo fav ersei nas hrieking ,high-pi tchedv o i
c e.S
60
1
uc hbe havio urwo uldb e
qui cklyc ens o redi nas am assemb ly.Whe nhes unga tt heNi zamuddi ns hr i
neo n3
Ma rch2 0 1
3 ,imme dia t
e lya fterthec ompl et
iono ft he ursf e sti
viti
es,het oo kc aret o
suppr e ssa ll suc hg immi ck s.
Ev eni faq a wwa li spr e ventedf rom pr ese ntinghi ms elfa sa nar t
istinas am as-
semb ly, thef o ll
o wingc ha pterswi llsho wt hathes t
ill ha sme a nstoe xpre sshi smus ical

60
0 An var,
AbdAl
l
h,527
.
60
1 Hi sappear
anc
esinCokeSt
udi
oatMTVPa
kis
tana
reexce
ll
ent
exampl
esoft
his
.See
,e.
g.
ht
tp:/
/www.yout
ube
.co
m/wa t
ch?
v=1
BOPPS0
GhW0andhtt
p:/
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yout
ube
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m/watch?
v=
q YFwzGZci
dk.

177
s
kil
l
sandpoe
ti
cinnov
atio
nsi
nama
nne
rtha
thei
sac
tua
ll
yla
ude
dbyt
hemr
-ima
/34
l
i
nst
eadof
bei
ngcens
ored.

5
.2Themus
ica
lidi
om

Altho ug ht heq a wwa lsi nDe l

hiha veb eeni nvo l
v edi nwha ti sa tpr esentc ons ide red
cla
s sicalmus ic,t
602
hes tatuso fqa wwa l
irema insc o ntested. Ev eni fso meq awwa lsc on-
sci
o u s
lyc las si
cizet heirmus i
c,the yaremo stlyfro wne dupo nb yc lassical si
ng ers,who
perce i
v et he mse lvesa sr epresentativ
eso fahi ghe ra rtis
tict radition.Inhe rs emi nal
studyo fq awwa l
i, Qur eshic l
ass
i$%esqawwa l
i aso neo ft he l
ightc l
a ssi
calg e
nr esa lo ng
withg haz al and# hu mr. Thet
603
rait
sthatQur e s
hi charac t
e rizesa st ypicaltolightc la s
-
sic
a lgenr esi ncludet hea ssoci
ationwi t
hur b anc entresa ndpr ofessiona lmus icma k-
i
ngt hati nvo lve
se l
eme nt sfroma r
tmus ic,b utt ha tisalsoo pe nt or egi
ona l a
ndf olki n-
QR
ue nce s.Ho weve r,thema incrit
e ri
onc onc ernst hemut ua lr elati
o nshipo fpur emus i
c
andwo rds. The he a
v i
e rcla s
sic
a lgenres
, suc ha sk h ayl andd hru pd, empha si
z epur e
mus icwhi l
et hev erba lde liv
eryma yorma yno tb epr ese nt. Eve nwhe ni tispr e sent,
thec l
ea re nunc iationo ft hewo rdsisno to fpr i
ma ryi mpo rtanc ea ndt he yo fteng et
muddl eda stheya reus e da sma terial
fore xpr essingt hena tureo fther aga. I
nt he light
cla
s sicalge nres,pr i
ma cyi sgivent owo r
ds .Ho we ve r
,the seg enr esa redistinctfro mr e-
cit
a ti
o n( p a6hn )whe renomus ical a
ccompa nime ntise mpl oye da ndt hes tructur eo f
thet ex tf ullyde $%nest hepe rf
orma ncei dio m.Re ci
tationo fpo emsi npr aiseo ft he
Prophe tMuha mma d( n at
k hv
n)a ndt hec omme mo ra t
io no fthee vent so fKa rb a l
a
(ma rsiyak hv n)f a l
li ntot hisca t
e g
ory.S
604
inceade t
a il
e dmus icologica lana lysiso f
qawwa liisf oundi nt hewo rkso fQur e
shi, Iwi llb rieQ
Rydi s cusso nl ytho semus ica la s
-
pectst ha tb earimme dia t
er elevancetoc ons truc t
ingt hee Gfe cto fapo et
ict ext.
605

Ac c ord i
ngt oQur e shi, pri
ma cyo fte
x tisaMus li
ms oc io-cultur alnorm, whi chha s
cont ri
b ute dtot hee lev ationo fpo etr
yintoa na rtc harac te
r izedb yhi g hforma l anda e s
-
thetics tanda rds.I
60
6
nmus i
c ,
thisha sle
adt ot hede vel
o pme nto f re$%
ne dmus icalfo rms
thate na b lea ne Gfectivede li
veryo fpo eti
cme ssa get ot hea udi enc e.Qa wwa l
ii so ne

602 Thec o ncepto fcl

assi
calmus i
cha stakenshapesincethela tt
erha l
foftheninet
ee nthcentury
.In
Hindi,thec las
sicalmus i
ci sknowna ssh a
stryas a)gt(
shastri
cmus i
c)whereasinUrdu, t
heEng li
sh
l
o anwordk lais
si
k a
l i
sinc ommo nus e
.Forthede vel
opme ntofthec onceptofclas
sic
al,
see ,
e.g.S
cho$%
eld
2010.Fort hepur itanica
lc oncer
nso fVi s
hnuNa raya
nBha t
kha nde( d.193
6 )andVis hnuDi gamb a
r
Paluskar(d.1931
),themo vingspir
itsbehinditsdevel
opme nt,s
ee,e .
g.Bakhle2005andTra s
oGf201
0.
603 Qur eshi2006 :47.Fora nexcell
entdi s
cussio
no nt heprob le
mso fthetermli
ghtc la
ssi
caland

semi -
classi
ca l
i
nt hec as
eo f#
humr, seeduP err
o n2007:
9 81
09.
604 Qur eshi1990:458andQur eshi2006:4647.
605F o rade tai
leda nal
ysisofthemu sicalfeat
uresli
kepi t
cha nddur ati
oninl i
ghtcl
a ss
icalmusicin
generala ndinq awwa lii
npa rti
cular
,seeQur eshi1990
:esp .
4684 73andQur eshi2006:esp.4675,re
-
specti
vely.
606 Qur eshi1990:469.

178
suchf o rma ndi tsmus icalidi om ha sb ee ng r eatlya Gf
e ctedb yt hes ongt e xts.Mus icis
ane ssent ia
l soni cc o mpo ne nto f qawwa l
i, buti tisne v erinde pe nde nto fthet ext.
Thel e
v elo fa cq uainta nc ewi tht het he o ryo fmus icv ariesg reatlya mo ngt he
qawwa ls.Thi si sa lsoo neo ft hema inf ac t
o rst hatma kesq awwa l
is ohe teroge ne ous
andc o mpl ica t
e slo catingi ti nt he$ %e l
do fHi ndus tanimus ic. The o re
tical k nowl edg eis
essentia lforlea rninga ndpe rfo rmi ngt he he a viergenr eso f Hi ndus tani mus ictha tc an
bee asilyc ha racte ri
z eda sc las si
c ali nt hepr esent-da yc ont ex t.Int hec aseo ft he
qawwa ls,Qur eshino tes,thet he oretica lmus icalk no wle dg ei sno tne ce ssaril
yhi ghly
nua nce d.Ins tead, itha sb ee ns impl i$%
e di ntoawo rkingk no wl e dget ha tisne ede dt o
conc ept uali
z et hemus ici no rde rt ot ea chi t. Ho
60
7
we v er,themus icalk no wledg ea nd
present ingpur emus i
ci sa l
wa yss ub or dina tet ot het e xta ndt hisdi Gfer
e ntia t
es
qawwa li,eve ni ni tsc lass
ic i
z edma ni festations , fr
o md hru p da ndk h ay l.Inq awwa l
i,
thepr ima c
yo fthet exto cca si
o na llyc ha ng est het he oretica lvo ca bulary,a swe ll
. Fo re x
-
ampl e, theq awwa lsdi Gf
ere ntia teb e twe ent hedi Gf
ere ntt unes e ctionsb yc all
ingt hem
mi
ra-ia vval (
$%rstline
)a ndmi ra-is n(
se co ndl i
ne )ins tea do fa n t
ara nda sthy
inac corda nc ewi thc orrespo ndi ngt extua l sectio ns.
Thet ex ta l
sode termine st hea ppr oa cht ot hemus icalg ra mma ro fr a gaa ndt ala.
Thes e l
e cti
o no f themus i
c al me t
re ,tala, isde te rmine db yt hepo e ti
cme tre .Thepo e ti
c
me tresus e
di nq awwa liso ngt ex tsa reb a s
e do ns yllab i
cq ua lity:longa nds ho rts yl
-
l
a bl
e sa reg roupe di ntopr o sodi cf eet. A$ %xeds eq uenc eo fdi Gfere ntpr oso dicfee to rr e
-
pe t
iti
o nso f thes amef ootfo rmt hepo eticme tre .Inq awwa li,themus ical me t
res ho uld
ideall
yr epres enta ndb ri
ngo utt her hy thm i nhe renti nt hepo e ti
cme t
re . I
no rde rto
achiev et his,longa nds ho rtb ea t
so ft het alaa rema det oc o rrespo ndt ot hes yllab i
c
l
e ngth. Oc cas i
ona lly,al ongs yllab lec anb er e pre sentedi nt hemus ica lme treb ys tre s
s
inst
e ado fdur ationwhe re asas ho r ts yllab l
ec a nc o nne ctwi tha nuns tressedl ong
beat. Theb
60
8
r
e vityo fma nypo e ti
cme tre spr e valenti nq awwa lit extsha sleadt ot he
promi ne nceo fthed dro f sixb e ats,p ash too f seve nb ea tsa ndk ah arvo feightb e ats.
Thel a st-me ntione di stelling l
yk no wna sq a vv lt l
,t heq awwa lirh yt
hm.Themo s
t
commo nt alao fc l
a ssicalmus i
c ,tn t lo fs ixtee nb ea ts,isc o nspi cuo usl
ya bsentf rom
qawwa li,sinc eiti ss impl yt o ol o ngf ormo stpo eticalme tre s. Themo
609
stimpo rtant
beato f at al
a ,thes am, fallsinq a wwa litos omek eywo rd. I
nt hec aseo fg ha zal
s, thisis
usua l
lyt her a df.
Ont hewho le,t het ex tua lo rient ationl eadst odo wnpl ayingpur el
ymus ica lfe a
-
tures.Thus , thepr eludek no wna sn a gh ma h(
me lody)ist heo nl ypur e
lyi ns t
rume nt a
l
sectioni nq awwa limus ic.V oc ali mpr ovisa ti
o nsa r
ee mpl o yeds pa ri
ng ly
, a ndt heb ulk
ofaq awwa lipe rfor ma ncec ons istso fsing ingt het extb yag ro upo fma lepe rforme rs.
Oneo ft heq a wwa lsle adst heg roup; hede cide swha ttos inga nddi re c
tst hepe rfo rm-
ance .Hea lsok e epsac l
o see y eo nt hemr -
i ma /34
lino rde rt ot a ket hes ma l
lestc lues
6
07 Qur
eshi
2006:
47
6
08 Qur
eshi
199
0:470
.
6
09 Qur
eshi
198
3:1
2612
7.

179
i
nt oc onside rationwhe npe rformi ng .Ther esto f t
heq a wwa lsf o rmac ho irwho sev ocal
suppo rte na blest hec ont inuo usv erba lde liverydur ingnumb e rst ha tc anc o ntinuef or
mo retha no neho ur. Thet radi t
io na l
v oic eide a linq a wwa l
ii ss tro nga ndf ull-chested.
Itisi ns tarkc ontra stwi thc roo ning ,whi c hha sg ai
ne dpr omi ne nces incet hea dvento f
me chani cs o undr epr oduc tio n.Theg r
o upe nforceme nta lsos erv est oi nc re asethe
vo l
umewhi chmus tha veb ee ne ssentia lint hel ar geg athe ring st ha tpr ec ede dthe
i
n ve ntiono fmi cr opho ne s
.
Atpr ese nt,theme l
o dica cco mpa nime nti spr ov idedb yo neo rt wopo rtab l
eha r-
mo niumspl aye db yt heg ro upl e adera nda no therl e adingv oc alist. Theo the rinstru-
me ntsi nt hea us t
e res ounds capea ret het raditiona lb a rr
eldr um, dho lak, andal ater
addi tion, tab la
. I
nq awwa li,thet a blaispl ay edl ikethedho lak ,us ingt heQ R
atha ndt ech-
niq ue( th ps e)i nst eado fthe$ %ng erte chni que( cu#ks e)f a
v our e di nt hec las sicalmu-
sic. Thes
61
0
ync opa te dc lappi ngb yt her esto ftheg ro upa cc ent ua test her h ythmi ca c-
co mpa ni me nt.Inhe rwo rk s,Qur eshiha se mpha size dt hes ig ni$%ca nc eo fthes trongly
acc entua tedr hythmi cpa t
t ernsf o rinduc inge cstatica ro usal i
nt hel istene rs.
611

Ab asicuni to faq awwa l

ipe rforma ncei sa nite m( cz ).Ani temc ompr isesb o
th
thet extualuni t( t
hepo e m)a ndt hemus i
ca luni t(thet une ). Sinc emo stso ngt ex
tsi n
qa wwa lico ns i
sto fv e rsest ha ta reide ntic alins tr
uctur e,thes a met unei se mpl oyedi n
sing ingt her e s
pe ct ivev ers es. Theq
6
12
a wwa lsho ldtha ts o meo ft het une sthe ys i
nga re
raga -base do ldc ompo siti
o ns( qa dm t a rz)t ha tha v eb eenpa ssed,unc hang e d,from
gene ra
tio nt og e ne ra t
ions inc et heda yso fAmK rKhus rau. S
6
13
uc hs tate me ntsa r
epe r-
ha psa na tt
e mptt oupl iftthes tatuso f qa wwa lia mo ngt heg enr e so f Hindus t
a ni music,
butt heya lsoc o nstit uteapo we rful me anst oa ssociatet hes o ngt ex tswi tht he irall
ege d
l
e ge nda rywr it
ingc o ntex t
. Qur e shi,fori nsta nc eno test ha tmo sto f theg haz also fAmK r
Khus raua ndne arlya llofhi sHi nd avipo emsha vetune st hatc ha r
a c t
e r
izea ndi dentify
the mt ot hea udi e nc esa smuc ha sthe irt ex tualc o nte nts
. Co
614
nQ Rati
ngs uc ha s
soc i
-
atio nswi tht hel e ge nda ryma terial,asdi scus se da bov e,fo r
msapo we rful me a nstol i
nk
text swr itt
enb yl ate r-daypo e t
swi thAmK rKhus rau.

5
.3Di
+f
ere
ntt
ype
sofq
awwa
lipe
rfo
rma
nce
s

Atprese
nt,asamassemb l
yorganize
di nakh n
qho rad arg
hrema i
nsthepri
ma r
y
cont
extforaq a
wwa liperfo
rmance .I
nt hisr
espect
,qawwa lii
sar a
reexampleinthe
br
o a
der$%
eldofHindustanimusico f
ag enret
hatisst
il
la s
socia
tedwithit
spre-
mo de
rn
perf
ormancecontext.Thisisaresul
to fthepers
ist
enceo fthetra
dit
ionalpat
ter
nsof
patr
onage.Theendingo faneraofc ourt
lypat
ronagea ndtheclosi
ngofthesal
onsof
610 Qure
shi2006
:60.
611 Se
e,e.
g.Qures
hi199
0:4
84a
nd2
006
:60
.
612 Qure
shi2006
:66.
613 Hoss
ain201
2:32.
614 Qure
shi19
93b:1
17.

180
highlye duc atedc ourtesane nter
tainer
ss igni
$%
cantl
ya lteredt hepe r
for
ma nc eso f
dhru pd,k h
a yl,#h
umra ndg hazalduringthelate-
ninet
e entha ndt we nti
ethc entur-
i
e s
. Theseg enresha veb e
e nr el
oc a
tedfromt heinti
ma t
eg athering sofc o
nno is
seurst o
pub li
cc oncerts t
a g
es,whi l
et hes tat
ea ndthemi ddleclassha vea ss
ume dther o l
eo f
thepa tron.Re cordi
ng shaveb e comea ne s
senti
alme a
nst or eacha udiences.Una void-
ably,thene wlyde $%
nedc onte x
tsha vesig
ni$%
cantl
yaGfe
c t
edthe semus icalg
enres.6
15

Theo ft
enc l
osere l
ationshipso ftheqawwa lswithroya lcour tsha v
eb eenno t
e d
abov e.Yet,si
gni$%
c a
ntly,t
heq awwa l
ss eemtoha veneverfull
yde pende dont hem. The
courtsha veo Gf
e r
edo nemo rev enueforpe r
formancesanda na dditionalsourceo fin-
come . Whe nt heyc e
as e
dt oe xist,
theq awwa l
sventur
e dtoc onc ertstagesands tart
e d
ma kingre cordingsli
keo the rmus ic
ians.Howe ver
,incompa ri
sont otheliv
epe rform-
ance sint hek hn q
h sandd arghs,theconc er
tsandr ecording sha vehado nlys ec-
onda ryimpo rtancetoma nyq awwa ls.

P
erf
orma
nce
sink
h;nq
;hsa
ndda
rg;
hs
Asab a ckg roundf ort hec a ses tudieso fs am a ssemb l
ie sandt heq awwa l
s ro l
e sin
them, itisus efultodisc usst hedi Gf
ere nttype so fperforma nc esthatt akepl acei nS u$
%
i
ns titutions .Ba se
do n myo bservations,mo sto ft heq a wwa l
ipe rforma nce si n
kh nq h sa ndd arghsb el
o ngt oo neo fthef ollowingf ourc a t
egories:1.spo nt ane ous
mus i
c ala ssemb l
ies;2.info rma lq awwa l
is essi
o nsi nfronto ft hes hrine;3 .forma la s
-
semb li
e so rgani ze
di nr egula rintervalsa nd4 .f
o rma lass
e mb liesorganiz e
ddur i
ngt he

u rsfe sti
v i
ties.
The$ %rstc at
ego r
yi st her ar
e statpr es ent.Int hel i
g hto fthea ccount sf oundi n
Siyara l-
a uliy9,ama jorit
yo fNi z;
Sma l
-DKn
ss am assemb l
iesa ppe artoha veb een
spo nta neo usi nas enset ha tthe ywe reo rga nizedwhe ntheS u$%ma sterfeltinc li
ne dt o
eng ag eint hepr actice.T ofa cil
it
a tethi s
, atleasttwoq awwa lsstayedc loset ohi m. In
thee ight eent h-centurys ourc es,sucho ccasionsha veg i
v e
nwa yt osa m as
s emb l
ie sb e
-
l
o ng ingt oc ategori
est hreea ndf our,a nda tpr esent,spont ane oussa m i
sa l
mo stun-
hea rdo f
. Thisi satl e
a stpa rtlyar esulto fthei nc r
easedi ns t
ituti
ona li
zationo fS u$%sm.
Org ani zi
ngas am assemb l
yha sb eco meama jorunde rtak i
nga ndt hes ma ll,info rmal
gathe ring sha v egivenwa yt omo rec eremo niala s
semb li
e s.Itisa l
sowo rt
hb e aringi n
mi ndt ha ts ma ll-
scaleo ccasio nsa r
er arelyluc r
ativetot heq awwa l
sduet hes ma l
l num-
bero flis
te nerswhoc o ntribut etowa rdsthe irremune r
at i
on.
Thes ec ondc atego r
yc o ve r
st hei nforma lsing i
ngt hatus ua l
lyta kespla cei nf ront
oft het ombo fas aint.S ucho ccasionsa ret ypicaltolarge randg r
ande r
,urb ans hr ines
towhi c hq awwa l
sa rea ttache d.Whi lether esi
de ntq awwa lsma ys i
ngi nt hes hrine
cour tya r
da ta nytimeo ftheda y,qawwa lii
se s
pe cial
lye l
ab orateonThur sda ye ve nings
whe nt henumb ero fpi lgr
imspe aks.Ra the rtha ns am a s
se mb l
ies,theseo c casions

6
15 On#
humr,
seeduP
err
on2
002a
nd2
007
.Ong
haz
al,
seeMa
nue
l19
881
989a
ndQur
eshi
199
3:4
83
4
91.

181
canb ea ptlyc ha rac t
e ri
z eda sj ams essions .Thes hr i
nea ut hor i
ties mo nitoringi smi n-
i
ma l andt heq a wwa lsa reg ivenr elativelyf reeha ndst os ha pet he irpe r
fo rma nc ess oa s
toa ppe a
lt ot he irpa trons .The yc ana l
s odi spl ayt heirmus icalv i
rtuo sityf r eely.On
Thur sda ye v eni ng s,indi vidua lswhodono tha v eaf orma ls tandi ngi nt heS u$%hi er-
arch yt ra de rs,c i
v i
l serv antsa ndpe rformi nga r ti
s ts
, f
o rins tanc ea rea blet oa ssume
ther o l
eo fapa tro n. Eve ni ftheq awwa lsha v et os tickt oamo repo pul arr epe rtoirein
orde rtoa ppe al tot he m, the i
r$ %na nc i
a lsuppo rt ma kestheo ccasionswo rt
h whi le .
Thur sda yni ghtq awwa liiso ftena ni mpo rta nte l
eme nti nt hec ulturall ifeo fthe
city.InHy de ra ba d, f
o re x ampl e ,theY ous ufa i
nDa rgahs itua tedi nt heb usyNa mpa lly
areac l
o s
et ot her a il
wa ys tat
io nho s
tsaq awwa li sessione ve r
yThur sda yni g ht.I
616
tb e-
ginsa ftertheni ghtpr aye r(i
s h 9
), aroundni nei nt hee v eninga ndc o ntinue sunt iltwo
i
nt hemo r ning . Thel esse stab li
s he dq a wwa l
spe rformi nt heb eginni nga ndt heni g ht
culmi na t
e swi tht hee age rlya wa ite da ppe ara nc eo ftheWa rsi Bro the rs(theg ra nds ons
ofAz i
zAhme dKha nWa rsi)a tmi dnig ht.Theq awwa lis essio nsa tt heY o usufa in
Da rga harea ni mpo rtantpa rto ftheHy de raba di Mus li
mc ulture .Themi ddl ec l
a sspr o-
fessiona l
sdo mi na tet hea udi enc e,a ndt he ya ss umea na ctivepa rti nt hea ss emb l
ie s
.
The ypa tr
o ni zet heq awwa lsg e ne rous l
ya nda ttemptt oa Gfectt he irc ho iceo fitems .
The yk e e
pma kings ug gestionso ns uitab l
ec omb ina tionso fve rsesa nd, ever yno wa nd
then, apo e ti
c allyt alente dl istene rc o mpo sesi mpr o mpt ul ine sa ndg i
v est he mt ot he
qawwa l
stos ing ,sc ri
b bledo napi eceo f pa per. Thea r e
ai nf r onto f thet o mbwhe rethe
qawwa l
spe rfor mi sa lwa ysb ri
g ht l
yl it.Ito Gfer st hem ape rf
e cts ettingt oe stab li
sha
closer appo rtwi tht hea udienc e ,who sei nt erfere nc ewi tht hepe rforma nc et he ys ee m
no ttomi nd. AtY ous ufainDa rg ah, Thur sdayq awwa l
i rese mb lesamus ical co nc erta nd
thepe rf
o r
ma nc esr arelyi nstigatemy stical statesi nt hel istene rs.
Thet hi r
dc a tegoryc onsist so fa sse mb lie st ha ta reo rgani ze di nd a rg hso r
kh nq hso nar eg ular,ofte nmo nthl yb asis.Thea ttenda nc ei sfreq ue ntlyl i
mi tedt othe
sajjd anashna ndhi sdi sciples. The seo cca sionsha veamo res omb reQ Ravourt ha nt he
Thur sda ye v eningq awwa lise ssio ns. I
nDe lhi,s am a
s semb li
e sb elo ng i
ngt ot hisc at-
ego rya rer are ,b uti nHy de rab adt he ya reak e ye le me nti nt hede vo ti
o nall ifeo fv ar i
-
ousS u$%i
ns titut ions .Amo nthl ys a m tak espl ac e, f
o rex ampl e,int hek h nq ho f Sh; h
Kh; mo sh( d.1 8 71). Thei
617
mpr es si
v ea ndwe ll-ma inta inedt ombo ft hisi nQRue ntial
Chi shti-Sab ir
is he i
k hi ss itua t
e di nNa mpa lly,b e hindt heY ous ufa i
nDa rga h,b utt he
mo nt hlys a m a ssemb liest akepl a cei nt hek h n qh,t hel oca t
io no fwhi c h,i nt he
he arto ftheo ldc ityb ehi ndt heq ib l
a hr ece sso ft heMe cc aMo sq ue ,re vealst hes tand -
i
ngt hes he ikhwa sa cc orde di nni ne teent h-c ent uryHy de ra bad. Themo nthlyg a the r
ing
i
sk no wna st e rah vns ha rf(
TheBl esse dThi rte enth),b ecaus ei tt ak espl a ceo nt he
thirteenthda yo fe achl una rmo nt h,ma rkingt hepa s s
inga wa yo ft hee po ny mo usJ Al;`
al-DK I;bir. Theg athe ri
ng sb eginwi thr e citationo ft heKo r ana ro undt ent hi rtyi nt he
6
16 Fo
radis
cuss
iononqawwal
iatt
heYo
usuf
ai
nDarg
ah,s
eeHass
ett
1995.
6
17 Fo
ranearl
yscho
lar
lyacc
ountonasam
as
sembl
yorga
niz
edatthekh
nq
hofS
h;hKh;
mos
h,
s
eeS
adl
er1
963.

182
mo rning . Thi sisf ollowe db yas ho rtpr a ye rf ort hes pi r
ito ft hes aint( f
ti
/ a h)a ndt he
distri
b utio no fb rea da ndac upo fpe ac h-c olour ed,mi lk-b asedho tdr ink .Af t
e rthe
l
istene rsha veg ulpe ddo wnt he irdr i
nk s,theq a wwa lsstar t.
Thes am ise l
a b orate.Ea cht imeIha vea tt
e nde dt heg athe ri
ng ,a lto gethe rten
groupsha vepe rf
o rme d, eac hs ing ingt woi te ms .Inmo sto fthemo nt hlyg athe ringso r-
ganiz edi nt hec i
ty, thenumb ero fpe r formi ngg r oupsi so neo rtwo .If theq awwa lssing
altogethe rt we ntyi te ms ,
theo c casio ni sb oundt os tretcht ot hel atea fterno o na ndt he
sajj
da na shnha bitua l
lys us pe ndst hepr og rammef ort het imeo ft hemi dda ypr aye r
(zu
'h r)
. Whe nt heq awwa lsst arts i
ng ingt her it
ua lite msRa nga ndQa uli nt hee ndo f
theo cc asio n, s
we e tsa ndr o sewa t
e ra repl ac edi nt hemi ddl eo fther o oma ndf rank i
n-
cens e( l
o b n)i sb ur nts ot ha tat hic ka ro ma tics mo ke$ %llst hee nt ires pa ce .Ano t
he r
fti
/ ahc l
o se sthea ss emb ly.Ble sseds ug a rc a ndi esa redi strib utedt ot hepa rti
cipant s
andr o sewa teriss pr ink ledo nt hem. Thea udi enc ec ons istsma inlyo ffami lyme mb ers,
disciplesi nt hes ilsilaa ndme mb erso ft hec ity
se duc atedMus l
ime lite.The irnumb e r
rarelye xc eeds$ %fty.Theq awwa lsse l
e ctio no fs ongt extsi nva riablyf ea t
ur espo e msb y
Sh; hKh; mo sha swe l
la sP e rsi
a na ndHi nda vic lassicso ft hec oreq a wwa lir epe r
toire.
Int hek h n qho fS h; hKh; mo sh,s a m i st hema i
nc o mpo nento ft heo ccasi
o n,
whe rea si nt hemo nt hlyg a t
he r i
ng so fo the rs il
s i
lah s,iti sfr eque ntlyc omb ine dwi th
communa l aikrandl a n gar.
Thef o ur t
hc a tego ryc o verst hes am ass emb l
iest ha ta reo rgani ze ddur ingt heu rs
festi
v i
tiesi nv ari
o usS o uthAs i
a ns hr ine st heb ig
g ert hes hr ine, t
heg r
a nde rt heo c
ca -
sion.Es pe ciall
yamus ic
a la sse mb l
ypr eside do v
e rb yt hes ajj
da n ashno fama j
o r
shrinec a nb ea nimpr es s
iveo cca si
o nwhe rea llt heS u$ %rega l
iat hatr e mi ndsa no bserv-
era bo utr o yalc our tsi so npr o mi ne ntdi spl ay. Thisi se spe cia l
lyt ruei nAj me r,whe r e
thef estives am asse mb li
est a kepl ac ei nas pe ci
a lsa m kh n ah( ho usef o rl i
stening
tomus i
c
)c ons t
ruc te db yBa shK ra l-Da ul ahbs m; nj ;hBa h; dur,apr imemi nistero f
Hy dera ba df rom1 8 87t o1 89 4.Thes a m kh n ahi so pendur ingt he ursf e stivi
tieso f
MuJ Kna l-DK na ndhi sma ster,JUs m; nH; rv anK. Thedi wa n, t
hehe redi t
a ryhe a do fthe
shrine, who sepo stwa se stab li
s hedb yt heMug ha lempe ro rAk bar,he adst hea ssemb ly.
Likea ni mpe ri
a loG$%cia l,hes itso ppo sitet heq awwa lso ns i
lke nc ushi onsunde rac an-
opys uppo rt edb ys ilve rpo les .Ther e sto ft hel i
stene rst ak ethe irse at sinr o wso nb oth
ofhi ss ide s.Thehe re di t
a r
yc us t
o dia nso ft hes hr i
net ak eupt hec ent reo ft her oom,
andt woa t
te nda ntsdr essedi ns he rv ani sa ndo rang et ur ba nsa nda rme dwi ths il
ve r
clubss upe rvisetheo rde ra ndde live rt hen a 5rn ahg i
v ent ot hedi wa nt ot heq awwa ls.
Thef enc eda r
eai nt hemi ddl eo ft hes a m kh na ha c co mmo da te saf ew hundr ed
l
istene rs,b utt hepe ristyles urro undi ngi tc a ns itac oupl eo fhundr edmo r e. Allthese
areasa reus uallyf ullypa ck edb yt hea udi e nc ewhowa ntst os eet heS u$%di gnitari
e s
andt hec ele bratedq a wwa ls.
Al tho ug hq awwa li mus ici se xc l
us ive lydo mi na tedb yme n, thepr acticeo f s
a m is
usua ll
yo pe nt owo me na swe ll
. Ho we ve r,the irpr es enc eins am ass emb l
ie sisa lway s

183
inconspi cuo usa nds o me t
ime st he yma yr ema inf ullyi nv isibl
e.Atpr es ent,Qur eshi
s
observa t
io no f qa wwa lia nds a m asas tri
ct l
yma lephe no me nado esno tappl yunc on-
diti
ona ll
y .I
618
nhe ra nthr opo log i
cals tudyo faf ema leS u$%he aleri nHy derab ad, Joyce
Burkha lterF luec kige ro Gf
e r
sa ni n va l
ua bleg limps et ot hef ema lepa rt
icipa tioni n
sam .Themus icala s semb lys hede scribest oo kpl acei nt hei nfo r
ma la tmo sphe reo f
thehe alersa ndhe rhus band sho me .Ev ent houg ht heme no ccupi edt hepub lics pa ce,
thewo me na ctivelypa r t
icipa tedi nt heo ccasionf romb ehindac urta i
nt hatwa ss etto
divi
det heg ende reds pa ce. Flue ckigers ugg eststha ttheho me l
ys e t
ting ,remo vedf rom
thes tr
icte rno rmsf o l
lo we di nS u$%s hrine s,mi g htha v ef ac i
li
tate dt hea ctivef e ma l
e
partici
pa tion. Ho
619
we ve r,itsho uldb ek epti nmi ndt ha ta tpr esent ,mo stsam a ssem-
blie
so rga niz edi ns hr i
ne sa ccommo da tefema l
el iste ne rsa ndas pe cial areaiso ftenr e-
servedf o rt he m.S o me time s,t hiss impl yme anss itti
nga partf romt heme n.I na
crowde ds hr inec o mpo und, thisha slittl
emo r
et ha ns ymb o li
cv alue .So me ti
me sar eed
curtain( cilma n )i sus e dt oph y si
ca llydi vi
det hes pa ce .Itha mpe rsthev i
siont ot he
spaceb e hind, buta llo wst hewo me nt os eewha tha ppe nso nt heo t
he rs ide. Ther eed
curtaini sac o mmo nf eaturei nt heS u$ %s hr ine so ft heDe ccan.I nte restingly,
Flueckige r
si nf orma nt se mpha si
z edt hea dva nt age so ft hec urtainf ort hef e ma l
e
l
isteners;t he yc o ulde xpr esst he i
re x pe r
ienc est hr oug hmo veme ntmo refree l
ywhe n
theywe reuno bs erve db ytheme n.620

Itisdi G$%cultt oc onc lusivelyde termi newhe the rt hedi G

ferenc esb etwee nt heo b-
servati
o nso fQur es hia ndF lue ckigerde pe ndo nt hec ha ng est hatha v eta kenpl ace
duringt het hreede c ade stha ts epa ratet heirre spe ctiv e$ %
eldwo rkpe rio dso ro nt hedi-
vergentc o ntex tswhe ret heywe rec o nduc tingt he irre sea rchpr o j
e cts
. Whi l
eF lue c ki
g e
r
hada cc esst ot hef e ma l
es pa ce ,Qu re shiwo rkedma inlywi tht heq awwa l
sint hema l
e
space.Ba se do nmyo wno b servations ,Ic ans ayt ha ti tiss ome t
ime se xtreme lydi G$
%cul
t
tode te
c tthef ema lepr e senc efr omt hema les pa cee venwhe niti sthe re. Fore xa mpl e,
intheNi zamuddi ns hr ine ,as am as semb lyt ake spl a ceinar oomc a l
le dT aq-i Buz urg
(
TheGr e atVa ul t
).Thepl ac eisb elie vedt ob ee s pe ciallypr o pi
tio usfo rt hepr a cticeo f
sam .As i
def rom ac o upleo fEu ro pe anl adiesc onduc t i
ngr esear c
hi nt hes hr ine, no
wo me na r
et ob es eendur ingt heo c casion. Ho we ver, pra ctici
ngS u$%wo me na ndt he
familyme mb e rso ft hemr -ima /34l,PirAhme dNi z ami ,s itint hea dj acentr oo mt o
whic hac onne ctingdo o risl efta j
ar. The yc anno tb es e en, ne it
he rdot he yse et hepe r
-
forme r
so ro the rl i
ste ne rs.Ho we ver,thes o undi si nt ha tr oo ma sc l
ea ra sins i
deT aq-i
Buzur gi tself.Oc c asio na ll
y,n a5 rna hha nde do v ert hr oug ht hedo ori ndic ate sthe i
r
presenc e.Thus , t
hewo me ng ene rallyha veapo ss i
b ilit
y ,ifthe ys owi sh, topa rtic i
pa t
e
insam
. Ho we v er,the ydono tha vet hepo ssi
b il
ityo f gettingi nvo lvedi nt hedi s playo f
socialstatusb roug htb yt hepa trona geo ro pe ndi spl ayo fmy sti
ca lstates.

6
18 Qur
eshi200
6:xv
.
6
19 Fl
uec
k i
ger20
06:2
182
21.
6
20F l
uec
k i
ger20
06:2
19.

184
Th
eqa
wwa
lso
nco
nce
rts
tag
es
Whi letheq a wwa ls
pe rforma nc eso ut si
det hek h n qh sa ndd arg h sha veb ee nno te d
ab o ve,a nds c ho lar
slik eP eterMa nue landRe gul aBur ckha rdtQur eshiha vee xpl ore d
thei mpa cto fma s
sme diao nt hemus i
c ali dio ma ndl y ri
ca lc ont ento ftheg enr e,62
1

the irinc reaseds piri

tua lroleha sno tb e enc ritica llye xami ne d. The r eisag apb e t
we e n
thehi sto ric
a ls tudiesa ndQur e s
hi se thno mus ico l
og i
c al$ %
ndi ng se mpha sizingt he
qa wwa lsrolea spr of
e ssi
o na lmus ic ians,o nt heo neha nd, andt hemo r
er ecentwo rk
de scribingt he m wi tht heub iqui t
o ust e rm S u$%s inge r
,o nt heo the r.Al t
ho ug ht his
wo r kise ssent iall
yc onc erne dwi t
ht hepr ac ticeo fs am
,try i
ngt oa ns werwha tha s
ha ppe ne dwi thr espectt ot heq awwa l
sro l
eo ve rt hepa s tthre ede cade swi llcont ribut e
tounde rstandi ngt heirpo sitionv is--visthemr -i ma /34linthef ollowi ngc hapter s
.
Atpr esent ,theb ro ade ra udi enc ei slike l
yt ob ea cq ua i
nte dwi thq awwa lithr oug h
someo the rc o ntexttha ns a m
. Thi sisduet ot hec hang est ha tha v es hape db o tht he
Indi anmus ics ce neandpa tternso fpa t
ro na gedur ingt hepa stt woc e nturies.To wa r ds
thet urno fthet wentiethc ent ury,whe nthepa tro na geo ft r
a ditio na lMus l
imr eligio us,
l
a nd- owni nga nda ris
to cratice liteswa swa ning , so meq awwa lss ta r
te dtos e
archf ora l
-
terna ti
v es t
a ge so fpe rforma nc e.S omeo ft he mv entur edt ope r f
o rmi nt heP arsi
the atrea nd, a fterthea dv ento fso undc ine ma ,in$ %lms .Ye tothe rss e i
ze do ppo rtuni ties
intro du cedb yc o mme r ci
al rec ordi ngi ndus try .Ho we ver, i
twa so nl yi nt he1 960swhe n
l
o ng -play i
ngt echno logyr e plac edt heg ra mo pho ner eco rdsa ndf acili
tatedl ong era nd
mo ree lab oratepe rf
orma nc est ha tq awwa l
ia cq uire da ne s
tab lishe dpl ac eo nc o nc ert
stag es.Thi sde v elopme ntwa sa cco mpa niedwi tht heq a wwa l
sc ha ra ct
e ri
z ati
ona sS u$%
sing ers.

Qur e shic allsthene wmus i
c al trend se ri
o uspo pula rreligiousq a wwa l
i.
Iti ss er i
-
ousb eca usei te mpha si
ze smus i
c alc ha racte risticsi ntima te l
yl ink edwi thc las sical
Hi ndus ta nimus ic .
Simul tane o usly, itispo pul a r,likee arlierre cor dedq awwa li
,b ec aus e
itisd i
sse mina te dthro ughma s sme diaa ndi nt ende dtob ec o nsume db yab roada udi -
enc e .Iti sa lsor e l
igi
ousb e ca usei t slyricalc ont e nte mpha size suna mb iguous lyr e li
-
gio ust he me s. Qur
622
eshil ink st heg enes i
so ft hi st rendwi tht heP akistaniq a wwa ls
Ghul amF ar
idS ab r
i (
d. 1994 ),hi sb ro t
he rMa qb o ol Ahme dS a bri (d. 20 1
1)a ndt he ira c-
co mpa nists,c o l
lecti
velyk no wna st heS abr iBr o the rs
. Thel
623
o ng -playingt echno log y
allowe dt hemt oe l
a bora tet he i
rpe rf
o rma nc e swi th pur elymus icalf eature so f
Hi ndus ta nic la s
s i
calmus ict ha twe reunc ha rac terist
ict ob o tht hee arlierre co rde d
qa wwa lia ndt heq awwa lisungdur ings am a sse mb l
ies.Thi sde v elopme ntwa sc arrie d
furthe stb y Nus ratF ateh Al iKha n( d.1 9 97 ),who b ro ughtq awwa l
ii nt ot he
co nsc i
o usne sso fthewo rldmus ica udienc e si nt hemi d-8 0s. Hi
624
sb e s
t-kno wnwo rld
6
21S eeManuel20
01,1
2312
7;andQures
hi1992,
199
5and1999.
6
22 Qures
hi19
92:1
1711
8.Onlyri
cal
conte
ntofpopul
arqawwali
,se
ea l
soVi
ita
mki2
011and20
14.
6
23 Qures
hi19
92:1
18.
6
24F oranexce
ll
entintr
oduct
iontothecare
erofNusr
atFate
hAl iKhan,
seeBa
ud2 0
08 .
TheFr
enc
h
o
rig
ina
lha
sbeenrecent
lytr
ansl
atedi
ntoUrdu.Se
eBaud2014
.

185
mus icr ec ording sa repr o bab lythet wof us i
ona lbums ,Mu sstMu sst( 1
9 90 )a ndNi g ht
Song( 1
9 96 ),pr oduc e di nc o llabora t
io nwi ththeCa na di anmus icianMi c ha elBr ooke.
Inc o ntra stt ot he sea l
b ums ,hi sc o nc ertso ftenf ea ture dmo ret r
adi tiona li t
ems .
Ho we ve r
, i
ns teado fe mpha sizi
ngt het e xtualc ont ent, Nus ratg aveapr omi ne ntro l
eto
mus icalf eatur es. Hepr e f
a cedhi ss ong swi the x tens i
v en a gh ma h sa nds a nge xtended
vocali mpr ovisa t
io nsa ss l
o wl yu nfoldi ngme l
o dici ntr oduc tio ns( alp)t ot hes ali
ent
text.Inb etwe ent hev e rseso fpo et ry
, hei ns ert
e di mpr ovise dpa ssagestha tus ede it
her
phras esf romt het ex t(b olba n 9
oo rbo l t
n),na me so f theno te s(sa r
g am)o rthev owe l
-( krt n)a sv ehi clesfo rme lodici mpr ovisations .Aswi l
l b ecomec lea rb e l
o w,such
passag esa reno ta lient os am assemb lies,butt he ya r ek epts ho r
ti no rde rt oa voida
ruptur ei nt hede liveryo ft het ex tua lme ssa ge.I n Nus ra t
spe rf
o rma nc es,the
impr ovis ati
o nso ftenr unupt os everal mi nute sa ndt he yb e aras tri
k i
ngr e semb lanceto
thek ha y lge nre .So meo fhi sa l
b umsa lsore cordt her a gaso fthes o ng si nama nner
typical toc lassical mus i
c .L
625
ikeo therr epresent ativeso f the s eri
o uspo pul a rr el
igi
ous
qawwa li,
Nus r
a tfa vour edas ome wha ta us t
eres ounds capedur inghi sc o nc ertswhe n
thea cc ompa nime ntwa sdo mi na tedb yt het radi ti
o na lha rmo nium, dho la ka ndt abla.
Whe r
e as,t hea ddi t
io nals ynt he si
ze r
,g uitar,ma ndo li
n,Q Ruteo rt amb ourinec anmo r
e
oftenb ehe ardi nhi sre cording s.
Int hewa keo ftheS abr iBro thers a ndNus r at
sc l
a s
s i
c izationo fq awwa li
,af ew
me mb erso ft heq avv lba cco )k g ha r nha v epr o $
%ledt he ms elvesa sre pr esentati
v e
s
ofa u the ntict raditiona lq awwa lii nP a kist
a n.Mo stpr o mi ne nta mo ngt he ma r
e
Na j
muddi na ndS aif
uddi n,t hes onso fBa hauddi nKha n, a ndF aree dAy a z. The yo f
ten
performi nf e stivalsc e l
eb ratingt hec la s
s i
cala rtsi nP ak i
sta n.F are edAy az
spe r
form-
ance sdur i
ngt heAl lP ak istanMus icCo nf er
enc eo rgani zedi nKa rachii n2 00 7a r
er e-
pletewi tht heq awwa l
sc omme ntswhe reinhee x plainst hemus i
c alfeature so f hi
spe r-
forma nc eo rt hei mpo rto f t
hes ongt e xt.6
26

Ina dditio nt opr o vidingmus ical info rmatio nt ot hel istene rswhe npe rfo rmingo n
conc erts tages ,theq awwa lsha v eb egunt oa ddr es sissue st ha tha vec on vent iona l
lyb e-
l
o ngedt ot hedo ma ino ft hemr -ima / 34
l.Whi let he irr olea sr e l
igiousf unc tio nari
esis
suppr esse ddur i
ngs a m ,inc once rt
st he ya rea b l
et oa ssumet hel atter
sf unc ti
ona nd
toc ulti
v atea ni ma g eo ft hems elvesa sS u$%my sti
c s.Ina ni nte rviewwi thNus ratcon-
ducte ds o memo nthsb e forehi sunt ime lyde athi nAug us t1 99 7b yDi mi tr iEr li
chfor
Shamb h alaS un ,ama gaz i
nef ocu sedo nBuddhi sm,t hes upe rstarq a wwa lhumb l
y
stat
e st ha thei sno taS u$%.Hes aysheha sspe ntmuc ht imewi tht heS u$%ss incehis
chil
d ho o da ndde eplys tudi edt hem. OnS u$%mus iches a ys:S u$%mus i
c, espe c i
a l
l
y,isa
kindo fpr aye r.Ify ous i
ngi nt hisma nne r,yo uwi llbe co mec losertoGo d, ve ryclose.
Tha t
sb a si
c all
ywha tIdo .
627

6
25S ee,
e.g
.Nusr
at:
T r
adit
io
na l
Su34Qa
wwali
sIIV.
6
26S eeFar
eedAyaz
:TheAllPaki
sta
nMu s
icConf
erenc
e,Karachi
:An
nua
lFe
sti
val
,Ma
rch2
007
.
6
27 Shambhal
aSun,htt
p:/
/www.shambhal
asun.
com/i
nde x
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o
pti
on=
com_cont
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k=view&id=20
33,
access
ed15January20
14.

186
 Whe nask
eda bouthi
se xpe
rie
nc e
swhe nsingi
ng ,
heevokesconnot
atio
nst hatgo
f
arbeyondme remaster
yo fmusi
ca ndpo eti
cre pert
oir
eanddrawspa r
all
el
sb etween
s
ingi
nga ndme di
tat
ion.Hee mphasiz
e sthee l
eme ntofta
av
v ur(Z
vi
sual
izat
ion[)and
t
hetransf
ormativ
easpectofhismus i
c. I
tissig
ni $
%ca
ntthats
ingingi
sa l
soaspi r
it
ual
e
x pe
rie
ncetotheqawwa l
,notonl
ytot helis
teners:

Whe
nIs
ingt
radi
ti
ona
lspi
ri
tua
lso
ngs
,Ia
lwa
ysc
onc
ent
rat
eonwhoi
tist
hat

Ims
ing
inga
bout
.Fo
rins
tanc
e,i
fIa
mins
pir
edb
ytheho
lypr
ophe
t,Ic
onc
en-
t
rat
eont
hepr
ophe
t.I
nmymi
nd,
the
rea
rema
nyt
hing
s,b
utwhe
nIs
ing
,Is
ing
f
orGo
d,a
ndf
orho
lypr
ophe
ts,
forS
u$%s
aint
s.Whe
nIs
ing
,the
irpe
rso
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it
ie
s
a
rei
nmymi
nd.
Ife
ell
ik
eIa
minf
ronto
fthe
m.If
eel
the
irpe
rso
nal
it
ie
s,a
ndI
pr
ay.If
eell
ik
eIa
mina
not
herwo
rldwhe
nIs
ing
.Ia
m no
tint
hema
ter
ial
wo
rldwhi
leIa
msi
ngi
ngt
hes
etr
adi
ti
ona
lho
lyme
ssa
ges
.I
mto
tal
l
yina
not
her
wo
rld.
Iamwi
thdr
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rommyma
ter
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is
ti
cse
nse
s;Ia
mto
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l
yinmys
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it
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a
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mint
oxi
cat
edb
ytheho
lypr
ophe
t,Go
d,a
ndo
the
rSu$
%
s
aint
s.
6
28

Thepo we ro fNus ratsq awwa li isg loball

ya ckno wl edg ed, yett he rea reslig htl oc al
diGference sinc o nceptua lizinghi sr o l
ea sas i
ng er.InS outhAs ia ,Nus ratispo pul a rly
kno wna st heS h ahansh h-iQa vvl ,ZTheEmpe roro fQa wwa li
[,duet ohi smus i
ca lin-
genui tya ndphe no me na ls ucc ess.Ho we ver,hei sno tpr ima r i
lyr eme mb ereda sar eli-
giouss pe ciali
st.Inthewo rldmus ics cene ,thev olcanicf orceo f hiss i
ng inga ndhi se m-
pha siso nt hes piri
tual aspe ct
so fhi smus icha sleadt oa sso ciatingNus ratwi thpr o ph-
eticq ua l
iti
e s.Althoughhi s1 99 4a lbum, TheL astProp het,pub l
ishe db yRea lWo rld, de -
rivesitst i
tlefro mt heo pe nings o ngde di cat
edt ot hePr ophe tMuha mma d, thea sso ci-
ationi spr ob ablylosttot heb r oade ra udi encei ntheUS Aa ndEur o pewhowo uldc o n-
ne ctthet itlewi ththes ing er.Ano the ra lbum pub lishe db yM. I.
L .Mul t
ime diai n1 9 9 6,
Th eP rophe tSpea ks,i
samo reo ve r
tr e f
e rencetohi sr olea sar eligio us$ %guresinc ethe re
arenoa ppa rentr efer
e nc est ot hePr ophe tint het hre ero ma nt icg ha zal
sinc l
ude di n
ther el
e a
s e.Hi sF renchb i
o graph yb yPi err
e-AlainBa udi ss ugg es tivelyt i
tl
e dNu sra t
FatehAl iKh an:L eme ssa gerd uq awwa li.Itistelli
ngt ha twhe nt hewo rkwa str ans l
a ted
intoUr du, thewo rdme sse nge rwa sr ende reda sp aymr a sn, ane o logismt ha two uld
no tb eunde rs
to oda sar efe renc etopr o phe t
hoo d.Thes pirit
ua l i
ma g ec ult
ivate db yt he
qawwa lsthe ms elvesaswe llasb yt hepr oduce rsandt heirfa ns s
629
ee mst oha ver es on-
atedmo r
es tr
ong lywitha udi enc eso utsideS outhAs i
a ,he l
pi ngt oc eme ntthepo sition
of qawwa liaso neo fthes piritual tranc emus i
cg enr esint hewo r
ldmus icscene .
Event ho ught her eligio usr oleo fq awwa lsrema i
nst o neddo wni nS outhAs ia, the
stardo me njoyedb yce rtainq awwa lsc a na G
fecttheo rgani zationo fs am ass emb lies.
Dur ingf orma l sam
,thel istene rsa ndpe rforme rsus ua l
lyo c cupyt hes ames pa cea nd
sito nt hes amel evel
.Y e t,inhi sdi s cus s
iono fq awwa liint hes hr ineo fB; b ;F a rKd,
628Shambh
a l
aSun,acc
ess
ed15J
anuar
y2 0
14.
629Foranencomium oft
hede
rvi
sh-
qawwalMehmoo
dS ab
rio
ftheSabr
iBrot
her
swri
tt
enb
yhi
s
Aus
tr
al
ia
npromotorandSu$
%pr
act
it
ione
r,Amatul
l
ahArms
tro
ngChi
sht
i,s
eeChis
hti
200
6.

187
Qa ma r-ul Hudade scribesho wt hes ing ersa ndt hes a j
jda n
a shna res eatedo nas ta ge
witht heg uestso fho nour ,whi l
et hec ommo npe o ples itont heg round.Ther eg ular
acti
vitie s,s ucha so G
fe r
ingn a zrna hno ta blyt ob otht hemr -ima /34la ndt hepe r-
for
me rst a kepl a ceo nt hes tag e,whe reast hec o mmo npe opler ema ina ss pectators .0
63

Thus,apa rto ft hea utho rit

yt hatus ua ll
yb elo ngst ot hemr -ima /
34lha sb ee nt r
a ns-
fer
redt ot heq awwa ls.
Se atingt heq awwa lsa ndt hek eyl i
s t
e ner so nt hes ames tageisi ndic ati
v eo fthe
ris
eo ft heq awwa l
s socia lstand ingt hatha sr esulte df r
o mb einga blet oe x ploitthe
possibilitieso Gfere db yt hemus i
ci ndus try.S i
mul tane ous l
y,suc hs et
ting sc astq awwa l
i
andt hek eyl istene rsrespo ns et oi ta sas tage ds ho w. Onlyas ma l
lc i
rcleo fl i
stene rs
parti
c ipa tesint hea ctual sam assemb ly,whi let her esto ftent hema jorityr ema in
asspe cta tor s
.Thi seGfective l
ydi s
tanc e sthel istener sfro mq awwa liandt hee xperienc es
i
tiss uppo s edt oe nt i
c eint he m. Ins uc hs etting sthepo te
ntial forspiri
tua l experienc es
ris
ingf ro mt hei nt erac t
io nb e twe ent hepe rfor me rsa ndt hel istenersisb o undt og ive
wayt oar e adilypa ck agedpr o ductt ha tisme antt ob ev iewe da ndc ons ume dr a t
he r
thant rans fo r
mt hel i
stene rs.
Al tho ug hs uc ha ppro achdi Gfe
r sf ro
mt het radi t
io nalma nne rofus ingmus ica sa
toolo fS u$% pra ctice,itdo esno tne ces sa
rilyme ant ha ttheliste nerswo ul dno tnur tur e
spir
itua la spir ations .Ra the r
, thephe no me no ni spr o bab l
yb e stunde rstoo da spa rto f
theg lob alt rend,whe re,inNi leGr ee n
swo r
ds ,theo l
dS u$%e stabli
shme nto nlys ur-
vivesinamuc h-di mi nishe df orm. I
6
31
nt hec aseo fIndi aa ndP akistan,t hes piritual
i
de al
sa ndc ultur ale xpres sionso f Su$%smc ont inuet oa ttracttheb roaderpub lic,whoa t
thes amet i
mes e emr eluc t
a ntt oa c kno wl edg et her eli
giousa uthorityo fhe re
di tary
sheikhsa nds a jj
da na s
hns .I nt hesec i
rcums t ance s,q awwa lsha ves tartedt opo rtray
thems e l
v esa sb o tha rti
stsa ndS u $
%sa nunde rtakingi nwhi cht heyha veb e ena ide d
byr eco rdingt ec hno logya ndt hec o mme rc ialma rket. Thef ollowingc ha pt erwi l
ldi s-
cusspo pul ari nte restinS u$%
s ma ndt heq awwa lsrolei nfeedi ngi tattheNi za muddi n
shri
nei nDe l
hi.

6
30 Huda2
007:6
836
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6
31 Gre
en201
2:2
28.

188
 P
ARTI
II
: NS
POETRYI AM

6OBS
ERVI NS
NGPOETRYI AM

6
.1TheNi
zamuddi
nshr
inea
ndi
tsq
awwa
lis
cene

Ama jors hrinei sac o nveni e

nts tarti
ngpo intfort he
e l
do bserv
a tiono fs am
.Insuc h
shrine s
,mus i
ci spe rforme di nv ariousc o
nt extsr angingf romful
ll
ingr itua lrequire-
me ntsa nds ervi
ngt hepu rpose so fme di
ta t
ivepr actice,toente rt
a i
ni ngb ro ada udi-
enc es.Fur t
he rmo r
e, suchs hrinesa ttractqa wwa lsf r
o ma l
loverIndi aa ndP a kis
tana nd
thuso #f
e ra no ppo rtunityt oo b s
e r
veawi der ang eo fperforma nc es tyl
e s
.The
Niza muddi ns hrinelo catedi nDe lhiiso nes uchs hr i
ne .
I
rstc a mei nc o ntactwi thI ndianS ushrine sdur inglangua get raini ngi nDe lhi
dur i
ngt hea ca demi cy ear2 0042 005.Sinc ethe n, Iha veha dthec ha nc et oa ttenda nd
obse rves eve rals am a ssemb li
e sinDe l
hi,Aj me r,Ja i
pura ndHy de r
a ba d.Ho wev er
,
Niza muddi ni stheo nlys hrineIha veb e e
na blet ov isi
to nar egula rb as i
sdur i
ngt he
pastt eny ea rs.Iha veb eco mef ami li
arwi t
ht hepe oplev isi
ti
nga ndt e ndi ngt hes hrine,
andIha veo bservedho wt hepo pularS uc ultureb oom ha sin12uenc e di ti nrec ent
years. Fort hisr eason,i twa sna t
ur altoc onc entra t
eo nNi zamuddi ni ns tea do fso me
othe r
,lesss tudieds hrine.Ho we ver
,i no rdert ohi ghlightthef actt ha to b servati
o ns
abo utthemus ic
a las s
e mb li
esi nt hisshr i
nea reno tne cessa
ril
yr epr esent ativeo fthe
sit
u ationino thers hrine s,Iwilla l
sodi scusso nes a m assemb l
yt hatwa so rganizedi n
Hy derab ad, out s
idet hes phe reo fin12uenc eo ftheNi zamuddi ns hrinea ndt heChi shti
Niza mi brothe rho od.
AsaEur o peanr e searcherwi thb ack groundk no wledg eofSusma ndI slam, Iha ve
bee na blet oe nterint ot her eli
g i
ousl if
eo fthes hriner elat
ive
lye asily.Mya bil
ityt o
spea kUr dua ndwo rk i
ngk nowl edgeo fP ersiana ndAr ab i
c,aswe l
l ast hea bilit
ytodi s-
cusspo etry,ha vea l
sof aci
lit
a t
e dc o mmuni cationwi t
hr eli
giouse x pe rtsa ndpe r-
forme rs.Thea udi ore cordingo fpe rforma nc esandt akingo fnotesha sb ee nb a
relyno-
tic
e ablewi t hina ne nv i
ronme ntt hatisc ha racterizedb ythee xtens iveus eo fsma rt
pho nec ame ra s
.And, asama le, Iha veb eena b letomo veinthepub lics pa ceo fthe
shrinef r
e el
y ,whe rea sI kno wv erylitt
lea boutt her eli
g iouspract
ic eso fwo me n.
S ushrine s(d arg h,li
t.c
o urt
)a reg enerallyb uiltaroundthet omb so fS usaints
andma yi na ddi ti
oni nc ludes eve r
alo therb uilding ss ucha samo sq ue , ma drasa, l
ib-
rary,a c
co mmo dationf orpi l
g r
imsa ndas oupk itchen( l
a ngar
). Thede
632
ve lopme nto f

6
32 F
orag
ene
ral
dis
cus
si
ono
nIndi
anS
u
shr
ine
s,s
ee,
e.g
.,Cur
ri
m&Mi
che
ll2
004a
ndT
rol
l20
04.

189
ani nd iv
idua ls hrinede pendso nt hepo pula ri
tyo ft hes ainti nterredt he r
e, aswe llas
ont hepa trona get hes hr i
neha se njoye d. Co nseque ntly
, thes hrine ssi
tua tedi nS o uth
Asiav a r
yc ons i
de ra blyi ns i
zea ndf ame . Thef
633
ewma jo ro nest hata ttra
c tpi lgrims
fro
ma lloverS o uthAs i
aa reimpr ess i
vea rchitectur alc ompl exe s
, whe r
e asthemy riads
oft hes ma l
le ro ne sma yb ev erymo de sti na ppe aranc ea ndha veo nlyl oca lfa me .
Richa rdEa to na ndCa rlW. Erns tha vee mpha sizedt hei mpo rta
nc eo fS ushr ine sin
thepr o c
e sso fc r
e atingMus l
ims tatesinme dievalI ndia.Ac c ordi
ngt othe m, ther ul er
s
patroni z
e dS us hr i
ne sa ndt husc ont ribut edt ot hee v olutiono fas acredI s l
a mic
geog raphyt ha two ul dma keIndi aa nI slami cl a
nda ndar e gi
o no fpe acewhe ret here
wo uldb eno ne e do fc onstantc onfr ontation wi tht heHi nd u ma jor
ityo ft he
popul ation. Theg
63
4
ene ralo pe nne sso ft heS ust ot hel ocalc ulturea ndt he i
r
i
nte racti
o nwi thdi #ferentr el
igiousc ommuni ti
esnodo ub tma det hispro j
ectpl aus ible.
Inpr esent-da yI ndi a ,thes acredne two rko fS us hrinese x i
stsina no #
ciall
ys ecular
sta
t e,whe reMus limsha veg r
a d uallyb eenma rgina liz
e di npo liti
cs,e duca ti
o na nd
cultura l
lif
e .Ne ver theles s
,thes hrine sa nc ho rIsl
amt oIndi aa swe llasse rveasr eligious
space swhe rer e pre sent ati
veso fdi #f
e rentc ommuni tiesma yc omei ntoi nte raction
withe a c
ho the r
.
Thei nte rming lingo fr el
igiousc ommuni ti
esa ndt hec onseq uentlyc ompl exe x
-
pressionso fr eligiousc ulturetha tc hara cterizetheS ushrine sha vea l
soma dea tt
e nd-
i
ngt he mo neo ft hemo stho tlyde bate dpr act
ice si nIs l
a m.Thi sde bateg aine dmo-
me ntumdur ingt hel atterha l
fo ft heni ne te enthc e nturywhe nthed ema ndf o rc l
e arl
y
dema r
c ated, exclus iver eli
g i
ousi d entitieswa sv oice db yr eformi stMus lima ndHi ndu
mo ve me nts.Amo ngt heMus li
ms , t
hemo sto ut-spo kenc o nde mna ti
ono fthes hrines
hasc omef romt her epre s
enta t
iv eso fDa rulUl o om De o banda ndT ab l
ighiJ a ma at.
Neithe rmo veme ntc onde mnsS usma ss uc h;the yme r
elyc ons i
de rthepa stSu ma s-
ter
sa sex empl a ryMus li
ms ,who semo ralint egri
tyi swo rthe mul ati
ng. Ho we ver, they
denyt hema n ypo we ro finte
rc essio no rme diat
io na ndde tectthe rstsympt omso f
shi
r k(associa t
ingo the rswi t
hGo d
)i nt hepr act
iceo fa t
tendi ngt he i
rtomb s
.

Th
eNi
zamu
ddi
nsh
rin
ean
dit
scu
sto
dia
ns
TheNi zamuddi ns hri
nei ssi
tuate
di nDe lhi,thec i
tythatha sserve
ds i
ncet hethir
-
tee
nt hcenturya sthecapita
l ofva
riousMus l
imdy nasti
es,Bri
ti
shc ol
onialre
g i
mea nd
i
nde pendentInd ia
. I
nthepilgri
mag ee conomyo fSouthAsia,Niza
muddi nisthema j
or
urbanshrineo fNo rt
hIndia.Itmayno tranka shighinthehi er
archyofIndia
ns hri
nes
asthed argho fMuC D
na l-
DDninAj me r,butitslocati
onint hecapitalc
itygi
v esi
tthe
advantageo fbeingmo rea ccess
ibl
et ha nt helatt
e r
.Inter
e s
ti
ngly,asimila
rs i
tuat
ion
prevail
sintheDe c
c a
n,whe retheshrineo fGe sEdarFzinGulb ar
gaisthemo stimport
-
antcentreofpilgri
ma ge;howe v
er,
itisr e
mo vedfro
mt heb usies
turbancentres.I
ncon-
63
3 Foranacc
ounto
ntheco
ntr
ast
ingdev
elo
pme ntsi
ntwos
mal
lDe
lhi
shr
ine
sov
ert
hepa
stt
hre
e
de
cade
s,s
eeKumar20
10.
63
4 SeeEat
on201
0:1
591
75a
ndErnst2
004:
2272
3 8
.

190
trast,theY o usufainDa rgahi nt hehe a rtofHy derab a da ttra ct
sas teady1 2
o wo fv i
sitors
onada ilyb asi
s. No rthIndia , ont heo neha nd, andt heDe cca n,o ntheo the r,s eemt o
formt wodi st
inc tsystemso fpi lgrima gene t
wo rksinI ndi a .The ya r
eb ynome a nsmu-
tuallye xclusive,b uti ntheNi za muddi ns hri
ne ,f
o re xa mpl e,pilgrims f
635
ro mNo r
thI n-
diate ndt oo utnumb ertho sea rr i
vingf romt heDe c ca n.
Amo ngt hec ountlessS u shrine so fDelhi,Ni zamuddi nismo stc entra ll
yl o cated.
Itiss ituatedi nt hehe arto faNe w De lhine i
g hb o urho od,na me dBa s tiHa zrat
Ni z
a muddi na fterthes ai
nt. Ov e rthepa st
ftyyea rso rs o,we ll-
to -
dor e s
ide nt iala r
e as
Ni z
a muddi nEa st,Sunda rNa g ara ndL odiEs tat
e,whe ref rees tandingho use s
llthe
plotss ha dedb yt hickf oliage, ha ver i
sena roundt hea ncie ntne ighb ourho o d. TheBa st
i
iso nlya bo ute ightk il
o me tresa wa yf rom Co nna ug htPl ace ,thee pice ntreo ft he
Lutye nsDe lhi.Thene ighbo ur ho odi sso me t
ime sc ha rac terizeda sag hetto o
63
6
reve na
slum. Al
63
7
thoug ht hec ont r
as tb etwe ent hewi des tree ts,spa ciousl i
vingc o ndi tionsa nd
thene atma rketso fthes urro undi nga reasandt hena r row, de nselyb uilta l
le ysa ndt he
ov e
rpo we r
ings me l
lso ft hes tre et
-foo do ftheBa s tima ys eems ha r
p ,thel a tterisno t
radica l
lydi #f
erentf ro mt hec o ng estedOl dDe l
hiwhi chi sha rdlye verc all
e dag he ttoo r
as l
um.
Thema ina cce s
sr oadt ot hes hr i
nef orksfrom Ma thur ar oada nda no the rb e gins
fromt heo ppo sites ideo fthes hrinef romt hewe ster ne d geo ft heBa sti
. Twona rro w,
roofeda ll
ey wayst ha tareb ord er edb ys hopsa ndr owso fb eg garsleadt ot hes hrine. Al-
thoug ht hee ntireBa st
ib ustle swi thi ntensel i
fe,iti sa ls oav irt
ua lne cro po li
swhe re
Su
s,po ets,no blesa ndr oyalsha veb ee nb uri
edi nt hec o urseo fthepa sts eve nc e
nt ur-
ies. Ho
638
we v er
,mo sto fthed e vo t
io nala ct
ivi
tiesoft hepi lg r
imsr evolvea roundt het wo
tomb sb elong i
ngt oNi z
F
P ma l-DDna ndAmD rKhus r au. The ya res it
ua tedo no ppo site
sideso fac heq ue redc ourty ardi nt hehe artoft heBa sti.Al t
ho ughNi zF
P ma l
-DDns
ma us oleum i st hemo rec entr alo fthet wo,thes ig nica nceo fAmD rKhus raui nt he
shrinec ompl exi sunde r
linedb yt hepi lgrimsprac ti
c eo fpr esentingt he ms elv esb yhi s
ceno tap hb ef
o ree nt eri
ngt hema inma usoleum.Theo thert ombsi nt hea reaa re

635 Thewo rdpilgr

im, z
ir(li
t.vis
itor
)
,seldomf eat
ur esinUr dupa r
lanc e,
whe re
ast hewo rdspil-
gri
ma ge
(zi
yrat)andplaceo fpi l
g r
image(ma zr, i
.
e. asaint
sto mb),deriv
edf romt hes ameAr ab ic
root
, a
reincommo nuse .
Thewo rdziyr
a tdeno t
est hev is
ittothes hri
nea ndt her i
tua l
spe rforme d
ther
e ,
notthea ctofperegri
na tion.Thus,bo t
ht hosewhoa rri
vea ttheshrinefromal ong erdistanc eand
thosewholiveinitsvic
inityandma yatt
endi to nada ilyb asi
s,pe r
formz iy
rat.Presentingo neselfat
thetombo fasaintisal
soc all
e d ir(Q
pre s
enc e,a t
tendanc eR
).Thewo r
dha sa nother,distinctco nnota-
ti
onwhi chisals
olinkedwi tht hes hri
nes,name lyt hec onfr
o ntati
o nbetwe e
nt hes ai
nta ndas piri
tpo s-
sess
ingape r
sonwhoha sb eenb roughtfor
wa rdfo rhea l
ing.F o
rt heuseo firi nthisc ontext,see ,
e.g
.
Bell
amy2 007,Bell
amy2 011
: 12
9 171 a
ndF l
ue cki
g er2 006:99101.
636 S ee,e
.g.Ho s
sain2012:61.
637 F orarecentpo r
trayaloft heBa st
iincti
on, seeAl i
ceAl binia
sno velLe
e l
asBoo k(Ra ndo mHo use,
2011
).Theauthorpa i
ntsade
ni tel
yg ri
mpi ctureo fthene ighbour hooda saslumb yjuxt a
po singitwi th
NizamuddinEa st.
638 De tai
ledinformationo nv arioustomb sandt he i
rl ocati
onsi nanda roundt hes hrinec anb e
gle
ane dfr
omt hema rginno teso fKh waj
aHa sa
nNi zami
sNi zmb ans
u r.

191
gene rallyne glect edb ypi l
g ri
msa ndt hehe re ditaryc usto dia ns( k huda m
/ khu dd m,
sing. kh dim)a li
k e.
Thea rc hitectur eo ft hes hrinec o mpl exha sa cq uiredi tspr e
sentf o rma ts ev eral
stage sint hec o ur seo ft hec entur iesf ollo wingNi zF
P ma l-DD nsde a t
h. Thepr e senta p-
pe aranc eda tesb a ckt ot hel a t
eMu g ha lpe r
io d,b uti tha sa lsob eeni n12ue nc edb yt he
pa trona geo ft her o yal fami lyo fHy de rab add uringt heni ne teent hc entur y. Al
639
tho ug h
thel it
e rarypr o duc tiona mo ngt heS ultana t eChi sht iswa se sse ntial t
ot hei mmo rtaliza-
ti
o no fNi zF
P ma l
-DD n
sr eput e,thes hr ine
sl oc ationi nac api tal cityha spl ay edas igni-

c antr olei ndi #fus i

nghi sr eput ati
o na mo ngpe o plewhoma yha veha dne ithe rc ha nc e
no rint eresti ns ub me rgingt he ms elv esi ns tudyo fS u
wr i
t i
ng s .Thes hr ineha sa l
wa y s
be enf req ue ntedb yMu slimc onq ue rorsa ndt rave l
le rs,alo ngwi t
ht hel o ca le li
tea nd
co mmo npe ople .Atpr esent ,av i
s i
tt ot hes hr i
nei si nc lud edi nt heo #
c i
a lv isitso f
Mus l
ims ta t
e sme n.
TheNi z amuddi ns hr inei ss itua ted,b o thi de olo g
ic allya ndg eo graphi call
y ,in
be twe ent woc ont ra s
tingv ersionso fS us m. T ot hee as
to ft hes hrinel iest heDe l
hi
cent re,Ma rkaz,o fT a blighiJ ama at.I ti sa ni mpo singc o nc reteb uil
di ngho us i
nga
mo squea ndr eside nt i
a lq ua rt
er sfo rme mb er swhoa ret ra ine di nDe lhib efo r
et he y
mo veo nt omo rer e mo tel oc at
io nst ot a kepa rtint hemi ss iona rywo rk( ta bl gh)o fthe
mo veme nt .Theme mb ersa r
ef reque nt lys eeni nt heNi z amuddi ns hrineo b serving
wha tt heype rc eivea sc o rrupte dI slami cpr actice s.I nsidet hes hrinec o mpl e x,t he y
de mo ns tratet he irc onte mptf ort heno tiono fho lys pa ceb yc a rryi
ngt he i
rs ho e swi th
the mi nag esturede e plyde testedb yt hec us t
o dia nso ft hes hr i
ne .Thema ina cc ess
roa dtot hes hrinepa ssesb ytheMa rk az ,andt heT a blighi Jama a tme mb erss o me t
ime s
attemptt oc onv inc epi lgrimst og i
v eupt he irpl anso fv is
itingt hes hr i
ne . Ho we v er,the
closepr oximi tyo ft heMa rkazdo esno tse emt oha vee #
fec teda nyr adica ldi mi nut ion
i
nt henumb ero fpi l
grims . Ac cordingt ot heo bserv atio nso fP eterMa nue l,thi sa ppl i
e s
toS u shr ineso namo reg ene rall ev el,a swe ll.S imi larly,Hi ndua ttenda nc eha sr e-
ma i
ne ds table no twiths tanding t he e x clusivistr heto rico ft he e x po ne ntso f
Hi ndut va.640

Aswa sno teda b ove, Tab l

ighi Jama a tdo esno tr e jectS usma l
tog et
he r
. Ho we ver,it
red uce sthepr o cesso finne rg ro wthi ntot hemi nut eo b s
e rva ti
o no fpu ris t,pie ti
s t
icI s-
l
a mi cpr ac ti
c e.Inc ont r
a sttot hisa ppr o ac h, I
na ya tKha n
s( 188 21 927)follo we rs,who s e
cent rei sa lsol oc atedi nt heBa sti,e sche wt hec o nne cti
o nwi t hI sl
a ma ltoge the ra nd
co ntestt her el
e va nc eo fc o mmo nMus limr itua l
st ot he i
rS u pra cti
ce .Ins tea d,t he y
adv oca te univ ersa lS usma sama ni f
e statio no fpe renni als piri
tua l
ityt ha tc anb e
foundi ne v eryr eligion. Ina yatKha nwa sabnpl a ye ra ndaS u ma ster,whog a ver ecit-
alsa ndpr ea che di nt heUS Aa ndEur opei nt hee arlyt we nt iethc entury.Her etur ne dt o
63
9 F orachronol
ogyoft
hema i
nbuil
di
ngsi
nthes
hrinec
o mpl
ex,
seeTa
raSha
rma201
2.F
oraf
urt
her
di
scus
si
o nonthearc
hit
ect
ural
devel
opmento
fthemausol
eumandit
sadj
ace
ntmosq
ue,se
eKhFn,
!s
rI,2912
94;Pe
ck2005:
167
175
.
64
0 Ma nuel2
008:3
81.

192
Indias hortlyb efo rehi spa s s
inga wa yi n1 927a ndwa sb ur i
e dintheBa stitot hes o utho f
theNi z amuddi ns hr ine . Theme
641
mb erso fv ari
o usmo ve ment st ha tha vedr awnt he i
r
i
ns pirationf rom hi sl egacydur ingt hepa s
tc ent uryc omef romt heUS A, Eu ropea nd
NewZe aland. The yv isittheBa st io nlyd ur i
ngs pe cicr etreats,ina dditiont ot he u r
s
fest
ivitieso fIna ya tKha nt ha tta kepl aceo n5 o
th
fF e b rua ry.
The yr arelyv isitthema in
shrinec ompl ex.
Inc ontrastt oT a blighiJ ama a t,thec ustodianso ft heNi zamuddi ns hrinea dv o ca t
e
vis
itings hrine sa nde ng agingi nav astc oll
e c
tiono fS u ri
tualsa ndpr ac ti
ce s.Ho we v er
,
unliket hef oll
o we rso fI nay atKha n, the yinsisto nt heI s l
a micc ha ractero fS usme v en
iftheys imul tane o uslya c kno wle dg et hatt hes aintsb lessingsa reme antf ora llhuma n
being s,wha teve rthe irr el
ig i
ousb a ckg round.
Whe npi l
grimsa rri
v ea ttheNi zamuddi ns hr ine , the yleavet he irsho est ot hec are
ofs hoe -k
e epe rsa gains tanumb e redt oken. The yt he npr oceedt ot het ombsf ort he i
r
devo ti
o ns.The yr eadKo ranicpa ssa gesa ndma ypr e sent1 2
owe rs, clothc ov ers( c da r
)
ands u garc andi eso nt het omb s.Thepi lgri
mi sus ua llya ssi
stedi nt her i
tua lsb yhi so r
herk h dim, who sepe rsona lc l
iento rg ue st(mi hm n)heo rsheha sb eco me .Kh dims
area lsoc all
e dp irz da hs,Qsonso ft hema ste
r R
.Thi sa ppe l
lati
o ni ndi catest he i
rb e l
o ng-
i
ngt ot hepa n- So uthAs i
a n,o fte ne ndo gamo usc o mmuni tyo fde sce nda ntso fS u
sai
nt swhe reask h dimr eferstot he irfunc ti
o ni nt hes hrinec ont ex t. The
64
2
irs tatusi n
Sout hAs ianMus li
mc ultureha str aditiona l
lyb eenhi gh.
Int hec aseo fNi z amuddi n, whone verma rried, thep ir
z da hf ami li
e st r
a cet he i
r
origint ov ariousa sso ciateso fhi m. Or iginally
, the rewe ref ourp irzda hl inea ges, but
oneo fthe m, H r%n i
y n( TheHF rEnD s)
, tra
c i
ngt he irde scentt oRa fDCal-DDnHF rEn, a
sono fNi zF
Pma l-DD nss ist
e r,isno we xtinc t
.Thet hr eer ema i
ningf a milies,Na br ag n
(
TheGr ands ons),Hi nd ustn i
y n(
TheI ndians
)a ndQ z da g n(
TheS o nso fQF V D

)
tracet heirde sce ntt oMuWa mma dI mF m,ag rands o no fBF bFF arDd,t oAbEBa kr
MuX a l
lFba r
d Fra ndt oQF VD MuW yD al-DDnKF shFni ,re spe c t
ively
.643

No s ing l
ek h dimo ft he Ni zamuddi ns hr ine i sde sig na teda st he he ad
(sajj
dana shn ,lit.theo newhos itso napr ayerma t)o rs uperint ende nt( mu t
a va l
l )of
thes hrine, whowo uldma naget hei ns ti
tutions ing le- ha nde dl
y.It sritua l
sa nd
na nc es
ares upe r
v i
s edjo intlyb yt het hr eef a mi l
iesina c co rda nc ewi thar otas y st
emk no wna s
brd rn iz m( theo rde ro fho ldi ng[ t
hepo sto fs upe ri
nt e
nde nt ]i nt urns )
. Thea b-
senc eo fce ntralizedhi erarchyi nt hes hrinee ntitlese ve ryp i
rz da ht oc all hims e l
ft he
sajj
dan ashn .I nt heEng lishb i
llb oardsha nginga b ov et hee ntra nc est ot heiro #
ces
hous edi nt hes hrinec o mpl ex ,t het erm ha sb e enf re elyrende redt ode no te The
Da rgahHe adO#
c e
,He a dPr iest oft heDa rgaha nde ven TheChi efHe a dPr iesto ft he
Da rgah.Onef ami lyt ha tisa tpr es enthe adedb yPi rAhme dNi za mi ,alsol aysc laimt o
6
41 OnIna
yatKhan,seeHermans
en2001andErns
t&L a
wrence2
002
:14
01
43.
6
42 Thepi
rz
dahco mmunityoft
heNiza
muddinshri
ne,e
spec
ial
l
yit
sfe
malememb
ers
,wa
sst
udi
ed
b
yPa
tri
ci
aJe#
fe
ryinthe197
0 s
.Se
eJe#
fer
y2000[1
979]
.
6
43 Niz
ami,
DargF
hs har
DfkFi
nti
zF
Pm,
53653
7

193
holdingt hehe redit
a r
ypo s to fthemu t
a vall.Inr eal
ity
,ho we ver,thes ta
ndi ngo fa n
i
ndi vi
dua lp irzd ahint heo verall hierarchyo fthes hri
nei sdetermi nedb yhi sreli
gious
l
e ar
ninga ndt henumb e ro fin12ue ntialdisciplesandpa trons.
Ano the rd isti
ng uishingc ha r
a cteri ntheo rganiza
tiono fthes hrineha sb eent he
absencei nc omef roml a nd- grant s(j gr)a ndi nali
enab l
er el
igiouse ndo wme nts(vaqf
,
pl.auq f
).I
6
44
no therwo rds, t
hes hrinedo esno thavea
x e
ds ourceo fi ncome ,anditis
entir
e l
yde pe nde nto ndo na ti
o ns.Whi l
et hisa r
rangeme ntma ys imul atethei dealof
tavakkul(trus tinGo d)uphe ldb yNi zF
P ma l-DDn,i
ta l
soma kesthes hrinev ulnerableto
the12uctua ti
o nsa #f
e cti
ngt hea sse tso fthepi lgri
ms .Thepr ecari
o us
na ncial si
tuation
ofMus limsi ni ndepe nde ntI ndi aha sb eenins tarkcont r
astwi t
ht hee arli
err oyalpa t
-
ronage,a ndt hisha si mpa ctedt hea ctivit
ieso fthes hrine.Thea rrang eme ntf urt
he r
-
mo repo si
tst hep ir
z dah sinr ivalrywi thea cho t
he rwhe nitco me stot hepi lg r
ims.Al-
thoughs omep i
rzda hse arnt he irliv i
ngt hroug hv ar
iousb usi
ne sseso rint hec ivilser
-
vice,otherss u b s
isto ndo na t
ionsf rom pi lgri
ms .Theyk e e
pc li
entr egister
s, andapi l
-
gri
m whoha swr i
tt
e nhi so rhe rna mei ns uc hado cume ntisb oundt ohi sorhe r
khdim. Sinc ep i
rzd ahss e rvet he i
rc lientsb yk eepi
ngt he m upda teda boutt hef est
-
i
v al
so fthes hr i
ne ,assi
stingt he md uringt hepi l
grimagea ndpr ayingf o rthemi nthe i
r
absence ,the ya ree ntit
le dt or ece ivingn a- r
nahf r
omt hem. Ther iva l
ryb e twe e
nt he
pirz
dahsi sa lsodisc e
rni bledu ri
ngt heu r
sf esti
vi
t i
es,whe ntheyo r
ga nizeo ve r
lapping
programsf o rt heirfoll
owe rs.

Qa
wwa
lis
cen
eat
thes
hri
ne
Ina dditi
ont ot hes ainthims e l
f,q awwa limusiciso neo fthema i
na t
tracti
o nsdrawi ng
pe opletot heNi zamuddi ns hrine .Althought hepr esenceo fmus icisb ynome ans
uniq uetot hisshr i
ne ,it
sintima tea ssoci
ati
onwi thq awwa liha sinc rea
sedi t
ssigni
c-
ancei nthi srespect. Despitet heb lowssu#f
eredb yMus limsa ndI ndo -
Pe rsi
anc ulture
i
nDe l
hidur ingt heb r
utals uppr e ss
iono fthe1 857upr isi
nga ndt hepa rti
tionni nety
yearsl a
ter,thes hrineha sr ema i
ne da nimpo rtantc ulturals y
mb olf orthei nhabitants
ofDe l
hia ndf orIndi anMus li
msi ng eneral
. Qawwa liha spl a
ye da ni mpo rtantro l
ei n
sustaini
ngi tsb roade rcultural si
g ni
cance.Ove rthepa sttwode ca des,thepo pula ri
ty
ofq awwa liandS u mus i
cha so nlyincrease
d, andt heNi zamuddi ns hri
neno wa l
s oa t
-
tractspeopl ewhoa reprima rilyint erest
edinmus ic
, no tthes ai
nt .
Thisphe nome no ni sar es ulto ftheincreasingi nterestinS umus ica ndc ulture
thatt heur banmi ddl e
-a nduppe r-middle-
classpo pulationso fI ndi aha vee xpressed
sincee ar
ly1 990s.Ac cordingt oP eterMa nuel,t
hephe nome nonha sitsroo tsinther e-
actiona gainstther iseofHi ndut vaa ndthea ppa ll
ingma s
sa c
re sofMu slimsf oll
owi ng
thede s
tr
uc tiono fBa b
riMa sjidinAy odhyai n19 92a ndt heGo dhr atrain-burningi n
20 0
2 .Ma nue lattri
b utesthei niti
a linter
estinS u
mu si
ct ot heur geo ft hes ociall
y

6
44 Ni
zami
,
Dar
gFhs
har
Dfk
Fint
iz
F
Pm
,53
6.F
ort
hee
cono
myo
fot
hers
hri
nes
,se
e,e
.g.
Erns
t20
04:
191

2
26.

194
awa rea r ti
stsa ndi nt e
lle ctua lstoc ount erac ttheHi ndut var he to ricq uestio ningt her o l
e
ofMu s l
imsi nt hes ha pingo fI ndi anc ultur e.64
5

Altho ug ht hei nte resti nS usma ndS u mus icinitiall

yt o o kt hes ha peo fno t-for
-
pro
ts erieso fc onc e
r t
ss uc ha sAn ha dGa rj
e(
TheRo aro ft heI nnit
e
), itha s ,int he
cour seo fthet we nt y-

rstc e ntur y, trans forme di ntoamo rec omme rci
al phe no me non.
Thel aterpha seo ftheS u
mu sicb oo mi nv olve s,inthewo rdso fMa nue l
, as e lectiono f
sub- genr estha tspa nas ty l
is ti
cr ang e, andi nde e dha venouni fyingf eatur ese xcepta n
expl i
citS uo rient at
io n,c on ve yedv arious lyi nl y r
icc onte nt,a ccompa ny ingi co no-
graph y, o rpu blicityb lurbs .
Hea lsoj ux ta po sest hee ss
e ntiallyur ba nmi ddl e-c l
as sa t
-
tenda nc ei nt hec o nce rtso fs elf-assig ne dS u sing erslikeZi laKha n, Rek haBha radwa j
,
Ka il
a s
hKhe ra ndt he S ue xtra vag anz a so rgani zedb yt hef a shi onde si
g ne ra nd lm-
ma k erMuz a#f
a rAl iwi tht hes ub alternmi lieuo fthes hrine s. Admi
646
t
tedl y,suc he vents
hav ev eryl it
tlet odowi thS u shr ine so rS u
s ma sal ivingr e l
ig ioust r
a dition, andt he
appe ar anc eso ft he ses ing ersi ne x pe ns i
v eDe lhic lub sa ndo nMTVa r
ef arr emo ved
fromt her eal
ityo fmo sto ft hes hrine -goe rsa ndpr acticingS us. Ho we ver, thei mpa ct
oft hec omme rc
ia lS umus ici sf elti nt heNi zamuddi ns hrinea sthepr e senc eo f
mi ddle -classv isi
tor swhoa rriv et her et oi mb ib ei t
sa uthe nticS u a tmo sphe re.
Thi smi ddl e-classi nte r
e stha sa lsof o undal itera
r ye xpre ssio ninwo r ksdi r
e ctedt o
anEng lish-spe akinga udi enc e .TheNi z amuddi ns hrineha sf ea turedpr o mi ne ntlyi n
seve ralc o#f
eet a bleb o okst ha tha vea ppe a redi nr ecenty earsa nda rea#forda b leo nl yto
thehi g he r-
inc omec l
ass es.S
6
47
a diaDe hlv i
, ame diape rsona nda c ti
v i
stha ilingf ro ma n
i
llus t
rio usc ultura lfami l
yha sdur ingt her ece nty earspr o
le dhe rselfa sac onc erne d
repr esent ati
v eo fDe l
hi
sS u he r i
ta gea nda na utho r
ityo ft hes ub jectma tter. Tha the r
bot hb o o kso nS us m we repub lis
he db yHa rpe rCo l
linsPub li
s he rs,oneo ft hel arge s
t
Eng lis
hpub l
ishingho us esi nI nd ia ,i ndi catest hats uc hb oo k sa ree x pe cte dt os el
l
we ll.F
64
8
orthemo r ea dv ent uro usr e side ntso fDe l
hi interes t
e di nt hei
rc i
ty ,thewr it
er
andpho to gr
a phe rMa ya nkAus t
e nS o o ha sint roduc edt heNi za muddi ns hr inea so ne
oft hee x cit
ingha ng -out so ft hec it
y .Hi swr it
ing sha vea pp e aredo r i
g i
nallyi nTheDe l
hi
Wa llab lo g,ands o meo fthe mha v eb e enpr inte dwi tha ttractivepho togra phs .64
9

Eve ni fpo pula rS umus ic ,co #fee -tab l

eb o oksa ndEng l
is h-langua g ewr itingdo
no ta #
fe ctmo sto ft hepe opl ewhov isitt heNi z amuddi ns hr i
ne ,the yha vec o ntribut ed
toint roduc ingane wc liente let he re.T ra ditiona lly,ma nypi lgrimsv isi
tthes hr inei no r
-
dert os olici
ts aintlyi nt ervent io n, fore xampl e ,forc uringad ise aseo rpa ssinga ni m-
645 Ma nuel2008:382383.
646 Ma nuel2008:384,391.
647 Ont heNizamuddi ns hri
nei
nthesebooks
,se eCur r
im&Mi chel
l2004:
2439;Dhaul2
006and
Quraeshi2009:16618
5.
648S eeDe hlvi
,Su23
sm: TheHear
tofIs
lam(2009)a ndTh eSu2
3cou
rty
a r
d:Dar
gahsofDelhi
(20
12).
The
l
a t
terworkc oncentr
ateso ntheSu
shr
ine
sofDe lhi.
649S eehttp:/
/www. t
he delhi
wal
la.
com/,
especi
allyt hesect
ion
Fai
th
.OnNizamuddininMayankAus-
t
e nSoo
sboo k
s,seeTh eDe l
hiWa
ll
aHa ngo
uts(Co l
lins,2
0 1
0),
9497andTheDelh
iWa l
laMonuments
(Col
lins,
2 01
0),6871.

195
po rtante xa m. Yeto the rsc omet he reo nlyi no rde rt ob ec l
o setot hes ainta nde ng ag e
i
nt he i
rs pi ri
tualpr actic esi nt hev icinityo fhi st omb . Whi
650
che vert hec a se,b eing
pre senta tt het o mbo ft hes a inti st hemo sti mpo r
tantc o mpo ne nto ft hev isit.The
mi ddl e-cl
as svisitors, ont heo the rha nd, te ndt one g l
ectt hes ai
nta ndc o nc ent rat eo n
qa wwa l
imus ic.The ys ho wnopa rt i
c ularint ere sti nt het o mb sa ndo ft
e nme relys itin
thec ourtyar dtol istent ot heq awwa l
swi tho uta ck nowl edg ingt hes ai
ntlypr ese nc ei n
anywa y .
Themi ddle-c l
assc l
ie ntelei spa rticula rl
yc o ns picuo usi nt hes hri
neo nThur sda y
eve ning s. Thur
65
1
sda ye v eningi sa lwa ysab us yt imei nS u
s hrine s,andi fq awwa lii s
pe rf
o rme d,i tllsmuc ho ft hee veni ng.Thur sda yq awwa liisa ls
ol essf orma lt ha n
sam assemb li
e s;nomr -ima 23
lmo nitorst heo cc as
io na ndt heq awwa lsa rea b l
et o
singwha tt he yl ikea ndi de allype rformo nlyf o rt hede lighto ft hes aint .I n
Ni zamuddi n, t
hel oca lq awwa lss ingb etwe e ns uns et( ma g hrib)a ndni ght(
ish )pr ay-
ersa ndo cca si
ona llyc arryo nunt il thes hrinei sc lo seda t1 0:00PM( 9:3
0PMi nwi nte r-
ti
me ).
Whe nI rstv i
s i
te dt hes hr ineo naThur sda ye v e
ni ngi nS e ptemb e r2 00 4,t hepi l-
grimc rowdc ons ist
e do fb o t
hMus li
msa ndHi nduswho ,de duc ingf romt he irc lothi ng
andde me ano ur,b elo nge dt ot hel o we r-i
nc omec la ss
e s
. Theq a wwa l
sdi dno tr ec eiv e
muc hmo ne yma y bes o me thinga roundt hes um o ft hreehundr edr upe est ha t
Ma nue lstatesa st heno rma le a rning so fa ne v eni ng . Ho
652
we ver, t
heThur sda yc rowd
ha sg radua ll
yc ha ng ed. Thepi l
g ri
msf romt hel owe r-i
nc omec l
a ssesa r
es tillc ons pic u-
ous lypr esentint hes hr i
ne ,butt hepe oplewhog athe ra roundt heq awwa lsb elongt oa
di#ferents oc i
als tratum. The yb othme na ndwo me nwe arne a t(andg e nui ne )de-
signe rlabe lsands po rtt hel ates tsma rtpho ne s,whi cht he yus et os ho otame me nt oo f
the i
rv isit
.The yo ft
e nc l
a pt ot hemu sica nde x hib itbe ha viourst ha tarepe rceiv edb e-
l
o ng ingt oat ra nce -
mus i
ce xp e r
ie nc e.The ys ha ket he irhe adsv i
g or
o uslya nds wa y
the i
rb odiesf roms idet os i
de .Al tho ug ht he i
rb e havio uri sl oo kedupo nb ys ome
kh dimsa ndq awwa lswi tha ppa rentdi stas t
e ,iti st olerated. Thi sispr ob ab lyb e c aus e
oft he
na nc i
alb ene tt he yb ri
ngt ot hepe o plewhoe arnt he irinc omef ro mt he
shrine .Thev alueo fn a -r nahg ive nt ot hek h dimsi sdi #
cu l
tt ode termi ne , b uti ti s
no tunc ommo nt os e eno teso f vehundr edr up ee sd iscree tl
yc ha ng i
ngha nds . Simi lar
l
a rges s
ee xte ndst ot heq awwa ls, aswe ll.Inc o ntra distinc t
io nwi tht hef orma ls am as-
semb li
e s
,whe rede no mi na tionse xc eedingt we nt yr upe e sa rec ons i
d er
e do s t
e nta tio us,
themi dd l
e -classc l
ie nteleo ft hes hr i
nes ho we rst heq awwa lswi thno t
e so fo nehun-
dre da nd, o ccasiona lly,vehundr edr upe es.Thus ,ag o odThur sd a
ye ve ningc a npr o-
duc ec o nside r
ab lymo ret ha nt het hre ehundr e dr upe e sme ntio nedb yMa nu e l.The
qa wwa l
sa rea lsoa dr oita ta ppe alingt ot het as teso fthe i
rpa tronsb ysing ingt he irf a-
6
50F orade t
ai
leddis
cuss
ionont
hemo t
ivesoft
hepilg
rimsinNi
zamuddi
n,s
eePi
nto1
995a
nd2
004
[
198
9].
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51 Thursdayev
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ll
ytheb
eginningofF
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52 Ma nuel200
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196
vouriteitems .
The seinc l
udes ongslikeCh pt ilak(
Signa ndma rk)
,Da m da mma s
t
qalan dar(Continua ll
y,intoxicate
dme ndicant),Zi-
l
-imisknma ku ntag h f
ul(
Do
notne glectmymi serablest
a t
e)and,o ccas
iona ll
y,
l
ms ongslikeKh wa jame rekhwa j
a
(
Ma ster
, myma s ter
fromJ odha aAkb ar,20
08 )o rKunf ayaku n(
Be,andi twa sfr
om
Rock st
ar,2011)
.
Thur s
da yni ghtq a wwalise s
sio
nsa t
trac
tt hepa rtici
pationo fy eta nothe rvisi
b l
e
groupo fpe ople, name lyEurope an,Ame ric
ana ndJ a
pa nesetouristswhoa redr awnt o
thes hri
neb yt heL onelyPlane t
spro misi
ngs tateme nt:
It
so neo fDe lhi
smo stex-
tra
o rdi
na r
ypl eas urestot a
keas e
atont hema rb le12
oora ndlist
ent oS ussingingrous-
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ngq a
wwa li(de voti
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F
65
3
o
ll
o wingt hee x ampl eo ft hene w
middl e-
classli
s teners, t
heytendt oc ontrib
uteg ener
o usl
yt other emune rati
o no fthe
qawwa l
s.Liste
ni ngt oq a
wwa liandwi t
nessi
nge cstas
ya ttheNi z amuddi ns hr i
neha s
als
ob ecomear e curri
ngf eat
urei nco ntempor aryDe l
hit r
avelogue s
.I
65
4
ti sinterest
ing
tono tetha tal
tho ughThur sdayni g
htq a
wwa liiso ft
eno nlyaf ainte choo ft hemus i
c
heardi nsa m as se
mb l
ies,
ita ppearsauthenticwhe nc ompa r
edwi thre cordingsthat

lltheSu Mus ics e

ctionsinupma rketmus i
cs tores.

He
ri
tag
e,c
ons
erv
ati
ona
ndq
awwa
li
Alt
ho ughthepo pu
larinteres
tinS u
sma ndS umus i
cdur ingther ece
nty earsha s
l
argelybypa ss
edthemo ret r
adit
ion-
b oundd a r
g hculture,t heNizamudd inshrineha s
overthepa stfewyear
ss eenade vel
opme ntthatha sattempt e
dt obridgethetwor eal-
i
ti
es.Thi sist herest
ora t
iono fthes o-cal
ledNi za muddi nHe rit
agePr eci
nc tcall
ed

Huma yun
sT ombNi zamuddi nBastiUrb anRe newa lIni
tia ti
ve,
ahig h-
pro
lep r
o j
ect
i
nwhi chtheAg aKha nF oundati
ona ndt heAg aKha nT rus tforCultureplayama jor
ro
le. Thea
6
55
f
orementi
o nedq uar
tersc omple t
edt her est
o ra t
iono fHuma y
un
sto mb
gar
de n,eastoftheBasti,i
n2 004.Fr
omt here,theur banc o nservat
iona r
eaha sspread
t
oc ov e
ralsotheBastiandtheinterv
eni ngSunde rNur s
e ry
. Thea imo ftheprojectisto
uni
fyt
hea
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e-me
nti
one
dthr
eehe
rit
agez
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sint
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abl
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653L o nelyPl anetweb sit

e,http://
www. lo
ne l
ypla
ne t.
co m/ i
ndia/de l
hi-around/si
ghts /
rel
igious/hazr
at-
niza m-ud- din-dargFh,acc e
ssed2 0.01
.2014.
654S ee ,e.
g .TimMa c
k intos
h-S mith,Th eHa l
lofaTh ousan dCo l
u mn s
: Hindust
ant oMa l
abarwi thIb
n
Ba t
tu t
a h( J
o hnMur ra
y,20 05)
,939 6.Wi ll
iamDa lr
ympl eha dtotraveltoAj merino rdertoseet he
l
o ng ed-f
o rec st
a s
y,whe r
e asinthec aseo fEliza
b e
thCha t t
erjee,ther ai
ns poil
edhe rcha nceso fwitnes
s-
i
ngs uchas pe cta
c l
e.SeeDa lr
ympl e,Cityo fDji
nns(Peng uinBo o ks
,2 00
3[ 1993]
),2762 81,
3073 11
;
Cha tterj
e e,De l
h iMo s
tlyHa rmless:On eWo ma n'
sVisi
ono f theCity(Rando mHo use,2 0
13)252 253.
655 Theno n-pro
tpartnersincludet heg ove
rnme ntal o#
cesAr chaeologica
lSurve yofIndia( ASI)
,
Ce ntralPub licWo r
ksDe partme nt(CPWD)a ndMuni cipal Co r
po r
at i
ono fDe l
hi(MCD) .Inaddi t
ionto
theAg aKha nF oundati
o na ndT rustforCul t
ure,t
hef undingha sbee npr ov
idedb yothe ri
n12ue nti
al
spo nsors:S i
rDo r
a bj
iTataT r
ust,F or
dF o undati
on,Wo rl
dMo nume nt sFund, Si
rRa t
anT at
aT rust,USAm-
bas sadorsFundf orCulturalPreservati
o nandt heEmb a ssyo ftheF ederalRepublico fGerma ny .
Foran
i
nt roduc tiont otheprojec t
,seeht t
p://www. akdn.o
rg/hc p/india.as
p. Fortheproject
so wnwe b s
it
e,see
http://www. nizamuddinr enewa l
.org/huma yuntomb /st
a rt
.html .

197
 q
ual
i
tyo
fli
fef
orr
esi
dentpo
pul
at
ion.
Thepr
oje
cti
nte
gra
tesc
ons
erv
ati
on,
so-
c
io-
eco
nomi
cde
vel
opme
nt,
andu
rba
nen
vir
onme
nta
lde
vel
opme
nto
bje
cti
ves
i
nco
nsul
ta
ti
onwi
thl
oca
lco
mmuni
ti
esa
ndr
ele
vants
tak
eho
lde
rs.
6
56

Onepa rto ft hec ultura la g

e ndao ft he Huma y un sT ombNi zamuddi nBa sti
Sunde rNur seryUr ba nRe ne wa lIni ti
a ti
ve ha sb eent oo rgani z
et wof unc tionsc a l
le d
Jashn -
e -
Kh u srau(
Khus r
a uF est
iva l
)i n2 010a nd2 0 13.Ast hena mei ndi cates,b oth
event sfo cuse do nc eleb ratingt hec ont ri
but iono fAmD rKhus r aui nv ar i
o usa spe ctso f
India nc ulture. The rstJ ash nf ocuse do nq awwa l
i mus ic,whe r east hes e condr e volve d
arou ndv ariouso the rmus icalg enr esr a ng i
ngf romc lassica lHi ndus tanimus ict o
Ka shmi ri Sumus ica ndP a kistanis oft-rockf usion. Bo thJ ash nss pa nne do verape r
io d
ofte nda y s,andc o nce rtsa ndl ectur eswe rehe ldinv ar iouslo catio ns.Thepr oce eding s
oft he2 01 0Ja shnwe repub lisheda sJa shn-e -
Kh u s
ra u: ACo l
lec ti
oni n2 01 2.Thev olume
i
nc lud ese ssay sb ypr o mi ne nts cho l
a rslikeS unilSha rmaa ndRe gulaQur e shia ndi ti s
acco mpa niedwi tht hr eea ud ioCDso fq awwa limus i
ca ndb ea utif
ul lyca ll
ig r
aphe da nd
trans l
atedl yric so fa llthepe rf
orma nc es.As imilarpub l
icatio no nt hepr ocee ding so f
thes econdJ ash nwa ss che dul edt ob epub lishedi n2 0 1
4 .
Themus ica leve ntso rg anizedd ur i
ngt het woJ a sh nsha veb ee nr ad icall
ydi #
ferent
fromt hee l
itista ndc o mme rci
alc o nce rt
so fMuz a#farAl i
sJ a han -e-Kh usra u.In2 010,
theo rganize rsa ttempt edt oc on veys o me thingo ft hed a r
g ha ndk h nqhe nviro n-
me ntt ot hea ud ienc est hro ug ht heq awwa lico ncerts. Thepe rforme rswe rethes ame
one swhos ingi nS us hrine s,andno neo fthe mwa sac omme rcia lsupe rstar( exc ept,
perha ps, forF are edAy az).Ina ddition, ma nyp irzda hso ftheNi zamuddi ns hrinewe re
i
n vo l
ve di nt hepr og rams , bo tha sa udi enc ea nda sc o nsultant s.Themo stpr o mi nent
amo ngt he m, PirAhme dNi zami ,wr o tethef orewo rdf o rJash n -
e-Kh usra u:ACo ll
ec t
io n
andpr ovide dt hev enuef ors omeo ft hec o nc ertsint hepr ecinc tso fhi sUr sMa ha l l
o c-
atedi nt heBa sti.Thus , org anizersa t
te mpt edt o pro mo teur b ani nte r
a ctionb etwe en
thec i
tya ndt heBa stib
6
57
yno ta rrang inga llo fthepr o gramsi nt hec o nneso fI ndi a
Interna t
io nalCe nt re( IIC)o rIndi aHa b i
tatCe ntre,whi cha r
eb othi mpo rtantv e nue s
forhi gh-pr o
lepr o gra msa ttende db yEng lish-spea kinge li
te.
De s
pi tethedi #fere ncesb etwe ent hepr o gramme sc oo r
dina tedb yAg aKha nT r
us t
forCu ltur e,ont heo neha nd, andt hepur e lyco mme rcia levent s,ont heo ther,o nec an-
nota v
o i
dno ticingc ertains imi lari
ties. Altho ught hepr o gramso fJa sh n-e-Kh usra uwe re
free,thea udi enc ewa sdr awne ssent iall
yf r
o mt hec ulturallya wa reur ba ne lit
e,no t
fromt heBa sti. Thepr o ceedi ngso ft he
r stJashnwe r epub lis
he da sa nEng li
sh- l
a n-
gua gec o#fee-ta bleb oo kpr int edo ng l
o ssypa pe randc o sting1 99 5rupe es.Thus ,itisf or
themo stpa rti na cces sibl
et ov isi
to rso ft heNi zamuddi ns hrinea ndt her esi
de nt so f
theBa sti
. No ts urpr i
s i
ng ly,thev olumec anb epur cha s edi nt heEng lishb o oksho pso f

6
56J
ash
n-e
-Kh
usr
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ACo l
l
ect
io
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188
.
6
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198
eli
tes ho ppi nga reas,a ndi tisc ons p icuous lya b sentf r
o mt hes ma ll boo k sho psa b ound-
inga roundt hes hrine .
F i
na nc ia lco nside rat
io nsa side ,thepo rtrayal ofS u mus ici nt hev o l
umei swo rth
noting .Unde rstanda b l
y, allthes o ngt extspe rforme db yt heq awwa lsd ur i
ngJ a shn -
e-
Kh usraua ndi nc l
ude di nt hes t
ud i
o -record e dCDsa ppe nde dt ot heb oo kwe rewr itten
byo ra ttribut edt oAmD rKhus rau. Itwa sa ftera llhisl ega cyt ha twa sce lebra t
e ddur ing
thee ve nt. Ho we ver,so meo ft hea u thorso ft hev o l
umea doptadi stinc tl
ye xclus ivis
t
appro ac ht oq awwa limus ic.Int hef o rewo rd, PirAhme dNi zamil ame ntst ha tt hee s
-
sentialpur po seo ftheq a wwa l
i ha sb e enlo stwhe nt hepe rforme rsha ves tar t
e dt os ing
outsidet hes hrines .Hel audst hec o mme nda bles elec t
io no fpo e tryo nt heCDs ,be-
causet hepo emso fAmD rKhus r auc ano #fert hel istene rsat rul yS ue xpe rienc e.I
658
n
anothe re ssa y
,t hec o nsultanto ft hepr oje ct,Sha ke elHo s
sa in,a ssume sar oleo fa
qawwa lic ritic.Whi lehea scribe stot hepr o j
e ct
sa imt opr ese ntt hec ultura ltra diti
o n
i
nama nne rr elevantt ot hec onte mpo rarya udi enc e,hea lsot e l
lss ayst ha tinb rie
ng
theq awwa lsa bo utt hec o nce rt
s ,ana t
temptwa sma d et oe li
mi na tet hemo stpo pular
songsl ikeCh pt i
la k(
Signa ndma rk)a ndK h ek ob y hb ide s( Wh ydoIha vet o
ma rryo ut sidet hev ill
a ge).Thi s,ho we ver,pr ovedi mpo ssibleduet ot hee age rne ssof
theq a wwa lt oe nga get hea udie nc e.Inc ons ona nc ewi t hPi rAhme dNi za mi ,hea s
-
sume sapur is
ta t
ti
t udet o wa rdst hemo repo pularma nifestatio nso fq a wwa li
. Ev ena s
hea bso lvess omeq a wwa li numb e rsint heo ld erl
ms , hed is
pa r ag esthepo pul arr eco r
-
dedq a wwa li ava i
lablei nthemus ics hopsc lusteringa ro undS u s hr i
ne s.65
9

Thi sa ttit
udema ys ee m ac omme nda blea ttemptt opr e se rvet het raditio no f
qawwa limus ica ndAmD rKhus rauspo etry. Ho we ve r
, itdo esno tt a kei ntoc ons ider a
-
tio
nt hef ac ttha tthes ustaine da ppe a lofq a wwa li l
iesi nt heq awwa lsa bili
tyt or ene w
thei
rr epe rto i
resa nda daptt heirpe rforma nc est ov a ryingc ont e xts.P o rtr
a yingAmD r
Khus rauspo emsa st hehe arto fq awwa lire pe rt
o i
re sisi n1 2agr antc ont radi ctionwi th
theliv edr e alityo fq a wwa l
ia nds a m :b ynome a nsdohi spo emsa ut oma t
ica llyin-
ducet hemo stf avour ablea udi enc er e s
po ns e. Thee mpha sisl aido nAmD rKhus ra uno t
onlyl eadst oi gno r
ingo the rpr omi ne ntpo etsl i
keNi yF z,Be da ma ndKa mi l,b uti talso
give
sat hr us ttot heo ssi
ca t
iono fal i
vingmus i
ca landr eli
g i
o ust r aditio n.
Di scus singt hec omme rcialS u mus i
cb o om,P e t
e rMa nue lc riticizest hephe-
nome no nb eca usei tcons tit
ut eslittlemo r et hanat ok eni smt ha tinf a ctf etis
hi ze sand
exoticizesS usm.
Hec ontinu est ha tb ys elec ti
ngo nlyaha ndful o fpo e msf o rpo pula r
-
izat
iont hro ug hr eco rding s,sucha ppr oach triviali
ze sa ctua lMu s li
msa ndb o wdl er i
zes
Su
smi ntoa na mo rpho us1 2owe r-po wers ent i
me nt. Thea
660
i
mso fJ ash n-e-Kh u srau
andt hee ntireUr ba nRe ne wa lIni tiativea ppe arno blert ha nt hepur suito fna nc ia
l
bene
t, andt heo v
e rallimpr e ssi
o no fthe ira ctivi
tiesi smo res cho larlya nds olid. Yet,in
myv i
e w, thepr o je
c t
si mpa cto nal iving, vib ranta nddy na mict ra dit
io no fS u mus i
c
6
58 Ni
zami 2
012:
11
.
6
59 Hoss
ain201
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,43
,45
.
6
60 Manuel200
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1.

199
rese
mb lest hec omme rciali
zeda ppr o ach.I tisol
a t
e sands howc as
e sami nutepa rto f
thephe no me nont we ntypo emso fAmD rKhus raus ett otradit
io naltune si na n
att
ract
ivepa ckagea ndc lai
msi ttor epre s
e ntthee ss
enc eo fthet raditi
onwi tho uta s
muc hasa ck nowledgingt hel y
rical,mus ical,cult
ur alandr eli
giousb readtho fq awwa l
i.
Admi t
tedly, gra
spingt hel iv
ingt r
a ditiono fq awwa liinawa ythepe rf
o r
me rsa ndS u

l
iste
nersdoi sdi#
cult,ifno ti
mpo ssib l
ef ora no utsideo bserver
.Ho we ver,assumi nga
rol
eo fac riti
cl ikeS ha keelHo ssa indo esa ndr eformul ati
ngt hee s
senc eo ft he
tra
diti
ono nt heba s
iso fs uchana rro wc o
nno i
ss
e urshipi sassympt o ma t
ica stheS u

songso fZilaKha no rwr it
ingsofS a diaDe hlvi
.Ja shn-
e -Khusraume relya t
tempt st o
achi
evet hisb yevo ki
ngt hec o
nc epto fa uthenticit
ywhi let hepo pularS usi
ng ersa nd
writ
ersa ppe alt
odi l
ute di magesofS usm.
Whilei tcanb eq uest i
onedwhe t hero rno tpo pularS ucult
urei sas i
gno fag e nu-
i
nei nteresti nal ivingt r
adit
ion,i tdo ess eemt oha ver estor
e dt her oleo ft he
Nizamuddi ns hri
nei nt hec ult
ural sce neo ft heca pita
l,ar olethatwa ss ever
elys ha k en
bythea fter
ma t
ho fthe1 857uprisinga ndt hepa rtiti
on.Wha t
evero ne
so piniona b out
theauthe nticit
yoft hepo pularSu c ulturei nDe lhima yb e,t
hei nterestfeltto wa rds
theshri
nes e emstob egiv i
ngitandi tsc ustodiansa t l
easts omelevera geinthec ultur a
l
l
ifeofthec ity.

6
.2Qa
wwa
lii
nther
it
ual
cont
ext
:
ursa
ndo
the
rfe
sti
vi
ti
esa
tNi
zamuddi
n

I
na dditi
ontot her el
ig i
ousfervourandpo pula rqa wwa lisess i
o nso fThur s daynig hts,
t
heNi zamuddins hrineha sitsannua lc y
cleo freligiousfestiva l
st hatc ulmi nateswi t
h
t
he ur s
.Befor
ee nteringade tai
leddi scussi
o na boutt heu r
sc elebrations,Iwi llbrie12y
me ntiontwoo therfes ti
val
sthati nvolveq awwa li
. The
66
1
s
et wodi #ferfromt he u
r sb e-
causet heya r
ea t
tende db ymi ddle-clas
sc lientel
ewhoa ree ssentiall
yi nt e
restedi n
Su
s ma saculturalex pres
sion,no tasas ystemo fb elief
so rs piri
tua lprac tic
es.The se
f
e s
tivalsarebasa ntine arl
yF ebr
ua rya ndt heb ir
thda yo fNi z F
Pma l-
DD no nt he2 7ot
h
f
Safar.Thehist
o r
yo fb a s
antcelebrati
o nsatt heNiz amuddi ns hrineha sb e
e ndi sc
us sed
abov e.Atpr esent,thema inf eatureo ft hisf e
stiva lisapr o c
es s
ionc ons i
sti
ngo f
qawwa l
sandde vo t
eeswhowe a
rs ome thi
ngy ell
owa sapa rto ft heirattire
.Thep roc es-
si
onb egi
nsatthet ombo fTaqDal-DDnNEWa ndpro cee dsfr
o mt heret othema i
ns hrine
whe retheq a
wwa l
ssinga nextende ds etofsprings ong sinHi ndi .Fromt here ,
theypr o-
ceedt othemi no rda rghsintheBa s ti
.The nalsto psa r
et het omb so fI nayatKha n
andPi rZami nNi zami( d.1993).Ina ddit
iont os i
ng ing ,t
heq awwa lspr esentmus ta r
d
1
2owe rsone achtomb . Theatt
ractiono fthisfesti
val forac ultura ll
ya wa r
ea udi encel ies
i
nt hea dmixtureo fMus li
ma ndHi ndut r
aditions.
661 Qawwalidoesnothavesi
mila
rlyco
nspic
uo usro
leduri
ngce
rta
inotherfe
sti
val
s,l
ik
et hePr
ophet
Muhamma d
sbir
thday(d-
imil
da l
-na
b) .
Duringthe
rs
ttenda
ysofMuha rr
am,li
st
eningtomusi
cis
co
nsi
deredprohi
bite
d.Howe v
er,manyqawwalsperf
orme l
egi
es(
marsi
yah)incomme morati
onoft
he
ev
entso
fKa r
balaatthatt
ime.

200
 Theb irt
hda yc ele
b r
a ti
onso fNi z F
Pma l-
DD ntakepl aced uringtheni ght.Thec rowd
sta
rtst og athera tthes hrinea ftert heni ghtpr ayer(
is
h
).Ma nypi lgrimspr esentthe
khd imswi thpe rfumeo ils,
whi c ha reo #f
ere dinthed arghdur ingt her itua lwa shi
ng
ofthet o mb( ghu sl
).Atmi dnight,t hema rblelatt
iceso fthet ombc hamb e rar ecov er
e d
sotha tthev iewins ideiso bstructed. Thek h dimsthe ne nterthec hamb era ndl ockthe
doorb ehindt hem. Uns ee nb ytheo utsiders,theyunc overthec eno taphwhi chishi d-
denb yawhi tec ottons heeta ndac oloure dv el
vets heet.Thev e l
v etc overing( call
ed
ghil
f)ischa ngedo nceawe ek,whi let hes ma l
lerc darso#feredb ythepi lgrimsa rere-
mo vede verye v
e ningb eforec losingt hed argh.Dur ingt heg husl,thek hd imswa sh
thec eno taphus ingwa t
e randpe r fume sa ndc overi twithane wwhi tec o ttong h i
l
a f
.
Thewa t
erus edinwa shingi sc oll
e c t
e da nddi stri
b uteda sta b
a r
ru k(
blesseda r
ticles
)
duringt hef oll
owi ngy ear. I
nS hav h id-inizm, t
hi swa te
ri ssai
dt oc urea lld i
sea s
es.
Shav hid-inizmi stomyk no wle dg et hersttexttome ntionthewa shingo fthet omb
onthes aint
sb i
rthda y. Thea
662
tmo sphe reo utsi
det het ombdur ingt heg h usl i
sme rry
.
Peopl eha nga r
ou ndt het ombe a tinga ndl ist
eningt ot hel ocalq awwa ls,whos i
ng
throu ghoutt heni ght.L i
k eb asan t,t heb irthdayc e l
ebrati
o nsa r
epe rceiveda so neo f
thec ulturaleventso fthec ity
, andt he ya t
tractas i
gni
cantnumb ero fS u
-cul t
urea nd
mus ice nthusiast
st othes hrine .

Th
eCur
s
Inc ontra s
tt ob asanta ndt heb irt
hd a
yc e l
ebrati
ons, t
he ursha sb eenpa rtoft her e
li
-
giousl i
feo fthes hrines inc ethef o urt
e enthc e
ntury. Co mme mo ra t
ingthede atho fa
Suma s
te rwa sane stab l
ishe dpr acticealreadyduringNi zF
Pma l
-DD n
sl i
fe
,a ndS i
yara l
-
auliydo cume nt
sho whi sd iscipl
e sco ngregate
da tthe irguide
sto mbo nhi sde at
ha n-
niversary. Atpr
6
63
esent,the u rsatt heNi zamuddins hr i
nec ontinuest obema i
nlya t
-
tende db yS u
sa ndde v oteeso fthes aint,anditha sno ta cquiredab road e
rs ig
nic
-
anc eint hec ulturall
ifeo fDe l
hi.
Urs, awo rdre f
erringt oma r
riagef esti
vit
ies
,de no testhec omme mo rati
o no fthe
unio no faS u
sa
int
ss piritwi ththedi vi
neb e
lovedinde ath.Dur ingt heur s
,thes ai
nt
istho ughtt ob epa r
ticularlya cc e
ssible,a ndpilgr
imse ng agei ns pir
itualco mmuni ca
-
ti
o nwi thhi mt hr
o ughpr a yer,presentinghi mt hei
rr equ eststhata ret obeme diat
e dto
Go d.Ina ddi ti
o ntothe u rso fNi z
F
P ma l-
DD nonthe1 8o
th
fRa biCal-
Tha ni,t
hede at
ha n-
niversaryo fAmD rKhus raui sc elebratedo nthe18o
th
fS hawwa l
. Botho cca s
ionss pan
severalda y sandf o l
lowas imilarr outine. (
SeeT a
b l
e3f o rthema i
ne v
entso rganized
duringt he u r
sf esti
viti
e s
.)De spit
ena mi ngthetwoo c casionsa sb aCeurs(
TheGr ea
t

u rs
)a ndc hoDeurs(TheS ma llurs
),respe ct
iv
ely,theya r
eb o t
hl a r
ge-scal
eo cc a
sions
thata tt
ra cttho us
a ndso fpi lgri
ms .

6
62S
eeBul
Fq,Sh
a v
h
id,5
.
6
63S
eeAmDrKhvurd,S
iyar
,22
7.

201
T
abl
e3:
Thema
ine
vent
so he
ft ursf
est
ivi
ti
esa
ttheNi
zamuddi
nshr
ine
Date Funct
ion Pla
ce Ti
me Pr
esi
dedove
rby
1
6t
h
f
ti
ahandqawwal
i, shr
inec
our
tya
rd af
te
rma
ghr
ib kh
dimsc
oll
ect
-
begi
nni
ngoft
heur
s i
vel
y
1
7t
h
f
ti
ahandsa
m Chi
ll
a mo
rni
ng Khwaj
aHasa
nSani

1
7t
h
q
ul s
hri
nec
our
tya
rd a
ft
er
i
sh
kh
di
ms
co
ll
ect
ive
ly
1
7t
h
seminar
,la
ng a
rand KhwajaHall a
ft
erma
ghr
ib Khwaj
aHasanS
ani
sam
1
7t
h
Reci
tati
onoftheKor
an, UrsMa ha
l a
ft
erma
ghr
ib Pi
rAhme
dNi
zami
spee
c he
s,qawwal
i
1
8t
h
f
t
iahandsam Hujr
a-eQadeem mo
rni
ng Kh
waj
aHa
sanS
ani

1
8t
h
b
aCq
ul s
hri
nec
our
tya
rd 1
1am kh
di
ms
co
ll
ect
ive
ly
1
8t
h
ma2
3lo
fcl
assi
cal Kh
waj
aHa
ll a
ft
erma
ghr
ib Khwaj
aHasanS
ani
Hi
ndust
animusi
c
1
8t
h
mush
i
rah
,spee
ch,
UrsMa
Wal a
ft
er
i
sh
Pi
rAhme
dNi
zami
qa
wwa l
i
1
9t
h
qu
l s
hri
nec
our
tya
rd 1
1am kh
di
ms
co
ll
ect
iv
ely
1
9t
h
Ru
han
iTa
bli
ghi
Ij
ti
ma Ur
sMa
hal a
ft
er
i
sh
Pi
rAhmedNiz
ami

1
9t
h
f
ti
aha
nds
am
s
amk
hnah a
ft
er
i
sh
Af
sarAl
iNiz
ami
1
9t
h
f
ti
aha
nds
am
s
hri
necour
tya
rd 1
0pm Na
zimAliNiz
ami

1
9t
h
f
ti
aha
nds
am
L
ang
ark
hana i
ntheni
ght Ani
sMi
yanAs
hra

2
0th
q
ul s
hri
nec
our
tya
rd 1
1am kh
di
ms
co
ll
ect
iv
ely
2
0th
Maul
FAl
D k
FNiyFz s
hri
nec
our
tya
rd a
ft
erma
ghr
ib kh
di
ms
(
ft
iahandqawwali
) co
ll
ect
iv
ely
2
0th
f
ti
ah,l
angarand T
aq-
iBuz
urg a
ft
er
i
sh
Pi
rAhmedNiz
ami
s
am
Thefest
ivi
ti
esb eginonthee v
eningofthe1 6thdayo fb ot
hl unarmo nthsa nddra w
toac lo
seo nthe2 0,a
th
l
thoughma nypil
grimsl eaveafterthema inritualthattakes
placeonthe18.
t
h
Thec oreel
e mentofthe
ursi sar i
tualcalle
dq ul
. Qu
66
4
lsareo rga
nised
i
nt heshrinecourtyardat11AM o nthe18,
th
19a
t
h
nd2 0 dur
t
h
ingeachf est
ival.Thea t
-
tendance,es
pecial
lydur i
ngtheb aC
q ul(
t
heg reatqu l

)o nt hemo rningo fthe18,
th
i
s
sohighthattheshrinec ompound,theadj
ac entmo squea ndt herooft
opsc lo
s e-
byc an
barelyconta
ina l
lthede vot
ee s
.Aq ulbeg
inswi thaf t
iah. Kno
6
65
wnb yt hena meo f
6
64L it.
Qs
ayR.
Thenameisderi
vedfr
o mthe
rs
two r
dofthefoursuras(1
09,
11
2,11
3and114
)beginni
ng
Q
Say.
.
.R
.Thesefo
ursura
sarecol
le
cti
velyknownascrqul
(Q
Thefo ursa
ysR)a
ndtheyhaveanimporta
nt
r
oleintheri
tualc
ontex
t.
6
65F orade t
ail
eddi
scuss
iononthelega
lcont
rov
e r
si
essur
roundingfti
ah,
seeVal
dinoc
ifor
thcom-
i
ng.

202
the rsts urao ft heKo ra n,t hef tia hbe g i
nsb yk h d i
ms r ec i
t a
tiono fpr escribe d
Ko r
a nicpa ssa ge s. Thi
6
66
si sf ollowe db yt hema s ter-di sciplec ha in( sha ja r
a h)r eadb y
thei ma mo ft hemo squeo ft hes hr i
ne .Thes h aja rahbe ginswi tht hePr ophe t
Mu ha mma da nde ndswi tht hes aintwho s eu rsi sb e ingc el
e brate d.Ea chna mei spr e-
facedb yt hephr aseb a -
r %-ip k(tot hepur es pi rit
)i ndi catingt het ra ns ferringo fthe
me rits(F l-
is a v b)a ccrue df ro mt her ec i
ta t
io nt ot hes p i
rito ft hes a int. Thei ma m
thenr e cit
e st hes uppl i
ca ti
o n( d u),whi chf orma nypi lgrimsi sthema inr e aso nt oa t
-
tendt he u rs. Asher
66
7
eq ue st
st hes aintt ob estowhi sk indne ss,c onve yt hepr a yerso f
thepi lgrimst oGo d, ac ceptt he irpr esenc ei nt hes hrinea ndr emo vet he irtr oub les,the
thous andso fpi lgrimss q ue eze dint ot hec o mpo unda rea b s
o lutelys il
e nta ndo nlyt he
hummi ngs oundo fa me n ll
st hea irwhe ne verar e que stissub mi t
tedt ot hes a int.
Thede f
e rent ials ilenc ei sf ol
lo we db yamo me nt aryma yhe m, whe nt hepi lgrims
l
e avet he i
rp l
a ce sa ftert hed ua nds q ue ezec lose rtot hek hd imsi no r de rtog ett he i
r
shareo fthet a ba rru k, whi letheS u di gni tariesa ndt heq awwa lsa ttemptt oo rgani ze
thems e lvesi nf ronto ft hes hrine .
Thes imul ta ne ouspr esenc eo ft hel eadi ngk h d i
mso f
thes hr i
nea ndt her epr esent ativeso fo the rma jorS uc e ntres, sucha st hed a rg ho f
MuC D
na l-DD ni nAj me ra ndt heKha nq a h-e -Niy aziy ainBa reil
ly, ma k e
st heq u lsimpr es s
-
i
v eo cca si
o ns .Ev e ryo nei sd r
es sedi nhi sf ull Su
reg aliao fco l
o urful,co ni cal ha ts,im-
po s
ingt urb ansa ndf orma lhi ghc o llareds he rwa nis. Di scipleso fv ari
o usS us i
lsil
a hs
aredi sting uisha b lef romt he irha tsa nd, int hec a seo faf ews il
silahs, f
ro mt he irdr e ss
.
Ina ddi ti
o n, trav ellingme ndi cant ss i
tal ittlef urthe rf r omt hec ent r
eo ft heg athe ring,
dressedi npa tche dc lo akso rb rightlyc olo ure d, 12owi ngr o besa nds po rtinga na ssor t
-
me nto fne ck lac es, sta#fsa ndb egg i
ngb o wls. Fo rar eg ularpi lgrim, t
heq ul isar areo c-
casiont oa ppr oa c ht hehi gh-ra nk i
ngS u di gni taries, whoa reno rma llyi na cce ssiblet o
casua lv i
sitorst ot hes hrine s.Ma nyo ft he mut ilizet hi so ppo r
tuni tyb ys oliciti
ngt he m
withan a- rn ahdur ingt hes a m a nda ttempt i
ngt oi mb ibet he irb l
e ssing sb yk i
ss i
ng
theirha ndo rt o uc hingt he irkne eo rf ee twi tht he i
rf o rehe ad. Thi sisno ta ne as yta skt o
accompl ish, sinc et hes cants pa ceb etwe ent hepe rfo rme rs,thea udi enc ea ndt het omb
i
so c cupi edb yt heS udi gnita riesthe ms e l
v es, whoo #fe rn a- ran aht oe a cho the ra sa
tokeno fs oc i
a lb o nd ing .Thea tmo sphe rei se x tr
e me lyc ha rgeddur i
ngt heq u l andt he
qawwa lspe rfo rma nc ei sv e ryi nt ens e .Al t
ho ug ht heNi za muddi ns hrinei sno t
particu l
a rl
yf a mo usf o re xor c
ism, somede vo tees, mo stlywo me n,ta kea dv ant ag eo fthe
i
nt ensityo ftheo cc asiona ndus ei tfo rs piritua lhe alingpur po ses .De vo teesdi a gno se d
withs pi ri
tpo sses sionc anb es eendur ingt heq u lsb e hindt hema rblel a tticeso ft he
666 Ther eci
tat
ionbeginswiththe
nalver
sesof S
%ratal
-as
hr(59:
2 0
24),whichisfollo
we dbya
va
ryingsetofpass
ages.Therecit
ati
onalwaysendswithsura
s102,1
09,11
2(repe at
edthreetimes,s
ince
r
eadingS%ratal-
ik
hlFthri
ceisconsi
deredequaltorea
dingtheent
ireKo r
an),113
,11
4,1andt he
rstse
c -
t
iono fS
%ra t
al-
baqarah(2:1
5).Thi
sisf
ollo
we dbev e
rses2
:1
6 3
,combinati
ono f7
:56and2 1
:107
,33:
4 0
,
33
:56(fo
ll
o wedbyDu r%d-i
tj
,TheBles
si
ngso ft
heCr ownr
eadtotheProphe tasurgedinthepreceding
ve
rse)and3 7:
18
0182
.
667F o
rade tai
le
ddiscussi
ono nthesi
gni
canceofdui
naP aki
staniNaqshb a
ndishrine,se
e
Werbner2003:242
258.

203
t
ombsofShFjJahFn
sdaught
erJ
ahF
nFrFandtheMughale
mper
orMuWammadShF
h,
s
wayi
ngv i
ol
e ntl
ytot hemus i
cwith ha
irs1
2owi
ng.Thei
roc
cas
iona
lshr
iek
sare
s
uppr
ess
edbyt hemusic.

Ri
tua
lso
ngsd
uri
ngt
heC
urs
Thei nte nsityo ft heo cca si
oni suphe ldb ythes ing ingo ftheq awwa ls.Int heritua lco n-
texto ftheq u l
, theq awwa lsa ttache dt ot hes hr ines i
ngc ollect
ively.Thi s,acc
o rdingt o
Qur eshi,i sc all
e dp anc yatg n ( communa ls ing ing). Theme
668
lang eo ft hepe r
-
for
me rst hatc ont raststhemo rer egul arpr acticeo ft akingt u r
nsi ns i
ng ing( brg n )
isalsor eferredt oa smi lj ulc au kq avv l(
qa wwa l
i ofmi xedg roups
).Dur i
ngt heq ul,
thes eque nc eo fi te
mspe rf
or me db yt heq awwa lsi ss t
rictlypr escri
be d.The r
sti tema t
Nizamuddi ni sa lwa yst heQa u l
,as ongQur es hiha sc ha racteri
z eda st heb asicr itual
songo fS usmi nIndi a. Herno tiont ha tatNi z amuddi nAu li
yanoq awwa lieve ntc a n
star
ta n yo the rwa yisso me wha tina ccur ate
,s
669
inc et hisa ppliesonl yt oqawwa litha t
fol
lowst hef ti
a h.Ono the ro cc as
io nst heQa u lc anb eo mi t
ted. Yet, i
tssignicanc e
canha rdlyb eo verrated, andi tispr o ba blythemo sto ftenpe r
forme da ndr ec
o rde di n-
divi
dua litem.
TheAr ab i
ct exto ftheQa uli sve rys horta ndr e
a dsma nk u nt
uma ulfa-aliyyu n
ma ul (
670
Who sema sterIa m, hisma sterisAl i).S
6
71
omeq awwa lsaddt hephr a sea n a
ma dn a tul-
il
mf a-
a l
i
y yu nb bu h(
I amt hec ityo fk no wledg eandAl iisitsdo or).The
Qau lisb ase do naha di t
hi nc lude d,f ore xampl e,i nMu sn ado fAWma dibn^a nb al,
whe rei tre ads:a llhummama nk un t
uma u l
hf a -aliyyunma u l
ha llh ummav lma n
vlhwa dma n dh(
Go d, who sema sterIa m, hisma sterisAli.Go d,bef
r i
e ndt he
onewhob efri
e ndshi ma ndb ea ne ne myt ot heo newhoi sho stil
et ohi m). Fo rt he
Shia,theha dithpr o v
e sAl i
sinhe ri
tanc eo fbo tht hes piritualandwo rldlyautho rityo f
thePr ophe tMuha mma d. Fort heS u
s, i
tss i
g nica ncea r
isesf r
omAl i
sr oleast heh e i
r
ofthePr o phe t
se soterick no wle dge, aswe ll
a sf ro mhi sb eingthe rstlinkint hema s
-
ter
-disc iplec ha i
no fmo stS ub rothe rho ods. Thes econds ecti
o no ftheQa ul ma kesa
cle
a rre f
e renc etot hisb ye mp has i
zingAl i
sro lea st heg ateleadingt ot hek nowl edg eo f
Muha mma d.
TheQa u liss ai
dt oha veb ee ns ettomus icb yAmD rKhus rau.Be i
ngaha l
lowe dpa r
t
ofar itua l,whe ret hec re ati
v i
tyo ftheq awwa lsi sc urb ed,thet uneo ftheQa ul islike l
y
tor epre sentt heo lde sts urvivingl ay ero fq a wwa lico mpo si
ti
o ns.Whe ntheQa u lis
668 Qur eshi2006:
100.
669 Qur eshi2006:
2 1
670 Thec or
rec
tformo fthissa
yingisma nkuntumau l
hfa
-a
liy
y unma ul
h.Thepronomina
lsu#
xis
per
hapsfo rgo
tte
na ndo mi
t t
edfromwr it
tenversi
onsoftheQaulsinceiti
snorma l
lypro
nouncedonlyas
aninaudi
b lehinsingi
ng.SeeMe raj
,Sur%d,68.
671 Thewo rdqaulhascomet odeno t
ethispart
icul
arit
em,yetthereareot
he rArabi
cqawwal
istand-
ar
dsb ear
ingthesamede si
g nati
on.Amo ngtheseare,
forexa
mple,S ub
ndhl-
mu l
kwa
l-
malak%
t
(
Glor
ytot heLordofdo minionandthea ngel
icrea
lm)andAll
hu mmaa nta
l
-salm(
God,yo
ua r
e
peace
),a
lsoattr
ibutedtoAmD rKhusrau.

204
sung,t
heAr a
bict
extisf
ol
lo
wedb yata
rnahconsi
st
ingo
fwordst
hatdonotfor
ma
coher
entme ani
ng,butmusi
cal
lyil
l
ust
ratethemelodyt
hecompose
rwa nt
stoe x
-
pres
s. Thet
67
2
arn
ahisal
soarar
eexampleofabs
tr
act
,wor
dle
ssmusi
cintheqawwal
i
re
pertoir
es:
d
ard
ild
ard
ild
ard
n
h
amt
umt
ann
nn
ta
nn
nr
y
al
lya
lly
all
l
l
y
all
l
ya
ll
l
ya
ll
l
l6
73

Thesongte x
to ft heQa ulisveryshort
,a ndi nordertode v e
lopitintoaf ul l
-1
2edged
qawwa l
iit
em, thepe rf
orme rsaugmentitb yinsert
ingintoi tv e
rsesfro
mo the rsource.
Thustheyhaves omes copeo fadapti
ngthe i
rpe rf
orma ncet ov ar
yingco ntextsthrough
theuseofinse
rt edv er
ses
.Thr e
ev er
ydi#f
erentv er
sionso ftheQa ulwil
lb ediscussedin
thefol
lo
wingc ha pters
.
I
nadditi
ont ot heins
e rt
edv er
ses,
espe ci
all
ytheq awwa lsfr
o mHy de r
aba da ppend
twoshorti
temst ot heQau landtarnah.AtNi zamuddi n,thispracti
ceisf o
llowe do nl
y
byMe rajAhme d,whoha i
lsfro
m Hy derabad.The
r s
ta ppendedi t
e mi sa no t
her
tar
naha t
tri
but edt oAmD rKhusrauinS ur%d. Manyo ft hewo r
dsi nthistar naha r
e
eit
herArabico rP ersi
ana nd,occasi
onall
y,the yseemt oc onsti
tutecohe rente xpres
-
sio
ns.Howe v
er,the ydono tconveyanyobv i
ouso veral
lme aning.
l
ta
mf
l-
iva
jha
ll
hf
ata
in
nf

h-e
h-ei
nnf
ayy
tod
m
nda
rnd
ar
n
d
r-
if
and
nt
d
na
yy
ayy
r
t
ell
re
tt
ell
r674
Ifthesecondtarnahisa ppendedtot heQa ul,i
tisa l
waysfoll
owe dbyas hortHi ndi
po e
mb y_g hFMu Wamma dDF `
udAb El
-C
alF`
D(d.1 905)
.InHy der
a bad,ane ntire
ne i
ghbourhoodhasb e
enna me dafte
rthisin12
uenti
al Su
mas t
erasAgha pura
.Heus e
d
thepenna meb uWFinhi sHindipoems ,i
ns t
eadofba Wvrese
rvedforUr duandP e
r sia
n
wr i
ti
ng.Theverseevokesapo et
icmo t
ifofag ir
lwhoi sfet
chi
ngwa terf
r omapo nda nd
thenseesaha ndsomer e 1
2e
cti
o nmi r
roredo nthes urfa
ceo fthewa t
er.Throught his
mo ti
f,
thepo eme x
ploresthebewilderme ntre
sult
ingfromwi tnes
singtheb ea
utyo fdi-
vinesel
f-di
scl
osure.
Wh
oisi
tt
hat
app
ear
ed,
whoi
sit
?
Hema
deab
eau
tif
ulv
is
iona
ppe
ar[
and
]If
oun
dit
.
Th
isi
sth
at,
tha
tist
his
,he
yOu
!
I
fou
ndi
t,
Ifo
undi
t!

67
2 I ti
sinter
est
ingt
onot
ethatKa
ramImFmKhF n,t
heauthorofni
netee
nth-
cent
uryMa
dan-
i
m%sq, c
ontest
sthatt
hec
ontempor
aryi
ll
it
era
tesi
nger
shavedis
tort
edthePer
si
antexto
fta
rn
ahs.
Thi
s
i
ndic
atesthati
nhisvi
ewt
heyhadalogi
cal
semanti
cmeani
ng .
SeeQureshi2
010
:231
.
67
3 Me r
a j
,Su
r%d,48
.
67
4 Me r
a j
,Su
r%d,69
.

205
 Hea
rri
ved
,wh
oisi
tt
hat
app
ear
ed?
67
5

Themo ti
veb ehi nda ppe ndingt hisit
emt ot hede voti
ona lQa ul isno timme diatelyob-
vious.I
tso r
iginsma yliei nthepr a c
ti
c efol
lowe dinas ingleHy de r
a badikhnq hf r
om
whe rei
tha ssub se que ntlybe ena doptedforawi derusage.
TheQa ul isno r ma ll
yf ollo
we db yRa ng(
TheCo l
our),aHi ndi poema ttr
ibut edto
AmD rKhus r
au. Ite v oke sthepo eti
cima gesc onne ct
edwi thh ol, theHi ndufe s
tivalo f
colours
.Itc elebr atest hec onne ctionwi t
ht hes aintwho s
e ur sisb e
ingco mme mo r-
ated,buts i
mu lta neo uslye xultsinthej oyo fb einga #
l
iatedwi thal i
vi
ngS uma s
ter.
Whe ntheRa n gi ss ungd uringt heursfesti
v i
ties ,
itacquiresa no therlayerofme aning
asapo eti
cde scr i
pt iono fho wt heb lessi
ngso ft hes a
intspre ado v erthepa r
tici
pa ntsin
thesamema nne ra sthec ol
o ursofh olspreado vertherev el
lers.TheKo r
anicreferenc e
[2:
138]tob ei
ngd ye dwi thGo d
sc ol
our(Fibg ha tall
h
)ma yha vepr o
mpt edthewi de
useo fholii
ma ge rya mo ngI ndi anS u
s.I
nt hef oll
owingc ha pters, thr
eedi#ferentv er-
sio
nso ftheRa n gwi l
l bedi s
c ussed.
TheRa ngi so ftenf ollo
we db yano t
he rHi ndipo ema ttribut edt oAmD rKhus rau.
Thispo em, t
o o, evo kest heh o
li ma gery
,b utt hef ocusturnsf ro mt hecele
b rat
io nsto
theg i
rl
sdeclarat i
o no fhe rpa ssionatelovefo rtheb eloved. Thes ema nti
crang eo fthe
wo rdjobana ddsa ne roticunde rcurrenttot hepo em. Ina dditiont osimplyme aning
youth,i
ta ls
ode no testhepl e asuresofthey outha swe l
lasfema leb reast
s.
Dy
emewi
thy
ourc
olo
ur,
col
our
ful
!
Y
oua
remyl
ord
,Be
lov
edo
fGo
d!

Myv
eil
[an
d]t
het
urb
ano
fth
ebe
lov
ed
Dy
eth
emb
othwi
tht
hec
olo
uro
fsp
rin
g.
I
fyo
uwa
ntaf
eef
ord
yei
ng[
the
m]
Ke
epmyy
out
h(j
oba
n)a
sap
led
ge.
Y
oua
remyl
ord
,di
vi
neb
elo
ved
!

I
hav
ehu
rle
dmy
sel
ft
oyo
urd
oor
st
ep
P
rot
ect
myh
ono
ura
ndmo
des
ty
Y
oua
remyl
ord
,di
vi
neb
elo
ved
!

Ni
j
ma
l-
DnAu
li
y
ismyma
ste
r
Be
lov
ed,
joi
n[me
]in[
my]l
ove
.
Y
oua
remyl
ord
,di
vi
neb
elo
ved
!6
76

I
nIndianandPa
kist
aniSushr
ines,theQaulandRa
ngarealmos
talwaysper
-
f
ormedtoget
her
.The
irorderdependso nwhe t
herqawwa
lif
oll
owsorprece
desthe
f
ti
ah,
sinc
etheQau
lisalway
sa dj
acenttoit
.Thus
,int
heDec
can,whe
ref
tiahus
u-
6
75 Me
raj
,Su
r%d
,36
0.
6
76 Me
raj
,Su
r%d
,35
8.

206
all
yfol
lowsas am ass
emb ly,t
heitemsa repe rf
o rme dintheo ppositeordersothatthe
Rangpre cede stheQa ul
. IntheNi zamuddi ns hrine ,t
heo nlyrit
ua lwhe ntheRa ngis
omitte
db utt heQa uliss angist heo pe ni
ngc eremo nyo fthe urss implyc al
led
f
t
iahinstea dofqulo nt heeveningo fthe16. Ther
t
h677
i
tuali
ssupe re
ro ga
toryanda l
-
thougha tt
ende db ythek h d
ims,itdoe snota ttractma nypi l
gri
ms .Theq awwa l
ithat
fol
lowstheo peningft
iahbe gi
nswi tht heQa u l,
b utinst
e adoftheRa ng,itfe
a t
uresa
Persi
ang haza latt
rib
utedt oAmD rKhus rau.Ina ndo fits
elf,t
hepo emi sno tcongra
tu-
l
a t
oryandi nS u
r% d
,iti
sc lass
i
edasal oveg haz ali
ns t
eado famu bra
ko rs o
meo ther
poem wi thr it
ualfuncti
o n.Itsincorporatio
ni nt ot heritualcontextpr obabl
ys t
ems
fro
mt hef actthatthe
rsttwov ersesexpressthel over
sb estwis
he stotheb el
oved.
Ma
yyo
ush
inei
nbe
aut
yli
ket
hemo
on
Ma
yyo
ual
way
sre
mai
nint
hek
ing
domo
fat
tr
act
io
n.

Y
ouk
il
le
dme
,th
epo
or,
bya
namo
rou
sgl
anc
e
Y
ouwe
reme
rci
f
ul,
myGo
d,ma
yyo
uli
ve[
lon
g]!

I
amr
el
eas
edf
romt
hec
apt
iv
it
yof
thet
wowo
rld
s
I
fyo
uju
sts
itt
oge
the
rwi
th[
you
r]s
lav
e.

Y
oub
urnt
hewo
rld
,if
yout
hro
wana
mor
ousg
lan
ce
Y
ous
howe
rsu
gar
,i
fyo
usmi
l
e.

Don
otb
esoc
rue
l,l
es
tto
mor
row,
int
hed
ayo
fju
dge
men
t
Y
ous
hou
ldf
eel
ash
ame
dinf
ron
tof
thel
ove
rs.

Byd
eba
uch
erya
ndf
rol
i
c,l
i
keKh
usr
au,
Ma
yyo
ual
sot
earu
pth
ous
and
sof
hou
seh
old
s.
67
8

Aftertheq awwa l
sha ve
nishedsi
ngingt heQa ulandRa ng, s
omeo ftheS udi g
-
nit
ari
esleavethef orma l
asse
mb l
yintheshr i
nec ourt
yardands eatthemselveso nt he
arc
ades ur
roundi ngthet ombc hamb e
r.Some onewi thatleasts omestandingi nt he
shr
inehierar
ch ystaysb e
hindino rde
rtos upervi
sethee ndo fthea s
semb l
y.Altho ugh
thi
stra
ns i
ti
onma rkstheendo ftheobli
gat
o rypartoftherit
ua l
,theqawwa l
sc ontinue,
ti
mep ermitt
ing,witht womo reHindiit
emswhi c
ha respeci
ctotheo c
casio
na nda re
rar
elysungo therwise.Theya re!jb adhv(

To da
y,[sing]felic
ita
tio
ns)andCi sht
nagarme Wnijmp yr(
Inthet o
wno fChi sht
,thel ovel
yNi j
Fm )
,thelatt
era lr
e ady

6
77 Theo peningr i
tuala
ctual
lytak
esplacei
ntheb e
ginni
ngofthe17t
h
.However,
itst
imingi
sal
ways
g
ivena
sthe16th
intheur
sprogramme ss
entoutbythekhdi
ms.
6
78 NEral-^a san,Naghmt,371
;FFr
EqD,Nag
hm t
,1941
95andMe ra
j,Sur%d,91
.Thepoemisnot
f
oundi
nthed i
v anso fAmDrKhusra
u.Foradis
cuss
iononape r
for
ma nceo ft
hispoem,seeAni
sMiyan
s
,
I
tem3.

207
di
scu
sse
da bo
ve.I
nthe
rs
tit
em,af
emalepro
tag
oni
stbe
t
ti
ngl
yfe
li
ci
ta
test
heP
roph-
et
,whoarr
iv
estoherc
ourt
yar
dasahandso
meb r
ide
gro
om:
T
oda
y,[
si
ng]f
el
ic
it
ati
onsi
nth
eho
useo
fth
ebe
lov
ed,
ohI
wou
ldd
ief
orh
im!
6
79

I
sac
ri
23
cemy
sel
f
,ti
mea
nda
gai
n,f
ormyb
elo
ved
,ohI
wou
ldd
ief
orh
im!

Al
ima
det
hec
ano
py,
spr
eadt
heY
l
owe
rs
S
ett
heb
edo
fYl
owe
rs,
hey
!
Mu
hamma
dha
sto
dayb
eco
met
heb
rid
egr
oom.
T
oda
y,[
si
ng]f
el
ic
it
ati
onsi
nth
eho
useo
fth
ebe
lov
ed,
ohI
wou
ldd
ief
orh
im!

Th
erei
son
lyo
neb
elo
veda
ndt
hewo
rldi
sth
ebr
ide
I
sac
ri
23
cemy
sel
ff
orab
elo
vedl
i
ket
hat
.
T
oda
y,[
si
ng]f
el
ic
it
ati
onsi
nth
eho
useo
fth
ebe
lov
ed,
ohI
wou
ldd
ief
orh
im!

Ba
ngl
esd
eco
rat
ehi
sha
nds
,oi
lde
cor
ate
shi
she
ad
Th
ePr
oph
etc
ames
way
ingt
omyc
our
tya
rd
As
acr
i2
3c
eto[
his
]co
min
g,h
ey!
T
oda
y,[
si
ng]f
el
ic
it
ati
onsi
nth
eho
useo
fth
ebe
lov
ed,
ohI
wou
ldd
ief
orh
im!

As
taZ
fi
nhi
sha
nd,
bla
nke
tonh
iss
hou
lde
rs
F
oll
owe
dbyt
hee
nti
rec
ommu
nit
yof
bel
i
eve
rs
T
oda
y,[
si
ng]f
el
ic
it
ati
onsi
nth
eho
useo
fth
ebe
lov
ed,
ohI
wou
ldd
ief
orh
im!
6
80

Therstsect
iono fthepo em des c
ribe sthepr e pa r
a t
ionso fac eremoni a lcanopya nd
thenupt i
albedb yAli,whe reasthes eco ndf ocuse so nde s
crib
ingt hePr ophe t
sa ppea r-
ance:hec ar
riesas ta#
fi nhisha nda ndab l
ank eto nhi sshoul ders
.Ba ng le
sa do r
nhi s
handsa ndo i
l (makhn )shinesinhi sha i
r.Altho ug hhea rri
vest othec o urtyar
do fthe
protag
o nis
t,itisma dec learint hes eco ndv erset ha tthePr ophe tma rriesthee ntir
e
wo r
ld.Thusthepo emr efer
st othec o nce ptofMuha mma db eingsenta sapr ophe tto
theentirewo rl
d.Iftimer ema insa f
tert he setwoi temsa ndb eforeitist imet oa ttend
thenextda i
lypr a
yer,di#f
erentq a
wwa lig r
o upsst arttosingint urns.
I
na dditi
o ntotheq ul
s,theq awwa l
ss er
vicesa rer equi
redi nv ar
iouss am assem-
bli
esina nda r
oundt hes hrined uringt he urs.I nc ontradis
tinctionwi tht hec us t
o m
fol
lowedi ns ma l
lers hri
nes,whe ret hepa rt
icipa ntso fthe u rsatt
enda l
lt hepr o-
gramme sa sas i
ngleg roup,a tNiza mudd indi #f
e rentpi l
gri
msha vet he irindividual
routi
neso fa tt
endingdi #fe
rentf unc t
ionso rganiz edi nv a
riousl ocat
io nsa roundt he
Basti
.Someo fthemp ra c
tic
a l
lyspendt hee nti
r eu rsinthec our t
yardoft hes hrinea nd
takepartinwha t
everf uncti
o nso cc
urt he r
e,whi leo thersstaywi ththe irspe ci
cS u

6
79 Emai
Wvrr
e,l
i
t.
ohI
amas
acr
i
c
ehe
y.
6
80 Mer
aj
,Su
r%d
,361
.

208
brotherho od.Ye to the rsfollo
wapa rti
c ula rqawwa l
ig roupf r
o mo nefunc tiontoa noth-
er.
Thes heera b unda nc eo fq awwa l
ipe rfor
ma ncesr endersmus icama j
o ratt
racti
o n
ofthec elebra
tio nsa long s
idewi tht hes ai
nthimse lf
, ofco urse.Att heNi za
muddi n
shri
ne ,the r
ea rer elativelyf e
wo thera ttra cti
onstoco mp et
ewi t
hq awwa l
i.Thereisno
ful
l-1
2edg edf a
ir( me l
)wi ths tall
sa ndme rr
y-go-r
oundso rga nisedint hene i
ghb our-
hood, no rarethe rea nyno n-religi
ouse ve ntssuchast heAl lIndiaI ndustr i
alExhibiti
on
thattake splacedur ingt he ursofGe s
Eda rFzinGul barga.
Fort heq awwa ls,
u r
si sal ucrati
vepe ri
od.Theyha veapo ssi
b i
lit
ytopr act
isetheir
professi
o no nmu lt
ipleo cc as
io nsov eras hortperio
do ftime. Eveni ftheydono ta c
ta s
rel
igiousf unctio narie slikeS ushe ikhsa ndk hdims ,theya rec ruci
alt ot hepr oper
executiono ft
he urs. The i
rs ervi
cesa rei nhi ghd ema nd, ands i
nc eDe lhiisho met oa
rel
ativelys mall numb ero fqawwa l
ig ro ups ,t
hes hri
neha stor elyo nq awwa l
sarrivi
ng
fro
mo utsidet hec ityi no r
d ert ome ett hede ma ndf o rpe rforme rs
.Thene edf or
qawwa l
si sallthemo repr ono unceda tpr e s
entasitse emst ha ttheS u
swhol ayc l
aim
toq awwa l
ic onno i
sse urshipa rer elucta ntt oli
stent ot hehe re
di t
a r
yq awwa l
so fthe
shri
ne .F orthi
sr easo n, t
heq awwa lipe rfo rmancestha ttakepl acei nv arioussam as-
semb l
ie sarehe te ro
g eno usa ndv aried.

6
.3S
acr
edhi
st
orya
ndl
iv
edpr
ese
nts
:am
att
heme
dit
ati
onc
ell
ofNi
z0
/ma
l-
D2n

The
rstq awwa liper f
o rma ncea naly
sedi nt hischa ptert hrowsl ighto nthedy na mics
ofas am assemb lyt ha tisattende db yaS usheikha ndhi sdisciples. Al
6
81
laspe ctsof
theo ccasio
nwhe the rt heyr el
a t
etot heo ut
wa rdc o mpo rtme nto fpa rti
cipant s,the
selectiono fpo etry
, t
hemus icalid i
omo rthev enuei tselfa reco nnec t
e dwitht hes ac-
redhi storyo ftheChi shti Nizamis ils
il
a hino newa yo ra nother.Thea s
s emblyi nq ue s
-
ti
o ni sorganiseda tChi l
laS haree finthela t
emo rningo fthe17 da
th
yofb othCur sfestiv
-
i
ties. Chill
a,theme dita ti
o nce l
l usedb yNi zF
Pma l-DDn, i
sb eli
e v
e dt oha veb e
e nt heo ri
-
ginall ocationo fhi sj a m
atk hna h
.I tiss it
uateda bo uto nek i
lome treea sto ft he
shrine ,adjacenttot heno rt
he rnwa lloftheMug ha le mpe rorHumF yEnstomb . Sti
llin
ad ilapidateds tat
ei nt he1 9
70 swhe nQur e shididhe reldwo rk,t
68
2
heChi l
laha sno w
beenr eno vated,pa i
nt eda ndwhi tewashe d.Al t
ho ught hec it
yi ss l
o wlyc r
a wlingt o-
wa rdst heChi lla,itiss tillsi
tuat edinas e renese t
ting1 2ankedb yHuma yun
st o mb ,a
Sikhg urudwa raa ndas crubb yf ores
t.Seeingwi ldpe ac ocksint hes urr o
undi ngt rees
andhe aringthe i
rs hrillcriesisno tunc ommo n.
Ther ediscoveryo ft hepla ceha sb ee
nc lai
me db yKh wajaHa sanNi zami ,andhe
i
ni t
ia tedthepr acticeo fho l
dings am ass
e mb li
eshe re. TheChi ll
ai sloca t
eda wa yfrom

6
81 Thischapt
erisadeta
il
eda
naly
sisoft
hesama
sse
mblybr
ie1
2ydi
scus
sedi
nVi
it
am
kif
ort
hco
m-
i
nga
.
6
82S eethephoto
g r
aphsi
nQur
eshi200
6:97,
143a
nd146
14
7.

209
thet ho roug hfareso ft hene ighb our ho od,a ndc as ua lpa sse rs
-byr ar elys t
rayi n.Mo s
t
l
istene rsa red isci
pl esi nt heS uo rderhe ade db yKh wa jaHa sanS a
niNi zami ,thes on
andd eput yo fKh wa j
aHa s anNi z ami ,andt hea t
mo sphe reisv eryint ima te.The ursisa
rareo ppo rtuni t
yf o rthedi sciplest oe nj oyt hec o mpa nyo ft heirgui dewhoi sno tv e
ry
activedur ingt her e sto ft hey earduet ohi sc ons ider ablea g
e . Asar
683
esult,the
ve
da y
ss pe ntwi thKh wa jaHa sanS a ni dur i
ngt he u rsb e comea ni ntens ivepe r
iodo fS u
trai
ning . Thea ss
e mb lyo rga niseda ttheChi l
lar epr es entsa ni mpo rta nta s
pe cto fpil-
grima get oS u
s hrine st ha tiss ome time so ve rl
o ok ed: thef o c
uso ft hepi lgr
imsi sno t
exclusive l
yo nt hes a int,b uta lsoo nb eingi nt hec ompa nyo fal i
v i
ngs heikh.
Onr e gularda ys ,thef ewpe o plev isiti
ngt heChi ll
ae ng agei nthe irde voti
o nsint he
gall
e r
ya djacentt ot heme dita ti
o nc ell.Du ringt hes am a ssemb li
e s,thec elliso pened
andKh wa jaHa sanS a nit ak eshi spl ac ei nside,t huse xpl i
c i
tlya ssumi ngt her oleof
NizF
P ma l-DDnspr esent -da yr epres entative .Hi srela tives,c losestdi sciplesa ndv i
siti
ng
Su
d i
gni tariesga the ra roundhi m, whi lether esto fthel i
s tenersta ket heirsea t
sint he
gall
e r
ywi tht heq awwa lswhos i
tf ac i
nghi m. Thedi sta nceb etwe enKh wajaHa sanS a
ni
andt heq awwa lsi so nl ya bo utf ourme tresa ndt hepe r f
o rme rsa rehe rea bl
et or ead
event hes ma ll
ests ignsf romt hef a ceo fthemr -
ima 23
l.
Thea ssemb lyo pe nswi thaf ti
aht ha tisfo l
lo we db yt heq a
wwa ls
pe r
fo r
ma nce.
Ast het imef o rthea sse mb lyisno tv erylo ngduet ot hei mp endingno onpr ayer( zuhr),
onlyaf e wq awwa l
i gr oupspe rformhe re.Dur ingQur e shisel
dwo rk, thes t
agewa se x-
clusivelyhe l
db yMe raj Ahme d, buts i
nc et he no the rg roupsha veb ee ninv i
ted. Dur i
ng
the urso fNi za muddi no nt he1 4o
th
fApr i
l2 0 0
9 ,a lt
o gethe rt hreeq awwa l
ig roupsa t-
tende dt hes am a ssemb lya tt heChi lla.Me rajAhme da ndt heq awwa lsattache dto
theNi za muddi ns hr i
nea ree nt i
tledt ope rformt her i
tua litemso na ll occasionsdur i
ng
theu r
sf e st
iviti
es,s ot he yha dt he rsttur n.

I
tem1
:Qaul
(inAr
abi
c)

Qau
land Wh
osema
ste
rIa
m,h
isma
ste
risAl
i
.
t
ar
nah
d
ard i
ldardild
ardn
h
amt umta nnnnt
ann
nr
e
y
allyal
lyal
ll
l
y
alll
ya l
ll
yal
ll
l

Wh
osema
ste
rIa
m,h
isma
ste
risAl
i
.

1
s
t
g
ira
h(i
n L
ett
hes
cri
ptu
reo
fAl
i
sc
oun
ten
anc
ebet
hef
ai
tho
fMu
sli
ms!

683S i
ncet
heu
rsofNi
zF
Pmal
-DD
nin20
12,heha
snotbeenabl
etoa
tte
ndthes
am
asse
mb l
yatt
he
Chi
ll
aanymor
e,s
inc
emovingt
her
efr
omhishous
eintheBas
tiha
spro
vedphys
ica
ll
ytootax
ing
.

210
P
ers
ian) Wep
ros
tr
ateo
urs
el
vest
owa
rdst
hep
ray
ern
ich
eof
Ali

sar
chi
nge
yeb
rows
.

Qa
ul Wh
osema
ste
rIa
m,h
isma
ste
risAl
i
.

Aswa spo i
ntedo uta bo ve, thes o ngt exto ftheQa uliss os ho rtt ha tde v
e l
o pingi t
i
nt oaf ull-1
2ed gedpe rforma nc et ha tinv olvesmo retha nr epe ati
ngas ing l
ephr aseo v er
ando vera gainne c essitatesi ns ertingv e r
sesint oi t.Thispr acticei sk no wna sg irah
l
a g n (tyi
ngak no t
). Gi
684
rahv ersesc anb eins ert
e da ft
e ra nys ema nt icallyme aning -
fulphr aseo ft hes a l
ie ntt extwho seimpo rttheq awwa lswi shtoe la bo rateo n. Int he
ca s
eo ft hepe rforma nc ea tha nd,a llt heg ir
a hv ers esarede v
o tiona la ndc onne c t
ed
wi thAl i.Inthec our seo fhi spe rforma nc e,Mera jAhme dinitiatesa lto ge therveg i
ra hs
outo fwhi c
hf oura rei nP ersiana ndo nei nUr du. Thi salrea dyle ndst hepe r
forma nce
ana urao fso phi s
tica tion. Ano t
he rwa yt oe mpha sizetheno v elt
yo fthepe rforma nc eo f
ac o mmo ni temb elong ingt ot hec oreq awwa lirepe rtoir
ei stoi nt r
o duc eg i
rahv erses
i
nac learlydis ti
ng uisha b lefo rm. Thi sa pplie
spa rticula r
lyt ot het hirdg i
ra h.Itco nsists
of vev ers
est akenf rom ama nq aba twr i
tte
nb yS hF hNi y Fz.Thef ul lte xtha sni ne
ve r
se s,butus ua ll
yo nlyo neo rt woa r
ei ns ert
edi ntot heQa u lbyo the rq awwa ls.
Gira hv ersesa reus ua ll
ys ungi nr ec i
tati
vewhi let heb e ato fdr umsr ecedest ot he
ba ckg round. S ome time st hel ine so ft heg ir
aha res ungb yt hel ea dingv ocalis
ta l
o ne,
buthei sfreque ntlyl entv ocal supp ortb yatleastpa rto ftheg roup . Thel astlineo fthe
giraha ctsa sapunc hl inel ea dingmus icall
ya nds ema ntica ll
yb a ckt ot hes ali
entt ext
andi tformsa ne xc ept iont ot hispr actice .
Alltheme mb e
rso ftheg ro upj o i
ni ns inging
i
t ,andi ti susua ll
yr e pe atedo nlyo nce .Ent i
reg irahv e rse
sc a nb er epe ate da f
terb rie12y
retur ningt othes a li
e ntt ex t
. Qur e shiha sob s
erve dtha tifag irahi swe ll r
e ceivedb ythe
audi enc e,andf ort hisr ea sonr e pe ated, mo rev ersesc anb ea dde dt oi tifi tispa rto fa
l
a rge rwho l
e,likeag ha z aloraq it
a h. Ac
6
85
c or
dingt omye x pe ri
enc e, theo ppo siteiso f-
tent rue .Iftheg i
ra hc o nsistso f,fo rins tance,thre ev erses,likeint hec aseo fthef our t
h
giraho fthepe rforma nc ea tha nd ,theq awwa lsin variablyr epe ato nlyt hel asto ne .The
l
a stv erseo ft heg ira hha sus ua llyt hemo stwe ight,a swe ll
. Int hisc a se, impl oringt he
he l
po fAl icli
ma xest hei ns ert.
Int heo pi niono fS ha ke elHo ssain, i
nserti
ngv erse sintot hes alie ntt extisa mo ng
themo stmi sus edt oo lso ftheq awwa l. Hec ont r
a ststheus eo fg ira hv erseswi th spir-
i
t uala #
nit
yo fthek alFma ndt hev ib r
ancyo ft het arz( mus ica lc o mpo si
tion)
.6
6
8

Qur e shima kesas imi laro bse r

v atio nwhe ns heno te stha tthepr o fus eus eo fg irahi s
so me time sc enso red,b e caus ei ti mpl iestheq a wwa l
spe rsona le xpre s
siona nd

68
4S eeQur es
hi2006
:esp.
143
207f
oradet
ai
leddis
cuss
iono
nv a
rio
ustex
tua
landperf
orma
ti
vete
ch-
ni
que
susedb yt
heq a
wwa l
s.
Ag e
nera
lout
li
neoftheper
for
manceproc
essc
anbefoundi
natabl
eon
pa
ge19
7.
68
5 Qureshi2006:
201.
68
6 Ho s
sain2012
:31
.

211
choic
e .
68
7
Nodo ubt,t
heq awwa l
sperforminginf o
rma lsamasse
mb lie
sa r
eno tasfr
ee
toma nipulatethetextastheno n-Supe
r f
orme r
sin1 2
uencedbyq awwa l
i.MadanGo-
palSingha ndDhr uvSang ari
,forexample,c onte
stt hatqawwa l
iallo
wst hemt odo
pract
icallywhatevertheywa ntwiththetext.Theforme r
,forexample,i
ns e
rtspassa
ges
fr
omBe rtoldBrechtandJohnL enno ntohissongs. Theo
6
88
bser
vati
onso fHo s
sai
na nd
Qureshi,o ntheotherhand, sug
gestthattheq awwa ls
possi
bil
it
iest
oe xpressthe
irpo-
eti
ccreativitya
remuc hmo reli
mitedthanwha teme r
gesinthecourseofthefoll
owing
chapt
e rs.Onma nyoccasi
o ns,t
hemo stf
avoura b
lea udi
e nc
er e
sponseise nti
cedb ya
ski
lf
ul useo fgi
rahv e
rses.

Qa
ul Wh
osema
ste
rIa
m,h
isma
ste
risAl
i
.

2
nd
gi
rah(
in Ia
ma ai
dar,Iamaqala
n d
ar,
Iamdrunk6
89

P
ersi
an) Ia
mas l
aveofAl
iwi
thwhomGodispl
eas
ed
Ia
mthechie
foft
hepro
Yl
igat
es
Be
cau
seIamad ogf
romtheal
le
yofGod
sl
ion.

Qa
ul Wh
osema
ste
rIa
m,h
isma
ste
risAl
i
.

3
rd
gir
a h(
in Br
avothemig
hta
ndmaje
styo
ftheF
ath
erofDus
t,
69
0
t
hep
rideo
fhu
ma ni
ty
P
e rs
ian) Al
iwit
hwh o
mGodisp
lea
sed,
remov
erofo
bst
acl
es,
lio
nofth
eOmnipo
tent
.

F
rie
ndo
ftheTr
uth
,ass
igneeo
fMu s
taf
a,o
cea
no v
erY
lo
wingwi
thb
o u
nty
I
mamofth
etwoworl
ds,
thedi
rec
ti
onfort
hepr
ayer
sofre
li
gi
onandfai
th.

Pr
inc
eoft
hel
ando
fpiou
spove
rty
,ki
ngo
f t
hecl
i
memy s
ti
cal
knowl
e d
ge
Hesp
eak
sabo
utGod,
knowsGod,
see
sGodandder
iv
eshi
saut
hori
tyfr
omGo
d.

TheMesse
ngers
atont
hep
ulp
ita
ndsai
d:
Hisma
ste
r69
1

Soth
atther
ewoul
dbeapr
oof
ofhi
s[i
.
e.Al
i
s
]bei
ngthema
ste
ramo
ngt
hec
rea
ted
bei
ngs.

Ni
yz
,du
rin
gth
ere
sur
rec
ti
on,
youwi
l
lno
tbed
est
it
ute

687 Qur es
hi2006:201.
688S eeMa nuel2008:392393.
689 Bothterms,a i
darandq a l
andar,ref
ertotheanti
nomianSu
brothe
rhoods.Menti
oningt
hem
hasle
dtoa t
tri
buti
ngt hi
sve r
setov ar
iousqala
nda r
ssuchasLFlS
hahbFzQa l
andarofSehwan(d.1
274
),
BECAl
DShFhQa l
anda rofPanipat(d.1
324)aswe l
lasthecont
emporar
yo fNi
z F
P
ma l-
DDn,AbEBakrTP
EsD
^aidar
DQa l
andar
Do fDelhi
.
690 BEt ur
Fb,i.
e.Ali.
691 Ma ula-
y-as
h(
Hismas t
e r
)trans
latest
heAr abi
cma ul
ahandref
erstothehadi
ththatf
ormsthe
basi
softheQa u
l.

212
 S
inc
eth
elo
vea
nda
Zf
ect
io
nfo
rAl
iwi
l
lbey
ourp
oss
ess
ion
s.6
92

Qa
ul Wh
osema
ste
rIa
m,h
isma
ste
risAl
i
.

4t
h
g
ira
h( i
n KingofNaj
af,
L i
onofGod,
cupbe
are
rofKausa
r
Urdu;the Co nq
uer
orofKhayba
r,br
eake
rofra
nks,b
rav
ewa r
ri
or!
l
a s
tverser
e-
peate
d Mysi
tuat
io
n,init
sen
tir
ety
,i
sevi
dentt
oyou
twice
) Ia
md es
perat
e,Iamhel
ple
ss,
whyshoul
dInotbea
git
ate
d?

He
lp[
us]n
ow;thi
sist
het
imef
orhe
lp!
Ki
ngo
fNaja
f!ByMu h
ammad,
youarebo
undb
yano
ath
.

Qa
ul Wh
osema
ste
rIa
m,h
isma
ste
risAl
i
.

5t
h
gi
rah(in S i
ncet
hepic
tur
eoftheworl
dhasbee
njoi
nedto
gether
,Ali
hasexi
st
ed
Persi
an;the S i
ncet
heeart
hhasbeenf
ormed,t
heti
mehasbeenandAliha
sexi
ste
d.
l
a stver
sere-
pea t
ed Theki
ngwhowastheass
ign
ee[ofMuhammad],wasthemast
er
,wasAl
i
twice) Al
iwasth
emo na
rchofgene
ros
it
y,boun
tyandmu n
i23
cenc
e.

Th
atexa
lte
dkin
g,who
,int
heni
ght
ofas
cens
ion
Waso
newithAhmad
,thec
hos
enone
,wasAl
i.

Qa
ul Wh
osema
ste
rIa
m,h
isma
ste
risAl
i
.

6
th
gir
a h(
in Co
me,
ohmo
nar
chwh
osi
tso
nth
eth
ron
e..
.
69
3

P
er s
ian)
5t
h
g
irahr
e- S
inc
eth
epi
ctur
eoft
hewor
ldh
asbee
njoi
nedt
oget
her
,Ali
hase
xis
ted
peated S
inc
eth
eea
rthhasb
eenf
orme
d,t
heti
mehasbe
en[and]Al
iha
sexi
ste
d.

KhwajaHa s
anSaniandhisma inguest,Wa r
isHus sai
nChis
hty,akhdi
mfromt he
shr
ineofMuC Dnal-
DDn,a
res t
ir
redb ythefthgirah,vari
ablya
ttri
bute
dtoREmDa nd
Shams-
i T
ab r
ezD.Whentheq a
wwa lsarea b
o uttostartane wPer
siangir
ah(6g
t
h
ir
ah),
the
yd i
rectthemt oret
urntothepr evi
o uso ne.Thisg i
rahbeco
me sthecul
mi nati
ng
poi
ntofthee nti
renumber.KhwajaHa sanS anii
nstructstheqa
wwa lst
orepeatthe
-
nalpar
tofthev er
seindi
#fe
rentvariat
ions.Thisl
e adstheq a
wwalstouseanot
he rper
-

6
92F o
rtheful
lte
xtofthema
n q
abat
,seeNiy
Fz,Dvn-
iNi
yzBeni
yz(
192
9),6
9;Me
raj
,Su
r%d
,58
59
.
F
ora
bri
dgedver
si
ons,se
eNEral
-^as
an,Naghmt,
355
356;
FFrEq
D,Nagh
m t
,1
86.
6
93O
ibsa
rr,li
t.
onewhoownst
hethrone
.

213
forma t
ivet ec
hni quet hatisv e r
yc haracteri
sti
ct oq awwa li.Thisisc alledt ak
r r(repeti
-
ti
o n).Mo sttextualpa ss
ag esa reinaq awwa l
ipe r
forma ncer epe ateda tlea staf e w
ti
me s.Thi sisca l
ledd ohrn (
repeating,reit
era ti
ng),andi tise mpl oyedi no r
de rto
givet hel i
s t
enerse no ught imet og raspt heme a ningo fthev e r
se .Ta krr,ont heo ther
ha nd, i
smo reex t
ens iveandc anin volverepeatingas inglephr a
sef ort ensore ve nhun-
dre dso ftime s
. Thet akrrisr esort
e dtowhe ns omel i
stene risde e plya #
fectedb yt he
pe rforma nceo runde rgoesamy sti
cals tat
e .
Suc hs tatesa reb yS usa t
trib
ut edt ot he
comb inede #f
ec tofmu sicala ndpo eticphra s
e,a ndupho ldingthe mr equiresre peating
thephr aseinq uestionunt ilthes tatea bates.
Thephr as
e sre pe at
eddur ingt het akrra reo ft
e nme lodicallyi denti
ca la ndt he
aimi sno ttopr esentme l
o dicimpr o vi
sa t
ions,butt olett helist
e ne r
se x
tractme anings
fromt het ext
.Thi sa pproac hdi #
fersfromD humr, f
ore xa mp l
e ,whe re i
nt hesing erv ar
-
i
e st hephr a
semus icall
yi no rdert ohig hli
ghtdi#ferents hade sofme aning.I
694
ni tsb a
-
sicf orm, thetak r
rl eavest her espons i
b i
li
tyofd eri
vingt heme aning sfromt het extto
thel iste
ne rs.I
nt rans cribi
ngt hepe rforma ncesi nthef ollowingc ha pters
,Iha v eus ed
bo ldt oindicatea l
l theinsta nceso ftakr r
.Inpr acti
cet hisme anst ha tanylinei nb old
wa sr epeateda tleastt entime s.

5
th
gi
rah The
rewaso
ne,t
her
ewasAl
i.
e
labor
ate
d
The
rei
sAli
,t
her
ewasAl
i.

The
rei
sAl
i,
the
rei
sAl
i,
the
rewasAl
i,
the
rewasAl
i.

The
rei
sAl
i,
the
rewasAl
i,
the
rei
sAl
i,
the
rewasAl
i.

Th
atexa
lte
dkin
g,who
,int
heni
ght
ofas
cens
ion
Waso
newithAhmad
,thec
hos
enone
,wasAl
i.

Qau
land Wh
osema
ste
rIa
m,h
isma
ste
risAl
i
.
t
ar
nah
d
ard i
ldardild
ardn
h
amt umta nnnnt
ann
nr
e
y
allyal
lyal
ll
l
y
alll
ya l
ll
yal
ll
l

Wh
osema
ste
rIa
m.

Dur
ingthispe
rfo
rmanc
e,t
heqawwal
sde
xter
ousl
yfo
ll
owe
dthere
act
ionsofthe
mr
-ima 2
3
la ndacco
rdi
ngl
yenga
gedint
akr
r.Res
tofthel
i
ste
ner
sdemo ns
tr
ated
6
94S
eeduP
err
on2
007
:6.

214
theira ppr e cia t
io no ft hepe r f
o rma nc e
,whi c hpr o mpt edt heq a wwa lst oe xtendt he
takr r.Thef actt ha tt hei mpe t
usf ori nitiatinga ndupho ldingt hist a kr rc amef ro m
thel ist
e ne rsi sa ne xc ellentde mo ns t
r at
io no fho waq awwa lipe rforma ncei st oag reat
extents ha pe db yt hea udi enc er espo nse.Qur eshiha sa na lysedt hef ullra ng eo fa udi-
enc er espo ns esa nddi videdt hemi nt ot hreeg r
o ups .The rs
tg ro upt ha tinc l
ude sb ow-
i
ngt hehe ad,pr o st
ra ti
nga ndj o i
ni ngt heha ndsi ss pe cict oS u
sm,whe re ast ot he
seco ndb elo ngt hef o rmso fc ommo nI ndo -
Mus li
mc ultur ale xpress i
o n, suc ha ss wa y-
i
ng ,r aisingt hea rma nde xp ressingv erbala dmi ra ti
o n.Thet hir dg ro up ,a ga i
n,c o m-
prisest hema ni festatio nso fi ntens ea rousal typical toS us ma ndc o verst her espo nses
from unc ont rolledmo v eme nta ndc r yi
ng ,toda nc e, roll
ingo nt heg rounda nd, i
ne x-
tremec a ses,de a th.695

Whi lea l
l the seo #fert heq awwa l
sc luesa st oho wt he i
rpe rf
o rma nc eisr ec eive d, of
-
feri
ngn a -r n aht ot hemr -
i ma 2
3l co nstit
ut est hec lea r
es tindic ationo fthea udie nc e
s
appr ova l.Thi si sa lsoawe lcomeg e sturef r
o mt heq a wwa l
s vant agepo int, sinc eitc on-
tri
b utest ot her e mune ra t
iont he yr e ceive.Na -rn ahi sg ivenb yt hel istene rst ot he
mr -i ma 23
l. Itist he nde livere dt ot heq awwa lsdur i
ngt hepe rforma nc eo ra ftert he i
r
turni so ver. Thel ev elo fe x press ingr e
s pec ttot hemr -ima 23lwhe npr ese ntingt he
na- rn ahv ar i
e sg rea tl
yf r
om as lightb owo fhe adt ok issinghi sha ndo rf ee t.Int he
sam ass emb li
e s,whe ret hemr -i ma 23lactsa stheS ug uideo ft hel iste ne rs,thel at
-
ter
sg est ure st endt ob ehi ghl yr ev ere nti
a l
, l
ikei nt heo cca si
o na tha nd. Al i
ste ne rma y
alsopr e senthi sn a- rn aht oaf e llow- l
istene r,whoa ddshi sc o ntrib utionb e foret hey
appr oa cht hemr -ima 23ltog ethe r.Thus , na- rn a
ho #fersapo s
sib i
lityt ob o ndwi tht he
mr -ima 23la swe lla swi tho t
he rl istene r
s ,whi lei ts imu ltaneo us l
ye stab lishe sad i
a-
l
o guewi tht heq awwa ls.
Inthef o rma lsam a ss
e mb l
ie sI hav ea ttende d, then a -r nahi sno rma ll
yano teof

veo rte nr u pee s.Themr -ima 23l usua ll

yha sas tac ko fc rispno teswi thhi m, whe reas
al istene rwhoha sno tpr e pa redb eforeha ndi sa b leg e ts ma lle x cha ng ef r
o mt he
qawwa lso rf ro mt hepi leo fn a- rn ahl y i
ngi nf ro nto ft hemr -ima 23l.Al tho ugh
mo ne yi sa tpr ese ntt hes tanda rdf ormo fn a-r nah ,Iha v eo nc ewi tne sseda ne lde rl
y
gent l
e ma ng if
tinghi swa tcht ot heq a wwa l
si nt hek h nq ho fS hF hKhF mo s hi n
Hy de raba d. Ov ert hepa stde cade ,I ha vea lsoo b serveda ni nc re
a seint hev alueo fr egu-
l
a rn a- rn ahf romt woo r
v er upe estot e n. La r
ge ra mo unt sa rec o nside redo ste nta-
tious, ande v ent hes ma ll
e s
ta mo unt sar eo ftenhi dde nins idet hepa lmso rf olde d. Al-
thoug hmo ne yisak e yf actori nt hei nt eractionb etwe e nthepe r f
o rme r
sa ndt hel isten-
ers,iti sa lsos ome thingt ha tne e dst ob ek epthi dde na ndmo veda r
o unddi scre etly
.
Thiss ee mst oa ppl ye spe cial
lyt oI ndi aa ndi t formsas tarkc o ntrast tot hepr ac ti
c epr e-
vaili
ngi nP ak i
sta n, whe resho we rso fno tesc anb er aine do nb o tht hemr -ima 23l and
theq awwa lsa ndwhe ret hel istene rsma yc o mpe t
eo verb e comi ngt hemo stpr omi ne nt

6
95 Qur
eshi
200
6:1
201
28

215
patrono ft heo cca s
ion.696
Int hef o rma l s
a m assemb li
esi nIndia,s ucha c
tionswo ul d
ber ect
iedi ns trongwo rds.Ho we ver,the ya r
eno tunc o mmo nd uringt hemo rei n-
for
ma lq awwa l
i sessionsi nt hes hrinec ourtyardswhe r
et hepr esenceo fmo ne yc anb e
conspicuo usa ndt hede no mi nationso fo nehund redo rvehundr e dr upe esarec o m-
mo nlypr esentedb ythemo rea #12ue ntlisteners.
Thei mpe tusf o rgivingn a -rn ahv a r
ie sf
rompur elys ocialmo t
iv ati
o nsb earingno
rel
ationt ot hepe rfor
ma nc ei tse l
ft oa ppr eci
a ti
ngt hes ongt e
x to rmus ic.Ont he
coarses
tl ev e
l,itisc ommo nt oo #
fern a-rn ahwhe neverana meo fas aintl
ype rso na ge
i
sme ntione d.Ho we ver,t hemo res ubtlet hele veloflisteningt ot het e xt
,themo re
clos
e l
yt hel ist
e ne rsync hr oni zest heg ivingo fn a-r
naht ot hepo eticme aning .Of
course,ther easo nsb ehi ndb e i
ngt ouc hedb ythet extcanb ede eplype rsona landno t
necessarilystemf romhe aringapa rticularlyartisti
cpo eticlineo rav irtuosope rf
o rm-
ance.Inhe rtypo l
og yo ft hea udi enc er e
s ponses ,Qureshis eparatesthes ponta neo us,
expressi
v er e
ac ti
o nsfrompr e sentingn a-r nah.I
6
97
tshou ldb enoted, ho wev er
,tha tthe
twoa reint erconne c t
ed. Ev enape rsonwhoha su ndergo neamy sticals ta
teinv o l
ving
i
n vol
unt arymo v eme ntsa nd,po s si
b ly
,l osso fs ensesus uallysoli
citst hemr -
ima 23
l
withn a-r naha fterrega ininghi sse nse s.
Inthepr ese ntc ase,t hec ompo rt
me nto fthel is
tene rsisrestraine da ndno neo f
theme x hib i
tsa nys ignso fv io l
e ntmy sticalstates;thet end encyisr athe rtot urni n-
wardst ha no pe nlye xhib itt hee xpe ri
e nce .Whe nt hes uc cessf
ull
ype rforme dQa u lis
conclude d,theq awwa lspr oce edt ot heRa ng.

I
tem2
:Rang(
inHi
ndi
)

Ra
ng Tod
aythereiscol
our(
L e
t
sgo!
),Omothe
r,t
her
eisc
olo
ur,
hey!
Ther
eiscol
ou ri
nthehouseo
fmyb e
lov
ed!
Meet
ing6
98
withtheda
rli
nglov
e(Meet
ingwit
hmybelo
ved
!),
joy
ful
cel
ebr
ati
ons
69
9
(
In
myhouse!)
[Wi
llt
akep l
ac ]i
e nt
hiscour
tyar
d!(
See!
)

Whentheqawwal
ssi
ngtheli
nei
sWganmeW(
i
nthi
sco
urty
ard
),
the
ygest
ure
a
rou
ndthem,to
wa r
dsthe
irphy
sic
ale
nvi
ronme
nt,a
ndthu
sconnec
tthepoet
ict
ext

696S e
e,e.g.Huda2 007
:684685.
697 Qur e
s hi200 6:1
22.
698 Bo t
hmi lva randbad h
vara reappa rentl
yno unsfor
me df r
ommi l
vandbadhv,r
espect
-
i
vel
y ,
bysub st
itutingtheending-with- arina nal
ogywi thj
iya ndji
yar
.OneoftheDhumrlyri
cs
st
udiedbyduP erronsubsti
tute
sthewo rdpaph withp a
ph ar.SeeduPerr
on2 0
07:32.
Theendingac-
ce
ntuatesthea rchaicimpress
ion,butdo esno ta#f
ecttheme ani
ngo fthenouns.
699I nthewo rda nad,t
hena sal
iz
a t
iono fthewo rda naWd(
b l
is
s;t
hewo r
disaBrajBhashav
aria
ntof
naWd)hasb e
e ndr opped.Howe v
er,therema i
ningna sa
lsoundna sal
ize
sbothsyl
lab
lesofsuc
has hor
t
word.!naWdb adh isanidiomdeno tingeitherjoyf
ul ce
lebr
a t
ionsorcongr
atul
ati
ons.S
eeMc Gregor
200
0 :
86.

216
witht hev e nuewhe r
et hes am assemb l
yistaki
ngpl ace.Asare s
ulttheya ppea rtob e
sayi
ngt hatt heb elovedc anb eme tri
ghthere,t
o day.Inthispassage,theq awwa lse m-
ployas pec i
ctypeo ft akr rc a
lledta kr
rka al
q ah(
enci
rcl
eme nto frepe t
it
ion).Ac-
cordingt oQur eshi,thisde no t
esi nser
ting
ll
erssuc hasthes ai
ntsname s,tit
leso rex-
cla
ma tionst ohi ghli
g htt het ra
ns it
ionf r
omo ner epe a
teds t
ateme nttot hene xto ne.
Shef urthe rno testha tt he l
lera ndt hetextunita r
eo ft
enc ontr
a st
edb ype r
formi ng
themi ns o lo-groupre spo nso ry.I
70
0
nco mpari
sont oregula
rt ak
rr,takrrk alqahe n-
ablest heq awwa lstoe mpha siz
eac ertai
naspecto ftherepeatedphr asea ndthusdi r
-
ectthel i
ste nersunde rstandi ngo fit
sme a
ning.Int hepr es
entc ase,onepa r
to ft he
qawwa lsk eepse xcl
aimi ngd ekho(
See!
)aft
erthephr a
seis Wganme W(
int hi
sc o urt
-
yard
)i no rde rtoindi c at
et hati tistob erepea t
ed.Whe nevertheq awwa l
se mp loy
takr
rk a lqahint hec ours eoft hefoll
owingc hapters,
It r
anscr
ib ethe
ll
erswi thin
bracke ts.
70
1

Dr awi ngapa ral

le lb etwe enpo e
ticimagesa ndt heactual,l
ivedr ea
lityalsopa ves
thewa ytot hef ol
lowi ngpa ssageo ftheRa ng:

Ra
ng If
oundmymas
ter
!
Ni
jmal
-DnAu
li
y
,Ni
jmal
-DnAul
i
y
!(
Myma
ste
r!
)
If
oundmymas
ter
!(O,
o,ob
rav
o!)

1s
t
gi
rah(i
n E
xce
ptfo
rme,wh
oisamas
tero
fdest
inyl
i
kethi
s?
Ur du;r
e- Thefa
tegav
emethi
ski
ndo
fma s
tero
fmine!
pe at
ed
twi c
e)
Ra
ng I
foundmymas
ter
!(O,
o,ob
rav
o!)

2nd
gi
rah(
in Ev
ery
onei
spo
sse
sse
d,d
evot
ed,
inf
atua
ted
,
Urdu) madande
namour
edofhi
smast
er;
Iam[all
thi
s,
but
]fo
rmyo
wnma
ste
r.

Ra
ng If
oundmymaster
!(O,o,
obravo!
)
Ni
jmal
-DnAuli
y
,Nij
ma l
-DnAu li
y
!(Myma s
ter
!)
Ni
jmal
-DnAuli
yi
ll
uminate
stheworl
d
Heil
l
umina
test
heworl
d ,
il
lu
minatest
heunive
rse.
Ni
jmal
-DnAuli
y
,Nij
ma l
-DnAu li
y
,Nij
ma l
-DnAuli
y
,Ni
j
ma l
-DnAu
li
y
!
Iha
vese
ennoot
hersuchcol
our,
(Divi
neBel
oved!
)Nij
ma l
-DnAul
iy
!

700 Qures
hi2006:205.
701 Squar
eb r
acketsi
ndic
atet
hewo r
dstha
thavebeenint
erpol
ate
dfo
rthesa
keofcl
ari
tyo
rsynt
ax.
Angl
ebrack
etsinthetra
nscr
ipt
ioni
ndica
tewhattheq
a wwalss
ingi
ncas
eswhereI
havebee
nunablet
o
f
ull
ytra
nscr
ibethetextf
romdist
urb
edrecor
dingorbe
ca us
etheqawwa
lspr
onouncet
hepas
sag
einac-
cur
ate
ly.

217
 Thepo e
mc el
e brat
est hec onnec t
ionwi t
hNi zF
Pma l-
DDnbu ttheg irahv er sese x-
tendthisa ss
ociat
io ntot her el
a t
ionshipb etweent hepresent-dayS u
disciple sa nd
thei
rg ui
de .AttheChi l
la,thisa cquirespronounc e
ds ig
ni
ca nces i
nc ethea udie nc e
consi
stso fl
ist
enerswhos ha r
et hee xperi
enceo fbeingdis
ciplesinas i
ngleS u broth-
erhood.Theq awwa lsc a
pi ta
li
z eo nt hisint hei
rpe rf
orma nc eb ye mpha sizingt he
phras
emo heprp yo(If
o undmyma st
er
)throught akr
ra ndg ir
a hv er
sest ha tela b-
orat
etha ta#
l
iat
ion. Aft
erthes ecti
o no n
ndingo ne
sSuguide,theq awwa lsa ddt wo
Hindaviv er
ses(3a
rd
nd4 g
th
i
rah s
).The r
stiswha ttheq awwa lsc al
laspe cia litemR
(khF
Fcz )
.Thisspe c
i
cve rseissungi nDe l
hi onl
yb yMe ra
j Ahme da ndhiss o ns.The
vers
eisinr eal
ityad o h
,
b uttheq awwa l
ssi
ngi tinfoursectionsa sifitwe rear ub .
Inci
denta l
ly
,it
sr hymepa tternisa l
sot hesame( AABA)a sinmo str ubs. Theo
70
2
the r
Hindig i
rahisafamo usd oha ttri
butedt oAmD rKhus r
au.

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n Howg l
is
teni
nggli
st
eningis
Hindi) Shewhoslee
pscove
redwit
havei
l
.
Inth
eg ui
seofGanj
-iSh
a k
kar
Thelov
elybel
ove
dissl
eepi
ng.

Ra
ng I
,an
oth
ers
uchc
olo
ur(
Div
ineBe
lov
ed!
)

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Khus
rau
,it
wast
hewedd
ingni
ght
,whe
nIst
aye
du pwi
tht
hebel
ove
d
Hindi) Th
ebodywasmi
ne,
thes
oulwa
sbel
ove
d
sandbo
thwer
eofth
esameco
lou
r.

Ra
ng Ih
aves
eennoot
hers
uchc
olo
ur,
(Di
vi
neBe
lov
ed!
)Ni
j
ma
l-
Dn!
Myhea
rtch
eri
she
sonl
yyo
urcol
our
.

Aftertheobligatoryitems ,KhwajaHa s
anS a
niindicatesthatMe r
a jAhme dand
thelocalqawwa l
ss houldg iv
ewa ytootherperf
ormers.Me r
a jAhmedsson,howe v
e r
,
i
nquiresinahur tv oi
cei fthatwa sall
thetimea l
l
otte
dt otheDe l
hiqawwa ls
.Eventu-
all
y,theya reall
o wedt os ingo nemo reite
m.Thec hoi
c ei sapo emc l
ass
i
eda s
mu brak(
congratulat
o r
ypo em)inSur%d,anditisoftensu ngonf es
tiveoccasi
ons.
Thegha zal
,_
d-gh-img harb nk%-
yito(
Yourla
neiswhe rewepo o
rc ele
brat
e d
)is
att
rib
utedt oAmD rKhus rau,y e
titisnotfoundinhisdv n. NEra
70
3
l-
^a san
sNaghm t
rec
o r
dss omeo fthev ersess ungb yMe ra
jAhme d,yettheyc omef r
omt wodi#
ferent
ghazals
,onea t
tr
ibut e
dt oKhus rau(vers
e7a ndthema qta
)andt heothertoeFminCAlD
(d.1
855;verse4).F
70
4
FrEqD
sNa g hmtcontai
nsathree
-verseq i
t
ahthatco r
res
pondst o

7
02 Moreo
nthisadj
uncti
tem,se
eQu r
eshi20
06 :
3032
.
7
03 Fo
radis
cussi
onofanothe
rocca
sio
nwhe rethi
spoemwa
spe
rfo
rme
d,s
eeVi
it
am
ki2
009
:33
5
3
40.
7
04 Se
eNEral-
^asan,
Na g
hm t
,31
8and3 1
3,r
espect
iv
ely
.

218
theve r
se s1 ,2a nd3o fMe raj
sv er
si
o n.Ho we ve r
,t hee dit
o rclass i

esi ta sa nonym-
ous.T
70
5
wov e rs
e s(verses4a nd5 )areme nti
o nedb yMur FdCAlDTPFli
Cinac o l
lecti
ono f
hagi
o grap hieso fHy dera badi Su
s.Heme ntionst hatt he ywe res ungdur i
ngt hef une r
-
alprocessio no fMa WvAbE l
-C
al F`
D(d.1869).Interesting ly,hec onte st
stha tthe seve r
ses
constit
utear ubwr itt
e nb yBa hF`al
-DD nNa q s
hb and. Themo
70
6
de rnstand a rdversion
ofthisg ha zala ppe ar
so nlyinS u
r%d,whe r
ei tco nta i
nst hev e
r ses1,2, 3a nd7o ft he
pres
e ntpe rfo r
ma nce.
707

Thei tem de mo nstratest hate vene s

tab l
ishe dpe rforma nc es tanda rdsc anb e
patc
h wo rki temst hatha v eac qui
redthe irsha peo nl yr ecently
. Ita ls
oi ll
us trate
sho w
newpe rfo rma nc es t
anda rdsde v
elop,i
fa llt
hev ersess ha rethes ameme trea ndr hyme
andc anb es ungt othes a
meme lo
dy .De spitet hedi sparates o urceso fi ndividual
vers
es,theg haza lfor
msac o herentwho le.Thi sa ppliese v
e ntot hede votio nalverse
(ver
se3 )t hate vo kesthes a i
ntsname .Bothhi sso brique t,MaWb Eb- iI
lFhD (TheDi vine
Beloved)a ndt her efer
e nc etos ac
ri
ci
nga l
ltheb e l
ov edo nesfort hesak eo fhi sbeauty
conne c
ti ttot hedi scour seofpa ssi
onatelo vetha tpe rvade sthepo em.
The rsttwov er
seso ftheg hazald escri
b ethel ove r
sa tthel aneo ft heb e
loved,
wheret he yha vea r
riv
e dt orece i
vethea l
mso flov ea ndb eauty,justliketheb e gg
arsre-
cei
vea lmsne art he dg rounds( dg h)a f
tert hec ommuna lpr a y
erso nt hef est
ive
days:

I
tem3
:Amubr
aki
nPe
rsi
an

1
s
t
ve
rse Y
ourl
anei
swhe
rewep
oorce
leb
rat
eCD
d
S
eei
ngt
hej
oyo
usdayo
fCD
d,y
ourfa
ce.

2
nd
ve
rse Io
Zfe
ryouahund
redcr
esc
entmoonsofC
D
d
Thear
chofy
oureye
bro
wsiso
u rc
resc
ent
.

705 Se eFFrEqD
,Naghm t
,1
71.
706 Se eTP
Fl
iC197
2:15
7.The
rs
tvers
eoftherub(v
ers
e4inMer
aj
spe
rfo
rmanc
e)isa
lsothemat
la
of
eFminCAlD
sghazal
.I
nq awwal
iperf
ormances,
iti
soft
enfol
l
owedb
ytheseco
ndver
seofeFminC
Al
D
s
ghaza
l:
Kaabao f
h ear
t,t
hedir
ect
io
no f
myp ra
yersi
syourf
ace
Pl
aceof p
r o
str
ati
onforl
ove
rsareyo
ureyebr
ows.
707 S eeMe raj,Sur
% d,
70.Thisisals
ot heversi
onrecordedb ypopula
rqawwa l
sli
keNus ra
tF a
tehAli
Khan.S ee
,e.g
. Nusrat2002:tr
ack3 .I
wa sinit
ial
lyhesi
tanttoincl
udetheentir
etexto ftheghazalher
e,
si
nceMe r
ajAhme ddidnotwa nttodi v
ul g
eitinSur%d,perhapsoutoffe
arthatot
he rpe r
formersmight
appropria
tehisspecial
it
emR .Ho wever
, nowthatthetexthasb e
enpub l
is
hedtogethe rwit
har ecor
ding
i
nJ as
h n-e
-Khusrau:Ac ol
le
ctionthatisreadil
yavai
labl
ei nIndia
,Isawnoo bst
acl
efo rprovidi
ngthetext
here.
Interest
ingly,
thev er
sionpe r
forme dforJ
ashn-e
-Kh usr
au:ACo l
le
cti
onincl
udest hreefurt
hervers
es
aft
erve r
se4o fthepresentpe r
formance :1
)thevers
eb yeF minC
AlDquote
da bove
;2)Y ourha i
r(mE-yit
o)
hasma detheh yaci
nthperplexed(i
nco r
rectl
ytransl
it
eratedask%-y
ito[
yourla
ne]
)a nd3 )MyT urk!
The
mooni syoursl
a ve
.Thelattertwov er
sesb el
ongtotheg hazalat
tr
ibute
dtoKhus r
auinNEra l-
^a s
ans
Naghm t.See
, NEral-^asan,Na g
h mt,318.

219
3
rd
ve
rse Ni
z%mal
-D(n,
thedi
vi
nebel
ove
d
Al
lt
hebe
lov
edoness
acr
i2
3c
ethe
mse
lve
sfo
rth
esa
keo
fyo
urf
ace
.

Thea udienceiss t
ir
redbyt heme ntioni
ngo fthes ai
ntse pithet.Thisverseturns
thepo emi ntoade pict
ionofther el
a t
ionshipbe t
we enaS u di s
ciplea ndhisguide,
whic hisi nthec oll
ecti
veimagi
na ti
ono ftheChi shti
-Nizamib rotherhoode pit
omi zed
bytheb ondb etwe enAmDrKhus rauandNi z
F
Pma l
-DDn.Thisr elati
ons hi
pc onti
nue sto
bea ni de alofc ontemporar
ydi sci
ples
,a ndt hepe rf
orma ncepr ov okesthemt oa p-
proachKh wa j
aHa sanSaniwithn a-r
nah.Thisleadstoapr olo ngedt akrroftheline
thatinclude st
hena meo fthesaint
.
Thea bovethreeverse
sarepa rtofthes t
andardv er
sionb e l
o ngingtot hecorerep-
ert
o i
re,b utMe rajAhme donceag a
inde mo nst
ratesthesuperio ri
tyo fhispe r
sonalrep-
ert
o i
reb yi nser
tingthreemo r
ev erse
sint ohisperformance. The sev ers
e semployim-
ageso fpa ssi
onateloveandrefertothet hemeo fal ov
er
sde pe nde nc eonhisb el
oved.
Int hisma nner
,t hev er
seresonateswi ththet hemeo fb eggingi ntr
oducedi nt he
ma t
la
:

4
th
ve
rse Wed
est
it
uteh
avea r
ri
vedt
oyo
urlan
e
[
Tor
ece
ive
]al
ms70
8
f
romth
ebeau
tyofy
ourf
ace
.

5
th
ve
rse E
xte
ndyou
rh a
ndtoward
sour[b
eggi
ng]b
ask
et
P
rai
set
oyourhan
da n
dtoyo
u rar
m!

6
th
ve
rse Whatd
oI k
nowa b
outt
heKaabaandt
het
emp
le?
Ik
eeppr
ost
rat
ingto
wardsy
ourfa
ce.

7
th
ve
rse Howl
ongwi
ll
youbeas
kin
gwh oki
ll
edKhus
rau
?
I
twasy
ourc
oquet
ti
shg
lance
,you
reyes
,yo
ureyeb
rows
.

OnceMe ra
jhas
nishe
d,heha stog ivewayt oMo hamme dAhme dWa rsi
.Thelat-
t
erha d,duringpr evi
ousyears,beeng ivenapr iv
il
egedpl aceint hea s
semb l
ieso f
Khwa j
aHa sanS a
ni.Ho weve
r,as s
umi ngt her oleofa namb assadorofa uthentic
qawwa l
imusico uts
idetheSu
co
nt e
x ta nde venprior
iti
z i
ngac oncertove
rursfest
iv-
i
ti
e sono neo ccasi
onimpairedhiss tatusi nthes hri
ne.Ono nepa rt
icul
aro cc
asi
o n,
Khwa j
aHa sanS anihadb eenma ki
ngf requent,cri
ti
c a
lr e
ma rksa boutMo hamme d
Ahme d
ssingingandhisunderstandingo fpoetry.Fo
rawe l
l-
trai
ne dandself
-asse
rti
v e
qawwa l
ha i
li
ngf r
omaf amil
yo fmus i
c i
a nsf o
rme rl
yattachedtotheRa mpurc ourt
,this
ver
g e
do npub l
i
chumi li
ati
on.Eve nso ,theq awwa lkepta t
tendingthea s
semb li
eso f
Khwa j
aHa sanS ani
,whoi srecognizeda sas igni
c
antpa tr
ono fqawwa l
s.By2 009,
7
08 S
hai

anl
i
l
l
h,l
i
t.
some
thi
ng,
byGo
d.
Thi
sisa
nAr
abi
cphr
aseus
edb
ybe
gga
rsc
all
i
ngf
ora
lms
.

220
whenthepub li
cat
tent
ionaro
undMo hamme dAhmedhadso me wha tabated,
therel
a-
ti
onshipbetweentheS
umasterandtheqawwalimprov
ed. Whe
7
09
ne v
erMo hamme d
Ahme disperf
ormingf
orKhwajaHa s
anS a
niandhisdi
sci
ple
s, heseek stodemonstr
ate
hi
smus icalsk
il
lsandsuper
bc omma ndoverawiderangeofpo e t
ry.Inthea s
sembly
org
anisedin2009,
hebeganwiththema qt
af
romag ha
zalbyAmD rKhus ra
u:

I
tem4
:Ani
ndi
vi
dua
lshi

rinP
ers
ian

Cr
yout
inf
ron
tof
hisd
oor
,Khus
rau,be
cau
set
hat
kin
g
Kno
wst
hati
ti
smybeg
garca
ll
in
g.7
10

Thec ho iceoft hes o ngt ex ti shi ghl yunus ual.Fir

sto fa ll
,thev e rseb elongst oa
gha zalt hatisr arel
y,i fe ver,pe rfo rme db yt heq awwa ls.Thet r
ea t
me nto ft hetex tis
evenmo res t
riking.Itisano rma l pr acticea mo ngtheq awwa lstope rf
o rms e l
e ctverses
ofag ha zalins t
eado fsing i
ngt hee ntirepo em. Ho we v
e r,onlysing i
ngt hec onc l
uding
versei se xcep ti
onal. Yet,he reMo ha mme dAhme db uildst hee ntir
epe rforma nceo n
mus ica limpr ovisat
io nswo ve na ro undt hiss i
nglev ers
e .Hispe rforma ncei si mme di-
atelyr ec o
g nizablea sq awwa l
i,b uthede mo nstr
atesmuc hs tri
c te
ra dhe renc etot he
gramma ro fragaa ndt al
at ha nq a wwa lsus ua ll
yd o. Melodic al
ly,thepe rf
orma ncea d-
here sclo s
e l
yt or a
gaJ aunpur i,a ndr h ythmi c all
y,top ashtot lofs ev
e nb eat
s. Betwe en
ther hy thmi calsecti
o ns, whe req awwa lswo uldno rma l
lyins ertg ir
ahv ersesinr ecit
a t
-
i
v e,Mo hamme dAhme da ndhi sb ro t
he rHa mi d,thes e
c ondl eadingv o cali
st,singpr o-
l
o nge dme lodicimpr o vi
sa ti
o nsus ingt hewo rdso ftheve rse( bol
t n).The seimpr ov i
sa-
ti
o nsa remo rer emi niscento ftheq uic k-pa ced
nals e
c ti
o no fak ha y lperforma nc e
,
thes o-c al
led l
itt
lek hay l(choDk h ay l),tha no fqawwa l
i.Theno vel appro achiswe l
l
received, andKhwa j
aHa sa nS ani ist ouc hedt ot hev erg
eo ft ears
. Theq a wwa lsk e
e pa n
eye-c ontactwi t
hhi m, followi nghi ss lighte str eact
ions.The yo ft
e nnisha ni mpr ov i
s-
atorypa ssagea ndr eturnt ot her h y thmi ca ls ect
ionwhe nheme relyno dshi she adt o
ones i
de ,asi fremo v i
ngo nemus ic alpa ssagea wa yfromt hewa yo ft hene xto ne.The
mr -
i ma 23lalsoexpr esseshi sa p pr eciationb yo #f
eringn a-r naht oso meo fhi sf
a mi l
y
me mb ersa ndc losestdi scipleswhos itne x ttohi m. The y
, ofc ourse,g ivethi smo ne y
bac ktohi m, a nditispl ace do nahe apo fno testhatk eepsg rowingi nfro nto fhim.
Thec hoiceo ft het e xti sa lsowe llc a l
c ulat
ed,s i
nc ei tcont i
nue st het hemeo f
pov ertyf r
o mt hepr e vi
o usi tem. Thev ersede scri
besAmD rKhus raua sab eg garatt he
doo ro fak inga nno unc i
nghi spr e se ncewi thac ry
.Thev e r
sepl ayswi tht heme aningo f

709 As imilarcas
eofcon12
i
c tbetwe e
ns t
ardoma ndSupr
act
ic
ethatai
msa tobli
te
rati
ngtheegohas
beend i
scusse
db yRober
tRoze hnal.Henotesthatadeputyoft
heChisht
i-
Sabir
ishei
khfauqDShFh,
ShahDdAllFhFarD
dD,
ref
usedtoa l
lo
we i
thertheSabri
Brother
sorNusra
tFate
hAl iKhantoperf
orminhi
s
ass
emb li
esb e
c a
usehedeeme dtheircele
brityi
ncomme nsur
atewit
hthepract
iceofsam
.See
Rozehnal2007a:22
2224.
710 F ortheghazal
,se
eKhus rau,Kull
iyt
,90.

221
thepo et
spenna me ,
Khus rau(
empe r
or
).Heiso nl
yas uppli
ca ntatt hedo o
ro f
that
king(ns ul
tn)aphr asethatindicat
esNi zF
Pma l
-DDn,theMo na r
cho fSheikhs
(Sult
na l-
Ma s
hik
h )
.Thev e r
sema nagest
otak eint
oa c
c ountthea ctualperf
orma nce
contextaswe l
l:t
hepa rtic
ipantsli
teral
lysi
tinfrontofthedo ort otheme di
tati
onc el
l
oftheMo nar
cho fSheikhs.
Afte
rc ompleti
ngKhus rau
spo em,Mo hamme dAhme dco nti
nue swi t
hpr ai
sing
NizF
Pma l-DDnbyaP ersi
anma nqabatwr i
tt
enb yS hFhNi yFz
.Apo sitiveres
ponset o
po e
msb ythi
se minentS uisguarant
eeda n
ywhe r
einS outhAs ia
. Dur i
ngthisit
e m,
theq awwa l
sconc e
ntrateo nde l
iver
ingthetextualme s
sag e
,rathert hane ngagi
ngi n
vocalart
istr
y.I
nt heco urs
eo ftheirperf
ormance ,
theysangvev er
se s(vers
es1,2,
4 ,8
and9 )ofthenineincludedi nthefullv
ersi
on.Ni
71
1
yFzbeginsthepo emwi thdevoti
onal
prais
e:

I
tem5
:Amanq
abat
inP
ers
ian

1
s
t
ve
rse Hea
rt,
reac
hyourpe
ti
ti
oni
nghandtot
hecou
rtoft
heki
ngo
fki
ngs
Th
eordero
fre
li
gio
na n
dcre
ed,
Go d
smer
cyupo
nh i
m.

2
nd
ve
rse Pri
nce,
whoa do
rnst
heworl
d,pr
ote
cto
rofr
eli
gio
nan df
ai
th
Kingofk
ingswhosh
are
sinthes
tat
usofAl
i
,thegl
oryof
thePr
oph
eta
ndi
sawa
reo
f
th
eT r
uth.

3
rd
ve
rse Y
ouar
eape
arlint
heo
ceano
fse
clu
sio
n,aro
sei
nth
egarde
nofasc
eti
cso
li
tud
e
Y
ourf
ormi
sthato
fahumanbei
ng,y
etyo
umanif
est
thees
senc
eofGod.

Thes e
condlineo ft hea bovev erseisperhapsthemo s
tapo etc ans ayint he
prai
seofaS u
sai
nt;itisdi#
culttoima gi
newha tmo reahuma nb eingc ouldb ethan
ama nif
esta
tio
no fGo d
se sse
nc e.Afterthevers
e,theq awwa lsjumpt ot hee ndo fthe
poem.Abr i
dgi
ngag ha z
a landr eorgani
z i
ngitsv
e r
s e
so f
tens eemsha pha zarda ndma y
si
mp l
yfollo
wt heo r
dero fversesa st
he yoccurt
ot heq awwa lduri
ngt hepe r
formanc e.
Howe v
er,inthisinst
anc ethec ho ic
es eemsmo r
ec onsc i
ous.Aftert heiniti
a lprais
e
rea
chesitscli
ma x
, t
heq awwa l
st urntov er
seswhe reNi yFzresor
t stothei ma geryo f
pass
ionatelo
ve.Thepe nulti
ma tev er
sed esc
ribe
st heema c
iati
ono fapa ssionatelover.
Thethemek eepse c
ho i
ngi nthema qt
a t
hatst
a t
esthatt hesepara t
ioni sno teternal
andthebe l
ovedwillbecomet hef ri
enda ndcompa niono ftheloverinde ath:

4
th
ve
rse Th
epa
ssi
onf
ort
heDi
vi
neBe
lov
edh
asma
demel
i
ket
his

7
11 S e
eNiyFz
,Dvn(19
29),7
071
.BothNEral-^a
san
sandF
FrEqD
sNaghm
tincl
udeanabri
dge
d
v
ers
ion,
incl
udi
ngve
rses1,
2,4and9oftheori
ginal
.Se
eNEral
-^asan,Na
ghmt,3
56;F
FrEq
D,Nagh
mt
,
1
87.
Sur%d,
ontheo
therhand,r
ecor
dstheent
irepoem.SeeMer
aj,
Sur%d,
6465
.

222
 We
rea
nar
ti
stt
opa
int
myp
ict
ure
,hewo
uldma
kei
ti
ntot
hef
ormo
fas
igh
.

5
th
ve
rse Whygr
ie
veov
erl
eav
ingfr
omthi
swor
ldal
one,
Niy
z
I
fth
eMo n
arc
hofSh
eikh
sist
hef
ri
endof
yourso
ulandy
ourf
el
lo
wtr
ave
ll
er
?

Co nceptua l
isingt her elationshi
pb etwe e
nadi sciplea ndhi sg uideo rb etwe ena
huma nb einga ndGo dint hef rame worko fpas si
ona t
el ovef eaturespr o mi ne ntl
yin
Supo etrywr it
teni nInd iapr iortothemi d-nineteenthc entur y,
whe nthea utho rsand
thei
ra udienc esi ncreasing l
yha db egunt oha ilfroma mo ngt hee me rgingMus l
im
middl ec las
se s
. No
71
2
twi t
hs tandi ngthatthisco n
v enti
o nha sb ec
o mei nc reasing lyrare
i
nc o ntempo rar
yS upoe trya ndpub li
cq awwa liperforma nc es,suchpo etryi ss t
il
lan
essentialc ompo nento fi nti
ma tesam a s
semb li
esl iket heo neso r
ga niseda tthe
Chill
a .
Thel a
stg roupt ope rfo r
ma lsohail
sfromRa mpur .Ma ji
dWa rsi continue swi t
hthe
themeo fpa ssiona t
elo veb ype rfo
rmingf ourversesofag ha zalbyKhus ra ut ha tinhis
dv nc o mprisese ightv erses. Heb
7
13
eginswi t
ha ne xtende dv oc
a lintroduc tion( alp)
thatdo e sno templ oywo rdsa ndi snott i
edtot hemus icalme t
r e.Inc ertainmus i
cal
genress ucha sd hrup d,thea lpo c
cupiesama jorpa rtoft hepe rf
orma ncea ndma y
l
a s
tupt oo neho ur,whe r
e asinq awwa l
ithea l
pi susua l
lyve rysho rtorc anb eo mitt
e d
alt
og et
he r.Ho we ve r
,ithe l
pst heq a
wwa l
stos ettl
et heme lo di
cf rame wo rkf o rtheir
perf
o rma nc ea swe l
la sfo cust hea t
tentio
no fl is
teners.Int hepr esentpe rf
o rma nce,
Ma j
idWa r
sie mpha s
izest hea lpi nordertog i
vehi spe rf
orma nceamo rec lassical1
2a-
vour.Inas i
mi larv ei
n,hei ns ertsseverali
mpr ovi
s at
orypa ssag esusingt hev o we lsound
-a(krt n)inb etweent hepo et i
cli
nes.

I
tem6
:Ag
haz
ali
nPe
rsi
an

<
al
p>
1
s
t
ve
rse Y
our
obbe
dth
esoul
fr
omtheb
odyandy
etar
ewit
hint
hes
oul
Y
oug
avemepai
nbuta
ret
hemedi
ci
neaswe
ll
.

2
nd
ve
rse Wit
hth
eswor
dof
coq
uet
ryy
our
uin
edt
hek
ing
domo
fhe
art
<
krt
n>

7
12 S e
e,e.g.Green2010forananaly
sisofthewo r
ksofIf
ti
khFrC
AlD
ShFhVata
P
n,ala
teni
nete
enth-
c
entur
yHy derabadiSu
poe t
.
7
13 S e
eKhus rau,Kull
iyt
,275.
Ma j
idWa rsiper
formsver
ses1
,3,4
,and8.Thi
sisa
lsot
hever
sionfound
i
nSur%d.
Se eMe r
a j
,Sur
% d
,9 2
.BothNEra l
-^a s
an
sandFFrEqD

sNaghmtincl
udeal
sover
se2oftheful
l
t
ext
:
Youto
remyc hes
topen[forev
eryonetosee]
Yet
,youa r
esti
llhi
d d
eninmyc hest
.
S
eeNEral-^asan,Naghm t
, 1
70;
FFrEqD,Naghm t
,939
4.

223
 An
dye
t,y
oua
ret
her
ule
rof
thi
swa
ste
lan
d.

3
rd
ve
rse
Bot
hwo r
lds!
yout
oldthepr
iceofy
our
sel
f
Rai
set
hebid
,asi
tst
il
lsel
l
sche
a p
.

4
th
ve
rse Ol
dagea
ndwors
hip
pingbe
auti
esdon
otgowel
lt
oge
the
r
Kh
usr
au,ho
wlo
ngwill
youre
ma i
nagi
tat
ed?

Themus icalsk ill

so ft heq awwa l
sa rel aude db yKh wa jaHa sa nS a ni
. Afteras l
ow-
pa ced pe rforma nc e,Ma jid Wa rsic o nc lude swi th a mo ree ne rgeticnumb er,a
ma nq ab atb yNi yF zi npr aiseo fMuC D
na l-DD n. Thei temi samo ngt hemo stpo pularPer-
sianma n qa batsinpr aiseo ft hes aint.Itisb oundt or eceivefav oura bler esponseint his
oc casio nb eca useo fthepr e senc eWa risHus sain,ak h di
mf rom Aj me r. Ma j
idWa rsi
sing svev erses(v erses1 ,2, 3,6a nd7 )o ft hes evenfo undi nt heo rigina l.
71
4

Be fo res t
a rt
ingt hema nq ab atitsel
f, theq a
wwa lssinga ni ntroduc toryv ers
e .
Intro-
duc to ryv ers esa r
ei ndi scrimi na telyca l
le dr u b
(
q uatrain)a f
tert hepo eticformmo st
co mmo nl yus e dfo rt hispur po se .Ho we ve r,a l
soo therpo eti
cf ormsa ree mpl oyeda s
rub si nq awwa lipe rforma nc es.Indiv idua lco upletsfro mg haza lsa ndma snavsa re
pe rha pst hemo stpr e val
e nt, whi led oh so ftenpr ef
a cegt s.
Ther ub ha sat wo fo ldpur po s
e. F i
rs t,itpr epa r
est heg roundf o rthema ini t
em,
tuni ngt hel istenerst oi t.Ins a m assemb li
e stha tfeatures ev er
a lq awwa ligroupsthe
pre scribe dt he ma tics eq ue nc eo fpo emsc anb eme tthr ought hei ntro ductoryv ers
es.
Bys i
ng ingar u b,theq a wwa l canc ov ert hede vo t
iona lpo emso fpr a i
sewi thinaf ew
ver sesa ndt he nmo veo nt ol ov epo ems .
Co nc e rningt hes eco ndf unc tiono fr u b Qur eshino t
e stha tint roduc t
o r
yv erses
o#fert heq a wwa l
sa no ppo r t
uni tytote stt hel i
stene rs
re acti
o nstodi #fer
e ntlangua ges
andt he me s.Onc et he yha v eb eguns ing ingt hema init em, itisimpo s si
b l
et ot a
k ere-
co urset oa no the rt extint hemi ddleo ft hes ong .Ho we ver,r ub sg ivet heq awwa ls
timet oo b servet hea udi enc ea nds elec tas ui
ta bletex tac cording ly
.Qur e s
hiha so b-
serv edt ha tthel a ng uageo ft her ubc anb ehie rarchicall
yhi ghe rt hant hato fthe
ma i
ni te m, b utne v erl owe r.Thus ,P e
rsiano rHi ndi versec ani ntrod ucea nUr dupo em,
butno tv icev ersa.7
15

Ther ub c ana lsob es kipp e dov er,e sp ecial

lyi fitsfunc t
ioni nt esti
ngt her eac-
tionso ft hea udi enc eha sb eenr ende r
e dus ele s
sb yar eq uest( farm i
sh )fro mthemr -i
ma 23l
. Theq a wwa lsa lsoo mi tt her ub i ft heyc a nb es ureo fthes uc cesso ftheitem
the ya reg oingt os ingo ri ft het imei sl imi t
e d,likei nthes am assemb lya thand. In

71
4 S e
eNiyFz,
Dv
n(19
29),
5859.
Foranab
ridg
edvers
ion(
ver
ses1
,3,
5,6a
nd7),
seeNEra
l-
^as
an,
Nagh
m t
,293
;FFr
EqD,
Naghmt,
155
.Sur
%d,a
gain,
rec
ordst
heful
lt
ext
.SeeMer
aj
,Su
r%d,
63.
71
5 Qur e
shi20
06:1
951
96.

224
t
hecas
eo fMaj
idWars
i
s
nal
ite
m, t
herub
seemst
omere
lyo#
fe
rthel
is
tene
rss
ome
t
ast
eofthei
te
mt ha
tisgo
ingt
ofoll
owins
teado
ftes
ti
ngt
hei
rre
act
ions
.

I
tem7
:Amanq
abat
inP
ers
ian

1
s
t
r
ub(
in Theboathass
unkt
othewhi
rl
pool
o f
cala
mity
P
e r
si
an) Giv
ep r
ote
cti
ontot
hepowe
rl
esswhoarede
fea
ted
!
Bythecl
ai
mo f
UsmnHr%n[ov
eryou]
Hel
p,Mu
na l
-DnCis
ht!

1
s
t
ve
rse Maste
rofmas
ter
s,Munal-
Dn
Pr
ideoft
heu
nive
rse,
Mu
na l
-Dn
.

2
nd
ve
rse Anex
pla
nati
onof
these
cre
tof
theT
rut
h,Mu
na
l-
Dn
Asi
gnoft
heSi
gnl
ess
,Munal
-Dn.

3
rd
ve
rse Y
oua
rewher
etheet
ern
alli
ght
man
if
es
tsa
ndi
sun
vei
l
ed7
16

S
unof
thewor
ld,
Mu
na l
-Dn!

4
th
ve
rse Mast
ero
fth
en o
-pl
aceandt
hehol
yst
ati
on!
Th
eskyi
syourt
hre
shol
d,Muna
l-
Dn .

5
th
ve
rse Ni
yz,i
fyouwant
inti
macywi
tht
het
rut
h
Ke
epr
epe
ati
ng:Munal
-Dn.

716 Di s
ti
ng uis
hingb e twe ena ni fatc onstructi
ona ndt heco njunc tionv a/os eemst ob edi #
cultfor
qawwa l
swhe nthe ysingP ersi
a ntex ts.
Int hisc a
s e
,thelinedo esno tma k emuc hs ensewhe nr eada sthe
qawwa l
sdo,asthewo rdsma z har(
ma nifestation
,or,mo retechni call
y,al ocuso fma nifestation)and
j
a l
vag h(
placeo fma nife st
ation, placewhe retheb ri
dei sun v
e i
le d
)a remo reo rlesss yno nymo us.The
qawwa l
sr
eadingwo uldr ende rtheme aninga s:
Theun ve i
li
ngpl a ceo fthet hel ocuso fma ni
festa t
ionof
thee ter
nalli
ght.Theo riginal textus esthec o-ordinati
ngc onjunc tion: ma zh arojalva g h-
i n% r
-iq i
dam,
l
it.L
o cusofma nifestati
o na ndt hepl a
c eo fun v
e i
li
ngo fthee t
e rnal l
ight.Fo rtheo ri
g inalt ext,see
NiyFz ,
Dv n( 1
929 ),
59. All t
heq a
wwa l
ia nthologies,
ho wev e
r,reco r
dt hev ariantwi tht hei fat.SeeNEr
al-
^a san,Nag hm t,
2 93;F Fr
Eq D,Na gh m t,15
5a ndMe r
a j
,Sur%d ,63.
Anothergramma tica lsl
ipo ftene nc ounteredintheP ers
ianpr o nunc iationo ftheq awwa lsisthe
turningofemu etrequiredb ytheme tr
ei ntotheuns tressed-ahi nthee ndo fthewo rd. Thisus ua l
ly
happe nswithv erbs,ani mpe rfectt urningi ntoape rf
e c
tpa rti
ciple .
Thus , inthe r
stlineo faq a
wwa li
standardbyAmD rKhus ra u,kh abar-a mr asd i
ms ha b
ki ni
g rkhv h ma d(
Thene wsr eac hedme
tonightthatyou,b el
o ved, willarrive)theimpe rf
ectverbr asdisf reque ntlyc hange di ntot hepe r
fect
parti
c i
plerasd ah.Thel ines ti
llma kess ensee veniftheg ramma risno ts tr
e aml i
ned. Fo rtheo r
ig i
na l
text,seeKhusrau, Kull
iy t,1
96 197, whichr eadsk habar-ams hud a s
t k
ims ha bb ar-
iy rk hv h ma d(
I
wa sinfor
me dtha tyouwo ul
dc omet othes ideo f[your]fri
endt o night)
. Botht heNa gh m t antho l
ogies
usethev ari
antwi thra sd a h
, whe reasS ur% dreadsr a
sd .SeeNEra l
-^a san, Na ghm t,10 9;FF r
Eq D,
Na ghm t
,67a ndMe raj,Su r
% d,86 .

225
 <
k
rt
n>

1
s
t
ve
rse Ma
ste
rof
mas
ter
s,Mu
na
l-
Dn.

Thepe nna meo ft heS u ma ste

re nticest hel i
stene r
st os tandupa ndpr e sent
na- r
na h.Aftere ne rge ti
ct ak rro fthel astv erse, Ma jidWa r
si introduc esal ongi mpr o-
visatorypa ssage ,whi chpr ove st edi oust ot hel istene rs.Thee latedmo o di sdi sr
u pte d,
andKh wa jaHa sanS ani indi cate st heq awwa lstoc l
o set hepe r f
o rma nc e .Het hene nds
thea ssemb l
ywi thad u .Thes ug arc andi esb l
e sseddur ingt hef t
i aha redi str
ib ute d
ast abarr u
k ,andt hec rowddi spe rse s
.
Thes am assemb lya ttheChi ll
ao #
fe r
sa ne xce l
lente xampl eo fq awwa l
i i
naS u
kh nq h.Thea ud ienc ec onsistso fdi s
cipl eso fo neb rotherho o d, andt heq awwa l
se x-
per t
lyint ertwinet hee xpe ri
e nc eo fb ei
ngaS udi sciplewi thpo eti
ci ma g esre v
o lving
aroundNi zF
Pma l-DDna ndhi sf a vo urit
edi s
c i
pl eAmD rKhus ra u. Thes itewhe reNi zF
P m
al-
DD nus edt oe ng agei nhi ss piritualpr a c
t i
c esb eco me st hene xust ha tme dia t
e s
betwe ent he setwor e ali
ties .
Ins uchc as est her o l
eo ft hemr -ima 23la cq uiress pec i
a lwe i
g ht.Al t
ho ught he
qawwa lsa lway sa ttemptt os i
ngi nawa yt ha two ulda ppea lt ot hewi d estpo ssib le
rangeo flis
tene rs,the yk eepa ne spe ci
allyc losee yeo nt hemr -ima 23l,sinc ehisr e ac-
ti
o nsr e12e
c tstrong lyo nt hel iste ne r
s ,espec i
a l
lyi ft he ya r
ehi sdi sciple s.Dur ings uc h
occ as
io ns,thedi sciple se xpre sst he ire nthus iasm wi tha1 2
owo fn a-r na hwhe ne v er
the i
rS uguidei sa #fec tedb yt hepe rforma nc e .Suc hb ehaviourc anb es e ena sapr a c-
ti
ca lwa yo fpur suingt hei de alo ff anf l-
s haikh( anni hilat
ioni nt hes he ikh).
Kno wingt hea e sthe tics ens itiviti
eso fthek eyl ist
e nersKh wa jaHa sanS ania nd
Wa risHus ainChi sht y, theq awwa l
ss electedt hes ongt ex t
sa ndmus icali diomc or res-
po nding ly
.Int hec as eo fs ongt e xts,the yg avepr eferenc etoP ersiana ndHi ndav ia nd
selectedi temst ha twe res ome ho we xce ptiona l
,e ithe rduet ob einge itherdi #f
e rent
fromt hec ommo ns tanda rdv ers ionf eaturingi nt hec orer epe rtoire( 3ir
d
tem)o rs e l
-
dom he a r
d( 4i
th
tem) .Mus ica l
ly, the yc onsc i
o uslye mpha si
ze da dhe renc et or agaa nd
tal
a .Mo hamme dAhme de ve nt o okab o l
ds t
e po fs ha pinghi spe rf
o rma nc eo fas ing le
verseo fAmD rKhus raus ot ha titr e semb ledk hay l si
ng ing.Ho we ver, hec leverlyk ept
thisa ppr oachs epa ratef romt hemo rec o nve ntiona l,t e
xt-o rientedq awwa liinhi s
secondi te
m( 5i
th
tem) . Ma jidWa rsi wasl esssuc c essful i
nt hisr espe ct.Al tho ug hhise x-
tende di mpr ovisationsb e f
o ret hea ctual t
e xtwe r ewe l
l recei
ve d, simi l
a rpa ssagesse tin
betwe ent hev er sespr o vedl esswe l
c ome .Hi sill-
time di mpr ovisa t
ioni mme diatel
ya fter
ane ne rgeti
ct ak rrs unkt hemo o da ndb roug htt hea s semb l
yt oc l
o se.

226
6
.4Gui
dingS
u:;
dis
cipl
est
hro
ughmus
ica
ndpo
etr
y:s
am
atKhwa
jaHa
ll

Int hee ve ningo ft heda ywhe ns am islist

ene dt oa tt heChi ll
a ,Kh wa jaHa s anS a ni
orga nize sa no t
he rpr o grami nKh wa jaHa ll
. Kh
7
17
wa jaHa l
li sa nimpo si
ngb uilding
sou tho ft heNi z amuddi ns hrine ,b uiltne x ttot heho useo fKh wa j
aHa sa nS ani .Ont he
onee nds ta ndsado met hatdo mi na te sthev iewo v ertheBa sti.Itho use sthet omb so f
Kh wa jaHa sa nNi za mia ndhi swi fe,Kh wa jaBa no .Adj acentt ot hema us ol
e um i sa
l
o ng ,re ctang ula rha l
l whi chi sus e df o rthef unc tionso ft heS ub rothe rho od. Behi nd
i
t, hidd enf romt hepub li
cv iew, aret hea ccommo da t
io nf acili
tiesf ordi scipleswhoa r-
rivet ot he ursf r omf ardi stanc e s.Theb uildingwa sde signe db yKh wa jaHa san
Niz ami sdi sc i
ple ,ther eno wne da rchi tectF ayaz uddi nNi zami (d. 1977), whowa sni c k-
name dBi h z d-iDa kka na f
tert hec eleb ratedTi mur idpa inter.Ina ddi ti
o nt oKh wa ja
Ha ll,Fa ya zuddi nha sde si
g ne dt heHa mda rdUni v ersityL ib r
a ryb uildingi nDe lhia s
we lla ss ev eralpub licb ui l
ding si nHy dera badc onstruc teddur ingt her eigno fthel a st
Niz am, Os ma nAl iKha n( r.191119 48 )a nda f
terhi sdo mi ni onswe rea nne xedt oI ndi a.
Itisi ndi ca t
iv eo ft hei n1 2
ue nc eo fKh wa jaHa sa nNi zamit ha tKh wajaHa l
list heo nl y
cont empo raryb uildingo fmo nume nt alpr oportionsi nt heBa sti
.
Dur ingt he ursf est i
vities,twopr ogramsa r
eo rgani zedi nKh wa jaHa ll
.71
8
Ont he
17,
t
h
as emi na ro ne ithe rAmD rKhus rauo rNi zF
Pma l-DDnt akespl ac e.Thi sisf oll
o we db y
l
a ng ara nds am
. Ont he1 8,t
h
t
he rei sa ne veningc onc e rto fHi ndus tanic la s
s icalmu-
sic.Ma nyme mb er so ftheDe lhig h ar na r
edi scipl eso fKh wa jaHa s anS ania ndt he ir
per f
o rma nc es
llmo sto fthee ve ning , butc eleb ratedmus iciansf romo the rg har n s
hav epe rfo rme dt he rea swe ll.Thec ur r
e nthe a do ft heDe lhig har n,I qb alAhme d
Kha ni sa lwa ysla stint ur n,a ndhei nv ariab l
ys i
ng ss omepo emwr i
ttenb yo ra ttr
ib uted
toAmD rKhus r
a u.
Theme mb e r
so ft heS ub ro the rho odf o r
mt hec o r
ea udi enceo fa l
lt hepr o-
gramme s, but ,ina dditio n,e acho ft he ma tt
rac tsas pe c i
ca tt
e nda nc e.Thes emi na ri s
attend e db ys cho l
a rs,Ur dupo etsa nd, occa s
iona lly,statedi gni taries.Theo cc asionr ep-
resent sa ni ntellectua la ppr oa cht oS u
sma ndf ocus eso npo nde ri
ngo ve ritss ignic-
anc ei nt hehi s torya ndc ultur eo fI ndi ai nas c ho l
a rlyf rame wo r
k .Thec o ncer to f
Hindus tanimus ic,o nt heo the rha nd,a ttractsmus icians ,the irs t
ude ntsa swe lla s
me mb e rso ft hec ul t
ur allya wa rei nt elli
ge ntsi
ao ft hec it
y. Whi let hea udie ncee njoy s
themus icalr ecitals,t hepe rforme rse xploret hes i
g nicanc eo fS usmf o rmus ic
thro ught he irart.
Thea udi enc eo ft hes am asse mb l
y ,ont heo the rha nd, gathe r
st o gethe rKh wa ja
Ha sa nS ani sdi sciplesa swe ll aso the rS u
s,whoa rrivet he reins ma llb ands .Thepr e-
valenc eo fS u l
iste nersi spa rtlyar es ulto fthel atet imi ng ;f
o re veryo nee l
set ha ns eri-

71
7 Duringthe
el
dwo r
kofQures
hiint
he197
0s,t
hevenuewasa
lsokno
wnasQawwa
liHall
.Se
e,
Qure
shi
200 6
.
71
8 Theme mbe
rsoft
heb r
othe
rhoodal
soc
elebr
atet
heur
sofKhwaj
aHasa
nNiz
amii
nt heKhwaj
a
Hal
lon1
8th
Dhu
l-
Hij
ja.

227
ousS u de vo tee s,thes am a ssemb lyt akespl ac eho pe l
e ss
lyl a t
eb yDe lhis tanda rds.
Thepr o g r
a mmei se ve ryy ea rs che dul edtob egina t 9:30PM, butt heo verlo ngs pe eche s
dur ingt hes emi na ra ndt hed istribut i
o no flan ga rreg ularlypu shi tto1 1or1 2PM. On1 4
Apr il2 0 09,t hes am sta rteda bo ut1 1:30PM a ndc o ntinue dunt il3:30AM. Nor i
tua l
pre cede st hes am inKh wa jaHa ll.As ho rtfti aha ndl aying1 2o we r
so nt het omb so f
Kh wa jaHa sanNi za mi a ndKh wa jaBa nof ollowst hes emi na r
. Thi sisa lsowhe nt hel o c-
alq a wwa lss ingb riefQa u la ndRa n g.Whe ns a m pro pe rb egins ,itispr ecede db ya
sho rtr ecitatio nf romt heKo r an.
InKh wa jaHa ll,theq awwa lss ito nal o wpl a tformf acingKh wa jaHa sanNi zami s
tomb .Kh wa jaHa sanS anis itso nt heirr i
g hts i
dewi tht heg ue stso fho no ura ndt he
pro mi ne ntme mb erso ftheb rothe rho od. Othe rpe rsonso fno t ellthef ro ntr owso n
theb oths i
de so fthee mpt ys pa cet ha tisleftb etwe ent hel i
stene r
sa ndt hepe rf
o rme rs.
Unl ikei nt heChi l
la,whe r eKh wa jaHa sa nS anii shi dde nf ro mt hev iewo ftho sewho
sito uts i
d et hea ctua lme di t
a tionc ell,inKh wa jaHa ll
, hei ss ee nb ye veryo ne. Co rr
e s-
po ndi ng ly,hei sa b let omo ni tora l
lhi sdi sciplesa ndg uidet he mi npr o pera da b,if
ne ede d. Itiswo rthno tingt ha tde spitet hepr ese nc eo fthet ombi nKh wa jaHa ll
, i
tdo e s
no tpl ayapr omi ne ntr o l
ed ur ingt hepr o gramme so rga nizedt he re.Inste ad,t hepe r-
forma nc esa ree ssentiallydi re ctedt oKh wa jaHa sanS ani.
Ev ers inc eI rsto bse rvedas am assemb lyinKh wa jaHa ll inOc t
o be r2 004,Me raj
Ahme dha sb ee nt heo nlyl o ca lq awwa ltos ingt herea nde venhi sa ppe a rance sha v e
be ens po r
a dic .Us ua l
ly,the
r sttu rni sgive ntoMo ha mme dAhme d.In2 0 09 ,heb egan
hispe rforma nc ewi thal ongn agh ma h-yiqu dd% si.Na gh ma h,pla yedo nha rmo nium, is
theo nl yi nst anc eo fi ns trume nt almus ici naq awwa l
ipe r
fo rma nc e.I ti sfreq uent ly
omi tte d, l
ik ei nt heChi lla,whe ret hes ho rttimewa st oopr ecio ust owa steo na nitem
whi c hr arelys t
irst hea udi enc ea ndl e adstopr e sent i
ngn a -rn aht ot hemr -ima 23
l.
Themo stc lassica lna gh ma hi sc all
edn agh ma h -
y iqu dd% si.Ite mul atest he- i
krf or-
mu l
aa llhh % ,b othr hythmi c all
ya ndme lodica l
ly.Ast hena mei ndi cates,itso r
igins
aret r
a ce dt ot hes am a ssemb lieso fthec eleb ratedChi s
ht iS a birima sterCAb da l
-
QuddEsGa ng ohD( d. 1537) . Ot
71
9
he rwi se,then ag hma hi sus ua l
lyb asedo nt heme lody
oft hei te mt heq awwa lsa rea b ou ttos ing.
Int hepr esentc ase ,t he n a gh ma hi sf o l
lowe db ya l eisure l
ya lpb e f
o re
Mo ha mme dAhme dt ur nst ot heP e rsi
a nru bwhi chc o nsistso ftheo pe ningv erseso f
ag ha za la ttr
i bute dt oQut ba
P l-DDnBa khtiyFrKF kD. Thei
720
mpr o v i
satoryp assag eha sa t-
tune dt hea udi enc et ot hepe rf
o rma nce, andt he ira nt i
c i
pa tiono fthet e xtua lc ontent
givest he
r stfewwo rdsmuc hwe ight .Sincet het imei sno talimi ta t
ioni nKh wa j
aHa ll
s a m co uld, int he ory ,co ntinueunt ilthene xtmo rningpr ay er( faj
r)Mo ha mme d
Ahme dl etst heme l
o dya ndt het e xtunf olds lowl yi nadi a l
o guewi tht heo therme m-
be rso ft heg r oup .Ther u b le adss mo othlyt ot hea no ny mo usq i
taht hats e r
v esa sthe
7
19 Qure
shi
2006:
45.
7
20 Fort
hef
ull
ghaza
l,s
eeQut
ba
P l
-DD
n,Dv
n,
11
8.F
ora
bri
dge
dve
rsi
ons
,se
eNEra
l-
^as
an,
Nag
hm
t,
1
70a
ndFFr
EqD
,Naghmt
,94.

228
sal
i
entt ext
.7
21
I
tc onti
nue stoe labora
tet het hemeo fb o
wi ngo ne
sheadt ot he
t
hreshol
do ft heb el
oveda ndg rav
ingfo rhi smi r
acle-wor ki
ngg l
anc e
.Thet r
ansi
t i
on
f
romt heradf oftherub(-z)tothatoftheq i
t
ah( -
z-
im )c r
eate
sa nimpress
iono f
asoniccohesion.Thetwog i
rahv ers
esa l
soa ddre
ssthet o pi
co ftheb e
love
dsgl
a nce,
andtheitemi nitsenti
retyreveal
sac onscio usplanninga nds ubtl
elit
erar
ysensit
ivit
y
f
romt heparto ftheq a
wwa ls.Thepo et
ict he meso ft
het hres
ho l
da ndtheglanceare
al
soac l
everwa ytos t
artasam asse
mb ly.The ycreat
ea na s
sociat
ionwiththepo ems
ofprai
sethata retheno r
ma t
ivewa ytob egins am
,b utsimultaneousl
ytheyma nage
t
or eachintot hepo et
icr ea
lmo fpassiona telove.Ther e
nedpe rf
ormanceisno t
wast
edo nthea udience
, whorespondse nthus ias
ti
call
y.

I
tem1
:Aq
it
%
ahi
nPe
rsi
an

n
agh
mah
-yi
qud
d%s
<
al
p>
1
s
t
r
ub(
in F
ora[wh
ole
]li
fe
ti
me,Ih
a v
erub
bedmyi
ndig
enthe
adaga
ins
tyo
urt
hre
sho
ld
P
e r
si
an) P
erh
apsIwi
ll
behono
uredbyaso
ir
ewh
ereIca
nmeet
you.

Whenas
lav
eisal
lo
wedagrac
efu
lglanc
efro
mthema
ste
r
I
amas l
avean
dyouaret
hema s
terse
ethat
mywor
kget
sdo
ne.

1
s
t
ve
rse Myi
ndi
gent
fore
headi
sint
hedus
tofyo
urthr
esho
ld
Myl
ongl
if
eisasac
ri
23
cef
oron
eglan
ceofy
ours.

1
s
t
g
ira
h It
isab
outonegl
anceofy
our
s
Butmyli
f
eisat
stak
e .

1
s
t
ve
rse Myl
ongl
i
fei
sas
acr
i2
3c
efo
ron
egl
anc
eof
you
rs.

2
nd
gi
rah Th
ereY
le
cti
onof
hisb
eau
tyil
l
uminate
sthewo
rldo
fourcon
tin
gentexi
st
enc
e
Onec
oquet
ti
shg
lanc
eoft
hebel
ove
disth
esel
l
ingpri
ceo
fmyfait
h.
72
2

1
s
t
ve
rse Myl
ongl
i
fei
sas
acr
i2
3c
efo
ron
egl
anc
eof
you
rs.

2
nd
ve
rse Whywoul
dIhea
dtoth
ein2
3r
maryoft
heMes
si
a h
?
Yo
urru
by[l
ip
]that
sel
lss
ugari
sen
ought
ocureme.

72
1 Thet
exti
sfo
undo nl
yinFFr
EqD
sNag
hm t
.Se
eFFrEq
D,Nag
hm t
,35
.
72
2 Thi
sgi
rahi
sthema t
la
ofagha
zalwr
itt
enbyShF
hBa hl
El
.SeeNEral
-^a
san,
Nag
hm
t,3
9;F
FrEq
D,
Nagh
mt
,33
;Mera
j,Su
r%d,11
2.

229
3
rd
ve
rse So
me t
ime
syou
rfacea
ppear
sinmyda
rkc
orn
er
Osunoft
hewor
ldwhonu
rtur
eme,as
pec
kofdu
st.

1
s
t
ve
rse As
acr
i2
3c
efo
ron
egl
anc
eof
you
rs.

Aftert hes ophis ti

catedP e r
siang ha zal,Kh wa j
aHa sanS aniinstruc tstheq awwa ls
tosingas impleHi ndigta ttributedt oAmD rKhus rau.Insteado far e
ne dc ha i
no fas-
sociatedpo eti
ci ma ges,itsa e sthetice #f
ec tstemsf ro
m as inglewo rd,me harv.The
wo rdme ha rv
( thunde r
c l
oud )i sde ri
v edf r
omS anskritme ghar av
a ppe ari
ngi nthe
Ma hab har ata
.I
7
23
ti sahi ghlyunus ualwo rda ndi t
sus eisc aref
ul l
yc alcula t
ed.Itgives
thet extad e
ni t
e lya r
c haic1 2avo ura nde #

c i
e ntl
ys ha pesthei ma g ese vokedi nthe
l
isteners.Ins t
ea do fjus ta nyr ainc loud, me harv isar o ar
ingthund ercloudt hatindic-
atesthea pproa cho fahe av yr ains howe r,herel ikenedt one ctar( r
a s)
, andt hea ss
oci-
atede njoy mento ffre s
hne ssa ndc o olair
. Relyingo nt hepo eticpo tential ofthewo rd,
theq awwa lsrepea titsev eraltime s.
De duc ingfro mt hef actt hatKh wa j
aHa sanS aniasksMo hamme dAhme dtos i
ng
thi
spa rticulari temi ne ve rya s semb l
y,i tb elongst o hisf avourites.Thi st i
me ,
Mo ha mme dAhme db eginswi thtwov ersesfromag haz a
lb y^F z.I
P
72
4
nt heve r
ses,t
he
poe t
icima gery12o wsf r
o mt hewi neho uset oapr ostr
ationo nt heb e l
ov edsfootpri
nt.
Althoug ht hela t
te rima gei sc o mmo ni nHi ndi po emsa swe ll
, t
hee c hoo ftheru bis
onlyf aintlyfelti nt hes ali
e ntt ex twhi chma k esnodi rectreferenc et opr ostr
a t
ion.
Ho we ver,thelisto fsa i
ntlype rsona geso #
fersa ni nter
co nnectedt hemet ha tlo
o s
elyties
ther ub a ndt hes a l
ientt ex tto gether.Thel isto fthee arlyChi shtima ster
sc l
ima xes
thepe rforma nc e.Es peciallyNi zF
Pma l
-DDnse pithetMa WbEb-iIlFhDi srepe atedse v
eral
ti
me st ogetherwi tht hena meo fhisS uguide.

I
tem2
:Ag
(ti
nHi
ndi

1
s
t
r
ub(
in Asl
ongast
henamean
dsigno
fwinehou
sean
dwinewi
ll
rema
in
P
e r
si
an) Myheadwi
ll
remai
n[i
nth
e]dust
ofth
eoldmagi

sla
ne.

Wher
eani
mpre
ssi
onofyo
urfoo
tpr
int
isf
oundont
hegro
und
Th
eret
hep
eop
leofv
is
ionwil
lbo
wthei
rhead
sfo
ryear
s.

Gt Thunde
rcl
oudisr
ain
ingdr
opso
fne
cta
r(Myf
ri
end
!)7
25

Int
hecour
toft
hemaste
rs

7
23 SeeTurner19
621
966: 5
9 5
;1
0302.
7
24 See^FzP
1
972:1
32.
Fo rtwodi
#f
erenta
bri
dgedvers
ions,
seeNEral
-^asa
n,Nag
hmt,1
191
20;
F
FrEq
D,Nagh
m t,
87.
7
25 Gu
i
yy,afe
ma l
efr
iendo fag
irl
orawo men.Thewordiss
ynony
mo uswit
hsakh.

230
 Look
!To
day[t
hec
loud
s]f
ormth
ickl
ayer
s.
Thunde
rcl
oudi
sra
ini
ngdro
psofne
cta
r!(Myf
ri
end
!)

Khv
jahUsmna n
dKh v
jahMu na l
-Dn
Qut
ba l
-Dn ,
Ga n
j-
iShakkarandtheDivi
neBel
ove
d
B b Ganj-i
Shakkar,t
heDivi
neBe l
oved
Ar
etodayatthedoorofNi
jma l
-Dnsdar
li
ng,t
hepr
inc
eof
poe
ts.
7
26

<
krtn>
Thun
derclo
udisrai
n i
ngdrop
so f
n ec
tar!

Af t
ert heene r
geti
ct akrro fthes ai
nts name s
,o neo ftheq awwa lsiniti
atesalong
i
mpr ov i
sationa ndthea ccentua teddr umb eatsg iv
ewa yt osofterone s.
Asi nt hecase
ofMa ji
dWa r
si
spe r
for
ma nc ea ttheChi ll
ae a r
lierthes a meda y,theliste
ne rsseemdi s
-
appointedb ec
a useofthes udde ndis r
upt. Seeingt he i
rr eact
ion, Mo hamme dAhme d
swif
tl
ye ndst hes onga ndc ontinue swi t
haHi ndigto fBe dam.Thepo etdepict
s
NizF
Pma l
-DD npl a
yingh ola ndg iv
eshi ma ttr
ib utest hata reusua ll
yc onne ctedwith
Kris
hna .Hewe ar
sac rown( mu ku D
)a ndc arr
iesas yringe( pi
ck r)us edf orspray
ing
colo
ur edwa t
er.Het respassest hes ocialno rmsr egulatingthede al
ingsb e
twe enthe
sexe
sb ys eizi
ngt hegir
l
sha nda ndlifti
nghe rveil.Hema kesherdr i
nkl i
q uora nddyes
herredwi thg ull
,thepo wde rthrowna boutdur i
ngt hef esti
val.
F
o rma lly
,thetextresemb l
esag hazal.Ho we ver,thev er
sesareno ti
ndi vi
sibl
ea nd
sel
f-
co ntaineda ndMo hamme dAhme dre work sthe mr adic
allyd uringt hepe rf
orm-
ance.Int hec aseofag hazal,thiswo ul
db ei mpo ss
ib l
e, butwithBe damsHi ndipoem
theendr esultissti
llaha r
mo nio uswho l
e.7
27

7
26 Amr -
ishu
ar

,i.
e.AmDrKhusrau.
7
27 F ort
heo r
igi
naltext,
seeBedam, N%ral
-
ai
n,168.Fo
ranot
herv
ers
ioni
nwhichtheli
neshavebeen
r
eor
ganize
d,seeMe r
aj,Sur%
d ,40
5.Forthi
sperf
ormance,MohammedAhmedhassel
ect
edonlyparto
f
t
hel
inesfoundinBedamsN% ral
-
ain.Thes
epassa
g e
sarebel
owwri
tt
eninbol
dandnumb ere
d
a
ccor
dingtotheordertheyappeari
nhi sper
for
ma nce.
Henotonl
ysi
ngsapar
tofthel
ines
,butals
o
c
ombineshalf
-l
ine
sintone wo nes
.

1
.Ni
jmal-
D(n,t
hedar
li
ngofGanjS
hakkar
,cel
ebrat
edhol
2int
heto
wno f
Chisht
2
.Khvj
ahMu
(
nal-D(
nandQutbal
% -D(
nthre
wt heco
louro
flov
e[i
ntot
heair
].

4
.Cr
ownonhishe
ad,sy
ring
eo nhi
shand,
heca
met op
layho
lDi
nmycour
tya
rd
3
.Mast
erNi
jmal -
D(ni
sac unni
ngpl
ayer
;hes
eiz
edmyhandandrai
sedmyvei
l.

Howfo
rtu
natei
sth
elo
toft
heon
e,whohasf
oundsu
chabeaut
if
ulb
elo
ved
Pl
ayChi
sht
is
,pl
ayhol
D!
Hehasar
ri
vedi
nthegu
iseofma
ste
rNij
m!

4
.Hejump
edfo
rth
,sp
las
hedwate
randal
lof
asudde
n,het
hrewc
olo
urandmademedri
nkl
iquo
r
5
.Bedamo4
fe
rshi
mself
forhi
scol
our
ful
rake
;hedy
edmeredwi
thpowde
redc
olo
ur.

231
I
tem3
:Ag
(ti
nHi
ndi

Gt Ni
jma l
-Dn ,
thedarl
in
go fGanjS
h a
kkar
,cel
ebr
a t
edholD
7
28
int
hetownofChis
ht
Khvj
ahMu nal-
Dna ndQu t
ba l
-Dnthre
wthecolourof
love[i
ntot
heai
r].
7
29

Maste
rNij
ma l-Dnisacunni
ngp l
ayer
;hesei
zedmyh andandrais
edmyveil
.
Cr
owno nhishead,
syr
ingeonhishand,
hethr
ewc ol
ourandma demedri
nkl
iquor
.
Beda
mo Zf
ershi
ms e
lff
orthesa
ketohisc
olour
ful
rake;hedyedmeredwi
thpowder
ed
co
lour
.

Theite
mi sperf
ormedquic
klya
nditsf
unct
ionseemstohaveb eensust
ai
ningthe
a
rous
alofthelis
tener
s,whi
chtheext
endedimpr
ovisa
tio
ni nthee ndoftheprevi
o us
i
te
mt hre
atenedtodis
rupt
.Theqawwal
sthenbegi
nane witemwi t
has l
o wgira
ht hat
c
anaccommo dateimprov
isa
tor
ypassa
geswit
houttheri
sko flo
singthea t
tent
iono f
t
heli
ste
ners.

I
tem4
:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du

1
st
rub
(
in OnedayImeth
imont
her
oadsome
wher
e
Urdu) Af
ter
wa r
ds,
myhea
rtd
idn
otle
tmenes
tl
ean
ywh
ered
uri
ngt
her
est
ofmyl
i
fe.

Eve r
yonepr esentk no wst hatt hispa rticularr ubwi l
ll e
a dtoT a skinQur es hi
s
Ur dug ha z
al de s
cribingt hel ov
e r
sse ar
c hi nt her oseg arden, whe r
ea llthema ni f
e sta-
t
io nso fb eautys eemb landi ncompa ri
so nwi tht heb e autyo ftheb elove d.Theg ha zal
i
sv erymuc hl ik
edb yKh wajaHa sanS a nia ndMo hamme dAhme dha so ftens ungi t
.
Mo r
e over,
Kh wa jaHa sa nS anihaspr evio us l
ye l
ab oratedo nt hemy st
ical i
mpo r to ft he
gha zalb yc o nnectingi tt ot hepr i
mo rdia lc ov enantb et
we e
nt hes o ulsa ndGo d
(ms q).Thei deaisa #
fectedb yne oplato nisma ndi t
sKo ranicb asi
si sf oundi nt he
S%r atal-a
rf[ 7:
1
72 ]whe reGo da skst hes o uls,ifhei sno tt heirL ord( al a st
ub i
-
rab bik
um)a ndt he ya nswe rinthea #
rma ti
v e.Ac co r
dingt oanumb ero fS uwr ite rs
,
t
hei nne r
mo sts ecreto fahuma nb eingi st heme mo ryo fthec ovenanta nds o uls di-
vinepr e-exis
te nce.Thi sme mo rycaus esint he mal ongingf ortheirdivineo rig
in.
Aft
e rther ub,Kh wa jaHa sanS anii nt errupt stheq awwa lstoe x plaint ha tt he
que sti
onpo sedb yGo dwa sthemo stb ea utifulso unda ndt ha thuma nb eingshe a ri t
s
echoi na llbea uti
fuls ounds ;hefurthe r
mo r
ee xplainstha tthisga vebirtht oa ll thedi f
-
f
e rentra gas
. Re minde db ymus i
c,thes o ulsk eeps e ar
chingf orthes our ceo fthi sv o ice
i
nt hef ormo fadi vinev is
ion.Co mpa redwi tht hee arlie
rpe r
forma nc eo ft hes a me
i
te mIha vea na l
ysede lsewhe re,t
73
0
hee xpl ana tiono fthea geingKh wa jaHa sanS ani i
s
i
nc o herentandheha st oa skthea ud i
enc et or emi ndhimo ft herelevantKo r
a nicpa s
-
7
28 P hgr
efe
rstothere
dpo wdert
hro
wno vere
achot
herdur
inghola
nd,
thus
,tot
heh
olf
est
iv
al
i
ts
elf
.Se
eMc Gre
gor2000:6
80.
7
29 Ra i
ncaChyo,
lit
.
madethecol
ourri
se
ors
pre
adthecol
our
.
7
30 S e
eVii
tamki2009:
328334
.

232
sa
g e
.Iti
sasifhewasrepea
tingpar
tl
yfor
got
tenli
nes
.Itisno
tewor
thyt
hather
efe
rst
o
t
hehuma nsoulorspi
ritbyboththedi
sti
nct
lyIs
lamicter
mr %
a swel
laswit
hits
Hinduequiv
alent
tm.

Khwaja Ther
ewa samo mentwhens pirit
s(r EWej)h adb eencreat
e d
,b eforetheygott hei
r
HasanSani bodi
es.Thisisme nt
io
nedinth eKo ran .Myme moryisnows owe a k
, t
hatId ono tre-
speak
s(in memb erth eexactwords
.Y o
up r
oba blyrememb er.[Audiencer eplie
s:Al astub i
-
Urdu): ra
bbikum?AmI notyo
urLord? ]Yes,a ndtheyan s
we r
ed:
BalFs hahidnF.Ye
s,weh ave
bor
newi tness
.An dever
yspiri
t( FtmF )h eardthosewo r
dsinad i
Zf
erentraga.Th e
re
wasonlyon ephrase
,buti
twa sh eardi ndiZ
fere
n twaysandth usea c
hr agaaZf
ectsthe
spi
ri
tind iZf
ere
ntwa ys
.Foral ongt i
me ,Ididnotk now,whoh a dwr i
tt
ent h
isp oem.
ThenIg ottoknow,thati
twa swr it
tenb yonep oli
ceoZ2
3c
er,wh ou sedpoeti
cex pres-
si
onstosayt hatt
heragainwh ichthei nd i
vi
dua lhear
dthed iv
ineq uest
ioncanma ke
l
if
eb l
oom. Butitwasnotabou ttheme revoice
,itissai
dinF avF `
idal-F
uCFd,buta l
so
aboutthev i
si
on .
Thespir
itkeep ssearchingino rdert
oh eartha tvoic
ea gai
na n din
or
dertose ethatvi
si
ona g
ain.Id ono treme mberthefull
p o
em, y ouexplai
nittou sin
f
ull
.

Aft
erKh wajaHasa
nS ani
scomments,theqawwalss
ingtherubagain.Theyini
-
t
ia
teanotherru
b t
hatel
ab o
rate
sonthet hemeofthepri
mo rdi
als
ound.Itha sbee
na
s
ucce
ssdur i
ngtheprev
iousyears
,butthisti
me ,
Khwa j
aHasanS a
nitel
lsthemt opro-
c
eedstr
aightt
othesali
entt
e xt
.Leav
ingther u
bhalf
way,t
heystar
tthegha z
a l
.

1
st
rub
(
in OnedayImeth
imont
her
oadsome
wher
e
Urdu) Af
ter
wa r
ds,
myhea
rtd
idn
otle
tmenes
tl
ean
ywh
ered
uri
ngt
her
est
ofmyl
i
fe.

2nd
ru
b(
in Th
evo
iceI
hadhe
ardinpr
e-e
ter
nit
y,i
nto
xic
atedandel
ate
d
Urdu) Th
ats
amevoi
ceI
hearev
ennowinthel
uteofb
e i
ng.

Du
etoy
ourk
ind
nes
s,myb
ein
gbe
cameb
ein
g..
.
73
1

1
s
t
ve
rse F
romwhomsho
uldIaskwh
ereI
hav
ese
ent
hat
lumi
nou
sfa
ce?
F
romso
ir
etos
oir
e.
.
.

Khwaj
aHasa
nSanii
nte
rrupt
stheq a
wwalsag
ainandt
el
lst
hemtojo
int
heghaza
l
wi
tht he
r
str
ub
ins
tea
dofthesecond.Ac
cordi
ngl
y,t
heqa
wwalss
ingt
he
r
stru
b
ag
ain.

73
1 The sev
erse
sarepa
rtofaghaza
lwr
itt
enbyNavF
bKhF di
m^a s
an(d.1
970)
,thethi
rdhea
do ft
he
Aj
me rb
asedGudriS
hahiSu
br
other
hoo
d.Fort
heful
lgha
za l
,s
eeKhFdi
m,Samahlal
lh
,11
4.AsI
hav
enotedel
sewher
e,Mohamme dAhmedsi
mpli

est
heorigi
nal
.Se
eVii
tamki2
0 0
9:332,
fn.
44.

233
1
st
rub
(
in OnedayImeth
imont
her
oadsome
wher
e
Urdu) Af
ter
wa r
ds,
myhea
rtd
idn
otle
tmenes
tl
ean
ywh
ered
uri
ngt
her
est
ofmyl
i
fe.

1
s
t
ve
rse F
romwh
oms
hou
ldI
askwh
ere
..
.

KhwajaHa sanS ani i

ssti
lluns at
is
edwi ththe i
rpe r
formanc e.Hehadme anttha t
theq a
wwa lsshouldc o nnectthet woi temsi nt hemus ic
alle v
els othattheg hazal
wo ul
dg r
owo r
ganica l
l
yf romt her ub
.Dur ingt hepr evi
ouso ccasi
ons,Mo ha mme d
Ahme dhads ungt heg hazali
nas omb reme lodywi thaf ull
-t
hr o
a te
dvo i
ce.Thist i
me ,
hisvoi
cewa sli
lt
ing ,
a l
mo stcro
o ninga ndtheme l
o dymuc hlighter,whi
chc ontr
a dict
ed
themus i
calrenditio
no ftheru bs.Thene wve rsi
ond idno tpleasethemr -
ima 2
3l
andMo hamme dAhme dwa sforcedtol eavethesta ge.
Mohamme dAhme dwa sfollowedb yMa j
idWa rs
i.Heb eg
inswi than aghma ha nd,
l
ikeMo hamme dAhme db efor
ehi m, witha ne xt
e ndedme l
odicimpr ovi
satio
n. Whe n
heb eg
instherub
,hes t
umb l
e sov e
rhiswo r
ds.Firstheb egi
nsthema t
laofaP ersi
an
ghazalat
tr
ibutedt oKhus rau,butt henc hangesint oalinefromag hazalat
tributedto
al-
^a l
l
Fj.I
tswo rdi
ngr e se
mb le
st hev ers
ea ttr
ibutedt oKhus r
a u. The
73
2
n, hereturnsto
theme l
odi
ci mpr o
v i
sationswithoutindic a
tingthathei ntendstoc omplet
et hev ers
e.

I
tem5
:Ag
haz
ali
nPe
rsi
an

n
agh
mah
<
al
p>
1
s
t
r
ub(
in Odel
ic
atecyp
res
s.
..
Opr
oudc
ypr
ess
,yo
uar
eth
esp
len
dou
rof
myg
ard
en.
P
e r
si
an)
<
krtn>

Theqawwalsar
es erendipi
tousl
ysavedb yKhwajaHasanSani,whoa s
ksthemt o
si
ngintheproperst
yleofRa mpur( s
omethingMo hamme dAhme do bvious
lyfail
edto
do).
Ma j
idWarsise
lectsane wru b
thatMo hamme dAhme do f
te
ns ingsandthuses-
ta
bli
sheshi
ms el
fasthenestrepre
sent
ati
veo ftheRampurtradi
tionint hi
ssam as
-
se
mb ly
.Therubi
sfollo
we db yaghaza
l byJFmD.Theqawwalssi
ngfou rvers
es(vers
es
1,
3,2and5)ofthest
anda rd
v e
-li
never
sionfoundintheqawwa l
ianthologi
es.
73
3

2
nd
ru
b(i
n Wh
atwoul
dIdowit
hapala
cei
nParad
ise
?Ihav
eth
ela
neo
fth
ebe
lov
ed
P
ersi
an) Wh
ysho
uldIf
earHel
l?I
havet
hef
aceoft
heb
elo
ved

73
2 F ort
heghazal
attr
ibut
edtoKhusr
au,Esar v
-in
a z
ann -
imanazmanc i
hdi
dah(
Mydeli
cat
e
cy
pres
s,whatwerey
oue xpec
ti
ngfr
omme ?)
,seeFFrEqD
,Naghmt
,18
3.Fort
heghaz
alatt
ri
bute
dtoal
-
^al
lF
j,s
eeNEral-
^asan,Naghmt
,398
;FFrEqD
, Naghmt,2
10.
73
3 S eeNEral
-^as
an,Na g
hmt,
358;F
FrEqD,Naghm t
,1
88.Theg
hazal
isnotf
oundinKull
i
yt-
iJ
m.

234
 Li
keMajn
%n,y
earni
ngf
orameet
ingwi
thL
ail

Dayan
dn i
ght
,Ik
eepmyeye
stu
rnedto
war
dstheo
ne,
whor
ide
sth
esh
e-c
ame
l.
73
4

1
s
t
ve
rse Y
our
ais
edatumu
lti
nth
ewor
ldb
yyourch
armi
ng7
35
be
aut
y
Y
oumadee
achande
ver
ywo
undedv
ict
imwai
l.

2
nd
ve
rse Ol
dmagi
,yo
uma demei
nto
xic
ate
dwi
thj
ust
onegob
let
Yo
ust
ol
emyh e
art
a n
dyoust
ol
emyso
ula
ndma d
emewe a
kan
dpo
wer
le
ss.

3
rd
ve
rse I
nno
cen
tandunb
lemi
she
d,youki
l
ledmebyi
dol
s
amo
rou
spl
ayf
ul
nes
s
Y
ouhi
tmewit
haswor
d,but
blamedot
her
sfo
rit
.

4
th
ve
rse Hapl
es
sJ
mi sa
nn i
hi
lat
edi
nyourlo
ve
Yo
uhidt
heon
ewh owasann
ihi
l
atediny
ouri
nti
mac
yin
tot
hed
ust
.

Thepe rfo
rma ncei swe l
lrecei
v ed,butdo esnotcrea
teo v
e r
whe l
minge nthusi
asm
amongt helist
eners,whi c
hi sals
oe videntf r
omt helac
ko ftak
r r
.Incontr
ast,thenext
i
tem, aghazalbyAmD rKhus rau,s
tirsthea udie
nc etosuchane xt
entthattheq awwals
havetor epeateachl ines evera
ltime s.Ex t
endedt akr
rise mployedint hema qta
,
wherethepo etimplore sthek i
ngo fb e
a utytono t
ic
ehisabjectsta
te.I
tbeco me se
vid-
entfromt heg es
tureso ft helis
tenerstha ttheyinter
pretthephr as
eb dshh-iusn
(
ki
ngo fbe auty
)torefert othei
ro wnS u gui
de.Theq a
wwa l
ss i
ngfour(ve r
ses1,2,3
and5)outo fthe
v eve r
sesc ons
tit
utingt hesta
nda r
dv er
sio
nfo undintheq awwa l
ian-
thol
ogie
s .
7
36

I
tem6
:Ag
haz
ali
nPe
rsi
an

1
s
t
ve
rse E
ver
yni
ght
,Is
tumbl
ear
oun
dyourd
well
i
ng
E
ver
yda
y,I
sig
ha n
dwai
lbe
cau
seofy
ou.

2
nd
ve
rse Be
lov
ed,d
onotb
eun
fai
thf
ult
oth
isbr
oke
n-h
ear
ted
Ib
ecameyou
rco
mpani
onage
sago!

3
rd
ve
rse Onth
ed a
ywhenmybo
nesdis
inte
gra
te
Maythel
ovef
ory
ous
ti
llr
esi
deinmywoun
dedh
ear
t.

73
4 NEra l-
^a s
an,Naghmt,44
14 4
2.
73
5 Ma l,
li
t.s
alty
.C.M.Naime xpl
ainsthewo rdt
or ef
ertot
heo #
f-whit
ecolourofs
altt
hatisf
ound
at
tr
acti
veinhuma ncomple
xion.Accordingtohim,thi
salsodenote
sQaspi
cierpers
onal
ity
R.S
eeMDr,
Zi
kr-
iMir,
26.Thecommo nUrdua ndHi ndiwordsal
o n
ha sasimil
armeaning.
73
6 S eeNEral-
^a s
an,Naghmt,315
;FF r
EqD,Naghmt,1
4714
8 ;Meraj
,Sur
% d,
118.

235
4
th
ve
rse L
ookatmyab
jec
tst
atewit
ha4f
ect
ion
Y
ouaret
heki
ngofbe
autyandKhusr
aui
syo
urb
egg
ar.

1s
t
g
irah(
in J
m,theser
van
t,g
rewol
dli
ket
hes
lav
esa
t y
ourdo
or
Pe r
si
an;r
e- Beme
rcif
ul
,oki
ngofbe
aut
ie
s,t
oyo
urweakbeg
gar
.
pe at
ed
twice)
4
th
ve
rse L
ookatmyab
jec
tst
atewit
ha4f
ect
ion
Y
ouaret
heki
ngofbe
autyandKhusr
aui
syo
urb
egg
ar.
<
krt
n>

Thr oug houtthepe rf

o r
ma nce ,t heq a wwa lsr elye s
s entia ll
yo nt ak r
ra ndr ende r-
i
ngt hes a
lienttextise noug htos tirt helisteners .Onl yt owa rdst hee nddot he yinse rt
oneg ir
a ht hatcloselyecho esthema q t
a whe reKhus raud esc ribe shims e lfa sab e gga r
.
Thes imi l
are xpressionsb dshh-i u sna nds h h-i kh%b n(
k ingo fbe aut ies)cons ol-
i
da t
et hel inkb etwe entheg i
raha ndt hes ali
entt e xtev enf ur the r.Thes uc c essoft he
i
nse r
tedv ersema ke stheq awwa lsr e pe atittwi ceb eforei nitia ti
nga no the re xtende d
takrro fthema q t
a
.The r
stimpr o v i
sa t
o r
ypa ss ageisi ntro duc edo nlyi nt hev er
ye nd
ofthepe rf
o rmanc e.Ma ji
dWa rs
i us esi ttos lowd ownt hepa c eo fmus ica ndi mme di -
ate
lyc o ntinuest ot hene x tit
em.Hei swe l
la wa retha tt heq a wwa lss ing i
nga fte r
Mo hamme dAhme da r
eus uall
ya llowe dt os i
ngo nlyt woi t
e ms .Startingat hirdnum-
berwi thoutapa usei sastrategyt ha ts ome time sg ivestheq awwa l
sa no ppo rt
uni t
yt o
exceedt he i
ra l
lot
tedt ime .Ma j
idWa rsib eginsaP ersiang ha z al co mmo nl yb el
ievedt o
haveb ee nwr it
tenb yKh vF j
ahCUs mF nHF rvanD. Ho
7
37
we ver,Kh wa jaHa sanS a ni
sne ph-
ewa ndde signatedf oll
owe r
, S
yedMu ha mma dNi z ami ,isg ro wi ngc onc er ne do vert he
healt
ho fhi sunclea ndhei ndicate st heq awwa lstos top .The y, ho weve r,int erpretthi s
tome ant ha ttheysho uldsingso me t hinge lseands tartaHi ndir ubt ha two uldpr o b-
abl
yl ea dt oAmD rKhus rau
sCh pt ilak. The
7
38
ya reinte rrupt e da g ai
na ndus heredt o
giv
ewa ytot hene xtg ro
up .
Unf ortunatel
y, Ihavene v
erc aug htthena meo fthel ea di ngq awwa lo ft hisg r
o up
hail
ingf roms ome whe reinUt tarPr a de s
h. The ys ingr egul arlya tKh wa jaHa ll
, butdo
notb elongt oanyo fthee stabl
ishe dpe r f
o r
mi ngl i
ne ages.Al tho ug ht he ya realwa y s
welcome db yKh wa jaHa sanS ani, the i
rpe r
forma nce sne ve rq uiter e
a cht hes t
and ard
oftheRa mpurq awwa ls
.Mo reover,t hisg roupa lwa yspe rf
o rmst hes amei tems .The

rstisamu staz
dg hazalb yBe da m. Theg haza lisa mo ngt heb est-
k no wnpo e
mso f
73
7 Na hm dnamk ih
k h
irc%ndam-
iddrm r
aqFam(
IdonotknowhowI wi
l
leventual
lyda
nce
whenIse
eyou)
.Forthet
ext,s
eeNEral-
^asa
n,Na
ghm t
,21
021
1;
FFrEqD
,Nagh
mt,1
13
;Me raj
,Su
r%d
,
72
73.
73
8 Ther u
b
beginsChapdik
h l
nek
opiy
kopah%W
ch uyi
hmu j
hsebh%
l(
WhenI ar
riv
edtomy
bel
ove
dinordert
os how[hi
m]thema r
k[onmyfor
ehead]
,If
orgo
tit
).

236
Bedam,a nditb el
ongstot heco req awwa lir eper
toir
ee ve r
ywhe r
ei nI ndiaa nd
Paki
sta
n.
Thepe rf
ormancei swe l
lreceived,b utcr e
a t
esnopa rticularenthusia
smi nt he
l
ist
eners
.Theo nl
ytimewhe nmo s
to fthel is
tene r
sgetupt oo #ferna-rnahtoKh wa j
a
HasanSaniiswhent heqa wwa l
ssingv erse3 ,whi c
ha nno unc esthepre s
enceo fthe
begga
rsatthedooroftheb el
ovedimpl oringhisk i
ndne s
s.Thi sthemeha sb e
ene voked
thr
oughoutthetwos amassembliespre si
dedo v
erb yKh wa j
aHa s
anS ani,andi thas
i
n v
ari
ablytouchedhisdisciple
s.Thepe rfor
ma nc ebe g
inswi thas horta l
pa nda n
Urdurubthatdescri
besthemuni cenc eoft hebeloved. Theq awwa l
ss i
ngt hef ul
l
ghaza
lando nlysl
ig
htlyreorgani
zeitsv erses(theys i
ngv erses1,2,4,3a nd5) . The
73
9
y
als
osli
ghtl
ystumbleovertheirwordsint hema qta
.

I
tem7
:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du

<
al
p>
1
st
rub
(
in Y
ourg
ene
rou
shandre
ache
sfarandwi
de,e
achof
yoursl
ave
sisa
nAyz
Urdu) Y
ouar
eth
enurt
ure
roft
hepeo
p l
eandIambol
dovery
ourki
ndnes
s.

1
s
t
ve
rse Wher
eistheplac
e,belov
ed,t
ha t
isnoty
ourdwel
li
ng
Wher
eyouc oul
dnot bemet?
74
0

Wine
houseisyour
s,Ka a
baisyours
,te
mp l
eisy
ours
Ev
eryt
hin
g,b e
lov
ed,isyour
s.

2
nd
ve
rse Inwhi
cheve
rfo
rmy o
uappear
,Ia
mma df
ory
ou
Encha
ntedbyyou
.
Fri
end,
ifyo
uareacand
le,
Iamyourmot
h
Thati
s,c
razyf
oryou
.

3
rd
ve
rse Thebeggarsofyourt
hre
sho
ldarepres
entatyo
udo o
r
Oric
hestofth
erich.
Someti
me s
,letmeshar
e(Mybel
oved
!Soul
o f
mys o
ul!
)iny
ourme
rci
ful
kindne
ss
Inyo
urregalfav
our.

7
39 Fo
rthete
xt,
seeBedam,N%ra
l-
ain,1
1511
6;Mer
aj
,Sur%d
,131
13
2.
7
40 Aurj
il
auk
hnahti
r,
li
t.
andyourante
c hambe
r
,i
.e
.thepla
cewher
etheg
ues
tsa
rer
ece
ive
d.

237
4
th
ve
rse Ol
dma nofth
eruin s
,l
etmehaveagob
let
,t
oo
Le
tther
ebeyourcharit
y.
Unt
ilt
heDoomsda y(Mybel
ove
d !
Sou
loft
heso
ul!
)ru
nyo
urwi
neh
ous
eli
ket
his
That
is,
yourcup.
7
41

5
th
ve
rse Bythewin
eh ous
e,oc
upb ea
rer
,ro
bmeo Z
fmyse
nse
s
Giv
emes el
f-
for
get
ful
ness.
Eve
ryonecal
lsyo
u,Bedam,li
ket
his
:[Hei
s]c
raz
yabou
tyo
u
Thatis
,mada b
outyo
u.7
42

Afterni
shingBe damsghazal
,theq a
wwa lsst
a rtaPers
ianr ub
74
3
t
hatisa s
soci
-
atedwitht heothe ri
temt heyusuall
ysing,Ed il
bi-
grd man-isult
n-iaul
iy(
Heart
,
sei
zetheh e mo fthekingo fsai
nts
),
wr i
tte
ni nprai
s eofHusainb yNiyFz.L
7
44
ikeMa j
id
Wa rsi
,theya r
ei nter
rupteda ndsi
gnall
edt oleave.Theirpro
testati
onsthatthe ywere
i
nt e
ndingt operformapo emb yares
pe c
tedS u
sai
ntl i
keNiyFzaretonoa vail
.
Thene xtqawwa ligr
oupi sanewa ppearanceinDe lhi
.I
tsleadingvocal
istisst
il
li
n
hislat
et ee
nsa nda nelderrelat
iv
ee x
plainsinrust
icUr duhowt heya r
eno ws i
ng i
ngat
theNiza muddins hri
nefo rthe
rstti
me .Hea pol
og i
z e
sforal
lthemi stakestheyma y

741 I nthedv n,t

hisliner eadsrah ema ik
hnahtir
( ma yyourwi nehouserema i
n)
.See,Be dam, N% r
al-
ai
n ,
115.I
nS ur
%d,itreadsd au r-
ipaim nahti
r(
ci
r culati
ono fyourcup)
.SeeMe raj
,Sur%d ,13
2.He re
,
theve r
sionofSur%dispe rhapst hemo s
tsophis
tic
ated.Whe nthelineisconnecte
dwi ththepr evi
o us
l
ine ,
itacquire
stheme ani ngl
e tyourc upcir
cula
teunt i
lthedo omsda yR
.Thus,t
heq awwalso ccasi
o na l
ly
succeedina meli
orat
ingt heo r
ig i
nal t
extinst
eadofsimpl ifyi
ngit.
742 The
naloneandha lfl
ine softheg haza
lconst
a ntlypresentdi#
cul
ti
esfortheqawwa ls.Here ,the
seconds i
ngulars
eemst or efe
r r
sttoBe dam( t
uj
he)andt hentotheb elov
ed(ti
r),whichco nfusest he
syntax.Theconstr
uctionb asedo nt hephr a
seya
n(
tha tis
)isempl oye
dforthethirdti
me ,indicating
thatiti
sus edasame anst osimpl i
fyunc lea
rtext
ualpa ssagesinoraltra
nsmissi
on.Inthedv n(Beda m,
N% ral-

a i
n,115
),t
heselinesr e
a d:
yEjt osabkahteha ijbeda mt irFma st
Fnahti
rF
abhEjdD vFnahtirF

Bedam,eve
ryon
esaysl
ik
ethi
s:
Iamcra
zya bo
utyou,ab
o u
tyo
u!
NowI a
mma dabo
utyou!
Thever
si
oninS ur
%d(Meraj
,Sur
%d,
132)i
ssl
ig
htlydi#
fe
rentandper
hapsmo
ste
asi
l
yunde
rst
oodwhe
n
sung
:
yEjtosabkaht
ehaijbedamtohai
ma s
tFnahti
rF
yaC
nDdD
vFnahti
rF

Ever
yonesay
sliket
his:
Bedamiscr
azyabouty
ou
Thati
s,mada bout
you.
7
43 SeeNEral-
^a s
an,Nagh mt,
435;FF
rEqD,
Naghmt
,229
.Forape r
for
mancewhe r
ethi
srubis
e
mplo
yed,se
eKha nqah-
e -
Kamil,I
tem4b el
ow.
7
44 SeeNiyF
z,Dv n(1
929),17
.Thevers
ionsi
ntheNaghmtanthol
ogi
esar
es l
ig
htl
yabri
dged.Se
eNEr
a
l-
^as
an,Naghmt,2526andF Fr
EqD,
Naghm t
,27
28
.Sur%d,
o ntheot
herhand,r
ecor
dstheful
lte
xt.
S
eeMeraj
,Sur
%d,60.

238
co mmi tanda sk
st hemr -
ima23
lforpermissi
ontob e
g i
n. Alt
houg has t
andardproced-
urei nconcertsta
g es,i
tissel
domf ol
lowedins amas
se mb l
ies.
Aft
eras hortn agh mahandab rie
fa l
p,theq a
wwa lssi
ngag eneri
cru bthat
co uldprecedea nyma nqabat
.Thes econdr ubismo r
es peci
candi ndi
catesthat
theya regoi
ngt ope rformaniteminpr ai
seofCAlF
`al-
DD nbFb i
r.Thepo emiswritt
enb y
apo etusi
ngt hepe nna me^a sra
t,whoa l
sorefe
rstohi sma st
e rcal
led^F
z.I
P
7
45
tb e
-
l
o ng stotheva r
yi
ngr eper
toi
reoftheq awwa l
s.Consi
de ri
ngho wo #
f-
tunetheqa wwa l
s
singa ndho ws t
rictKh wajaHasanS anicanbewi ththeq awwa ls,i
tissurpr
isi
ngho w
enc ouragi
nghei s. Thisappl
iestohisdisci
ples,aswell.Someo ftheme mberso fthe
De lhigharne xpressthei
rsupportfortheqawwa l
sa ndd uti
fullyst
andupwhe never
thena meo fthesa intismenti
oned.

I
tem8
:Amanq
abat
inUr
du

n
agh
mah
<
al
p>
1
st
rub
(
in Whomshoul
dwec al
lourown?Youareo u
rma st
er
Urdu) Yo
uareourre
fuge
,if
wee st
rang
edpoo rhaveany.
Wewi
lln
ot l
eav
eyourpurehemevenind eat
h
Ev
eni
frel
igi
onandwo r
ldweremine,
yo uareth
esupp
ort
.

2nd
ru
b(
in Whokno
wsthef
avou
rsof
mymas
terO
bir
?
Urdu) Al
ikn
ows,Go
dknows,
Muhamma
dMu st
afak
nows
.

1
s
t
ve
rse Iamcraz
y,I
amma da
bout
Al
al
-DnOb
ir
Heist
hemast
er
,Ia
mas l
aveo
fAl
a
l-
DnObi
r.

2
nd
ve
rse Le
t h
imwh owant
sspi
ri
tua
lble
ssi
ngsk
eepwatc
hatth
isd
oor
Theri
vero
f
Al
a
l-
DnO bi
r
sbl
ess
ing
sisY
lo
wing.

3
rd
ve
rse Yo
u ,
whoar
edrun
kfromt
hewin
eofun
ity
!Dri
nkt
hel
i
quo
rof
Ob
ir!
Thet
ave
rnof
Al
al
-DnOb
iri
sop
entoday
.

5
th
ve
rse Fr
ien
ds,t
hrowtheco
lou
rofSa
b i
rib
rot
her
hoodatt
hedoo
rof
e23
z
Dyeyou
rse
lvesf
romheadt
otoebyt
hecol
ourof
Al
a
l-
DnObi
r.

6
th
ve
rse Th
isea
sra
tisas
erv
ant
ofe
23
z,t
hat
e2
3
zisama
nif
es
tat
io
nof
Ob
ir

7
45 Thismi
ghtr
efert
o^F
zP
MuWa
mma
dMEs
FMF
nik
pEr
D,
thema
ste
rofS
hFhKhF
mos
h.Hel
i
vedi
n
Mani
kpur
,i
nAmbaladi
str
ic
t.

239
 Be
cau
set
hisl
i
ght
ist
heu
niq
uel
i
ght
of
Al
a
l-
DnO
bi
r.

1
s
t
ve
rse I
amc
raz
y,I
amma
dab
out
Al
a
l-
DnO
bi
r

Af t
ernis
hing ,theq a wwa lsa s
kf o rape rmi ssi
ont ope rformo nemo rei tem, b ut
SyedMuha mma dr e f
use st hem.Themi c ropho nei sa l
readya bouttob eta kent o
Khwa jaHa sanS anif ort he nald ua,whe ns omedi sci
pl e
spo i
nto uttha tS ha hee d
Barelwia ndhisg roupa res til
lwa itingf orthe i
rt urn.Sye dMuha mma da greest ol et
thems i
ngwi t
ht hec ondi ti
ont ha tt heyk e ept heirpe r
fo r
ma nces hort.The yb eg in
withoutan aghma h, buti ntroduc ea ne xt
e nde da lp.Khwa jaHa sanS anii mpa tiently
tel
lsthemt os i
ngq awwa li,sincet het urno fc l
a s
sical(klaiss
ikal)mus i
cwo uldb eo nly
thene xtda y.Hec l
earlyi ndic a
test ha tco nveyingat extualme s
sageist hee ssential
characterofq awwa limus ic,whe reaspur elymus icalconsiderati
onsb el
o ngt ot hedo-
ma i
no fclas
sicalHindus ta nimus i
c. Theq awwa lsdul ymo vetoar u b
t hata sksf or
thegriefo v
ertheb el
o ved. Theme ntiono ft hema rt
y r
edS u
sShams -iTabr ez
, Sarma d
ShahDda ndMa nXEra l-
^a l
lFjint hel astli
nei ndi cat
e sthats ome t
hingspe c i
ali sgo i
ng
tofoll
ow.
Theq awwa lscho i
cei so neo ft heb etterk nownUr dug ha zal
sb yNi yFz.7
46
Du ring
thepe rf
o r
ma ncet hatturnso uttob ea n yt
hinge l
seb utb r
iefi tlast
se x
a ctlyo neho ur
theq a wwa l
ssinge ight( verses1, 3
, 7, 4,
5 ,2,8a nd9 )o ftheg hazal
sninev ersesina
seeming l
ys poradico rde r.Thepe r
fo rmanc ei sas uccessf romt hev eryb eg i
nni ng.
Khwa jaHa sanS aniisvisib l
yr ef
reshe d. Heha dt husf arbe enleaninga g
a i
ns tab olster
,
slo
u ched,butno whes itse rectanda l
ert,l
isteningt oe v
er ywo rdofthepo em. Likei n
soma nyhagiographical ane cdotesa b outaS uma s
ter
smy st
icalstat
eb eingt ransmi t
-
tedtoo t
herpe opl e
,s i
mi lare nthu si
a sma ndde e pe mo t
io nsee mt otouc he v eryone
whoi spr es
ent.

I
tem9
:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du

<
al
p>
1
st
rub
(
in Gi
vemegr
iefo
very
oursel
fandmakemysoulex
ult
Urdu) Makee
ver
ywoundinthehear
tarunni
ngsor
e.
Fr
ie
nd,mak
emye x
ist
encewort
hofso
me t
hin
g
Make[
me]Shams-
iTabre
z,makemeSarmadorManF
%r.

1
s
t
ve
rse I
nyourl
ove
,It
ookamou
ntai
nofgr
ie
fonmyhead
,comewha
tma
y(Mo
unt
aino
fgr
ie
f!
)
I
for
wentt
helu
xurya
ndenj
oyme
ntofl
if
e,c
omewhat
ma y
.

7
46S
eeNi
yFz
,Dv
n(
192
9),
303
1;Me
raj
,Su
r%d
,30
53
06.

240
2
nd
ve
rse Dono
tla
yyo
urha
ndo
napa
tie
ntl
ikeme
,do
cto
r!

1
st
gi
rah(
in <
krt
n>
Urdu) Nur
tur
est
heh
ear
t.
..

Theq a
wwa l
sintr
oduceab r
iefimprov
isato
rypass
ageandareabouttoi
nser
ta
g
ira
h,butKh waj
aHa s
anS a
niasksthemtoc onti
nuewit
hthetakr
ro ft
hepre
vious
v
ers
e.Hea l
soa s
ksthemtos i
ngitwitho
uta ninst
rument
alacco
mpa ni
mentf
orfew
t
imes,
sothathecanprope
rlyhea
ritandunderst
andit
simport
.

2
nd
ve
rse Donot
layyo
urhandonapat
ie
ntli
keme,
doc
tor
!
Le
avei
ttoGodf
,orGo
dss
ake
,comewhatmay
.

Af
tert
hetakr
r,Khwa
jaHas
anS a
niins t
ruct
stheqawwa l
stoke
eprepea
ti
ngthe
r
adfjohosoho(Q
comewhatmay
R)
.Thissimpleandcommo nplac
ephra
seisr
epeat
ed
t
hro
u g
houttheg
hazala
ndint
hecours
eo ftheperf
ormanceitbec
omest
heful
crumto
whi
chtheqawwal
sandKhwaj
aHasanSanifreque
ntl
yre
t ur
n.

Ela
b or
ation Comewhatmay!
ofthe2nd

ver
se Fo
rGod
ssake
,co
mewhat
may
.

Co
mewhat
may
!

3
rd
ve
rse Ist
ate
dall
theaZ
Yl
i
cti
onso
fse
parat
io
ntohimf
acet
ofa
ce
Hesmil
edchar
mingl
y,co
quet
ti
shl
y(Cha
rmin
gly!
Char
min
gly
,co
que
tt
is
hly
!)and
sai
d:
Comewhatmay!

Co
mewhat
may
!

4
th
ve
rse Ri
sefr
omth
escho
olofr
eason
,co
metothewi
nehous
eofl
ove
!
Ih
a v
enowdra
nktheg
oble
tofan
nih
il
ati
onandun
sel
fc
ons
ci
ousn
ess
,co
mewh
atma
y.

Whe ntheq a
wwa l
ssingthefour
thv e
rse
,Kh waj
aHa s
anS anihimsel
findic
ate
s
t
hathiskhnq
histhewinehouseme nt
ione
di nthever
se.Eachtimetheq awwal
s
r
eachtheradf
,therei
sagener
a l
uproa
rintheaudienc
eandKh wajaHasanSanij
olt
sa
l
i
ttl
e.Asiff
eel
ingthathemayhavelos
tsomeshadesofmeaningduri
ngthebe g
inni
ng
o
ftheperfo
rmance,heask
stheqawwalstosi
ngtheghaza
lfr
omt hestar
t.

1
s
t
ve
rse I
nyo
url
ove
,It
ookamo
unt
aino
fgr
ie
fonmyhe
ad,
comewhat
may(
Mou
nta
ino
fgr
ie
f!
)

241
 I
for
wen
tth
elu
xur
yan
den
joy
men
tof
li
fe
,co
mewh
atma
y.

Co
mewhat
may
!

Whent heqawwa l
sag
a i
nreachtheradf,Kh waj
aHa sa
nS a
niint
erruptst
hemsay-
i
ngthatt
hisphra
s e
,co
mewha tmay,
hasb e
e nthemo tt
oo ft
heprophetsandsa
ints
t
hro
u g
houtthehi
storyofI
slam.Hesayst
ha tthisi
swha ti
thasbee
na l
la bo
utandask
s
t
heqawwalstoco
ntinueexpl
ainingt
heimpo rtofthephras
e.

1
s
t
ve
rse I
too
konmyhe
ad,
comewhat
may
.(Mo
unt
ai
nofg
rie
f!
)

Heint
err
upt
sag
aina
ndsta
testha
tthi
siswha
tthecompani
onso
fthePro
phet
went
thr
ough,
whent
heyr
is
kedbei
ngost
rac
ise
dint
hei
rso
cial
cir
cl
ewhenthe
yjoi
ned
hi
m.

1
s
t
ve
rse I
nyourl
ove
,It
ookamou
ntai
nofgr
ie
fonmyhead
,comewha
tma
y
I
for
wentt
helu
xurya
ndenj
oyme
ntofl
if
e,c
omewhat
ma y
.

2
nd
ve
rse Donot
layyo
urhandonapat
ie
ntli
keme,
doc
tor
!
Le
avei
ttoGodf
,orGo
dss
ake
,comewhatmay
.

Co
mewhat
may
!

4
th
ve
rse Ri
sefr
omth
escho
olofr
eason
,co
met ot
hewi
neh
ouseofl
ove
!
Ih
a v
enowdra
nktheg
oble
tofanni
hi
lat
io
nanduns
el
fc
onsci
ous
nes
s,c
omewh
atma
y.

Khwa jaHasanSa niaskstheq awwalstosi

ngthev ersesaf ewtime swi t
houtthe
i
ns t
rume nts.
Hea ls
og ivesinst
ructi
onsonho wtorhythm t heta k
rro fjohos ohoin
di#
fere
ntwa y
s.Heb eamst ohi sdisc
iple
s,andthro
ug hhi sg es
tureshei ndica
testhe
ski
lloftheq awwalsandt heprofundit
yo ft
hepoem.Al thoug hheha sbeeng iv
ingten
rupeeno testotheqawwa l
sthroughouttheeve
ning,heno wt ake
sf r
om hi spocketa
noteofvehundredrupe esandg i
vesitt
othesi
ngers.
Thi sishighlyexceptionali
nhis
sam
assemb l
ie
s ,
whe redenomi nat
ionsexc
eedi
ngtenr upee sar
ear aresight.

3
rd
ve
rse Is
tat
edal
lt
heaZ
Yl
i
cti
onso
fse
para
tio
nt oh
imfac
etof
ace
Hesmi
le
dchar
mingl
y,
coq
uet
ti
shl
y,andsa
id:
Co
mewhatma
y!

Co
mewhat
may
!

242
 I
nste
a dofconti
nuingtot hefoll
owingver
se,t
heq awwalsret
urntotheprevi
ous
onethatj
ux t
apos
e sreas
ona ndlove.
Thusfar
,theyhavereli
edma i
nlyont a
k r
r,but
nowtheyinit
iat
eas erie
so fv
eg ir
ahs.Ea
che l
abora
testhecontr
astbet
we e
nr ea
so n
andlea
rning,ontheo neha nd,andloveandintox
icat
ion,ontheother
.Allthegir
a h
ver
sesent
iceapositi
veresponse,andtheqawwalsr
epeatsomeo ft
hemtwice.

4
th
ve
rse Ri
sef
romt
hes
cho
olo
fre
aso
n,c
omet
oth
ewi
neh
ous
eof
lov
e!

2nd
gir
ah(i
n Whene
verNi
y
zwenttot
hes
cho
olofl
oveandto
okale
ssona
bou
tth
est
ati
ono
fan
ni-
Urdu;re- h i
l
ati
on
pea t
ed Wit
hasinc
erehea
rt,
hefo
rgo
twhat
eve
rh eh
a dl
ear
ned
.7
47

twice)
4
th
ve
rse Ri
sef
romt
hes
cho
olo
fre
aso
n,c
omet
othewi
neho
useo
flo
ve!

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n Th
isi
sno
tasch
ool
,pr
each
er,
pic
kupthebo
ok,
pic
kitup!
Urdu) Th
isi
sawin
ehous
e,h
erey
oushoul
den
joyt
hepl
easu
resofl
i
quo
r!

4
th
ve
rse Co
met
othewi
neho
useo
flo
ve!

4t
h
g
ira
h(in Th
osewhoar
emadlyinl
ove
,act
inana
bsu
rdma
nne
r
Urdu;re
- Th eycl
oset
hei
rey
esinor
dertos
ee.
peate
d
twice
)
4
th
ve
rse Co
met
othewi
neho
useo
flo
ve!

5t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Whowi
llse
ehimve
il
edinamo
rou
spl
ayf
ul
nes
s?
Urdu) Is
eehi
simagei
nev
eryt
hin
g!

4
th
ve
rse Co
met
oth
ewi
neh
ous
eof
lov
e!

6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Ev
eryvei
nandnerv
eburs
tin
toaY
lame,
thee
nti
rebo
dyi
son2
3
re
Urdu) Cupbe
arer
,wha
tisthi
sgo
ble
tof2
3
erywi
neth
atyoumad
emedri
nk?
74
8

4
th
ve
rse Ri
sefr
omth
escho
olofr
eason
,co
met ot
hewi
neh
ouseofl
ove
!
Ih
a v
enowdra
nktheg
oble
tofanni
hi
lat
io
nanduns
el
fc
onsci
ous
nes
s,c
omewh
atma
y.

5
th
ve
rse Ass
oona
slo
vec
aug
ht2
3
re,
[al
l
]th
isb
urn
edl
i
kec
ott
on:

7
47 Themaqta
fr
omaghaz
albyNi
yFz
.SeeNiyF
z,Dvn(19
29),
67
.
7
48 Theve
rsebel
ong
stot
hesa
meghazal
a st
he2nd
gi
rah
.SeeNi
yFz
,Dv
n(
192
9),
6.

243
 Th
ech
att
el
sof
exi
st
enc
e,s
oul
andb
odyn
oth
ingr
ema
ine
d,c
omewh
atma
y.

6
th
ve
rse Fr
ie
nds
,don
otas
kmetoa
cta
sa nadv
is
o r
Myabi
l
it
yofj
udg
eme
ntre
mainsnomorei
nit
spl
ace
,co
mewh
atma
y.

7
th
ve
rse I
nth
ismir
ageofe
xis
ten
ce,t
h ed
eadofn
igh
t r
emai
ns,
not
hin
gel
se
Whe
nthemorn
ingofet
ern
itybr
oke,
Iwal
kedoZ
f,
comewh
atmay
.

8
th
ve
rse Ni
yz
,Ihaven
ous
efo
rgoodandbadoft
hewor
ld
Whati
sit
tohi
mwhohasp
a s
seda
wa yf
romhi
msel
f,
comewh
atma
y.

Kh
wajaHasanS
anii
svi
si
blyt
ouc
hed.Hei
ndi
cat
est
heq
awwa
lst
ost
opf
oramo-
me
ntwit
hasli
ghtmove
mentofhi
sha
ndandsa
ys:

Khwaja Loo
ka ttheh is
tor
yo fIsl
amf r
om Ad amtoKa rbala.Loo
ka titsperva
d i
ngmo o
d
HasanSani (
kai
yyat
).Exceptforwhatisbeingsai
dint hi
sp o e
m,y o
uwi llseenothi
ngels
e.
speak
s(i
n Eve
rythi
ngisinthi
spoem,ever
ythi
ngisi
nthi
sp o
em, ever
ythi
ngisinthi
spoem.Thi
sis
Urdu) t
hep er
vadingmoo dofIs
lam,th
eysay.Mab%bP k(
thePur
eBe l
oved
,i.
e.Ni
zma l
-
Dn)s a
ysComewh atma y
!andhegoesonwit
hh iswo r
k,l
ovi
ng.Isthi
sasma l
lth
ing?
I
sthisacommo nplac
et h
ing?ByGod,Ite
lly
ou,thisissuc
haq awwa l
ithatonec
oul
d
goonlis
teni
n gt
oitfortheent
ir
elif
e,dr
owninginitsimport
.Ju
str e
peatsomever
ses
f
orafewmo reti
me sandthe
nwes t
op.

8
th
ve
rse Ni
yz,Ihav
enousefo
rg o
odandbado
fthewor
ld
What
isi
tt
oh i
m,whohaspas
seda
wayf
romhims
el
f,
comewh
atma
y.

Co
mewhat
may
!

1
s
t
ve
rse I
nyourl
ove
,It
ookamou
ntai
nofgr
ie
fonmyhead
,comewha
tma
y
I
for
wentt
helu
xurya
ndenj
oyme
ntofl
if
e,c
omewhat
ma y
.

8
th
ve
rse Ni
yz
,Ihaven
ousef
org
oodandb
a dof
thewo
rld
Whati
sit
tohi
m,whoha
spas
sedawayf
romhi
mself
,c
omewh
atma
y.

Whe ntheqawwalss
top,i
tis3.
30AM. Ever
yoneisabs
olut
el
ys i
l
e nta
ndt hereisno
t
raceofthemut e
dc ha
tte
rthatusual
lyf
oll
owsas amas
sembly
.Iti
sa si
fthephrasejo
hosohowa sst
il
lechoi
ngintheair.
Themi c
rophonei
stakentoKhwa j
aHas a
nS ani.He
beg
insthenal
dubyrea
dingtheSuraofOpeninganddur%d.
Het hencontinuesina
moreinf
o rmalt
one,hi
svoic
eo ccas
ional
l
yc hok
ing:

244
Khwaj
a God!Today,youweresome rc
ifulatthebles
sedKha nqah,7
49
youwe resome rcif
u lthat
Hasa
n th
eoccasionbecameve ryspeci
a l
.Wh enHa sni
Miyanwi l
l arri
vetomo rr
ow, o
7
50
Zferhim
Sa
ni
sdu
th
issumo nmyb ehalfforthes ervi
cesthattheqawwa lsrend e
rint heda rgFhs.[He
gi
vesano teof
vehundr edr upeestotheq awwals.
]Wh ath ap
p e
n edinthemo rni
ng
i
scle
a rtoyou.Andn o
w, tonig
h t,qawwali
..
.ther
ewa sqawwa l
iforthewh o
len i
g ht,bu
t
Ihear
dn othi
ngo fi
t.I
twa smo ckqawwa l
i.Andaft
erit,thi
sg hazalofrespect
e dNi y
z
wassunga nditb e
camea pparentthatAllahma deyous eet h
eh is
toryfromt he2 3
rs
t
dayofthee t
erni
tyuntiltheda yofr e
surrec
ti
onlik
et hi
s.Th isKh a
n qah-e
-Niyaziyaof
th
eNiz a
mi li
neageisab le
ssingu ponus.Go d
..
.God,accepto urthanksforitan dleti
t
al
waysr emainas our
ceo ffel
icit
ytou s.
[ Heswitc
he sfr
o m Ur duintoAr abicforthe
cl
osi
ngphr ases.
]Ma yAl l
a hb l
essthebestofhiscreat
ions ,Muh amma d,a nda llhi
s
f
amilyme mbersandco mpa ni
o ns.
Byy ourmercy,
oMo s
tMe r
cif
ul o
ftheMe rcif
u l
!

Af terthed uKh wa jaHa s anS ani retirestohi sho us ea ndther e sto fthea udiencedi s
-
pe rses.
Thela stit
emi sa ne x cell
e nt,yetr elati
ve l
yra ree xa mpleo fa ne xtreme lysuc c
es s
ful
qa wwa lipe rfor
ma nce.Thepe rforme rsr ecei
v eda na mpler emune ra t
io nf ort he i
r
sing i
ng ,butmuc hmo r
ewa sinvo lvedi nt hepr o cess; t
heywe rea bletod e eplytouc h
themr -i
ma 2
3l,whoa lsous e dtheo c
c asi
o nfors ha ringhispe rs
o na linsight sintot he
po etictextwi t
hhi sdi sciples.Hi s na lco mme ntso ne verythinge lseb eingmo ck
qa wwa li
(23
lqavv l)a l
sog uidedhi sdisc i
plestob emo recons ciouso nwha ttoexpe c
t
fromaq awwa liperforma nce .Thec omme ntwa sa l
l themo res trikingc o nside r
ingt hat
theRa mpurq awwa l
sha dde li
ve rede xtreme l
yr enedpe rforma nc ese a rl
ierint he
nig ht.But,from hi spo into fv i
ew, some t
hingwa sl ack i
ngint hem. Fur the rmo r
e,t he
co nstantdia l
ogueb etwee nt hemr -
i ma 2
3landt heq awwa l
so #fereda no uts i
deo bser v
-
erar aregli
mps ei ntot heme aning saq awwa lipe rf
o rma ncec ouldg ene rateinal isten-
er.
Whe nIha dtheo ppo rtunityt oa tt
e ndt heur so fNi z
F
Pma l-
DD nf ort hene xtti
mei n
Ma rch2 01
1, ot
he rq awwa ls, amo ngt hem Mo hamme dAhme d, hads tartedt os i
ngt his
gha zalinKh wajaHa s
a nS anissa m a
ss emb li
es.Ho we ver
,the ywe r
ene ve ra bl
etoc r e
-
ateas i
mi l
ara tmo sphe rea nde l
icitsimi larrespo nsef romt hel i
s t
e ners.Whe nS hahe ed
Ba relwia tt
e ndedt hes a m i nKh wa j
aHa llfo rt hene xtt imedur ingt he urso f
Ni zamuddi ni nMa rch2 0 12,hea gaina rri
vedi nt hev eryendo ft hepr ogra mme . This
ti
me ,hes elect
eda no the rUr dug haz alo fNiyFz, Ch oComu jheb e-kh vudmi r r
my ah
ha i(Leavemeuns e l
fcons cious,t hisi smyr est
) ,
75
1
aga i
ns i
ng ingf o ra bouto neho ur.

74
9 He reheref
erstotheChi
ll
aandthesamas
sembl
ythatt
ookpla
cether
einthemo rni
ng.Heand
hi
sfol
l
owe r
scal
ltheChill
aKhanqahShar
eef.
75
0 Ha sniMiya
n,i.
e.ShahMuhamma dHa s
anai
nNiya
zi,
thesaj
j
danas
hno ftheKhanq a
h-e
-
Niy
azi
ya,al
waysarr
ivesfr
omBarei
ll
ytoDelhif
orbaC
qult
hatwil
lta
kepl
a c
ethefol
lowingmorni
ng.
75
1 S eeNiy
Fz,Dv
n( 1
929)
,32
.

245
Thi swa sf oll
o we db ya nothe rg ha za l
,Y rk oh amn ej b a -j
d ekh( Is awt hef riend
eve rywhe re)
, dur
75
2
i
ngwhi chKh wa jaHa sanS anii mpa rte dt eaching so nv ad ata l
-
vu j
% dt ohi sdi scip l
e s
.Thes ameha ppe ne da gaini nF eb rua ry2 014,thist imewi thaP e r
-
siang ha zalRa fta ma nda rtah -ik hku ns-ib u tn-a mb q st(Ig ounde rt hedus t,b ut
myi nt i
ma cywi t
hi dol
sr ema i
ns ).I
753
nas itua tionwhe reo the rq awwa lsha da ppro pr i
-
ate da ni t
em ma d esuc cessfulb yhi m, hes ho we da c ume nb yc hoo s
ingaf r
e shpo e tic
tex t.Unl ikemo stq awwa l
swhoo fteno ptf ori temst ha ta refairlysu ret or eceiveaf a-
vo urab ler e s
po ns ef romt hea ud ienc e,S ha he edBa rel
wiha sb eent a kingr i
s ksb y
sing i
ngl essk no wnpo e ms .Thi sha spa ido #fa ndheha sb e ena b l
et oc a pitalizeo nt he
eleme nt soffre shne s
sa nds urpr iseini nt ensifyingt hee xpe rience soft hel istene rs.
Kh wa jaHa sa nS anisrea ctionst ot heq awwa lipe rfo rma nc esinhi ss a m a ssem-
blie sr evea lhi sg enerala ttemptt oa voidt hes t agna tio no ft heS u pr actice.Hi s
ex pec tationso ft heq awwa lsRpe rforma nc esha vea lwa ysb ee nhi gh,a nde vendur ing
the u rso fNiz amudd i
ni nF e brua ry2 014 ,
whe nhi sme mo rywa sv i
siblya #fectedb yo ld
age ,hi sc omme nt so nmus ica ndpo etrywe rea lwa y sa ccur a t
ea ndt ot hepo int.Heha s
alwa y sk epttheq awwa ls,espe c i
a l
lyt ho seha il
ingf romt hepr e st
igiouspe rformi ngl in-
ea ges,a lert.Heha sc ri
t i
cizedMe rajAhme ds ever elyf ort hedi ssona nts ingingo fhi s
fami lywi thther esulttha tthe ydi dno tsingi nKh wa j
aHa llforma nyy e ars .Heha si n-
terrupt e dMo ha mme dAhme ds evera ltime s.Thi sha sa lwa ysha pp ene dwi thapo e m
tha tha dpr e
v i
o us l
yb eenas ucc essi nKh wa jaHa sanS a ni
sa s se
mb lies.I n2 006,he
stop pe dhi mi nt hemi ddleo fs ingingag ha zala ttrib ute dt oREmD ,!r z%d ra mk ih
mi h m n -atku na m(
Iye arnt oma k ey oumyg ue st). Mo
7
54
hamme dAhme dne vers a ng
thepo ema gaini nhi spr esenc e. Thes amea ppl i
est oT aske en
sg ha zal disc usseda b o ve
(Item4 ),whic hha ds omuc hs ti
rre dt hea udi e ncedur ingt hepr eviousy ea rs.As i
mi lar
pa tternwo uldr epe atitsel
fwi tht hel astite mo ft hiso cca sion.Itsimme ns es uc cessi n-
spire dMo hamme dAhme dt os ingi tint hea ssemb lieso fKh wa j
aHa s anS anii nt he
co mi ngy ears.Ho we ver
, whe nMa jidWa r
si atte mpt e dt os ingi ti nKh wa jaHa llinF e b-
rua ry2 0 14,Kh wa j
aHa sanS anit oldhi mt ha thi sr end i
tiondi dno tdoj us ti
c etos uc h
theb e autifula ndi mpo rtantpo e ma ndi ta ppe areda sifhewa sha v i
ngahe a dac he.
Thi sb e hav i
ouri ndi ca
te sade siret ok e ept hemus ica lst and ardo fs a m higha ndt o
simu l
ta neo uslypr otectthepr ac ti
c ef r
o mb e co mi ngar itua l
ized, predi cta bles eri
e so f
i
te mst ha ta cqui ret heire #
fe cti
v ene sso nlyb e caus et heywe reo ncel ik edb yt heS u

gui de. Thus ,fo rKh wa j
aHa sa nS a ni, t
hea e sthe t
icq ua lityo ft hepe r
f orma nce s,co m-
bine dwi tht hee leme nto ff reshne ss, isane sse ntia lme anst opr eservet hedy na mi sm
ofs a m .Thisg ive seachpe rforme di temmo rep ote nt ialtoi nduc ethes udde ne #fecto f
sam tha tha sb e ende scribe dint het extua lso urc esdi sc uss edinP artI oft hisstudy .

7
52 S eeNiyF
z,Dv
n(19
29)
,9;Mer
aj
,Sur%d,
321.
7
53 S eeNiyF
z,Dv
n(19
29)
,18.
Thet
extisal
soincl
udedi
nall
theqawwal
iantho
logi
esdi
scus
sedi
n
t
hiss
tudy.S
eeNEral
-^a
san,
Naghmt
,6566;FF
rEqD,Nag
hmt,4
8;Meraj
,Su
r%d,1
08.
7
54 F oradis
cus
si
onofaper
for
manceofthi
spo e
m, s
eeAni
sMiyan
Rs,
It
em7 .

246
6
.5As
am
as
sembl
yatt
heho
meo
fAni
sAs
hra
inOl
dDe
lhi

Sam a ssemb liesa rea lsoa rr ang edi npr ivateho me sf o rs elec t
e dl istene r
s .Altho ug h
ma nyS u kh n qh sares itua teda dj acentt ot heho us eo ft hehe ado ftheb rotherho o d
likeint hec a seo fKha nq ah-e -Ka mi ldiscus sedb elowas epa r
a tes pac eisus ua l
lyr e-
servedfo rpu blicf unc t
ions ,whi l
et heho usei tselfre ma insc los edt ono n-fami lyme m-
bers.Thes am ass emb lydi scus sedi nt hisc ha pt e
rt oo kpl a cei napr i
v ateho mei nOl d
De l
hi,int heb ed-c um- l
ivingr oo mo ft hem r
-i ma l.Al tho ug ht hev enuei ss i
tua ted
outsi
det heNi zamuddi nBa sti,t heS utra ditionf ollowe db yt heo rg anizeri sc l
o se l
y
l
inkedwi tht hes hrine.
Thes a m to okpl a ceo nt heo cc asiono ft he) urso fS u
Mo ha mme dAy yub
ChishtiNi z ami( d.1 994 )o n4Ra bi)a l-Awwa l( 8F e brua ry )in2 0 1
1.S u Ay yubwa sa
ma i
ndi s cipleo fMa ulanaAb dus sa l
a am( d. 196 6),ano ta blepe rso na gei nt het we nt i
-
eth-centur yS u sce neo fDe lhi.The i
rs ilsi
la hist racedb a ckt oMa ul 7n7F akhra l-D8 n
s
khal
fah:7 jj8L a)
lMu <a mma d. Themo std e votedf ollowe ro ft hel a teS uAy yubwa s
hisgrands onS uAni sMi yanAs hra
,whowo uldo rgani zet he) u rsf esti
v i
tiesa thi s
home .Al tho ug hS uAy yubha ds eve ral s
o nsa ndg rands ons ,Ani sMi yanwa st heo nly
onet oa ctivelyc o ntinuet heS u traditiono fhi sgrandf a the ra long sidet hef ami lyb us i
-
nessinj ewe llery.
Inhi ss a m as s
emb li
es, Ani sMi ya ns trive stor ec rea t
et hea tmo sphe retha tpr e-
vail
edwhe nhi sg ra ndfathe rwa ss til
la live.Hee nc our age ss ingingt hec lassi
c so ft he
coreq awwa li r
e per toi
rea ndo ftenpr ompt st hepe rfo rme rst os ingi nP ersian. Ov ertdi s
-
playo fe csta syi sdi scoura ged. Thef unc t
ionsheo rgani ze sha v eag o odr eputa t
ioni n
OldDe l
hi a ndt heya t
trac tthepa r
ticipa tiono fma nyl oca l Sus.Al tho ug hAni sMi ya n
doesno tb elo ngt oap rz da hf ami ly,hei sa lsowe llk no wni nt heNi za muddi nBa st
i
becauseo ft hema ssfeedi ngo fpe o plehea rrang esd ur i
ngt he ursf estiviti
e s
. Nos ma l
l
unde rt
ak ing ,thef o odisc o oke di ns hiftsinL ang ark ha na( theHo useo fS oupKi t
che n)
througho utt heda y.Lang ark ha naa lsoho use sthet o mb so fAni sMi yan
spr ede cesso rs
,
Ma ulanaAb dus sala ama ndS u Ayy ub, andheo rgani zesas am a ssemb l
yt he redur -
i
ngt he ursf e sti
v i
tieso fNi z7
A ma l-D8na ndAm8 rKhus r au.Thr
1
oug ht he sea cti
v it
ies, he
hasb eena b let oc a rv
ehi ms e l
fani chei na ne nvironme ntt ha tisd o mi natedb yS u

eli
teb el
o ng ingt oe sta
b l
ishe df ami lial l
ine age s.
Thepr o grammeo fS uAy y ub
su rsb eg anwi thaf tia hi nt her eceptio nr oomo f
theho us eAni sMi y ansha r
e swi thhi sb ro t
he rs ,andadi nne rwa ss erve di nt hes ame
space.Ha v ing nis hedt he i
rme als,theg ue stss que eze dt he ms el
v esi ntoAni sMi yan
s
bed-cum- livingr o om,whe ret heb eds e rveda sapo dium f ort heq awwa ls.F i
rst,the

1 Theinfo
rmat
ionont
heS
ut
radi
ti
ono
fAni
sMi
yanwa
spr
ovi
dedb
yhi
mdur
inga
nint
erv
iewa
t
hi
sho
usei
nOldDe
lhio
n2March20
14.

247
fathero fAni sMi yana c t
e da st hem r-ima
l,butwhe nher e ti
re dt ohi sq ua rterss ome
timel a t
er,hi ss ona ssume dt hisr ole.
Ac cordingt ohi sownwo rds, Ani sMi ya nha ss everald isc iple s,b othinDe lhi andi n
thes ur r
o undi ngc it
ies. Ho we ver, onlyaf e wo ft he mwe repr e se ntd ur i
ngt hef unc tio n.
Intere st
ing l
y ,the ywe rea llmi ddl e -
c l
a ssHi nd upr ofessi
o na ls. Thema j
o ri
tyo fthea udi -
enc ewa sc ompr isedo fOl dDe lhime rc ha nt sands c holarso pe r atingi nt het ra ditiona l
ma dr asaf rame wo rk.Themo tiva ti
o nsb ehi ndt he ira tt
enda nc ev a ri
e dfro mb einga B
li-
atedwi thaS ub rothe rho odt ha te nc our ag ess a m ,t
ob eingpur el
yi nte restedi na t-
tendingac ultur alpro gra mo fq awwa limus i
c .Thepr ese nc eo fano n- loca lq awwa l
,
Ift
e kha rAhme d, enha nc e dt hepr e sti
g eo ft heo c casion. No rma lly,theq awwa liwo uld
bet her espo ns ibil
ityo fMe r ajAhme d,b utI ftek harha ppe ne dt ob einDe lhidur ing
Ani sMi y
a nsf unc ti
o nb e cau seh eha db eens i
ng i
nga tthe u rso fIna yatKha nt hepr e-
viousda y.
Onc et heg ue stsha db ee ns e atedi ns idet her oo m, int hec o rridora ndt het errac e
out s
ide ,thes e niorme mb erso ft hea udi enc eb eg andi scus s ingt hea ppr o pria t
eo rde r
forthei t
e mst ob ep erfo rme d. So mes ug ge stedt ha tthes al mwr ittenb yNi z7
A ma l-D8n
sho uldb et he rstitem. Ot he rsa rgue dt ha ttheq awwa l
ss ho ul db eginwi thQa ula nd
Ra ng,b ecaus et hes am wa spr ecede db yaf ti
ah,e v eni fdi nne rwa ss er vedi n
betwe en.Ev e ntua l
ly,thel atte rv iewpr e vaileda ndi twa sde c ide dt ha tthes alms ho ul d
bes unga tt hev erye ndo ft heo cc asion. Thedi scussi
o ni llus tratest ha tthea rrang e-
me nto fitemsi sno tx edi nas am ass emb ly.Ins tead, iti so ftenar esul to fne g oti-
ationst ha tta kec ont extua lpa r ame te rsint oc o
ns i
de rati
o n.
Asas pe cia lgue s
t-pe rfor me r, I
ftek ha rAhme dwa s
rs tt os ing . Hea do pt edac l
a s-
sicala ppro ac ha ndb ega nwi thn ag hma h-y iq udds .Thi swa sfo llowe db ya ne l
a bora te
Qa ult ha twa spr efacedwi tht hr eer u b sa nda l
toge the rf our teeni ns erte dg i
ra hs.
Someo ft hea djunc ti temsa rec ommo nl yi nc orpo ratedt ot heQa ul(fo re xa mpl e,1ts

and2 nd
ru bs,2 ,5h,
nd t
7th
and9 th
gi
ra hs )
, whe rea sIftekha rsi dio sync ratica ppr oa chb e-
come se vide nti nhi se mp l
o y me nto ft hema qta
! f
ro mag ha z al by:7 zAasar u b(3dr

rub
),aswe llasi nhi se lab o rationo ft hes ignicanc eo fAl if o rape rsonl y ingi nhi s
grave .Thished oesinas e que nc eo ft hr eeg irahs( 7,
t
8a
h th
nd9 g t
h
ira hs).Itiss igni
cant
thatt heq awwa l
sa lsode emi ts uitablet opr a
is eAl ib ye v o kingt hehe ro ica ctso fhi s
sonHus aininKa rbala( 10a
th
nd1 2g
t
h
ira hs).
TheHi ndi ve r
se( 2g
nd
ira h)isa ne x cellente xamp l
eo fho wl iteraryc onv ent ionsa s-
sociate dwi thapa rticula rla ng ua gea reut ilizedi nt hes e arc hf orne wwa y stopr aisea
saintlype rso na ge .
Thev e rsee x tolsAl i
sb r av er
ya ndv al
o urmuc hl ikeP e rsi
a na ndUr du
po etrydo , buthei salsode scrib eda sp ar m t
m(
hi g
he sts oul )a ndd ha rm tm(
the
soulo fdha rma ;thes o ulo fdi v ineo rde r).Theus eo ft hea dv erbk ah
"s ofte nst he
me ani ngo ft he see xpre ssionss o me wha tb yi ndi ca t
ingt ha tt hi si sa na ssumpt iono f
thepo etics ub ject.Ho we ver, thef ac tre ma inst ha tthe s
ec laimsa r
eg randi osea nds us -
piciousf ro m as t r
ictl
yt heo log icalpo into fv i
e w. Whe ne x pr es sedi nHi ndi ,ho we ver,

248
t
heydono ts
oundext
remeatal
l.
Thehabi
tualcombi
nati
onoflanguagesa
ndpo et
ic
r
egi
st
ersi
naq a
wwal
iperfo
rmanc
efac
il
it
atesaccommodat
ingsuche x
pres
si
onsint
o
t
heenvi
ronmentofP
ersi
anandUrduv
ers
esa ndpoet
ici
mageswithoutmaki
ngthem
s
eemoutofplac
e.

I
tem1
:Qaul
inAr
abi
c

n
agh
mah
-yi
qud
ds
<
al
p>
1
st
rub

(i
n So
me t
ime
sth
ewa l
l
sshake
,so
meti
mesth
eg a
tesh
udder
s
Urdu) Hear
ingt
henameofAl
i
,Khayba
rshu
ddersev
entod
ay.

2
nd
ru
b
(i
n It
iswr
it
te
natth
edooroft
hePar
adi
se,
int
het
ri
bunal
off
ate
:
P
ersi
an) TheMes
seng
eri
sth
ep r
ophe
t,t
heAt
tac
kin
gLi
onth
edesi
gnat
eds
ucc
ess
or.

3
rd
rub
(
in 4
z
,!
bef
ri
endmyene
miesf
romnowon
P
e rs
ian) Pu
rsuey
ourownco
mfort
,th
ebat
tl
eiswi
tht
hes
oul
.

Qa
ul Wh
osema
ste
rIa
m.

1
st
gi
rah(
in Heb
ecameamani
fest
atio
nof t
hedi
vin
eme r
cy
Urdu) I
npenu
ry,
hebe
camet hehandofGod
Ane
nti
rel
if
ewass
pe n
tindi7

cul
ty,
but
Heb
ecamet
hes
o l
verofdi
7
c
u l
ti
esf
orthee
nti
rewo
rld
.

Qa
ul Ma
ste
r,ma
ste
rAl
i
.

2nd
gi
rah(
in Al
i-
ji
,youareahero,y
ouareast
ron
gma n,y
ouarethefa
therof
thee
art
h
Hindi) Re
mo ve
rof o
bsta
c l
es
,val
iant
warr
iorof
theLor
do f
theuniv
ers
e
Yo
urplayisex
traor
dinar
y,Ik
nownotwhaty
ouare2

Maybeyouarethehi
ghest
soul
,maybey
ouarethesou
lofthed
ivi
neor
der
.

Qa
ul Ma
ste
r,ma
ste
rAl
i
.

3r
d
g
ira
h(in Whe
nthet
imegav
e[me
]immedi
cab
legri
ef
Urdu;re
- Th eTru
thgav
e[me]ac
luea
bou
tma s
terAl
i

2 I nthisli
ne,
If
tek
harrendersthemo r
ecommo nreadi
nganokh
tumrl

lha
i k
o;k
yj
n eky
tum
ho(
Yourplayi
sext
raor
dina
ry,doesanyoneknowwha tyouar
e?
)moreaki
ntocont
empo r
aryUrdu/
Hindi
b ysubst
it
uti
ngko;
ky
jn ewit
hthes y
nony
mo usexpre
ssi
onnah"ma
lm. I
tisnot
ewo r
thyt
hat
hetak
esca r
etoret
ai
nthepo e
ticme t
erdespi
tet
hecha nge
.

249
pea
ted Th
etr
oubl
esthe
msel
vesbe
gant
ogi
veu
pth
eirp
ers
ecu
tio
n
twi
ce) Bu
tIi
nvo
lvedAl
iag
ainst
them!

Qa
ul Ma
ste
r,ma
ste
rAl
i
.

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Whosemindandhe
artar
esi
nce
re
Urdu) Ev
erywordofh
isi
sanarr
ow.
Howwouldhebeapoo
rstr
ange
rint
hewo
rld
?
Heposs
esse
shi
smaste
r
sarr
ow!

Qa
ul Ma
ste
r,ma
ste
rAl
i
.

5
th
gir
a h(
in Br
avothemig
hta
ndmaje
styo
ftheF
ath
erofDus
t,t
hepr
ideofh
uma
nit
y
P
e rs
ian) Al
iwit
hwh o
mGodisp
lea
sed,
remov
erofo
bst
acl
es,
li
onofth
eOmni
pot
ent
.

F
rie
ndo
ftheTr
uth
,ass
igneeo
fMu s
taf
a,o
cea
no v
erD
lo
wingwi
thb
o u
nty
I
mamofth
etwoworl
ds,
thedi
rec
ti
onfort
hepr
ayer
sofre
li
gi
onandfai
th.

Ni
yz,
dur
ingt
her
esu
rre
cti
on,y
ouwil
lno
tbede
sti
tut
e
Si
ncet
hel
ovea
nda7
fe
cti
onfo
rAliwi
l
lbeyou
rpos
ses
sion
s.3

Qa
ul Ma
ste
r,ma
ste
rAl
i
.

6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Ise
arc
hedineve
rya
sse
mbly
,l
ampofth
eh e
art
inh
and
Urdu) ByGod!I
wa sn
otab
let
o
ndAl
i
seq
ual.

Qa
ul Ma
ste
r,ma
ste
rAl
i
.

7t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Iwi
l
lremembertheFat
herofDusti
ntheg
rave
Urdu) Iwi
l
lsi
len
ceeveryques
ti
o n
Ang
els
,des
is
t,donotaskmea ny
thi
ng
J
ustl
etAl
iar
ri
v e[an
d]I wi
lls
ett
let
hewhol
ebi
ll
.

Qa
ul Ma
ste
r,ma
ste
rAl
i
.

8t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Munk
irandNak
r,
4
whydoy
out
o rmentmei
nthegr
ave?
Urdu) Ia
mas l
aveof
the
veho
lyo
nes
,d
5
idy
ounotr
ecog
nizeme?

3 V er
sesfr
omama nqaba
t b
yNi y
7z.Se
efn.onChil
l
a,I
tem1a b
o v
e.
4 Munk irandNak
8r,
theangel
swhointer
rog
ateahumanbeingabouthi
sfa
it
hint
heg
rav
eandpun-
i
shhi
muntilt
hedayofr
esur
rect
ion,i
fhefai
l
stogiv
ethecor
rec
ta ns
wers.

250
Qa
ul Ma
ste
r,ma
ste
rAl
i
.

9t
h
g
irah(i
n Whena n
g e
lsi
nterr
ogat
edmei nt
hegrav
e[sayi
ng]:
Urdua nd Giv
ea nexpla
na t
io
na b
o uty
ourpr
ophetandyou
rfait
h!

Pers
ian) Thoughdead,Imanagedtosi
tup
Ta
kingthenameo fMuhamma daf
ter[
me n
tio
ning]God,
Isa
id:

Al
iismyima m,Iamas l
aveofAl
i
Le
tthousandprec
iousnamesbes
acri

cedi
nthenameo f
Ali
.

Qa
ul Ma
ste
r,ma
ste
rAl
i
.

10t
h
gi
rah(
in ThePr
ophet
isGodsmesseng
er,
whatcanonesa
ya bou
thim?
Urdu;re- Ev
eryo
nejoi
nedtherel
igio
noftheP
rophet
,dumbfounde
d.
pea t
ed WhenAli
arri
ved,
th el
ipsofI
sl
amwo u
ldnotkee
pc l
ose
d
thric
e) WhenHusai
na r
ri
ve d,
Isl
amr e
ache
dthepri
meo fmanhood.

Qa
ul Ma
ste
r,ma
ste
rAl
i
.

1
1t
h
gi
rah(
in Ther
ankofGod
sli
onismoste
x t
raor
dinar
y
Urdu) TheMess
engero
fGodb r
oughtAli
up.
Thepr
eci
ousper
sonofAl
iishi
gherthananyo
n eel
se
Amongall
thepeo
ple
,thati
sthehi
ghp l
aceofAli
.

Qa
ul Ma
ste
r,ma
ste
rAl
i
.

1
2t
h
g
ira
h(i
n OhhowHu sa
inpros
tr
atedi
nfronto
fGo d
!
Ur
du) Husai
npaido7
fthedeb
tofth
ec o
mmu nit
yofbel
i
ever
s.
Ther
eisnopro
str
ati
onnow,t
hisj
usti
mitati
on
[Re
al]pr
ost
rati
onwaso7f
er
edbyHu s
aininKar
bala
.

Qa
ul Ma
ste
r,ma
ste
rAl
i
.

1
3t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Forth
es ak
eofthepeac
eofmi
nd,Khv
u r
sh
d
Ur
du) Keepthedi
scou
rseaboutt
heMast
eronyou
rli
ps.
Heissoontoappear
[S
o ]k
eepyoureyesr
it
uall
ypur
e!

5 P
anj
t
an,
i.
e.Muha
mma
d,Al
i
,Fa
ti
ma,
Has
ana
ndHus
ain.

251
Qa
ul Ma
ste
r,ma
ste
rAl
i
.

1
4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Ev
erysai
nti
sasac
ri

cefo
rth
es a
keof
Ali
Ur
du) Where
veryo
ulo
ok,t
herei
sAl
i,Al
i.

Qau
land Ma
ste
r,ma
ste
rAl
i
.
t
ar
na
Ma
ste
rAl
iAl
iAl
i
,Ma
ste
rAl
iAl
i
.

h
amt umtannnnt
ann
nr
e
y
all
yal
l
yal
ll
l

y
all
lyal
ll
yal
ll
l

Thepe rforma nceisg reetedwi the nthusias m.Ma nyl iste nerse x claimt ha tt he
qawwa lsha v
eg ive na ne nti
rel
yne wc olourtot heQa ul(qa ulk ob il
-kuln a y
r angd iy )
.
Bo t
hI ftek harsappr oachtothes o ngt extandt her espo nseo ft hea udie ncee s
tab l
isha
patterno finteract i
o nb etweenthepe rforme r
sa ndl ist
ene rstha two uldc hara ct
er i
zea l
l
hissu bseq ue ntnumb ersduringt hee vening.Iftek ha riskno wnf orawi der e pertoireo f
adjunc tite mst ha thec ane xpertl
yi nterwe avewi tht hes alientt e xt.Whe nhepe rforms ,
hek ee pst hes truc tureo fani t
emc oherentb ys kilfull
yb al
a nc i
ngb e t
we ent hes al
ient
texta ndt hea djunc tit
ems .I
npr a cticethisme a nst ha tde spitet heple tho rao fr ub
s
andg irah s, t
hes alie nttextconti
nue stode
net hepe rforma nc e .
Int hec aseo ft heQa ul
,thes alienttextiso ftenl ostb ehi ndt henume ro usa djunc t
i
tems .I nt hepr es entpe rfor
ma nc e,mo reover
,t heq awwa lse xhi bi
tr ema rk a
bleno n-
cha l
anc et o wa r
dst heQa ulit
self
. Theg ir
ah sa r
ei ndispe nsa blef o
rt heQa u l
,a ndt he
qawwa lsa rei ng ene r
alfair
lyfreet omo dif
yt hes ongt ext.Ho we ver,iti sstr i
kingt ha t
If
tekha ro mi tsthes e c
ondha lfoft heQa ul(f
a -

a li
y yu nma ul,
hi sma ste risAl i
)a swe l
l
asthe
rstl i
neo fthet ar nah(da rd ildardilda rd n)andi nst eadf ocus eso nt hea d-
j
u ncti t
ems .Att heNi zamuddi ns hrine, f
ore xampl e,thiswo ulde li
cito utrag efro mt he
l
istene rs.AtAni sMi yansho me ,thel ist
ene r
sr ea ctins t
e adb yi nt erjectingS ub n
Allh! (
Pr aisedb eGo d!
)a ndV hv h!(
Bravo!).InQur eshi
st ypo logyo fa udienc er e-
spons es,the seb elo ngtot heformso fco mmo nI ndo- Mus li
mc ultura lexpr ession.S
6
uc h
respons esa remo ret ypicaltomu sh
irahsa ndmus i
calr ec i
t a
lso utsidet heS u
contex t.The ya rer a rel
ye ncounte r
e dint heforma ls am assemb l
iesliket ho seo rgan-
i
ze da tt heChi llao rKh wa j
aHa ll.Theq awwa l
s a ppro acht ot hes o ngt e xtsinAni s
Mi yanss a m a sse mb l
yr esemb lesmo r
eapo et
spr esent atio no fhi swo rk si na
mu sh
ira ht hanaq a
wwa l

sc onve ntionalappr oa chi nas a m a s
se mb ly.Thet ex t
ua l
contenti se xtre
me lye l
ab ora
tea nda ppreciat
ingv erb alartistryo ccasi
o na l
lyo ve rshad-
owsa b sor bedl i
ste ning.Al s
ota k
r rtha taimsa tune a r
thingme a ningsf romar elati
v ely

6 S
eeQur
eshi
200
6:1
20.

252
sma ll
b ulko fte xtise xiguous.Af t
ert hea ss e
mb l
y,whe nt heg uestshadde pa rt
ed, Anis
Mi yanhi ms elfe xpr essedhi se xas pe r
a ti
o nwi t
hwha thepe rceiveda st hel acko f
bet
ti
nga ttitudeo nt hepa rtofso mel i
s t
ene rs.Buts i
nc ethe ywe r
eno thisdi sc
iples,he
couldno tins tr
uc tthe mo nwha thet ho ug htwa ssuitab l
ea d ab.
TheQa u lisc onv entionall
yf ol
lo we db ytheRa ng. I
na dditiont ocertainstoc kad-
j
unc titems( 1r
st
ub
,2g
nd
irah),If
tek ha rint r
o ducesahi ghlyunus ualselect
io nofi nser
-
tedv e
rsesint ohi spe rforma nce.Es pe ciall
yt he
ft
hg irahisi nno vat
ive.Thet wov ers
es
l
isttheq ualitieso ftheb e l
o ve
di nama nne rthatistypi c
a ltog ha zal
s.These condv er
se
endss urpri
s i
ng lywi t
haq ue st
ionn aj ;"ma i
"ka i
sea bk a h"m "(Howc ouldIno t
gono w, mo the r?
)t hatintroduc eso neo fthepr o
tag onistso fHi ndipo et
ry,themo ther
,
i
nt othepo em. Thi sindicatestha tthepr ota gonis
to fap o emi sag i
rlwhode scri
be sher
ma lebeloved. Thust hes tateme ntupt urnst hec on ventiona ldiscourseo fama lelover
descri
b i
nghi sma leo rfe ma l
eb elov eda ndi ntroduc esaf ema leloverintot hepo eti
c
universeo ftheg ha zal.Thephr asel ink st hepo eticc onve ntionso fPe r
sia
na ndUr du
withHi ndia nd rml yc onnectstheg irahwi ththeRa n g.
If
tekha ra lsore wo rksthes al
ientt e xtb yint r
oduc ingt hepa ss
agej otm "ger ang
krang ;
/me rjo bang i
rvrakhl er a ngle(
Ifyo uwa ntaf eefordy eing/Ke epmy
youtha sapl edg e,y ouc olourfulra ke
)f roma nothe rHi ndipo emo f
tens ungi nc on-
j
u ncti
o nwi tht heRa n g.Bya ddressingb ot hNi z7
Ama l
-D8na ndU 7bi
r)Al7Val-D8nint he

ller
se mplo ye dint akrrk a l
qah , hea c kno wledgest heme mb er
so fb o
t hb r
a nches
oftheChi sht ibrothe rhoo dwhoa repr esenta mo ngt hea udi ence .

I
tem2
:Rangi
nHi
ndi

1
st
rub

(in Thecol
ourof t
hePr
ophe
twasthr
ownint
oth
eair
,andt
her
ewa
sco
lou
rint
heh
ando
f
Hindi
) th
eMa st
er7

Wh o
seshi
rt8
get
sdye
d,hi
sbe
ingdye
disi
ndee
dfor
tuna
te.

Ra
ng T
oda
yth
erei
sco
lou
r,Omo
the
r,t
her
eisc
olo
ur,
hey
!

7 Thi sd ohisfrequentl
yt ranslatedincorr
ectlyintoEng l
ish.Thee xpre s
sionr aincaJhr asl kisi
n-
terpreted,fori
nsta nce,bySaleemKi dwa it
ome anno ct
urna l(
ra i
n)ascens i
on(c aJh)ofthePr ophe t
(rasl k).(J
ashn-e-Kh us
rau20 12
: 18
1.)Whi l
era i
n c
ouldforma llybea na dject
ivede rivedfro mr ain
(
night),thecommo nme a
ningo fthewo rdiscolour.Rang/raincaJhni sano rdina ryeno ug hexpr es
-
sionfordy e
ingort hrowingco l
our s
. (Cf.
versesby:a srat[Khwa jaHa l
l,Item8 ],Be da m[Kh wa j
aHa ll,
Item3 ]a ndKa mil [Khanqah-iKa mi l
, I
tem11].
)Ther efere
nc etoh oli
nt hes ec
o ndl ineindi catesthat
theintende dme a ningofraincaJ h
rasl k
is,i
nde ed,
Thec olouro fthePr ophe twe ntup ,thatisThe
co l
ouro fthePr o
phe twasthrowni nt otheair
.
8 J h oldenote sab a
g,buta l
s oal ooseshi
rto rit
she mt hatha sbeene x t
ende di no r
de rtor eceive
some thingi ni
t.Se eDa s
a1965 1
9 75:1861andMc Gr egor2000:3 98.Thev aria
ntIftek harsing sisrare,
sinceus uall
yav eil(cn dar)isdy edinsteadofthehe m.Cf.withI t
e m13i nthefo ll
o wingc ha pter.
The
useo fthewo r
djh olma yechoac ommo nthemef oundi nP ersia
na ndUr dupo etry,whe ret hehe m
(dma n )isoft
ens o i
ledbysinsa ndr equire
swa shing.InHindi poe tr
y,thewa shingha sbee ns ubsti
tuted
bydy eing .

253
 Th e
rei
sco
lou
rinthehous
eofmybel
ove
d!(
Let

sgo
,fr
ie
nd,
let

sgo
!)
If
9
o
undmyma s
terNi
jmal-
DnAu
li
y;
(Nij
mal-
Dn,
Kbir
Al
;al
-D
nAuli
y;
.
)

1
st
gi
rah(
in Lo
okatth
edis
ci
ple
sof
BbFa
rd
:
Hindi
) Onef
ormtha
thast
wosha
pes
!

Ra
ng Kh
vj
aNi
j
ma
l-
Dn
,K
bir
Al
;a
l-
Dn
!

2nd
gi
rah(
in Ex
ceptf
orme,whoisamas
terof
dest
inyl
i
ket
his
?
Urdu) Myfa
tegavet
hiski
ndofmas
terofmi
ne!

Ra
ng Kh
vj
aNi
j
ma
l-
Dn
,K
bir
Al
;a
l-
Dn
!

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n Col
ourmes
othat
thec
olo
urwil
lno
tfa
de
Hindi) Ev
enift
hee
nti
rel
if
ego
tdrai
nedf
rommyey
es.

Ic
ele
bra
teth
ego
odf
ort
uneof)
8
d
Havi
ngse
tmyey
eso
nKhjaNi
jm.

Ra
ng Ify
ouwantafeef
ordy
eing(Mas
terK
b i
r!
Ga nj
sha
kkar
sd
arl
ing
!Kh
vj
aFa
rd
s
dar
lin
g!)
Keepmyyout
hasaple
dg e
,youc
olour
fulrak
e.(Di
vi
neBel
ove
d!)

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Onei
smor
ebea
uti
f
ultha
nth
ene
xt
Urdu) Bu
t n
oon
eisl
i
keyou.

Ra
ng Ke
epmyy
out
hasapl
edg
e,y
ouc
olo
urf
ulr
ake
.(Di
vi
neBe
lov
ed!
Al
A
madK
bi
r!
)

5t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Twoint
oxi
cat
edey
es,
lon
gtre
sse
s;wheney
ebr
owsar
ewrin
kle
d,ey
ela
shesbec
omear
-
Urdu) ro
ws.
Thou
sandsof
amorousg
lan
cesi
ne v
eryg
race
ful
ges
tur
e,t
hous
andsofc
a l
amit
ie
shi
d-
deni
nthegl
ance
.

Ey
esares
weet,b
utthemanne
riscr
ooke
d;i
nto
xic
ati
oni
namor
ousgl
anc
e,mi
sc
hie
fin
pl
ayf
ul
n e
ss.
Hi
sgla
n c
esaref
ull
of c
har
m.Ho wco
uldIp
ossi
bl
ynotg
onow,
moth
er?

9 Thearchai
cHi
ndi
expr
ess
ionmo
he(
t
ome
)ha
sbe
ens
ubs
ti
tut
edwi
thal
essa
rcha
icUr
due
xpr
es-
s
ionma
i"n
e(I

).

254
Ra
ng Ke
epmyy
out
hasapl
edg
e,y
ouc
olo
urf
ulr
ake
.(Di
vi
neBe
lov
ed!
)

6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Whotou
chesth
eb o
dy,k
nowstheb
ody
Hindi) Butt
her
eisnowaytokno
wthematte
rso
fth
ehe
art
Ye
tIkno
w,myb el
ove
dknows.

Ra
ng Kee
pmyy o
uthasapledge
,youcol
ourf
ulrak
e.(
Divi
neBe
lov
ed!
)
Ih
avewande
reds
e a
rchi
ngfro
mo neco
untr
ytoanot
her
Myhear
tche
ri
shesonl
yyourcol
our
.(
Divi
neBel
ove
d!)

Aft
e rt heRa ng,Ift
ek hars i
ngsBa -khb ,aP ersi
ang hazala ttributedt oAm8 r
Khusrauanda ss
o ci
at
edwi thther i
tualcontext.Heinser
tsUr dutra nslati
o nsb ythece l
-
ebr
atedHy derabadiqawwa l
,Az i
zAhme dKha nWa r
siinb etweent heP ersianv e
rses.
Whe nthelis t
enershearthe
rsttr
ansla
tion,theya r
ethril
l
e d.Altho ug hso mel i
ste
ne rs
knowP ersi
a nintimate
lya ndma nyothersareac q
ua i
nte
dwi ththeg e neralme aningo f
Per
sianq awwa li
s t
andards,theya l
soenjoythetranslat
ion.No neo ftheUr duv er
sesisa
wordtowo rdtransl
ati
ona ndt heslig
htc hangesinthea ngl
eo fvi
sio nha veapo t
ential
t
oa dda nothe rl
ayerofme aningtotheo ri
ginal.Whe nIft
ek harb eginst het hir
dv er
s e
i
nP ers
ian, theli
s t
ener
sl ooka thimi nquis
iti
vely,unsur
eifhewo ulds ingt hetransla-
ti
ono rno t.Whe nhedo es
,hi spe r
formanc eisg re
e t
edwi thv erba lpr ai
sea nd
naNrnah.

I
tem3
:Ag
haz
ali
nPe
rsi
an

1
s
t
ve
rse Ma
yyo
ush
inei
nbea
utyl
iket
hemoon
Ma
yyo
ual
waysr
emaini
ntheki
ngd
omof
att
rac
ti
on.

2
nd
ver
se Yo
uki
ll
edmewit
hamorousgl
ance
s
(
Urdutra
ns- Mypr
aye
rist
hat
youwo
uldli
ve[
lon
g].
l
at
ion)
2
nd
ve
rse Y
ouki
l
ledme,
thepoor
,bya
na mor
ousgl
anc
e
Y
ouwereme
rci
ful
,myGo
10
d,mayyoul
i
ve[l
ong
]!

3
rd
ve
rse I
amr e
lea
sedf
romthec
apti
vi
tyoft
het
wowo
rld
s
I
fyo
ujusts
itt
oge
the
rwit
h[your
]sl
ave
.

3
rd
ve
rse I
rema
inf
re
efr
omt
het
wowo
rld
s

1
0 Thi sphr
ase(
kara
mk ard
)isa
lwa
ysrepeat
edex
tens
ive
lybyt
heqawwal
s.Ev
enli
st
ener
snota
c-
q
uaint
edwit
hPers
iancanunder
sta
ndit
,asitr
esemb
lest
heUrduphr
asek
ara
mk ard
iy(
wer
emerci
-
f
ul
).

255
(
Urdutr
ans
-If
yous
it
,r
esp
len
den
t,
11
ne
xtt
ome
.
l
at
ion)
3
rd
ve
rse I
amr e
lea
sedf
romthec
apti
vi
tyoft
het
wowo
rld
s
I
fyo
ujusts
itt
oge
the
rwit
h[your
]sl
ave
.

4
th
ve
rse Don
otb
esoc
rue
l,l
es
tto
mor
row,
int
hed
ayo
fju
dge
men
t.

4
th
v e
rse L
eti
tnot
besot
hat
kil
l
ingth
elo
v e
rs
(
Ur dutr
ans
-Shoul
dma k
eyo
uasha
me di
nthedayo
fju
dge
men
t.
l
ation)
4
th
ve
rse Dono
tbesocr
uel
,l
est
tomor
row,i
nthed
ayofju
dge
men
t
Yo
ushou
ldfe
elas
hamedinf
ront
ofth
elov
ers
.

5
th
ve
rse Byde
bauc
heryandf
rol
i
c,l
i
keKhus
rau
Mayyoua
lsote
arupt
hous
andso
fhous
eho
lds
.

1
s
t
ve
rse I
nbe
aut
yli
ket
hemo
on.

Ne xt,itisde c i
de dt hattheq awwa lsshoulds ingan at
.TheUr dun a
tIft
ekha rse-
l
e ctsiso neo fhiss ignatureso ngsb e long i
ngtohi sv ary i
ngrepe rto
ire ,andIha vene ver
he arda nyo nee lset ope rfor
mi t
. Then a
t,sparing lyd ecorat
edwi t
hwe l
l-placedgirah s
,
ex plore
st het heme so fme diation( sha f

a t)a ndt hel i
ghto fMuha mma d( nr -i
mu amma d )
.The rstg ir
ahi sar aree xampl eo fapo l
emic alve rsee mpl oyedi na
sam a
ss emb l
y.Ita ssume sas tanc ea ga i
nsttheno n-Su
ref
ormi stswhoc l
aimt hatthe
Pro phetMu ha mma di snomo rea l
ive, butasde a da st heresto fthepe oplewhoha v e
die d.Thepe rforma nc ee nti
cest umul tuousre spo ns efro mthel is
tene rs,mo stofwho m
arepr oba blyhe ar
ingt hepo emf ort he r
stti
me .
I
nt hisi tem, theq awwa l
sr elyo nt akrr
, espe ciallyinthec as
eo fthel astqua r
ters
oft hev erses .Thisr eWX
e ct
sthes e ma nt icandf orma l str
uc t
ureo fag haza l
,whe rei
nt he

rs tl
inea lwa yspr esent sasit
ua tionwhi chrequi resas olut
ionwhi let hes econdl i
ner e-
solv e
sit. Bo thline sa reg e
ner al
lyf urthe rdivide di ntot woe qu alha lvesb ythec esura,
andt hena lc onclus i
o no f
tenc o me so nlyint hel a s
tq uart
er. Theq awwa lsinvariably
singt he rstlinei nt hehi ghe r
-pi t
c he da nt
a rs e ction,whic h,ac cordingt oQur es
hi,

mus ical
lys ug gestsa ne xcurs
io nt othene wt erritory .
Thes e
co nd,rh ymi nglinetha tin-
clude sther esolvi
ngs tateme ntiss ungi nl o
we r-pitche da s
th y
,mus icall
ys uggesti
ng

sta bi
lit
ya ndc onclusivene s
s.
Thet ra nsiti
onf romt he
rstl
inet ot hes econdi so neo f
thef ewo cc asionswhe r
eq awwa lsa rea b l
etoi nse rtpu rel
ymus i
c a l
,impr ovisedpa s-
11 Ra khs
handahh
otum,
lit
.
youa
res
hini
ng,
res
plende
nt.
Thi
sisane
xtre
me l
ypol
i
tewayt
oinv
it
e
someonet
ositdo
wn.Cf
.wi
ththeHi
ndi
phra
sevi
rj
i
eg (
li
t.
pl
eas
e,dos
hine
)use
dforas
imi
l
arpur-
pose
.

256
sages.Whi les i
ngingt hepuret unes el
do ml e
adst oar ewardfro mt hea udi
e nce,i
tcan
happe n,whe nsuchpa s
s a
geisinsertedb etweent heve r
selinessotha titleadsfromthe

rstli
netot heseco nd.1
2

Eacho fthepa r
tso faversec anb er epeatedt hene c
e ss
arynumb e roftime s
,and
theq awwa lsfreque ntl
yus ethec omb ina t
iono fi
nc onclus
ives ema nti
cs tat
e mentsand
high-pit
che ds i
ngingi no rdertode layt helowe r
-pitchedc oncludings t
a t
eme ntofthe
verse.Ifthec o
ncludings t
ateme ntisc onsiderab
lyde l
ayed,li
kei nI f
tekharsperf
orm-
ancea tha nd, i
tacq uiressomuc hwe i
g htthatwhe ni ti
se ventuall
ys ung ,
thea udi
ence
res
po nseist umult uousa ndcallsforapr olongedt akr
r
.

I
tem4
:Ana
ti
nUr
du

<
al
p>
1
st
rub

(i
n If
thewe
alt
hoft
hetwowor
ldsi
slo
st,
sowh
at?
Urdu) But,
God
,dono
tlet
thehe
mo fMuhammadsl
i
pfr
ommyh
and
.

1
s
t
ve
rse Fr
omwhoseb
reat
hthet
wowor
ldsgl
eam,t
hati
syoufors
ure
Merc
yof
theTr
uthfr
omhea
dtotoe(
Lord
!)y
ouarethemerc
yfo
rthet
wowo
rlds
!

1
st
gi
rah(
in Bot
hd ayan dnig
htarei
ll
uminate
dbyhisl
igh
t
Urdu) Well
,heisah umanbein
g,but[
inrea
li
ty]hei
ssuc
hape
rso
n.
Hewhos aysthathi
shonou
risnomore,
isanin

del
TheKoransa y
sthatMuhamma diss
ti
ll
a l
i
ve.

1
s
t
ve
rse Me
rcyo
ftheTr
uthf
romhe
adt
oto
e(L
ord
!)y
ouar
etheme
rcyf
ort
het
wowo
rlds
!

2
nd
ve
rse Ia
mb ad
,butI
don
otcal
lmy
sel
fbadj
ustl
i
keth
at
Be
cau
sethe
rei
sahe
art
inmyche
st(L
ord
!ThePr
oph
eto
fGo
d!)andy
oul
iv
eint
hat
he
art
.

3
rd
ve
rse What
ist
hep
unis
hmentf
ort
hes
ins
?Ihav
enev
ertho
ughtab
outt
hat
Bu
tIkno
w(Lo
rd!Myl
ord
!)t
hat
youspe
akonbehal
foft
hesi
nner
s.

2nd
gi
rah(
in I
donot
loveyouj
ust
becau
seyoua
re[
inran
kn e
xt]af
te
rGod
Urdu) [
But
becau
s e
]int
hepla
ceofc
ongr
ega
tio
n,yo
uwilla
skaft
erme
.

3
rd
ve
rse Bu
tIk
now(
Lor
d!Myl
ord
!)t
hat
yous
pea
konb
eha
lfo
fth
esi
nne
rs.

1
2 Qur
eshi
200
6:6
2,2
04.

257
3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n Wher
ewouldt
hegl
ancegoaft
er[t
urni
ngto]th
ed o
orofth
ebest
ofmen?
Urdu) Whomwouldi
tse
arc
ha f
ter[

nding
]himwh o
ll
sthen
eedso
fthewo
rld
?
Ther
el
ig
ionhasb
eco
mep erf
ecta
ndtheble
ssi
ngshavebe
comeful
l
Nopr
ophetwi
l
lnowarr
iv
ea f
te
rMu st
afa
.

3
rd
ve
rse Bu
tIk
now(
Lor
d!Myl
ord
!)t
hat
yous
pea
konb
eha
lfo
fth
esi
nne
rs.

4
th
ve
rse Themat
teri
shugeandt
hemout
hissmall
,butwhysho
uldIl
ie
?
Myperc
epti
onte
ll
smethat
wher
everIam,youaret
her
etoo
.

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n The
reisn
oo n
e,wh
oisl
ik
ehi
m
Urdu) Hehasmetwit
hGod.

Ia
mfals
e,h
owc o
uldI
prai
seh
im?
Gr
eat
ismylor
d,gr
eat
ish
ismatt
er
.

Begg
arisab
eggar
;what
is[t
hecl
ai
m]ofthebeg
gars?
If
theki
ngofk
ing
ssea
ts[t
hem],
iti
s[o
nly
]h i
sgoodwil
l
.

4
th
ve
rse Myp
erc
ept
io
nte
ll
smet
hawhe
t rev
erI
am,
youar
ethe
ret
oo.

1
s
t
ve
rse Me
rcyo
fth
eTr
uthf
romh
eadt
oto
e.

Then atisf ollowe db ya no thero fIf

tekhar
ss igna tures ongs,ac ontempo rary
Urdugha zalbyhist eache r.
Ne ithe rthesalie
ntte x
tno ra nyo fthea djunc ti
te msb elong
tothewi del
yk no wnc lassi
cso ft hec oreq awwa l
ireper toire.Inste
ad, theya repa rtof
theregi
ona l
lyimpo rt
a ntpo e t
ict radit
iono fwe st
ernUt ta rPra desha ndf eatureint he
perf
orma ncesofq awwa lsha il
ingf romt hatarea.If
tekha rb eginsthepe r
forma ncewi th
alongs eri
eso fru b
s. Theq a wwa l
ssingi nal ei
surelypa cea ndo cc asi
ona ll
yinse r
t
me l
odicimpr ovis
ationswi thoutd epart
ingt oofarfr
o mt het ext.Ther ub
se v
oket he
pres
enceo ftheb elovedo rhispha ntomf romv ari
ousa ng les.I
ne a c
hr u b
,hea ppea r
s
bothpres e
nta nda bse nts imul t
a neously.Thisisg r
a phi call
yi l
lustratedb yt he
fth
rub
whe rehei ss one arthatt heb r
eatho ftheloverc o l
lideswi tht heb reathoft he
belov
ed.Ho we ver
, hei ssimul tane ousl
ys ofarthatthel ov erisforcedt osea r
c hforhim
evenwhe nheme etshi mf ac etofa ce.
WhenI ft
ek hari sa boutt os ingt hi
sd e
licat
ev er
s e,s omeo fthel ist
ene rsstartto
chatwitheacho t
he r.I
ns teado figno ri
ngt hem, hestopss inginga nda sksH ",miy n?
(
Yes,s
ir?
)andc ontinue so nlya f
te reveryoneisa bs
olut elys t
illagai
n. AtAni sMiy an
s
home ,
theq awwa l i
sa b l
et oa s
s erthispo si
ti
o nasana rtist,whoha sther ighttoa skfor
theundi vi
deda tt
e nti
o no ft hea udience.Inf orma ls a m assemb l
ies,whi cha r
e

258
preside do verb yS uma s terso rprzd ahs,theq awwa lsa repus he dt oar o
leo fs er
v ice
professio na l
s,b uthe r
et heya reint hel ime lighta nd,f urthe rmo re,v eryc onsciouso f
theirpo s i
tion.
Int hec our seo fthepe rforma nce ,If
tekha rc raf
tsi ntr i
c atewe b so fme aninga r
o und
thes alientt ex t.Althoug hhes ingso nlythreev erseso uto fthet otalve,ther ecurre nt
ret
u rningt ot hes a l
ientt extk e epsthes tructur eo ft hepe rfo rma ncec oherent.Ont he
l
e v
e lo fme ani ng ,
theg i
ra hss u ngb yIftekha rf orma ne leg ants ucc essiontha tde epe ns
theimpo rto fthes a l
i
e ntt extins tea
do floosings i
ghto fit.
Thepe r
fo rma ncei sa lsoa ne x
c elle
nte x ampl eo fs trikingab al
a nceb etwe ent he
profanea nds ac re
dno ti
o nso flove.Ea cho ft hev erse sc ou l
dr efert ol oveb etwe ent wo
huma nb e i
ng s,b utther e f
ere ncestor i
tualpr ayer( n am z),pr ostration( s
a j
d ah)a nd

ndi ngt heb elo v

e dino nese lfscatteredt hr ougho utt hepe rforma nc eacta sg e ntle
point erst owa r
dst he i
rmy sticalinte r
pretatio n.Ho we ve r,theq awwa lsne vera ssume
ther oleo fapr e a
c herwhowo ulde xplici
tlys tatet heme t
apho ri
c alr ef
erence stot he
l
istene rsins teado fl et
tingt he mdi s
co verthe mt hems elves.
Thepe r
fo rma nceha sfo urd i
st
inc tsections .The r
s tc ons istso ft heseve nr ub
s
andpa v est hewa yf ort hemo odo fs weets a dness. Thi se mo tio nalc ha r
gei sins t ark
contra stwi tht hev i
goro usj ub il
atio
no fthep recedingn at,whi chi ndi cat
esho wr adic-
althec ha nge so fmo odb e t
we e ntwos uccessivei t
emsc anb e. Thes eco ndsec t
io nco m-
pri
se st heg i
r ahv ersese la bora t
ingo nt hey e arningf o runi o nwi tht heb elovedt ha tis
expre ssedi nt he rs
tv er seo ft heg ha z
al.Ast heg irah si ndi ca t
e ,thel overha stob e
will
ingt oe ndur eg ri
efa nda dv ers
iti
e sonhi swa yt ot he na lful l
me nt.Thet hirds ec-
ti
oni sb uiltaro undt hes e condv ers
ea ndco ns is
tso fg irah stha te l
a bora t
eo nthedi Bfe r
-
entt ype so fpr os t
rati
o n.The na l
,four t
hs ectionc o mpr isest heg irah sthatthro wl ight
ont hes ta teo fintox i
ca t
io nme nt i
one dint het hirdv e rseo ftheg ha zal.

I
tem5
:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du

<
al
p>
1
st
rub

(i
n Ih
adnote
venr
ais
edmyhandsi
ntosu
ppli
cat
iona
fte
rth
epr
aye
r
Urdu) WhenI
foun
dhimaft
eral
ongpe
riodoft
ime.

Tho
usandti
mesIh
avel
ook
edath
imfa
cet
ofac
e
So
me t
imesb
efo
ret
hepr
aye
r,s
omet
ime
saf
te
rthep
ray
er.

Ih
averoa
me dt
hel
andof
Dl
ower
sandi
nte
rming
ledwi
thr
ose
s
ButI
didnot
fee
lat
homethe
rea
fte
ryo
urban
quetofa
morou
spl
ayf
ul
nes
s.

2nd
ru
b
(
in Ih
adnote
venrai
se
dmyh eadf
rompro
str
ati
on
Urdu) WhenI
heardt
hevoi
ce:
1
3
I
aminfro
nt[o
fyou]
.

259
3r
d
r
ub
(
in Th
esof
tsou
ndo f
hisf
oot
st
epsr
eso
un d
edthr
ougho
utt
hen
igh
t
Urdu) Wit
hev
erybea
tofhea
rt,
Ith
oughthehada
rri
ved
.

4t
h
r
ub
(
in Asmu
chasIbec
omeabsor
bedinwai
ti
ng
Urdu) Mywhol
ebe
ingtur
nsi
ntoafan
tasya
bout
thef
ri
end
.

5t
h
r
ub
(
in [
Youare
]socl
ose
,th
atabre
athco
ll
id
eswi
thabre
ath
Urdu) [
But]s
ofar
,t
hatIke
epse
archi
ngf
oryoui
nyou
.

6t
h
r
ub
(
in I
nsear
chf
ory
ou,wher
ecoul
dIgoex
cepti
ntomyse
lf
?
Urdu) I
fou
ndthi
spat
haft
er[t
ryi
ng]e
ver
yoth
erpa t
h.

1
s
t
ve
rse Y
ouoc
cup
yever
ycor
nerof
thehe
a r
t (
Bel
ove
d,mybe
lov
ed!
)le
tthe
rebel
ovel
ik
eth
at
I
bec
omeyour
sandremai
nyours(Bel
ove
d,mybe
lov
ed!
)le
tthe
rebel
if
eli
ket
hatn
ow.

1
st
gi
rah(
in I
happi
l
yacce
pta
llt
hegr
ie
fov
ery
ou
Urdu) S
oth
atyoumays
ay,s
mil
i
ng:
Hel
ove
sso
meo
ne.

1
s
t
ve
rse I
bec
omey
our
san
dre
mai
nyo
urs(
Bel
ove
d,myb
elo
ved
!)l
ett
her
ebel
if
eli
ket
hat
now.

2nd
gi
rah(
in Whol
ong
sfo
rare
spi
tefr
omg r
ie
fov
eryou
Urdu) OhGo
d,l
etn
otal
if
eli
ketha
tbemyfat
e.

1
s
t
ve
rse I
bec
omey
our
san
dre
mai
nyo
ursl
ett
her
ebel
i
fel
i
ket
hat
now.

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n St
aysomet
ime
sint
hemin
d,s
omet
imesi
nth
ehea
rt,
some
ti
mesi
nth
eey
es
Urdu) Thi
sisal
lf
ory
ou,d
wel
li
nwhi
che
vera
b o
de[y
oul
ike
].

1
s
t
ve
rse I
bec
omey
our
san
dre
mai
nyo
urs(
Lif
eof
thes
oul
s!
)l
ett
her
ebel
i
fel
i
ket
hat
now.

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Wit
hout
you,
I
ndnopeac
eofmind
,what
shoul
dId
o?
Urdu) Is
eeon
lyyo
uineve
ryt
hin
g,wh
a t
shoul
dIdo?

1
s
t
ve
rse I
bec
omey
our
san
dre
mai
nyo
ursl
ett
her
ebel
i
fel
i
ket
hat
now.

5t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Wh
olo
vess
omeone
,sho
uldf
oll
owitt
otheutmo
stl
imi
t
Urdu) Wh
othe
no7f
er
sfa
lser
ic
hes,
shoul
drel
in
q u
ishh
isl
i
fe.

1
3 E
kv
zy
ih
;
,l
it
.
thi
sce
rta
inv
oic
eca
me
.

260
1
s
t
ve
rse I
bec
omey
our
san
dre
mai
nyo
urs(
Bel
ove
d,myb
elo
ved
!)l
ett
her
ebel
i
fel
i
ket
hat
now.

6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Yo
urf
acei
ll
umin
ate
smysoli
tud
e
Urdu) Wher
ehasal
ampbeenl
i
t,wher
eist
hed
ay-
li
ght
?

1
s
t
ve
rse I
bec
omey
our
san
dre
mai
nyo
ursl
ett
her
ebel
i
fel
i
ket
hat
now.

7t
h
g
ira
h(i
n WhenIas
si
gnedmyhea
rtt
oyou
Urdu) Id
egre
ed[f
ormyse
lf
]what
eve
rco
nse
que
nce
sin
tima
cymi
ght
ent
ail
.

Lo
sso
f r
eput
ati
oni
sin
vol
vedi
nev
erya
ctofl
ove
Myki
thandki
nwrot
eo7f
mynameasdi
sgr
ace
d.

Go
dra
ise
dthep
enandi
nk
An
dass
igne
dal
lth
ebea
utyi
nth
ewo
rldt
oyo
u.

1
s
t
ve
rse I
bec
omey
our
san
dre
mai
nyo
ursl
ett
her
ebel
i
fel
i
ket
hat
now.

2
nd
ve
rse L
etmyh
eadr
ema
inb
owe
dont
hef
eet
oft
heb
elo
vedf
ort
hee
nti
rel
i
fe.

8t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Iny
ourey
es,t
her
eisabe
aut
if
ulr
eDl
ect
io
n
Urdu) That
iswhymypros
tr
ati
oni
spro
lon
ged.

2
nd
ve
rse L
etmyh
eadr
ema
inb
owe
dont
hef
eet
oft
heb
elo
vedf
ort
hee
nti
rel
i
fe.

9t
h
g
ira
h(i
n If
eel
pit
yove
rth
ewo
rsh
ipo
fthepeo
ple
Urdu) Whocoul
dnotb
owd
ownth
eirhe
art
stoge
the
rwi
tht
hef
ore
hea
d.

2
nd
ve
rse L
etmyh
eadr
ema
inb
owe
dont
hef
eet
oft
heb
elo
vedf
ort
hee
nti
rel
i
fe.

1
0t
h
g
ira
h(i
n When
evermyf
atet
ookit
sre
ven
geonme
Ur
du) Ea
chti
methememori
esofy
ouhel
d[my
]ha
nd.

2
nd
ve
rse L
etmyh
eadr
ema
inb
owe
dont
hef
eet
oft
heb
elo
vedf
ort
hee
nti
rel
i
fe.

11
th
gir
ah(i
n Bo
wingo
ne
sf
ore
heado
nthet
hre
sho
ldisn
otwor
shi
p
Urdu;re- Ra
the
rlo
ok,
the
rei
snot
hin
gla
cki
nginmylov
e.
pea t
ed
twice)

261
2
nd
ve
rse Le
tmyhea
dr e
mainbowedo
nth
efe
etoft
hebel
ove
dfo
rthee
nti
rel
i
fe
WhenI
deri
vepl
eas
urefr
omwor
shi
p,l
eti
tco
mefromwor
shi
pli
ket
his
.

3
rd
ve
rse L
etb
ein
gins
ens
esn
eve
rbemyl
oti
nli
f
e.

1
2t
h
g
ira
h(i
n So
me t
imesh
epenet
rat
es[
mytho
ugh
ts]t
osu
cha
nex
ten
t
Ur
du) That
wh e
nIthi
nk,
hehear
sit
.

3
rd
ve
rse L
etb
ein
gins
ens
esn
eve
rbemyl
oti
nli
f
e.(
Nev
eri
nli
f
e!)

1
3t
h
g
ira
h(i
n I
fyo
uh a
vetog
ivesomet
hin
g,gi
veth
ismuc
hca
pab
il
it
ytot
hes
igh
t:
Ur
du) I
fIl
ookatt
hemirr
or,y
ouappe
artome.

Whatac
uri
ouscon
dit
io
nth
erei
sfors
eei
ng:
I
fth
eeye
sarecl
ose
d,y
oumanif
es
tyour
sel
f.

3
rd
ve
rse L
etb
ein
gins
ens
esn
eve
rbemyl
oti
nli
f
e.(
Nev
eri
nli
f
e!)

1
4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Ih
a v
edrunkf
romth
ein
tox
ica
tedey
eso
fso
meo
nea
ndl
ost
con
tro
lov
ermy
sel
f
Ur
du) Thesp
iri
tofr
eas
oni
sal
sot
herei
nmywine
.

3
rd
ve
rse L
etb
ein
gins
ens
esn
eve
rbemyl
oti
nli
f
e.(
Nev
eri
nli
f
e!)

1
5t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Ih
avebee
ngive
nad r
inkb
ytheeye
s
Ur
du) Myine
bri
ati
onwil
ldi
ss
ipat
eaft
eralo
ngwh
il
e.

3
rd
ve
rse L
etb
ein
ginsen
sesne
verb
emylot
inl
if
e(Nev
eri
nli
fe!
)
L
et[
me]dri
nksuc
hwinef
romt
hepro
ud,i
nto
xic
ate
deyes
.(I
nto
xic
ate
dey
es!
)

1
6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Th
eeyesma d
etheb
eautyof
thetwowo
rld
sva
nis
h1
4
f
romt
hes
igh
t
Ur
du) Godk
no wswhi
chworl
dyoushowedme
.

3
rd
ve
rse L
et[
me]d
rin
ksu
chwi
nef
romt
hep
rou
d,i
nto
xic
ate
dey
es.
(I
nto
xic
ate
dey
es!
)

1
7t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Thi
sist
heeni
gmaofwors
hip
pin
gGod;doy
ou[
thi
nky
ou]k
nows
ome
thi
ng?
Ur
du) It
isnec
ess
aryt
ore
ma i
nunderhi
sga
ze.

I
nee
dth
est
oneo
fth
efr
ie
nd
st
hre
sho
ldf
ormyp
ros
tr
ati
ons

1
4 Gi
rd
,l
i
t.
dr
oppe
dawa
y.

262
 Ot
her
wis
e,h
owf
arwi
l
lth
eSa
nct
uar
yre
mai
nfr
omt
heh
ear
t.

Sh
a m
m,p
eopl
emaycal
lmeanin

del;
let
the
m!
Theon
eIl
ovei
sno
thi
ngel
seb
u t
theli
ghto
ftheT
rut
h.

3
rd
ve
rse I
nto
xic
ate
dey
es.
(In
tox
ica
tede
yes
!)

1
8t
h
g
ira
h(i
n ByGod,
ther
eissuc
hint
oxi
cat
io
nintho
seeye
s
Ur
du) That
,j
ustl
ook,wh
oeve
rsee
sthe
mg e
tsdru
nk.

3
rd
ve
rse I
nto
xic
ate
dey
es.
(In
tox
ica
tede
yes
!)

1
9t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Y
oure
yesc
ast
aspe
llo
nmyhear
t
Ur
du) Y
oure
yese
mitt
hef
rag
ran
ceo
flov
e.

3
rd
ve
rse L
et[
me]d
rin
ksu
chwi
nef
romt
hep
rou
d,i
nto
xic
ate
dey
es.
(In
tox
ica
tede
yes
!)

1
s
t
ve
rse I
bec
omey
our
san
dre
mai
nyo
ursl
ett
her
ebel
i
fel
i
ket
hat
now.

GhulamHa s
nain,t
hes ono fMe rajAhma d,hasa rr
iveddur i
ngIft
ekhar
spe r
for
m-
ance.Thelatt
erhasno t
icedhi ma ndisprepa r
ingtole a
v e
.Thea udience,
ho wever
,re-
quest
shimt osingonemo reso ng.Hec ompl i
esands ingsfourv e
rses(v
ers
es1 ,4
,3and
6)ofas ix
-vers
eP er
siang haza lat
t r
ibutedtoRYm8 .TheP
1
5
ersi
anv er
sesarepa r
tofa
mukha mma swrit
tenont heg ha z
al byapo etwhous esthep enna meA<ma d. Unfor
tu-
nate
ly,Ihav
eno tbeena bletoa scert
a i
nthei de
ntityofthea uthor.
Thetextis
, howev
e r
,
widel
yk nowna nditissungb yq a
wwa l
sb o
t hinIndiaa ndP a
k i
stan.I
ft
ekhara g
ainas-
ser
tshispo si
ti
ona sthec entreo ft hea t
tenti
ona ndc hastis
e sane l
derl
yg entl
eman
whotr i
est
os neakoutmi d-performa nce.

I
tem6
:Ama
car
o ct
ni az
m'ni
nUr
dua
ndP
ers
ian

1
s
t
ve
rse Love
lysweet
heart
ofmin
e,beki
nd
Acco
rdi
n gtowhati
spos
si
ble,
prot
ectmyhon
our
Bel
oved,c
ome ,
jus
tfo
ramo ment
Iamy e
arningtomakeyo
umyg uest
Fri
end,
I s
acri

cemysoul
andh e
art[
toyo
u].(
Eve
ryt
hin
gIh
avei
sas
acr
i
c
e!
)

1
5 Theg ha
zali
sno
tfoundinDv
n
-iS
hams,
buti
tisinc
ludedina
llt
het
hre
eqa
wwa
lia
ntho
log
ies
.
S
eeNYra
l-
:asan,
Naghmt,
279;
F7rYq8
,Nag
hmt,
146
; Meraj
,Surd,
117
.

263
2
nd
ve
rse Whenmyr es
tl
ess
nessgre
wi nt
ol
erabl
e
Ire
it
erat
edthi
sa7D
li
cti
ontohim
Helau
gheda nds
aid:
Youkeepst
il
lr
epea
ting(
?)[
tha
t]?

I
fIknewforce
rta
inthatyoulo
veme
Iwoul
ddaz z
leyouwithyourownbeaut
y.
16

3
rd
ve
rse Oh,hea
rti
sful
lofp a
in,souli
sres
tl
ess
.
Alt
houghyouarewail
inga ndemaci
ate
dinl
ove
Sacr
i
c
eyourexis
tencetoth
a ti
dol
.
I
fyourel
in
qu i
shyourh e
a dl
ikeaman
Iwil
lmakeyouas acri
()
c el
ikeI
smael.

4
th
ve
rse Amad,howlon
gwill
youst
ayher
ea n
dthere
?
Whatwoul
dtheshadowof
hisf
avou
rit
es(?)d
o?
Iamasacri

ce,
butacc
ept
hiss
ecr
ets[as
]agif
t:
Sh
a ms-
iTabr
ez
,sa
ytoMauln
:

Iwil
lmakeyouarec
ordoft
hese
cre
tsofth
ecour
t.
1
7

Afterthepe r
forma nc e
, Iftekhara ndhi sg r
o upco l
lec
tthe i
rinst
rume ntsandthe
naN rnahwhi l
ear oundo fte aisb eings er
vedt oe ver
y one.
Mo s
toftheo utsi
deguest
s
l
ea vea swe l
l.Astheb ed-cum- l
ivingro omb e come slesscro
wde d,thewo me nofthe
fami l
ya swe l
lasafema ledisc i
pl ea r
einv i
tedtos i
tinside.
Af t
ertheb reak,Ghul am Ha sna i
n, whoi sde puti
zingforhisa i
li
ngf at
her,beg
ins.
Co mpa redtoI f
tekhar
, hisnumb ersa r
es trai
g htf
o r
warda nds ucci
nct.Heus esrub
s
andg i
rahssparingl
ya ndha rdlye verempl oyst akrr.
Theo veral
limpre s
sionist
hathe
i
sme relyful
l
li
nghispr o f
essio nalduty. F
ort hemo s
tpa rt
,hef a
il
stoe nthral
theaudi-
enc e,who sesolereacti
o nt ohi ssingi
ngi st oo Bfe
rn aNrnahwhe neverana meo fa
saintlypersonageisme nt ione d.Mo s
to fthei temshes ingsa r
epa r
to fthereper
toir
e
l
ea rnedf r
o m hisfat
he r
. Theq awwa l
sb egi
nwi than aghmah ,al
pa ndt won a
t
sb e-
l
o ngingt ot hec or
eq awwa lir epe rt
oire.The
rstone ,writt
eni nHi ndib yKh7li
q
K7 npYr8,isprefac
edb yac o mmo nP e
r si
anr u b

whe rea
sthes econdo ne,aP e
rsi
an
po ema ttr
ibutedtoJ7m8 ,issungwi thouttextua lemb el
li
shme nts.

1
6 Ac cordingtotheinterpr
etat
ionpre
va l
entamongc o
ntempor
aryIndia
nS u
s
,thi
sv er
seref
ersto
t
hemi rr
orastheo nl
yg if
taloverca
no B
fe
rtot hebel
oved.Whenpre
sentedtohim,i
twilldazz
lehim
wit
hhisownb eaut
y,notwiththebeaut
yo fthelo
ver
.Thisist
here
asonfortra
nsla
ti
nga zjaml
-ik
h ve
sh
as
fr
o myouro wnb eauty
inst
eadoff
rommyo wnbeauty
.
1
7 Thel astlinereadsi
nt heqawwali
antho l
ogi
esvaqi
f-
iasr
r-
iyaz
dn-atkunam(I
wi l
lmakeyo ufa
-
mil
iarwit
hdiv i
nes e
crets
).

264
I
tem7
:Ana
ti
nHi
ndi

n
agh
mah
<
al
p>
1r
s
t
ub
(
in Messen
gero f
Go d
!
Pe
rsi
an)
Muhamma di
stheros
e,Al
ithef
ragran
ceoft
her
ose
Fa
timaisinsi
dethat
petal
oftheros
e
Husai
na ndHa s
ancamefort
hlik
eitspe
rf
ume
Whichsce
n t
stheear
thandtheti
me.

1
s
t
ve
rse Whe
nMu hammadMu
staf
awasborn
,aunt
Hali
mato o
khi
mtoh
erl
apa
nds
aid
:

Dol
igh
tth
eg h
eel
amps
,Amin
asd
arli
ngwasb
orn!

18

1
st
gi
rah(
in AuntHa
li
magavel
ove
lyMuhammadmil
ktodr
ink
Hindi
) Li
f
tedhi
mo nh
erar
msa nd
Br
oughthi
masmal
lbask
etof
mola
sse
s(?
).
19

1
s
t
ve
rse
Dol
ig
htt
heg
heel
amps
,Ami
na
sdar
li
ngwasb
orn!

2
nd
ve
rse I
ntheHea
vent
hecri
esofj
oyr
eso
unde
d,th
eeart
hsu
ngme
rri
l
y.2
0

Gab
rie
lca
ll
edout
:
Mu h
amma dwasb
orntod
ay!

3
rd
ve
rse To
day,t
hehur
isd
ancedi
nAb
dull
ah
scou
rtya
rd,a
nkl
ebel
l
stin
kli
ng.
Al
lth
eprop
hetsf
romAdamt
oJe
susca
met opr
ese
ntt
hei
rfe
li
ci
tat
ion
s.

4
th
ve
rse Ang
elsc
amere
adi
ngbl
ess
ing
sandst
arst
wink
led
Ont
helapo
fhi
smoth
er,
hewasj
ust
li
keajewe
linar
ing
.

I
tem8
:Ana
ti
nPe
rsi
an

1
s
t
ve
rse Ze
phyr,
tra
vel
towar
dsBat
ha[
inMec
ca]
Te
lla
boutmycond
iti
ont
oMuhammad.
2
1

1
8 Me r
aj,S
u rd ,1
48.
1
9 L var,
po s
siblyfr
omlgar.
2
0 Dh ar
tg
;
ema lhr
,l
it
.t
heearthsungmalhr,
t
herag
aofrainysea
son.Si
nc ethedr
ye ar
this
t
houghttorej
o i
cefromtherai
n,theexpres
sio
na l
some a
nstosi
ngme rri
ly
.See,
e .
g.Mc Gr
egor2000
:79
5.
2
1 Thepo e
mi sno tf
oundinKu l
li
yt
-iJ
m.InNYral-
:asan
sNa g
hm t
,i
tlacksthemaqta
!andi
s
c
las
si
edasanony mous.Se
eNYra l
-:asan,Naghmt,
3093
10.
Thema q
ta
!bea
ringthetakha
llu
SJ7m8
a
ppearsinF7rYq8
sNa g
hm ta
ndinS urd .
SeeF7rYq8
,Naghmt,
163;Meraj
,Surd ,53.

265
2
nd
ve
rse Muha
mma d,y
oua
ret
heki
ngoft
hewor
ld
Ki
ndl
y,b
est
owagl
anc
eto
ward
sme .

3
rd
ve
rse T
akethi
slo
ng i
ngs
oulo
fminet
her
e
S
acri

cei
tfort
hesa
keoft
heto
mboft
heb
est
oft
heme
n.

4
th
ve
rse Al
tho
ughJ
mwa
salr
eadyh
onour
edwi
thhi
ski
ndn
ess
Go
d,beme
rci
f
ull
ik
ethat
anot
hert
imet
oo.

Fol
lowingthepr
esc
ri
bedt
hemati
corder
,theq
awwal
ssi
ngama
nqaba
ta f
te
rthe
na
t
.Thepo e
mi nprai
seofMu)8
na l
-D8nisafavo
uri
teo
fthep
rz
dahsofthe
Ni
zamuddinshri
ne.

I
tem9
:Amanq
abat
inUr
du

1
s
t
r
ub
Thes
wee
the
art
ofKhv
ja
hUs
mn,S
aint
lyMast
ero
fIndi
a
Yo
uaret
hedar
li
ngo
fFati
maZah
ra,
youaret
hedea
res
tofAl
i
.

Re
fra
in Y
ouareag
rea
tnu
rtu
rero
fth
epo
ors
tr
ang
ers
,(Mu

nal
-D
n!
)sa
int
lyma
ste
rof
In-
d
ia.

1
s
t
ve
rse Yo
uaree
xpl
i
cit
lyt
hesai
ntof
Indi
a,y
ouar
ecal
ledt
heki
ngo
f s
ain
ts
Wear
eal
sobe
ggarsa
tyourdo
or,
giv
eus
,to
o,f
orth
esa
keofHusa
in.

2
nd
ve
rse Gi
veme
,fo
rthes
akeofAl
i,
2
2
myhe
misst
il
lemp
ty
Mymas
ter
,bemer
cif
ult
oevery
one
,Ii
mplo
reyo
ufort
hes
akeo
fGh
ausP
k.
2
3

3
rd
ve
rse Hei
nvi
te
dtohi
sdoorwhomhewis
heda
ndma dehi
sownwhomhewi
she
d
The
sed
eci
si
onsar
ema d
ewit
hg r
eatme
rcy
,gl
ori
ousf
atei
sinq
ues
ti
on.

4
th
ve
rse Re
sto
remydamagedf
ort
une,b
eki
ndtoth
esinne
r
Myrepu
tat
io
nisi
nyourhan
ds,myl
if
eisat
sta
ke.

5
th
ve
rse Du
etoy
ourb
les
si
ngst
heyb
eca
mea
lls
ain
ts,
Qut
b
!,F
ar
dan
dbe
lov
edK
bi
r

2
2 Thel i
nedo esnotpro
perl
ytintothetuneandt heqawwal
shavetosingl
,le
ngthe
ningthe
s
hortv
o wel
agai
nstthemusi
calco
n vent
ionsofthegenre
.
2
3 Gha usP7k,
PureHel
per
.Conspic
uousl
yS out
hAs i
anwaytor
efert
o)Abda l
-Q7di
rJ8l
7n8t
hatco
m-
bi
nesaB
fect
ionandrever
ence.
Inas imil
arvein,Ni
zA
7 ma l
-D8
nisr
efe
rre
dt oasMa <bYbP7kandU 7
b i
r
)
Al
7Val
-D8nasU7
b i
rP7k.

266
 Th
eth
ingt
hat
mak
esNi
za
!ma
ndKh
usr
aus
ain
ts,
myMa
ste
r,i
syo
urb
les
si
ng.

6
th
ve
rse I
fIs
eeyou
,Ic
eleb
ratemy)8
d,i
fIt
akey
ourname,mywor
kg e
tsdon
e
I
,t
oo,
remai
nalwayshop
eful
;hea
lway
snur
ture
sthehu
ma nkin
d.

7
th
ve
rse I
nev
ert
oldy
outha
tyo
uress
enc
eismygo
al
Y
oumademeyo
urown,
iti
saques
ti
ona
bout
thet
rus
tiny
ou.

Re
fra
in Y
oua
reag
rea
tnu
rtu
rero
fth
epo
ors
tr
ang
ers
,sa
int
lyma
ste
rof
Ind
ia.
2
4

Thes lowa nds trenuo uspe rfo r

ma nc eisfo ll
owe db yaHi ndi ma nqa batinpr aiseof
U7bir)Al7Va l
-D8n. Itsinclusioni nt hepe rf
o r
ma ncei smo tivate db ythepr esenceo fa
l
istene rwhoi sadi scipleint heChi shtiS abirilineage. F
o rso mer eas
o n, t
heq awwa l
s
decidet ob eginwit haHi ndid oh Am8 rKhus ra uissaidtoha v ec ompo se dafterhewa s
tol
dt hene wsa boutt hede a tho fNiz 7
Ama l-D8n. Theq awwa l
sha vefounds omei ns pira
-
tio
na ndthe ye x
ec utethe i
rpe rf
o rma ncewi thc ons i
de r
ables kil
l.The ya remo me ntaril
y
ablet ostirthel i
stene rswhoa rea l
re a
dye xhaus tedb yapr o grammet hatha sc ont i
n-
uedf oro verthreeho urs.Iha vene ve rseent het exto fthi
si t
e mi nwr iting,bu tthewa y
iti
spe rf
orme dindi catestha titfo r
ma l
l
yf oll
o wst hes tr
uctureo famu s
ta zdg ha zal.
Thet o picsi
ns piredb ye verydayl i
fea rety picaltoHi ndipo emst ha tsimul atef ol
k
songs. Thede scri
pt ionint hes e
c ondv erseo fac ommo nritual foll
owe di nS ushrines
isane xcell
ente xa mp leo ft hispo eticc onvent ion.Asi nr ea llif
e,thepi l
gr i
mo ft he
poemk i
ndle sli
ght sinf r
o nto ft het omba ndpr esentshe rreq uesttot hes aint. I
fs he
beco me sha ppya nds at
is
e d, t
ha tis,t
her e que stisgranted, shef ul
l
she rpa rtoft he
pledgeb yo Bferi
ngac eremo nialc over( c
dar)o nt heto mb .Theus eo fthed i
mi nut i
ve
ending- iya ppear i
ngt hro ugho utt het e
x tisac ommo nf eaturei nHi ndipo emss ung
bytheq awwa l
s.

I
tem1
0:Amanq
abat
inHi
ndi

1
st
rub

(in Fa
irbe
autys
le
epso
nherbe
d,ha
ircov
eri
ngherf
ace
Hindi
) Khus
rau,
gohome,
twi
l
igh
thaseng
ulf
edthef
ourdi
re
cti
ons
.

2
nd
ru
b
(
in I
nmyv
iew,
theg
ateo
fK
biri
sen
vie
dbyRi
Uv
n

24 Thev er
sionrecordedinSurdi ncl
udesvers
es1,3and6a swel
lasavar
ianto fv
e r
se4fro
mt he
performanceofGhul amHa s
nai
n.SeeMe ra
j,S
u rd,17
8 .
Appa r
entl
y,
thepopul
a ri
tyofthi
site
mha sle
ad
toinsert
ingnewv ersestothebas
icversi
on.Somehavepe r
hapsbeencomposedfo rt
hepurposewhil
e
othershavebeena daptedfromothe
rpo emsthatfe
atureasimil
arpoet
icmetr
e. F
o ri
nstanc
e,thel
ast
verseisadopte
df r
o maf amousghazalMai"zabnsekai
sebaynkar"d i
l-
iso
g vrkbtha
i(
Ho w
wo uldIexpla
inwitht hetongue
,iti
sa b
outthesorr
owfulheart
?)
,wri
tt
enbyU7 di
qDi hl
av8.

267
Ur
du) I
aman
igh
tin
gal
eof
tha
tme
ado
w,Ka
li
yari
smyr
oseg
ard
en.

1
s
t
ve
rse Mast
er
Al
Ama d
,yourt
ownofKal
i
yar
Hass
ett
le
dint
omye ye
s.(
Kbi
r!
)
Ia
mi nde
epdis
tr
ess.
Belo
ved
,tak
enot
ic
eof
myh
ear
t(MyK
bi
r!
)
Whic
hhasbec
omey o
urs.

2
nd
ve
rse Wh e
nI pl
ace2
5
l
ampsinfr
ontof
youandl
ig
htth
em
Iwil
lsweara
no athtoyou.
If
Ibecomeha ppy,
Ilayacov
eronyo
utomb.
Thi
sisthemethod.

3
rd
ve
rse Amongthegi
rl
fri
end
s,l
acsar
efor
tuna
te.
I a
lon
ea mwort
hles
s
Iha
vefal
lent
oyourdoor
.(
Kbi
r!
)
Dear
est
,somet
imesas
kaboutt
hecon
dit
ionoft
hisdi
st
res
sedgi
rl
Whohasbeco
mey ou
rs.
(Kbi
r!
)

4
th
ve
rse Lif
eofAl
i,
darli
ngoft
h ecup
bear
erofKaus
ar
Bri
deofBb(OfBb
F ar
d!K
bir
!)
Ever
yday,

llmywaterpott
hro
ughthei
rhand
s
[Thewat
erpotoft
hegirl
]whohasbec
omeyour
s.

1
s
t
ve
rse Mas
ter
Al
Amad,
yourt
owno
fKa
li
yar
Ha
ssett
le
dint
omyeye
s.

Afterthema nq abat
,Ani sMi y
a n
sf a
ther,whoha sr e
turneddo wnst
air
s,te
llsthe
qawwa l
st osings ome t
hingwr itt
enb yNi y
7z.The ybeg i
nwi thIsh
qme "terek oh-
i
ghams arp i
hliyjoh osoh o.Theya t
temptt os to
pa f
tersing
ingveofit
sninev ers
es
(ver
ses1,3,4,5and7 ),whileleavi
ngthema qta
!out.The yare
, however
,tol
dtoinclude
i
ta swell.Theghazal i
srelati
velylonga ndreme mb er
ingthee xactorde
rofthev er
ses
canbec hall
enging.BothS haheedBa r
elwi i
nKh wajaHa l
l a
ndGhu l
amHa snai
ninAni s
Miyan
sho mer ea
rranges omeo fthev erse
sa ndo mittedothers.However
,theo nly
omissi
ont oeli
citcomme ntsfro
mt helistenerswa sGhul amHa s
nain
satt
empttoo mit
theeasi
lyr ec
ognizablema qta
!.
Thepe rformanc eisb r
iefandl ast
sb ar
el
ytenmi nutes
.
Iti
nvolvesnot ext
ua lemb el
lis
hme nts,unlik
et hes uccessf
ulpe r
formanceofthesame
poemi nKh wajaHa l
l.

I
tem1
1:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du

2
5 He
re,
thepr
ese
ntpa
rti
ci
pl
ede
tei
sus
eda
sana
bso
lut
iv
e.

268
1
s
t
ve
rse I
nyourl
ove
,It
ookamou
ntai
nofgr
ie
fonmyhead
,comewha
tma
y
I
for
wentt
helu
xurya
ndenj
oyme
ntofl
if
e,c
omewhat
ma y
.

2
nd
ve
rse Donot
layyo
urha n
donapati
entl
i
keme,d
octo
r!
Le
avei
ttoGod,
forGod
ss
ake
,comewha
tma y
.

3
rd
ve
rse Ri
sefr
omth
escho
olofr
eason
,co
met ot
hewi
neh
ouseofl
ove
!
Ih
a v
enowdra
nktheg
oble
tofanni
hi
lat
io
nanduns
el
fc
onsci
ous
nes
s,c
omewh
atma
y.

4
th
ve
rse Asso
onaslo
vec
aught
re
,[a
ll
]thi
sbur
nedl
i
kecot
ton
:
Thech
att
el
sofe
xis
ten
ce,s
oulan
db o
dynot
hin
gremain
ed,
comewh
atma
y.

5
th
ve
rse Is
tat
edal
lt
hea7
Dl
i
cti
onso
fse
para
tio
ntohi
mf a
cet
ofa
ce
Hesmi
le
dchar
mingl
y,
coq
uet
ti
shl
yandsa
id:
Comewha
tma
y!

1
s
t
ve
rse I
nyo
url
ove
,amo
unt
aino
fgr
ie
f.
..

6
th
ve
rse Ni
yz
,Ihaven
ousef
org
oodandb
a dof
thewo
rld
Whati
sit
tohi
m,whoha
spas
sedawayf
romhi
mself
,c
omewh
atma
y.

1
s
t
ve
rse I
nyo
url
ove
,It
ookamo
unt
aino
fgr
ie
fonmyh
ead
,co
mewh
atma
y.

Theq awwa lsstarta not

he rg ha z
ali mme diatelya f
tert hepr evi
ouso ne .Thet wo
i
te msa reoftens u ngi nsuccessionb e
ca useo fthes i
mi l
arityo fthei
rr adfsjoh os oho
(
c omewha tma y
)a ndk o;
hoh on ahh on ahh o(
itdo esno tma tt
er,
iftherei ssome one
[else]orno r,lit
. i
ft her
ei sso me one,l etthe reb e;ifno t ,thenno t
).Al thoug hthe
qa wwa l
ss i
ngb ot
hi temsa siftheywe rewr it
tenb yNi y7z,thel att
erisactua l
lyfo undin
thed vno fani neteenth-centuryHy derabadiS u po e
tI md7 d)Al8)
Ul v8.Thes
26
ame
versionisr eco r
de di nS urd .Ho
27
weve r
,theo stensiblema q t
a
!ofGhul a m Ha snai
n
s
pe rf
orma ncei sfo undi nne i
the rso urce.Thev ersei softeni nc l
udedi nt hepe rf
orm-
anc esoftheg haza l
, butnevera sthe nalve rse.Ini tspres entpositi
on, thewo rdb e
-
niyzb ecome st hepe nna meo ftheS upoe twhoi spo pul arlyknowna sS h7 hNi y
7z
Be ni
y 7
za mo nghi sf
o ll
owe r
s.Ho we ver,hene ve ruse dthisa ppe l
lat
iona sthepe nname
i
nhi spo etry.
Ina dditiont oi ncorporat
ingt hei ncorre ctma qta
!t ot hepo e
m,t heq awwa l
s
stumb leo v
e rthea ccurat
ec omb ina ti
ono fline s.Asac ons e quence,t
he ype rf
ormt he
thirdve r
sei nt wodi B
fere
ntv ariat
io ns.Thea udi enc es e
e mss omewha tb aBWXedb ythe

2
6 F
ort
het
exto
ftheori
gi
nal
gha
zal
,s
ee)
Ulv
8,Kh
umk
hn
ah,
89.
2
7 S
eeMer
aj
,Su
rd ,1
84.

269
per
for
ma nc
e,butnoonei
swell
-e
noug
ha c
quai
nte
dwi
tht
hepo
eti
coe
uvr
eso
fNi
y7z
or)
Ulv8
soastobeabl
etoc
orr
ectt
heqawwal
s.

I
tem1
2:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du

1
s
t
ve
rse I
fth
efr
ie
ndiswi
thyo
u,i
tdoe
snotmat
te
r,i
ft
herei
sso
meone[
el
se
]ornot
Whent
hebe
love
disy
our
s,i
tdoe
snot
ma t
te
r,i
ft
h e
rei
sso
meon
e[el
se
]ornot
.

2
nd
ve
rse I
fth
eent
ir
eworl
d,a
lli
tsp
eopl
ewer
enoti
nhundr
edsoft
hous
ands
Whent
her
eisy
ourpr
omise
,it
doe
snot
ma t
te
r,i
ft
herei
ssome
one[
els
e]o
rno
t.
28

3
rd
ve
rse What
isse
lfa
ndwhati
sot
her,
ifI
mysel
famnot
,amn o
t?
Yo
urbr
eat
hisen
oug
h,itd
oesnotma
tte
r,i
ft
her
eiss
omeone[
el
se
]orn
ot.
2
9

3
rd
ve
rse(
cor
-Wh ati
sse
lfan
dwh a
tisot
her
,i
fImy
sel
famnot
,amnot
?
r
ecte
d) I
fyo
ua r
e,I
assur
eyou,i
tdo
esno
tmatt
er
,i
ft
her
eiss
omeon
e[e
ls
e]o
rno
t.

4
th
ve
rse Whe
thert
her
eish
igh
erandlo
werwor
ld,
Idonot
giv
eadamn30

Omost
p e
rf
ect
manif
est
ati
on,
itd
oesn
otmatt
er
,i
fthe
rei
sso
me on
e[e
ls
e]o
rno
t.

5
th
ve
rse If
someon
ecompl
ai
nsabou
ty o
urBen
iy
z
Thi
sisane
wa7D
l
ict
io
n,i
tdoesnot
matt
er,
ift
her
eiss
ome
one[
el
se
]orn
ot.

Aft
erthetwog ha
zals,Ghulam Hasnai
ns ta
rtsama nqabatwr i
tt
enbyaBomb ay-
bas
e dHyderabadiSu
ma ster:a b8
b)Al8Sh7hi npr ais
eo fMa ul7
n7F a
khral
-D8n.
31

Despit
ethesigni

canceofF akhral
-D8nforthepro minentChishtiNiz
amili
nea
geso f
co
nt e
mpo r
a r
yS o
uthAsia,t
hisistomyk nowledgetheo nl
yiteminq awwal
ire
pert
oire
s
t
hatprais
eshim.Theab r
idgedv e
rsi
onsungb yGhula mHa snai
nisfoundinSurd.
32

I
tem1
3:Amanq
abat
inUr
du

2
8 Theq awwa lsnoto nlysimplif
ytheme a ni
ngofthev e
rse,
butals
oo bscur
ei t
.Inthel
it
erar
yv er
sio
n,
t
hisver
sere
ads :
I
fth
eworldwa snota nda l
lthehun dr
edso ft
housands[of
other
s]werenothere
Y
ourbre
athwo uldbee nough ,i
twou l
dnot matt
er
,ift
h e
rewassomeone[el
se]ornot.
2
9 He re,
theq awwa lsattac
ht heactualsecondli
neo ft
heprevi
ousve r
setothers
tli
neoftheverse
a
thand.Theyco r
rectthems elvesbysingi
ngt hecor
rectfor
ma swell
.
3
0 P pos
hs emir,l
i
t .
fr
o mmys hoe.
Thisisacoll
oquiale
xpres
sio
nfo rutmostdisr
egar
d.
3
1 F oradis
c us
siono n:a b8
b)Al8Sh7h
sSu
caree
rinc ol
oni
alBomba y,
seeGr e
en2 01
1:1
7920
7 .
3
2 S eeMeraj,Surd ,177.Thisvers
ionincludesver
ses1,8,
2and9o fthetotalni
nev er
ses
.Fortheful
l
t
ext,
see:ab8b,Dvn,189190.

270
1
s
t
ve
rse Mani
fes
tat
io
nofonen
ess
,di
re
cti
onfo
rthepra
yer
sof
rel
igi
on,
Ma ul
nMu
ammad
Fa
khral
-D
n
Char
act
erl
iket
hat
ofUthman,
radi
ance<k
ing>o
fMu
n,Maul
nMu
ammad
Fa
khral
-D
n.

2
nd
ve
rse Af
terI
wascal
l
edonl
yyour
s,wh
omels
esh
oul
dIt
el
lt
hewis
hofmyhe
art
?
Ex
ceptf
ory
ou,Ih
avenoo
ne,Maul
nMua
mmadFak
hral
-D
n.

3
rd
ve
rse Whenthes
pir
itl
eav
esmybo
dyandi
tist
imet
osayg
ood
byet
obodyan
ds o
ul
Le
tthe
rebeyourd
ooran
dmyfo
rehe
ad ,
Maul
nMuammadF
akhral
-Dn.

4
th
ve
rse I
amadogatt
hedooro
f4
z
.!
3
3
4a
bb
,whyb
ea n
xio
uso
vers
insn
ow?
S
ome
how,q
uic
klyt
aket
heb
les
sedname:Maul
nMua
mma dFak
hra
l-
Dn
.

1
s
t
ve
rse Mani
fe
stat
io
nof
one
nes
s,d
ire
cti
onf
ort
hep
ray
erso
fre
li
gi
on,
Mau
ln
Mu
amma
d
Fa
khral
-D
n.

Itisal
readyalmostfourint hemo rningandAni sMi yans i
gnal
stheqa wwalsto
proce
e dtothesal
mthatconcludestheassembly.GhulamHa snai
ninse
rtssomeUr du
vers
espa r
aphrasi
ngtheP e
rsia
ns a l
mtha tisat
tribut
edt oNizamuddin.Attheshrine
,
theqawwa l
ssingthepoeme verydaywhe nt hecurt
a i
no ftheshri
neisl
owe r
eda ndthe
doorlockedfo rt
heni ght
.Ac cordi
ngt ot hecustom,t helis
tenersst
anddur i
ngt he
sal
m, si
nceitisconsi
dere
dp ossibl
ethatthePro phetisprese
ntino r
dertoacceptthe
gree
ti
ng sconveye
db ythetext
.3
4

I
tem1
4:As
almi
nPe
rsi
an

1
s
t
ve
rse Ze
phyr
,t
urnto
ward
sMedi
naandreci
teg
ree
tin
gsfr
omsomeo
newhopr
aysf
orhi
m35
Ci
rc
lear
oundt
heKin
gof
Prop
hets
36
andre
cit
ethemes
sag
ewit
hgr
eat
humil
it
y.

2
nd
ve
rse I
naf
ormr
ese
mbl
i
ngmyb
urn
ing
,pr
ayi
nth
atp
lac
e

33 :7
zA
)Al
8 S
h7 h,t
heSuguideof:a b8
b)Al8Sh7h.
34 I haveo ncewi t
nesse
da no cc
asionwhe nthem r
-ima
lt
oldtheaudienceofas am a
ssemblyt
o
st
andupt orespectthepres
enceo ftheProphetwhe naP e
rsi
annatat
tri
bute
dt oJ7m8 wa sbei
ngsung
bytheqawwa l
s.ThishappenedinKh wa j
aHa sa
nNi zami
ssamass
emb l
yo r
g ani
zedinKh waj
aHa l
l
dur
ingtheursofNi zA
7
ma l-
D8no n11Ma r
ch2 01
2.
35 F orthete x
to fNiz7
A
ma l-
D8 n
ssal
m, se
eNYra l-:asa
n,Naghm t
,299300;F7rYq8
, Naghmt,1
59;
Meraj
,Surd ,43.
36 NYra l-
:a s
an
sNaghm tandSu rdreadb a-gi
rd-i
shh-
imad
nag i
rdo(Cir
clearoundtheKingo f
Medina
),buttheNi za
muddinq awwa l
sfol
lowt hereadi
ngfoundinF 7
rYq8
sNa ghm t
,ba-gir
d-i
shh-i
rus
ulbi
-gi
rdo .

271
 S
tan
din
sid
ean
dre
cit
eth
een
tir
eSu
rao
fMu
hamma
dinas
wee
tvo
ice
.

3
rd
ve
rse S
ometi
mes
,passthr
ought
heGateo
fMerc
y,s
ometi
mesr ubyo
urf
ore
head[
ont
he
g
rou
nd]att
heGa t
eofGabr
iel
S
ometi
mes
,sayS
alut
ati
ons
,myLor
d,t
omybelo
ved!
3
7
a
ttheGat
eofPe
ace
.

4
th
ve
rse Bo
wy ou
rwis
hfu
lheadt
oth
edust
ofth
atstr
eet
,ad
orni
ngi
twit
hal
lth
isre
ver
enc
e
Re
cit
eabun
dantbl
es
sin
gst
oth
epurespi
ri
toft
hehon
oure
d,t
hebe
stoft
hehumank
ind
.

1
st
gi
rah(
in Zeph
yr,
tel
lth
egr
eet
ing
sofusdi
sc
onso
lat
etoMus
taf
ainMedi
na
Urdu) If
heacce
ptsmyg
ree
ti
ngs,
thenc
onve
ythemes
sag
eofmeet
ing
.3
8

2nd
gi
rah(
in L
etmehav
eaplac
einMedi
naoppo
sit
etoy
ourt
omb
Urdu) I
year
ntol
iv
eth
ere,
cal
lmeasl
aveoft
hatp
lac
e.

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n Igi
veupmyl i
fef
oryo
u,Isa
cri

cemyse
lff
ory
ou,
Iamano7
f
eri
ngf
ory
ou,
sac
ri

cedf
or
Urdu) yo
urs a
k e
Rel
atetotheP
rophe
tall
thati
shapp
eni
ngtome,
zep
hyr
.

5
th
ve
rse Si
ngtog
ethe
rwit
hDavi
d
smel
ody,
beco
meacquai
nte
dwit
hth
ela
me n
tat
io
nofpai
n
Re
cit
ethi
sghaz
albyNi
z
!m,
thed
eje
cte
dsl
ave
,int
heass
embl
yoft
heMess
eng
er.

1
s
t
ve
rse Ze
phy
r,t
urnt
owa
rdsMe
din
aan
dre
cit
egr
eet
ing
sfr
oms
ome
onewh
opr
aysf
orh
im.

Aft
ert hesal
m, theli
stener
ssitdowna ndAni sMi ya
nreadsaf o
rma lArabi
cd u
thati
nclude spass
agesfromt heQura n(e.
g.2:
286)a swe l
lasthed u
-y
ifard
,ori
gin-
all
yreci
tedb yB7b7F ar8
da ndcommo nl
ykno wna mo ngtheChishti
s.Heco ncl
udesb y
aski
ngGo dtoaccepta l
lthepartsofthece l
ebrat
ions.Thelastroundofteai ss
erved
andtheg uestsl
eavewhileafewd is
ciple
ssitwit
ht heirmaste
runtilsi
xinthemo rning.
Oneo fthe m haspromisedmeal i
fttomyl o d
gings, s
oIs t
aywi t
hthem. Wel ef
thi s
houseattheb re
ako fdawna ndenteredthedesert
e dall
eywaysofOldDe l
hi.

3
7 Al l thethr
eeqawwa l
iant
ho l
ogi
esrea
dalnabiyy
in(
totheProphet

)inst
eadof
a l
ab
b(
t
omy
b
elov
ed).
3
8 He re ,
GhulamHa s
nainmixesli
nesfr
omt wov e
rses
.Howe ver
,t
henewv er
sio
nwo rkswelldes
pit
e
t
hati
tskipssomestepsi
nthepr o
cedurepre
scribe
dforthewind.Theomissi
oneli
ci
tsnoc o
mme nt
s
f
romtheliste
ners
.InSurd( Meraj
,Surd,13
4),theli
nesrea
dint hei
rori
gi
nalcont
extasfol
lows:
Zephyr ,
tel
lt
heg r
eet
ingsofusdis
consol
atetoMus t
afai
nMe dina
Thereisnooneel
sebutyou,
justt
el
lthi
smu chasourmessag
e .

Zeph
yr,
go
rst
toMedi
naandt
ell
myg r
eet
ing
stot
heMess
engero
fth
eTr
uth
If
heaccept
smygre
eti
ngs
,the
ntell
agai
name ss
ageo
fme e
ti
ng.

272
 Thel essforma lse t
ti
ngo fas a
m asse
mb lyo rgani
z edinapr ivateho meo Bf
e rs
qawwa lsano ppo rt
uni tytoex pres
stheircreati
vi
tyt oag reaterexte
ntt hanwo ul
db e
possib l
eo nmo refo rmalo cc
a si
ons.InAnisMi yanssam assemb l
y,Ift
ekha rAhma d
capita l
izedo nthispo ssibi
li
ty.Hisperformancewa sad azzl
ingdisplayo fmo stofthe
te
x tua ltechniquesa v
a i
labl
ef ortheq awwa l
s.Ina dditi
o nt othenume r
ousr ub
s,
gi
ra h sandt akrr,hei ncorporatedanUr dupa r
aphr aseintoaP ersi
anpo e
ma ndpe r-
for
me da nUr dut azm nwritt
eno naP ersi
antext.Hes kil
full
ymi xedlanguage sandpo-
et
icr e gi
stersande vo kedawi der a
ngeo fmo odsrangingf r
omt hejub i
lantce l
ebrat
ion
ofthePr ophet
sme diati
on,tot hesadlongi
ngo fat or
turedl over
.Notwithstandingthe
di
v ersityoft e
xtua l
a ndpe rf
orma ti
vetechniquesused, ea
c hofIft
ekha r
sperformance s
wasac oherentwho le,andhema nagedt okeept hea udienceenthrall
edt hroughout
hist urn.Thec o ntr
a stwithGhul am Ha snai
nc ouldno tha veb e
eng reater
.Thel at
te r
ma nipul at
edt hes o ngt ex
tstot hemi nimum a ndo pte
df oras impl i

e da pproa
c h.
Whi lei tcanwo rki ns uit
ablec i
rcumstances,i
tf ai
ledt oimpr es
st hel i
stenersaf
te r
If
tek har,andhi sturnwa sso o
no v
er.

273
6
.6Thel
ega
cyo
fac
ont
empo
rar
ySu po
eta
tKha
nqa
h-e
-Ka
mil
,Hy
der
aba
d

Ino r dert oa vo i
dg ivinga ni mpr e ssi
o nt ha tt hes a m a sse mb l
ieso r
g aniz edi nDe l
hi
wo uldb er eprese ntativ eo fI ndi aa ndP akista ni ng ene ral, Iwi lla l
sodi scus saq a wwa li
perfo rma nc eina no the rimpo r
t antc entreo fS us m, Hy de rab ad. Hy dera ba di slo cated
i
nt heDe ccanpl ateau, andi ts erve da sac apita lo fa ni n#$ue nt i
a lMus l
impr ince lys t
ate
thatwa sa nne xedt oI ndi ain1 948. InHy d era ba d,Mus l
imr eli
g i
o usi nstitutio nse nj oyed
gene rouss tatepa trona g eunde rt heNi z amsa ndme na -l i
a t
e dwi tho neo ra nothe r
Sus il
silahChi shtiyy a,Qa diriyy aa ndAb ul-4
Ul a 6
iyy ab eingt hemo stpr omi ne nt
hav ec ontinue dt odo mi natet her e li
giouss cene .No whe ree l
s einI ndi aist hec ons cious
comb iningo fther ole so faS us ha i
k ha nda n lima sc ons picuo usa sinHy de rab ad.
Thepr ojections eemst oha veb e ens uc cessful, sinc et hepr e senc eo fre formi s
tMus li
m
groupsi sno ta sc ons pic uo usa si tis,fore x ampl e,inDe lhi. Thec omb ine de -fec to fthe
statepa tr
o nagea ndt hepr estigeo fSus cho larsma deHy de rab ada lsoa# $our ishing
cent reo fS u po etrya ndq awwa l
i mu sici nt heni ne teent ha ndt we ntiethc entur ies.In
Hy de rabad, Su di sc i
pl esa ndpi l
g ri
mss tillfor mt hepr e do mi nant lyMus l
ima udi ence
ofq a wwa l
i,a ndt hei mpa cto ft hepo pul ari nt ere stinS us mt ha tha sa -fecte dt he
Niz amuddi ns hrinei nDe lhi isb are l
yfe l
tt he r
e .
Theo c casiondi s cus sedi nt hisc ha pte ri st hec e nte nar y urso fS ayy idS h8h
Ghul 8 m Gha us:us a in;Q8 dir;a l-Sha<t
t8
< r;( d.1 9 1
3 ).Ghul 8m Gha uswa sar e li
gious
scho lara ndS ug uidewhohe a de dtheb ra nc ho fS ha ttari-Qa diris ils
ilahb a sedi nt he
Da be erpuraa reao fHy der ab ad.L
1
ikema nyo the rc ont empo raries,hi spr ede c essors
hade mi gratedf ro m no rthe rnI ndi at owa rdst hes out hi nt hewa k eo fimpe ri
a lf orces.
Thec ommo nlyr eme mb ere dhi sto ryoft hes i
lsilahb eg inswi tht hede pa rtureo fS ayyid
AAma dS h8 hGuj ar8t ;fro m Guj ara tdur ingt hel att erha lfo ft hes e vente ent hc entury
andhi sa rrivalinAur a nga ba ddur ingAur a ngz eb
sDe cca nc ampa igns. Whe nt heAs if
Jahi dyna styha de stab lishe di t
s elfinHy de rab addur i
ngt he1 8c
th
entur ya ndma det he
citya na ppe alingc ent refo rs cho l
a rs,poe tsa ndS us ,theg rea t
-g randfa the ro fGhul 8m
Gha us ,S ayyidS h8 hS ha ikha nAAma d( d.1 82 1)mo vedt he redur ingt her uleo ft he
seco ndNi zam, Ni z8
< m4 Al ;Kh8 n( r.1762-180 3).2

Acc ordingt ot heb iogr aphi cals ke tche spub l

ishe ddur ingt he u rsf e stivit
ies,
Ghul 8 mGha uswa sac e lebrate dha di
ths c ho l
a r,who sef a twa swe rei ng rea tde ma nda s

1 Theme mb er
so fthes il
sil
ahus uallyrefertothems el
veswiththetermShut ta
riinst
eado fShatt
ari
,
hol
dingt
ha ttheirl
inea geisna meda fterthee po nymoustownS hutt
ar.Theyconsiderthesil
sil
ahasa
bra
nchofQa diriyy
a-Taifuri
y y
a .Altho ught heyo ccasi
onall
yre f
ert
oB8 yaz;
dBist8
<m; and4AbdAll8h
Sha<
t
t8
<r
;ask e
yg ureso fthe i
rli
ne ag e,themo stimpo r
tantphaseofitshis
tor
yb eginswithitstr
ansfe
r
fr
omGujarattoAur ang abad.Intere sti
ng l
y,Iha vene v
erheardthemo stfamousS hattar
i,
Mu Aamma d
Ghausment i
one dbyt heme mb erso fthes il
sil
a h.Onthee a
rlyhis
toryoftheHy derabadiShatt
ari
si
ls
il
ah,s
eeQ8 dir
;2010:23.F orage ne raldiscussionontheS hatt
aribr
o t
herhood,seeAhme d2012and
Riz
vi200
2:I,15117
3.
2 Q8 dir;20 1
0:21
.F orani t
ine r
a ryo fac ontempo r
aneousc o
urte
sana ndpoetMa hLaq8B8 6
;Cand8
(1
7681
824)toHy derab ada ndhe rs ucce ss
fulca reert
here,s
e eKugl
e2 010a
.

274
farae lda si na l
-Az ha ri nCa iro.Hei sa lsoc reditedfo rma kingt hec elebrationso ft he
Pro phetMu ha mma dsb irthda yt heg ra nd- scaleo cca s
ioni ti si nc o nte mpo rar y
Hy de ra
b ad. Hi si n#$ue ncei sf urthera tteste db yt hef actt hathee nli
s te
dt hehi gh-rank-
inga ris
to cratso ftheP a i
ga ha ndS al
arJ angf ami li
e sashi sfollowe rs.
3

Themo stre no wne do -

fspr i
ngo ft hel ine ag eisnod o ubtthes ono fGhul 8mGha us ,
Sye dS ha hS ha i
k ha nAhme dQua dria l-
S hut tari
,po pul ar
lyk no wnb yhi spe nna me
Ka mi l(d. 1976 ).Hewa sar e no wne ds c ho l
a ro fre li
giouss cienc e s,aS ug uidef o rnu-
me rousdi scip l
e s,a swe lla sapo l
it
ica la nds o ci
ala ctivistwhoha dapr o mi ne nta nd
some ti
me sf o unda tiona lr olei nv ario uso rga nizations ,sucha st heMus lim po lit
ic al
pa rtyAll IndiaMa jlis-e-Itteha dul Mus lime en( AI MI M; AllIndi aCo unc iloft heUni on
ofMus lims )
, Mus l
imP ers ona lLa wBo a rda ndMa jl
is-e-Ulema -e-De ccan( TheCo unc i
l
oft heRe l
ig i
o usS cho larso ft heDe ccan ).Ho we ver,hei sbestk no wna sapo etwho s e
textsa rewi de lys angb yt heq a wwa l
s .Hi sf o ll
owe rsr e fe
rt ohi ma s:a ss8na l-Hi nd
(
:a ss8
no fI ndi a
),b ec ause, int heirv iew, hisv ersespl e a
sedt hePr ophe ta smuc ha s
thepo etryo f:a ss8ni bnTh8 bit.The
4
yho ldt hathi spo et
ice x cell
e ncewa sar esulto f
thepe r
io do fo nea ndha l
fy e arsspenti nt hed arg ho fMu4 ;na l-
D; ni nAj me r. I
twa s
onl ya f
tert hispha sei nh islifetha thisv ersesa cquired theco louro flovea ndmy stic al
kno wl e
dg e (
ra n g-i shiq naho ri
f
n ah ).
5

Thepo emso fKa mi l we repu bl

ishe da sad vne nt itl
edV rid t
-iK mi l(Inrushe s
ofKa milo rP erfectI nr ushe s)in1 9
6 3, whe nt hea utho rwa ss ti
ll al
iv e
. Si
nc et he n,t he
bo okha sb eenr e i
ss ue dt hreet ime su nde rt hea us piceso fKa mi lAc ademy , t
hel ate st
ed it
ionb eingpub lishe di n2 011.V ri
d ti sr eadilya v ail
ablei nt heb oo ksho pst ha t
clus t
era rou ndCha rmi na rint hehe ar to ft heo ldc ity.Altho u ghKa mi l
spo emsha v e
be eni npr intf ort hepa s
tf tyy ears ,the yha v er ea chedt he irb roade sta udi enc e
thro ught hepo p ularr e nditionso fqawwa l
s .Inhi swo rko nHy de raba diSu po e tsini n-
de pende ntI ndi a,Ba she erAhme dno test ha tq awwa lswo uldhe atupt hehe artso f
pe opleb ys ing inghi sv ers e
sd urings am asse mb li
esa ndthuss prea dthef ameo fhi s
po etry.Ho
6
we ver,pe rformi nghi spo et ryha sno tb eenl i
mi tedt ol iv
epe rforma nc es.
Ce lebratedHy de rab adiq awwa lsli
keAz i
zAhme dKha nWa rsiha ves ungt hemo nr e-
cor ds,some ti
me sint raditi
o na lmus ica lse ttinga nds ome time sa sc atchya da pta ti
o ns
tha twe rea cco mpa ni edb yc la ri
ne t,
b ulb ultara nga nds trings.7

Thepo emsKa mi l wr otedur i

ngt hel a tterpa rto fhi slif
er e ma inunpub li
she d. The
l
o o seshe etso nwhi cht he ywe rewr itte na r
ewa itingt ob ee diteda ndpub lishe dina
sma l
lba gwi thKa mi l
ss uc cesso r
, S
yedMo ha mme dQub o ol
Ba ds ha hHa sani Alhus sa ini
3 Q8 dir
;al
-Shat
t8
<
<r;
2010:8
;Quboo
l2010
:11
12.
4 Q8 dir
;al
-Shat
t8
<
<r;
2010:3
839
.Anothe
rpoetvyi
ngfort
heti
t l
eofass
n
-iHindisAAma dRi
Q8
Kh8nBarel
v;
.
5 Q8 dir
;2010
:23.
6 Ahma d2007
:55
7 F orapopula
rrendit
ionofKami
l
spoemHa ii
l-
ia yt
mua bbatr
asl k
(
Theo bje
ctofl
if
eis
l
ovefo
rtheProphet
)
,seeWa r
si
,Kabt
akMe r
eMoula,
tra
ck10.Forthet
extoft
hepo em,seeKamil
,
Vr
id
t,17
3.

275
Qua driS ha ttari (b .1942). AsKa mi l ha dnode scenda nt s,hena me dhi sde v
o t
eddi sc i
pl e
andne phe wa shi sde s i
g na tedf ollowe rb e foree mb a rkingo nHa j
j in1 96 5.Li
k ehi spr e-
decesso rs,Qub o olBa ds ha hha sr ece ivedat rad i
tiona le ducationi nr eligi
ouss ci
enc e s
,
buthea lsoho ldsa nMAi nAr abicf ro m amo de r
ne duc ati
ona lins titute,theOs ma nia
Univ ersi
ty.Af te rhi sre tireme ntf romt heg o vernme nts ervice,heha sc ontinue dt o
functiona st hehe ado ft heMa j
li
s -
e -Ule ma -e-De cca na nda same mb e roftheMus lim
Persona lL awBo ard .Heha sc onside ra bl
ei n#$ue ncei nt hea -f
airspe rtainingtot heS u
i
ns t
itutionso fHy d erab ada same mb ero fas ub divisiono ftheAndhr aPrade shWa qf
Bo a
rdc all
e dAn juma n-isa j
j da gnomu t
a valli
y nok hidma tguz r n(
Thea s
s emb lyo f
thehe ads ,s upe rintende nt sa nds erv antso fs hrines
).Heha
8
se arne df a mea sar eciter
oftheKo ra n( q r)andwr i
tte npo etryus ingt hepe nna meAd; b.9

Thec ent reo ft hes ilsil

a h,Aa stana -e-Sha ttar
ia ,standsb yt heb usyDa b eerpur a
roadi nte rsec tingt heno rt
he r
npa rto ft heo ldc i
t y.TheAa st
a nai sdo mina t
e db ya
mo squea ndac o urtyardwhe reKa mi la ndhi spr e dec ess
orsl ieb uried.Thepr ese nt
mo squewa sb uilti n19 08t or ep lacet hes ma ll
ero ne ,int hev i
c i
ni tyo fwhi c
ht hehe a ds
ofthes i
lsil
a hs et tl
e dint he1 8ct
h
ent ury.Thee
1
0
dic ei sat ypica ls pe cime no ftheAs i
f
Jahimo squea rc hitectur ewi tha# $
a tr oofs urro und edb yab al
us tradea nd# $ank edb y
short,de co rativ emi nare tso nb othc o rner s.Toda y,nume rousl ayerso fwhi tewa shha ve
allbutc o nc ea l
e dt hes tuc coo r name ntsa nda na ng ula rconc r
e t
ee x t
e nsionc ove rst he
orig
ina lfro nt i
spi e ce.De spi tethee x t
e nsion, thes pa cei stoos ma llfo rthec rowdt ha tis
drawnt ot hemo sq ueb yQub oo lBa dsha hsse rmo nsdur ingtheF rida ypr ayers.Fo rt he
timeb e i
ng , theDa b eerpur ar oa disc lo s
e db yt hepo l
icef orthedur a t
io no fFridaypr ay-
ersino rde rt oa cco mmo datea l
l t
hede vote es.
Ano t
he rc e ntr eo fthes ilsil
ah
sa cti
v iti
esi sKha nq ah-e-Kami l,situa t
edi nsidet he
resi
de ntialb loc kb ehindt heAa s
ta na ,int hec ourtya r
do fQub o o lBa ds hah
sho us e. A
roofedpl a tfo rms ervesa l
ter natelya sadi ning -hall,ve nuef ors emi na rs
,mu shirah s,
communa l& ikra nds a m
.Nowe e klyo rmo nt hlys am assemb liesa reo rganize da t
Kha nq ah-e -Ka mi l,butc o mmuna l&ikrt ak espla cee veryS unda yi nama nnert ypical to
theS ui nst i
t utio nso fHy de rab ad.
Itisno tewo rth ytha ta ltho ught het omb sho use dinAa stana-e -Sha ttari
aa rec l
e ar l
y
visi
blef romt heb us yro ada ndb oundt oa ttr
a ctthea ttenti
ono fpa ssers-byb ecaus eo f
thepi nkc l
o the st ha tc ov ert hem,t11
he ya reno tpo pula rsit
eso fpi l
g ri
ma geamo ngt he
gene r
a lpub l
ic .Ins tead, o nlyt hef ami lyme mb ersa ndt hedi sciple so fQub ool Bads ha h
seemt ov i
sitt he mwhe ne ve rthe ypr a yatt hemo sque .Thec rowdsa ttendingt heF rida y

8 Ther el
ati
onsb et
weentheWa qfBo arda ndt heAnjuman,howeve
r,havenota
lwaysbeenc
ordi
al
.
I
nMa y2014
,thetensi
onsdevel
o pedintoaf ull-
#$
e dgedcri
siswhentheWa q
fBo a
rdal
le
ge dt
hatt
he
sa
jj
danash
nandmu t
avl
l
ofthed a
rg ho fSh8hKh8 mo shhadsoldl
andthatwasva
qf pr
oper
ty,
wher
eastheAnjuma nmaint
aine dthatthela ndinq uesti
onwa si
nhispers
onalpos
ses
sion.
9 Q8 dir
;al-
Shatt
<8
<r
;201
0:343 5
.
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;2010:
2 1
.
1
1 Pi nkistheidenti
fyi
ngcolouruse db ytheS ha t
tar
isi
nHy der
abad.

276
praye r
sg ene rallyrema ino b li
vio ust ot het omb s .S i
g nic a ntly, amo dernha gio gra phe r
,
SayyidMur 8d4 Al;T<8li4 do esno tme nt i
o na n yo ft hepe rso na gesb ur i
edi nAa sta na -e-
Shattariai n hi sT a &kir ah-yiAu liy (
-ia id ar b d(
Bi og raph yo ft he S a int so f
Hyde rab ad),ac ompr e he nsivewo r kt ha ti nc lud est heb iog raphieso fa llthes a i
nt s
who set o mb sa r
es i
te so fpi lgrima g e.Ont heo t
he rha nd,as ono fS h8 hS ha ik ha n
AAma d, Ghul 8m :a s anAb b an( d. 17 95 ),who s
et ombi nt hes ameDa bee rpur ane ig h-
bour hoo da ttr
a ctspilg rims , i
si nc l
ude d.12

Int hec ourseo fmy e ldwo rk, Iha veha dac ha nc et oa tt

e ndd i-f
ere ntf unc tions
organiz edb yt hispa rtic ulars ilsil
a h.I nF eb rua ry2 00 9,Ia tte nde dt he urso fAAma d
Sh8hGuj ar8t;i nAur ang ab ad.I nF eb rua r
y2 011,Io bs erve dt hec elebra tionso ft he
Prophe t
sb irt
hda yt ha ti nc lude de xhi biti
ngt heha iro ft hePr ophe ta tAa stana -e-
Shattaria.InMa rcho ft hes amey ea r,Iwi t
ne s sedt hea nnu alf tia ho fo neo ft hef am-
i
lyme mb erso fKa mi l.Ho we ve r,thec ent ena ry u rso fGhul 8mGha usin2 0 10wa sb yf ar
theg rande sto ccasio n. Itc ompr isedawi der a ng eo fpr o gra mso rga
ni ze
do v e
rape rio d
ofv eda ysf rom1 2to1 6J anua ry( 25t o2 9Muha rram) . Ont he r stda yo fthe ur s, sev-
eralq rsr ecitedt heKo r
a ni nt hemo s
q ue .Ont hes e co ndda y,Jalsa h-yiF a i+ n-i
Auliy((
AnAs semb lyDi scus singt heBl ess i
ng so ft heS aint s)wa so rga nizedne a rby,
whe reas t
ag eha db ee ne rectedf o rt hes peak e r
s .Unl ik et heo the rfunc t
io ns,theJ alsa h
tar
g etedab r
o adpub li
c . Ro ughl ye s tima ted, aro und v ehundr edpe ople( e
x clus iv ely
me n)l i
stene dt os pe eche sde livere db yt hehe adso fv a ri
o usl o cal s
hr i
ne sa ndt hes ta-f
ofthemo sti mpo rtantr e l
igiouss c ho o lo fHy de ra ba d,J ami aNi zamia.Ma
13
nyo ft he
addr esseswe reo pe nl ypo l
e mi c,c ha lleng ingt hev iewso ft heDe ob a
ndi sa ndAhl -i
Hadi s.The ywe rede no unc eda slac kingi nt hei nne rdi me ns io nso frelig
io na ndme rely
advo cati
ngo utwa rdpe rfor ma nc eo fr eli
gio usdut ie s.Thes pe akerssing ledo utt he
i
n#$ue nceo ft heS u ula m (ast hema j
o rfac tori npr ev ent ingt hes pr eado fs uc hi de as
i
nt heDe cc an.Thr o ug ho utt hes pe ec hes,t hes pe cia lpo sitiono ftheDe c cana sa
bastiono fg enui ne,unpo llutedI s l
a mwa sempha s ized.
Thea ctua lda yo fthe u rs,27Muha rram, fello n1 4J a nua r
y .Thec los efa mi lya nd
thedi scipleso fQub oo lBa dsha hs t arte dt og athe ra tAa st ana -e -
Sha tt
ariaa f
tert hea f-
ter
no o npr a yer( ar).F o l
lowi ngt hec o mmo nc us tomo b serv edi nHy de r
a b ad,t he
f
t
ia hwa spr ec ededb yr e adingt hee ntir
eKo ra n( kh atma l-qu r(
n).Inpr ac ti
c et his
me antt hate ve ryonepi c kedo neo ft heKo r
a n
st hirtypa rtsa ndk eptr ec
itingi ti nal ow
voiceunt ilthes uns etpr a yer( ma g hr i
b ).Qub o ol Ba ds ha ht he nl e dthepa rt i
c i
pa nt so na
ziy
rattot het omb ss itua tedi nt hec o urtya rd. Her ea das ho r tf t
ia h ,a
nds a
nda lwo o d
pastewa spa ttedo nt hehe ads ideo fe ac hto mba nd# $o we rswe relaido nt opo ft he m
whilee veryonewa sc ha nt i
ngd urd .Ther itua lwa smo ree l
a borateo nt het ombo f
Ghul 8mGha uswhi c hwa sc ove redwi thnume r
o us# $
o we rs he etsma deb yt yi
ngs tring s
ofro sest ogethe r.Thi swa sa cco mpa ni edb yaHi ndipo eme v okingwe ddi ngi ma g ery.

1
2 Se
eT<
8li
4
,Ta
&kir
ah-
yia
uli
y(
-
iai
dar
bd,
222
5.
1
3 OnJa
miaNiza
mia,
seeKozl
ows
ki1
995.

277
Thepa rti
c i
pant st he nr etur ne dt ot hemo sq uet ol istent opo emsi npr a i
s eo ft he
Prophe twr i
ttenb yKa mi l andr ecite db yl oc al nat
kh vn sa ndQubo o lBa ds ha hsf ami ly
me mb e
rs.Thea tmo sphe rewa st ur ninge mo ti
ona l
lyc ha rged,a ndma nyo lde rme n
cri
e do pe nlydur ingt her ecitatio n.Af terl eadingt heni ghtpr a yer(
ish ()a tt he
mo sque ,Qub oo lBa dsha hl e de ve ryo net ot hek hnq ht hro ughac l
a ustro pho bicpa s-
saget hatwindsi tswa yb e twe ent her eside nt i
a lbuil
di ng ssur roundi ngt hemo s q ue.
Thes a m a sse mb lyi nt hek h n qhwa sthema j
o rpa rto fthe urspr og ra mme .
Thusf a
r,familyme mb e rsa ndd iscipl e
sha dt ak e
npa rti nt hef estiviti
es ,b utt hea udi -
enceg at
he r
inga tthek h nq hwa sc ons ide rab l
ywi de ra nd l l
e dt hec our tyardt ot he
bri
m. Thef unc ti
o na tt hek h nq hwa sl me db yahi re dc ame r
ac rewt ha ts ho ott he
activi
tiesfrom di -f
e renta ng les,illumi na tingt het iniestde tail
swi thapo rtabl es po t-
l
ight .Dist
ributingt he l me d u rsf estivi
t i
e so nVCDso rupl o adingt he mo nY o uT ub ei s
afa i
rlyrec e
ntphe no me no n. Wh enIv isite dHy dera badf orthe r stt imei n2 00 9, this
wa sdo neo nlyi nt hemo stpo pul a rs hri
neo ft hec i
ty ,theY o usufa i
nDa rgahl o c atedi n
Nampa ll
y.Inac o upl eo fy ea rs,thepr actic eha sbeena do pte db yma nys ma l
lers hrine s
andk h nqhs, aswe ll.
Ano theri ndi cato rs ug gestingt hea mo unto fe-fo rt( andmo ne y)pu ti ntot heo r-
ganiza t
iono ft hec e ntena ry u rsc e l
e bratio nswa st hepub li
c a
tio no ft wob o ok s. The
rst oneistit
le dS o uv e
n ir( S(u vnir).Thee i
g ht y-
pageb oo kc ont ainss ho rte ssay so nt he
l
ifeGhul 8mGha us, Ka mi l andQub oo lBa ds ha hwr ittenb ythef ami lyme mb ers. Ita ls
o
i
nc lud e
sse venpo emsb yKa mi ltha ta r
eno tfo undi nhi sd
v n,b uta reno ne the lessi n-
cl
ude di nq awwa lir epe rto i
re s.Thi si ndi ca te sthatt he ywe rewr i
tte na ndg iv enf or
qawwa l
st os i
nga f
te rt hec ont ent so fV rid twe r
ex e d.The na
1
4
lt hirtypa gesa re
ll
e db ythewi she so ft heHy de r
a ba di bus ine ssco mmuni ty.The ya lsos e rvea sa dv ert-
i
seme ntsforar a ng eo fb usine ssesf ro mr e sta urantsa ndb ak eri
e s,tome di ca lha llsa nd
prov i
d er
so fe lect r
ica ppl i
a nc es.Thes eco ndb ook,t i
tle dAl -qa ula l-vast-ba i
na l
-ifrt-
va
l-tafr
t-(
AS tate me ntAr b i
trat i
ngb etwe enEx ces sa ndL acking
) ,wa swr ittenb y
Ghul 8m Gha us .Iti saf atwat ha te x plainst hel egalpr emi se so fr e
a dingaf tia ha nd
o-f
e ri
ngf oodi ns ome one sna me( n i
y z).L iket heJ alsaho fthepr ev iousni ght ,ther e-
pub li
cationo fthel itho graphe de d iti
o ni sapa rtoftheS u ulam (se -f
o rtst oc o unt er-
actthea ttackso fDe o ba ndi sa ndAhl -i
Ha disa gai
nstt he irpr acti
c es.
L i
kel ming , pub lishingb o ok sdur ingt hemo s
ti mpo rtantu rsc elebr ationsha sb e-
comea ne s
ta blishe d pr acticei n Hy de ra ba d.Whe nt hec ent ena ry u rso fS h8 h
Mu Aa mma d Qub Ul B8 dsh8 h :a san; a l-:usain; Q8 dir; Ci sht ; Go sha na sh;n
Zarr;nkul8h,t heg ra ndf athe ro fQub oolBa dshah,wa sc eleb r
a t
e di n2 00 9,as imi lar
comme mo r
ativev olumewa spub lishe db yt hes ajj
d an ash
nt og ethe rwi thac o llectio n

1
4 Oneo ft
hesepoemsisSar
var
-i
lammu rd
-iba
n d
a homa ul
haip(
Mast
eroft
hewor
ld,
both
thepeopl
eandtheLordar
elongi
ngforyou;
or
Ma s
teroftheworl
d,bo
thexpre
ssi
ons,
ahumanbei
ng
andthelo
rddesi
gnat
ey o
u)r
ecor
dedb yAzi
zAhme dKha nWa r
si
.SeeWars
i,Ak
ashv
aniSa
nge
et:
QawwaliI
I,tr
ack4.F
orthete
xtofthepoem,seeSouv
enir2010
:46.

278
ofhi sletter sando t
he rS u wr i
ting s.
1
5
Unl iket hepo pul arpo e
ticwo rk slikeV ri
d t
,
suchb o ok sr ar
e l
y ndt heirwa yt ot heb ooksho psa ndc a
nb eo nlyo btainedf romr e-
spectivek h nq hs.
Afterc opieso ftheb ook swe redi s tributedt ot hepa r
ti
c i
pants,Qub o olBa dshah
garl
ande dt heg uestso fhono ura ndwr a ppe ds ha wlsa ro undtheirsho ulde r
s.Thepr es-
enceo fnume r
o ussajj
dana sh
n so fthec i
tyempha sizedt heprestigeo ftheo ccasi
o n.
Aft
e rthel e ngthyc eremo ny,Qub ool Bads haha ndo the rme mb ersoftheS ue lit
et oo k
thei
rpl a cesi nt hefrontr owso ft h ea udi encea ndt heq a
wwa l
sb e
g ant he i
rpe rform-
ance. The r stq awwa lt ope rfo
r m wa sMo hamme dMa hboobBa nda na wa ziQa wwa l
,
whoha st her ight(ando bl
igation)tope rf ormt her itua lite
msdur ingt he ursfestivi
ties
atKha nq ah- e-
Ka mil.Inc o ntrastt ot heNi zamuddi ns hri
ne ,Qa ula ndRa nga rei n
Hyde rab adpe r
fo r
me di nthee ndo fas a m as
se mb l
y. Ana lt
ernativ
eb eginningdur i
ng

u r
sf estiviti
e sisas alm, apo emt hatg reetsthePr o phe tandc onvey sthepr ayerso f
theb eliever stohi m. TheUr dus al ms ungb yMo ha mme dQa wwa lisi npa rtapa ra-
phraseo fNi z8
<ma l
-D;n
sPersians al mt hatwa spe rforme da tAnisMi yansho me .The
tex
te xistsinmy ri
adv ariat
ionsint her e p e r
toir
e so fq awwa l
sandn a
tkh v
ns.Itispro b-
abl
yac o mpo sit
epo emi nt
owhi chv er
s esb ydi-ferenta uthorshaveb ee ninc orpo r
ated
i
nama nne ro f 4
dgh -
img harb nk- yito(Kh wa jaHa l
l,
Item3 )a ndEKh vjah-yi
Hinda l
-V al(Ani sMi yan
s,Item9 )di s cus se
da b ove .L
16
i
kema nyo the rs alms ,this
poema skst hemo r
ningz eph y
rb lowi ngf romt hee astt ode l
iverame ssaget ot he
Prophe tinMe dina.

I
tem1
:As
almi
nUr
du

n
agh
mah
<
al
p>
1
s
t
r
ub
(
in Ze
phyr
,con
veymya :
fec
ti
onategre
eti
ngst
ohish
onour
P
e r
si
an) Re
lat
ethes
toryoft
hepoorsp
e c
kofdustt
oth
esun.
Th
ere
,inhi
sho l
yre
sti
ngpla
ce
Ki
sst
hegroun
da ndconv
eythesal
utat
ion
sfr
omme,thewr
etc
hed
.

1
s
t
ve
rse Zep
hyr,te
llt
hegree
ti
ngsof
usdi
sc
onso
lat
etoMust
afai
nMed
ina

Thereisnooneel
se(Muhammad,
whowearst
hec
loak
!Myb
elo
vedMu
hamma
d!)
buty
o u.
Tel
lt
hismuchaso
urmess
age
.

2
nd
ve
rse I
amwalki
ngo
nfo
ot,
Muhammad
,sup
port
me,su
pportme
!
T
ell
me,
towhomc
ouldy
ourh
umbl
esl
avec
all
outex
ceptf
ory
ou?(
Lor
d!)

1
5 S
eeS
ouv
enir20
09;Za
rr;
nkul
8h,
Tufa-
yiqu
bl f
madr
ij
al-
rasla
ndVri
dt
-i
bt
in
-.
1
6 F
ort
het
extofano
ther
,some
whats
imi
larve
rsi
on,
seeMer
aj,
Surd,1
34.

279
3
rd
ve
rse L
etmehav
eaplac
einMedi
naopp
osi
tetoyou
rtomb
I
year
ntoli
vet
her
e,ca
llmeas
lav
eofth
a t
place
.

4
th
ve
rse Ig
iveupmyli
fef
oryo
u,Isa
cri
AB
cemyse
lff
ory
ou,
Iamano:
f
eri
ngf
ory
ou,
sac
ri
AB
ced
f
oryours
ake
Re
latet
otheP
rophe
tall
thati
shapp
eni
ngtome,
zep
hyr
.

5
th
ve
rse If
heas
ks,
whoisi
tth
atwai
l
sinse
para
tio
nfro
mme
Bowy
ourhea
dp o
li
te
lyt
ohi
sfe
etandgr
eeth
imsa
yin
g:[
iti
s]t
hep
oorV
ji
f
.

Thephr a sestha tmo ststirredt hea udi enc ea ndl e adtot a krra ree mo tio
na lsta te
-
me ntst ha tde scribet heb elieversde pe nde nc eo nt hePr ophe t(1a
st
nd2 v nd
e rse)a nd
thede siret olivec l
o set ohi mi nMe dina( 3v
r
d
erse).Int heb eginni ngo ft heo cca si
o n, i
t
wa sd i
-c ulttot ellifpr esentingn a& r
na h,themo s tc ommo nwa yo fex pre ssi
nga ppr e
-
ciati
o no ft heq a wwa ls s
ing i
ng ,wa sa ctuallyins piredb ythepe rf
o r
ma nc e ,si
nc et he re
wa sac o nt i
nuo usc o mmo tio na mo ngt hea udienc e. Ne wg ue stso fho no urk e pta rriv-
i
nga ndma kingr oundsa mo ngt he irpe ersa ndpr es ent i
ngt he mn a &rna ha sat oke no f
socialb ondi ng .
The r s tho ura ndha lfo ftheo ccasio nwa sv e rymuc hc ha ract
e rizedb y
sucha ctio ns.
Af t
e rthes alm, theq a wwa lsc ontinue dwi t
hamu b r
a k, ani te
mo ftenpe rforme d
duringt he ursf es
tivitiesinHy de rabad.Mu bra ki sas ongt ha tpr esent sf el
icitatio ns
ont heo cc asiono ft he urs.TheUr dumu b
r aksa rerespo ns est oa ndpa r
tia lpa r a
-
phra seso faP ersi
ang ha z
a lattribut edt oS arma dS ha h;d,thea ntinomi a nS ue x ecut ed
byAur ang zebi n1 66 1
. Themo stwi delys ungUr dumu bra ki swr it
te nb yBe da m. The
versions ungb yMo ha mme dQa wwa l,ho we ver,sha reso nlyt hema qta
-wi t hthispo e m.
Eveni fmo sto fthep oe mha sb ee nwr i
ttenb ysome o nee l
se ,theq awwa lss ti
llattribut e
thee ntiret ex ttot hec elebratedS u po ett hroug ht hei nc l
us iono fthema qta
-
.The
1
7

fol
lowi ngv ersione vok esthepr ese nceo ft hei mpo rtantr el
igio us g ur esinahi erarc hic
order,b eginni ngwi t ht hePr ophe ta ndc ontinuingt oAl i,4
Ab da l-Q8 dirJ ;l8n;
, referr ed
toa sGha us -
i A4za
<m(
TheMi ght iestHe lpe r
)a ndP; r8n-iP; r(
TheMa ste ro fMa sters
),
andt oMu4 ;
na l
-D;n, referredt oa sGha r;bNa v
8 z(Nur t
urero ftheP oorS trange rs
)a nd
simp lya sKhv 8jah( TheMa ster). Whi les i
ng inga bo utea chpe rsona lity,Mo ha mme d
Qa wwa li nse r
tsg irahv ers
e stot hes a l
ientt e x
t. Int hec aseo ft het woS us aint s,the
girahv erse s(3a
rd
nd4 gth
irah s)a ree xcerptsf romma nqab atswr i
ttenb yKa mil. Thea p-
plicati
o no fta krri sindi cativeo fthea udi ence
spr efer
e nc es:pr aiseo ft hePr ophe t
and4 Ab da l-Q8 dirJ;l8n;s t
irst hea ud i
enc e, whi l
et heme ntiono fAl iandMu4 ;na l-D; n
eli
cito nlymi ldr espo ns e
.Thef o rme rt woa rei nthef ocuso ft hes ils
ilaha ndt hec o n-

1
7 F o
rthePer
sia
npoemat
tri
but
edt
oSarma
d,seeMeraj
,Su
rd ,
71.
Fort
heUrdupoemb
yBe
dam,
N ra
l-
ai
n,81
.Fo
ranot
herUr
duver
si
onre
sembl
ingtheo
rig
inal
,s
eeMeraj
,Su
rd ,
155
.

280
t
empora
ryint
erpr
eta
ti
onsofIs
lam pr
eva
lenta
mongI
ndi
anS
ust
hate
mpha
siz
ethe
l
ovef
orthePr
ophet(
i
shq
-ir
asl).

I
tem2
:Amub
raki
nUr
du

1
s
t
ve
rse Ma
yth
esh
ado
wof
Ahma
d,t
hec
hos
eno
ne,
beb
les
sed
!

1s
t
gi
rah(i
n L
etmyene
miesb
oas
tonnob
lede
eds
Ur du;r
e- Iwil
lt
akewit
hmeth
ea:A
B
li
ati
onwi
tht
heMe
sse
nge
r.
pe at
ed
twi c
e)
1
s
t
ve
rse Mayt
hes
hadowofAhmad,t
hechose
n,bebl
ess
ed!
Ma
ythea
:A
Bl
i
ati
onwit
htheAt
tac
kin
gL i
onb
1
8
ebl
es
sed
!

2
nd
gi
rah(
in Ia
mh e
lpl
es
s,Iha
venofr
ie
ndRes
pect
edLi
on,
hel
p!
P
ersi
an) Hando
fomnip
otenc
e,h
elp!
Con
quer
orofKh
aybar
,he
lp!

1
s
t
ve
rse Ma
yth
ea:
A
Bl
ia
tio
nwi
tht
heAt
tac
kin
gLi
onb
ebl
es
sed
!

2
nd
ve
rse
Sol
uti
onofmypr
obl
ems!
Ic
all
edou
ttoyouint
rou
ble
TheMight
ie
stHe
lpe
r(Mast
erofMas
ter
s!
) i
she
lpi
ng[yo
u].
Ble
ssi
ngs
!

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n Th
edomai
nofgr
ie
fisK
l
our
is
hingi
nthehe
art
,Mast
ero
fMa
ste
rs
Urdu) Oh,
howI
rel
is
hyourmemo
ry,
Ma s
tero
fMast
ers
.

I
fyo
urh
onouri
sonmysi
de,
whatd
oI nee
dtoworr
yabout
?
I
fyo
uar
eth
ere,
thenc
omewhat
ma y
,1
9
Mas
tero
fMast
ers
.

Wh
oseworl
dofl
oveK
lou
ris
h e
sbec
auseof y
ou
Wi
l
lneve
rberu
ined,
Ma s
terofMas
ters
.2
0

3
rd
ve
rse TheMi
ght
ie
stHe
lpe
r(Ma
ste
rof
Mas
ter
s!
)i
she
lpi
ng[
you
].Bl
ess
ing
s!

4
th
ve
rse Themer
cyoft
her
esp
ect
edMa
ste
rof
theWo
rldma
nif
es
tsi
ts
el
f.
(Nu
rtu
rero
fth
ePo
or
St
rang
ers
!)

1
8 a ida
r-i
karr
r,i.
e.Ali
.
1
9 Ha rci
hb d
b disthePers
ianeq
uiv
ale
ntoft
hephr
asej
ohos
oho(
comewha
tma
y)e
n-
c
ount
ere
daboveastherad
fofNi
y8z
ghaz
al.
2
0 Thi sg
ira
hisapa r
to fama n
qabatwr
it
tenb
yKamil
.Se
eKamil
,V
rid
t,
65.

281
4t
h
g
ira
h( i
n Wh ennooneasksaft
ery o
u,Khvj
a histhere
fug
eoft
hepoors
tr
ang
ers
Urdu;the [ Iam]asacri
A
Bcefort
h esakeo
f t
hisma nnerofy
our
s,mybel
ove
dKhv
jah
.
penult
imate
l
inere- If
youa r
etheboatman ,whysh
o u
ldweb eaf
rai
doft
hest
orm?
peate
dt hr
ee Wewi l
lr
eachtheshoresomehow,Kh v
j
ah.
ti
me s
)
ByKh v
ja
hUsm n,l
oo kto
wardshe r
eo nce
!
Weh av
espentyear
so ny o
urthr
eshold,Khvj
ah.

Byth
ebon
do f
lov
e,byt
heper
fe
cta:
AB
l
iat
ion
21

Youar
eour
s,y
ouareou
rs,
ourKhv
jah.
2
2

4
th
ve
rse Themer
cyoft
her
esp
ect
edMaste
rofth
eWor
ldma
nif
es
tsi
ts
el
f
Le
t t
hos
e,wh
ohav
eeyes
,se
eit
.Bl
ess
ing
s!

5
th
ve
rse Ma
yyoub
esafe(
ShhGhaus
!)
,mayy
ourla
neKl
our
ish
Ma
yth
edir
tfr
omthebel
ove
d
sdoo
rbeth
ebles
sed[
lot
]of
our
s.

6
th
ve
rse Be
cameamir
rorhou
se..
.
<krt
n>
Th
efor
minthemi
rrorbec
ameamirro
rhou
se,
Bedam
Mayt
heen
joy
me n
tof s
igh
tin
gtheb
elo
vedb
ebl
ess
ed.
23

Aft
ert heopeningit
ems ,Mo hamme dQa wwalgive
swaytothemo stcelebra
ted
qa
wwa l
so fHyderabad,t
heWa rsiBrot
he r
s.Thecurre
ntlea
dingv
o c
ali
st
s,Na seerand
Naz
eerAhme dKha nWa r
siaretheg r
andsonsofAzizAhmedKhanWa rs
i,theg r
eates
t
qa
wwa l
isuperst
arofthepre-
Nus r
a te
ra.Thefamil
ytreeoft
heWarsi
Brothersistr
aced
t
oMuAa mma dYi
dd;qKh8 n,ane phewo fT8nrasKh8n,whomigra
tedtogetherwith
21 Or byt hea -li
a ti
ono fKa mil
.
22 Thi sg i
rahb elongstoa notherma nqa batwr it
tenb yKami l.
S eeKa mil,V
ridt,1
5515
6. Thepo em
isal
soinclude dinS urd .SeeMe r
aj,S
urd ,16716 9
.
23 Thema qta
-seemst opo sedi-culti
e stotheq awwa l
,s
inc ehei niti
all
yloseshiswordsandt akesa
rec
oursetoas hortme lodi
ci mpr o
visat
ion. Event henthe r stli
nee me r
gessome whatmuddl ed.The
ver
seintheo ri
ginalpo emr eads:
Thewo rldo ff
ormb e
cameah ouseofmi rrors,Bedam
Ma ythee njoy
me nt ofs
igh t
ingthebelovedb eb l
esse
d .
Bedamso r
iginalversee vokesthepo et
icima geo fmi rro
rinr ef
e r
ringt otheme taphys
icalconceptofthe
cre
ati
o nasar e#
$ect
iono fthee xis
tenceo fGo d.Ifoner ecognizestha tal
l t
heformsa r
emi rr
o rsofGods
exi
stence,thewo rl
da ppearstohiml i
keaho us efull
o fmirrorsthata llr
e#$
ectthebe l
oved
sfac e
.The
vari
antfoundi nS urd( Me raj
,Surd ,1
55 )reads :
Theformo fVri
sb ecameah ous
eo fmirrors,Be d
am
Ma ythee njoy
me nt ofs
igh t
ingthema sterbeb les
sed.
Theversea doptsadi sti
nctlylessme t
aph ysic
al andmo r
ede votionaltone .
Inst
e adofthewo rl
d,theverse
descr
ibesBe da msSug uide,V8ri
s4Al;Sh8h, asaho useo fmirrors.Thede voti
ona l
#$a
vourisfurtherem-
phasi
z e
db yr eplaci
ngt hewo rdb el
oved( jnna h)withma ster(sark r
)inthes eco
ndl i
ne.

282
hisunc l
efrom DelhitoHy der
ab a
da f
terthe1857upris
ing.TheWa r
siBr
othersbegi
n
withaP er
sia
nn a
ta t
tri
butedtoS hams-iTabrez;
.Onlyso meo ftheli
st
enershavea
goodc omma ndoverPersi
an.Ho wever
,si
ncethev oca
bular
yi nthepoemisli
mitedand
famili
artoUr duspeaker
sa ndtheg ra
mma ti
calst
ruct
uresa r
ec l
earandsi
mpl e,ev
en
thelist
enerswit
hnoP ers
ians ki
l
lsareabl
et ofol
lowtheperformance.
TheWa r
siBr
othersbeg i
nwi t
hn aghma h-
yiquddsa ndaP ersi
anrub
thatex-
plor
e stheontol
ogi
c a
ldepthsoftheProphet
sex i
st
ence.

I
tem3
:Ana
&ti
nPe
rsi
an

n
agh
mah
-yi
qud
ds
1
s
t
r
ub
(
in S
ealo
f t
hemesse
ng e
rs,
youaretheKaabaIse
ek
P
e r
si
an) Y
ouarepres
enti
nthefor
mo fev
erythi
ngtha
texi
st
s
P
erf
ectv
erse
softheTru
tharecl
eartoyou
Y
ouarethees
sen
cethatwashid
de nbe
hindth
evei
ls
.2
4

1
s
t
ve
rse Mess
engerofGo
d,y
ouar
eth
eb e
love
doft
heso
leCr
eat
or
Yuha
o v
eb e
ensi
ngl
edo
utbytheonewhoi
sMight
y,P
urea
ndUn
iqu
e.2
5

2
nd
ve
rse [Y
ouare
]th ep
rec
iou
son
eint
hep
res
enc
eof
theT
rut
h,he
ado
ftheas
semb
lyo
fthe
uni
ver
se.
26

1
st
gi
rah(i
n F r
omh eadt
otoe,yo
uma nif
es
t t
hep
erf
ect
io
nofth
eun
ityo
fth
ees
sen
ce
Urdu;t
he Y o
ua ret
hevoi
ceoftheTru
th,
themel
odyofGo
d.
l
asttwoli
nesTher
eisnoonel
ikeyou,t
her
eisnoo
neli
keGod
re
peated Godisuni
queandsoa r
eyou.
t
wi c
e)

Thesomewhatdari
nggir
ahv ersethatprai
sest heProphe
tb ydecl
ari
nghim
uni
quea nds
ingul
arl
i
keGo de
li
citsenthus
ias
ti
crespons ef
romtheaudi
ence
.Thesuc-
ces
so ft
hegira
hcause
stheWarsiBrother
storepeatthestr
ongstat
ementofthel
ast
twoli
nesoncemoreb
efor
eret
urningtothemainte
x t
.

2
nd
ve
rse [
Youare
]thepr
eci
ouson
eint
hepre
sen
ceoft
heTr
uth
,he
adoft
hea
ssemb
lyo
fth
eun
ive
rse
.
L
ight
ofthepr
ophe
ts
eye
s(Muha
mma d!
),
youar
emyeye
san
dmyligh
t.

24 NUra l
-:as
an,Na
ghmt,
436.
25 NUra l
-:as
an,Na
ghmt,
35335
4.
26 NUra l
-:as
an
sNaghmtr
eadsa
dr-
ibad
r-i
k(i
nt(
he
ado
fthef
ull
mo ono
ftheuni
ver
se
).
See
NUra
l-:a
san,Nag
hmt,3
54.
Herethever
si
onoftheqawwal
smake
smorese
nsetha
nthel
it
erar
yver
-
si
on.

283
3
rd
ve
rse OMe
sse
nge
rof
God
,oMe
sse
nge
rof
God
!

Me
sse
nge
rof
God
!Oneg
lanc
eto
war
dsus
,thepo
ors
trang
ers
!(On
egl
anc
e,o
neg
lan
ce!
)

Intr
o duci
ngt hedisc
us s
ionofthePr ophe t
sme rcyintothepe rf
ormanc ethrough
thepo e
ticmo tifoftheglancestr
ikesac horda mongt hea udi
ence.Int
e r
estingl
y,thi
s
parti
cularverseo ft
hen a
ti snotincl
ude dinNUra l
-:a s
a n
sNa g
h mt.Itispo ss
ibl
e
thati
tha sbeena ddedtothepo emino rdertoadapti ttothereli
giousatmo spher
et hat
i
spl a
c i
ngmo r
ea ndmo ree mphasi
so nt heme diat
io no ftheProphe t
.Noto nl
yisthe
phrase
Oneg l
anc et
o war
dsus ,t
hepo orstra
ng ers
repea t
eds ev
eralti
me s,
b utitisals
o
expandedb ytwog i
rahs(2a
nd
nd3 g
rd
irahs)
. Thethirdg ir
a histhema tl
-
a ofanUr du
tazmn,writt
eno naP er
si
ann a
ta
ttri
butedtoJ 8m;.
27

2nd
gi
rah(
inY
ourhon
our,I
lon
gfory
ou rk
ind
ness
,to
o
Urdu) I
,t
oo,
aml o
ve-
si
ckfo
ryourlo
ve-
si
cknar
cis
sus[
eye
s].

Whenyo
uwerei
nthewor
ld,
youwe
ret
her
emedyf
ore
ver
yon
ewh
owa
swi
tho
utr
eme
dy
Ij
ust
wantt
oremi
ndyoutha
tIamal
sowi
tho
utar
emedy
.

I
ammo r
ewret
che
dthatt
hewor
stof
thepeo
ple
,but
,oMer
cyof
theWor
ld
I
,t
oo,
ama nu
nfor
tun
ateanda
bje
cti
ndiv
idual
whotak
esy
ourname
.

3
rd
ve
rse Oneg
lanc
eto
war
dsus
,thepo
ors
trang
ers
!(On
egl
anc
e,o
neg
lan
ce!
)

3r
d
g
irah(
in Ihav
enoonetoc
onsol
eme ,
nocomp an
ion,oMess
engerof
God
Urdua nd Y ouar
ethepr
ote
cto
r,oli
feo
ftheworl
d,Messe
ngerofGod
Persi
an) Ti
meforhel
pi
ngmeh asbee
nABxe
d,oMesseng
erofGod.
Bemerc
if
ulandl
ookatmymi s
erabl
econdi
ti
on,oMesse
ngero
fGod
Iamapoorst
rang
er,
I amunfo
rtunat
e,Ia
md amn e
d,oMesse
nge
rofGo
d.

3
rd
ve
rse Oneg
lanc
eto
war
dsus
,thepo
ors
trang
ers
!(On
egl
anc
e,o
neg
lan
ce!
)

Mess
enge
rofGod
!Onegl
anc
eto
wardsu
s,t
hepoo
rst
ran
gers
!
Yo
utaket
hehandoft
heunf
ort
unat
e,y
ouareb
otht
hese
rvant
andt
hel
ord
.

4
th
ve
rse Dur
ingt
heni
ghtof
theas
cens
ion
,Gabr
ie
lwaspar
tofy
ourret
inu
e
Bu
tyouar
etheo
newh os
eth
isf
ooto
ntheth
ron
eofth
eg r
eenvaul
tof
hea
ven
.

5
th
ve
rse Wh
atd
oesS
hams
-iT
abr
ez
kno
wab
out
eul
ogi
zi
ngy
ou,
Mes
sen
ger
?

2
7 F
ort
het
exto
ftheP
ers
iann
at
,se
eMe
raj
,Su
rd,
52.

284
 Y
oua
ret
hec
hos
eno
ne,
ele
cte
don
e,t
hen
obl
es
tlo
rd.

4
th
gi
rah Amongt
hecou
rts
,th
ecour
tofMedi
naist
heco
urt
Theh
igh
est
super
int
end
enti
sthes
uper
int
end
ento
fMe
din
a.

5
th
ve
rse Y
oua
ret
hec
hos
eno
ne,
ele
cte
don
e,t
hen
obl
es
tlo
rd.

Af t
e rthema qta
-ago nizingo ve rthei nab i
litytopr aiseMuha mma da f
terGo dha s
name dhi ma st hec hoseno ne( mu ta-
f
)
, elect
e do ne( mu jt
ab )aswe l
lastheno bl
e s
t
l
o rd(sayy i
d -
i al)
,thei nse r
tio no fas impl e,almo stc rudeUr dug irah(4g
t
h
i
ra h)does
no tproves ucc essf
ul.TheUr duv erseut i
liz
e sthei ma geryo fthec ourt(da rbr)of
Me dina,whe ret heProphe ti
st heb e stofs uperintende nts( s
ark r
).Coll
ati
ngt hewo rds
sarkra ndd ar brgivest hev ersec onno tati
o nsa ssoc i
atedwi thg over
nme ntb ureau-
cracy.No tsurpr isi
ngly,
thepe r
fo rma ncec ome st oa ne ndwi ththeg ir
ah.
Thusf a rthel is
tene rsha ves ha pedt hepe rf
o rma ncet hrought hei
rgestures,spon-
taneouss ighsa ndwa i
lsa swe llasb ys tandingupa ndo -
feri
ngn a&r
n ahtot hem r-
i
maA B
l.No w, ho wever,Qub ool Badsha ht ell
stheq awwa l
swha ttos i
ngb ysimplys ayi
ng:

E kna
rah !
(
Onec ry!
).Theq awwa l
sc atc hthehi ntimme diatel
ya nds t
artsing i
nga
ma nqab atwr ittenb yKa mi l
inpr aiseo fHus ain. The yprefacethepe r
for
ma nc ewi t
ha
widelype rf
o rme dP ersi
a nr u b
attribute dtoMu4 ;
na l
-D;n.Int heb egi
nningo fthe
performa nc e,t heq awwa lsr elyo nt akrr,a st heme r
eme nt i
ono fHus ainma kes
Qubo olBa dsha hc ry,standupf r
o m hi ss eata ndwa lkb acka ndf ort
hi nthes pace
betwe ent hea udiencea ndt hepe r
fo rme rs.Othe rlistenersalsowa ilopenly.
Its hould
bek epti nmi ndt hato nlyaf o rt
nightha spa sseds ince shr ha sbeeno bse r
vedb y
IndianS unni ,a swe l
lasS hia,Mus l
ims , andt hee ve ntsofKa rbalaa r
es t
il
lfreshint he
me mo ryo fthel ist
ene r
s.

I
tem4
:Amanq
abat
inUr
du

1
s
t
r
ub
(
in Husa
inist
hekin
g,Hus
aini
sthee
mp ero
r
P
e r
si
an) Husa
inisr
eli
gi
on,Hus
aini
sth
eref
ug eof
rel
igio
n
Hegavehi
shead,
butn
othi
shandtothehandsofY
azi
d
ByGod!Hus
aini
sthef
ound
ati
onofNogod
.
28

1
s
t
ve
rse
OHusai
nof
tenr
is
es[fr
ommyli
ps]li
keacry(
Husai
n!)
E
vers
inc
eOHusai
nhasbe
enc
arvedonthehe
art

stabl
et.
2
9

28 Se
eNUra
l-
:a s
an,Naghmt,
435;
Mu4;nal
-D;n,
Kalm,
236
.
29 Se
eKami
l,V
rid
t,1
0310
4.Theqawwal
ssingve
rse
s1,
2,5
,3,
4,6
,8a
nd9o
ftheni
ne-
ver
se
man
qab
at.

285
 Hus
ain!
Hus
ain!

2
nd
ve
rse Mycl
ai
misth
atmanki
ndhasnev
eraga
inbee
na b
let
opr
oduc
e
Al
io
ninth
ebatt
le
AB
el
doft
reac
hery(
Husai
n!
)compar
abl
etoy
ou,
Hus
ain
.

3
rd
ve
rse We,t
oo,
area
:A
Bl
ia
tedwi
tht
heAt
tack
ingLi
on
Le
tusal
sohav
esomeal
msfr
omthecour
toft
heL
ion
,Hu
sai
n.

1
st
gi
rah(
in If
youobta
inpeaceofmindintheworl
d,y
o uwil
lgetc
omfor
tandt
rus
t
Urdu) If
youobta
inint
enselo
ve,yo
uwi ll
gri
ndyourtee
thingri
ef
.
Carr
yin
gthebeggi
ngb o
wl o
f th
eh e
art
,wea r
epres
entatt
hepr
osp
ero
usd
oor
Ali
,l
etushav
ethealmsfort
h esak
eofyourdesc
endant
s!

3
rd
ve
rse We,t
oo,
area
:A
Bl
ia
tedwi
tht
heAt
tack
ingLi
on
Le
tusal
sohav
esomeal
msfr
omthecour
toft
heL
ion
,Hu
sai
n.

Afte
rpro l
ongedtak r
r,theqawwa l
ssta
rtinse
rti
ngg i
rahsintot heperf
o rmance.
The r stonepicksupt hethemeo falmsdisc
ussedinthethi
rdv er
seo fthema n qa
bat.
Itidentie sthes
ea l
msa st
hepe aceofmindi nawo r
ldofintensesu- f
eri
nga ndrest
-
l
e s
s nessi
ndiv i
nelove,andimploresAli
togivethe
ms omethi
ngf orthes ak
eo fhisdes
-
cenda nts
.After nis
hingwi t
ht hethi
rdvers
e, t
heqawwa l
sret
urnt ot heseco
ndv e
rse
,
sot hatag i
rahde s
cri
b i
ngt heheroicsu-f
eri
ngo fHusain
sco mpa nionsinKa rbal
a
couldb einsert
edintotheperformance.

2
nd
ve
rse Mycl
ai
misth
atmanki
ndwasne
verag
ainabl
etop
rod
uce
Al
io
ninth
ebatt
le
AB
el
doft
rea
che
ry(Hus
ain
!)co
mpara
blet
oyo
u,Hu
sai
n.

2nd
gi
rah(
in Gl
oryt
ohim,whocoul
dn o
tbedecei
ved
Urdu) Pr
ais
etohi
m,whocoul
dn otbel
uredbylus
t
Lo
okhowthos
e,whowerethi
rst
yfo
rhisrel
ig
ion,
too
kth
eirf
ood
:
The
ycoul
deatnot
hin
gth a
tcameo nt
h e
irway.

2
nd
ve
rse Al
i
oni
nth
eAB
el
dof
tre
ach
ery(
Hus
ain
!)c
omp
ara
blet
oyo
u,Hu
sai
n.

4
th
ve
rse E
ver
yyearbeg
inswi
thr
ememberi
ngyou
Y
ourl
if
esto
ryisone
ver
yon
est
ongue
,Husa
in.

5
th
ve
rse P
eop
lee
ndo
wedwi
thmy
sti
cal
kno
wle
dgeA
B
ndi
l
lumi
nat
io
non
lyf
romy
ou.

286
3r
d
gi
rah(
in Thatl
igh
twhichisca
ll
edtheki
ngof(?
)
Urdu;the I t
iscal
l
edtheli
ghtofGod
,theli
ghtof
eyes
.
l
as tt
woli
nesWh e
nthatl
i
g htwasdi
spe
rsed,
itbe
cametheuni
ver
se
repeat
ed Wh e
niti
sdrawntoget
her
,i
t i
scal
le
dHu s
ain.
t
wi ce)
5
th
ve
rse P
eopl
een
dowedwi
thmyst
ic
alk
nowl
edgeA
B
ndil
l
uminat
io
nonl
yfr
omyou
L
igh
toft
heey
esof
Mu r
ta+
,gr
andc
hil
doft
heMes
sen
ger,
oHusa
in.

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Shar
iawases
tabl
ishe
dinthecon
ducto
fMu s
ta f
a
Urdu) ThePar
adis
estoo
do nthedo
orofth
eMa i
den3
0

Themess
engerwaschar
me d,
whenHusai
ncl
imb edo
nhisb
ack
AsHusai
nremainedse
ated
,thedi
vi
necus
toms t
oodal
er
t.

5
th
ve
rse Gr
and
chi
l
dof
theMe
sse
nge
r,oHu
sai
n.

6
th
ve
rse I
twasc
lea
rlyamir
acl
eofyo
urmer
ci
fulgl
anc
e
Orh
owels
ec o
uldt
hede
sti
nyof
Hurrh
31
a
vechan
ged
,Hu
sai
n?

7
th
ve
rse Dis
cor
dinf
ai
thi
sth
ed i
sc
ordb
etwe
enapar
tan
dthewhol
e
Theto
nguet
hat
utt
ers
OMuhammad
als
out
ter
sOHusai
n
.

Mu
hamma
d!Hu
sai
n!

5t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Husai
nisthepr
ecio
ussto
nethati
ll
uminat
esrel
i
gion
Urdu) Tote
llth
etrut
h,Husai
nisth
eladderl
eadi
ngtothedi
vi
net
hro
ne.
Seat
inghimonhissho
ulde
rs,Must
afause
dtosay:

IfHasanist
heKaaba,Husai
nisMedin
a.

7
th
ve
rse Di
sco
rdi
nfa
ithi
sthedi
sco
rdbet
wee
nap ar
tandthewh
ole
Th
etong
uet
ha t
utt
ers
OMu h
amma d
als
outt
ers
OHusai
n
.

Throughtheg ir
ahs,theq a
wwa l
sa r
ea b
letoint r
oducediverg
entdisc
ourse
so n
Husainintotheperfor
ma nce
.Thethirdgir
ahport
ray shimasac ondens
edformo fdi-
vi
nel i
ght,whereasthefourt
ha nd fthgirahst
urnt odome st
icimager
ywhe rehei s
ri
dingont heshoulder
so fhi
sg r
andf
a t
her,
theProphe t
.Despit
etheseemingl
ydispa r
-
at
er egi
ster
s,al
lthev er
sesarerece
ivedfavo
urabl
y.Thisempha si
zesthefac
tthatt he
l
oosethe mati
cconne c
ti
o nbetweenthevers
esofag hazalc
a nbepushedevenfurther

3
0 Ba tl,
i.
e.F
ati
ma.
3
1 Hur r
,l
it
.
afre
eman
.Aref
ere
ncet
oac
omma
nde
rinY
azi
d
sar
my,
whode
fec
tedt
oHus
ain
ss
ide
o
ntheb
att
leeldofKa
rba
la.

287
i
naq a
wwa l
iperforma nce,whereasingl
etopi
ccanb eex
plor
edfromdi ver
g e
nto rcon-
tra
dict
o r
ypo int
so fv i
ewdur ingonesong.
Whe ntheq awwa lsreachthema qta
-
,al
mostall
theli
ste
nersgetupa nda pproach
themr-imaA B
lwi t
hn a&
rn ah.Thevers
eise-f
ecti
ve,be
causeitme nti
onst hea -li
-
ati
ono fKa milwithHus ain.Ho weve
r,t
he rstl
inecanbeinte
rpret
eda sar e
ferenceto
thebondb et
we enadi s
cipleandKa mil
,aswell.
Furthe
rmore,thesecondl i
nei ntr
o-
ducesthef a
vouritethemeo fac ari
nggl
ance,whic
htheqawwa l
sfurt
he re
x pandint wo
gir
ahs(6a
th
nd7 g
t
h
i
rahs).

8
th
ve
rse Ourpe
rf
ect
a:A
Bl
ia
tio
nwil
lbl
oomon
ed a
y
I
fyouj
ust
best
owyourc
ari
nggl
anc
e,Husa
in.

6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n I
fahuma
nbeingwant
s[so
methi
ng],
not
hin
ghapp
ens
.
Urdu) I
fyo
uwant[
someth
ing
],what
wouldnot
happe
n?

8
th
ve
rse Ourpe
rf
ect
a:A
Bl
ia
tio
nwil
lbl
oomon
ed a
y
I
fyouj
ust
best
owyourc
ari
nggl
anc
e,Husa
in.

7t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Id
evot
emysel
ft
oy o
urdoor
,be
cause
Urdu) Onedo
esnotk
nowwh i
cho:
fe
ri
n gwil
ldothet
ri
ck.
I
fyoul
ookmerc
if
ull
y,t
hewor
kg et
sdone
Lo
okall
uri
ngl
y,a
ndthematt
erswil
lbese
tt
led
.

8
th
ve
rse I
fyo
uju
stb
est
owy
ourc
ari
ngg
lan
ce,
Hus
ain
.

1
s
t
ve
rse
OHu
sai
no
ft
enr
is
es[
fr
ommyl
i
ps]l
i
keac
ry.
(Hu
sai
n!
)

AstheWa rsiBrothersst
artpa ckingtheirinstr
ume nt s,sever
a llist
enerscryout

Onemo re!
Ho wev er
,itisThursdaya ndtheq awwa lsha vet ol eavef ortheYousuf
ain
Dargah,wherethe yareduetoa ppeara tmidnight.Afterthe yha veleft,ChandQa wwal
t
a k
esthes t
age .
Heb eg
inswithan a g
h maha ndab r
iefa l
pbe foresi
ng ingar ub

.The
rub
isthemo s
twi del
yk nownv ersewr i
tt
e nb yKami l,a nda n yHy derabadiprof
ess
-
i
nga ninterestinlocalUrdupo etryisabletoq uoteit.Du
3
2
et oag ene ra
lrefer
enceto
nis
bat(r
ela
tion,co nnect
ion,a-liati
on),t
hev ersecanb ea ppende dt opracti
cal
lyany
ghazal
,whe therde vot
ionalorro mant i
c.Ana udienc ec ons is
tingo ffami l
yme mb er
s
andf ol
lowerso fKa milr e
spond sfavourablya nds omel i
stenerspr esentn a&
rnah
alr
eadyduringther ub
.

I
tem5
:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du

3
2 Thev
ers
eisama
qta
-
fr
omag
haz
alb
yKa
mil
.Se
eKa
mil
,V
rid
t,
159
.

288
 n
agh
mah
<
al
p>
1
s
t
r
ub
Ka
mil,
reme
mberth
is,
n a
y,wri
tei
tdown
!
Are
lat
io
nwit
hsomeonewil
lne
v e
rbewi
tho
uta
ne:
f
ect
.
33

1
s
t
ve
rse Heco
mescl
oset
omebut
doesno
t c
all
me
I
sit
tobeb
eli
tt
le
dth
ath
ecomestomeinme
mor
ie
s?3
4

2
nd
ve
rse Le
thisc
rowdeda
sse
mblyKl
our
is
hfor
eve
r
Hi
s,whobec
omesacan
dlehi
msel
fandmak
esmeamo
th.

3
rd
ve
rse WhenIl
ooka
tthebea
utyo
ftheb
elo
vedo
fGo
d35

Iwi
tne
sst
hesp
ecta
cle
sofhi
smig
ht.

4
th
ve
rse Whokno
wswhyp
eop
let
akepl
eas
ure
Byt
aki
ngyo
urna
meanddri
vi
ngmecra
zy.

5
th
ve
rse [
My]li
fedep
endsonthemo
rsel
soft
heHel
per
sd
oor
Wil
lt
hey,
whoin
timid
a t
eme,
snat
chthe
mfr
omme ?

6
th
ve
rse Al
lmyi
nto
xic
ati
oni
sduet
ohi
sbe
aut
if
ulg
lan
ce
[I
ama]sa
cri
AB
cef
ort
hesa
keo
fhi
m,whomake
smed
rin
kfr
omh
ise
yes
.

7
th
ve
rse Heknowst
hatI
haven
oonee
ls
ebuth
im
Fe
eli
ngempat
hyfo
rme,h
ehi
desmei
nhish
em.

8
th
ve
rse What
ismybe
ing?E
ver
yth
ingish
ise
xis
ten
ce,
hisma
nif
es
tat
io
n
Ho
wignor
anti
she,
whomakesmest
epfor
ward
.

9
th
ve
rse I
wouldgoh
eadl
ong[
and]i
fIh
adwings,
Iwoul
drea
chK
l
yin
g
I
fso
me o
nej
ust
sai
dthat
myma s
teri
sca
ll
ingme.

1
0t
h
v
ers
e T
ell
me,
Kami
l
,wh
oist
hek
ingo
fbe
aut
ie
swh
oap
pro
ach
es?

33 Khl
,li
t.
empty
.
34 Kamil,Vri
dt
,1
911
92.
Theqawwal
ssi
ngal
lt
het
enve
rse
s,r
ear
rang
ingt
hemsl
ig
htly(ve
rse
s1,
2,
3,
4,6
,5,
8,7,9,10
).
35 Asthe5th
ver
sewil
lr
evea
l,he
ret
hebel
ove
dofGo
d(mabb -ik
hud)i
s4
Abda
l-
Q8 dirJ
;l
8n;
,no
t
Ni
z8
<mal
-D;n.

289
 Wh
enI
ams
hownh
isf
ace
,Is
eet
het
wowo
rld
s.

Theqa wwa l
sdono temb el
li
shthet extwitha djuncti
tems.Exc
eptf o
rthes t
a t
e-
mentso nl
iv i
ngwi t
ht hemo rsel
sbeggeda tthedo oro f4
Abda l
-Q8di
rJ;l
8n;(5v
t
h
e
rse)
ando ndepe ndingso l
elyonhi m( 7v
t
h
er
se),thepe rf
ormancedoesno tpart
icul
a r
ly
movethea udience.I
tisnotewo r
thythatthev ujd
s t
a t
ementofthe8 v
t
h
e
rseel
icit
sno
r
e s
ponsefro mt heliste
ners.Thes econdi te
m Cha ndQa wwa lper
formsisa nother
ghazalbyKa mil.I
tisnotincludedinV ri
dt,butfo r
msapa r
tofqawwa l
irepert
oires
.
I
tisfounda sasli
ghtlydi-
fer
entversi
oni nSu rd.3
6

I
tem6
:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du

1
s
t
ve
rse I
don o
tAB
ndyou
,whe
nI A
B
ndyou
E
ith
erIdi
sap
pearmys
el
forI
ammad
etod
isa
ppe
ar.

2
nd
ve
rse It
akepr
idei
nbei
ngahumanb
,ec
auseIama,-
.l
iat
edwi
thy
ou
Asl
ongasyouar
esaf
e,Ic
anput
eve
ryt
h i
nga
tstak
e.

3
rd
ve
rse Havi
ngdi
sav
owedt
hen
e x
twor
ld,
whysho
uldIwas
teti
me?
[Ot
her
wis
e]he,
who
seownIa
mc al
le
d,wi
ll
himse
lff
eel
ash
ame
d.

4
th
ve
rse Th
eji
nnsmayha
vewin
gs,[
but
]le
aveme,des
ir
efo
rri
si
ngu
pwa
rds(
?)
Hol
di
nghi
shem,Ic
anrea
chth
edest
ina
tio
n.

5
th
ve
rse S
ucha
rdo
u rmayb
ethe
rei
nreme
mb e
ri
n gs
omeon
e
I
amawakeinmyhe
art
whi
lemyeye
sareas
lee
p.

6
th
ve
rse WhenI
becomeamir
rora
ndpl
acemy
sel
fi
nfro
nto
fhi
m
IA
B
ndadiv
inesp
ark
lei
nbei
ngahuma
nbein
g.

9
th
ve
rse We
res
qua
nde
red
,Ka
mil
.
..

Whentheq a
wwa l
sa reabouttoproce
edtot hema q
ta
-,QuboolBa dshahinter-
r
uptsthema ndtel
lsthemt osingtwomo reverses.Inthisassembly,anumb ero f
l
i
stener
sa r
eb e
tte
racquaintedwiththepoetr
yo fKa milthantheq awwa l
s.Thisb e-
c
o mesevi
dentinse
ver
a li
nstanc
es,whentheycor
recttheq awwalsorinst
ruc tt
hemt o
s
ingmissi
ngv e
rse
s.Atthes amass
embli
esofKha nqah-e-Kamil,t
hel i
ste
ne r
so f
ten
r
eactst
rongl
ytotheve r
sestheyhavethemsel
vestoldtheq awwa l
stoinc l
udeint he

36 SeeMer
aj
,Su
rd ,2
55.
Thever
si
oninSu
rdhass
eve
nve
rse
s,o
uto
fwhi
chv
ear
eco
mmo
nwi
th
Cha
ndQawwal

sver
si
on(ve
rse
s1,
3,5,
6and9).

290
pe
rfo
rmanc
e.I
nthi
scas
e,Qubo
olBads
hahwa
lkst
oandf
roi
nfr
onto
ftheq
awwa
ls,
wai
li
ng,
whent
heys
ingt
he8 v
t
h
er
se.

7
th
ve
rse Th
emost
exa
lte
da:A
Bl
i
ati
onwit
hhi
mKlo
uri
she
dtos
ucha
nex
ten
t
Th
atI
canmakean
yoneIwan
tmadfo
ryou.

8
th
ve
rse Nurt
ure
roft
hepe
ople!
Best
owmeth
egi
fto
fonepr
ost
rat
io
n
Bowi
ngdownmyhead,
Icanmak
ethee
nti
rewor
ldpro
str
ate
.

9
th
ve
rse Kamil
,al
lt
h ev
alu
abl
esof
li
fewe
resq
ua n
de r
edt
her
e
bu
t whatasp
ect
acl
e!I
AB
ndli
f
einthesamepl
ace
.

Thene xtgroupt ope r

for
mi sleadb yMa q boolQa wwa la ndMe hmo odQa wwa l
.
The yb eginwi thas hortn agh
ma ha nda nUr dur ub
cons i
sti
ngo fthreeverses.Al -
thoug ht helasto neo fthems ugges
tst hattheya rewr it
tenb yQubo olBadshah,t he
me tri
ca lir
regu l
arityre v
e al
sthattheyc onsti
tutei nfactag eneri
ca dj
unc ti
temi nto
whi chthena me so fanypa stSu ma st
e randhispr esent-
da yfoll
owerca nbeins er
te d.
Sincet heq awwa lsa reno tdis
cipl
eso fQub oolBa dshah,thev ersesf
urthermo reil
lus -
trat
eho wt heype rforma ssumingthepo i
ntofv ie
wo fthedi s
ciplesi
no rdert
oa rouse
thea udienc e
. Aftertheru b
,
theq a
wwa l
ssingama nq ab
a twr i
tte
nb yKa milinpra i
s e
4
Ab da l-Q8dirJ ;
l8n;.Theyf ol
lowtheo rderofthev ersesreco r
de dinV ri
dt,
b uto mi t
veo ft hefour t
ee nv ers
esthatc o
mpr isethefullpoem. Typ i
callytothema nq abatso f
Ka mil,thena meo fthesa i
ntserve
sast heradf
.3
7

I
tem7
:Amanq
abat
inUr
du

n
agh
mah
<
al
p>
1
s
t
r
ub
I
fones
eesth
ebe
lov
ed,
hehaseve
ryt
hin
g
I
fth
efr
iendi
shi
s,
hehase
very
thi
ng.

Mayyou
rove
r K
l
owinggra
ceremai
nunti
lt
here
sur
rec
ti
on
Asl
ongast
hiscou
rtre
ma i
ns,
eve
ryt
hin
gist
her
e.

Qubo
olBads
hahh
asnot
hin
g
Bu
tifheh
asKami
l,h
ehasev
ery
thi
ng.

1
s
t
ve
rse Se
eingyouh
asthi
se:
f
ect,
Ete
rnalHe
lpe
r
Gazeta
kesp
rid
eingaz
e,Et
erna
lHel
per
.

3
7 Cf
.t
he3
rd
and4
th
gi
rah
sinI
tem1
andt
hes
ali
entt
exto
fIt
em2i
nthi
scha
pte
r.

291
2
nd
ve
rse Thewander
erswi
llr
oamfr
omdoort
odoor
,Et
ernal
Hel
per
Butmyeye
sareA
Bx
edonyo
udoor
,Ete
rna
lHel
per
.

3
rd
ve
rse Ia
mas l
aveof
yourdoor
,Iamtot
akef
romyou
Havi
ngb
ecomeyo
u r
s,wher
esh
o u
ldIg
o,Et
ern
alHe
lpe
r?

4
th
ve
rse What
kindofs
erv
ant
hoodi
sthi
s?Whati
sth
iss
pect
acl
e,o
nlyGo
dkn
ows
!
Th
eeyesof
cre
ati
onar
etur
nedtowa
rdsy
ou,Et
ern
alHel
per.

5
th
ve
rse S
ayi
ng
Donotbeaf
rai
d,mydis
cipl
ey
our
emo
vedmywo
rri
es
I
sac
ri
AB
cemyl
i
fetoy
ou,Et
ern
alHelp
er.

6
th
ve
rse Whet
herint
rou
bleorf
reeo
fadve
rsi
ty
,Ide
ri
vepl
eas
uref
romt
hea
:A
Bl
i
ati
on[
wit
hyo
u]3
8

Th
ishe
a dre
mainsa
t y
ourdoo
r,E
ter
nalHel
per
.

Altho
ughthesi
xthver
serefer
sto4
Abdal
-Q8di
rJ;
l
8n;,t
hedis
cipl
esofQub
ool
Bads
hahinte
rpr
eti
tinref
erenc
etothei
rSuguide.
The
yturnto
wardshimandmo-
ti
ontowar
dshimwhenev
ertheqawwal
srea
cht
hewordni
sbat
(]
a-li
at
ion^
).

7
th
ve
rse Fo
rthes
akeofpe
rf
ect
beaut
y,p
rot
ect
myh on
our
!
Be
sto
wme ,t
oo,
onemerc
if
ulgl
anc
e,Et
ern
alHel
per
.

8
th
ve
rse I
hav
espen
tmyli
fere
peat
ingyourname
I
wil
lal
sodi
einy
ourname,
E t
ern
a l
He l
per
.

9
th
ve
rse Donotf
orge
tyourKamil,
whogiv
eshi
sli
fef
oryou
Heha
sbeencra
zedforh
isent
ir
eli
f
e,Et
ern
alHel
per
.

Aft
erMa qboolandMe hmo odQa wwalha v
e ni shed,ar is
ingy oungq a
wwa l
cal
le
dS aghi
rAlit
akesthe#$
oor.Duri
ngthepastfewy e
a r
s,hehasb eenc l
oselyassoci
-
at
edwi t
hKha nqa
h-e-
Ka mil
,andQub oo
lBadshahhadin vi
tedhimtos ingintheursof
Ahma dS ha
hGujarat
iinAur angaba
di n2009.Hischo i
ceisag ha zalofKa mil,t
he
ver
sesofwhichhes i
ngsintheo r
derreco
rdedinV
r i
dt,omitt
ingt woo fthenine .
3
9

Heintroduce
sthetextwit
har ub

.Thesecondleadingvocali
strepe a
tsthes eco
nd
l
ineoftherub
i
naccurat
el
y,whil
ethethir
dlinedi
-f
e r
sfromt herestinrespectt
ot he

3
8 I nVri
dt
,t
heli
nerea
dsmu
b
ath
oki
hra
thoma
zen
isb
atk
ele
thW.
Theme
ani
ng,
howe
ver
,
r
ema
insthesa
me.
3
9 S eeKamil
,V
rid
t,
272.

292
poet
icmetr
e.Howeve
r,theli
st
ener
sdonoti
nterf
erewit
hthefal
te
ringpe
rfo
rma
nce
,
andtheq
awwalsar
eabletoproc
eedt
othes
ali
entt
extuni
nter
rupt
ed.

I
tem8
:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du

n
agh
mah
<
al
p>
1
st
rub

(i
n The
reaiss
ma l
lwishandmyhappi
nessd
epe
ndsonit
:
Urdu) Maymywh o
lel
if
eb esquan
dere
dinhi
sname!
Onmybehal
f,l
oveforhi
sfo
rmisev
ery
thi
ng
Onl
yfr
omthat[come s
]myli
fe
,onl
yfr
omtha
t[ar
ise
s]mywo
rsh
ip.

1
s
t
ve
rse I
act
acc
ord
ingt
ohi
swi
l
lan
don
lyh
iswi
l
lap
pli
es
.

1
st
gi
rah(
in Wher
everIs
a t
,Isatwi
thGod
Urdu) WhendidIsi
tseparat
efrommyf r
iend?
So
meonema ycall
mefool
ishormad
I
fhesi
tsse
paratef
romh i
sfr
ie
n d
.

1
s
t
ve
rse I
act
acc
ord
ingt
ohi
swi
l
lan
don
lyh
iswi
l
lap
pli
es
.

2nd
gir
ah(i
nIl
i
vef
reefr
omanxi
et
yinev
eryr
esp
ect
Urdu;re- What
at h
ingi
sth
ea:A
B
li
ati
onwi
ththeh
emo
fth
efr
ie
nd!
4
0

pea t
ed
twice)
1
s
t
ve
rse Ia
ctacco
rdi
ngtohi
swi
lla
ndon
lyhi
swil
lap
pli
es
Thi
sli
f
eisbe
ingca
sti
ntot
hemo
uldof
his
,andonl
yhi
s,
con
ten
tme
nt.

2
nd
ve
rse Theb
rea
thwil
lno
tfu
ll
yle
ave[
thebod
y],n
eit
herwi
lll
ong
ingle
ave[me]
Id
onotkno
wsinc
ewhent
heyear
nin
gforyouhasb
eennurt
ure
do nmyl
ap.

3
rd
ve
rse On
lya
neyet
hat
d r
ink
swinec
anper
cei
vehi
m
Ho
wcoul
dIt
el
l,
towhate
xten
tth
ewinei
sove
rKl
owi
ngf
roms
ome
one
se
yes
?

4
th
ve
rse F
ort
hes
akeofhi
smer
cif
ule
yes
,fo
rthes
akeofthi
sexi
st
enc
e41
ofhi
s
T
aki
ngs
hel
te
rint
hea
:A
Bl
iat
io
nwit
hh i
m,e
ver
ya :
f
a i
rof
mineworksout
.

4
0 Thi
sve
rseist
hematl
-
ao
faghazal
byKami
l
.SeeKamil
,Vr
id
t,27
0.
4
1 Damqad
a m,l
it
.
br
eat
ha nds
tep
,i
.
e.
t
hebr
eat
ho fl
i
feandabi
li
tytomo
ve
.

293
3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n Ho
wfo
rtu
nat
eIa
m,t
oo!
Ori
sit
myd
est
iny
?
Urdu)
4
th
ve
rse F
ort
hes
akeo
fth
ise
xis
ten
ceo
fhi
s!

4th
gir
ah(i
n Ka
mil,
reme
mberth
is,
n a
y,wri
tei
tdown
!
Ur du;r
e- Ar e
lat
io
nwit
hsomeonewil
lne
v e
rbewi
tho
uta
ne:
f
ect
.
pe at
ed
thrice
)

Als
oS aghi
rAliusesKa mil
scel
ebra
tedvers
ea sana dj
unctit
emi nhi sperf
orm-
a
nce(4g
t
h
ir
ah )
.Alt
houghithasa l
rea
dyb e
enheardduringthesam a
ssemb l
y,i
tisre-
c
eiv
edwi t
he nt
husi
a s
m. Theseniormemb e
rsofthesil
si
lahindi
catethattheq a
wwa l
s
s
houl
dk eeprepeat
ingthegira
h ,whic
htheydof oranexcepti
onalthre
etime sbefor
e
c
onti
nuingwiththesal
ienttex
t.Qub o
olBadshahinst
ruct
sthemt orepeatthesecond
l
i
neo ft
heg i
rahoncemo re.

4
th
ve
rse F
ort
hes
akeo
fth
ise
xis
ten
ceo
fhi
s!

4t
h
g
ira
hre
- Ar
el
ati
onwi
ths
ome
onewi
l
lne
verb
ewi
tho
uta
ne:
f
ect
.
peate
d
4
th
ve
rse T
aki
ngs
hel
te
rint
hea
:A
Bl
i
ati
onwi
thh
im,
eve
rya
:f
ai
rof
min
ewo
rkso
ut.

5
th
ve
rse Heishi
ghert
hant
hec
apa
cit
yof
vis
iona
ndh i
ghe
rth
a nh
umanth
oug
hta
ndu
nde
rst
and
ing
Thecl
ose
rI d
rawt
ohi
m,t
hemor
ehechang
esfr
omthedi
st
anc
e.

I
nt heb e g
inningo ft hepe rformanc e
,thel i
stenersdidnotcorrec
tthec onf
used
rub

, s
incet heyprob ablewe reno ta c
q uai
nte dwithitsaccurat
ereadi
ngt hems el
ves.
However,int hec aseo fKa mil
swo rds,evenas ma l
lmi st
akeisnotall
owe dt opa ss
witho
uti tbeingr ect
ie d.I nt he f t
hv erse,theq a
wwa li
sc o
nfusedaboutt hei+fat
const
ructioninthe r stline ,a
ndi nstea
do fs i
ng i
ngfahm- ibas
har(
underst
a ndingofa
humanb ei
ng
),hes ingsf ehamb ashar( t
hewo rdf e
ha m hasnome a
ningi nUr du).
QuboolBa dshaha nds enio rli
stenerstr
yt oc o
r r
ecthimt hreeti
me s
.Howe ver,hed o
e s
notcat
cht hec orr
e c
tre a
di ng,andt heex as
pe r
a t
edli
s t
ene r
s nall
yall
owhi mt oc o
ntin-
uetothes econdlineo fthev erse.

6
th
ve
rse Mayhewhoarr
iv
esb
eprot
ect
ed,
si
nceth
eonea:K
l
ict
edbyg
rie
ffo
undr
eli
ef
Li
tt
leb
yli
tt
le
,Iamcomi
ngbackt
ose
n s
es,
theh
ealt
hiss
omewhati
mpr
ovi
ng.

7
th
ve
rse Ka
mil
,whe
reawoundwasin
Kl
ic
tedonth
eh e
art
,al
ampwasl
it
andawi
shf
ul-
.l
le
d
Co
metomytombandse
e :
acandlei
sburni
ngher
e!

294
1
s
t
ve
rse I
act
acc
ord
ingt
ohi
swi
l
lan
don
lyh
iswi
l
lap
pli
es
.

Thema qta
-ofthisg hazalisa mo ngt heb e s
t-knownv ers e
so fKa milandi the l
pst o
redeemt heq awwa lwhoe arli
e rha dma deab lunde rwi t
ht hepo et
swo rds.Aftera
fai
rl
yl onga ndg enerallywe ll
-receivedpe rforma nce,hei sa skedtog i
vewa yt oSajid
Qawwa l
. Byno w, mo sto ftheg uestso fho no ur,aswe llaso ut si
despe ctators,havele f
t
ando nl
ydi sciplesandf ami l
yme mb ersre ma in.Ev eryonei sno wa bleto to nt he
rai
sed ,c overedpl atf
o rma nds itc l
o set ot heq awwa ls.Thi sa lsoo -fersQub ool
Badsha h
sdi sci
plesac hanc etodr awc l
os ertot he i
rSug uide ,whoha sthusf arbee n
surr
o unde db ythesa j
j dana s
hnso fdi-ferents hrines.
Theq awwa lsbe ginwi than ag hma h -
yiq u dds a ndt wor ub
st hate s
t abl
isha
l
inkb e t
we ent hePro phe tand4 Ab da l
-Q8 dirJ ;l
8n;.The sev ersesma kea ne asi
lyr ecog-
nizablere f
erenc etov ujd me taphy s
icsb yus i
ngi tstechni calvocab ularytha tcove r
s
wordsl ikev ujd(
ex i
stenc e
),taayyu n(
indi vi
dua ti
on)a ndj al
vah( ma nif
e st
ati
o n,
correspondingt oAr ab icma zh
-a r).Ho wev er,thet hemeo ft hev ers
esi sno tvad ata l
-
vujd ,b utg loricationo f4Abda l-
Q8 dirJ ;l
8 n;b yde claringhi m ama nifes
ta t
iono f
Mu hamma dse xist
enc e.Theme t
a physicalr ub
sl eadt oama nqa batwr itte
nb y
Kami l.I
nt hed vn,thema n q
a batinc l
ude sni nev erses,butt heq awwa lssingo nlyv e
ofthe m( verses1,2,7 ,4, 9
), l
ayinge mpha siso nt hesk i
lf
u lintertwiningo fg i
ra hsinto
thesalienttext.

I
tem9
:Amanq
abat
inUr
du

n
agh
mah
-yi
qud
ds
<
al
p>
1
st
rub

(i
n Hei
sthef
oremo
stamongtho
sewhoho
ldt
heran
ko f
bei
ngbe
lov
ed(
byGo
d)
Urdu) Hel
perof
theMank
indi
42
sanamef
ort
hee
xis
tenc
eofMuha
mma d.

2nd
ru
b
(
in Wheni
sth
ebeaut
yofMus
taf
ainthel
imit
sofi
ndiv
idu
a t
io
n?
Urdu) Th
atmani
fes
tat
io
n,i
nde
ed,i
sher
e,bu
t i
tbel
ong
stotheHel
pero
fth
eMa
nki
nd.

1
s
t
ve
rse S
inc
eth
edayIha
ves
pent
[myli
f
e]int
hes
hadeofy
ourhem(Gre
a t
estHe l
per
!)
E
ver
yone(
el
se
)hasb
eenpr
oudov
erhi
sde
eds
,(b
ut)It
akepr
ideinyou.4
3

Thesec
ondl
ine
,whichcont
ras
tst
hee-
for
tsofanindi
vi
dualwit
hthef
ait
hinthe
i
nte
rce
ssi
onof4
Abdal-
Q8dirJ
;l
8n;
,i
sbotha
ne xpr
ess
ionofthea
-fe
cti
onfo
rthesa
int

4
2 Ghausal
-
Var8,
i.
e.4
Abda
l-
Q8di
rJ;
l
8n;
.
4
3 Kamil
,Vr
id
t,1
07.

295
andac ri
ticismdi re c
teda ttherefor mistmo vement stha tde nythepo ssib ili
tyofinter-
cess
ion.Theq awwa lsempl oyexte nsiv
et akrrins i
ng ingit, si
nceaf ews eniorme m-
berso fthes il
sil
a hs t
andupa nds tartwa lki
ngt oa ndf ro,wa i
ling.The nQub oo
l
Badshahins tructstheq awwa l
stoi nsertag i
r a
h(1g
st
irah)whi c
hs t
ate st ha tinspit
eo f
thelacko fvirtuesi nade v ote
e,hiso rhe rwo rkisa cco mplishedduet ot heme r
cyof
4
Ab da l
-Q8 di
rJ ;l8n;.Ini
tiall
y,Saji
dQa wwa lrepeatst heg irah( wri
tte nb yKa mi l
)in
part
sa f
terQub ool Badshah,wi t
ho utmus icalaccompa ni me nt.Sens
ingt hepo te
ntialo
f
thepo et
icme ssage,her eturnstot heg iraho utofhi so wni niti
ati
vea ndi ntegr
atesi
t
mo r
ec loselyt othemus icalstructure.Hef urt
hermo r eelab ora
test heo riginalgir
ah
withtwomo r
ev ersesfr
omt hesameg hazal.Whe nt hee labo ra
tedg irahl e adsbackto
thesali
entt ext,the r
eisanupr oara mo ngthei mpre s
se dlistenersandn a &rn a
h# $
ows
toQub oolBa ds hah. Thes econdg irahc ontinuesthes amet hemeb yc o ntrast
ingthe
l
a c
ko fvir
tue sinade vote
ewi t
hhisa -liat
ionwi t
hg oo dpe ople.

1
st
gi
rah(
in (I
ha v
e)nei
the
rknowl
edg
e,l
ear
ning
,a b
sti
nen
ce,
chast
it
yno
rgr
acei
n(my
)ac
ti
ons
Urdu) Onlybec
auseofy
ourf
avo
ur,
thi
ngsareacc
ompli
she
d.
1
s
t
ve
rse I
tak
epr
idei
nyo
u.

1
s
t
g
ira
h (I
ha v
e)nei
the
rknowl
edg
e,l
ear
ning
,a b
sti
nen
ce,
chast
it
yno
rgr
acei
n(my
)ac
ti
ons
e
labora
ted Onlybec
auseofy
ourf
avo
ur,
thi
ngsareacc
ompli
she
d.

Ani
ndi
gent
headi
s(bowe
d)onath
resho
ld
Whe
reev
enthede
gre
esoff
atec
hange
.

Yo
uaret
heh
ono
urofa
llt
hebea
utieso
fth
ewo
rld
Whos
ela
mpbur
nsi
nfr
ontof
you?4
4

1
s
t
ve
rse I
tak
epr
idei
nyo
u.

2nd
gi
rah(
in Dono
tloo
katmyf
orm,
donot
att
ackmysi
ns
Urdu) Iamnot
vir
tuo
us[
myse
lf
],
butI
ama :
AB
l
iat
edwi
tht
hev
ir
tuo
us.

1
s
t
ve
rse I
tak
epr
idei
nyo
u.

2
nd
ve
rse I
nthemorni
nga
ndi
nth
eev
eni
ngi
,ne
ver
yco
ndi
ti
on,
myl
i
tan
yis
Gre
ate
st
Hel
per
!
45

4
4 Thes
ethreever
sesbel
ongt
oaghaza
lofKa
mil.
SeeKami
l,V
ri
dt
,259
.
4
5 InV8
rid8
t,theArab
icygh
ausal
-a
za
-
misuse
dinst
eado
fthePer
si
anyg
hau
s-i
az
a
-m.

296
 Thes econdv e
rseo fthesa l
i
e ntte x
tiscutb ya ninsertiono fag i
rah(3 r
d
gi
rah)that
ce
lebratestheS ua -l i
ationwi th4Ab dal-Q8dirJ;l8
n;. Thes i
mples ta
teme ntIama
Qadi
r i
sti
rsthea udi
e ncea ndlea dstot ak
rr .
Interes
t i
ng l
y,the r stli
neo ft hegira
hi s
us
uallyreadIamaQa dir
i t
hank stot heMig htyLord(ma i
Wq dir
hWs hu krhairabb-i
qad
rk ).Thev e
rsiona tha ndisno ta spoet i
call
ys o
lida sthemo reco mmo nv er
sion,
bec
aus eitlacksthee choingwo rdsq di
r(
Qa dir
i)andq ad
r(
mig ht
y)
. Thepr onoun
yi
h(this
)alsoisane xplet
iveadde dme tr
isc aus
a ,andi tr endersthelines omewha t
cl
ums ier
.Ho wever,thepr esentr eadingena blesthel i
stene r
st oreferthe i
rS ua -li-
at
iont oal i
vi
ngma sterinsteado fthet r
ansc e
nde ntGo d. Thisa s
sociat
ioni sma dee x-
pl
ic
itb ytheq a
wwa lsinserti
ono fthena meQub o o
lBa dshaha sa l lerint akrrk
al
qah .

3r
d
g
ira
h(n I
i amaQadi
ri
,t
han
kstomymaste
r.(
OQub
ool
Bads
hah
!)
Urdu) Theh
emoft
heMas
terof
Mast
ersisi
nmyh
and.

2
nd
ve
rse I
nth
emorn
ingandi
nth
eeven
ing
,ine
ver
yco
ndit
io
n,mylit
anyis
Gre
ate
stHe
lpe
r!

I
kee
pca
ll
ingou
ttoh
im,wh
ocanendur
emybol
dnes
s4
6
(
ove
rhimsel
f)
.
4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n F
romu
s,t
his
..
.
Urdu)

Whe nS aj
idQa wwa lisa bo uttoiniti
ateane wg irahv erse
,Qub oolBadsha hin-
str
uc tshimt osingano t
herv erseo fthema nq aba t
.Thel eadingq awwa lrepeat
si twith
di-c ulty,ma kingmi s
takes
. Wi thoutr e
ali
zingt hatitisa notherverseo fthema nq abat
,
here turnstot hepr evi
ousve rsea ndiniti
at
e sal ongg i
ra ho ffourverses.Thewo rdn z
(
pride ,c oquetry
)i nt hes econd v er
seo ft he ma n q
ab atinspiresag ir
a ht hat
conce ntratesont hethemeo flo ve,b
utc ul
mi na teswithal ines t
ati
ngt hattheb elov
ed
isno td ead.Ins t
ead,hec a
nma kee venthede ada li
ve. Thi
sc ouldb einterpr
eteda sa
ref
ere ncet otheb reathoftheb elovedthatisl i
k etheb reatho fJe
sus. Howe v
er,itals
o
associateswi thami racl
eo f4Ab da l
-Q8 di
rJ;l
8 n;,whoi sb el
ievedtoha verai
sedad e
ad
person.Thene edt oempha s i
zet hatthes aints( andt hePr ophet)area li
veisane w
themei ng haz al
sa ndr esultsf romt hene edt oa ddresst hea ttackso fMus l
im
ref
ormi sts.Aftertheg i
rah,t
heq awwa lreal
izest hatthev ersehee arl
i
e rinter
pretedasa
gir
ah( 5g
t
h
irah)b el
ongstot hes al
ienttext.Thi stime ,her eadsthev er
se(3v
rd
er
se)
accura t
elya nda ls
ointegra
te sittotheme l
odyo fthesalienttext.

5t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Th
eb o
unt
ie
sof
thel
oveof
divi
nemight
,so
methi
ngi
nexc
han
gef
ors
upp
ort
Urdu) Whennoo
negi
ves[
his
]ass
uranc
e,I
keepcal
l
ingf
ory
ou.

2
nd
ve
rse Wh
oca
nen
dur
emyb
old
nes
s(o
verh
ims
el
f)
.

4
6 I
nV
rid
t,
thev
erbi
sins
ing
ula
r(s
aht
ha
i)i
nco
ngr
uenc
ewi
tht
hef
ol
lo
wingpr
ono
un(
usk
o).

297
6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n On
lyhewh
oturn
shisownhea
rtin
toaA
BrmKaaba
Urdu) Wi
llA
B
ndthef
ul
lenj
oyment
ofthemani
f
esta
tio
nsof
tha
tbe
aut
y.

I
fl
ovei
str
ue,t
hensuc
hdayswi
ll
a l
soarr
iv
e
Whe
nhewill
himse
lft
ake
spri
deintho
sewhot
akep
rid
einh
im.

Whenh
ep l
uck
sthel
uteo
fbreat
hin
gwh i
l
epa
ssi
ngby
Al
lt
hecompone
ntso
fmyb e
ingst
artt
osi
nghi
sso
ng.

Who
eve
rdie
sforhi
m,ann
ihi
la
ted,
wil
lge
tth
ousandso
ffa
vou
rsf
romh
im
Don
ott
hin
kh ei
sdeadhemake
sthede
adali
ve!

2
nd
ve
rse I
kee
pca
ll
in
gou
ttoh
im,
whoc
ane
ndu
remyb
old
nes
s(o
verh
ims
el
f)
.

3
rd
ve
rse Th
erei
sso
mehaugh
tin
essi
nthebon
do fl
ove
,somebet
ray
also
fsu
ppo
rt
Whennoo
neg
ive
s[hi
s]ass
ura
n c
e,Ik
eepcal
li
ngfory
ou.

4
th
ve
rse Go
ble
tsg
li
tt
eri
nthee
yeso
fou
rcupb
ear
er,
the
ysay
Wi
nedri
nke
rsk
eepdr
awin
gawayn
egat
iv
einK
lue
nce
sfr
omt
hes
eey
esb
yth
eir[
own
]ey
es.
4
7

7t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Ma
ytheey
esoft
hec
upb
ear
erbes
afe!
Let
mye ne
miesy
ear
n!
Urdu) Wi
neh
o u
sesh
avebe
enmad
etwof
oldi
norde
rtoAB
l
lupmy[cu
p].

4
th
ve
rse Wi
ned
rin
ker
ske
epd
rawi
nga
wayn
ega
ti
vei
nK
lu
enc
esf
romt
hes
eey
esb
yth
eir[
own
]ey
es.

5
th
ve
rse Kami
l
,whatist
heconne
cti
onofth
ebeau
tie
sof
thewor
ldwit
htheBel
ove
dofGo
d?
Th
eyarej
ust
a d
orn
ingthe
msel
veswhe
rea
sheke
epsbe
auti
fy
ingev
ery
one.

Inthema qt
a
-,
thephr as
ewhatisthec onnectionwi t
ht heb e
lovedofGo dstir
s
t
hea udienceandoncemo r
eme r
itstakrrb ef
orec l
osingthepe r
formance .
Theq aww-
a
lsa rethengiventhene wlypub l
is
he dS ouveni
ra nda skedtos ingag hazalprinted
t
he re
in.Alt
hought her
ei susual
lynone edt osingr ub
sbe fo
refull l
ingar eque s
t
f
romt hem r
-imaA B
l,t
heq awwalsbeginb ye s
tabli
shingthethe meo fpai
ni nlovea nd
t
hene cessi
tytoendureitinordertoe v
e ntual
lye nj
o ytheheart-soo
thingunion( 1t
s
t
o
3r
rd
ub
s).
Iftheqawwa l
swe r
euna cquaintedwitht hetext,
singingrub
swo ulda l
so
g
ivethemt imetoselec
tas ui
tabl
etunef orthetex t.
Ho wever,
itseemst hatinthiscase
t
he yalr
eadyknowt heghazal,
alt
houghi twa spri
nt e
df ort
he r stti
mei nS o
uvenir.

47 L i
ter
al
ly,
thel
inetra
nslat
esWinedri
nker
skeepremov
ingpropi
ti
at
oryo
-fe
ringsofthes
eeyeswit
h
ey
es
.
Thisre
fer
stothepract
ic
eo fci
rcl
ingano-
fer
ing,
sucha
sac o
in,ov
eraper
sonshe
a dinor
derto
dr
awnegat
ivei
n#$
uencesawayfr
o mhimo rhe
r.

298
 Theg hazalit
sel
fco
ncent
rat
esont heunionra
thert
hanonsepar
ati
on.The r
st
v
ers
ea ndt heme nt
ionoft
hemercif
ulgla
ncether
einmakeQuboo
lBadsha
hjumpup
f
rom hisseat,over
comebyamy sti
calstat
e.Heapproa
chest
heq a
wwa l
sandthe
n
a
gai
nt urnsawa ywhi
lec
ryi
nguncont
roll
ably
.

I
tem1
0:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du

<
al
p>
1
st
rub

(in Thebe
aut
yof
myfai
ths
temsf
romg
rie
f
Urdu) If
ulA
B
ll
edt
her
igh
tso
flo
ve.

2nd
ru
b
(
in Wher
ewoul
dIA
Bndy
ounow?Whe
resh
ouldIg
ose
arc
hing
?
Urdu) Yo
uhidy
ourf
ace
;yo
urc
ounte
nanc
emu s
tbef
ami
li
ar.

3r
d
r
ub
(
in Th
ehear
tth
atdoe
snotr
emembery
ouisnotal
i
ve
Urdu) Whoi
snotr
uin
ediny
ourpa
th,
isanin
ABd
el.

Heha
ssett
ose
arch
ingf
ory
ouyou
,whomIAB
ndnot
Whodoe
snote
venre
membert
hewhe
rea
bou
tsoft
heTru
th.

Gr
ie
f f
orth
efr
ien
d!Th
eed
iA
Bceofl
i
fes
tandsf
romy
ourb
rea
th
I
fyouares
afe
,mydus
twi
ll
no t
berui
ned
.

1
s
t
ve
rse Be
cau
seo
fyo
urgl
anc
e,t
hehe
artge
tspe
acea
ndtra
nq u
il
it
y
Be
cau
seo
fyo
urmer
cy,
the
rei
ssp
ringi
nmygard
en.
48

1s
t
gi
rah(i
n Th
isg
ran
deu
r,t
hisma
jes
tywe
ren
oti
nmypower
Ur du;r
e- Thisn
ameandf
ameofminea
reb
est
owe
dbyth
ea:A
B
li
ati
onwi
thy
ou.
pe at
ed
twi c
e)
1
s
t
ve
rse Be
cau
seo
fyo
ugl
ance
,thehe
a r
tget
speac
ean
dtran
qui
l
it
y
Be
cau
seo
fyo
urmer
cy,
ther
eisspr
ingi
nmygard
en.

2
nd
ve
rse Wher
ehav
eIarri
ved
?Wh o
sep
lac
eist
his?
Fr
omthes
ide
,th
eh e
art
cri
edo
ut
:Thi
sist
hes
tre
eto
fthef
ri
end!
(
See
!)

3
rd
ve
rse I
li
ved
,cl
ing
ingonp
romi
ses
,bu
ttheb
rea
thle
ft[
theb
ody
]
E
yeshav
eopene
dandIa
mwa i
ti
ngfo
ryou.

4
8 S
eeS
ouv
eni
r20
10:
51.

299
4
th
ve
rse As
cet
ic
,whywoul
dmypra
yernot
beacc
ept
ed?
Th
eimageoft
hef
ri
endr
emain
sinfr
ont
ofmeeve
rymo
men
t.

5
th
ve
rse I
nth
ed a
yof
judge
ment,
eve
ryo
neh
oldsh
isre
cor
dof
dee
ds
L
ook!
Inmyhan
d,the
rei
sth
ehemoft
hefr
ie
nd.

6
th
ve
rse I
fth
eworl
dwer
etot
urnawayfr
omme,s
obeit
I
amc o
nte
nde
d,t
hegazeof
thef
rie
ndi
sdi
re
cte
dto
war
dsme
.

Ast heg ha zalwa spu bl

ishedf o
rt he r sttimei nS ouvenir,onewo ulde xpectthe
qawwa l
st ofo l
lowt hepr int
edt extclosel
y. Howe ver
, theys ingthe r stl
ineo fthes i
xth
vers
einama nne rthat di-
fe
rsfromi t.
Thet extreadsmu jhs ezam namu kh l
iftogham
nahW(
Ev eni fthewo r l
dwa so pposedt ome ,ther
ei snog r
ief)
.Theg ene r
alidear e
-
ma i
nsthes ame ,alt
ho ughint hev ar
iantfo undi nSo uven ir
, t
hewo r
ldactivelyopposes
thelover,whe reasi nt heqawwa l
sversi
o n, i
tjusttur nsa way. Theva r
iat
io nisina ny
casesignic a nt,sincei tindica t
estha tt heg haza lha sb e
ens unge venb ef
o r
ei t
s
public
ationi npr i
nt .
Ita l
sodemo nst
ratestha tanitemma yha veb eco
mee stabl
ishedin
qawwa l
i repertoiresbe fo
rebeingpr i
nte do rothe r
wisepub l
is
he d.Theseve nthv er
seof
theqawwa lspe r
forma nc ei
sa ls
oa naddi t
io nthatisno tfo undi ntheprintedt e
x t
.
Aft
ert hei ntensiveb eg
inningo fthenumb er,thel is
te ner
sha veg r
ownl essanim-
ate.
Theq awwa l
st rytos ti
rthem wi tht wog i
rahs( 2a
nd
nd3 g
r
d
ira
h)tha tdiscussthe
powe ro fa -l ia
tion.Ho weve r
,t hea udie ncel ar
g elyr ema i
nsuna -f
ecte da ndt he
perf
o r
ma nc ec ome stoa nend.

2nd
gi
rah(
in If
thea:
AB
li
ati
oniss
afe,wh
ycry?
Urdu) Neve
rdes
pairofhi
sdoor!
It
ismyAB
rmb e
li
eft
ha t
taki
nghi
sname
Thedus
twil
ltur
nintogol
d,i
fIj
ust
pic
kit
up.

6
th
ve
rse I
amc
ont
end
ed.

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n Ka
mil
,c
ansome
onemakemege
tupfr
omhisd
oor
?
Urdu) No
w[t
hat]I
hav
earr
iv
edwhenheh
ascal
l
edme,I
sit
[wh
ere
]heh
ass
eat
edme
?49

6
th
ve
rse I
amc
ont
end
ed.

7
th
ve
rse Wh
oseh
ear
tha
slo
vef
orh
isg
uid
e,h
asl
ovef
ort
heP
rop
het

4
9 Thi
sist
hema
qta
-
ofag
haz
alb
yKa
mil
.Se
eKa
mil
,V
rid
t,
11
3.

300
 Th
eme
rcyo
fth
eSu
sta
ine
rde
sce
ndsu
ponh
im.

8
th
ve
rse As
kabout
thepl
eas
ureso
fp r
ost
rat
ionfr
omthehe
arto
fKa
mil
Th
erei
shi
m,th
en e
edyheadandthefe
etof
thef
ri
end
.

Thene xtpe r
forme rist heso no fMo hamme dQa wwa l.Hes ingswi thhisf ather,
buta l
sol eadsag roupo fhiso wn. Hewa spr ese
ntdur ingthe r s
ttwoi t
emsa ndha s
nowr eturnedt ot hev enuea ftersinginga ttheY ousufa i
nDa r
ga hintheme antime .Hi s
assi
gneddut yist osingt heritualitemsi nthee ndo ftheo ccasion,butpr i
ortot ha the
contri
but esbys ingingo nemo regha zalofKa mi l
.
Aft
e ran a ghma h, a
l pandag ene r
icr ub(
1st
rub
)thate vokest
hepo we ro faf-
li
atio
n, het ouc hesupo nthec onfus i
onr esulti
ngf romt hesearchf ortheb el
o ved( 2nd

rub
).
Thes eco ndr uble
a dstoKa mi l
sg hazalApk op t
n ah
W(
Idono t ndy o u
).
Ho wever,hei spo i
nte do utthatthisg hazalha sal
rea dyb eensu ng(Item6 )
,andheo pts
foranotheri mme nselypo pulargha zalbyKa mil.LikeApk op tna h
W, Ham rdu ny
badal-
ker akhd (Hel e
ftmywo rldc hange d
)isno tf
o undi nV ridt,
y etitisas to c
k
i
temi nt her epe r
to i
reso fqawwa lsha il
ingf romt heDe ccan.Itwo uldha veat reme nd-
ouspo t
e ntialinas am ass
e mb l
yl i
k ethis,butthey ounga gea ndine x
pe ri
enc eo fthe
qawwa lpr eventhi mf romc ap i
tal
izingo ni t.Thepe r
forma nces ti
rsthea ud i
enc ea nd
eli
cit
sa# $owo fn a&rna htoQub oolBa dsha h.Theq awwa lsne verdwe llonta krr, a
l-
thought helistenersrespons ewo uldc l
earlyca l
lforit.

I
tem1
1:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du

n
agh
mah
<
al
p>
1
st
rub

(in Whos
eesme,
tak
esy
ourname
Urdu) Ia
msil
ent
,bu
tmya:A
B
li
ati
onwi
ll
not
kee
pqu
iet
.

2nd
ru
b
(
inI
sth
isso
meonee
ls
e,I
donot
know
Urdu) [
But]t
hega
zeoft
hef
ri
endi
sne
veru
nin
for
med
.

1
s
t
ve
rse I
don
otA
B
ndy
ou,
whe
n..
.

1
s
t
ve
rse Hel
eft
mywo r
ldcha
ng e
d,meet
ingoft
heey
esbe
cameth
eexcu
se
The
re,
theg
lancemetwi
thso
me o
n e
,her
e,t
heh
eartb
ecameat
arg
et.

2
nd
ve
rse Y
ou,
whola
ughat
sin
ner
s,d
on otmoc
kever
yonel
i
ket
h a
t
Y
ounev
erk
nowwhos
epar
titi
stobepr
ote
cte
dbyGod
smer
cy.
5
0

301
3
rd
ve
rse L
if
eisi
nlo
vingy
ou.I
ni t
,t
her
eisso
meofthej
oyso
fwors
hip
I
enj
oymysel
fgr
eat
ly
:(
5
1
Prai
set
oGod!
)th
erei
smyh e
ad[and]y
ourt
hre
sho
ld.

4
th
ve
rse Onl
yone
,yo
urbei
ngthema
ste
r,r
emai
nst
hesta
ndar
dof
mea
sur
ingmywo
rsh
ip
Th
erel
i
shofpr
ost
rat
io
nisa
shighast
het
hre
shol
d.

5
th
ve
rse Whenhel
ook
ed[atme]
,Icameal
iv
e.Whenhetur
nedhisg
azeaway,I
die
d.
Li
f
eisape
cul
iars
pect
acl
e:o
n emo
me nt
real
i
ty,
theot
herafai
ryt
ale
.

6
th
ve
rse They
out
hoft
hero
seg
ardeni
ssa
cri
AB
cedf
oryo
ursak
e,ea
chspr
inga
no:
f
eri
ngt
oyo
u
[Y
our
]bl
ackh
aira
ret
hic
kclo
uds
,in
toxi
cat
edey
esata
vern.

7
th
ve
rse Whats
ort
ofhea
rt?What
kindofl
i
fe,
si
r?Her
e,t
hef
ait
hhasbee
na:K
li
ct
ed
Be
caus
ebeau
tyi
tsel
fi
sacon
sta
ntdoomsda
yand,o
ntopo
f t
hat
,[h
as]mann
erso
fan
i
nA
Bde
l.

8
th
ve
rse Onl
yre
aso
nfort
hef
ameofKamil
swor
dsist
hatt
heyar
econ
nect
edt
oGod
Th
edeepc
olo
urofp
ass
ion
atel
ovehasspr
eadoneac
hver
seoft
hegh
aza
l.

Bef
o r
ethesingerspro
ceedt
othecl
osi
ngitems,QuboolBads
ha hask
sthemtoa c-
companya not
herq awwalwhohasar
riv
edfr
omAur anga
badinordertopar
tic
ipat
ein
the
urs.However
, heisal
one,
wit
houthi
sgro
up ,
a ndthesonofMoha mmedQa wwali
s
aske
dtos i
ngwithhim. Theqa
wwalsbeg
inwit
hab r
iefnaghmahandalongrub
tha
t
dwell
sont hecontradic
ti
onsoft
hehuma nconditi
on.Therub
isapartofalonge
r
ghazal
wr i
tte
nbyKa mil
.

I
tem1
2:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du

n
agh
ma
<
al
p>
1
st
rub

(in Uni
di
me n
sio
n a
lgaz
ecann
otcr
ossac
ert
ainb
ord
er
Urdu) Ev
enif
itA
Bndshi
m,i
tca
nnotr
eal
lyA
Bn
dhim.

50 L it
.onedoesnotkno wi nwho s
epa r
tc omesthecanopyofGodsme rcy
.
Us i
ngaco mmo nplac
e
wordlikeshmiynah(
ca no py
)whe nrefe
rringtoGodsmercy,
inst
eado fthemo r
elit
erarysyabn
,
addstothec ol
lo
quialchara cte
ro fthevers
e.
51 Thi sidi
omaticexpres s
ionb aYema z
eseg u&
a rr
ah
hai.l
i
t.
it[
i.
e.conditi
on, la
t]ispassingwit
h
grea
te nj
o y
me nt
,ans
we rsq uesti
o nsl
ikeKy l
athai?(
Howa r
ethings
?).Qawwa l
s
inserti
ona l
-
amd uli
l
lh(
Prai
setoGo d!
)isapthere,si
nc et
hephr as
eisfr
equentl
yappe ndedtosucha nswers
.The
vers
eisa nexcel
le
nte x
a mpl eo fKa mi
l
sskil
fuluseofcoll
oqui
alexpres
si
o nsinhispoems.

302
 Th
epal
pit
ati
onof
thehe
a r
tcann
otma t
chth
elig
htni
ng
Th
ela
tte
rmakese
ver
yonetos
sre
len
tle
ssl
y,
wh e
reast
hef
orme
rca
nno
tac
hie
vei
t.

Th
o u
sandso
fbel
i
efsa
res
ucht
hat
thehu
ma nre
aso
n
Canund
erst
andt
hement
ir
el
y,
butno
texp
lai
n.

Wh
ate
lsei
sth
eh o
urofd
eaththa
nchang
ingt
hep
lac
e?
Wh
ohasdi
edfory
ou,
annih
ila
ted,
can
notbea
nni
hi
lat
edb
yde
ath
.5
2

1
s
t
ve
rse Th
isi
sth
eve
ilo
fde
si
re
,th
isi
sth
efa
ceo
fmy
ste
ry.

1
st
gi
rah(
in Donot
remov
emyvei
l
,le
tno
tthep
eopl
ese
e
Urdu) Iwi
l
lst
artac
lamo
ursot
haty
ours
ign
swil
lber
emo
ved
.

1
s
t
ve
rse Thi
sisth
eve
ilo
fdesi
re
,th
isi
sthef
aceo
fmyst
ery
Yo
uar ei
nfr
ontofmyeyes
,th
isi
smypray
er.

Thethemeofthepra
yersdi
rec
tedtothebel
ovedst
ir
stheaudi
ence
,andQubool
Bads
hahinst
ruc
tstheqawwalstoinser
tthefo
ll
owinggir
ah( 1g
s
t
i
rah)
.Thelea
ding
qawwaldo
esnotca
tchitac
curat
el
ya ndist
oldt
orepea
titaf
termak
inganat
temptto
re
turnt
othesal
i
entte
xt.

2nd
gir
ah(i
n Hewhoke
epsy
ouinh
iss
igh
twh i
l
epray
ing
Urdu;re- Hasahi
ghpos
it
io
namongthewor
shi
pper
sof
God
.
pea t
ed
twice)
1
s
t
ve
rse Y
oua
rei
nfr
ont
ofme
,th
isi
smyp
ray
er.

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n Fo
ronce
,oawai
te
d<await
ing
>real
i
ty,
showy
ours
el
finthemet
aph
ori
cal
gar
b
Urdu) Thou
sandso
fpr
ost
rat
io
nsareth
rob
bingi
nmyin
dige
n t
fore
hea
d.

WhenI
onceb
owedmyhea
dinpr
ost
rat
io
n,5
3
avoi
ces
tar
tedt
osoundf
romt
heg
rou
nd:

You
rhear
tve
erst
owa
rdst
hei
dol
swhatwilly
ougeti
npray
er?
5
4

1
s
t
ve
rse Y
oua
rei
nfr
ont
ofme
,th
isi
smyp
ray
er.

5
2 F ortheful
lghazal,
seeKamil
,Vri
dt
,274275.
5
3 Theb eg
inningofthesec
ondli
neisgra
mma t
ical
lyi
ncorr
ect
,al
thoug
htheli
st
ener
scanpr
obabl
y
c
atc
htheme ani
ng.Thec o
rre
ctver
si
onreads:
joma i
Wsa r
-ba
-sa
jdahh
u (
kabh
.
5
4 Thi sgi
rahistakenfr
omag haza
lbyIqbalinc
ludedinBng-
ida
r.Se
eIqbal
,Bn
g-iDa
r,
394
395.

303
2
nd
ve
rse Thev
ir
tue
sofyo
urg r
acewer
enot[
tob
efo
und]onmys
ide
Li
f
eit
sel
fcal
l
sout:
Heist
henur
tur
ero
fma n
kin
d!

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n Not
hingi
nmewassi
nce
re
Urdu) If
oundre
spe
ctf
romyou
rdoo
r.

2
nd
ve
rse Th
evi
rt
ueso
fyo
urg
rac
ewe
ren
ot[
tob
efo
und
]onmys
ide
.

Afte
rtheins erti
ono ftheinaccura tel
yrea
dv ers
e swr ittenbyI qb al(
3 r
d
gi
rah)and
anuns ucc
essf
ulpo pul
arv erse(4g
t
h
ir
a h),QuboolBa dsha h
sf amilyme mb ersuggest
s
anothergi
rah(5g
th
irah).
Theq awwa lha sdi
-c ul
ti
esinc atchingwha theist ol
dtosing
and,na ll
y,Qub oolBa dshahe xplainsthev er
setohi m. Thev ers
eb elongst oama n-
qabatwrit
tenb yKa milinpr ais
eo f4Abda l-
Q8dirJ;
l8n;.Al t
ho ught het extwa spri
nted
i
nS ouveni
rforthe r stti
me ,t
5
5
hispo emha dalsobeco meapa r
to ftheq awwa l
irep
e r
-
toi
resanditseemst hattheo rall
ytransmi tt
edvari
anti smo repr omi nent:ev e
nQub ool
Badshahreci
testhev a
riantbe l
owi nsteado ft
heprinte do newho ses econdl i
nereads
ma g
a rkmilmu
ba thaikhvu dapn t
a ngdm n
.Altho ught heme aningr emainsthe
sameh amr(
o ur/my)equa l
sk hvuda pn(
myo wn )t hev a
ria nttransmitt
edb y
theqawwa l
sismo r
es i
mpl eandc oll
o quialt
hanthepr intedo ne.

5t
h
g
ira
h(i
n ByGo
d,h
isf
avouri
spe
rfe
ct,
hismer
cyispe
rf
ect
Urdu) Andt
henar
rown
e s
sof
myh emisaper
fec
tcal
amit
y.

2
nd
ve
rse Thev
ir
tue
sofhi
sgr
acewer
enot[
tobef
oun
d]onmysi
de
Li
f
eit
sel
fcal
l
sout
:
Heist
henu
rture
rofmank
ind
!

Kh
vj
aBa
nda
nav
z!
Khv
jaGe
sda
rz
!

3
rd
ve
rse What
doth
ep e
opleoft
hewor
ldkno
wa boutwh
oma ni
fe
stsh
imsel
fi
nme?
Wher
eamI?(Myb e
lov
edA mad!Mybelo
vedKamil
!Myma s
terA ma
d!Myb
elo
ved
He
lpe
r)Onl
! yyo
uar e
.Ess
ent
ial
ly
,thi
sist
hesecr
et.

Thethi
rdverseempha si
zesthede pendanceofthelo
veronthebelov
edo rade-
vot
eeo nasaint
lypersonage.Theqawwa lsinse
rtthenamesofAAma dSh8hGujar8t
;
andKa mi
lasl ler
s,whileQub oolBadshaht el
l
sthemt oevok
ethena meof4Abda l
-
Q8dirJ
;l
8n;(Ghaus)aswell.
Ta k
rrka l
qahthatusest
henamesofthemaste
rsofthe
si
ls
il
aa slle
rsdir
ectstheinte
rpreta
ti
o noftheversesi
gnicant
ly
.Withoutt
he lle
rs,i
t
i
sav ujdst
atementthatdeclar
esthatals
ot hepoeti
csubj
ecti
sama ni
fes
tat
ionofthe
5
5 S
eeS
ouv
eni
r20
10:
49.

304
beloved.Inc onjunc t
ionwi ththe l l
ers,ho wever,thev ersene gatesthee x i
stenc eofthe
Sud i
sciplewhi leo nlyt hes aintrema ins.Thee ntireinterpretivefra me wo rko fthe
vers
ec hang esfromv ad ata l
-vujdt ot hec onc epto ffa nf
l
-shaikha ndt heme ta
-
physicala pproachiss ubs t
itutedwi t
hade voti
ona lo ne.
Aftert hepo ssibil
iti
e so fthet akr rha v
eb ee ne xhausted,Qub o olBa ds hahin-
st
ructst heq a
wwa l
st oi nsertav ersefro m ag haz althatha sb e enpe r
fo r
me de a
rli
er
(I
tem5 ).Theg i
rah(6g
th
ir
a h)redir
ectst heinte
r pre t
ationo fthet hi
rdv erseo fthesali
-
entte xtb ackt owardst hev ujd me t
a phy s
ics
.Thus ,takrrk a lqa ha ndt heg i
rah
providet hel i
s t
enerst wodi -f
erentwa yso fconc e ptuali
zingt heme a ningo fas i
ng l
e
vers
e .Ther eturntot hev u jdf r
ame wo rka r
o use samy stic
a lstatei naf ews e
nior
me mb erso fthea udienc e,whos t
andupa ndmo vei nawa ytha tresemb le
st hewhi rl
-
i
ngd anceo ftheMe vlevis.Af ewl i
stene r
sho l
de a cho t
he rsha ndsa ndf or
m ac ir
cle
aroundt he mi no rdert opr otectthemf r o
mc oll
idingwi t
ho the rpeo pleo rthepi ll
ars
suppo r
t i
ngt her oof.
Whe nt heirmy st
ica lst
atea bates,theya releadt ot hem r -
i maA B
l.
Hee mb r
ac esthem, andt he ypressthes i
deo fthe i
rhe a
dsa gainsthishe art.

6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n What
ismybe
ing?E
ver
yth
ingish
ise
xis
ten
ce,
hisma
nif
es
tat
io
n
Urdu) Ho
wignor
anti
she,
whomakesmest
epfor
ward
.

3
rd
ve
rse Wha
tdot
hepeop
leo
ftheworl
dkno
wa boutwhomani
f
est
shi
mse
lfi
nme
?
Whe
reamI?Onl
yyouare.
Esse
nti
all
y,t
hisist
hes
ecr
et.

4
th
ve
rse Ia
mas acr
iA
Bc
etohi
sme
rcyandt
husmadei
nde
pende
nt o
fev
ery
one
Thef
ri
endi
sknownt
ome,t
hisi
sth
ese
cre
tofas
erv
ant.
5
6

5
th
ve
rse Wher
eve
ryous
tep
ped,
the
reIbe
n t
myh e
ad
Fo
rsomeo
neen
sla
vedi
nlov
e,t
hisi
sth
eperf
ect
pra
yer
.

1
s
t
ve
rse Th
isi
sth
eve
ilo
fde
si
re
.

Whentheg hazali
sc oncl
uded,i
ti sla
terthanthreeo
cl
ockinthemo r
ningand
QuboolBadshahdeci
d estoclo
sethea s
semb ly
.Thesono fMo hamme dQawwa l
isas-
si
gnedtolea
dRa ngandQa ul
.I
tisnoteworthythatne
itherRangnorQa ul
isasel
abor-
at
einHy der
a b
ada sinno rt
hInd i
a.I
nt hepresentcas
e ,t
hes ongtex
toftheRa ngis
abr
idgedandane l
abo r
ateli
stofsai
ntsinchronologi
calorderisr
ais
edint
othefocus.
Theli
stbegi
nswi t
h4Abda l-
Q8dirJ;
l8
n; andcontinue
swi t
ht heear
lyChis
htimaster
s.

56 Thi sv
ers
eiss
ometimesattr
ibutedtoMuAamma dTaq;4
Az ;
z,t
hethi
rdsucc
esso
ro fSh
8 hNiy
8z
AAmad,whousedt
hepenna meR8 z.Theimpres
si
onthatthewordrzde
notesmorethanitsl
it
era
l
meani
ngse
cre
t,mys
ter
yi
sfurthe
re nfor
cedbythepre
senceofthewordbe-
niy
zinthe rstli
ne.
It
ec
hoesSh8hNiy
8zAAmadspopula
ra ppel
lat
ionSh8hNiy8
zBe ni
y8z.

305
I
nHy der
abad,t
heli
stvar
iesacc
ordingtothevenueofthes a
m
asse
mb l
y.Whi
ler
ef-
er
encest
othebest-
knownsaint
soft heci
ty,
YUsufal
-D;
n, Shar
;fal
-D;nandthei
rmas-
t
erKal;
mAll8harecommoninmo stHy de
rabadis
am
a s
semb l
ie
s,thementi
onoft
he
mast
ersoft
heShutt
aris
il
si
laharespe c
ictothisc
ontex
t.5
7

I
tem1
3:Rang

<
al
p>
1
st
rub

(in Thecol
ouroft
hePro
phetwasth
rownint
oth
eair
,an
dth
erewa
sco
lou
rint
heh
ando
f
Hindi
) th
eMa st
er
Wh o
sevei
lhedye
s,t
hat
dy e
ingi
shisg
oodfo
rtu
ne.

Ra
ng T
odaythe
rei
sco
lour
,omot
her
,th
erei
scol
our
,he
y!(
Oh,
the
rei
sco
lou
rto
day
!)
I
fou
n dmymast
er,
Muy
al-
DnAuli
y(
.

1
s
t
g
ira
h Muy al
-DnAuli
y(Mu

na l
-DnAu l
iy
(
Munal-DnAul
iy
(Qu t
ba
- l
-DnAu l
i
y(
Qutba
- l
-DnAuli
y(
Fa r
da l-
DnAu li
y(
Far
da l
-DnAuli
y(Niz
-ma l-DnAuli
y(
Niz

- ma l-
DnAuli
y(Naral-DnAuli
y(
Naral
-DnAu l
i
y(Banda navzAu l
iy
(
Band a
na vzAul
iy
(Sh
h-i A ma dAu l
i
y(
Shh-iA ma dAuli
y(Kal
mAl l
hAul
iy(
Kal
mAl lhAuli
y(Ys ufSha r
fAuli
y(
Y:sufShar ;
fAuli
y<Ghulm- iGhausAuliy
<
Ghulm- iGhausAuli
y<S hh-iKmilAuli
y<

Ra
ng Whenyo
ulook
,heiswit
hme ,
omo t
her
,ther
eisc
olo
ur,
hey
!
Ih
avese
ennooth
e rc
olou
rli
kethi
s,
mas t
er
Ih
avewande
redl
o ok
ingf
romcount
rytocount
ry
Myhear
tch
eri
shesonl
yyourcol
our
.

TheQauli
ssi
mil
arl
yst
rai
ght
for
wardandinc
ludesonl
ytwosi
mplegir
ahsi
nUr
du.
Thetuneempl
oye
dbytheqawwalsdi
-f
erssi
gnicantl
yfr
omt hetuneuse
dbymost
qawwals
.

I
tem1
4:Qaul
inAr
abi
c

57 ForaRangtha
tli
st
sthes
aint
sfr
omt
hepo
into
fvi
ewo
fLa
hor
e,s
eeNus
rat
,Tr
adi
ti
ona
lSu
AB
Qawwa
li
sIV
,tr
ack3.

306
Qau
land Wh
osema
ste
rIa
m,h
isma
ste
risAl
i
.
t
ar
nah
d
ardilda
rdild
ardn
h
amt umtannnnt
ann
nr
e
y
all
yal
l
yal
ll
l

y
all
lyal
ll
yal
ll
l

Ma
ste
r,Ma
ste
rAl
i
!

1
st
gi
rah(
in Iwi
l
lreme mb
ertheFath
erofDust i
nthegr
ave
Urdu) What
everisa
sked,Iwi
lls
il
ence[t
h os
eques
ti
ons]
Ang
els!
Mys i
nsma ybegri
evous
,5
8
b
ut
I
fAli
istheob
jec
tofwishe
s,Iwil
lset
tl
etheent
ir
ebi
ll
.

Qa
ul Ma
ste
r,Ma
ste
rAl
i
!

2nd
gi
rah(
in Whoisgar
bedinint
ensepass
ion,b
ecomesaSuAB
Urdu) Whoburnsi
nlove,be
comesawa nder
ingmendi
cant
ThePr
opheti
stheonewhoc a
ll
edAliafri
end
Ea
c han
de v
ery
o newhosa
y sAli
,i
scal
ledafr
ien
d[ofGo
d].

Qau
land Ma
ste
r,Ma
ste
rAl
i
!
t
ar
nah
d
ardilda
rdild
ardn
h
amt umtannnnt
ann
nr
e
y
all
yal
l
yal
ll
l

y
all
lyal
ll
yal
ll
l

Af t
erther it
ua lit
ems , Quboo lBadshahc l
osestheo ccasi
onwithaf tiaha nda
short,formald uinAr abic.Althoughi twa sb yt hen3 :3
0AM,e ve r
yonewhowa s
presentwa so-fereds ome thingtoe at
. Whi l
ema nyo ftheg ue
stswhoha dno tstay
ed
untiltheendha db eenf e
do nther oofofQub oolBa ds
ha h
shouse
, hehi msel
fa swell
ashisc l
o s
efami lya nddisc i
plesha db e
enwa iti
ngunt ilnow.Whe nIr eturne
dt othe
khnq hthene xtda ytoa t
te ndapo ets
gathe ri
ng( mu s
h
ir
ah),
Iwa st o
ldthatQu bool
Badsha hha dr e
ma i
ne da wa keunt i
ltheda y br
ea ka ndlist
enedton a
tkhvnsinthe
mo sque.
Theu r
se ndedi nthemo r
ningo nthe1 6thofJanuarywi t
has emi narorga
nizedin
thekh nqh.Thes pe a
ke r
s,a mongt hems cholarsandhe adsofloca
ls hri
ne s
,gaveshort
presentati
onso nt hec ontributi
ono fSust oI s
lama ndt hecult
ureo ftheDe ccan.Al-
thought hethe me so v
erlappe dwi ththosed isc
us s
eddur ingJal
sah-
y iFai+n-
iAu l
iy(
,

5
8 S
iy
h.l
i
t.
bl
ack
.

307
thea ppr o a chwa sle sspo lemi c ala nda tt
u nedt oa na udie nc et ha ta lr
e adyha daS u
bac kground.
Ont hewho le,the v e-da y u rsc el
eb rationswe reo rganiz edo nag ra nds cale.
Whi let her ec it
a tiono ftheKo r ana ndn atpo etry, and alm l
oft het o mb s, sam and
themu sh iraha rer egul arc ompo ne ntso fthef estiviti
e si nKha nq ah- e-Ka mil,t he y
we rea l
l es pe ciallye lab or atea ndl eng t
h ydur ingt hec ente na ryu rs. Thet woo c
c asio ns
forspe ec he swe reas pe cial addi tio n. Thepr ogramme swe rea lsoa dv e rt
ise di na dv anc e;
i
n vita
tio nswe rede livere db yha ndt ot hes pec i
al gue stsa ndpo sterspa s teda roundt he
oldc i
tya ndNa mpa lly,whe r emo sto fthepo tent i
a lpa rti
cipa nt sre side.
Thes a m he lda tKha nq ah- e-Ka mi lwa si n ma nyr espe c tst y pic alt ot he
Hy derab a diS us cene . Likema nyo the rS us ilsil
a hsi nt hec ity,a l
s ot heS ha ttariso f
Da beerpur al istapo e ta mo ngt he irf ore bears.Hi sfamea sapo e t,tog ethe rwi t
ht hef a ct
thathi sd v no -fersa mpl ema t
e rial fromwhi cht heq awwa lsa rea b l
et os e lect,ledt oa
sit
u at
io nwhe ret heb ulko fs ongt ex tsc ons i
stedo fhi sv erses.Thi sa pplie dt ob o tht he
ma inite msa nda djunc tite ms . Ina ddi tiont ot her itua lit
e msi nt heb eg i
nni nga ndt he
endo fs a m ,o nlyo nepo e m, theP e r
sia nn atbyS ha ms -
i T abrez ;(o rRUm; ), wa swr it
-
tenb ys ome oneo t
he rt hanKa mi l.Thes e niorme mb e r
so ft hes ilsi
la ha rej ealous ly
gua r
dingt hepo e ti
ct radi ti
o no ft he irpr edec essor.The ya rec l
o selya c qua inte dwi thhi s
po et
ico euv rea ndc o rrectt heq a wwa lsimme diate l
y,i ft he yc o mmi ts o meb lunde r
whe ns ing inghi st e xts.I nc o ntra stt omo sts am a ssemb li
e sIha veo b se rved,t he
l
istene rsi nKha nqa h-e -
Ka mi la ssume dav e r
ya c ti
v er olei ns ha pingt hepe rforma nc e
bys ugg es tinge ve ns uita bleg irahv e rsestot heq awwa l
s. Int hiswa yt he ya l
sot a ug ht
thepe rfor me rsho wt oc omb inepo eticte xtsinama nne rt ha ti ss uc ce ssfuli nt his
pa r
ticula rc o ntex t.
Ano the rc ons picuo usc ha rac t
e ristico fthes ongt ex t
se mp loye db yt heq a wwa ls
wa sthepr o lif
er ationo fde v otiona lt he me s.Ma nyo ft hei te mswe r ema nq aba tsa nd
otherde v otio na lpo e ms . Ho we ve r
, ev eni nr oma nticg ha za l
s, thed e votio na lpa ssag es
mo sta -f
e ct edt hea udi enc e. Ob s ervingt heq awwa lse mpl oy me nto ft akr risr eve aling.
Mo sto ft hec opi ous l
yr e pe ate dpa ss agesdi scus sedt hea -l iation( n i
sb at)e it
he rwi th
one
sS ug ui deo ras aintl ike4 Ab da l-Q8di rJ;l
8 n;. Ther ecur ri
ngpo e ti
ct he me st ha t
arouse dt hea ud ienc ewe ret heme rciful gl
a nce ,thedo oro rthr esho ldo fas aint,int er-
cessiona ndt hea bso l
ut ede pe nda nc eo nt hes aint l
ype rsona ge .Thi sr esona t
e swi tht he
prevalentr eligio usa tmo sphe ret ha te mpha si
ze st hel ovef ort hePr o phe ta ndt he
saints,aswe llast he irint erc esso rypo we rs.
Itisno tewo rthyt ha te x pre ssingmy sti
c alstatese i
the rb ywa lkinga g i
ta tedly,e ng a-
ginginmo v eme ntsr e semb lingwhi rlingda nce ,orb yc ryinga ndwa il
inga l
o udwa si n
Kha nq ah- e -Ka mi lco ns i
de r ab l
ymo reuni nhi bitedt ha ni na nyo ft hes am assemb lies
discusse de arlier. I
nhe rs t
udyo fS u he ali
ngpr ac t
ic esinHy de r
a ba d, Flue ck igerno tes
thatd anc ingwa sar e gularphe no me no ni ns a m assemb liess heo b serve d. Shec o n-
trast
st hi so bs ervationwi tht hemo rer estrictedb eha vi
o urQur eshiha de nc ount ere d

308
duringhe re ldwo rk.Flueck ig
ersug ges t
stha tt hev a
riationi sar esulto fthedi -ference
betwe enthes ocioec o
no mi cb ackgrou ndso fhe rl owe r-t omi ddl e-cl
assa udi enc e,on
theo neha nd, andQur eshi
se li
tepa rtici
pa ti
o n, ont heo ther.Shef urthe rsug geststhat
thec ontrastmi g hts t
emf romt hedi -ferenc eb etwe ent hedo me sti
cc o ntexts heo b-
serv
e da ndt hemo reforma lconte x
to fQur e shise ldwo rk. Ho
59
we ver
,t hea bove
chapt e
rssug ge s
tt hatther ea s
onb e hinddi -fere nta ppro ache smi g htli
er standf or
e-
mo stinc ultur a
ldi -f
erence sb e
twe enNo rtha ndS outhI ndia,theHi nd ustana ndt he
De c
c an.Thee x
pr essi
ono fmy sti
ca lstatesi smuc hmo reuni nhi bit
e dint heDe ccan
evena mo ngt hee li
tea udienc e
sa tKha nqa h-e -Kami l,fori nstanc e,thel i
stene rsb e
-
l
o ngedtot hel earne dMus lime li
teo fthec itywhe r
ea sint heno rth,event hel i
stene r
s
hail
ingf r
omt hel owers t
ratao fsoc ie
tyk e ept he irb ehav iourinc heck. Irr
espe ctiveof
thedi -
fer
enc e sint heo utwa rdb eha v
io ur,thec ent r
alityo fpo e t
rya st hef ocuso fab-
sorbedl i
steninga ndt hepa rt
ici
pa ntse x
pe rienc esi sat hemet ha tpe rme atesa llthe
sam ass
emb liesdiscussedi nthisc hapt e
r.Thea bo vee ldo bserv ati
ons ,togethe rwith
thea nal
ysiso fthet extualso urce
sdi scus s
e dinP artI ofthi sstudyno wma keitpo ssibl
e
toex pl
oret hel i
nk ageb etwe enpoe try
, mus ica ndt hedy na mic so fs a
m asaS up rac
-
ti
ce.

5
9 F
lue
cki
ger2
006
:21
4.

309
7CONFL
UENCEOFPOETRY
,MUS
ICANDS
UFIPRACTI
CE

Aft
erdi
scus
si
ngq awwal
iperf
orma nc
esandpoeti
ccommunicat
ionintheri
tualco
n-
t
extofaSu
shr
ineaswel
lasinfourver
ydifer
entmusi
cal
asse
mb l
ies
,iti
sti
met oex-
aminet
heama l
gamati
onofpo e
ti
ce xpr
ess
ion,musi
candthedynamicsofSu
prac-
ti
ce.

Th
ema
tics
equ
enc
ingo
fpo
etr
y
Wha tisno t
a bleint hea bovemus ica la ssemb liesist hato utsidet her itua lcontex t
,
sams eemst ola ckac l
e ar
lyd e
ne ds truc tur e.Thisi sinc ont r
a s
twi tht hev iewRe gula
Qureshipr esentsi nhe rS uMu sico fI n diaa ndP akistan.S hef ormul atesas tanda rd
perf
o r
ma nc efo rma ttha tbe ginswi t
hr itua lpr ayersfo rthede ad,Ko ranicpa s
s ages
,the
sai
ntlyli
ne a gea ndi nte rcessorypr aye r
. Thi si sthe nf o l
lowe db yq awwa litha tb egins
withsong so fobligato r
yr it
ua l use.The sea ref o l
lowe db ysong so fcusto ma ryr i
tualus e
andfreelyc hose nso ngs .Thes e que ncingo fthel a t
terpr oceedsf r
ompr ai
singGo d,the
Propheta nds aintst odi scus si
ngl ovea ndmy s t
icalsta tes.Shea lsoa ckno wl edgestha t
theob l
igatoryr i
tua lsong sma yb ep e rforme di nt hee ndo ftheo c c
a si
o n.Inhe rmo de l
,
anotherftia hc onclude st heo ccasion. I
85
2
ns te
a do fb e i
ngade scriptivemo de lofa ny
giv
enq awwa liperforma nce, Qur eshisfo rma tise ssentia l
lyba sedo ns ami nt heritual
contexta ndi ta ttempt stoi nc orpo ratet hev ariablyus edc o mpo ne ntso fdif er
e nt
sama s
se mb liesintoas i
ng lepa r
a dig m.I nr eality
,ho we ver,ani ndiv i
dua ls ama s
-
semb l
yrar el
yi nclude sa l
l ofthe sec ompo ne nt s.
I
nt hes am a ssemb liesa nalyse di nt hepr evio usc ha pter
s,t her ecitat
iono f
f
t
ia htha two uldi ncludea llthee leme nt sme ntione da bovei mme diatelypr ecede d
qawwa lionlya tther itua l
so ftheNi za muddi ns hrinea nda ttheChi lla.AtKh wa jaHa ll
,
sam b ega nwi t
has ho rtr ecitationo ft heKo ran( ti
lvat),atAni sMi yan
sho me ,
str
aightwi thq awwa lia nda tKha nq a h-e -Ka mil,wi tht her eceptiono ftheg ue s
tso f
honour.Al ltheo cca si
o nswe rec losedwi thad ur eadb ythem! r-
ima
l.Ina lloft he
casesitinc lude ds o meKo rani cpa ssag es,b utd idno tne ce s
saril
yc ompr i
seaf ull
f
t
ia h.
Whe ni tc ome st oq awwa liitself,the res eemst ob enoe x
plicitlo g
icb ehinds e-
quenc i
ngt hei tems .Ther i
tua lso ngswe rea lwa yss ungi nthe i
ra ppro priatepl aces,ex-
ceptinKh wa j
aHa ll
, whe ret he ywe reo mi tted. Othe rwi se,theq awwa lske pta l
terna t
-
i
ngb et
we ende v oti
o nalpo emso fpr a isea ndg haza lsdi s
cus si
ngpa ssiona telo veo r
vuj%d!me taphy si
cs.Thi sisa llthemo res triking ,sincet het he ma ti
cs equenc inge vok ed

8
52
SeeQures
hi2006:
116
. I
rf
anZub er
ihasrec
entl
ypres
entedhisownv ersio
no fas t
andardqawwa l
i
o
ccasi
onbasedonQureshi
smo del
.However
,hi
svers
ionishi
ghlyinacc
uratein,forexample,c
lai
mi ng
t
hatRangbegi
nstheobl
iga
toryrit
ualpa
rt.
Forsomereas
on,heal
soc ont
eststhatthesongsofpr
a i
seare
f
ol
lowedbynisbat
!kal
m(
al
i
a t
ionpoet
ry
),a
lt
houghthist
erms peci

callydenote
stheseverysongs
o
fprai
se.Hethusseemstoignorethepoet
ryonpassi
onatel
ovea ndme t
a physi
calthemesalt
ogether
.
S
eeZuberi2
012:1
38.

310
i
n Qur eshismo de li s,i nde ed,ac ommo nlyr e cognize dc ha racteristico fs am
asse mb l
ie s.Ro be rtRo zehna l
ss t
udyo ft hef ollowe rso f?a uq iS h@ hi nP akist
a na nd
Ma l
ay s
iado c ume nt ss am) asse mb li
e st ha ta r
ec o nstrueds oa st or eplicatedif e re
nt
statesa nds ta ti
o nsi nt hewa yfa r
e r
spa t
h.Hes pec i
call
yno test hee mpha s
iso n
the ma ti
cs eq ue nc ingi nt hi sc o ntext. Al
853
s oMa jli
s-iu n s,t hee ssa ya ppe nd edt o
Na gh m t-isa m,s t rong lya dv isest heq a wwa lst oa ppr opr iat
e lys eq uenc et hei tems
the ysing.854

Theq awwa lss ho uldt hus ,int he ory, ope nt hepe rf

o rma nc ewi thapo em pr aisi
ng
Go d(a md )t ha ti sf oll
o we db ypo emsi npr ais
eo ft hePr o phe tMuha mma d(n at)a nd
hisf amilya nds a i
nt s(ma n q abat )
. Ma nq a batsno r
ma ll
ye xto lthev i
rtue so fAl iandt he
saintso ft heChi sht ib r
o the rho od,b ute spec i
allyi nHy de raba da ndo the rl ocations,
whe retheQa dir iinB C
ue nc ei ss tro nga ndmo stS us heik hsa rea tl easts eco nda r
ily
a l
iatedwi tht heb r othe rho od, thepr aiseo fDAb da l-Q@dirJ Fl
@nF hasapr omi ne ntr ol
e .
AsQur e shino tesi nar ecente ssay,t hede vot i
ona lpo e mss ho uldb ef o l
lowe db y
gha zalsa ndg !ts.The yus ua l
lyde alwi thv ariousmy sti
ca lthe me swi tho uta ne x
pl i
cit
referenc et oa nypa rti
c ula rs aint.Amo ngt hemo stco mmo nt heme s,a ccordingt o
Qur eshi,a rel ov e( Di
sh q),e cs t
atics tates( rind nah ,li
t.proBCigate;the sepo e mso ftenr e-
vo l
v earo undwi ne ,ine br i
a tiona ndi nde li
ty )
,s epa rat
ion(
r q)a nduni on( vi+
l)
.5
85

InS u r
% d,theno n-de vo t
io na lpo etryi sfur the rdivide dintot woc atego ri
es ,il
m( know-
l
e dg e
)a ndv ad a ta l
-vuj% d( one ne sso fe xistenc e
).Thef orme ri nclude sawi der ang e
oft extst ha tde alwi tht hepa rad oxeso fhuma nl if
ei na no ftenpe ss i
mi sti
ct o nea nd
sug gestthes ea rcho fGo da sana ntido t
e .
Thedi vidi ngl i
ne sb e twe endif erentc ategorieso fpo emsa reb ynome ansc l
ea r
,
sincet hepr aiseo f t
heb e lov eding haz alsc anb ei nterpre t
e da st hepr a is
eo fGo do rthe
Su guide .Mo ha mme dAhme dso peni ngi tem( It
e m1 )a tKh wa jaHa llwa sar oma ntic
gha zal,butr ecur ringr e f
e re ncest ot het hr esho l
do ftheb elo veda ndhi sme rcif
ul glanc e
adde dade vo tiona l BC
av ourt oit.Int hes a mea ssemb ly(Item5 ),thedi sci
pl eso fKh wa ja
Ha sanS ani inte rpr etedt hephr aseb d sh h -
iu sn( t
hek i
ngo fb e auty
),appe aringi na
gha zalo fAmF rKhus r
a u,a sar eferenc et ot heirS ug uide .Anumb ero fg ha zalsb y
Ka mi l
, aga i
n, fea t
ur edpa ssage sa ddre ssingo nesS uguideo rD Ab da l
-Q@ dirJ F
l@nFin-
sertedi nb e twe e nt her o ma ntica ndme ta phy si
ca lverses.
Inge ne ral, ho we ve r
, thepo e mso fpr a i
ses tanda partf r
o mt ex t
st hata reno texpli-
citlyreli
g ious .Int hel ighto fmyo bs ervations ,thet he ma ti
cs eq ue ncingr a rel
ye me rg
e s
asa ni mpo rta ntpr inciplei ns tructuringas a ma sse mb l
y .Whe nt heq awwa lsa r
eno t
bo undb yt her i
tua lc ont ex t,the yus ua llyi gnorei ta nds e lectt hei temst heys ingd e-
pe ndingo nwha tt he yt hinkmi ghtl e adt oapo sitivea ud iencer espo nse .Inpr a
c ti
ce,
ea chpo e mc ons titutesa ni nde pe nde ntwho le
, who s eef ec tdo e sno td e pendo nt he
i
te mspr ece dingo rf ol
lo wi ngi t.Ev eni nc aseswhe rethei temss eemt of oll
owa xed,
8
53
Roze
hnal2
007a:2
192
22.
8
54
NLral
-Mas
an,Naghmt
,46
6;F
@rLq
F,Na
ghm
t,2
53.
8
55
Qure
shi2
012:
111
.

311
ri
tuali
ze do r
de r
,itma yi nr eali
tyb ear esulto fne goti
ati
o nunde rt
akeno nt hat
part
icularo cc a
s i
oni nsteado fauni v
e r
sall
yfo ll
owe dpa tt
ern,aswa st hecasea tAnis
Miyansho me .
Thisb eingt hesituation,thet hema t
icseq uencinge me r
gesessential
lyasame ans
toconce ptua l
izeando r
g anizethev as
tq awwa lir
epe rtoir
eseit
herinpo e t
icanthologi
es
orintheme mo ryo ftheq a
wwa l
s,whileitisr ar
elytranspo r
tedtothea c
tualperform-
ancec ont ext.Ther esultingr andomne ssdo esno ti ndicat
efall
ings ho r
to ftheideal
sta
nd ardspr escribedf orthepr actice
. I
nstead, i
tof erstheq awwa l
sav i
talme ansfor
i
ntensifyingt hee xperie
nc eso fthelist
ene r
swhomi ghtno tal
wa ysr
e spondf a
v o
urably
toapr edetermi neds eque nceo fit
ems .ForaS umas te
ra ct
ingasthem! r
-ima l
,such
l
ibertyo fc ho i
cea ll
owsf oramo reef ecti
vepe da g
o gictoolforguidinghisd isci
ples
.
Sucha ppr oachef e cti
velywo rksa g
ainstturnings ami ntoapur el
yr i
tual
iz
e doc c
a-
si
ona ndg uaranteesmo respa c
ef orav a
riet
yo fex periences.

P
owe
rof
ani
ndi
vi
dua
lve
rse
Shift
ingt hef ocuso fa naly si
sfromt het he ma tics e
q uenc et oani ndi vidua lite m, how-
ever,ne ce ss
itatesf urthe rr e
neme nt .Byno w, itisa mpl yc leart ha ttheq a wwa l
s at
ti-
tudet opo e ti
ct e xt
sf o undi nd !
v n so rtrans mittedo nlyo rall
yi sr ema rk ab lyliberal
whe ni tc ome st oa da pt i
ngt he mt ot hepe rf
o rma nce .Ast hed iscus sio nint hepr e ce
d-
i
ngc hapt erss ho ws, the yr egularl
yo mi tve r
se sfromg ha zalso rline sf romg !ts.I
nt he
caseo ft hef orme r,thei ndi v
idua lv ers esa partf r
omt hema tl
-
aa ndma qtac
- a nbe
furt
he rmo reres huB Cedi ntone ws eq ue nc es.
Asac onseq uenc e,ani ndiv id
ua lv er
seo fa
ghaza lora nindi v
idua ll i
neo fag !tb ec ome st hefunda me nt a
luni to faq a wwa l
ipe r-
forma nce .Theq awwa ls efortsre vo lvea roundt hema ndt heys trivet ob ringo utt hei
r
vari
o usme aning s.Oc ca s
io nall
y,a sha ppe neda ttheChi l
la( It
em4 ),as ing lev e r
seo fa
ghaza lca nc ons tit
uteaf ul li
tem. I
nt hef oll
owi ng ,
Iwi ll conc e
nt rat eo nt hepo et
icsof
ghaza l
, yetI ho pet hedi s
c ussionwi ll alsot hrows o mel ighto nt heus eo fg !tsi nsam.
Fo cus i
ngo ni ndi vidua lv er
se sul t i
ma te
lys temsf romt hel itera r
yc onv e nti
o nsof
theg haz al.Ing ha zals,e achv ersec o nstitutesa ni ndepe nde ntse ma nticuni t
, pe r
fectin
i
t s
elf,andt i
e dt oo the rv ersesb yt heme trea ndr hy me .F r
a ncesPr it
che t
tha sc ompe l-
l
inglya rg uedf o rc onc entr at
ingo ni ndi vidua lv ers
esi nt hel it
e r
a rya na l
ysiso fgha za
l
poetry.Theo ppo si
tev iewha sb ee nputf orwa rdb yP aulE.L ose nsk y.Cr iticizi
ngt he
conc eptua li
z a
t i
o no ft hes oc all
e d Ind ians tyleinhi sWe l
comi n gF i
g hn !:I mit
a ti
on
andP o eticIn di
v idualityint heS afav id-Mu gha lGh aza l
,heq uestionst heus eo fisolat
ed
versesa sab asiso fliterarya nalysiso nt heg roundst hatt hisma k est hef oc usf allsolel
y
onr he t
o ricde vicesi nt hev erseswhi let heirc ommuni c ati
v eanda e sthe t
ice ndsint he
contex to ft hewo rka sawho lea reg ivenl i
ttlec ons i
de ration.
Ho
85
6
we ver,L osensky
s
viewi se ssentiallya ppl icableint hel i
te raryc ontext,whe rether e ade rsha v et hee nti
re
poetict extinf ro nto fthe ma ndt he ya rea b l
et ode eplys tudyt hei nt erlinka geb e
twe en
8
56
L
ose
nsk
y19
98:
4.

312
theverses.In ape r
for
ma ncecont
e xt
,wheret heo r
igi
nalse
q uenceo fver
se sis
habit
ual
lyb r
oken,insis
tenceons tudyi
ng fullpoemswo ul
db eofl i
tt
le use.
Furt
hermo re
,evenwhe nthever
sesofaghazalarei
nter
li
nkedbyac ommo nmo odo r
theme,theq awwalso f
tenb r
eakthisunityb yempha s
izi
ngse e
mi ng
lyd i
ss
o nant
themesthroughtheuseo fadj
uncti
tems.ThishappenedatKhanqah-e-
Kamil,whe n
theWarsiBrot
herssungKamilP
spoeminprai
seo fHus
a i
n(It
em4).Whe ntheyr
eac hed
thever
se
P
eop
lee
ndo
wedwi
thmy
sti
cal
kno
wle
dge

ndi
l
lumi
nat
io
non
lyf
romy
ou
L
igh
tof
thee
yeso
fMu
rta
4,
gra
ndc
hil
dof
theMe
sse
nge
r,oHu
sai
n.
theypi
ckedupt
wothemesfr
omt hever
sea
ndsepa
rat
el
yel
abo
rat
edt
hem.Fi
rs
t,t
hey
descr
ibe
dHusai
nP
sme t
aphys
ica
lpo s
it
iont
hate
nabl
eshi
mtoill
umi
nat
ethepeopl
e
endowedwit
hmyst
ic
alknowl
edge:
Th
atl
i
ght
whi
chi
sca
ll
edt
hek
ingo
f(?
)
I
ti
sca
ll
edt
hel
i
ght
ofGo
d,t
hel
i
ght
ofe
yes
.
Wh
ent
hat
li
ght
wasd
isp
ers
ed,
itb
eca
met
heu
niv
ers
e
Wh
eni
ti
sdr
awnt
oge
the
r,i
ti
sca
ll
edHu
sai
n.
The
nt heyev
oke
ddome st
icima
gesi
nd e
scr
ibi
ngt
het
ende
rre
lat
ions
hipb
etwe
en
Hus
ainandhi
sgr
andf
athe
r,t
hePr
ophe
t:
S
har
iawa
ses
tab
li
she
dint
hec
ond
uct
ofMu
sta
fa
Th
ePa
rad
ises
too
dont
hed
ooro
fth
eMa
ide
n
Th
eMe
sse
nge
rwa
sch
arme
d,wh
enHu
sai
ncl
i
mbe
donh
isb
ack
AsHu
sai
nre
mai
neds
eat
ed,
thed
ivi
nec
ust
oms
too
dal
er
t.
InKa mi l
'
sv er
se,thef orme r
,loftyt he meo ver
sha do wsthel at
te r
,whi cha ppearso nlyin
Hus ai
nPse pithetR
theg randchildo ftheMe ss
eng erP.Howe ver,duringt hepe rf
orma nce,
theq awwa lsgavee q ualpr omi ne ncet ob ot
ht he me s,thusi ntroduc i
ngmo reg e ntl
e
overtonesi ntothee nc omium.
Fort he s
er easons ,thefo l
lowi nga na l
ysi
sf ocus eso nindi v
idua lv e
rses.Altho ugh
rhetori
c a
l de vi
cesareg i
venthe ird uea tte
ntion,thedi scussiona l
s orevealscommuni c-
ati
ve ,aestheticand, o nemi ghta dd, re
lig
iouse nds .Howe ver,the yareno tne cessa r
il
y
theo nesint endedb yt hea utho rsa ndt heyofte
na r i
sefromt hei nteracti
ono fthepe r-
forme r
sa ndt helist
e ne r
s.
Whi lede -empha siz
ingtheu nityofag haza l
, thetextual-perfor
ma t
ivetechni que s
empl oyedb ytheq awwa lssi
mul ta neousl
ya ccent uatethee mpha si
so nani ndividua l
verse.Thes emanticuni tsrepe ate dduringt ak
r ra reme aning f
ul i
nt hec ontexto fthe
verseo fwhi chtheyf or mapa rt, no tinrelat
iontot heentirepo em.Gi rahv ers
es, again,
highli
ghts o meme aningo fav e rseo rapa rtofit,a swast hec asea b
o ve.Thef ol
lo wing
exampl es howsho wb owingt hehe addowno nt hef eetoftheb elo
v ed,me nti
o ne din
thes al
ientt ext,i
sfur therdiscus se dinf o
urg ir
a hv e
rses,eacho fwhi c haddresse sthe
topicfromas li
ghtlydif erenta ng le(AnisMi yan
s, Ite
m5 )
.

313
 L
etmyh
eadr
ema
inb
owe
dtot
hef
eet
oft
heb
elo
vedf
ort
hee
nti
rel
i
fe.

1
s
t
g
ira
h Iny
ourey
es,t
her
eisabe
aut
if
ulr
e:l
ect
io
n
That
iswhymypros
tr
ati
oni
spro
long
ed.

2
nd
gi
rah If
eel
pit
yove
rth
ewo
rshi
pof
thepe
opl
e
Whocoul
dnotb
owdo
wnthe
irhe
art
sto
get
herwi
tht
hef
ore
hea
d.

3
rd
gi
rah When
evermyf
atet
ookit
sre
ven
geonme
Ea
chti
methememori
esofy
ouhel
d[my
]ha
nd.

4
th
gi
rah Bo
wingo
ne
sf
ore
heado
nthet
hre
sho
ldisn
otwor
shi
p
Ra
the
rlo
ok,
the
rei
snot
hin
gla
cki
nginmylov
e.

The rs tg ir
a hi ndi catesthatt helove rse est hee yesoftheb elove dwhe nhepr os
trates,
whe r
e ast hes ec ondg irahe xpressespi tyf ort ho sewhob owo nlyt he irfore he a
ds .The
co ntextma kesi tc lea rthatsuc hpro strationi sno twha tisi ntende di nt hes alie
ntt ext.
Thet hir dg irah ,whi che mpha siz
est hec o nsola ti
o nde r
iv edf romt heme mo ryo fthe
be lovedmo v esa wa yf romt hec entral t
he meo ft hepa s
s age, whe reast hef our tho ner e-
turnst oi tbye c ho ingt hewo rdso fthes e co ndg irah,whe ni tstatest ha tones houldno t
co ncent r ateo nt heph y s
icala ctofb owi ngdo wn,b uts e et hepe rson
sl ov eins t
e ad.
Ea chne ws ha deo fme aninga ddswe ightt ot hel inethe ya ree xplo r
inga nds howsi tin
ane wl ight .
Asa ni ndiv idua l vers
eist heb asicuni to fgha zalpoe trya ndq a wwa lipe rf
o r
ma nce,
i
t sco he sio na cq uiresg reatimpo r
tanc e. Thi sint ernaltautne sso fav ersei sc all
edr ab t
-
(
c onne ction),a ndi tha sb eenr epea tedl yhi ghl i
ghteda so net hev italq ua lit
ieso fa
go odg ha zalint hel it
erarydi scuss
io ns.Ac cordi ngt oPr i
tc hettit i
sapr otea nq ua l
ity
andc ani n volves ema ntic,pho neti
c, rhy thmi c ,a l
lusi
vea nde venv isua lself-reB
Cective-
ne ss.
Thei
8
57
nsis tenc eo nav erse
sinde pe nde nc eleadst oa cc or
di ngi mme nsei mpo rt-
anc eo ne a chwo rda nda voi
di ngfutil
ee xpl eti
ve s.EspeciallyinUr du, thepr ofuseus eo f
wo rdsl ik etoa ndh !cha ract
erizestextso flessa cc omplishe dpo e
t s
, who
ndt he mc on-
veni entme anst o tthe i
rme ss
a g
ei ntot hed e siredme trewi thoutr a dicallyd i
st
o rti
ng
theme a ningo ft hev er
se.Int hemo repr ofessio nall
ywr ittenpo ems , thee x pressioni s
co nde ns edt ot hee xtremea nde achwo r di ssigni
cantfo rc r
a f
tingt heme ani ngo fthe
ver s
e .Asar esul t,thei mpo rto findiv i
dua lwo rdsa swe lla stheirmut ualc o nnec t
ions
acq uirei mme ns ef o rce.Whe nav ers ei spe rfo rme d,themo stme ani ngfuli ndividua l
wo rdsma yi nt he ms e l
vesstirthea udi e nc et os uc hane xtentt ha tt heq awwa l
spi c k
the mupf ortak r r
. Inc ontempo r
arys ama s
se mb l
ies
,thep hraser epe a t
e di ntak r
ris
freque nt lyt hena meo fas aintlype rsona g e,b utitma ya lsob es o meo t
he rc herishe d
wo rdl ikek aram( me rcy),naza
-r(gl
a nc e)o rn i
sb at(
a
liation).
8
57
Pr
it
che
tt2
004
:86
.

314
 Mo s
tcommo nly,t
herabt-
ofaver
sea r
is
esfro
mt hedife
ringfunct
ionso
fthetwo
l
i
neso fav e
rse.The
rs
tlinemakesac la
im( dav)
,whilethes e
condanswersit
(
jav
b-idav).Thea ns
werma ybea nill
ust
rat
ion(tams!
>
l
),as upport
ings
tate
me nt
(
dal!
l
)o ranunexpe c
tedcausebe
hindthecommo npla
cestat
eme ntmadeinthe
rst
l
i
ne(u sn
-it
al!l
). Be
85
8
l
ow,these
condlineanswerst
herhetori
cq ue
sti
onofthe
rst
l
i
ne(AnisMiyans
,Ite
m4 ):
Th
ema
tte
rish
ugea
ndt
hemo
uthi
ssma
ll
,bu
twh
ysh
oul
dIl
i
e?
Myp
erc
ept
io
nte
ll
smet
hat
whe
rev
erI
am,
youa
ret
her
eto
o.
Afterhe ari
ngt he
rstli
net hatpro misestor e vea
l asec
r e
torag reattr
uth, t
helis
tener
i
sle f
two nde r
ingwha tthev erseisab outtos ay
.Onlyt hesecondl i
nere vea
lsthatthe
beloved, i
nt hiscasethePr ophe t
,iswhe reve rtheloveri
s .
Thes econdli
nea lsomakesit
cle
a rtha tthisisno tat heor et
ical
,phi l
o s
o phicalstat
eme nt,buts o
me thingthelover
perceivesandf ee l
s.
Int hefo l
l
o wingv erse
,the r
stlineinitiatestherhetori
cde v
icecall
e dla?f
on as
h r
,

foldinga ndunf o l
ding.
Thi
8
59
ssig
niesprese nti
ngal is
to fobjec
tsinthe r
stli
nea nd
explainingt hemi nt hes econd. S
inc esuchr hetori
caldevic
e sareac ommo nsto
cko f
ghaza lpoetics,audiencesinstinct
ivelystartt oantici
pateane xpl
anatio
nwhe nhearing
thefo l
lowingl i
neb yKa mi l(Khanq ah-e-Kami l,I
tem9 ):
(
Iha
ve)n
eit
herk
nowl
edg
e,l
ear
nin
g,a
bst
ine
nce
,ch
ast
it
yno
rgr
acei
n(my
)ac
ti
ons
Inthefr
ame wor
ko fKami
lspoems,t
hedepe ndenceofthel
overonthebel
ovedisf
re-
quentl
yinte
rpr
etedinref
erencetotheProphe torSu
sai
nts
,andthese
condlineex-
pla
insthateve
nt houghthelover
-devo
teeha sno neoftherel
ig
iouspe
rfec
ti
o ns
,his
act
saresti
ll
succ
essful
becauseoft
heb e
lovedski
ndness:
On
lyb
eca
useo
fyo
urf
avo
ur,
thi
ngsa
rea
cco
mpl
i
she
d.

Aswa sno tedab ove,theq awwa lsma ket hemo stofther abt-
b yro utinelysingi
ng
t
hetwol ineso faverses eparatel
yino rdertoi nc re
as etheirmutua ltens i
o n.The
rst
l
ineissungint heuppe rre gis
terandc anb er epe at
eds everalt
ime so rinte r
lacedwith
gi
rahv e
rsesb ef
orerevealingthes econdlinet hatr es
o l
vesthetens i
o nthusc rea
te d.
At
t
helev e
lo fmus ic
,ther elie
fisr ea
li
z edb ymo vingfro mtheuppe rpi t
c ht owardsthe
l
ower.Thust heef e
cto fav ersethato npape rliesinpe rf
ectb al
ance ,imme diat
elyvis-
i
bletother eader
se y
esa ndc onsol
idatedb yi tsc o
mpr essedinterna lstructure,isin-
cr
easedinaq awwaliperforma ncebyb r
eakingi tintopa rt
sa ndincrea s
ingt het ensi
o n
bot
hmus ica
llyandt extua l
lybeforeof eri
ngt hel i
st
e nersthemus icalrelieftha tcl
i-
maxesthes ema nti
cme aning.Althoug hthel ist
e ner
so fq awwa l
ia reus ua ll
yfami l
iar
wit
ht hema jorit
yo fthes ongtexts,holdingb ackther esolvi
ngs tateme ntwhi lefo-
mentingthee xcit
eme ntwi thmus i
cc ontributess igni
cantl
yto wa r
dsr e nderi
ngt he
ver
sesfr
esha nde xi
ti
ngi ne achpe r
forma nceo cca si
on.
8
58
Pr
it
che
tt20
04:88
.
8
59
Fo
radis
cuss
ionofv
ari
ousr
het
ori
cde
vic
esus
edi
nPe
rsi
anpo
etr
y,s
eeS
chi
mme
l20
04:
375
3.

315
 I
na dditio
nt ot hedif erentro l
eso fthev e
rse
stwoha l
ves,eachl inei sinmo s
t
verse
sc ha r
act
e r
izedb ythec o i
ncidenceo fas emanti
cb reakwi t
ht heme tricalmid-
pointma rkedb yt hec esura( t
aqt!
-).Thisisespecia
ll
yc onspicuousi nt heg hazal
sfa-
vouredb ytheq a
wwa ls.Intheirrepertoi
reseventheshortestli
nesreg ularl
ydi vi
deinto
twose mantical
lyme a ningfulunits.Thus,aversecanreadilybedivide dintof o
urpa rt
s
i
nsteado ftwo .Qa wwa lsc apit
ali
zeo nt hi
sliter
aryconvent i
on,sincei tincreasesthe
scopeo fa l
ter
natingb etwee nthet ensi
o nandr eli
efwhe ns ingi
ng ,e s
pe c
ia l
lyifthe
res
o l
vings t
ate
me ntisde l
ay eduntilthelastquart
erofthev ers
e .
Inthef o l
lowingv e
rse
fr
oma na nonymo usn at( AnisMi yan
s,
Item4 ),t
her
stlineag a
ins etsthes cene.I
tis
si
gni
cantt ha
tt herstlineo fav erseisfre
q uentl
ysungi no neg o,sincedi vi
dingit
i
ntot wodo esnoti ncreasethec ontrastbet
we entensi
ona ndr e
lief
.
I
amb
ad,
but
Idon
otc
all
mys
el
fba
dju
stl
i
ket
hat
Thesecondline
,incontr
ast,wasdi
v i
dedb yI
ft
ekharAhmedintotwohal
vesandhe
fur
ther
mo r
eus e
dthe
ll
ersq(
Lord!
)andnab!
all
h(
ThePr
o phe
tofGod!

)todel
ay
theso
luti
on.Thepass
agedevelo
psthes t
ateme
ntofthe
rs
tve
rsebysay
ingt
hatthe
re
i
sahe ar
tinthelov
er
schest
:
Th
erei
sah
ear
tinmyc
hes
tan
d(L
ord
!Th
ePr
oph
eto
fGo
d!)
Ye
ttheaudi
enc
eisle
ftwonder
inga
boutthei
mpo
rto
fthes
tat
eme
nt.
Aft
era
ll
,ha
ving
ahear
tisno
thi
ngspe
cia
l.I
tiso
nlyt
helas
tli
ne
y
oul
i
vei
nth
ath
ear
t.
thatthegi
vessigni
cancetothi
ssta
tementa nda ls
otell
swhytheloverdoesnotcal
l
himselfbadalt
ho ugh, b
yimplic
ati
on,heisjustthat:t
heb e
love
dProphetli
vesinhis
heartandsancti

e shisbei
ng.
Atti
me s,
thepo etsemploythese
lf-
reB
Ce
c ti
venessofrab
t-t
ocrea
tec i
rc
ularver
ses
.
Inthefoll
owingv erseofKamil,
thepara
doxl eav
e sthemindric
ochet
ingbetweenthe
l
ines,unabletore achal o
gic
alconcl
usi
on.Ho wc anthelov
ernot
ndt heb e
lov
ed,
whe nhe
ndshim?
I
don
ot

ndy
ou,
whe
nI

ndy
ou
E
ith
erI
dis
app
earmy
sel
forI
amma
det
odi
sap
pea
r.
Thee x pl
ana t
iono fthes eco ndlinethathee ithe rdis
appearshimsel
fo risma detodi s
-
appe ardoe sno toferal og ica
llysat
isf
ac to
rye x pla
na t
ionandt heaud ienceisleftwith
thepa radoxt hatk eepscha ngingitsform de pe ndingonwhi chstat
eme ntoft heve r
se
i
sg ivenpre cedenceo vertheo the r
s.
S
u chve r
sesa refreque ntl
yus edtoa ddres sdisti
nctl
yme taphys
ica lquestions.The
elusiveb e
love do ftheg ha zal
sc orr
espo ndst oGo d,whoisa bovethehuma nunde r
-
standing.Ho we ver,t
hehuma nlo v
ercans ti
ll drawc lose
rtothedivineb el
oved, ye
t,as
Ka milpo i
ntso ut(Kha nqa h-e-Kamil,I
tem8 ), hek eepsconsta
nt l
ycha ngingwhe nseen
ove rthedis t
anc etha tsepa ra
teshima ndt hel o v
e r
.Theme aningo ft heve r
sek eeps
transforminga sitpro ce
e dsf r
o md ecl
aringtheb elovedhig
her( %Bc
e )tha nthehuma n

316
ab
il
it
ie
s,todescr
ibi
ngthei
ncr
eas
ingc
los
ene
ss(
qur
bat
)and t
hene
ndi
ngwi
th
di
st
ance
s(d%
riy
B)aga
in.
Hei
shi
ghe
rth
ant
hec
apa
cit
yof
vis
iona
ndh
igh
ert
hanh
uma
nth
oug
hta
ndu
nde
rst
and
ing
Th
ecl
ose
rId
rawt
ohi
m,t
hemo
reh
ech
ang
esf
romt
hed
ist
anc
e.

I
na ddi t
iont other espectivefuncti
onso fthet wolineso fav erse,r abt-
c analso
arisef r
omt hes o
unds cape.Whe napo emi spe r
formed,t hisa specta c
q uirespro-
no unceds igni
cancea ndi tisthers
tthingal istenerre
g ist
erse veni fheo rshedo es
no tkno wt hela nguage.Thes oundisimme diat
eunl ikethec og niti
ono ftheme ani
ng
tha tfol
lowsi t
.Pr it
che t
tiso neo fthefe ws cholars,whoha sempha sizedt hei mport-
anc eo fthes oundi na nalysingpo etr
y.Amo ngt heq ual
iti
e sofag oodg ha za
l,ravn !
(
BCowingne ss
),s i
gni
est hee uphonious,ha rmo niousso unds capet ha tma kesthe
po empl ea s
antt othee ar
.Ac cordingtoPritc
he tt
,c ommo nme anso fcr
e ati
ngr a v
n!in-
cludec her i
shi
ngl ongv owe lsinsteadofshorto ne sandavo i
dingc onsona ntc l
usters
.86
0

Ina dditi
o n,al
liter
ation,assona nceandinterna lr
hy mea r
ef reque ntl
yus e db ypo et
s.In
thef oll
owi ngv ers
e( AnisMi yan
s,I
tem2 ),thelo ngv owel-!a c
tsa sa nint ernalrhyme
anddo mina te
st hee ndo fe achq uart
ero fthev erseinco ntrasttot hei niti
a l
,quicker
seq uenceso fsho r
tvo wel
s.Thef e
wc onsonantc lus t
ersar
es oftene dbyt hei nclusi
ono f
ana s
alsoundo ras i
bila
nta stheo therme mb er(b nk!
,ghamz ah ,ma st
!).
ni
g@he
YmF
ZhF
ad@
[e
Yb@
nkF
ba-
gha
mza
hma
stF
ba-
n@zs
hok
hF
na
z@
\r
ej@
dLb
har
Fha
iusk
Fnaj
@[
LYma
iYk
ais
eabk
ahF
Ym@
Y

E
yesa
res
wee
t,[
but
]th
ema
nne
risc
roo
ked
;in
tox
ica
tio
nina
mor
ousg
lan
ce,
mis
-
c
hie
finp
lay
ful
nes
s.
Hi
sgl
anc
esa
ref
ul
lof
cha
rm.
Howc
oul
dIp
oss
ibl
yno
tgon
ow,
mot
her
?

Occa
sionall
y,t
hever
sestak
er ec
ourset
otheanti
the
sisofr
av
n!a
sasoni
cde
vic
e
i
nordertopaintanarr
est
ingsoundsca
pethata
ccent
uatest
hemeani
ngo
fthewor
ds,
a
sinthefol
lowingver
seofNiy
@z(Khwa j
aHal
l,I
tem9):
r
agopa
ime
Y@gb
ha]
akuZ
hFphLYk
eha
ipa
]@s
abhF
tanb
ada
n
t
Lnes
@qi
y@ma
i-
yi@
ti
shF
nk@y
ihj
@mk
ais
@pi
l@di
y@

E
ver
yve
ina
ndn
erv
ebu
rst
int
oa:
l
ame
,th
een
tir
ebo
dyi
sin

re
Cu
pbe
are
r,wh
ati
sth
isg
obl
eto
f
er
ywi
net
hat
youma
demed
rin
k?
Herethe
rstha l
fofthe
rstl
inesoundsjer
kyb ec
a us
eo fthepresenceofthevel
ar
st
opska ndga swellast
heretr
oBC
exH.Theimpres
sionisf
urtherstr
engthenedthr
ough
t
hec ontr
a stwiththeres
tofthever
se,whichi
sat y
picalex
a mpleofravn!.
Thesound
oft
heb eginningof t
hevers
eisremi
niscentof
thecrackl
eof
r
ea ndthuspaint
saviv
id
so
u ndsc
a peo fthes emant
iccontentthatdesc
ri
besv ei
nsa ndne rvesburst
ingi
nto
B
Came s
.

8
60
Pr
it
che
tt2
004
:87
.

317
 Ra v
n!als
oa r
isesfr
omt hepo e
ticme tr
e s
,whic hg i
verhythmt otheg hazalandul-
ti
ma telytothemu sica
lperf
o rma nce. Pr
861
i
tchetthasno tedtha tinag oodgha z
a l
,the
me tr
es houl
db eresponsiv
et ot hewo rdsinawa yt hattheys eemt og rowfromi to r
-
ganicall
yanditdo esnotappe arimpo s
e dont hem. Thei
862
temsi nq awwa lir
epertoi
res
areg ener
all
yc hara
c t
eri
zedb yc onsumma terhythm t hatisa pparenta ssoona sone
he a
rsthepo emsung .
Inordert oa chievethisefect,theq awwa lsseemt ofavourpoems
wr i
tt
eni nal i
mitedselec
tio
no fme tres.Howe ver
, t
heo ne sthe ysel
ec tareextr
e mely
singable.
Theq awwa l
sa v
oidt hel ong e
s tandmo stco mplexme tr
estha twouldpr ove
chall
eng i
ngwhe ns ung,f
avour ingi nst
e adme t
reswho s
es tr
uc tur
ei ss ymme t
ricand
thatoftenconsis
tofr e
peti
ti
o nso fas i
ng l
epo et
icfoo t.F
ore xampl eh azajmu s
amma n
(^- --^- --^- --^- --
)feature sregularl
yinq awwa l
iperfor
ma nces
.86
3

a
mFr
-Fk
ish
var
-Ff
aqr
-es
hah-
Fi
ql
Fm-
iD
ir
f@n-
e8
64

k
hud@
gL-
ekhud@
d@n-
ekhud@
bFn-
ekhud@
sh@
n-e

P
rin
ceo
fth
ela
ndo
fpi
ousp
ove
rty
,ki
ngo
fth
ecl
i
memy
sti
cal
kno
wle
dge
Hes
pea
ksa
bou
tGo
d,k
nowsGo
d,s
eesGo
dan
dde
ri
vesh
isa
uth
ori
tyf
romGo
d.
Inthev ersewr i
ttenbyNi y @zinpr a i
seo fAli(Chi
ll
a ,It
em1 ;AnisMi yan
s ,
Item1 )
,the
me t
reisi mme diate
lyev i
de nt,es
pe c i
allyinthesecondlinewhi c hco nsi
stsoffoursym-
me t
ricalphr asesc or
respondi ngt ot hefourfeetofthepo e ticme tr
e .Therepetit
ionof
thewo rdso nlyinc r
easesthec leara rti
culati
ono ft
heme t
re.
Thei nt e
rco nnectednes sofs o unda ndme ani
ngi so ccasi
o nall
yut il
iz
edb ythe
qawwa lst ohe lpat ransit
io nfromo net ext
ualpassagetot hene xt.Inag haz a
lthat
serv
e sasas al
ienttext,thisha ppe nsa utoma t
ica
ll
y,sincetheme t r
ea ndr hy
mef acil
it
-
ateea s
yt ransitionfromo nev erset oa no t
herwhil
ema inta i
ningt hec ohesi
ono fthe
perf
o rma nce.Ho we v
e r
,int hec a
seo fadjunctit
ems,ha r
mo nize
ds oundscapesi
nc re
ase
theimpr e s
s i
ono fcoherenc e.InKh wa j
aHa ll(I
tem1 ),Mo hamma dAhme dus edthe
rhymeo fther u b!(-z)t opr e
fa cet hes al
ie
nttext,who ser hymei s(-
z-
im ).The
soni
cc ont i
nuit ysuppo rt
st hec ontinuityintheme aningt ha tr
e vol
v saroundthel ov
er
bowingt ot hethr es
ho l
do ftheb elo ved.
1
s
t
r
ub! D
umr-
ebar@s
t@n-
itosLda
ms ar
-ini
y@z
s
h@y
adshav
amb a-
b a
zm-ivi
_@l
-i
tosar
far
@z

F
or[awho
le]l
if
et
ime,I
ha v
erub
bedmyi
ndig
enth
eadaga
ins
tyo
urt
hre
sho
ld
P
erh
a p
sIwil
lbehon
ouredbyaso
ir
ewh
ereIc
anmeet
you.

cLnb
andahr
@azkhv
@jahbuv
adcashm-
inek
L-e
m@banda
hFmokhv@j
ahtu[
Fk@r
-im@bi
-s
@z
8
61
Onme tr
esinPersi
anpo et
ry,
see,
e.g
.Thiesen1982.
8
62
Pri
tc
he t
t2004:
8 7
.
8
63
Fori
nstanceswherethismetrefe
aturesinsali
entte
xts
,seeChil
l
a ,I
tem5;Khwaj
aHa l
l,I
tem8
;
AnisMi
yans
,It
em4a ndKha nqah-
e-Kamil
,Item7 .
8
64
Ihavemarkedthepro
s odi
clengt
heningofthei4
f
atc
onst
ruct
iontothet
rans
li
te
rat
ion.

318
 Whenas
lav
eisal
lo
wedagrac
efu
lglanc
efro
mthema
ste
r
I
amas l
avean
dyouaret
hema s
terse
ethat
mywor
kget
sdo
ne.

1
s
t
v
ers
e b
a-k
h@ k
-idar
gah-i
toj
abFn-
ini
y@z
-im@
q
urb@n-
iyaknig@
h-it
oDumr-
ida
r@z-
im@

Myi
ndi
gent
fore
headi
sint
hedus
tofy
ourthr
eshol
d
Myl
ongl
if
eisasac
ri

cef
oron
egla
nceofy
ours.

Thec ohe si
ono fso unds capeisa l
soaf a
ctort hatcont
rib
utest othec ohesi
onof
l
o ngpe r
for
ma ncesthatinv olveabunda ntte
xtualc ont
ent.I
nsuc ho cca
sio
ns ,asonor
-
ousa nde a
sil
yr ecognizab l
er ad!facquire
sgreatimpo rt
ance.I
nma nypo emss ungby
t
heq a wwals
, therad!f
isl ong .
Itall
owso nlymino rvari
ati
onb e
twe e
nt heli
ne sandfur
-
t
he rmo r
eli
mi tsthesema nticcontentintoamo rena rr
owlyde
nedr angeofme ani
ngs.
I
nt hef o
ll
owi ngve r
seb yDUl vF
,therad !
fkoK
!hohon ahonah ooccupieshalfoftheli
ne
andt heending- amlimitst hec hoi
ceo ftheq
ya htoafewno unsanda dverbs.Whil
e
t
hev ers
eini tsel
fispl ain,amus icalrendi
tionr elea
sesit
simme nsepo te
nc y(Ani
s
Mi y
an
s,
Item1 2).
g
ary
@rhob
aha
mko
[Fhohona
hhona
hho
j
aba
pn@ho_
ana
mko
[Fhohona
hhona
hho

I
fth
efr
ie
ndi
swi
tho
ne,
itd
oesn
otma
tte
r,i
ft
her
eiss
ome
one[
el
se
]orn
ot
Wh
ent
heb
elo
vedi
son
eso
wn,
itd
oesn
otma
tte
r,i
ft
her
eiss
ome
one[
el
se
]orn
ot.

As
imi
l
arr
ad!
fjoh
osoh
oappe
arsi
nNi
y@z
sg
haz
al(
Khwa
jaHa
ll
,I
tem9
):
D
i
shqme
Yte
rek
oh-
igha
msa
rpi
hli
y@j
ohos
oho
D
ai
shoni
sh@
t-
\i
zinda
gFc
ho]di
y@j
ohos
oho

I
nyo
url
ove
,It
ookamo
unt
aino
fgr
ie
fonmyh
ead
,co
mewh
atma
y
I
for
wen
tth
elu
xur
yan
den
joy
men
tof
li
fe
,co
mewh
atma
y.
Altho ughlo ngr ad!f
sma ynotde monstrateli
terarycreati
vit
ya ndpo et
iccra
ft,t
he ya r
e
we l
l suite
dt ope rfor
ma nce.Suchdis
tincti
v erad!fsse
rvea spunc hli
neswhereb o
tht he
tunea nddif e
re ntvers
eso f
ag hazal
ndar elie
f.Asac onsequenc e,
suchrad!f
sacq uir
e
muc hwe ightandha vethepo t
enti
alo fgraduallyreveal
ingeve rnews e
tsofme anings
tot hel is
teners.Thisha ppenedwi t
hNi y @z
sg hazalinKh wajaHa ll
,whe r
ethem! r-
i
ma lsharedwi thhisdisci
plesunexpe c
tedme aningsthatheha dune a
rthedfromt he
prov erbial
joh os oho.
Ano t
he rt
y peo falongrad!ft
hatdo esno tstr
ikeonea sparticul
arl
ycreat
iveonpa -
per, i
st hena meo fasaintl
ype r
sonage,asi nav e r
sebyKa mile xto
ll
ingDAbda l
-Q@ di
r
JF
l@nF (Khanq ah-e -
Kamil,I
tem2 ):
di
lme
Yha
idun
y@-
yig
ham@
b@dy
@pF
r@n-
ipF
r

319
 k
y@ma
zek
Fha
itumh@
rFy
@dy
@pF
r@n-
ipF
r

Th
edo
mai
nof
gri
efi
s:l
our
is
hin
gint
heh
ear
t,Ma
ste
rof
Mas
ter
s
Oh
,ho
wIr
el
is
hyo
urme
mor
y,Ma
ste
rof
Mas
ter
s.
Ther epetitiono fthephr asey p !
rn-ip!
r(OMa st
ero fMa ster
s)througho utthepe r
-
forma ncei sbo undt oa ppealt other el
ig
iousse nti
me ntso ftheQa diriaudi ence.The
coalescenceo fmus i
c alands ema nticrel
ie
finas ai
nt l
ye pit
hetr endersitt heful
c rum
ofthepe rforma ncea ndt hefoc usofthelis
tenersat
tention.
Theus eo fpr edictablerad !f
salsofaci
li
tatesintroducingne wpo et
ryb el
ongingt o
thev aryi
ngr epe r
toireo fa nindi vi
dualq a
wwa lt othel i
steners.Whi l
ei nt helit
e r
a ry
,
text
ua ll
yt ransmi tt
e dc o
ntextt heno velt
yo fpo etr
yi sas igni
cantc onsiderati
on,i n
performa nc ethi sq ualit
yma yi mpe dethea ppr ec
iati
o no fthet ext.Altho ughmo s
t
versesarer epe ateda tleastaf ewt i
me sinaq awwa liperf
o rmanc e,gras
pingt hepo e ti
c
me aningi sno ta l
wa y seasya ndt heq awwalscons e
q uentlyfavoursingingt extswhi ch
belongtot hec o rere pertoi
rea nda r
ea lr
eadyfami l
iartothea udience .
Ho we v
er,i
fthe y
decidetoi ntro duceane wpo etictext,t
hera d!
fs moo t
hst hewa yf orit
sfav ourabler e
-
ception.Int hef oll
o wi ng,r
a r
e l
yhe ardUrduv erses(AnisMi ya
ns,It
e m5 )
, ther a
d !
fk e
bad( af
ter)all
o wst hel i
stenerstog uesst
hee ndo fthev erseevenb eforeitissunga nd
thusitfami li
ariz e
st hemwi ththet e
x t.
duD
@koh@
thb
hFuZ
hena
hthena
m@zk
eba
Dd
v
uhmi
lga
[emuj
heD
ar
_ah-
yida
r@zk
eba
Dd

I
hadn
ote
venr
ais
edmyh
and
sin
tos
upp
li
cat
io
naf
te
rth
epr
aye
r
Wh
enI
fou
ndh
ima
fte
ral
ongp
eri
odo
fti
me.

ha
z@rma
rta
bahde
kh@ha
irLb
a-r
Lunk
o
k
abhF
nam@
zsepa
hlek
abhF
nam@
zkeb
aDd

Th
ous
andt
ime
sIh
avel
ook
eda
thi
mfa
cet
ofa
ce
S
ome
ti
mesb
efo
ret
hep
ray
er,
some
ti
mesa
fte
rth
epr
aye
r.

da
y@r
-ig
ulme
Yphi
reha
iYa
urg
ulo
Yseha
iYpha
Zke
v
ahF
YbhF
jFna
hla
g@t
erF
baz
m-i
n@zk
eba
Dd

I
hav
ero
ame
dth
ela
ndo
f:l
owe
rsa
ndi
nte
rmi
ngl
edwi
thr
ose
s
Bu
tId
idn
otf
eel
ath
omet
her
eaf
te
ryo
urb
anq
uet
ofa
mor
ousp
lay
ful
nes
s.

Thequal
it
ieso fr
avn!andrabt-
int
ert
winethepoet
icformandme aningt
oge
the
r,
andb othareinti
ma t
elyli
nk edwithqawwaliper
for
ma ncesthatcapi
tal
izeo
nthes
e
propert
iesb
ya lt
ernat
ingintensi

cat
ionandrel
ief
.Aclose
ra nal
ysi
softhemeani
ngof
thevers
eswill
throwfurtherli
ghtontherol
eofpoetr
yinsam.

320
Ar
ti
cul
ati
ngt
heme
ani
ngo
fav
ers
e
Inaddi tio ntot heinstantl
ype r
ceiva
b l
esonicqualit
iesa ndme tr
icpatt
erns,t
hei mme -
diat
e ,int uiti
veef ectofag hazali
sclosel
yboundwi t htheq ual
it
yo fk
ai
yyat(
mo od)
.
Discuss ingk ai
yyatshedslightonthema nnerinwhi chag hazali
sintendedtoaf ect
thea udi enc esince,accordi
ngt oPri
tchet
t,i
trefersspe ci

call
ytothequa l
it
yo fthere-
spons ei nt hehe ar
ero rreaderandthusturnsthea t
t enti
ona wayfr
omt hetextitse
lfto
it
sre ce pt i
on. Ka
86
5
i
yyatdoesno taris
ee s
sentia
llyfr omthea ppare
ntme a
ningo fa
vers
et ha tc aninan ycaseb eplai
na ndevenc ontradictsomepo et
icconventi
o ns.
The
fol
lowi ngv erseappearssimple,butitconvey
sas trongf ee
li
ngo fwis
tf
ul bewi
lde r
me nt
(AnisMi y a
n
s,Ite
m5 )
.
p@
sit
n@k
iht
ir
es@
Yss
eZa
kr@
tFha
is@
Ys
dLri
tn@k
iht
ujheahLYahr
ah@hLYt
ujhF
meY

[
Youa
re]s
ocl
ose
,th
atab
rea
thc
oll
i
deswi
thab
rea
th
[
But
]sof
ar,
tha
tIk
eeps
ear
chi
ngf
ory
oui
nyo
u.
Theb e
lovedissocloset hathisbre
athi
ngme rgeswi t
ht heb reatho fthelover
.Despi
te
thisinti
ma cy
,theloverisf orc
edtosearchfortheb el
ov edintheb e
lov edhimsel
f.
De s
-
piteitssi
mpl i
cit
y,thev ersema nage
stoc onveyas tr
o ngka i

yy atthatisincr
ease
db y
thesuc c
essi
ono fl
ang uidlydraggi
nglongsyl
la b
le s.
Thev er
sesthatemb odythepoeti
cq ual
ityo fshorish(
commo t
ion,tumult
)ar
eo f
-
tene qual
lysimple,butmo redynamic.Whileka i
yyatfreq
ue ntlyarisesfr
o mame la
n-
cho l
ymo od,shori
she xpressespass
ionande nerg yofthel o
v e
r.S
8
66
hori
shiseasi
lycom-
binedwi t
he mpha si
zedr hythma ndvigoro
uss ingingtha tcharac t
eriz
eq awwalimusic,
andv ers
ese mbodyingt hisquali
tyfo
rmas igni
c antpo r
tio
no ftheq awwa l
iso
ngtexts.
Theb ol
dnessofsho r
isho ft
enma nif
estsit
selfwi thther ej
ectiono fev er
ythi
ngforthe
sakeo ft
heb el
oved( AnisMi yan
s,I
tem12):
Wh
eth
ert
her
eish
igh
era
ndl
owe
rwo
rld
,Id
ono
tgi
vead
amn
Omo
stp
erf
ect
man
if
es
tat
io
n,i
tdo
esn
otma
tte
r,i
ft
her
eiss
ome
one[
el
se
]orn
ot.
Thec ol
l
o quialexpre
ssi
onpp os
hs emir!(
Idonotgi
veada mn,l
it
.f
rommys hoe)i
n-
tensi

essho r
ishinitsco
arseness,
a l
thoug
hi tsus
ewo uldother
wisebehighl
yuns ui
t-
ableinghaz a
ls.
Oft
ent heene r
gyofsho
rishisass
o c
iat
e dwit
hdrunkennessandin
del
i
ty.Thenext
anonymo usv e
rseisahars
hc omma ndtothepr ea
chertore
mo vehisbookanddrinkli
-
quor(Khwa jaHall,
Item9).
Th
isi
sno
tas
cho
ol,
pre
ach
er,
pic
kupt
heb
ook
,pi
cki
tup
!
Th
isi
sawi
neh
ous
e,h
erey
ous
hou
lde
njo
yth
epl
eas
ure
sof
li
quo
r!

8
65
Pr
it
che
tt2
004
:11
9.
8
66
Pr
it
che
tt2
004
:11
6.

321
 Thec ombinati
ono fk
a i
y
yatandshor
is
hinas i
nglever
secanal
sobee xpl
oit
e din
i
ncre asi
ngthec ontr
astbetweenthetensi
ona ndr e
li
efd ur
ingaperf
ormanc e
. I
nt he
f
o l
l
o wingv ers
eb el
ongingtoat azm!nwrit
teno nag hazalatt
ri
but
edtoRLmF( Anis
MiyanPs,I
tem6 ),t
her
stthreeli
nescompri
seag entl
esuppli
cati
ont
hatill
ustr
atesthe
l
ong ingtypi
caltokai

yyat.Thelas
ttwoli
nes,
ont heotherhand,emb
odys hori
shwhe n
t
hel o v
erb ol
dlyannouncesthatheisrea
dytos a
cri
cehissoula
ndheartfo
rthes ake
oftheb el
o v
ed.
L
ove
lys
wee
the
art
ofmi
ne,
bek
ind
Ac
cor
din
gtowh
ati
spo
ssi
bl
e,p
rot
ect
myh
ono
ur
Be
lov
ed,
come
,j
ust
foramo
men
t
I
amy
ear
nin
gtoma
key
oumyg
ues
t
F
rie
nd,
Isa
cri

cemys
oul
andh
ear
t[t
oyo
u].
(
Eve
ryt
hin
gIh
avei
sas
acr
i
c
e!
)
Inthev ers e,thec hangeo fthepo eticq ual
ityfromk ai

yyattos hori
s hisa cc ompa nied
withas hifto flinguis
ticme dium f ro m Urdut oP ersi
an.Thus ,e v
o kingdif erentlin-
guist
icr egist
e rsavail
ab l
etot heq a wwa l
scana lsob eus edtoa ccentua tethec hangeo f
themo odi nt hepo em. Urdul endsi tsel
fmo rer eadilytoexpr essi
ngk ai
yya t
, whereas
Persi
ang ha z
a lsofte
nf eaturepo we rful,ecstat
icv ersesthata r
es aturatedwi ths horish.
Theq a wwa l
sf urtherempha si
zet hes hori
sho ft hev er
sea tha ndb yi ntro duc i
ngt he
phraseRE verythin
gI h a
v ei
sas a
c ri
ce!Nasal
lero ftakrrka lqaha fterthel ast l
i
neo f
theverse .
Ther e ma ini
ngt woq ua l
it
ieso fag oodg ha zala r
emo rec l
oselyc onne c t
e dtot he
me aningo fthev erseandt o g
ethe rt heyc overthes e manti
cdi me nsiono fpo e t
ry,adi-
me nsiont hatha sc onventionallyb e enint hefo cuso fscholarlyana lysi
s.The rs
to ne
ofthesei sc alledman !fr!n!(me ani ng-
creation).Man ! fr
!n!me anse nr ichinga nd
mul t
iplyingt heme aningsi nav erse .Ac ommo nme anstoa chie v
ei tisus ingt heno n-
i
nf or
ma t
ivea ndno n-f
a l
si
ablein sh K
iyyahmo deo fspeech i
867
nsteado ft hei nforma t
-
i
v eandf a lsi

a bl
ek hab ar
iyyah. Thise ndowst hes ituati
onde scribedi nav e r
s ewitha
vari
etyo f potentialexplana t
ions. Man
8
68
!fr
!n! al
sol endsthev ersesv ersatil
itythatf a
-
cil
it
atest he i
ri nt
e gr
a t
ioni ntov aryingpe rfor
ma ncec ontexts,whe remy ri
a dme anings
canb ea scribedtot hemde pendingo ntheo ccasiona ndthea udi e
nc e.
Ina ddi t
iont othei nshKi
yyah ,man !
f
r!
n !ca na ri
sefr
o mt heus eo fkin yah(i
m-
pli
cation):
I
hadn
ote
venr
ais
edmyh
eadf
romp
ros
tr
ati
on
Wh
enI
hea
rdt
hev
oic
e:
Iami
nfr
ont
[of
you
].
Theloveri
sappare
ntlypray
ing,whenthev oi
cebelongi
ngtot hebel
ovedinfor
mshim
thatheisi
nfrontofhim(AnisMi y
an
s,
Item5 )
.Ha st
heb e
lo v
edappeare
di nfr
ontof
thelov
ersothathewo ul
ds eehim,ifhejustra
ise
dhi shead?Orisheav isi
oninhi
s
eyes?I
sitthelove
r
spr a
yerthathassummo ne
dt heb e
lov
e d,orhashea ppe
aredt
o
8
67
I.
e.
,subj
unct
ivemo o
d,ques
ti
ons
,ex
hor
tat
ionse
tc.
Theo
pti
ono
fre
fra
ini
ngf
rome
xpl
i
cit
lys
tat
ing
thes
ubj
ectisal
sofr
equent
lyta
ken.
8
68
Pri
tc
he t
t200
4:107
108.

322
ruinthef or me rspr ay erb ys tand i
ngb e t
we enhi ma ndGo d?The rstlinea lsos ug g ests
thatthea ppe a ranc eo ftheb e l
o vedwa sa ntic ipa t
ed, b uthea ppe a rede ar
liert ha ne x-
pected.I ns hort,s uc hv e rse si ncitemo req ue stionst ha nof e ra ns we rs
.Ho we ver,i n
samt hisi sno tadi sadv ant ag e.Ins tead,i tma kess ama ne xtre me lyv ersa til
eS u
practicetha tca ns imul t
a ne ous lyc a terfo rthene edso fdif er entpa rt
ic i
pa nts. Ev eni f
thea udienc ewa smi x edt ot hee xtre me ,a sito fteni s,a ndc ons istedo findiv idua lswi t h
re
ne dlitera r
ys e nsitivit
ie sa swe lla silli
te ratel i
s t
ene rs ,the ya rea l
l li
k elyto nds o me
rel
eva ntme ssa gef roms uc hv e rses.
Thev ariousme a ning sa risingf ro mas i
ng lev erses ti
ll pres uppo sei nstinc ti
v e,int u-
iti
ver espo ns e.Ther e ma ini nge sse nti
a lq ua li
ty ,ma 4m% n f
r!n !(
the me -c
re ation) ,o n
theo therha nd, c anpo t
e ntiallyt ak et heg haz alt oamo rec e reb rall eve l
.Pr itche tte x-
plai
nsma 4m% n fr!n!t ode no t et heme tapho r-ma k ingpr o ce ssi nwhi chne wme ta-
pho r
ica leq ua t
ionsa rec re ate df rome x i
stingo ne s
. Theg
8
69
ha za lpo e t
s practiceo fc re-
ati
ngne wt he me sf ro ms tockpo eticima g esha sb ee nt hedr iv ingf o rceo ft hel ite rary
developme nto ft heg enre .S uc cessfulma 4m% n f
r!n!i sr ea l
ize dwhe nt hema 4m% ni s
newa ndf re shb uts imul tane ous l
yb as edo nar ecog nize da nt e cede nt .Thepr oce sso f
theme -crea tioni sr egul atedb yt hei +l
(
c orre cti
ng )o fama stera ndt hea rgume nt a-
tio
no nitsv a l
idityi sc arriedo uti nmu s hi rah s,thepo e tsgathe ri
ng s .I
ti simpo rta ntt o
empha si
zet ha te veni fb ase do nt hea ut hor
ss ubjec ti
v ee x pe rienc e,t heg ha z alss til
l
needt oc onf ormt ot hepo etica lco nvent ionspe rta
ini ngt ot hee stab l
ishe dma 4 m% nsi n
ordert orea cht hea udi enc e.
Ont hewho l
e ,q a wwa lir e perto ir
e sa rec ha racterize db yc ohe rentpo e tici ma ges
andt het he me so findi vidua lv erse sa ree as i
lyr ecog niz ab l
et ol istene rswhoa rea c-
quainte dwi tht hel a ng uag e.Al tho ug hs imi larc o nsistenc yc ha ra cterize spo etico euv res
ofmo sto ft hee s tablishe dpo ets,iti sins tarkc ont rastwi th,f o re x ampl e,t hepo etic
outpu to fRLmF .Hi sg ha za l
sa reg ene rallys tr
a ight f
or wa rd, butt he yc ov erani nc o nc eiv-
ablea rrayo fpo etici ma g esa ndt he me st ha ts eldo m ha vea ne stab li
she da ntec ede nt.
Thisc ontrib utest ohi spo r
t raya la sac rea t
iveg eniuswho sepo emsf ee lfresha ndun-
rest
ra i
ne db ypo e ti
cma nne risms . Ho we ve r,theB C
ips ideo fc o nsta nt l
yi nvent ingno vel
poetict heme sr unst her isko fma kingt hev ers e
sa rca nea ndi nde cipher ab l
et ot he
audienc es.Thi si spr ob ab l
yt hema inre aso nb e hindt heq awwa lspr edilectionf o rte xts
thate mpl oyc ommo nl yunde rstoo da nda ppr e ciatedpo etict he me sa ndi ma ges. No ne
ofthepo emsdi sc usse dint hepr ec edingc hapt e rsempl o yedma 4 m% nst hatwo ul dha v e
escape dtheg raspo ft heliste ne rs.
Aswa sno tede arlie
r,c o mpl i
c atedma 4m% na fr!n!wa sac e ntra lc harac teristico f
tzag% K
!po e try,whe rev er sesdor efert oe arli
e rpo e ticc o nve ntio ns, buta r es i
mul ta n-
eouslys oc o mpl ext ha tunde rstandi nga l
l the i
rnua nc e sr equi resc o ns i
de rab l
ei nt ellec-
tualef ortf romt hea udi enc e. S i
gni
ca ntly,thet extso ft zag % K
! po etsf romF i
g h@ nFt o
Bedil r
a r
elya ppe ari nt het we nt i
eth- cent uryq awwa li antho l
o giesa nd, asfa ra sIk no w,

8
69
Pr
it
che
tt2
004
:93
.

323
theya rene ve rs ungb yt heq a wwa ls.Ther easonb ehindt hea ppa r
e ntav oi
da nceo f
compl icat
e dma 4m% nsi spr oba blyt heur getoe sche wex cessiv eint ell
ectuali
smt hat
wo uldimpe dei mme diateg raspingo ftheme aningo fthevers e.Theq ua li
tiesofra vn!
,
rabt,
-kai
yyat ands h ori
shs ervet hispur poseb etter.
Theo ccasiona lsimpl i
cationo fpo etr
yb yt heq awwa lss ug gestst hatstrai
g htf
o r
-
wa rdma 4
m% nsa reb e t
ters uit
e df ormus i
calpe rforma ncest ha ne xc eedinglycompl i
c-
atedo nes.Itwa sno teda bo vewhi l
edi sc ussi
ngKa mi l
sghaza lsinpe rforma ncetha tin-
dividual v
erse sc ant ransformi nt hec o urseo far elative
lysho rtpe riodo ftime .Inthe
caseo fKa mi l
spo ems ,thec ha nge sha vet husf arb eenmi no ro nest ha tdono tne ce s
-
saril
yc hang et hes e ma nticme aning ,b utr ende rthev er
sesmo rea k intot hes po ken
l
a nguag eandt husmo rea ccessible.S ome time se nti
r ema 4m% nsa ret ransforme d, a
nd
inc aseswhe nt wov a r
iantr ea ding so fapo eme xi
st,theq a wwa lsus uall
ya do ptt he
mo res i
mpl eo nef ort hepe rf
or ma nc e.Thef o l
lowi ngv ers
ef o undi nt heNa valKi shore
editiono fD!vn -iNiy zde scri
b est hel ovef o
rNi z @
\ma l
-DFnAul iy@[
. Thev ersedo esno t
na met heb elove d,butt her esto ftheg ha zali
de nti
eshim, andt hewo rdmab % b(
be-
l
o ved)imme dia tel
ya ssociat
eswi t
ht hes aint
spo pulara ppe llationsMa bb Lb-iI l
@hF
(
TheDi vi
neBe lo v
e d)andMa bb LbP @k(
ThePur eBe l
oved).Thea ppe ara
nc eoft hree
wo rdsde ri
ve df romt hes ameAr ab i
cr oot(ta+v!r,mu +
avvir,+ %ra t
)i nt hes econdl ine
cons t
itute
st her he t
o ricaldev i
cek no wna sis
h ti
q q.
z
i-
sha
uq-
iD
is
hq-
ima
bbLb@
ncun@
nga
sht
amt
ihF
azk
hvud
k
iht
a_v
Fr-
ammu_
avv
irda
rka
sha
dba
r_Lr
at-
i@h-
e8
70

Y
ear
nin
gfo
rth
ebe
lov
edh
ase
mpt
ie
dmef
rommy
sel
f
We
rea
nar
ti
stt
opa
int
myp
ict
ure
,hewo
uldma
kei
ti
ntot
hef
ormo
fas
igh
.
Theverserevol
ve sar
oundthema4m% nofthelove
r
sema ci
ati
on.Hewither
sinhisl
ove
tosucha nextentthat
nal
lyonl
yas ig
hr emains
.Thes i
ghi
ng,however,
emptieshi
m
fr
omhi ms el
fand, b
yimpli
cati
on,
l
lshi
mwi ththebel
ov e
d.Thisva
ria
ntisneve
rhe a
rd
i
nc ontempo ra
rys ama s
sembli
es,astheq a
wwa l
s,l
ikeMo hamma dAhme d(Chil
la,
It
em5 ),
ro ut
inelyoptfo
rthemo r
estrai
ght
forwardvar
iantfo
undintheAg r
aedit
ionof
D!v
n-iNiyz:
z
i-
sha
uq-
iD
is
hq-
ima
bbLb-
ii
l@
hF@
ncun@
nga
sht
am
k
iht
a_v
Fr-
ammu_
avv
irda
rka
sha
dba
r_Lr
at-
i@h-
e8
71

Th
epa
ssi
onf
ort
heDi
vi
neBe
lov
edh
asma
demel
i
ket
his
We
rea
nar
ti
stt
opa
int
myp
ict
ure
,hewo
uldma
kei
ti
ntot
hef
ormo
fas
igh
.
Theve
rsehasbeens
impli

edandtheref
erencetothebel
ovedhasbe
enma deex
pli
ci
t.
Thebel
oved(mab %
b)thatwa
sonlyhint
eda tinthe
rs
tvers
ionha
stra
nsf
o r
medinto
theDi
vineBelo
ved(mab %b-
iil
h!)
,lea
vingnodo ubtabouthisi
dent
it
y.Theenti
re
8
70
Niy@
z,D!
vn(1
876
) ,
31.
8
71
Niy@
z,D!
vn(1
929
) ,
71.Theve
rsei
snotfo
undint
hea
bri
dgedve
rsi
onsoft
hepoeminc
ludedi
nthe
Na
ghm tant
holo
gie
s,butitfea
tur
esinSu
r %
d.Se
eNLral
-Mas
an,Nagh
m t35
6;F@
rLqF
,Naghmt
,187
;
Mer
aj
, S
u r
%d,6
465.

324
ma 4m% no fbeco mi ngempt yo fo ne s
elfbysighingha sb ee
ne ditedo uta ndt hejavb-i
dav int heseco ndl i
neno ws impl yde mo nstr
a test hes tat
eo fthel overbya ne xample
(t
ams !l
) .
TheAg rae dit
iono fD!v n-iNiyzwa spub lishedunde rthes uper vi
si
o nofthe
saj
jd anash!no fKha nq ah- e-
Niy aziya,in1929a ndwhe ne verthereisac ho i
ce,itgiv
es
preferencetot hes imple ra nde xpl ic
itl
yr e
li
g i
ousr eadingo vermo rec ompl exo nesfa
-
vouredi ntheNa valKi s
ho reedition. Thesea r
ea l
sot her e
ading sfoll
o wedb yt hecon-
te
mpo raryq a
wwa ls.
Eve nasq awwa lsav o i
de vok ingc omplicatedma 4
m% nst ha thav ede velopeda c
-
cordingt oho r
izo ntal
,hi stori
ca llines,theyc apitalizeo nt hev ertic
ali nterconnecte
d-
nesso fpo eti
ct he mesa ndi ma ges .Fore x
ampl e ,e laborateserieso fg ir
a hve r
sesfre
-
quent l
ypi ckupama 4m% nfromt hes al
ienttex ta nde x panditb yconne cti
ngr elat
ed
ma 4m% nswi t
hi t,asint hec aseo f Ift
ekhar
sseq ue nc eof vers
eso npr ostrati
on( saj
dah)
dis
c usseda bove.Int hec a seoft hemo stcommo nma 4
m% ns,thea s
so ci
ationswi t
hr e
-
l
atedma 4m% nsi nt hemi ndso fthel ist
enersac qua int e
dwi thq awwa l
ir epert
o i
rescan
bet akenf orgranted. I
co nicv ersese xpandi ntone tso fme aning sevenwhe nt heyare
note laboratedwi thing i
r ahs
.Thef amo usversea ttributedtoAmF rKhus rau( Chil
la,
It
em3 )isac as
ei npo int:
I
o?f
ery
ouah
und
redc
res
cen
tmo
onso
fDF
d
Th
ear
cho
fyo
ure
yeb
rowsi
sou
rcr
esc
ent
.

Thema 4
m% no fas ac
ri
ceo nthedayof!dc ombinestwoi nt
erconnectedima g
e s
i
ntoac haino fme ani
ngs.Thec urvat
ureoftheeyebro
wso fthebelo
v edislik
eac res-
ce
ntmo onforwho sesakeahundr edcres
centmo onsdeservetobesacri
ced.Ina ddi-
t
ion,thecurvatur eoftheeyebrowsisli
keac urvi
ngbladeof aswordthatisusedt oc ut
t
het hroatoft hes acr
i
cialanimal.Theabo v
ev er
sedo esno texpl
ici
tlyrefertot he
mo r
eg ra
phics ideo ft
hes acri

c e,
yetiti
spr e
sentintheb ackgro
und. Incontrast,a n
Urduv e
rsebyBa h@durSh@ hZ\
afaromitst
hee xpl
ici
trefe
rencet ot
hee yebro
wsa ndin-
st
eade mphasize sthecurveoftheswo r
d:
Oc
oqu
ett
is
hid
ol!
Att
hemo
men
tof
bei
ngk
il
le
d,I
exp
eri
enc
edaj
oyl
i
ke[
int
hed
ay]o
fDF
d
Wh
enI
sawt
hec
urv
atu
reo
fyo
urs
wor
dinf
ron
tof
me,
ita
ppe
are
dli
keac
res
cen
tmo
on.
8
72

Alt
houghe ac
hv er
seempha siz
esapa r
ticul
arface
to fthema 4m%n, t
hewe bo fpoet
ic
themesandima g
esissotightl
yk nitt
hata l
sotheuns t
atedaspectisevoked.I
ns am,
thewellknownma 4m% nshavet headvantageofbroadeningthes co
peo fint
e r
pret
a-
ti
onspo t
enti
al
lyderi
vedfromt hev er
ses.Thi
sisas i
gni
cantperf
o r
ma ncestr
ategy
,as
well
,si
nceitfac
il
it
atesenti
cingthema x
imumef ec
tb ysingi
ngthemi nimuma mount
oftex
t.Suchama l
gamationofpo eti
calandmus ic
alcon v
e nt
ionsfaci
li
tat
esanua nced
me t
aphori
caldis
courseo ndiviner e
ali
tiesthatli
esint hehe artofthepr act
iceof
sam.

8
72
Theghaza
ltowhi
chthi
sve
rsebe
longsi
spa
rto
fMe r
ajAhmed
sre
pert
oir
e,b
utheo
mit
sthi
sve
rse
f
romS
ur%d
. S
eeMe r
aj
,Su
r%d,
222.
Fort
hefull
gha
zal
,se
eZ\
afar
,Ku
ll
iy
t,
17.

325
Me
tap
hor
ic
ald
isc
our
sea
ndi
mag
ina
tio
n
Ul t
ima tely,thedif e rentwa yso f a
na ly si
ngpo etr yall stri
v et oa ns we rt heq ue stio n:ho w
do espo etrywo rka ndho wdo e sitaf e ctthea udi enc e?Theq ue stioni sno ta l
wa yse x-
plici
tlyphr ase d,b uti tr e ma insi nt heb a ckg ro undo fs c ho l
a r
lydi scus sionso npo etry.
Ther e searche r
sde cisio nc onc e r
ni ngt hepo rtraya lo fapo etict exta lsodi ctate sthe
outco meo ft hea na l
y sis.Ift hepr emi sei stha tpo etryde s cribest hea utho rss ub ject
iv e
expe r
ienc e s
,t heb iogra phi ca la ppr o achf o ll
o wsna tur ally.I f
,o nt heo the rha nd,t he
po emsa ree nv i
sio ne da same anst odi s
pl ayo re ve npr o mul g ater eligiousi de as
,i t
wo uldb ena t uralt oa na lyset he ma spo lemi co rmi s si
o na rya ddr esses.Ba sedo nt he
useo fpo etict extsi ns ama sse mb lie s
, Isug ge sttha tt he ya re ,int hispa rti
c ula rco n-
text,ame a nst oe vok ee xpe rienc esi nt hel istene rsa ndi nt egra tet he see xpe rienc est o
theirreligiouspr a ctice. Thi si sf arfro mb e
ingano v el i
de a,y ett her ea renos tudi eso n
Supo e t
rya ppr oa chi ngt het o pi
ce x plici
tlyf romt hi spr e mi se.Ast hedi sc uss i
o no n
thef orma ndme a ningo f gha z alsint hec onte xto fsama ndq a wwa limus ici ndi cate s
,
thepe rforme rss ee mt oc o ns cious lya v oide v ok i
nga no ve r
t l
yi nte l
lectua lr es pons e
throug ht het e xtst he ys ing .Ins tead, the irc ho ic eo fte xtsc allsf ori mme dia t
e ,mo r
ei n-
tuiti
vepe rcept ion. Ho w, the n, doest heme ani ngo fpo etryt ak es ha pe ?Wha tma kesa
gha zalsuc hac on veni entme dium t odi s c
us sc o mpl icate dt opi csl iket her ela ti
o nshi p
of Goda ndahuma nb eing , orv uj
% d !me taph ys ics?I na ddi tiont ot hee v ocatives ound-
scapea ndpo we r
fulmo ods , t
hes o ngt extso fq a wwa l
ir e l
yo nt hepo we ro ft heme ta-
pho r(ma j
z)a ndt hepe rc ept i
o no f me tapho rst hro ughi ma g i
na tio n( kha yl).
Theme t
a pho rica lla ng ua geo f po e t
ryha ss o me time sb ee ns e ena st heS u swa yt o
avo i
dt hec ens orshi po ft he iri de as.Dr essi
ngr a dica lrelig i
o usi de asi nt heg a rbo fco n-
vo l
utedpo et
ici ma ge st ha to nl ythea dept sc a ni nte rpre tha sb ee nv o l
unt eer eda sthe
reasonb ehindt heS us eag erne s
st out i
lizea ndde v elopt heme tapho rsfoundi nwi ne
andl ov epo etr y
.Thi sma yha v ea ppl iedi ns o mes pe ci
cc ir
c ums tanc es,whe reS us
l
iv edint heo utskirtso ft hes o cietya ndo pe ne xpr essio no ft he iride asc o uldha v e
riskedpe r
s ecut i
o n. Ho we ve r,dur ingt hepe rio ddi s cusse di nt hi ss tudy ,theS usha v e
be ens opr omi ne nti nt he irr es pectiv es ocie tiest ha tthe yha veha rdl yne ede dt ov e i
l
theiride asi npo e ticme tapho rs.Noa utho rwr iti
ngpo etryo rS u ma sterpa tronizing
itsmus ica lpe r f
orma nc eha sint hiss tudyb ee na na nt i
- estab li
s hme ntr ebe lo bje ct
ing
ther el
igio uso rt
ho do x y.Ont hec ont rary, t
he yha vepe r
c eiv edt he ms e l
ve sasr e pr esent-
ativeso fno rma tiveI slam.Ther ole so fa n lima ndaS us he ikhha veb e enl argely
ov er
lappi ngi nI ndi as inc et heS ulta na tepe rio da ndt he irpa rt
ia lsepa rationb eg ano nl y
dur i
ngt hel atterha lfo ft heni ne teent hc entur y .Altho ug ht hepo etrydi scuss edi nt he
ab ovec ha ptersut ilizesme ta pho r
ica llang ua g e, i
tsi ntende dme a ningi nt hec ont exto f
sami st rans pa rent .Er o ticv e rsesr e fertot her e
la ti
o ns hipb et we enahuma nb eing
andGo do rb etwe e naS u di sc iplea ndhi sg uide .Me t
a ph ysica lv erseso nt he
ma nifestationo fGo dss elf-disc losur eina llphe no me naune q uiv ocallyr efert ov uj
% d!

326
co
nc e
pt s
.Thereasonforusingme taphori
call
anguag
ethuslie
ss omewhe r
eels
e ,
than
i
na nattempttocur
bt hev o
icesofcri
tics
.
Ofc ourse
,me t
apho ris
rstandf ore
mo s
tapo et
icco
nv enti
oning haza
ls.Wine
r
epresentslov
e,motha ndc andlereprese
ntthelov
erandtheb el
o v
ed,andac ypre
ss
t
heb el
o ved
ssta
ture.Itissi
mpl ythewa ythethi
ngsareexpress
ed.AtharNas
s(
d.
1
980)co ntempor
aryv e
rse,ma defamo usbyFari
daKhanum, e
x pr
essest
heg i
stofthe
matte
r:
L
oveh
ast
urn
edi
tsb
ackt
ome
.Sh
oul
dId
esc
ri
bei
tsc
ond
iti
onn
ow?
Nok
ind
nes
sisl
ef
t,
nof
uryi
sle
ft
.Sh
oul
dIc
omp
oseav
ers
eth
ati
str
ue?
87
3

Whe nl o veha sg rownc o l

da nde vo ke snof ee l
ing s,itc annomo r es ervea sma terialfor
poe t
ry.S uchl ovedo esno tre f
ertoa ny thi nge lseb uti t
s el
f andat rut hfulre present ation
i
sdo o me dt ob edul landde voido fcha rm. Theg haz al i
sno tme antt ob er e al
isti
co rto
saythi ng sdi rectly.Me tapho ri
cl a ng ua gei spa rto fi tsc ha rma nda nimpo rtantc on-
sti
tuento fi tsa est heticef e c
t.Ne ve rthe less,i no r
de rtowo rka sapo et i
ct rope ,t he
me tapho rc anno tb eful l
ya bs t
ra ct,b uti tha st os temf roms o me thingt owhi cht he
audienc ec anr elate.Thee xperie nc eo ft hephe no me no nus e da same tapho rina
gha z
a ldo esno tne edt ob epe r
so na l,b utal istene rha stoha veape r
cept iono fi t
. For
exampl e ,ma nyMus limsa relikelyuna c qua intedwi tht hea ct
ua lef ectso fwinea nd
thefe eli
ngo fha ng overt hatfo l
lowsi tsc ons umpt ion. Ye ttheg ha zal poetsc anr elyo n
themha v i
ngs omek indo fideao fit,s ot heyc anc o nt i
nuee vo kingt hema 4m% nint he i
r
verses.
Fro mt hepo into fv iewo fS u pr actice ,thisi sa lsowhe ret hev alueo fame tapho r
l
ies.Me tapho rtha tus esthehuma ne x pe ri
e nc esa st hes tartingpo int,ha st hea bili
tyt o
sub l
i
ma tet he mi nama nnerc apt ure di nt heAr ab icS u ada geMe tapho ri sab ridget o
ther eality (
a l-
ma j
zq a nt
a rahlil-a q!qa h). Thes
87
4
a yi
ngdo esno tr efers olelyt ot he
me tapho ra sapo eticde viceb utt ot her oleo f perc eived, corpo rea lre al
it
y( ma jz!)a sa
bridget ot hei nvisible,diviner ea l
ity(a q!q!).Thus ,me tapho rical,huma nl ove( Di
sh q-i
ma jz!)c anl eadt or eal,divinel o ve(i sh q-ia q!q!).Thei de ao ft heme tapho ra sa
bridget ot her eall eadst ot hec o nce pt ua l
iza tiono fthe set wor ea l
itiesa spa rtso ft he
samec ont inuum, no ta so ppo si
te s.Thi si sa lsot her e asonwh yma nyS uma ste
rsha ve
empha sizedt hes igni
c anceo fe xpe rie nc i
nghuma nl ovea sapr er equisi
tepr epa ration
fordiv i
nel o ve.Its ho uldb eno te dt ha tc o ntraryt owha tNi leGr ee nsug gests
,me t a
-
pho r
ica llo vedo esno tde no t
epl atoni cl ov e,b uta l
s ot heph ysica ldi me ns i
onso fhu-
ma nl ove . Thi
875
slo veisno tme ta pho ri
c al i
nt hes ens et ha tthel o vewo uldb ee na cted
solel
yo napl at
o nicl evel.Instead, theme tapho r ical natur eo fhuma nl ovea ri
sesf rom
i
tsr ol
ea sar e BC
ectio no fdivinel ove .
Theme tapho rica ll
a nguag eo fpo etryi so neme anso fmo vingf romc o rporea land
huma ne x pe rie
nc ea longt hec o ntinuum t o wa rdss pi ri
tua la nddi viner e alit
ies.S i
nc e
8
73
Tr
ans
cri
bedfr
omF ar
idaKha
num,I
nConc
ert
IV,
tra
ck1.
8
74
Onadi
scus
sio
no ft
hisco
ncept
int
hepo
etr
yofGhul@
mF a
rFd,
seeS
hac
kle2
006
.
8
75
Se
eGree
n2 0
10:3
07

327
theexperie
nc eso fthea udi enceareapr erequisi
teforafull
yf unc ti
oningme ta phor,the
univers
ali
tyo fe xperienc i
ngl ovema kesitespe c
ial
lyfruit
fuls o urc
eo fma 4m% nsa nd
poeti
ci mages.Ac co rdi
ng ly,thepo etrype r
forme db ytheq awwa lsrepeatedlye vokes
passi
onatelove. Someo ft hei t
ems ,li
keI f
tekhar
spe rf
orma nc ea tAnirMi yan
sho use
(It
em5 )a r
ea mb i
guo ustot hec or
ei nt hesensethatthe yofe rnoc l
ueswha tsoeveras
totheinter
preta ti
ono fthev erse
s.Mo r
e o
v e
r,theme taphorical dis
courseo fpa s
siona t
e
l
o veissostrongt ha tita ls
ope rvadespo etrythatpr ai
sesthePr opheta ndS usaints.
Theinterminglingo f devo t
ionalande ro t
icima ge
sise s
pe c
iallys eamlessintheg haz al
s
ofKa mil,whe ret hes ainti soft
e nt heb elovedo fthepo em.Thef oll
owi ngv erse
(Khanqah-e-Kami l,Item7 )descri
be stheef ectoftheb elo
ved sg a
zeinac o
n ventional
ma nnerexceptt hatther a d!
f r
evealstheidentityofthelover
so bje
ctof ador
a tion:
S
eei
ngy
ouh
ast
hise
?f
ect
,Et
ern
alHe
lpe
r
Ga
zet
ake
spr
idei
nga
ze,
Ete
rna
lHe
lpe
r.
Theus eo fa mb iguousme tapho ri
c allangua g eef ec ti
v el
yb lurst hei nterpr et
ivef r
ame -
wo rko ft heg ha zals.Wi tho utt heme ntiono fDAb da l-Q@ dirJ F
l@nF ,fore x ampl e
,t he
versec o uldj usta swe llb er eada sl ovepo e try.Inhi sdi scus siono nmy sticalpo e t
ryi n
Persian, deBr uijnha sno t
e dtha tthev ague ne ssoft hel i
ne sdi sting uis
hi ngs ecul ara nd
my stical i
npo etryha sc aus edseriouspr oblemsf orthei nt erpr e
ta ti
o n.
Wha
87
6
tispr o b
-
l
e ma ticf ort hes cho l
a rss t
rug gli
ngt ointe rpre tandc a t
e gorizepo e t
ry,ho we ve r,i
sf or
Susav i
ta lme anst or ende rpo eticv ersesame aning fulpa rto fS uprac ti
c e.Thei nt er
-
ming lingo fhuma na nddi vine,pr ofa nea nds acredi npo e t
ryr e BC
ectst heb roader
conc epto fthe s
er e al
iti
e saspa r
tso f onec o ntinuum. Thea i
mo fs ami st oe sta bl
isha
mo v eme ntf romt hef orme rt othel attera ndt hisise xa ct
lywha ta mb iguo uspo eti
ce x
-
pressionsdo .Thea mb ivalenc eo fpo eticme tapho rsi sfur the rac centua tedwhe nt hey
arec omb ine dwi thmus icwhi cha ls
oi sa b stracta ndl ac ksc learlyde ne dint erpre ta
-
ti
on.
Iti she ret hatt hec ontex to famus ica lpe rf
o rma nc ea ss
ume sac rucialr olei n
transformi ngpo eticme tapho rsa ndmus i
ci ntoapo tentpr a c
tice .Thedi scus sioni n
PartIr e ve ale
dt hes i
gnicanc eo fa da btha tg o ver
nst heo rganiz ationo ft heo c casion
andt heb e haviouro fthepa rti
c i
pa ntsi nthispr ocess.The
e ldo b s
e rvati
o nso fc onte m-
pora rys amc orrob oratethisa ndf urthe rindi catet ha teve nt heph ysical environme nt
bea rsre l
e vanc etot hei nterpr etati
o no fpo e ti
cme ss age. Fore xa mpl e,dur ings a ma t
theme di tationc ellofNi z@
\ma l
-DFno rinfr onto fhi st omb , theq awwa lsfre que ntlyr e
-
fer
r edt ot heha ll
o wede nvironme ntwhi l
epe rformi ng .Thus , apr ono unc edlyr e l
igious
cont exto fmus ica ndpo etr
yha st hepo t
e ntialt odi rectt hel istene rs
expe rienc esto-
wa rdss piritualg oals.
Aswa sno tedi nP artIo fthiss tudy ,Chi shtia utho rsha veb e ena wa reo ft hef a c
t
thatas pirituala ssociati
o nisno ta l
wa yse stab li
shed. Itispo ssiblet hatal istene rrefe r
s
hiso rhe re xperienc esdur ingt hes a mt ohi so rhe rlov elife,fo re xampl e ,
ins teado f

8
76
DeBr
uij
n19
97:
3

328
diviner e al
itie s.Ho we ver,t hec o nse quenc eso fs uchaf ailuref r omt hepa r
to ft he
l
istene ra reno tne ce ssarilydr ama tic. I
tdo esno tne ces sa
r i
lyl eadt omo ra lc orrupt i
o n
andde pr avity.Al tho ug hs uc ht o yingwi t
ha mb igui t
iespe rtai
ni ngt ohuma na nddi vi
ne
hasof er edaj us tc a usef orc riticst oc o nde mnt hepr actice,nume ro usS u
s,b oth
Chisht iNi za mi sa ndo t
he r s,ha vede eme dt hepo tentialb ene
t so ft hepr acticef ar
greate rt hani t srisk s.
Thepr efe renc ef ora mb iguo usme t
a pho ri
c all ang uag et hatf r eque nt lye mpl oys
para do xic a
ls tateme nt si si nt ima telyc onne c ted wi tht he e mpha siso nk h ayl
(
ima gina ti
o n)a mo ngt heS u
ss ub s
c r
ibingt ot hev u j
% d!scho o l
. Intere sting ly
, thea s
-
sociatio no f thepr ac t
icewi thv u j%d !ideass ee mst oha veg rowns t ronge rs inc ethes ev-
entee nt hc e nt ury, whe nAbma dS irhind Fe s
ta blishedt hes hu h%d !s cho ola nds tro ng l
y
spok ea g ai
ns ts a m.Dur ingt hee ighteent hc e ntury ,Ka lFm Al l@ha ndhi sf ollowe rs
eme r geda st hes taunc he sta dv oc ateso fb o tht hev uj% d!scho o la ndt hepr acticeo f
sami nI ndi a .
Thes i
g nica nc eo fk h aylf o runde rstandi ngGo dha sb eene lab ora tedb yI b n
D
Ar ab Fa ndhi sf ollowe rs.Kh a yl isat e r
mt hatha so nto l
o gicalme aninga st hei nt erme -
diater ea lmb etwe e nt hes piritua la ndc orpo r
e alwo rlds.I tisa lsot hehuma ns oul
(nafs)whi chc onne c t
shi sb o dy( jism)wi tht hes pir i
t( r%) .Ina ddi ti
on, iti sahuma n
faculty, o ft
ena s
s ocia tedwi tht hehe artinstea do ft heb rai
n, thatc anc o mb inemut ual
oppo sit
e sint ophe no me nawhe r ethe ye xists i
mul t
a ne ously.F ore xa mpl e, itist hef ac-
ultyt ha tc anc ompr ehe ndGo dss imul tane ousi nc ompa rab i
lity(ta nz!h)a nds imi l
a r
ity
(tashb !h). La yinge mpha siso nt hef orme rwo uldt otallyde tachGo df r
o mt hec re ati
o n
whe re asf oc us i
ngs o lelyo nt hel a tt
e rwo uld, acco rdingt oI bnD Ara bF,leadt oa s s
o ciati
ng
othe rswi thhi m( sh i
rk )
.Thus ,k ha yla l
o nec anpr ov i
deahuma nb e i
ngwi t
hab a l
-
anc edo ut l
o oko nt het ota li
tyo fGo dsself-disclosur e( tajal
l!).I
877
ta lsof a cilit
a t
e sthe
unde rs tandi ngt ha te very thingi sGo da ndno t
-Go ds i
mul t
a neo usly.8
78

Ame t
aph ysic alv u j
% d!a ppr o acht ha tdo esno tshuna wa yf romt hedi vinepa ra-
dox es ndsaf or tuitousc o mpa nio ni ng ha zalpo eti
cst ha tco nsc iouslye vo kea mb igu-
it
ies. Ac c ordingt oI bnD Ar ab F,i
na ddi ti
ont ope rc ei
v i
ngt hee x i
ste nceo fc o ntradi ctory
phe no me nas imul t
a ne ous ly,k hay lg ras
pst he mt hro ug ha ni nne rpe rce ptio nt ha tres-
ultsinas ens o rye x pe ri
e nc ewi tho uti nvo l
v i
ngt heph ys i
cal senseo rgans .I
87
9
nt hec ase
ofag ha z al
, thepo e ti
cs ta teme nt si dea l
lya ppe al tot hea udi enc edi rectly, wi tho utde -
touringt hroug ht heb rain,a nde vo kes imi l
a rs ens orye xpe rienc e.P ara do xicals tate-
me nt si npa rticula rf orcet hea udi enc et or eso rttot heirk h aylr athe rt ha nr easo n
(aq l)o rl ogic al tho ug ht. Thi sist hea ppro acho ftheq a wwa ls,aswe l
l,whoi nt hepe r
-
forma nc ek e epi nt e nsifyingt heef e ctso fthet extb yc ons t
a ntl
ya lterna tingb etwe e n
thec o nt rastings tate me nt so fa ni ndiv i
dua lv ersea ndb e t
we e nthes ali
e ntt exta ndt he

8
77
Chit
ti
ck19
94:72
73.
8
78
Foradet
ai
leddi
scus
si
ono
nva
rio
usme
ani
ngso
fkh
ay
l,s
eeChi
tt
ic
k19
89:
11
21
24.
8
79
Chit
ti
ck19
94:70
.

329
adjuncti
tems.I
nthewo rdsofAmerLa
tif
,t
heq a
wwa l
sperf
ormpe rpl
exi
tyra
thert
ha n
usereaso
nt or
esol
veit
.8
80

Li
kelovepoetr
yempl oyi
ngambig
uousme t
aphor
s,theghazal
so nvuj
%d!the
me s
inv
a r
iabl
yrefr
ainfr
ome xpl
ai
ningt
hei
rme t
aphys
ica
lstat
eme nt
s.Thefol
lo
wingverse
byKa mil(
Khanq a
h-e-
Ka mil
,It
ems5and12)ques
ti
onstheindiv
idualex
ist
enceofthe
l
o v
e r
:
Wh
ati
smyb
ein
g?E
ver
yth
ingi
shi
sex
ist
enc
e,h
isma
nif
es
tat
io
n
Ho
wig
nor
ant
ish
e,wh
oma
kesmes
tepf
orwa
rd.

The
rstli
neo ft
hefol
lowi
ngvers
e(Khanqah-e-
Kamil
,I
tem6 )pr
ese
ntst
helove
r
asamirr
orinfrontofthebel
ove
d,whil
ethesecondli
nehi
ntsatthemet
aphys
ica
ldi-
mensi
ono fthesi
tuat
ion:i
nst
eadofhi
mself
,thehuma nl
overs
eesaspar
kleo
fthedi
-
vi
ne.
Wh
enI
bec
omeami
rr
ora
ndp
lac
emy
sel
fi
nfr
ont
ofh
im
I

ndad
ivi
nes
par
kl
einb
ein
gah
uma
n.
Suchv ersesa r
ei mme diatelyi dent ia
b lea sv u j%d
!s tateme ntsb yt hel isteners.Ho w-
ever,theydono te xpl ai
no rjus t
ifyt heire xcla ma ti
o nsa bo utt heo nene sso fe xistenc e
,
forinstanc e;fors o me oneuna cqua inte dwi tht het eaching so fIb nDAr ab Fa ndhi sfol
-
l
o wers,the yrema i
no paq ue.
Gha z al
so nv ad a tal-vuj% dsho u lda lwa ysb ed iscusse dwi t
ho utl osings ighto fthe
genrescha ract
e r
is ti
cl i
teraryc onve nt i
onsa ndt hef unc t
io nst hea uthorha sa ssi
g ne dto
them. Gha z al
sd if er,fore xampl e
, fro mt heo re t
icalpro set reatisesi nwhi cht hea uthor
endea vourst oe x plaint hes ub j
ec tma tteri na na cce s
s i
b lema nne ra ndv a l
i
da t
ehi s
clai
msb yr ef
erringt odi scur si
ves ourc esc o mmo nlys ha redb yMus li
ms ,tha ti s,the
Ko r
ana ndt hePr ophe tict raditions .Thi sappr oachc ha rac t
e ri
z espr oset r
e ati
se se ven
whe nt hea utho rc laimst oha v
ea cq ui
r edhi sk nowl e
dg ea sar esultofdi rectwi tne ss
-
i
ng .IbnD Ara bF
,fore xampl e ,c l
aime dav i
siona ryfounda t
io nf orhi sk no wl edge ,ye the
str
ovet oe x pla
int hes ev i
sionso ns e veraltho usandso fpa ge sus ingl ang ua gea ndt er
-
mino logyt hatco uldb eunde rstoodb yhi sfello w-Mus lims .
Int hec aseo fag haz al
, ont heo the rha nd, aS ua utho rc andi s
pe ns ewi tht hisa r
-
gume nt ati
v eappa ra tus.Inste ado fa ttempt ingt ojus t
ifyhi sc laimso ns cri
pt uralb a s
is
,
hec anma k eas tate me ntt ha tme re lyhi ntsa tt heme taphy sica ldo ctri
ne st hro ug hse-
l
e ct
edt e c
hni c
a lt ermsl ikev uj
% d(
e xist
e nc e)o rt aa yyu n( i
ndi vidua le xiste nce,
enti
cation).Liket heme t
a pho rst ha tpr esuppo s
eapr iore xpe rience ,thea udi ence
hastob epr iorl
ya cq uaintedwi tht hev uj%d !me ta
ph ysicsi no rde rtob ea blet oc a t
ch
thea ll
us io
nso fthepo etict extsa ndr elatet he mt ot heb roa derme t
a ph ysicalfra me-
wo r
k .Ot herwise, theyd ono tful
l theirfunc tionint hepr acticeo fSusma ndr ema in
non-my sti
ca l
de script i
onso fphe no me nal r
e ality.
Insteado fb eingc ohe re nt,the o r
e ti
cale xpo s
itionso fS u me taph ysics,g ha zal
s
shows udde ng li
mps e so fvu j%d!ide asinpo we rf
ul,sur prisinga nde vens ho c
k ingi m-
8
80
L
ati
f20
07:
621

330
age s.The sei ma g esha v et hepo t
ent ialt oa ctua li
zet hepr i
o rlyl ea rnedt he oreti
c a
l
kno wl edg ea ndt ur ni ti nt oa ne xpe ri
e nc et hati si nc orpo rate dt ot heb eingo ft he
l
iste ne r
.Ani ndi vidua lv erseo fag ha zali sl ikeal i
ght ningb oltt ha tthr owsi nt ense l
y
brightl ighto no nef a ceto f ac e rtai
nt o pica tat ime .Itc anc onta inauni ver seo f me an-
ingst ha ta ree xplor edi nmus icala ssemb lie sa ndwhe nt he ya ree xha uste d,a no ther
vers eiss ungi no rde rtoi ll
umi nates omeo the ra spe cto fthes amet opi c.Thi si sluc i
dly
il
lus tratedi nt hepe rforma nc eo f Niy@z
sg ha z a l
e ndi ngwi tht her a d!
f j
oh os oh o(
come
wha tma y).Ea chv e rseo ft heg ha zal toge the rwi tht her u b! andg i
ra hv e rsesr epr es
-
ente dade tourt ot hev ariega teddi me ns ionso fl o ve. Ho we v er,t hec o nspi cuo usr ad!
f
pul l
e de a cho f t
hev erse sto wa rdst hes a mes t ateme ntl i
k eama g ne t
: thel ov erha stob e
pre pa redt oe nco unt era ny thinghec o me sa cro ssinl o ve.
Ho we v er
, poe trype rf
o rme di ns amdo e sno tme relys ervet hef unc ti
o no f ma king
thepr ior l
yl ea r
ne dt he oret i
c alk no wl edg ea live.I ta lsof a cil
ita tesat heo log icala nd
me ta ph ysical di
s cour set ha two uldb eo uto fpl ac eine xpo sitorypr o seo ri nt hemo re
dida cticpo eticg enre s.Itf acilitatesa ni n- de pt hdi s
c ussiono nt hec ont radic tionspe r
-
tainingt ot hena tureo fGo di nI sl
ami ct he olo gy, i
ng ene ral, andi nv u j
% d!t ho ug ht,in
par ticular.Ing ha zals,S ua ut ho rscane nq ui rei ntot he sec o ntra dictionswi tho utb eing
bot he redb yt heo ut comeo ft he ire xplo ratio ns. The ya reno to b l
ige dt or ea chc onc l
u-
sions ,b utc anc api tali
z eo nt hef eeling so fb ewi lde rme nta ndpe rpl ex i
ty.Theme ta
-
pho rica ldis courseo fpa ssiona telov ef ur t
he rmo rea llowspr ob ingt hec lo ser e la
tion-
shipb etwe e nahuma nb einga ndGo d, oraS u disc i
pl ea ndhi sg uide ,b yt ur ningt o
roma ntica nde vene roticima ges.
Sa mt huse me rgesa sas pa ceo fint ens eS upr a cti
c e,whe r ethepo etica ndmu-
sical amb i
g uitie
sa r
ec ha nne le df orspi ri
tua l g oals. I
ti sa l
soas pa ce, whe r
et hea uthen-
tic
it yo fthet e xtisno tapr ima ryc onc ern, s inc ei tsus eisj us ti
edb yt heo ut co me .Ifa
texti sa ttributedt oAmF rKhus ra ua ndf ort hisr e a
s one vo kess trong ere x pe riencei n
thel istene rstha ni fitwa sa ck no wledg eda sawo rko f aHy de raba di na wa b, i
t sfunc tion
isful
ll
e d.Thi sisi nc o ntra stwi th, f
o re xa mpl e,the olo gical andl ega ldis c
o ur seswhe re
dec isi
o nsaf ec t
ingt hel ifeo ft hel arg erMus limc ommuni tya r et ak en. Ins uc hf r
a me-
wo rk ,thea uthent icityo ft hes cripturei se sse ntialfo rr eac hingade cisiont ha tc orres
-
po ndswi t
ht hewi llo fGo d. Thi sa lsor eq uir ese x ertingl og icalt hink inga ndr ea soning
inc o ntra s
tt os a m,whe ret hepa rticipa ntsa rer e
q uiredt os ur r e
nde rthe ms e lv
e sto
thed i
v i
nei nrushe st ha tma yo rma yno tma ni f
es tthe ms e l
v esinmus ica ndpo etry.
Ther elianceo na mb iguo usme tapho rsa ndv u j
% d!t he ma tic sc ha racte rizese spe-
ciallyf orma l sama sse mb l
ie s,whe r
eaS u ma sterg uide shi sdi sciplesa ndwhe r
et he
qawwa l
s pe r
fo r
ma nc ei se sse ntiall
ys ha pe di ni nte r
a ctionwi tht hel istene rs. Ho we ver,
thedy na mi cso ftheo c casio nc hang es ignic ant ly,whe nt hec o nt actb etwe e nt hepe r
-
forme rsa ndt hea udi enc e,o nt heo neha nd,a ndb e t
we ent hem! r-ima la ndt he
l
iste ne r
s,o nt heo ther,di mi nishe s.AsIha v ede mo nstrate de l
s ewhe re,t hisha ppe ns
alsoi nt heNi z amuddi ns hr i
nedur ingpr o gra mme st hatc atert oab ro ade ra udi enc e.

331
Thef unc tionso r
ga nize db yPi rAhme dNi zamia ttheUr sMa ha la reac asei npo int.
Here, t
hev enuei so rg anizedl ikei nac o nc ertandt heph ysicaldi st
a nceb etwe ent he
performe rsa ndt hel istene r
si si nc rease d.Thepr ogramme spr esentS usmt ot he
outsi
dewo rlda nda ddr essno n-Mus li
msa ndno n-SuMus l
ims .The yf eatures pe eches
thatarguef ort heIsla mi cfounda ti
o no fS usma ndt hes i
gni
ca nceo fSusma sapa r
t
ofIndianhe rita g
e. Co rrespo nding ly,theq awwa lss i
nguna mb iguo uslyr eligi
o uspo e tr
y
andi temst ha ta rek no wno uts i
det hel imi tedS uc i
rcle
s,s ucha sHi nda vipo ems
att
ribute dtoAmF rKhus rau. Altho ughq awwa lii
sa tUr sMa halpe rf
o rme di nt hes hrine
context,themi xeda udi enc ema kest heo ccasionsmo r
eak i
ntoac o nce rttha nas a m
assemb ly.
881

Whe nq a wwa liisf ullyde t

a che dfr omt hec ont e
x tofsam, i
tste xtua lcont e
nta l
so
changes .Iha vede mo nstratedi nt woa rticl
e sdi sc
us si
ngr ec
o rdedpo pula rq awwa l
i,
howt hepo et i
cdi sco urseb e come si ncr e
a singlypo lemicalandde votiona l.Thel yricist
s
andpe rfo rme rspur g et hepo eti
cl ang uag ea ndr idt hepo emso fthe i
ra mb ivale
nc eb y
explai
ni ngt heme tapho rso ro mi t
tingt he ma l
together.Thisef ectivelyf ettersthee f-
fec
to fthi sliteraryde vi
c ea ndde privest hea udi enceo fthepo ssibili
tyo f
ndi ngmy ri
-
adc onno ta t
io nsint hepo e t
ry.Ins ama s
semb li
es,theme tapho rs ervesa sab ridge
betwe ent hev isi
b l
ea ndt hes piritualr ea l
iti
e sa ndt hehuma nl ove rha sac ha ncet o
me etthedi vineb e l
o ve d.Inpo pul arq awwa lipo etr
y, t
heme t
a pho risnol o ngerf unc-
ti
ona la ndt hel istene rsr ema inwha tt he ya re:Mus l
imsa spiringt ob e comeb e tt
er
Mus l
ims ,de s t
itute,l osta nds inful,de pende nto nthet ranscende ntc rea toro rs ai
nt l
y
i
ntercess i
o n.S imilarly,t het rans cende ntGo dr e ma i
nst r
anscende nta ndt hePr o phet
ands aintsr ema i
nr e mo t
ei deals.Ins uc hs i
tua t
ion, t
he r
eislit
tles co pef ort hehuma n
anddi vinet ome eta ndi nte r
ac t
. Thepo e trylo o
s esitsmy s
ticalpo tential andb ecome s
str
ictl
yr eligiousI sl
a mi cpo e t
ry.8
82

8
81
SeeVii
tamk
ifo
rthc
omi
nga.I
tisi
mporta
nttoe
mphas
izet
hati
naddi
ti
ontotheprog
ramme
sat
theUr
sMa hal
,Pi
rAhmedNiz
amior
gani
zesa
ninti
mat
esa
ma ss
embl
yatTa
q-iBuz
urgaswel
l.
8
82
SeeVii
ta
mki201
1and2
014
.

332
CONCL
USI
ON

Duet oi tsc o mpl ex ity

, sam isadi
cults ub jectfo ras t
udyt ha taspire sforac o mpr e-
hens i
vea ppr o ac h. Likeapa ra do xicalv erseo fag ha za l,sam keepst ransfor mi nga c-
cordingt ot hev a nt agepo into far esearche r.As am a ssemb l
yi sme antt oc a t
e rf or
spiri
tualg oa l
s, b uti tisa l
soa no c casiont oe njoyr ene dmus ica ndpo etry.AsaS u
practice, itisa sso ciatedwi the xpe rienc eso fpa i
na ndg rie f
,b utitisa lsoas o urc eo f
aesthetice njoy me nt .
S tri
c ta d abc ontrolst heo ccasion, b utt hel i
stene rs houl di de ally
bea blet ol oset hec ont r
o lo verhi m-o rhe rself.Whi let hepr es cribedo b jecto f sam is
amy sti
c als tat e,i tiss imul t
a ne o uslya no cc asi
o nwhe repr ofe ssi
ona lq a wwa l
sma ke
theirliving ,a ndv isiblede alingwi thmo ne yc onstitutesak eye leme nti nt hei nte r
a c-
tio
nb etwe ent hel istene rsa ndt hepe rforme rs.Altho ughe achl i
stene rs houl di de ally

ndhi so rhe rpe rsona lc onno tationsi nt hee x

pe r
ie nce sins tiga tedb ypo etrya ndmu-
sic
,s am isa lwa ysac oll
e ctiveo cc asi
o nwhe reso cialb o ndsa ndhi e rarchie sa ree n-
acteda nds treng the ned. Thel ega l stat
uso ft hepr acticer ema i
nsc ontes t
e da ndi tsthe -
oreticalframe wo rkr ema insl oo selyde ne d. Thisispe r hapst her easonwh ysa m ca n-
notb ele arne df ro mb ook s.Whi lema nua lso ndi ferentme ditati
vet echni que sa nd
prayersha vepr o l
ife ra
te ds inc et heda yso fKa l)
mAl l*h, the rei snoha ndb o oko fsa m
availabl
e . I
ns te ad, itspr ope rpr acticei slea rne dinal i
v ee n viro nme nt, unde rt heg ui d-
anceo faS u ma ste r
.
Int hi ss tudy ,Iha vea ttempt e dt oa ppr oachs am t hr oug hab ro adr ang eo f
sources,b o tht e xtua lande thno gr aphic. Ac kno wledg ingt hedi culti
e sin volvedi ndi s-
cussingt hispa rti
c ularS u pr actic e,Iha vec hosent of o cuso npo etrya ndpo eticc o m-
muni catio nb etwe ent hepe rfo rme r
sa ndl iste ners.Thisha sf ac il
itateda na lysingt hea s-
pecto fs a m tha tt ouc hesa llthepa rt
icipa nt s
, whe the rt he yb epo ets, perfo rme r so r
l
isteners.
Thet ex tsa na lysedi nP artIo ft hisstudyc overthr eev e rydi
ferentpe riodso fIndi -
anhi story :thef o unda tiona lpha seo f I
ndo -Pe rs
ianc ultur edur ingt heS ultana tepe ri
o d;
thel at
eMug ha l pe riod, whi chf o llowe dt hemo stleg enda rya ndo pule ntpha seo ft his
culturedur ingt hehe y dayo ft heMug ha ldy nasty;a nd,
na ll
y, thet rans i
tionf ro mt he
colonial pe riodt ot het imeo f af o rma l
lys ec ularna tion- s
ta tedur ingthet we nt i
e thc e n-
tury.Indi sc uss ionspe rt
a i
ni ngt os am ,c e rt
aint he me sha v epe rsistedt hr o ug ho ut
thesepe rio dsa nd, mo reo ver,thee xampl eo f theS ultana tea ndl a t
eMug ha lSu
si ss til
l
beinge vo ke db yc o ntempo ra rypr acti
tione rs.
Whe nS u b ro therho odswe r e
rml ye st abl
ishe di nt her e l
igiousl ands ca peo fI n-
diadur ingt het hirte e
nt hc e ntur y, Niz*
1ma l
-D) nAul i
y* 2eme rgeda sak e ygur ei nt he
deve l
opme nto fs am .Thi si ss i
g nicantc o ns i
deringt ha thewr otenob o okst oa r ti
c u-
l
a t
ehi side a s.Ins tea d,itwa shi spe rsona lex ampl e,whi chwa sr ecordedb yhi sdi sc i
pl es
inma l
f z ta ndt a kirah sa nddi ssemi nate dt hroug ho utt heI ndianS ub cont ine ntb y

333
hisk h a l
fah s,t hati mmo rtalizedhi sa ppr o ac ht os a m .I na ddi ti
o nt os uper bly
ful
l
lingt hee x pec tationso fame die valS u ma ste r
,hi sc a ree rb roug htt ogethe ra
numb ero ff act orst ha ts ignicant l
ys ha pe dt hef utur ede ve lopme nto fs am inIndi a.
Hewa ss ens itivet ot hee
fe ctso fmus i
ca ndpo etrya ndma na g edt oa ttra ctpo etsa nd
mus icianst ohi sc ircle.S omeo fthe m, likeAm) rKhus r
aua ndAm) r4a s an, bec amehi s
closedi scipl es.Be ca useo ft his,Ni z*
1ma l-
D) ne me rge da sapa trono fpo e ti
ca nd
mus ical a rt
st ha tco mb ine dins am
. Hispa trona gewa sno te sse nt i
a ll
y na ncia l
,buti t
l
e adt ot hepr ofe ssi
o na lizationo fs am andi nt r
o duc eda e sthe tic sa sak eyc oncerno f
thisSu prac ticei nt heI ndi anc o ntex t.
Ni z*
1 ma l
-D) na lsoe stab l
ishe dt hemo de lfors t
a unc ha dv o c acyo ft hepr acti
c eo f
sam .Ag ain,hi spa radi gma ti
ce xampl ei sno tb as edo nhi so wnwr iti
ng s, buto nhi s
actions .Theo nlyt imehea ttende dt hec our to ft hes ul tandur inghi ss ixty-ye a
r-long
careera saS u she ikht o okpl a cewhe nhi spr acticeo fs am wa sc ha ll
e ng e
db yt he
cri
tics.Hi st ri
umphb e ca meo neo ft hehi st oricalk eymo me nt sr eto l
db yt hes ub-
seque ntg ene ra tionso fChi shti Niz ami s.Thei nc ide nta lsoi ns pi re dt hewr i
tingo fle gal
treat
ise si nde fenc eo ft hepr ac ticeb yhi sk h a l
fahF ak hra l-D) nZa rr*d) .Hi sRi salat
ula l-sa m r etaine di tsr ele vanc ef o rtheb rothe rho oda ndwa sr epub lis
he di nt he
l
a t
e -
nine teent hc ent ur ywhe ns a m wa sde no unc e d,pe rha psmo rev e he me nt l
yt ha n
everb e fore, b yt heMus limr eformi stso fDe o ba nd.
Itwa sa lsodur ingt hes amepe rio dt ha ts am a cquir edas pe c i
cf unc tioni nt he
broade rf r
a me wo rko fS upr ac tices.Thec o nc eptua ldi stinc tio nb e twe ens am a nd
otherS upr act i
ce sb eg inst oe me rgei nS i
y ara l
-au liy, whe reAm) rKhv urdl inkst he
forme rwi tht hedi sc our seo fpa ssiona telo ve. Instea do f disc us sings am to getherwi th
techniq ue st ha ta ima tg radua llypur ifyingt hehe a rtthr o ug hde termi ne d,q uotidian
practice ,hel ink sitwi tht heo vera l
lg oalo ft heS u pa tha ndpo rtray si ta sas pa c e
whe reahuma nl ove rc a ne na cta ndr e al
izehi so rhe rre latio ns hipwi tht hedi v i
neb e-
l
o ved. Thea sso ciationo f sam wi thpa ssi
o na telo vea l
sol e dt of o cus ingo nl ovepo e try
durings a m . P oetry, espe c i
a l
lywhe ns ung ,wa sfo rNi z*
1 ma l-D) na ndhi sf ollowe rsa
me anst ob ro a de nt hes c opeo f lang ua geb e yondi tsc onv ent io na l bo unda riessot ha tit
almo stt o uc he dt her ea lityt hatc ouldno tb ee xpr essedi nwo r ds.I nt hi sf unc t
ion,i t
servedt hepur po seo fs calingt hec ont i
nuum o fl o vef rom huma nt odi vinedur i
ng
sam .
Itiss i
g nic antt ha tNi z *
1ma l-D)nwa se ssent i
a ll
yi nte re stedi nt hepr ac ti
ca lsi
deo f
sam ,no tini tst he ory. Thef ewt he ore t
ica lpa ssa ge ssta ndi ns tarkc ont rastwi tht he
nume ro usde scriptionso fs am a ssemb li
e sa ndt hedi sc us sionso nho wt oo rgani ze
sucha no cca sio ns ot ha titwo ul db e stser vet hepur poseo f b eingame ditativea nde c-
stati
cpr a ctice. Int heS ul tana tet ex ts
, themo stimpo r
ta ntme a nst oa c hie vet hi
sg oal
wa sad a b .Niz *
1ma l
-D) na ndhi sfo ll
o we rswe reo f t
heo pi nio nt ha tthepe rmi ssibil
ityo f
sam ,a swe lla sitse fec to nt hel i
ste nersde pe nde de sse nt i
a ll
yo nt he irmo tivati
o ns.
Ho we ve r,the ywe r
edi
c ult(if no timpo ssib l
e )tomo nito r,a nds ot hea d abt ha tli
ste n-

334
erswe ree x pecte dt or igoro us l
yf ollowe me rge da st heS u ma s terspr ima ryt oo lt o
guidehi sdi s c
ipl es.Ont heo neha nd, a dabs o ug httoe mpha s i
z et her e li
giousc harac ter
ofs a m b yi ns istingo nr i
t ualpur ity,re frainingf romt a lking ,a nds i
ttingi nr ows ,
there bya sso c
ia ti
ngi twi thr itua lpra yer.Ita lsos oug htt ol i
mi tt heph ys i
ca lmo v eme nt s
ofliste ner sa ndt husf ac i
lit
a tel i
ste ningt ha twa sundi stur be db yo ut sidedi stra cti
o ns.
Whe nb e ha viour so ccur ri
ngdur ingt hemy sticals tatesmo re o verc o ntradic teda da b
andma nife st
e dt he ms elvesa s,fo re x ampl e ,ho wl ing,l eapi ng ,c rawl inga ndt earing
one
sc l
o the s,suc hr estrictiver ule sa lsos erve da sat ouc hs toneo ft hea uthent icit
yo f
theses tate s.Ifal istene rstro vet oa dhe ret oa d abb efores uc cumb i
ngt oamy stical
state,thi ss tatewa sl i
k elyg enui nea ndhi sb eha vioura c
c epta b le.
Thea ppr o acht os am ar i
singf ro mNi z*
1ma l-
D) nspa ra dig ma t
ice x ampl ewa sf ur-
ther di s cus sed a nd r ede
ne d b y hi sl ate-Mug half o ll
o we rs Ka l
)m Al l* h
Sh* hjah* n* b*d) ,Ni z*
1 ma l-
D) nAur ang *b *d)a ndMa ul*n*F ak hra l-D) nDi hl av).The y
cont inue dt oa dv o cates a m ina ne n vironme nti nwhi cht heNa qs hb andiMuj addi di
oppo si
t i
o nwa sb e comi ngi nc reasinglyv e he me nt .Ho we ver,the ya lsoc ho seno tt oi n-
tegra t
et hepr actic et ot hede tail
e d, systema t
ics chemeo fme ditativea ndc onte mpl at-
i
v ete chni q ues .Thi sb e i
ngt hec ase, i
two uldha veb ee ne asyt ode -empha si
z et hec o n-
trove rsialpr acticei nf a vouro funi ve r
sa l
lya c cept edme di t
a ti
v et ec hni que slike ikra nd
mu r qa ba h. Ho we ver, t
hel ateMug ha lChi sht isk eptc ul t
iva tingt hepr acticea ndt he y
con ve yedi tt ot hene wg ene rationso fS udi s
c i
pl esa sav alua blee leme nto ft he
Chis hti Niz ami de vo ti
o na lreg i
me .
Thec o nce ptua l distinc t
io nb e twe ens a m andt her esto fS u pra cticesa lsoc rys-
tal
lize ddur ingt hi spe ri
o d.Es pe ciallyKa l)mAl l*h,themo stpr o l
ica utho ra mo ngt he
threema ste rs
, wa si n>?ue ntial inthi sr espe ct.Hee xplore dv ar iousme tho dso f ikra nd
mu r qa ba hi nKa sh kl,whe re i
name ntiono fsa m a ppe arso nlyi nt hev erye ndo fthe
boo k .Ho we ver, i
ti sno tame r
ea fte r
tho ug ht. Instea di tlink ss a m tot heo v erallgo al
oft heS u pr a ctice ,whi chf orKa l)
m Al l*hi st heb ewi lde rme nt( taa yyur,a irat)
arisi
ngf ro mt hee nc ount erwi tht hei mme ns eb eautyo ft hedi vineb e l
o ved.Ka l)m
All*ht husf ollowsS i
y ara l-au li
y,b utf ur the ra ddsadi stinc tlyme taph ysicaldi me n-
siont os a m
.Thepr a cticeisno tme re l
ya sso ciatedwi thpa ssio na telo ve, buta lsowi th
theme taph ysi
cso f vad a tal-vujda cc ordingt owhi cht hewi t nes si
ngo f thet otalityo f
Go dss elf-disclos urei ne vitab lyleadst ob ewi lde rme nt.
Thel a teMug ha lChi sht iNi za mi sdi feredf romt he i
rS ul tana tepr ede cessorsi n
theirs pe cicationo f themo stc onduc ivea ppr o acht olisteni ngt os am .Whi let hel at-
terha dno tc l
e arlypr ono unc e dwhe t
he ro nes ho uldi de all
ys tayi no ne
ss ense so rlo se
them, thef orme rt i
ltedt heb a l
anc ei nf avo uro f amo res o be ra ppr oa ch. Whi let he ya c-
kno wl edg edt heo cc urre nceo fsta tesdur ingwhi c hc ons cious ne ssa ndunde rstandi ng
we rel ost,t heyf re que ntlya sc ribedt he mt o> ?
e dg eli
ngS udi sc i
ple so rt oma j bs,who
arei nt het e xtss ee ns wo oninga f
te rex hib i
tingunc on ventio na l andv iolentb e ha vi
o ur s
.
Su ma s
te rs,o nt heo the rha nd, arenomo r
es ho wnc ryinga ndda nc ingl i
k ethe irS ul-

335
tana tepr ede cesso rs.The irs piritualc apacityma ni f
es tsitse lfa saf ul l
yi nterna li
z ed
state,a ndi ns te
a do f dwe llingi nt he irpe rsona le xpe rienc esdur ings a m
,the yc onc en-
tratet he ire f
ort so ng uidi ngt heirdi sc i
ples.S e veralpa ssage si nt hel a t
eMug halS u

textsma ker etainingo ne sc o nscio usne ssapr ere quisitef orb e t
t erint eg rationo fdi fer
-
ente xpe rie
nc esa risingdur ingas a m assemb lyi ntoo ne
ss piritua lwa yfaring.
Ano therf ace to fs a m tha ta ppe a rsint hel ateMug hals o urce si st heb ro adeni ng
attenda nc e
. TheS ulta na tet ex tshi nta tthepo pul ara ppe alo fNi z*
1 ma l-D)nsmus ic a
l
asse mb lies,b utt he irfo c usi so nNi z*
1 ma l
-D)na ndhi sc loses tdi sciple s.Dur ingt hel a t
e
Mug ha lpe riod, thec r owdsl iterallyfo rcedt he irwa yint ot heS us pr i
v ateg athering s.
TheS u ma s t
erst he ms e lve swe r
er el
uc tantt oi nvo lvea llands undr y, be causei tforc ed
themt oc ir
c ums c ribet hel i
s t
e ner sbe haviourt hatmi ghta ppe a rb izar reo rfri
g hteni ng
tot heo utside r
s. S i
mul t ane o us l
y, theya cknowl edge dt hes ig nicanc eo fb roada t
te nd-
anc ef o rs pre a
di ngt he irb ro t
he rho oda ndt he iri nte r
pr etatio no fno rma ti
veI s l
a m.
Co ns e
q ue ntly,the ya lsoe nc our age dt hepa rticipa tiono fev ery one , bo thme na ndwo -
me n, dur ingt he u rsf es ti
v ities.
Whi l
eo ner e aso nb e hindt hepo pularint e restins am wa snodo ubtt hev oy eur-
i
s t
icde siret owi tne sst heS uso ddb eha vi
o ur, re
ne dmus ica ndpo etrywe reno tin-
signi
c ant .Ev e
nt ho ug ht hewr it
t enwo rkso f thet hr eeChi s hti Niz ami ma sterse x
pr e s
s
ar ema rk ablypo sitiv ea ttitudet o wa rdsmus i
ci ng ene r
a l
,t he ya ret ac i
turnwhe ni t
come st odi scus singt hemus i
ca le leme nto fs am
.Ont hec o ntra ry,Da r
g *hQul )
Kh* n
st ravelog ueMu ra qq a-iDi h l
a ndKhv * j
ahMuBa mma dBul * q
sha giograph y
Sha vh id-ini zmpo rtrayt hemus i
ca lsoire so rga nizedi nd arg h sa ndk h nq
h sa s
signi
c antc ompo ne ntso ft hec ultura llif
eo fDe lhi. Espe ciallyt heNi zamuddi ns hr ine
eme rgesi nt hema sac ent reo fthec e l
ebrate dq awwa lspe rfor ma nc e s.Thet extsa lso
highl i
ghtc e rta
inde v elo pme nt st ha tc ha r
ac terizec ont empo ra ryq awwa limus ic.F or
exa mpl e ,thee ight ee nt h-c ent uryq awwa lspe r for
me da sg ro upsa ndwe rea sso ciated
withs ongf ormsl ik eq a ul,t ar na ha ndb adh vah ,whi chs tillf eatur ei nt heq awwa l
i
repe rt
o ires.The ywe rea lsopo rtr
a yeda sthehe irso f Am) rKhus rau smus i
ca landpo et
-
i
cl e gacy ,andt he rea r ei ndi ca tionst ha ttheirr e perto i
r eswe reg r
o wi nga partf r
o mt he
textua ll
yt r
a nsmi tte dpo etic alt r
a diti
o n. Whi lec onte mpo r
a ryq awwa lsa reuni versa ll
y
asso ci
a tedwi thAm) rKhus rau,t hec o nnectio ndo e sno ty eta ppe ari nt heS ul t
ana t
e
texts.
Eve nt ho ughb othS ul tana tea ndl ateMug ha lSu
sha de nc o unt ere do ppo siti
o nt o
sam
,t hei nstitut i
o nha d> ?our ishe da ndr ema inedpa rto fther ene d, highc ulture .In
thel ate -nine te
e nt hc ent ur y,t her eformi stDu l
a mse fortst ol aunc hv i
rulenta t
ta cks
aga i
ns tt hepr actic ea ndt ho sewhopa rti
cipa tedi ni tb oref ruit ;sam andt hemus i
c
asso ci
a tedwi thi tb e ca mei nc reas i
ng lype rceiv eda sso me thi ngv ulga ra ndde plor ab l
e
i
nt hee y eso fthe irpr o mi ne ntlymi ddl e-cl
a s
sf o ll
owe rs.
Ho we v
e r,theS u s,ma nyo fwho m we ret hems elvesr e formi stsi nt hes ens et hat
theys o ug htt ode net he iri nte rpreta ti
o no fno rma tiveI slamb ys c riptur alrea soning ,

336
att
e mpt edt oc ount e rs uc hc riticism. Ina ddi tio nt owr i
tingnume ro usl e ga lpa mphl ets,
thise nta il
e de vok i
ngt hee xa mpl eo fthepa s tS u ma s
te rs. Thi slineo fa rgume nta t
ion
wa se spe c i
a l
lyr eleva nti nt heI nd ianc onte xt ,whe remo str efo r
mi stswe reS u sa nd
thusc ouldno to ut righti g no r
et he irpr ede ce ss ors.Thus , tho sewhode no unc eds a m
empha si
z edt heS us wa rning sc onc erni ngt hedi r
ec o ns eq ue nce so fe ng a gi
ngi nt he
prac t
ic ewi t
hwr ongmo tivatio ns .Ot he rs,li
k eKh wa jaHa s anNi z ami ,f ocus e do ns tate-
me ntsa dv oc atingt hepr ac t
ice . Heno to nlye v oke dt hec o ur tc aseo fNi z*
1 ma l-D) nin
hisha g i
o gra phi cal Niz m ba nsu r,b uta lsoi nc o r
po ra tedpa ssag estha tha dt husf arcir-
culatedo nlyo rallyi ntot hewr itt
e nt r
a diti
o n.Thet ex ta lsof eatur es,po s siblyf ort he

rstt imei nI ndi anS u litera ture ,a rst

-pe rsona c co unto famy s ti
c ale xpe rienc e
caus edb ys a m
. Itiss i
g ni
ca ntt ha titi so nl yi nawo rkt ha tc omb ine sha giog raph y
andhi sto rywi tht hena rrativet echni q ueo fahi s
to ricalno velt ha ts uc hade scription
appe ar s.Ni z ami se lab o rati
o no fNi z*
1ma l-D) nspa radi gma tice x ampl ea tt
e mpt st o
demo ns trateho wa b sur di tist ode no unc eapr acticet ha ty i
e l
dss uc hpo we rful e xperi-
enc esa ndv a l
ua b ler esults .
Whi let het extsa na lysedi nP a rtIo ft hi ss tudyc o nt aini nva lua blei nfor ma t
ion
abo utt hedy na mi cso fsa m ,t he ys ayv eryl ittlea bo utpo etry. Thev e rsesr eco rde din
thec o nte xto fs am re vea ltha tt hepo e trys ungdur ingt he seo cca sionsdi scuss edpa s-
sionatel o veo rv ujd the me sa ndwa sno tdi da c ti
co rde v ot i
o na l.Al ltheq uo t
e dv e rs
e s
areP er si
a nr u b
so rv e rsese xc erpt edf romg ha zals,b utt het ex tsa lsome nt iont her ole
ofHi ndi po etry. Ho we v er,ino r de rtos t
udypo etryi nde pt h, oneha stof oc uso nt we nti-
etha ndt we nt y-rstc ent uries.
Ana ly si
ngq awwa li repe rt
o ire sisa sc ha lleng inga sa na l
y singt hepr ac ticeo fs a m
.
Ther e pe rtoire sa ree xt reme ly> ?uida nda c c
o mmo da ti
ve . Itiso nlyi nt her itua lc ont ext
thats ing ingc erta i
ni temsi so b l
iga tory. Othe rwi se,t hes ing ersa rea b lea nde v eno b -
l
igedt ode cidewha tt he ys ingi ne a chi ndi vidua lg athe ring .Thepo e msa vaila blefo r
qawwa l
st oc ho osef ro mc ove rt ext swr i
ttenb yb othS u sa ndno n-S usi nP ersian,
Urdu, Hindi a ndPunj ab i.Theo l
de stt ex t
sa ref romt het we lfthc entur y, whi lene wo ne s
arec o nsta ntlyi nt roduc ed. Thepe rpe t
ua ltr ans forma tiono fther e pe rtoire sise vident
fromt hef ac tt ha tv irtua ll
yno neo ft hepo emsme ntio ne di nt het e xtst hata redi s-
cussedi nP a rtIo f thiss tudyi ss ungb yc onte mpo raryq a wwa ls.
Iti sdi
c ulttoc lassifyt hisv astr ang eo f tex t
si name a ning ful wa y .Fo rt hisr ea s
o n,
Isu gge stedme relydi v idingt he mi nt oc o r
ea ndv ary i
ngpa rtso ft her epe rtoir e.Thi s
ma ke sunde rstandi ngt her oleo findi vidua lpo e msi nag i
v ens am a sse mb lypo ssible
andf a cilitatesa na na ly si
so ft he i
rr e ception. Int hi sc las si
c ation, thec orer e pe rtoire
compr isest hec lassicsa ndo blig ator yritua lite mst ha ta nyq a wwa l de siringt ope rf
o rm
inapr omi ne nts hr i
neo rtoac o nno isseura udi enc ene edst ok no w. Thec or ere pe rtoi
r e
iswe ll-kno wna mo ngt hel iste ne rsa nds ong sb elong ingt oi ta re,g ene ra ll
y,we llr e-
ceived. Thev a ryingr e pe rtoirec ove rst hei temst ha ta res ungi napa r ti
c ula rshr ineo r
kh nq ho ri nc onne c tionwi thpa rticularr itua l
so rc eleb ra ti
o ns. Ina ddi tion, t hes ig-

337
natur es ong so fr espe c ti
v eq a wwa lso ftenb elongt ot hisc l
a ss,a l
tho ug ht he yc ana lso
bes pe cial versi
o nso f wi de ly-k no wnc lassi
c s.
Ino rde rtopi ecet o gethe ramo rede tailedpi cturea boutt heg enera lc ha ra cterist
-
i
c so fq awwa lire pe r
to ires, Ia na lysedt hr eet we ntieth-ce ntur ypo etica nt ho lo giest hat
we repub l
ishedf o rb o tht hepe rf
o r
me rsa ndl istene rspa rticipa ti
ngi ns am .Whe n
suchc o l
le c
tionsa r
ea na lys edt oge t
he rwi thr eco rding sa ndc onte mpo rar ype rf
orm-
anc epr actices,t he yo feri nte resti
ngi nf orma tiona bo utt hede velopme nt so ft he
reper toiresa ndt her e ce ptio no fthewo rk so f anyg i
v enpo et.Int hi ss t
udy , Ifo cus edo n
thewo rk so ftwopr o mi ne nta utho rs,J*m) andAm) rKhus r
a u.
Ana lysiso fJ * m)
spo emsr e vealst ha ts i
nc et hepub li
c ationo fNGra l-4a sa n
s
Na gh m t-isa m i n1 93 5,t hes e l
e ct
io no fhi spo etryi nc l
ude di nt heq awwa lir epe r
-
toiresha si ncrea sing l
yg r
o wna partf romt hel iteraryt r
a dition.Ont hewho le,t he
po emsa ppe a r
ingi nt heq awwa li antho l
o gie sa ndpe r
forma nc esr are l
yr epl ica tei nf ull
thel iteraryv ersio n.Al tho ug h, theyus uallyb ea rar esemb l
a nc ewi t
hi t. Int hec aseo f
J*m), ho we ve r
,thel inkb etwe e nt heq awwa li r
e pe r
to ir
e sa ndl itera rytradi tio nha sb e
-
comet e nuo us.Thi sde velopme ntha sg oneha ndi nha ndwi tht hene wlyde ne dr o l
e
all
o cate dt oJ*m) . Hei snomo rea na utho ro fimpa ssione dg ha z also nlo v ea ndv ujd
theme s,b utan a tpo etpa re x cellenc ewhoi sb es tkno wnf o rhispr aiseo ft hePr ophe t.
Thec ont r
as tb etwe ent heo ra l
lyt rans mi tt
e dq awwa lir epe rtoiresa ndt hel iterary
traditioni se veng rea t
e rint hec aseo fAm) rKhus rau. Hispo emsa refreq ue nt lya sso ci
-
atedwi thl egenda rya cco unt sde scribinghi si ntera cti
o nwi thhi sS ug uide .Of ten
thesel e genda rya cco unt sa rea ssociatedwi thpo emst hata reno tpa r
to ft hee stab-
l
ishe dl iteraryt ra dition,b uta ppe art oha veb e ena ttribute dt ohi ml a ter.Mo sto f
Khus ra usP ersi
a npo emsi nt heq awwa lir epe rto i
resa r
eno tfo undi nhi sd
v n s,and
the rstHi ndipo emsa ttribut edt ohi ma ppe a ri nt extua ls our ceso nlyi nt hee ight-
eenthc e ntury.TheHi ndir e pe rtoirei sa lsob eingc ons tant l
ye labo ratedt hr o ug ht he
qawwa ls reatt
rib utiono fpo e mst ohi m. Thi sisa tl eastpa rt l
ya na ttemptt oa ns wert o
thei nc reasedde ma ndf ors uc ht exts.Altho ug hP e rsians killsha v ea llbutdi s appe a red
evena mo ngt heS out hAs ia nS us,Khus rausl eg enda ryf ameha sre ma ine di nt act.In
ordert ono nethe lesspr o videpa tronswi tht extst he yc a nunde rstand,q a wwa lsha ve
start
e dt oe mpha s izea nde mb e ll
ishhi sHi ndi re pe r
to i
re .As imi lara ppr oa chc ha racte r
-
i
z esthe ira tti
tudet ot hepo emso fJ *m) :thef ocuso nn atpo etryr e >
?ectst hei nc rea sed
signicanc eo fthePr o phe ti nt hede vo ti
o na llif
eo fS outhAs i
a nS usa ndi sa na ttempt
toc o unt eractt her efo rmi stsc la i
mt ha thewa sme r
e l
yapa ssivec hanne lo fGo d
s
revelation, whoha dnoi nte rce sso r
ypo we rso ras pe cialo nto l
o gica lpos i
tio na st he
r s
t
create db e i
ng .
Ho we ver,as tudyo fpo etryi ns a m i sb oundt ore ma i
ns ug gestiv
ei fi ti ss ole l
y
basedo nl iterarya nt ho logie s,b ec ausee ac hpo emi sdi stinct l
y,uni q uelys ha pe ddur ing
ape rfor ma nc ethr oug ht hei nt era cti
o nb et we ent hel i
ste nersa ndpe rf
o rme rs. Thee th-
no graphi cs ectiono ft hiss t
udydi scus sedpo et r
ya ndpo eticc ommuni c atio ni nt he

338
co ntex to ft heD ursr itua lsa tt heNi za muddi ns hrinea ndi nf o urv erydi fere nts am
asse mb lie so rga nize di nDe lhia ndHy de ra ba d. Int her itua lc ont ext,theq awwa l
sha d
tof oll
o wt hepr es cribe do rde ro f song s,a ndt he yc o nc ent ratedt he ire
for t
so nb oo sti
ng
thea l
re adyc ha rg ed, jubila nta t
mo sphe re.Ho we ver, int heo the rco ntex tsthe yne eded
toc areful l
ya da ptt he i
rpe rforma nc e st ot hene e dso ft hem r-
ima' (la ndo t
he r
l
iste ners .Itwa sa lsoi nt he seo ccasio nst ha tt hel i
s tene rst oo kamo rea ctiv er olein
sha pingt heq awwa ls per f
o rma nce s.
Att heChi lla,t hehi sto ricals i
teo fNi z*
1 ma l-D) nsj a m a t
kh na h,t heq awwa ls
evo kedt hes a credhi s t
or yo ftheChi sht iNi z amib ro ther ho odb ys ingingP e rsi
a na nd
Hi ndis o ng sc lo selyc o nne ct edwi t
ht hes aint .The ya l
s oe mpha sizedt hepa ra digma tic
ma ster-disc i
pl er elatio nshi pb etwe enNi z *
1ma l
-D) na ndAm) rKhus ra uino rde rtoo fer
thec ont e mpo raryS u dis ciplesac ha nc et os treng t he nt he irb ondwi tht he irg uide,
Kh wa jaHa sa nS a ni.I tisa lsos i
gnica ntt ha tKh wa jaHa sanS anispo sitiona sar e cog-
niz edc o nno isseuro fpo etrya ndmus ice nc o ura gedt heq awwa lstoa spiref orno velty
int he irpe rfo rma nc e s.The yt r
iedt or ealizet hisg o ale itherb ys i
ng ingr a rely-hea r
d
po emso rb ya dhe ringmo rec loselytot hec on ve ntio nso fc l
a s
s i
c almus ic.
Int hee ve ningo ft hes a meda y ,t hef ollowe rso ft heb ro therho o dg a there df or
sam inKh wa j
aHa ll.Theo cc asi
o nwa smo rea c commo da ti
ng ,andag reate rnumb er
ofq a wwa l
ig ro upspe rforme d. Sa m atKh wa jaHa l
lwa sa ne xcellente xampl eo fthe
une v enne sst ha to ftenc ha rac teri
zesl ongs a m ass emb lies.Vi rtuo sope rf
o rma nc eso f
celeb rate dq awwa l
sl ikeMo ha mme dAhme dWa rsi a ndMa jidWa rsiwe ref ollowe db y
singingo fa ma teurpe rf
o rme rs.Ho we v er,e ve nt hef o rme rpa le di nc o mpa ri
s onwi t
h
thea ppe aranc eo fS ha he edBa relwia tt hev e rye ndo ft hea sse mb ly.Hes ungaf airly
we llk no wnUr dug ha zal byNi y*z,b uthi spe rforma nc eme twi tht r
e me ndo uss uc cess
andma det heo cc asio nuni q uelys pe cia l
. Kh wa jaHa sanS ani, them r-ima' (l,shared
wi thhi sdi sc i
pl est heme ani ng sheha dune arthe df ro mt hepo ema ndt hust raine d
the mt ode e plyl istent ot hepo eti
ct exta ndpl a cet he i
re xpe ctationso ftheq awwa l
s
pe rf
o rma nc eshi gh.Thes ub se quenthi s t
o ryo fNi y *z sg ha zali nKh wa jaHa sa nS anis
sam a ssemb liesf ur theri llus t
ratedt heS u gui dese fo rtstos a fegua rds am fromo s-
si
ca ti
o n.Ha vinghe a rda b o utt hes uc ce sso fS ha he e dBa relwi
spe rforma nc e,o t
he r
qa wwa lsb e gunt os ingt hepo emi nhi ss am a sse mb li
e s.Ho we ver,a fterac oupl eo f
yea rs,whe nt hepe rforma nc e sha dl o stt he i
rf re shne ss,hes to ppe dt heq awwa lsf r
o m
singingt hepo eml ik eheha dpr evio uslydo nei nt hec a s
eo fo t
he r,o nc es uc cessful
it
e ms .
AtAni sMi ya n
sho me , sa m wa so rga niz edo uts idet hed a rgho rk hn q he nv i
r-
onme nt . Altho ug ht heo rga nize r
sma deac o ns ciouse
for ttor e pli
c atet hei de alstand -
ardpe rfo rma nc eso ft heNi z amu ddi ns hr ine ,theo cc asio nr ese mb ledmo reapr ivate
mus ical co nc erto rmu sh
ir aht hanas a m a ssemb ly .Asac o ns eque nc e,theq a wwa ls
we rea l
s oa b let oe mpha si
z et he i
rs ta tusa sa rtists. Iftek harAhme dde mo ns t
r at
e dhi s
virtuo sitywi tht hes ongt ext sb ysho wc asinghi sa ma z inga bil
ityt of orgene wc omb i
na -

339
ti
o nso fs alie
ntt extsa nda djunc titems .Hewa ss os uc ce ssfuline nc hantingt hea udi -
enc et hate venhi sa bridgeme nto ft hei co nicQa u lwe ntunno ticed.Whe ni twa s
Ghul amHa sna in
st urnt os inga fterhi m, hef o undi tv erydi
culttoa fectt helistene r s
afterI f
tekha r
spe rfo r
ma nce .Thel atterpa rto ft heo cc asions howsho was am a s-
semb lyc a no cc asiona ll
yt ur ni ntoame r
ef orma l
ityi ft heq awwa lsf ai
ltoe ng aget he
l
istene rsattention.
S am assume dama r
ke dlydi f
e rentf orma tKha nq ah-e -Ka milinHy de rab ad. Be -
i
ngi nnowa ya t
tac hedt otheNi za muddi ns hr ineo rt heChi shtiNiz amib rothe rho o d,
theo c casionf e at
ur e dadi stinc ts el
e ctiono fpo etry.Theo b li
ga t
oryr it
ua li t
e msQa ul
andRa ngwe res ungi nt he i
rpr o perpl a ces, buto the rwi set heq awwa l
sc o nc entra ted
ont hepo etr
yo fKa mi l.Ka mi lha sal ege nda ryf a mea sapo etamo nghi sfo l
lowe rs.
Mo reo ver,seve ralse niorl i
stene rsha dape rsona lre co l
le ctiono fhim, whi cht ur nedt he
occ a
s ioni ntoac e lebrationo fhi spo et i
ca nds piritua ll ega cy.Thema j
o rityo fs alient
textswe rewr ittenb yKa mil,b utt heq a wwa l
sa l
sowo o edt he i
rl i
stenersb ye mpl oy ing
excerpt sfr om hi spo e msa sa djunc ti tems .F urthe rmo re,t hel ist
ene rss ug gestedt o
thems uitab l
ev e r
se sa nd, occ asiona lly,cor r
e ctedt he irr ea dingo fKami l
spo ems .
De s
pitet hedi v ergente nv ir
o nme nt sa ndt hes ele ctiono fpo et
r ytha tv ar i
eda c-
cording l
y ,certaina s pectsc onc erningt het ex t
ua l co nte ntr ema inedt hes amet hr oug h-
outt hepe r f
orma nc es.Co nc e ntra t
ingo nt he sea s pec tsf ac il
itatesac onte xt-
se nsitiv e
readingo fpo etryt ha tta kest hepe rforma nc eint oc ons ide ration. Apr omi ne ntc ha ra c-
teris
tico fa ll
thes am assemb liess tudi eda b ovei st hec ent ralit
yo fthepo e ti
cme ss ag e
andt her ichne ssa ndv ari
eg ationo ft het extua lc o nte nt.Thet exto versha do we dt he
mus ic,a ndo ns ev eralo c c
a sions ,leng th ymus icali mpr o visationsa ctuallyr uine dt he
cha r
g eda tmo sphe rec rea t
edb ypo etry.Int hec a seo fS ha he edBa r
elwispe r
fo rma nc e
atKh wa j
aHa l
l,them r-ima' (la ske dt heq awwa lst or efrainf rom mus icale lab or a-
ti
o ns.Whe ne vert heq awwa lsint roduc e dne wv erse so f theg haz alt
ot hepe rforma nc e,
hea sk edt hemt o rstr epea tt hem wi tho utt hei ns tr
ume nt ala ccompa ni me nts ot ha t
thelistene rsco uldf ullyg raspt he irme ani ng.
Theq a wwa l
s efortstoc o mmuni catet hepo e ticme ssag etot hea udie nc ea ndt he
audie ncese f
o rtstounde rsta ndi ta rea lsoc o nspi cuo us .Re gularre petit
io no fpo e tic
l
ine sa si
de ,de v is
ingr enedc o mb i
na tionso fv e rsesr e liespr e ci
selyo nt hel istene rs
abili
tyt oc at
c ht her esulti
ngme aning .Pr efa cingas alientt extwi thar ub
ha slittle
valuei fthel i
ste nersf ailtoa ppr eciatet hei nter conne cte dne sso f t
het wo .Thes a mea p-
pliest otheus eo fg ir
a hv erse s.Gr aspingt henua nc esi nt roduc edb yt heg irahv erse s
presume st hea bi
lityt or e>?ectt he irme ani nga gains tt hes alientt e
x tintowhi cht he y
arei ns e
rte d.Ev ent ak rrt ha tc a na ti tss impl estr e semb le i
kr-l
iker epe t
itiono fa
saint
sna mec ana tb estf a
c i
lita t
ede lvingi ntot het e xta ndl eadt oune arthinge ntire l
y
newa ndunpr edicte dme ani ng sfr omt hepo etici ma ges .Ina dditiont othe set hre eb a -
sictec hniq ues, t
heq awwa lsc ant a ker eco urset os ingingt a zm nstha tfreq uent lypr e-
faceP ersi
a nv erseswi thc ommo nlyunde rsto odUr duo rHi ndil ines,o ra lterna t e

340
betwe e
ns ing ingt heP ers i
a nt e xta ndi tsUr dut ranslat i
o n.S uc ha lte rna t
io nb etwe en
thedi f
e rentl ing uisticr e gi
s tersf urthe rmo reb ro ade nst heq awwa l
ssc opet oi ntro duc e
varying ,ev enc ontra dicto rypo e ticima ge sa ndme t
apho rsi ntoas ing lepe rfo rma nc e.
Theunde r standi ngo fpo etr yins a m ,ho we ver,isno tme a nttob ea ni nte ll
e ctual
exerc i
se. Whe nt hewa yst heq awwa lss i
ngpo e tryins am ass emb lie sa rea na ly sedi n
relationt ot heq ua liti
e so fag oo dg ha za lo ut l
ine db yF ranc esPr itc he t
t,i tb eco me s
evide nttha tthepe r f
o rme rse mpha sizet heq ua lit
iest ha ta ima te vok i
nga ni mme diate
reactioni nt hea udi enc e. The ypr eferpo etr yt ha tha sa ne asilydi sti
ng uisha bles ound-
scapeb ys ing ingt extst ha tf ea tures y mme tricme t
re swho ser hythmi cs truc turei s
clearlya rtic ulated.The ye mpha sizet hee upho nics ounds ca pea ndc apitalizeo nt he
sonice fec tsb ye mpl o yingt he ma same anst oe nunc iatet hes ema nt i
cme ani ng ,a dd
cohe siont ol ongpe rforma nc e swho set ex tua lc ontentwo ul do the rwi ser ema indi s con-
nec t
e d,a nds mo o tht het rans iti
o nsb e twe endi ferentt ex t
ua l uni ts.
Ins a m ,theq awwa lsb ui l
dupt heme ani ngo ft hepo emss t
epb ys t
e p. The nal
fourtho f thev erseo fag ha zal tha treve alst hef ul li
mpo rto fthepo etics t
a t
e me nti sfre-
que ntlyde laye ds oa st of ullye ng aget hel istene rswi tht het e xt.Thes amea ppl iest o
thel astlineo fq ua tra i
nst ha ta ree mpl oy eda sr ub
so rg irahv e r
ses .Theq awwa lsin-
tertwinet hiss e ma nt i
cs uspe ns ewi thmus icb ye mpl o yingt heuppe rt ona lre gisterb e
-
forer eturni ngt ot hel o we rr e gisteri nt hec onc l
udi ngs tateme nto ft het ext. Thec on-
stanta lterna tionb etwe enmus icala ndt e xtua l suspe nsea ndr eliefaimsa tint ens ifying
thee x i
ste ntf ee l
ing so ft hel istene rsa ndi nduc ingt hes udde n, imme diatea ndpo ten-
ti
a l
lyo ve rpo we ringe f
e ctt ha tc ha r
ac terizest hepr ac ti
c eo f sam
.
Thee mpha si
so nt hes udde n, i
mme dia tee fectha sa l
s ole dt ofa vo uringa cc essib l
e
po eti
ct he me s( ma *m n)dur ings a m .Thec ere bra lma * mu nsc ultivatedb yt he
tzag po etsa rec o ns picuo uslya b sent .Ins tea d,theq awwa lsf avo urs tra i
g htfo rwa rd
versesf ea turingk ai'(
y yata nds ho ri
sht ha ta ima tpro duc ingpo we rf
ul mo o dso fme lan-
cho l
ya nde ne rgeticv igo ur ,re spe ct
iv el
y .Ina ddi ti
on, the ye mpl o yv ers eswho seme an-
i
ngi spur po selyma ni f
o lda nds u sc
e ptiblet omy riadso fint erpre tati
o nst ha tv a ryf rom
ones am a ss emb l
ya nd o nel is
t ene rt oa no the r.Thee mpha siso na cc essib l
e
ma *mu ns ,ho we ver,do esno tne cessarilye nta ilsimpl i
fyingt hepo eticme ssa ge .The
qawwa lsf re que ntlyc api t
a li
z eo nt hei nt er conne ctedne s
so fpo etici ma ges.F o cus ing
onwe l
l-kno wnma *m nsha st hea dv ant ag eo fe v
o kinga ne nt irera ng eo fa sso ciated
ma *m nswi tho utne edi ngt oe x pli
citlys tatet he m.
Thema *m nse vok edi nt hepo emse nga get hel istene rswi t
ht wot he me st hat
pene trateb o t
ht hedy na mi c so f sam a sde scrib edi nt het ext ua lsour ce sa ndt hec on-
tento fpo e mspe rf
o rme db yt heq awwa ls:pa s
sio natel ov ea ndb e wilde rme nt .
Me tapho rical lang ua ger evo lvi
nga ro undt hepo eticima ge ryr elate dt opa ssio na t
e
l
o vec ha rac terizesmo sto ft het ex t
spe rf
o rme di ns a m assemb lies.Ita lsode ne st he
ma jorityo fde vo t
io na lpo e ms , inwhi cht hePr ophe to raS us aintfr eque nt l
ya ssume s
ther o l
eo ftheb e l
o ved. Be wi l
de rme nt,o nt heo therha nd, ar
is esf r
o mt hepa rado x i
c a
l

341
useo fla ng ua ge. Ast hev er s
e se scaper easo na ndl ea vethemi ndr i
c oche tingb etwe e n
l
o gi
ca l
lyc o nt radi ct
o rys t ateme nts,the ypr o videat ang ible>?avo uro f theb ewilde rme nt
thatliesint hehe arto ft hev u j
d wo rl
dv iew.
Thepa ra dox esa nda mb igui ti
est ha tde nes am andt hepo e
tr ype rfo r
me ddur -
ingsa m ass emb li
e sa reama inf actort ha tma ke sthepr actices oe fe ct
iv ea ndv e rsa t
-
il
e.Be caus eo ft hisv e rsa ti
lity,theChi sht iNi za mima stersha ver eco gnize dt heus eful-
nesso fthepr act icefo rb othne wc ome rsa nda dv anc edpr actiti
o ne r
s .Thel ist
ene rs ex-
perience so ft hepo eticme ta pho rsa ndmus ici ni t
iallya risef ro mt heme tapho ric al
,
corpo r
e alle ve l
. Ho we ve r,thee nt i
reo rg aniz ationo fas am a ssemb lyt hea d ab ,the
hall
o we dph ysica le nv ironme nt ,thepr e senc eo faS ug uidea ndt heb ac kgroundo f
thelistene rs religiouso bse rvanc ea imsa tc reatinga ne nv i
ro nme ntwhe rethe see x-
perience sc a nb ei nc o rpo ra t
e dint othe irspi ritual prac ti
ce.
Eve nwhe nt hepo e trype rf
o rme db yq a wwa lsisr egul atedb ythel iteraryc on v en-
tio
nsa ndi st huspr edi cta ble,itb ec ome sa livedur ings a m .Theq awwa lsb re akt he
balanceo ft hewr i
ttenpo e ti
ct ex tandt urni ti ntoady nami ct oo l f
orc r
e atingpo we rful
sensations . Ins am ,po etrydo esno tte acho rpr ea ch, butb ui l
dso nt hel i
stene rspr e-
exist
inge xpe r i
enc e s,fe eling sa ndk no wl edg e. Whi l
et he s
ea reapr ere quisitef orpo etry
tofunc tiona sat o olf orr e li
g i
o uspr ac t
ic e,theq a wwa l
spe rforma nc ess imul tane ous ly
aima tb rea kingt heha b i
tua lpa tt
ernso ft hink inga ndi nt r
o duc ingane w,i mme di ate
wa yo fpe rce i
v i
ngt hes ub jectma t
tero ft hepo etics tat
e me nt s.P oe trype rf
orme di n
sam fac il
ita tesar eligio usdi sc ourset ha tdo e sno trelyo nr e aso n,arg ume ntationa nd
l
o gi
ca lco nc lusio nsunl ik ee xpo sitorypr o seo rdi da cticpo e t
ry.Ins tead, itthr iveso npo -
eti
ca sso ciatio nst ha ta cq uiret he i
rs pe cic,ide allys piri
tua lme a ni
ngo nlyi nr elat i
o n
tothel i
s tene rswo rldv iew.
Byf o cus ingo nt hepo eticc o mmuni c ationb etwe e nt hepe rfo r
me rsa nda udi enc e
inst
ea do fthea ut ho rs, Iha vee mpha sizedt her o l
eo fpo etrya same anst oc reatee x-
perience s,no tjus tt ode sc ri
b et hem. Ev eni fag ha zal org twa sb ase do nt hea utho r
s
genuinemy stica le xpe rie nce ,iti sul ti
ma telyhi sa bilit
yt oc rea tiv
e lyus epo et i
cl an-
guagei nt hel imi tso flite raryc o nvent ionst ha ttur nshi st ex tse f
e ctivea ndr ende rs
thems uita blef o rpe rfo rma nc ei ns a m .Be caus eo ft his,theq uestio no fwhe the ra
poemi smy stical orpr ofa ne ,wr itt
enb yaS u o rapr ofessiona l po e
t ,isirre l
eva nt. Itis
mo refrui tf
ult of oc uso nt hedy na mic so fthepo eticl angua ge ,pe rf
o rma nc estrate gies
andt hec ha racte ris
t i
c so f thepe rforma nc ec ont extina na ttemptt ode
newha titi si n
thepo etict e xttha te nt ice sthepa rt
icula rre spo nsei nt hea udi enc e .
Int hiss tudy , Iha v ea na lyse dtheus eo fpo etryi ns am byc o nce ntratingo nit sa p-
pli
cationi nt hea ctua lpe rforma ncec o nte xt.Ho we ver,ther esul tso fthisa nalysisc a n
potentiallyb ea ppl iedt ot hel iteraryt extsa swe l
l.Isitpo ss i
b l
et os e
es i
mi la ruseo fpo -
eti
cc on ve nt i
o ns ,simi la rwa yst odi scus spa ssiona tel ovea ndme taph ysica lque stio ns
inthewo rkso faut ho rswhoo pe ratedi na ne n vironme ntwhe res am wa st hepr ima ry
venueo fc o mmuni ca tingt heirt extst ot hea udi enc esa ndwhopo ssiblywr otet he i
r

342
te
xtskeepi
ngthemus i
calperf
ormanceinmind?WhileIint
endtounder
takethi
s
proj
ecti
nthefuture
,Ihopethatt
hisst
udyprov
esusef
ulf
orscho
lar
swhostudySu

prac
ti
ceandpoetryi
nperfo
rmance,aswel
lasf
ortho
sewhosimpl
yprof
essi
nter
esti
n
qawwali
musicandSu
poetr
y.

343
S
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com/
indi
a/de
lhi
-a
round/
si
ght
s/r
el
ig
ious
/ha
zra
t-ni
zam-
ud-
din-
dar
gah,
ac
ces
sed2
0.1
2.
201
3.

S
hamb
hal
aSun,
www.
shambhal
asun.
com/
index
.php?
o
pti
on=c
om_
conte
nt&t
as k
=vi
ew&id=
2033&It
emi
d=0
,ac
ces
sed1
5.
01
.2
014

Y
ous
ufS
aee
dsY
ouT
ubeCh
ann
el,
www.
yout
ube
.co
m/us
er/
ysa
eed/
vide
os,
acc
ess
ed1
0.
06.
201
4.

356
APPENDIX:
TRANS
LITERATEDTEXTSOFTHEPOEMSDI
SCUS
SEDI
NCHAPTERS
6.
3TO6 .
6

Chapt
er6
.3S
acr
edhi
st
orya
ndl
iv
edpr
ese
nts
:am
att
heme
dit
ati
onc
ell
ofNi
z*
)m
al
-D,n

I
tem1
:Qaul
(inAr
abi
c)
Qau
land ma
nkunt
uma
ulf
a-a
li
yyunma
ul
t
arnah
dardi
ldardildardn
hamtumt annnntann
nr
e
ya
ll
yal
lyal
ll
l
ya
lll
yalll
yall
l
l

ma
nkunt
uma
ulf
a-a
li
yyunma
ul

1
s
t
g
ira
h(i
n b
s ha
d mn-
imus
almnmuaf
-ir
-yia
l
P
e r
si
an) s
ajdagh-i
m
stmirb-
ikha
m-i
abr-
yial

Qa
ul ma
nkunt
uma
ulf
a-a
li
yyunma
ul

2
nd
gi
rah(
in aida
ri-
y-
a mqalandarammasta
m
P
ersi
an) ba
ndah-
yimur t
a"alhas
tam
pe
shv
-yit
am m-iri
ndnam
ki
hsag
-ik-y
isher-
iyazd
nam

Qa
ul ma
nkunt
uma
ulf
a-a
li
yyunma
ul

3
rd
gir
a h(
in z
aheizzoja
ll
-eb
tur
b-efak
hr-
iins
n-e
P
e rs
ian) al
-
yimurt
a"mushk
il
kush
-eshe
r-iy
azdn-
e

v
al
-y
ihaqqva
-
yimut
a
(f
dar
y-y
ifai
"n-
e
i
mm-idoja
hn-eqi
bl
ah-y
id
n-eoimn-e

a
mr-
ikis
hva
r-i
faqr
-esha
h-ii
ql
m-ii
rf
n-e
k
hudg-
ekhudd
n-ekhudb
n-ek
huds
hn-
e

pa
yamba
rbarsar
-iminb
arnishastok
hv
nadmaul
-y
-as
h
ki
htmaul
)
i-
y-
ashrbsha
da ndark
hal
qbur
hn-
e

ni
yza
ndarq
iymatbe-
sarosmnna
hk hv
h
shud
ki
haz ub
bot a
val
l
-
yial
d
rt
osmn-
e

357
Qa
ul ma
nkunt
uma
ulf
a-a
li
yyunma
ul

4t
h
gi
rah(i
n y
shh-
ina
jafs
her
-ik
huds
q-
yik
ausar
Urdu;the k
haib
ar-
shi
kanosa
fdarog
hz
-y
idi
lv
ar
l
as tv
erse
repeat
ed s
ab l
me r
ppihr
osha
nhaisa
rs
ar
t
wi ce) my
sh/majb
rh/ghab
r)
/nahky
o/-
kar

i
sva
qtma da
dk
ji
yey
ihv
aqt
-ima
dadha
i
y
shh-
inaj
aft
umkomuamma dk
qa
samha
i

Qa
ul ma
nkunt
uma
ulf
a-a
li
yyunma
ul

5
th
gir
a h(i
n t
r
at-
ipai
vand-
ij
ah
nbdal
bd
P
e rs
ian;t
he t
naqs
h-iz
amnbdzam
nbdal
bd
l
astverse
r
epeated s
hh-eki
hva
bdval
bda
lbd
t
wi c
e) s
ult

(n-i
sakhoka
ramojdal
bd

nsh
h-is
arf
ar
zkiha
ndarsha
b-i
mirj
b
ama d-
imukht
ryak
-ebdal
bd

Qa
ul ma
nkunt
uma
ulf
a-a
li
yyunma
ul

6
th
gir
a h(
in t
osul
t
(
n-i
i
bsa
rr
mad
.
..
P
er s
ian)
5
th
gi
rah t
r
at-
ipai
vand-
ij
ah
nbdal
bd
r
epeat
ed t
naqs
h-iz
amnbdzam
nbdal
bd

5
th
gi
rah y
ak-eb2d3
al,b2d
e
labor
ate
d
3
al
,hast3
al
,b2d

3
al
,ha
st3
al
,ha
st3
al
,b2d3
al
,b2d

3
al
,ha
st3
al
,b2d3
al
,ha
st3
al
,b2d

nsh
h-is
arf
ar
zkiha
ndarsha
b-i
mirj
b
ama d-
imukht
ryak
-ebdal
bd

Qau
land ma
nkunt
uma
ulf
a-a
li
yyunma
ul
t
arnah
da
rdi
lda
rdi
lda
rd
n

358
 hamtumtannnnta
nn
nr
e
ya
ll
yal
l
yal
ll
l

ya
ll
lyal
l
lyal
l
ll

ma
nkunt
uma
ul

I
tem2
:Rang(
inHi
ndi
)
Ra
ng j
ranghai
(ca l
or
)em/ranghair

meremab bk eg
harr
anghair
s
ajnmil
var(mer
emab bmilv
ar
)ana
dba
dh
var
(mo
reg
har
)
i
s*5ganme 5(dek
ho)

mohep,
rp*yo
ni
j
ma l
-d
naul
iy
)ni
j
ma l-
dnaul
iy
)(
mer
ekhv
ja
h)
mohep,
rp*yo(
hehehevh)

1
st
gi
rah(i
n ka
unha i
mer
esi
v
ib-i
taqd
ra
is
Urdu; milg
aymuj
hkomuqa
ddars
emerpra
is
re
peated
t
wi c
e)
Ra
ng mo
hep,
rp*
yo(
he
he
hev
h)

2nd
gi
rah(
in s
hai
d34
dfare
ftahd
vnahshef
tah
Urdu) s
abapneapneprkemai/apnep
rk

Ra
ng mohep,rp*y
o( hehehevh)
ni
j
ma l-
dnauli
y)ni
jmal-
dnaul
iy
)(merek
hv
jah)
ni
j
ma l-
dnauli
y)j
aguji
yr
o
j
aguji
yr
ojagatuji
yr
o
ni
j
ma l-
dnauli
y)ni
jmal-
dnaul
iy
)nij
mal-
dna ul
iy
)nij
ma
l-
dna
uli
y)
mai
/toa i
sor
a ngaur(mab b-i
il
h
)nah/dekhnij
ma l
-d
n

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n kachja
gma gjagmagho va
thai
Hindi) vuhjoo6hcunari
ys o
vathai
ganj
-is
ha k
ka rk
eb hesme /
mab bp yrsov
a thai

Ra
ng ma
i/t
oai
sor
anga
ur(
mab
b-
iil
h
)

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n k
hus
raura
insuhgk
j
ojg
pkesa
ng
Hindi) t
anmormanphksodono
/e khr
ang

359
Ra
ng ma
i/t
oais
oranga
ur(mabb-
iil
h
)na
h/de
kh
nij
ma
l-
dn
ma
i/t
orr
angmanbhy
o

I
tem3
:Amub
raki
nPe
rsi
an
1
s
t
ve
rse
d-g
h-imghar
bnk-
yit
o
i
nbi
st
-
(idd
danr-
yito

2
nd
ve
rse a
dhil
l-i
dqurb
n-a
tkunam
ehil
l
-imkham-i
abr-
yit
o

3
rd
ve
rse y
*ni
z*
)mal
-d,nma7b2b-
iil
*h
j
uml
ahmab b
n34dba
rr-
yit
o

4
th
ve
rse mu7
8i
sn
m madahdark-
yit
o
s
hai
)
anli
l
lhazj
aml-
ir-
yit
o

5
th
ve
rse das
tbu-
kshjni
b-i
zanb
l-
im
f
r
nbardastobarbz
-y
ito

6
th
ve
rse mancihd
namkabahobutk
hnahr

s
ajda
hm s
za
mb a
-s-
yir
-y
ito

7
th
ve
rse c
andmpur
sk
ihkhus
raur
kihkus
ht
g
hamza
h-yi
tocas
hm-it
oabr
-yi
to

I
tem4
:Ani
ndi
vi
dua
lshi

r

b
i-n
lpes
h-i
dar-
ashk
husr
avk
ihnsul
t
(
n
s
hinak
hta
stki
hnnl
ah-
yig
ad-
yima
na s
t

I
tem5
:Amanq
abati
nPe
rsi
an
1
s
t
ve
rse di
lda
st-
ita
(
labbu-
kshba-
dar
gh-
ishahans
hh-
e
ni
z
(mal-
dnva
l
-mil
lata
lai
hramatul
l
h-
e

2
nd
ve
rse a
mr-
il
amr
-eza
(h
r-
id
noduny
-e
s
haha
nsh
h-eal
j
h-enab
sh
n-eaqq
g
h-e

3
rd
ve
rse dur
r-i
dary
-y
ita
jr
d-egul
-i
bus
tn-
ita
fr
d-e
ba-
shakl
o;2rat
-ii
ns*nnum*y
*n<*t-
iall
*h-e

4
th
ve
rse z
i-
sha
uq-
iis
hq-
imab
b-
iil
h
n-
cun
nga
sht
am

360
 k
iht
av
r-
ammu
avv
irda
rka
sha
dba
rr
at-
ih-
e

5
th
ve
rse c
ihg
hamdr
niy
zazr
aft
an-
ita
nha z
n l
am
k
ihs
ult

(na
l-
ma s
ha)
i
khyr
-ij
n-
itu
stoham-r
h-
e

I
tem6
:Ag
haz
ali
nPe
rsi
an
<
alp
>
1
s
t
ve
rse j
nzi-
tanbur
doda
rj
nhanz
da
rdhddoda
rmnha
nz

2
nd
ve
rse mulk-
idi
lkar
dkha
rbazt
egh-i
nz
<krtn >
v
andar
nvr
na
hsult

(nhanz

3
rd
ve
rse ha
rdo3*l
amq ,
mat-
ikhvudguf
tah,
ni
rkhb
lkunkia
rz
nhanz

4
th
ve
rse pr
oshhidpa
ras
tn-
khv
ushast
khusr
avtkaipa
resh
nhanz

I
tem7
:Amanq
abati
nPe
rsi
an
1
s
t
r
ub
ba-
gi
rdb-ibal
uft
dahkasht
i
"a
fn-
ishi
ka s
tahr
dihtopusht
i
ba-aqq-ik
hv
jah-
yiusmn-i
hrn
madadkuny munal-
dncis
ht

1
s
t
ve
rse k
hvj
ah-y
ikhv
ja
gnmu
nal
-d
n
f
akhr
-ik
aunoma k
nmu
nal
-d
n

2
nd
ve
rse s
ir
r-iaqqr
ba
y
nmunal
-d
n
b
e-ni
sh
nrni
shnmu
nal
-d
n

3
rd
ve
rse mazha
( ro<-
i>j
al
vag
h-i
nr
-iq
ida
m
f
tb-
ija
hnmunal
-d
n

4
th
ve
rse k
hv
jah-
yil
-
mak
noq udsma
qm

smns
tnmu
nal-
dn

5
th
ve
rse qurb-
i7aqqeni
y*za
garkhv
*h,
s
zvi
rd-
izab
nmuinal
-d
n
<krtn >

361
1
s
t
ve
rse k
hv
jah-
yik
hv
jag
nmu
nal
-d
n

Cha
pte
r6.
4Gui
dingS
u@A
dis
cipl
est
hro
ughmus
ica
ndpo
etr
y:s
am
atKhwa
jaHa
ll

I
tem1
:Aq
it

ahi
nPe
rsi
an
n
agh
mah
-yi
qud
ds

<
alp
>
1
s
t
r
ub
(in umr-
ebars
tn-
itosda
ms ar
-ini
yz
P
e r
si
an) s
hy
adshav
amb a-
b a
zm-ivi
l
-i
tosar
far
z

cnb
andahr
azkhv
jahbuv
adcashm-
inek
-e
mbanda
hmokhvj
ahtu)
kr
-imbi
-s
z

1
s
t
ve
rse b
a-k
h k
-idar
gah-i
toj
ab
n-i
niyz
-im
q
urbn-
iyaknig
h-it
oumr-ida
rz-
im

1
st
gi
rah
(in t
er
ekni
ghk
b
thai
Urdu) mer
zi
nda
gksav
lha
i

1
s
t
ve
rse q
urb
n-
iya
kni
gh-
itoumr
-ida
rz
-im

2
nd
gi
rah(
in r
osha
na zaks
-ij
aml
-as
hl
am-ii
mkn-
im
P
ersi
an) y
aknig
h-i
nz-i
jn
nqma
t-i
mn-
im

1
s
t
ve
rse q
urb
n-
iya
kni
gh-
itoumr
-ida
rz
-im

2
nd
ve
rse mkihkunmrba-
shi
f
khna
h-y
imas

l
al-
isha
k ka
rfa
ros
h-i
tobasc
ra
sz
-im

3
rd
ve
rse da
rkunj-
izul
( mat
-amgu<ar
adt
a
(la
t-a
tg
h-e
ef
tb-
ilam-i
<arr
anav
z-
im

1
s
t
ve
rse q
urb
n-
iya
kni
gh-
ito

I
tem2
:Agt
inHi
ndi
1
s
t
r
ub
(in t
zi-
mai
khnahomainmonis
hnkhv
ha
dbd
P
e r
si
an) s
ar-
imkh
k -
ir
h-i
pr
-imug
hnkhv
hadb
d

b
arz a
mn-eki
hnis
hn-i
kaf
-ip
-yi
tokhv
ha
dbd
s
lhsaj
dah-
yi
ib-ina
za
(r
nkhvha
dbd

362
G
t me ha
r v
*rasbndanbars
e( mor
gu)
iyy)
khvj
agnkedarbra
nme /
jdekhoghanghankehai
me ha
r v
*rasbndanbars
e( mor
gu)
iyy)
khvj
ahus mnaurkhvj
a hmunal-d
n
qutba
( l-
dnaurganj
-is
hakkarmab b-ii
l
h
b*b*g a
nj-i
shakkarma7b2b-ii
l*
h,
<krtn >
jamr-
ishuar
)nij
ma l
-dnk
ellkedvr
e

I
tem3
:Agt
inHi
ndi
G
t ganjs
ha k
kark el
l ni
jmal-
dnci
shtnagarme/ph gracay
o
khvj
ahmu nal
-dnaurqutba
( l
-dnpremk er
angk r
ainc
a6hy
o
prni
j
ma l
-dncaturkhi
l6
bay
y /paka6morgh/gh=u=h
yo
s
smuk u=hthanpi c
kr
rang>6oaurma dhv
pila
yo
apnerang
lek ebedamv
rji
nmo hell
gullban
yo

I
tem4
:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du

1
st
rub
(
in ikdinvuhmi
lga
)et
hesar
-ir
ahg
u<a
rkah
/
Urdu) phirdi
lneba
i=
hnenahdi
yumrbharka
h/

2nd
ru
b
(i
nazal
me /j
oa
dmai
/nesun
thkai
fomast
me
/
Urdu) v
uhv
zabt
aks
unra
hh/sz
-ihas
tme
/

t
umh
reh
kar
ams
eme
rha
st
hog
a)
has
t

1
s
t
ve
rse ki
ssepc
he/hamnek
ah
/vuhc
ihr
ah-
yir
osha
nde
khha
i
ma3 4
lma34
l.
.
.

1
s
t
r
ub
ikdinvuhmi
lga
)et
hesa
r-i
rahg
u<arkah/
phirdi
lneba
i=
hnenadi
yumrb hark
a h
/

1
s
t
ve
rse k
iss
epc
he/ha
mnek
ah
/..
.

I
tem5
:Ag
haz
ali
nPe
rsi
an
n
agh
ma
<
alp
>
1
s
t
r
ub
(in es
arv
-in
zan
nes
arv
-in
zra
una
q-i
bus
tn-
ima
ntu)

P
e r
si
an) <krtn >

2
nd
ru
b
(i
nqa
r-
ij
anna
tci
hkuna
mkc
ah-
yiy
r-
ed
ram

363
P
ers
ian) ta
rs-
idozak
hc i
hkunamr-
yini
gr-
edram
hamcma j
nnba-
tamann
-yiv
il
-i
lai
l
ro
zos ha
bc a
shms-y
inqa
sav
r-edr
am

1
s
t
ve
rse az usn-i
ma l
-ikhv
udsho
r-eba-j
ah/k
ard
harza
k hm-
yibi
smil
rma
rf-
ifugh
nkard

2
nd
ve
rse madhos
hba-
yaks
gha
repr
-imug
hnkar
d
di
lbur
doj
nbur
dbet
botav
nkar
d

3
rd
ve
rse b
e-j
urmokha
tq
( a
tl-
amaznz
-ib
utnk
ard
k
hvudte
ghza
dba
rma nn
m-idi
gar
nkar
d

4
th
ve
rse
nj
m-
yibe-
cr
ahdaris
hq-i
tovr
ah

vr
ah-
yiq
urb-a
trda
rkhknih
nk a
rd

I
tem6
:Ag
haz
ali
nPe
rsi
an
1
s
t
ve
rse ha
rshabmanamfutda
hba-
gi
rd-i
sar
-y
ito
ha
rrozhon
lahkunamazbar
-y
ito

2
nd
ve
rse j
nba
-
nshik
asta
dil
-eb
e-v
afma-
shau
umr-
egu<a
shtts
hudamshn
-yi
to

3
rd
ve
rse r
oz-
ek i
<arr
ah<ar
rahs
havadus
tuk
hvn-
ima
n
b
shadhanzda
rdil
-i
rez
-amhav-
yit
o

4
th
ve
rse bar7*l
-iz
*r-
imannaz
a
)r-
ekunzi
-r
*h-il
utf
)
tob*ds
h*h-i
7us
n, ok
husr
auga
d*-yi
to

1
s
t
g
ira
h(in b
anda
hjm
prs
hudhamc
nghul
mnbardar
-at
P
e r
si
an; r
amk unes
hh-
ikhb
nbarg
ad
-yi
zr
-ikhv
esh
r
epeate
d
t
wice)
4
th
ve
rse bar7*l
-iz
*r-
imannaz
a
)r-
ekunzi
-r
*h-il
utf
)
tob*ds
h*h-i
7us
n, ok
husr
auga
d*-yi
to
<krtn >

I
tem7
:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du
<
alp
>
1
st
rub
(
in t
ir
das
t-
ij
ddarzha
iti
rharg
hul
ma y
zhai
Urdu) muj
hej
iskel
utf
(
pihnzhai
vuhtht
obanda
nav
zha
i

364
1
s
t
ve
rse kaunsgharhaiki
hejnnah
/kshna
htir

aurji
laukhnahti
r
ma i
kadahterhaikab
ahti
rbut
khnahti
r
s
a bhaij
nnt i
r

2
nd
ve
rse t
kis
shaklme/homa i
/ti
rsha
id
)h/
t
ir
saud)
h/
t
agarsham haiedo
stt
oma i
/parv
nahti
r
y
andvnahti
r

3
rd
ve
rse t
eredarv*
zepih7*Ei
rhait
iredarkefa
q,r
eamr
o/k ea
mr
mujhpihbh,hokabh,(
merejn,
jn-
ij
n)a
lt*
)
f-i
kar
,m*
naht
ir
*
l
utf
(
-is
hhnahti
r

4
th
ve
rse mujhkobhj
mk o)
p
r-
ikha
rb
tmile
t
erkhai
rt
mile
t
q a
y
mat(emerej
n,j
n-
ij
n)y
/hj
r
rahema
ikh
naht
ir

yanpai
mnahti
r

5
th
ve
rse
adqahmaik
h neksq
mujhebe-
hosh
de
k
hvudfa
rmoshde
y
/tosabkahtehaib
edamtujhemast
naht
ir

y
andv
nahtir

I
tem8
:Amanq
abati
nUr
du
n
agh
mah
<
alp
>
1
st
rub
(
in ki
skohamapnkahe /p
rhamrthai
Urdu) ha
mg har
bo
/k ag
a rhai
tosah
rthai
ha
mt omar-
karbhnacho6e
/geti
rdman-
ip
k
d
nodunyme r
agarhait
osahrtha
i

2nd
ru
b
(i
n mer
emakhdmb
irk
eko)
l
utf
(
e/k
oky j
ne
Urdu) al
j
nek
hudj
nemua mmadmut
a
(fj
ne

1
s
t
ve
rse mai/d
vna
hhnsha
idh/al
)al
-d
nbi
rk
vuhmaul
haimai
/bandahh/al
)al
-d
nbi
rk

2
nd
ve
rse j
ochef
ai
"-ir
n
kar
eisdark
darb
n
r
av
nhaifa
i"kdar
yal
)al
-d
nb
irk

3
rd
ve
rse ma
i-
yiv
ada
tkema
tv
los
har
b-
i
bir
p
lo

365
 k
hul
ha
ij
mai
kh
naha
l)
al-
dn
bi
rk

5
th
ve
rse c
a6hi
)e
bir
rai
nda
r-i34
z(
pi
heyr
o
r
anglora
ngsart
pa l
)a
l-
dn
bi
rk

6
th
ve
rse y
iha s
ratba
ndah-
yi 3
4z(
vuh
34z
(ma
zha
( r
-i
bi
r
k
ihnrhai
yihnr
-iy
aktal
)al
-d
n
birk

1
s
t
ve
rse ma
i/d
vna
hhns
hai
dh/a
l)
al-
dn
bi
rk

I
tem9
:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du
<
alp
>
1
st
rub
(
in apnghamde -
kemir
rk omasrrban
Urdu) dil
keharzakhmkoris
thu)
nsrban
me r
has
tk
isqb
ilt
obandeedo s
t
shamsta
brezbansa
rmadma n
rb a
n

1
s
t
ve
rse i
shqme/te
rekoh-i
ghamsarpihli
yj
ohos
oho(
koh-
igha
m)
a
ishoni
sh
t-
(i
zindag
cho
6diyjohos
oho

2
nd
ve
rse muj
hsema
r,Ek
ota
)
b,bh*
thma
tapn*t
2la
g*

1
st
gi
rah(
in <krtn >
Urdu) ha
idi
l-
nav
z.
.
.

2
nd
ve
rse muj
hsema r
"kota
(b
bh
thmatapntl
ag
i
skokhudpi
hc 6deba
ho hr
-ik
hud*johosoho

Ela
b or
ation johosoho
ofthe2nd

ver
se bahr-
ikhud*j
ohos
oho

j
ohos
oho

3
rd
ve
rse hi
j
rk
jabmu
bat
e/ar"k
uskerba
-r
n*
zoad*(a
dadse
,nzoad)s
emuskur
*ka
hnel
ag*j
ohos
oho

j
ohos
oho

4
th
ve
rse aql
kema dr
ases
eu=h3
ishqk
ema i
kademe5*
j
m-if
anobe-k
hvud
abtopiy
johosoho

366
1
s
t
ve
rse i
shqme/te
rekoh-i
ghamsarpihli
y*j
ohos
oho(
koh-
igha
m)
a
ishoni
sh
t-
(i
zindag
cho
6diyjohos
oho

j
ohos
oho

1
s
t
ve
rse s
arpi
hli
y*j
ohos
oho(
koh-
igha
m)

1
s
t
ve
rse i
shqme/te
rekoh-i
ghamsarpihli
yj
ohos
oho
a
ishoni
sh
t-
(i
zindag
cho
6diyjohos
oho

2
nd
ve
rse muj
hsema r
"kota
(b
bh
thmatapntl
ag
i
skokhudpi
hc 6deba
ho hr
-ik
hud*johosoho

j
ohos
oho

4
th
ve
rse aql
kema dr
ases
eu=hishqk
ema i
kademe
j
m-if
anobe-k
hvud
abtopiy
johosoho

3
rd
ve
rse hi
j
rk
jabmu
ba
te/ar
"kusker
ba-
r
n
zoads
emuskurk
ahnela
gj
ohosoho

j
ohos
oho

4
th
ve
rse a
qlk
ema
dra
ses
eu=
his
hqk
ema
ika
deme
/

2nd
gi
rah(
inj
abh
j-
kemak
tab-
iishqme
/sabak
-imaq
m-if
anl
iy

Urdu; j
oli
khpa6
ht
hniy
zneuses
fdi
lseb
huldi
y
repea
ted
t
wi ce
)
4
th
ve
rse a
qlk
ema
dra
ses h3
eu= i
shqk
ema
ika
deme
5*

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n y
ihma
dras
ahna
h/v
)i
z(
u=hkit
bu=h
Urdu) y
ihma
ika
dahha
iyah
/la<
< a
t-i
shar
bu=h

4
th
ve
rse 3
i
shqk
ema
ika
deme
5*

4t
h
g
irah(
in ul=
hc
lca
lt
eha
i/dv
nag
n-iis
hq
Urdu; /kho
/k oba
ndkar
tehai
/dd
rkeli
ye
repeat
ed
t
wi ce
)
4
th
ve
rse 3
i
shqk
ema
ika
deme
5*

5
th
gi
rah(
in unhe
/ton
zkepa
rdeme
/ka
unde
khe
g

367
Ur
du) unh
/kes
hak
lkoha
rsha
ime
/de
kht
h/ma
i/

4
th
ve
rse i
shqk
ema
ika
deme
/

6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n r
agopa
ime/
gbha6
aku=hph/keha
ipa6sab
hta
nba
dan
Urdu) t
nes
qiy
mai
-y
it
is
hnkyihj
mk ai
spil
diy

4
th
ve
rse aql
kema dr
ases
eu=hishqk
ema i
kademe/
j
m-if
anobe-k
hvud
abtopiy
johosoho

5
th
ve
rse l
gk
glagt
eh
pu/b
anamat
(y
ihj
alga
y
r
akht
-iv
ujdoj
not
ank
uchnahbac
johos
oho

6
th
ve
rse pchonahmuj
hkhar
bsey
roal
k
rtum
apnetoa
bnah
/rahehos
hba-j
johos
oho

7
th
ve
rse has
tkei
ssar
bme/r
tk
rtba
srahe
sub-iadamhu)
na
mdpn/u=hj
ohos
oho

8
th
ve
rse duny*kenekobadsek*mhamkoni
y*zk
uchna
h,5
psejogu<
arga
yphirus
eky
johos
oho

j
ohos
oho

1
s
t
ve
rse i
shqme/te
rekoh-i
ghamsarpihli
yj
ohos
oho
a
ishoni
sh
t-
(i
zindag
cho
6diyjohos
oho

8
th
ve
rse dun
ykenekobads
ekmha
mk oni
yzk
uchna
h/
ps
ejogu<
arga
yphi
rus
eky
johosoho

Cha
pte
r65As
. am
as
sembl
yatt
heho
meo
fAni
sAs
hra
@Ai
nOl
dDe
lhi

I
tem1
:Qaul
inAr
abi
c
n
agh
mah
-yi
qud
ds

<
alp
>
1r
s
t
ub
(
in k
abhd
vrhi
lt
ha
ika
b h
dark/pj
thai
Ur
du) al
kn
ms un-
keabbhkha
iba
rk/pjt
hai

2
nd
ru
b(i
n ni
vi
sht
ahbardar-
i34
rdausdard
vn-
iqa
"
P
ersi
an) na
bra
sl
vala
hd a idar
-ik
arr
r

368
3
rd
rub(
in ba
-dushmann-
ama z
n 3
4z
t
( av
all
kun
P
e rs
ian) ni
sht
-
(ikhv
eshta
(
labkunb
jnhas
tji
hd

Qa
ul ma
nkunt
uma
ul

1
st
gi
rah(
in mazha
(r-i
rama t
-ik
ibr
iyb a
ng a
)e
Urdu) t
angda
stme/das
t-
ikhudb anga)
e
umrmushki
l me
/srgu<r
ma g
ar
s
r
dunykemushki
lkushbanga)
e

Qa
ul ma
ula
lma
ul

2nd
gi
rah(
in al
j
vrhobalv
nhodhart
pi
ttumho
Hindi) k
a=hi
nh r
eja
gatke
shva
rkesrmtumho
a
nokhtumrl
l
haina
h/malmk yt
umho
k
ah/parmtmtumhok a
h/dharmt
mt
umho

Qa
ul ma
ula
lma
ul

3r
d
g
ira
h(in da
hrnejabgham-il
davdedi
y
Urdu; a
qqnema ulalk
pa tdediy

repeat
ed mushki
le
/k hvudhpchcuk
nela
g/
t
wi ce
) pa
ra l
kunhe/vstadedi
( y

Qa
ul ma
ula
lma
ul

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n <ahnodil
me /hoji
skesa
c c
)
Urdu) uskharl
afz
(t
rhot
hai
vuhja
hnme /ghar
bka
iseho
uskmaulkt
rhot
hai

Qa
ul ma
ula
lma
ul

5
th
gir
a h(
in z
aheizzoja
ll
-eb
tur
b-efak
hr-
iins
n-e
P
e rs
ian) al
-
yimurt
a"mushk
il
kush
-eshe
r-iy
azdn-
e

v
al
-y
ihaqqva
-
yimut
a
(f
dar
y-y
ifai
"n-
e
i
mm-idoja
hn-eqi
bl
ah-y
id
n-eomn-e

ni
yza
ndarq
iymatbe-
sarosmnna
hk hv
h
shud
ki
haz ub
bot a
val
l
-
yial
d
rt
osmn-
e

Qa
ul ma
ula
lma
ul

369
6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n ha
rekb
a zmme/>h/>hca
rag
h-idi
ll
e-
kar
Urdu) qa
samkhudk
al
kjav
bmilnahsa
k

Qa
ul ma
ula
lma
ul

7t
h
g
ira
h(i
n l
adme /ta<kir
ah-
yibt
ur
bk a
rd/g
Urdu) hareksav
l k
oma i
/lj
avbkard/g

fa
ris
hto=hahronamuj
hs eko)
sav
lkar
o
alk
o nedosris
bk ard/g

Qa
ul ma
ula
lma
ul

8t
h
g
ira
h(i
n ky
o/sat
teholadme/muj
hkoemunki
rnak
r
Urdu) mai/g
hulm-i
panj
ta
nh/t
umnepahc
nnah
/

Qa
ul ma
ula
lma
ul

9t
h
g
irah(i
n l
adme /mujhsefar
is
hto/nejabsav
lkiy

Urdua nd b attapnenabaur
m nk ba
tl

Pers
ian) agarci
hmur da
hthleki
nsa mbhal
-keba
i=
hg a
y
khudk ebadmua mmadk nmle-k
ekah
alimm-imana s
toma namg hul
m-ial
hazrnm-igi
rm34
dba-nm-ial

Qa
ul ma
ula
lma
ul

1
0th
gi
rah(i
n nabr
a s
l-
ikhudhaina
b
kk y
k a
hn
Urdu; nabkedharmme /harekfar
dlj
avby

re
pe a
ted al
jab)et
oisl
mk nahlabbandht
t
hrice) usa
in )
etoi
sl
mk oshabby

Qa
ul ma
ula
lma
ul

1
1t
h
gi
rah(
in khudkeshe
rk r
utbahb a
6nir
lha
i
Urdu) merea l
kor
asl-
ikhudneplhai
alk<
t-
igi
rmtosabsealhai
alks
reza
m neme /vuhbl
hai

Qa
ul ma
ula
lma
ul

1
2t
h
g
ira
h(i
n sa
jda
hyi
hkaispesh-i
khudk a
rga)
e us
ain
Ur
du) ummatk
srqar"adk a
rga)
e usai
n
sa
jda
hnah
/ha ia
bt oyihsaj
dekna
qlhai

370
 s
ajda
htok
arb
alme
/adk
arg
a)
e us
ain

Qa
ul ma
ula
lma
ul

1
3t
h
g
ira
h(i
n rat-
idil
k ev
tek
( hvur
shd
Ur
du) l
abpihma ulk
guft
grakhn
unkddrhone-
vl
hai
abh
/kho /kobv
u"rakhn

Qa
ul ma
ula
lma
ul

1
4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n al
keq
urbnharv
a l
hai
Ur
du) j
i
dharbh
dekhoalal
hai

Qau
land ma
ula
lma
ul
t
arnah
ma
ula
la
la
lma
ula
la
l

hamtumtannnnta
nn
nr
e
ya
ll
yal
l
yal
ll
l

ya
ll
lyal
l
lyal
l
ll

I
tem2
:Rangi
nHi
ndi
1
st
rub(
in r
ain
ca 6
hr
aslk
sor
angmaul
keht
h
Hindi) j
i
nk jhol
rangga
yos
ovkedhandha
nbh
g

Ra
ng j
ranghairm/ranghair

meremab bk
eg harr
anghair
(cal
oca
lor
sa
kh
r)
mai/neprpy
oni j
mal-
dnaul
iy)
(
nij
ma l
-dn
biral)
al-
dna
uliy
))

1
st
gi
rah(
in b
bf
ar
dk ede
khot
og h
=i
yn
Hindi
) e
kr
atkdohmr
ati
yn

Ra
ng k
hv
jahni
j
ma
l-
dn
bi
ral
)a
l-
dn

2nd
gi
rah(
in ka
unha i
mer
esi
v
ib-i
taq
drai
s
Urdu) milg
aymer
emuqa
ddars
eme r
pra
is

Ra
ng k
hv
jahni
j
ma
l-
dn
bi
ral
)a
l-
dn

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n ai
sera
ngdera
ngnch=
e
Hindi) >b
/kho
/seches
ruma
riy

371

dkedha
nmai/t
oma c
ari
yn
k
hj
ahni
jms
el
gannaj
ari
y

Ra
ng j
ot2m*5g
erangk,r
ang*
H,(
emaul
bi
r,
ganjs
hak
kark
el
l,k
hv
jaf
ar
dkel
l
)
mer
*jo
bangi
rv,r
akhler
ang,
le(
mab b-
iil
h
)

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n e
kseba6
h-k
are
ka s
nhai
Urdu) t
umja
ist
oko)
na
h/ha
i

Ra
ng me
r*j
oba
ngi
rv,
rak
hler
ang
,l
e(mab
b-
iil
ha
lama
d
bir
)

5t
h
g
ira
h(i
n domas
t/k
he/dar
zkkul
tanhai
abrt
otrmi
zhdn
Urdu) haz
rg
hamzeha
r-i
kadme/hazr3
4t
nenaz
a
(rme/pinhn

ni
ghe
/m=h
ad)
e/bnk
ba-
ghamza
hmast
b
a-n
zshok
h
na
z
(re
/j
dbhar
hai
usknaj
)/mai
/ka
iseabkah
/m/

Ra
ng me
r*j
oba
ngi
rv,
rak
hler
ang
,l
e(mab
b-
iil
h
)

6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n j
otanl
gev
uht
anj
ne
Hindi) mank
bati
ynka
hnahj
ne
mai
/j
n/mo r
bl
amj
ne

Ra
ng me r
*jobang
irv
,rakhl
erang,
le(mabb-i
il
h)
desba-
desme/>h/>hphir
h/
to
rarangmanbhyoni
j
ma l-
dn(mabb-
iil
h
)

I
tem3
:Ag
haz
ali
nPe
rsi
an
1
s
t
ve
rse b
a-khb
hamc maht
b a
ndah<t
bi
nda
h>b
sh
b
a-mulk
-idi
lb
arp
)i
ndahbs
h

2
nd
ve
rse mujheg
hamzo5set
umnem*rI*l
*
(
Urdu dumery
ihha
izi
ndahr
ahot
um
t
rans
lat
ion)
2
nd
ve
rse man-
ida
rves
hrkusht
ba
-gha
mza
h
ka
ramkard,
il
h
zindahb
sh

3
rd
ve
rse z
i-
qai
d-i
doja
h nzdgas
hta
m
a
gart
ohamnashn-
ibanda
hb
sh

3
rd
ver
se r
ah/z
dmai
/dono/jah
/se
(
Ur du a
garpa
hlme
/rak
hshandahhot
um

372
t
rans
lat
ion)
3
rd
ve
rse z
i-
qai
d-i
doja
h nzdgas
hta
m
a
gart
ohamnashn-
ibanda
hb
sh

4
th
ve
rse j
af
ka
mkunk
ifa
rdr
oz-
imas
har

4
th
v e
rse naai
shok
iqa
tl
-is
hiq
nse
(
Ur du ba-
roz
-ias
hrs
harmi
ndahr
ahot
um
t
ranslat
ion)
4
th
ve
rse j
af
kamkunkif
ardr
oz-i
mas ha
r
b
a-r
-y
is
hiq
nsharmandah<
shar
minda
h>b
sh

5
th
ve
rse ba
-ri
ndoba-
sho
kh
hamc nkhus
rau
ha
zrnkh
numnbar
kandahbas
h

1
s
t
ve
rse b
a-k
hb
ha
mcma
h

I
tem4
:Ana
ti
nUr
du
<
alp
>
1
st
rub
(
in c
h=j
)
eag
ardaulat
-ik
aunai
ntok
y
Urdu) y
rab
bnahch=eht
hs ed
mn-
imua
mma
d

1
s
t
ve
rse dolamja
gmag
)ej
isk
edamsef

l
-yaq
ntumho
sa
rpramat
-ia q
q(q)r
a
7matunl
i
l-
3
* l
am,
ntumho

1
st
gi
rah(
in r
oshanunhkenrsedi
naurrthai
Urdu) k
ahnekov uhbasha
rhaimaga
ra i
s<
thai
k
34
rhaivuhjokaht
ehaisa
rkrabnah/
q
ur)
nk a
hr ahhai
mua mma da ythai

1
s
t
ve
rse s
ar*
p*r
a7ma
t-i
7aq
q(
q)r
a7ma
tunl
i
l
-3
*l
am,
ntumho

2
nd
ve
rse bur
hnma
i/maga
rkhvudkob
urmai
/y/nah
/ka
ht
mir
es
neme
/dil
hai(
q,na
bal
l
h)a
urusdi
lme5mak,
ntumho

3
rd
ve
rse gunho
/ksa
z kyha
ikabh
socnah
/mai/ne
ma g
armai
/jnth/(q
,mereq)k
ihs
haf,
3al
-mu<
nib,
ntumho

2nd
gi
rah(
in ma
i/tonahtumk
och/ki
hb ad-
ikhudhot
um
Urdu) masharme/mer
epchne
-v
letumh t
oho

373
3
rd
ve
rse ma
garma
i/j
nt
h/(
q
,me
re
q)k
isha
fa
l-
mu<
nib
nt
umho

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n j
)enaz(
ark
ah/dar-
ikhai
ral-
var
kebad
Urdu) >h/>hekis
ejahnke j
atr
avkebad
ta
k ml
-i
dnhocukaurni
ma t
e/tamm
ko)
nabnah)
egabmuta
(f
kebad

3
rd
ve
rse ma
garma
i/j
nt
h/(
q
,me
re
q)k
ihs
haf
al
-mu<
nib
nt
umho

4
th
ve
rse ba
K,haib*tc
hoL*m25hmag
armai5j
h2Lky
o 5bo
l25
mer*i
7s*skaht
*haij
ah*
5ma i
5h25va
h,5tumho

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n nah
/haik
is
kj
oha
ib
tunk

Urdu) khuds
ehu)
hai
mul
q
tunk

mai
/jh=hky
mujhsetar
fho
g
ba
6emereqba6
btunk

g
adt
og a
dhaig
ad)
o/kk
yhai
s
haha
nshhbi
=h
tehai
/kha
ir
tunk

4
th
ve
rse me
ris
sk
aht
ha
ija
h*5ma
i5h25v
ah,
5tumho

1
s
t
ve
rse s
ar
pr
ama
t-ia
qq

I
tem5
:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du
<
alp
>
1r
s
t
ub
(
in dukoht
hbh
u=henaht
henamzk
ebad
Ur
du) vuhmil
ga)
emuj
heara
h-y
idar
zk
ebad

ha
zrmar
tab
ahdekhha
i r
ba-r
unko
ka
bhna
mzsepa
hlekabhna
m zk
ebad

day
r-
igul
me/phi
rehai
/aurg
ulo/s
ehai
/pha
=ke
va
h/bhj
na
hla
gter
baz
m-in
zkebad

2nd
ru
b
(i
n s
ara
bhmai
/neu=h
ybhnaht
hs
ajdes
e
Urdu) e
kvzy
ih
)k
ihmuqb
ilhai
ham

3r
d
r
ub
(i
n unkehqa
dmo/kha
=rtb
har
tr
ah
Urdu) di
lkha
rdha6
kanpi
hma i
/samj
hki
hvuhk
hvudg
a)
e

4
th
ru
b
(in j
i
sqa
drmav
-ii
nti
za
(rh/ma
i/

374
Ur
du) s
ars
ept
akk
hay
l-
iy
rh/ma
i/

5t
h
r
ub
(in psi
tnk
ihti
res
/sse=a
krt
ha
is
/s
Urdu) dri
tnki
htuj
he>h/>hra
hh/tuj
hme
/

6t
h
r
ub
(i
n t
er
tal
shme
/a pnesi
vk
ah
/j)
/
Urdu) y
ihekrhmi
l
ha re
krhk
ebad

1
s
t
ve
rse di
lkehar(
jnme
rej
n)gos
heme/tumhoshi
qa
is
toho
mai5ti
r*(
jnmer
ej )ho-
n karr
ah25abz
indag
ai
st
oho

1
st
gi
rah(
in muj
hkoqubl
ter
ha
rikg
hamkhv
ushi
seha
i
Urdu) t
umuskur
tek
ahdemuabba
tki
ss
ehai

1
s
t
ve
rse ma
i/t
ir
(j
nme
rej
n
)ho
-ka
rrh/a
a bzi
nda
g,a
is,
toho

2nd
gi
rah(
in t
umhr
eghams
ejofur
atk
r
zrak
he
Urdu) k
hudka
remuj
hevuhzi
ndag
na
bnahho

1
s
t
ve
rse ma
i/t
ir
ho
-ka
rra
h/a
bzi
nda
ga
is
toho

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n k
abhdi
mghka
bhdi
lka
bhna
z a
(
rme/ra
ho
Urdu) y
ihsa
btumhr
eli
)eha
iki
sb
hgharme
/raho

1
s
t
ve
rse ma
i/t
ir
(j
n-
ij
n
n)ho
-ka
rra
h/a
bzi
nda
ga
is
toho

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n te
rebag
hai
rca
inna
h)
etok
ykar
/
Urdu) hars
haime
/tht
na
za
(r
)et
okyk
ar/

1
s
t
ve
rse ma
i/t
ir
ho
-ka
rra
h/a
bzi
nda
ga
is
toho

5t
h
g
ira
h(i
n k
arej
oishqkis
setoi
nti
hk
a rde
Urdu) j
onaql
daula
tphirdet
ojn3
4dkarde

1
s
t
ve
rse ma
i/t
ir
(j
nme
rej
n
)ho
-ka
rra
h/a
bzi
nda
ga
is
toho

6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n t
umhr
eci
hres
eros
hanhaime
rt
anh)

Urdu) k
ah/c
ara
ghja
lha
ikah
/uj
lhai

1
s
t
ve
rse ma
i/t
ir
ho
-ka
rra
h/a
bzi
nda
ga
is
toho

7
th
gi
rah(
in j
abma
i/nea
pnedi
lkot
ir
en
mli
khdi
y

375
Ur
du) ul
fa
t(
me/i
skj
obh
hoa
nj
mli
khdi
y

r
usv
)i
y/t
ohot
hai
harkm-
iis
hqme/
a
pno/neme r
nmhba
dnmli
khdi
y

a
ll
hneu=h
-keqal
amaurda
vtk
o
s
rej
ah
nk us
ntir
enmli
khdi
y

1
s
t
ve
rse ma
iti
rho
-ka
rra
h/a
bzi
nda
ga
is
toho

2
nd
ve
rse z
inda
gb
harp
-yi
jn
npa
rh
sarj
huk
tr
ahe

8t
h
g
ira
h(i
n na
za
(rme
/pk ak
s-i
jam
lho
tha
i
Urdu) i
sl
i)
eme
rs
ajdaht
a
(v
lhot
hai

2
nd
ve
rse z
inda
gb
harp
-yi
jn
npa
rh
sarj
huk
tr
ahe

9t
h
g
ira
h(i
n muj
hetounki
bdatpi
hramtha
i
Urdu) j
ab
nkest
hjos
ajdeme/di
lj
huk
nahsa
ke

2
nd
ve
rse z
inda
gb
harp
-yi
jn
npa
rh
sarj
huk
tr
ahe

1
0t
h
g
ira
h(i
n mir
ena
bneja
bmujhs
eint
iq
mliy

Ur
du) t
ah/t
ah/ti
ry
do
/neht
hthmli
y

2
nd
ve
rse z
inda
gb
harp
-yi
jn
npa
rh
sarj
huk
tr
ahe

1
1t
h
gi
rah(
in j
ab
nkoda
rpij
huk
nhb
andag
tonah
/
Urdu; y
ihdek
hmer
mua bba
tme/kuchkamt
ona
h/
re
peated
t
wi c
e)
2
nd
ve
rse z
indagb
harp-
yij
n
npa rh
sarj
hukt
ra
he
b
a nda
gkl
utf
(
jabhai
bandaga
is
toho

3
rd
ve
rse z
inda
gb
harho
shk
l
amna
hhomuj
hkona
b

1
2t
h
g
ira
h(i
n ka
bhk
abht
ovuhitn
ras)
det
hai
Ur
du) mai
/soct
h/touskosun)
det
hai

3
rd
ve
rse z
inda
gb
har(
zi
nda
gb
har
)ho
shk
l
amna
hhomuj
hkona
b

1
3t
h
g
ira
h(i
n de
nha
itoni
ghk
oit
nr
as
)de

376
Ur
du) ma
i/
)
nahj
ode
kh/muj
het
di
kh
)de

k
ais
aj
bshar
t(
hai
dd
rkeli
)
e

/khe/joba
ndhhoter
ja
lva
hdi
kh
)de

3
rd
ve
rse z
inda
gb
har(
zi
nda
gb
har
)ho
shk
l
amna
hhomuj
hkona
b

1
4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n k
is
kima
stni
gho/s
ep-
kebahk
h/
Ur
du) k
hir
adk
rb hs
hmil
mir
shar
bme/ha
i

3
rd
ve
rse z
inda
gb
har(
zi
nda
gb
har
)ho
shk
l
amna
hhomuj
hkona
b

1
5t
h
g
ira
h(i
n muj
heshar
bpi
l
)g
a)
hai
/kho/s
e
Ur
du) mir
na
s ha
htob
a6emuddat
o/seut
reg

3
rd
ve
rse z
indag
bha
r(zi
ndagb
ha r
)hoshk
l
amnahhomujhkona
b
c
ashm-ima
st-
i(c
ashm-imast
-i
)nzs
ebda
kas
hai
st
oho

1
6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n na
za
(rse usn-
idol
amgi
rd
/kho
/ne
Ur
du) na
hjnekaunsl
amdi
khdi
yt
umne

3
rd
ve
rse c
ashm-
ima
st-
i(c
ashm-
ima
st-
i)n
zseb
da
kas
ha
is
toho

1
7t
h
g
ira
h(i
n yi
hramz-
iba
nda
gha
itujhek
uchshurha
i
Ur
du) unkena
za
(rk
es
mneho n"a
rrhai

s
ajdo
/komeresa
ng-
idar
-iy
rc
hi)
e
v
arnahj
i
bn-
idi
lseara
mk i
tn
drhai

ka
htehai
/lo
gkahnedok
34
rmuj
hesha
mm
mai
/jisk
ocht
h/vuh a
qqkh
nrha
i

3
rd
ve
rse c
ashm-
ima
st-
i(c
ashm-
ima
st-
i)

1
8t
h
g
ira
h(i
n q
asa
mk hudk
in
/k ho
/me /ai
smast
hai
Ur
du) k
ihj
obhdekhl
ebasdekhi
)
ekhumra
hha i

3
rd
ve
rse c
ashm-
ima
st-
i(c
ashm-
ima
st-
i)

1
9t
h
g
ira
h(i
n hot
haime
redi
lpa
rj
dtir
/kho/se
Ur
du) t
hai
mua bba
tk
khvus
hbtir
/kho/s
e

3
rd
ve
rse c
ashm-
ima
st-
i(c
ashm-
ima
st-
i)n
zseb
da
kas
ha
is
toho

377
1
s
t
ve
rse ma
i/t
ir
ho
-ka
rra
h/a
bzi
nda
ga
is
toho

I
tem6
:Ama
car
o ct
ni az
mni
nUr
dua
ndP
ers
ian
1
s
t
ve
rse di
lba
r-i
jnn-imanka
rdekar
am
j
ai
semumk i
nhoturakhmer
b har
am
ba
sgha6bharkeli
)
ej
anam
*r
z2d*ramk ihmihmn-
atk
una m
j
nodil(mersabkuc
hqurb
n)edo s
tqur
bn-
atk
una
m

2
nd
ve
rse ba6hga)
j
aba ddsemer
b e
-kal

i
smu
batkophi
runsear"k
ha/skefar
myki
hhai<khvn
?>abh
garyaq
ndnamkihba
rma n s
hiq

azjam*l-
ikhv
esh7ai
r*n-
atkunam

3
rd
ve
rse edilhaipur-
dardj
nhaibe-qar
r
garc
ihtha ii
shqme/zronizr
apnhas
t
usanamparkarnis
r
gart
otark-isa
rkunmar
dna v
r
hamc 2ism* 3
,
lqurb*
n-a
tk unam

4
th
ve
rse ama dk abta
kr a
hegkb a
-k
kyban)es
yah-
yi<kh
n?>-
i
ma i
/34dparddleas
rr-
i
shamst a
brez,ba-
maul*n*bi-
g2
daft
ar-
i a
sr
r-i
dvn-
atkunam

I
tem7
:Ana
ti
nHi
ndi
n
agh
mah
<
alp
>
1
s
t
r
ub
(in yar
aslal
l
h
P
e r
si
an)
mua mma dgula
stoal
b-yi
gul
buv
adfti
(
mahandarnbar
g-i
gul
cit
r
(-a
shbarmad usa
ino asa
n
muatta
(
(
rshudazvai
zamnozaman

1
s
t
ve
rse j
abhu)
epai
dmua mmadmut
a
(fg
o dme/le
-ka
ral
ma
hnek
ah
b
h6ogh
kedi
yenbha
)
le
minahkela
ln

1
st
gi
rah(
in t
)
al
mahddhpi
l
-ka
r
Hindi
) p
yr
emua mmadbj
ldl
-
kar

378
 l
ej
tt
hdo
r<
lv
ar?
>

1
s
t
ve
rse bh*
Kog
h,k
edi
yen*bha
H,
le*
mina
hkel
al
n*

2
nd
ve
rse ar
shpi
hk
rmacha
idhar
tg)
emalhr

jmua mmadpa
idbha
lekaheji
br
lpukr

3
rd
ve
rse r
e/n
ce/cha
mchamja
bdall
hk
e/g
anv


damsest
ak)
ede
neba
dh)
s
re

4
th
ve
rse pa
6h-
kedur
df
ari
sht
e)
e=i
m=imkar
tet
re
m/kg
odme/ai
sanl
gej
ai
semudr
me/ng
anv

I
tem8
:Ana
ti
nPe
rsi
an
1
s
t
ve
rse nas
mj
nib-
iba
t(g
u<a
rkun
zi
-avl
-a
mmua mmadr
khaba
rkun

2
nd
ve
rse t
u)
sul
t
(n-
i l
amymua mmad
z
i-
r-y
ilut
f
(s-
yimanna
za
(rk
un

3
rd
ve
rse b
i-ba
rnj
n-imusht
q-
amdarnj
3
4d
-yir
au"ah-
yik
haira
l-
bas
harkun

4
th
ve
rse mushar
rafg
arc
ihs
hudjmzi
-l
utf
(
-a
sh
khud
ynkar
ambr
-idi
garkun

I
tem9
:Amanq
abati
nUr
du
1
s
t
r
ub
k
hvja
husmnkepyr
ekhv
jah-
yihi
ndal-
val

f
ti
(
mahza
hrkedi
lb
arhotumh/j
n-ia
l

Re
fra
in t
uba
6g
har
bna
vzha
i(y
mu
nal
-d
n)y
khv
ja
h-y
ihi
nda
l-
val

1
s
t
ve
rse t
val
-
yihi
ndha
iba
rmal
tujhek
aht
ehai
/sha
h-ia
uli
y)
t
ir
edarkehamb
hf
aq
rhaideha
me/bh
adqa
h usai
nk

2
nd
ve
rse muj
hemaul
al
ka
dqahdoa
bkhl
hai
dmanmer

mer
ekhv
ja
hsa
bpihkar
amkar
otumhe/gha
usp
kkv
sta
(
h

3
rd
ve
rse j
i
sec
hdarpi
hbul
li
yj
is
echapnbanl
iy

y
ihb
a6eka
ramkehai
fai
l
eyi
hb a
6ena
bkb
thai

379
4
th
ve
rse mir
big
6b
hgs
a/v
rdot
umg un
hk
rnavzdo
t
ereh
thha
imer
b
rmir
zi
ndagksav
lhai

5
th
ve
rse hu)
ete
ref
ai"s
ea ul
iy
)q
utbof
( ar
d
birpi
y
j
oniz
(
mk hus
rauval
banemi
rek
hvj
ahfa
i"ha
ipk

6
th
ve
rse t
er
ddhomer
dhoti
rn
mhomi
rkmho
mai
/b h
sb
ndher
ah/sa
dv
uhs
adhb
anda
nav
zha
i

7
th
ve
rse ka
bh mai
/netuj
hseka
hnah/ti
r<
tha
imi
rmudda
mujhetnea
pnbanl
iyt
ereit
ib
rkb
tha
i

Re
fra
in t
uba
6g
har
bna
vzha
iyk
hv
jah-
yihi
nda
l-
val

I
tem1
0:Amanq
abati
nHi
ndi
1
st
rub(
in g
or
s o
vesej
parsomuk
hpar>
rokes
Hindi) c
alkhusr
augha
rapnes
os
/jhbha
)c
au/de
s

2nd
ru
b
(in da
r-i
bi
rmir
na
za
(r
o/me/ra
shk-
iri
"v
nhai
Urdu) mai
/b ul
bul
usca
mankh/mir
kal
iya
rgul
is
tnha
i

1
s
t
ve
rse makhdm al
ama dt
ir
kali
yrkna
gar
iy
/k
ho/me /bas
hai(
bi
r)
dukhi
yanh/di
lsepi
yli
jekhab
ariy
(mere
bi
r)
j
oter
banhai

2
nd
ve
rse j
ode t
etir
egediyed
pjal
)
/
dib
y a
htosun)
/gtuj
he
khvushho-
keca6h)
/ti
rer
au"
epi
cada
riy

yi
hb andbas
hai

3
rd
ve
rse sakhi
yo/me /sukhl
k hhaii
kmai
/hbur
h/
ti
redarpihpa6
h/(ybi
r)
pchotokabh lyi
hduk hi
yank
sa/v
ari
y
j
ot er
banhai
(bir
)

4
th
ve
rse ej
n-
ialsq
-yi
kausarkepi
y r
e
b
b(bbfar
dke)kedulr
e(
bir
)
di
nsabunk eht
ho/me /seb hromor
ga
gar
iy
j
oter
banhai(
bir
)

1
s
t
ve
rse makhdm al
amadti
rk
ali
yrk
na
gar
iy
/k
ho/me /bas
ha
i

380
I
tem1
1:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du
1
s
t
ve
rse i
shqme/te
rekoh-i
ghamsarpihli
yj
ohos
oho
a
ishoni
sh
t-
(i
zindag
cho
6diyjohos
oho

2
nd
ve
rse muj
hsemar
"kota
(
b
bht
hma ta
pntl
ag
usk
okhudpi
hcho6deb
ahr-
ikhudj
ohosoho

3
rd
ve
rse aql
kema dr
ases
eu=hishqk
ema i
kademe/
j
m-if
anobe-k
hvud
abtopiy
johosoho

4
th
ve
rse l
gk
glagt
eh
pu/b
anamat
(y
ihj
alga
y
r
akht
-iv
ujdoj
not
ank
uchnahbac
johos
oho

5
th
ve
rse hi
j
rk
sabmu
ba
te/ar
"kusker
ba-
r
n
zoads
emuskur
ka
hnelag
johos
oho

1
s
t
ve
rse i
shqmet
erek
oh-
igha
m..
.

6
th
ve
rse dun
ykenekobads
ekmha
mk oni
yzk
uchna
h/
ps
ejogu<
arga
yphi
rus
eky
johosoho

1
s
t
ve
rse i
shqme
/te
rek
oh-
igha
msa
rpi
hli
yj
ohos
oho

I
tem1
2:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du
1
s
t
ve
rse g
ary
rhoba
hamko
)hohonahhonahho
j
aba
pnhoa
namko)
hohonahhonahho

2
nd
ve
rse l
amta
m ms
rj
ahnl
khg
arnahho
j
abhot
er
qas
amko)
hohonahhonahho

3
rd
ve
rse k
hves
hoya g
nahk
yhaij
omai/b
hna
hh/na
hh/
k
f
hait
erdamko)
hohona
hhonahho

3
rd
vers
e k
hve
shoyag
nahk
yhaij
omai/b
hnahh/na
hh/
(
co r
rec
ted) t
umhote
rqa
samko)
ihohona
hhonahho

4
th
ve
rse ul
vosi
78
ho/na
hho /ppo
shsemi
r
emazha
(r-i
atamko)
ihohonahhona
hho

5
th
ve
rse j
oter
eb e
-niy
zks
hikv
ahko
)k
are
y
ihhainaysi
ta
mko)
hohonahhona
hho

381
I
tem1
3:Amanq
abati
nUr
du
1
s
t
ve
rse emaz
ha
( r
-iv
ada tq
ibl
ah-
yid
nma
ul
nmua mma
dfa
khra
l-
dn
usm
n-
yis
r
ats
hn<sh
h>-i
mu
nma ul
nmua
mmadfa
khral
-d
n

2
nd
ve
rse j
ab
pkh
ma i
/kahl
yphi
rkiss
eka
h/maq
addilk
j
uz
pkemer
ko)
nah
/ma ul
nmua mma
dfakhra
l-
dn

3
rd
ve
rse j
abr home
rt
ans
erav
naurhov
evi
d-
ij
is
mojn
da
rpkhoa
urmer
ja
bnmaul
nmuammadf
akhra
l-
dn

4
th
ve
rse h/s
agmai
/ 34
z(
keda
rki
ynseab
babk
yk
ha =
k
l
enm-i
mubr
akjal
dka
h/maul
nmuammadf
akhral
-d
n

1
s
t
ve
rse ema
zha
(r-i
vada
tqi
bl
ah-
yid
nma
ul
nmua
mma
dfa
khra
l-
dn

I
tem1
4:As
almi
nPe
rsi
an
1
s
t
ve
rse
abba-
s-y
imad
nahr
k una
zndug
osal
mb ark
hvn
b
a-gi
rd-
ish
h-i
rus
ulbi
-g
irdoba
-a
dta
"arr
upa y
mb a
rkhv
n

2
nd
ve
rse b
a-s
oz-
imanra
t-i
misl
na
mzbi
-gu<
randa
rnj
b
a-l
an-ik
hvushsra
h-y
imua mmadtam
ma nda
rqay
mba
rkhv
n

3
rd
ve
rse b
a-bb-
irama tg
ah-
egu<a
rkunba-
bb-
iji
br
lga
hji
bns

s
al
mr abba
la b
bg
ah-
eba-
bbal-
sal
mbarkhv
n

4
th
ve
rse b
i-ni
hb a
-ca
ndnadab
ta
(r
azs
ar-
iir
dat
ba -
kh
k-i
nk

alt
-iv
34
rba-
rh-
ipk-
ij
anbkhai
ral
-anmbarkhv
n

1
st
gi
rah(
in
abmad
neme/mut
a
(fs
eha
mb e-
kaso
/ksa
lmkahn
Urdu) a
garv
uhme r
sa
lml
ele/t
ova
lk
phirpay
mkahn

2nd
gi
rah(
in j
aga
hma d
neme/vuhat
hot
( umh
rer
au"
ek s
mnho
Urdu) v
ah/pi
hrahnek
r
zha
iva
h/kmuj
hkoghul
mkahn

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n 3
4dme/te
renis
rtumpa
rti
remai
/adq
etir
emai/q
ur b
n
Urdu) j
ok uc
hgu<a
rti
haihampi
h la
ta
bnabs
etam
mk ahn

5
th
ve
rse b
a-l
an-i
d)
dhamna
vshauba-
nl
ah-
yidar
dshnsha
u
b
a-b
azm-
ipai
gha
mbar
ng ha
zal
rzi
-abd-
iji
zniz
(
mb ark
hv
n

1
s
t
ve
rse
abb
a-s
-y
ima
dna
hrk
una
zndu
gos
al
mba
rkhv
n

382
Cha
pte
r6.
6Thel
ega
cyo
fac
ont
empo
rar
ySu@
Apo
eta
tKha
nqa
h-e
-Ka
mil
,Hy
der
aba
d

I
tem1
:As
almi
nUr
du
n
agh
mah
<
alp
>
1
s
t
r
ub
(in a
b taiyy
at-
ishauq-
amb a-
njanbras
n
P
e r
si
an) hads
-i<
arr
a-yi
mi s
knba-
ft
bras
n
darnmuq mkihrmg
h-iaqdas
-i
st
zamnba-b
osos a
lm-iman-
ikhar
br a
sn

1
s
t
ve
rse a
b madneme/mut
a
(fs
eha
mbek
aso
/k s
almk
ahn
nah,5haikoH
,(
kaml
v
lemuamma
d,merepy
remuammad)ba
-j
uzt
umh*
re
ham r
it
npaymka
hn

2
nd
ve
rse mai/ppi
yda
hh/ymua mmadsamb
h l
l
jesa
mbh
ll
j
e
s
iv*tumh*re(
q)k
i
sepuk
*retumh
radnghul
mka
hn

3
rd
ve
rse j
aga
hma d
neme/vuhat
hot
( umhr
era
u"ek
smnho
v
ah,5pi
hrahnek
,*rz
2haiv
ah/kmuj
hkoghu
lmka
hn

4
th
ve
rse nis
rte
re3
4dmai
/te
rema
i/te
rea
dqemai
/te
req
urbn
gu<arr
ah
haij
ohampihl
at
abnab
set
ammkahn

5
th
ve
rse a
garv
uhpche
/ki
hkaunhaiv
uhhamr
furqa
tme/haij
on
ln
a
dabseq
admo/pi
hsa
rjhuk
-karg
har
bvj
i
fsal
mkahn

I
tem2
:Amub
raki
nUr
du
1
s
t
ve
rse s
ya
h-y
iama
d-i
muk
ht
rmub
ra
kb
sha
d

1
st
gi
rah(i
n /c
eamalpi
hnzmiredus
hmano/koho
Urdu; mai
/s
thhl
e-k
ej
)/gni
sba
tra
sl
k
re
peated
t
wi c
e)
1
s
t
ve
rse s*
yah-
yia
7mad-imukht
*rmub*
rakb*s
had
ni
sbat
-iai
dar
-ik
arr
rmubr
akbs
had

2
nd
gi
rah(
in be
-madadoyrmanam a"
rat-
iaidarmada
d-e
P
ersi
an) da
st-
iqudr
atmada
d-ef
ti-
ikhai
barmada
d-e

1
s
t
ve
rse ni
sba
t-ia
ida
r-i
kar
rrmub
ra
kb
sha
d

2
nd
ve
rse mus
hki
lo
/ka
llme
rt
ujhk
opuk
rmus
hki
lme
/

383
 g
haus
-ia
3za
)
mha
i(p
rn-
ip
r)ma
dadk
*rmub*
rakb*
sha
d

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n di
lme
/haidun
y-y
igha
m b
dy
prn-
ip
r
Urdu) ky
mazek
hait
umhr
ydyp
rn-
ipr

merepal
lepa
raga
rsar
krhait
o34k
rky

phait
oharci
hbdbdyp
rn-
ip
r

j
i
sk
duny-
yimua bb
atpseb
dhai
v
uhkab
hhotna
h/bar
bdyp
rn-
ip
r

3
rd
ve
rse g
haus
-ia
3za
)
mha
i(p
rn-
ip
r)ma
dadk
*rmub*
rakb*
sha
d

4
th
ve
rse k
ara
mha
ia"
rat
-ik
hv
jah-
yij
ah
nja
lva
34
gan(
yg
har
bna
vz
)

4th
gir
ah(the kas
ma purs
me/ghar
bo/kesa
hrekhv
ja
h
pe nul
ti
ma tet e
reisnkea
dqemirepy
rekhv
jah
l
ine
repeated nkhudtha
itoky
> a
rhame/tfnk
threeti
me s)lagh j
)
engek
is
tar
ak anrek
hvja
h

de
khl
oeknaz
a
(rkhvj
ah-
yiusmnkq
a s
am
ha
mnebar
so/ti
rc
augha
=pihgu<
rekhvj
ah

r
abt
-
(iul
fa
t(
kqa
samnis
bat
-ik
milk
qasam
t
hamrehohamr
ehohamrek
hvja
h

4
th
ve
rse ka
ramhaia"r
at-
ikhv
ja
h-y
ija
h/ja
lva
34
gan
d
d-v
lo
/kohod
drmubr
akbs
had

5
th
ve
rse ts
al
matra
he(oshh-
igha
us)k
caht
ir
bdr
ahe
hamkokh
k-ida
r-i
jn
nahmubra
kbs
had

6
th
ve
rse
)
nakh
nahb a
n<krtn >

)
nakh
nahb a
n)
neme/
ra
tbe
dam
l
utf
-
(i
nazz
(
(
rah-
yij
nna
hmubr
akbs
had

I
tem3
:Ana
ti
nPe
rsi
an
n
agh
mah
-yi
qud
ds

1
s
t
r
ub
(in ekhatm-ir
usulkaba
h-yimaqdtu)

P
e r
si
an) darr
at-
iharci
hhastmaujdtu)

yt
-ika
m l-
iaq qi
ynastba-t
o
n<tkidarpar
dahnih
nb dtu)

384
1
s
t
ve
rse yr
aslal
l
ha b
b-ik
hl
iq-
iya
kttu)

bar
-guz
,dah-
yi<
ul
-j
al
*l-
ip
k-i
be-hamtt
u)

2
nd
ve
rse n
zan
n-ia
"ra
t-ia
qq;
adr
-iba
zm-
ik*
Hi
n*t

1
st
gi
rah(i
n vada t-
i<
tkkamli
yya
t kesarptumho
Urdu;t
he a
qqk
vzhoall
hklahjahtumho
l
asttwoli
nesk
o)s
nhait
umhrnahk hudk hai
sha
bh
re
peated j
ai
seyakt
haikhudvai
seh ya
k tt
umho
t
wi c
e)

2
nd
ve
rse nz
ann-
ia"r
at-
ia qqa
dr-
ibaz
m-ik
)i
nt
nr
-ic
a s
hm-
ianb
iy
)(ymua mmad)c
ashmoc
ar
gh-
imt
u)

3
rd
ve
rse y
ra
sl
all
hy
ra
sl
all
h

y
ra
sl
all
hba
-s2-
yim*g
har
,b*
nya
kna
za
)r(
yakna
za
(ry
akna
za
(r
)

2nd
gi
rah(
int
umh
relut
f
(kmusht
qesar
krma
i/bhh/
Urdu) t
umh
rnar
gis
-ib
mrkb
mrmai
/bhh/

hari
klc
rahk
etabc
rahja
bduniyme/t
um= ha
hre
tuj
hebhy
ddil
deng
ekihikl
c
rma i
/bhh/

b
uro
/sebhb
urh/mai/mag
arer
amat-
il
am
t
umhr
enml
evek>a
rkokh
rmai
/bh
h/

3
rd
ve
rse m*g
har
,b*
nya
kna
za
)r(
yakna
za
(ry
akna
za
(r
)

3r
d
g
irah(
in nahmu)nishainahko)
merhaihamdamy r
asla
ll
h
Urdua nd t umhrsr
ha i
jn-
ila
my rasla
ll
h
Persi
an) ma da
dk vaqthaimer
emuq ar
raryras
lal
l
h
zi-
rama tkunnaza
(rbarl-
izr
-amy ras
lal
l
h
ghar
bamb enav-
y-a
mk hks
ramy ras
lal
lh

3
rd
ve
rse m*g
har
,b*
nya
kna
za
)r(
yakna
za
(ry
akna
za
(r
)

yra
sla
ll
hba-
s-
yimgha
rb
nyaknaz
a
(r
benav
*r*das
tg,
robanda
homa ul
tu)

4
th
ve
rse da
rshab-
imi
)
rj
bdahji
br
)
landa
rrak
b
p
nih
dahba
rsar
r
-ig
unbad-
ikha"r
<khi
"r
>t
u)

5
th
ve
rse s
hams
-it
abr
ez
cihd
nadnat
-it
opa
igha
mba
r

385
 mu
ta
(f
omuj
ta
bos
ayy
id-
ial
tu)

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n dar
br
o/me/dar
brhai
/darb
r-i
madna
h
Urdu) sa
bseba6
esa
rk
rhaisa
rkr
-imad
nah

5
th
ve
rse mu
ta
(f
omuj
ta
bos
ayy
id-
ial
tu)

I
tem4
:Amanq
abati
nUr
du
1
s
t
r
ub
(in shhastusai
nb dshhha
stusain
P
e r
si
an) dnastusai
ndnpanhhastusain
sarddnahdddastdarda
st-
iya
zd
aqqkihbi
n-y
ilil
hhastusai
n

1
s
t
ve
rse e
kna3
ra
h-s*(y
*7usa
in)ni
kalj
*t*hai
aksa
ry*7usa
in
j
abs
ekandahhoga
y*hail
au7-
idilpa
ry*7us
ain

y
*7us
ainy
*7us
ain

2
nd
ve
rse mer
davhai
kihdun
yphirnahpaid
kars
ak
s
her
-ima
idn-
idag
h(y us
ain)t
erebar
ba
ry us
ain

3
rd
ve
rse hambhhai
/v
bas
tag
n-iai
dar
-ik
a r
rrs
e
kuc
hidharb
h
adq
ah-yi
dar
br
-iaidary us
ain

1
st
gi
rah(
in c
aindunyme/mil
er atit
imdmilj
)e
Urdu) s
hiddat
-ii
shqmil
eghamk s
ar
fahmilj
)
e
k
sah-y
idil
li
ye"irhai
/dar-
idaul
atpar
y
a li
pkeaul
dkadqahmil
j)
e

3
rd
ve
rse hambhhai
/v
bas
tag
n-iai
dar
-ik
a r
rrs
e
kuc
hidharb
h
adq
ah-yi
dar
br
-iaidary us
ain

2
nd
ve
rse mer
davhai
kihduni
yphi
rna hpai
dkarsa
k
s
her
-ima
idn-
idag
h(y us
ain)te
rebar
bary us
ain

2nd
gi
rah(
in pyuspihjoko)
f
a r
ebkhnahsak

Urdu) durduspihjodm-ihav
asme/na hs
ak
ta
n vul
dekhi)
eunhked
nk epy
so/k
ki
hj obhs
mne yvuhbasyi
hkhnahsa
k

2
nd
ve
rse s
her
-ima
id
n-i
dag
h(
y us
ain)t
ereb
ar
bary
us
ain

4
th
ve
rse i
bti
dha
rs
lk
hai
pk
h
yds
e

386

ph
kt
a<k
ira
hsa
bk
zab
npa
ry us
ain

5
th
ve
rse a
hl-
iir
fn
ph
sepr
aheha
i/r
oshn

3r
d
gi
rah(
in v
uhnrjiskos
hah-i<vas
hq a
tain?>ka
hteha
i/
Urdu;the uskonr-i
khudnr-iai
nk ahteha
i/
l
as tt
woli
nesb
igha6g
aytovuhnrk)
intban
repeat
ed s
ima=gay
tousko usai
nk ahtehai
/
t
wi ce)
5
th
ve
rse ahl
-ii
rf
nph
sepra
heha i
/ros
hn
nr
-ic
ashm-
imurt
a"
ibt
-
(ipay
ambary
us
ain

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n db-i
muta
(f
me /s
haratkha 6
rah
Urdu) darvz
ah-y
ibat
lme/jannatk ha6r
ah
adqeme/thera
slca
6hepus htpar usai
n
bai=
herahe us
ainya
h/ datk ha6
rah

5
th
ve
rse
ibt
-
(ipa
yamb
ary
us
ain

6
th
ve
rse
pk
cashm-iin
yat
kkhul
ij
zt
h
v
arnahhurrkky
bada
lsak
tmuq
adda
ry us
ain

7
th
ve
rse t
afr
iqahmnk
haij
uzvok
ullk
t a
fri
qah
j
isza
b* npa
ry*mu7ammaduszab*npary*7us
ain

y
mua
mma
dy us
ain

5t
h
g
ira
h(i
n r
oshanhaiji
ssednv uhna g
nah usai
nhai
Urdu) s
acpchi
)etoa r
shk znah usainhai
k
arkesavrk/=hepihk ahtet
hemu t
a
(f
k
ab a
ha g
ara sa
nha ima dnah usai
nhai

7
th
ve
rse t
afr
iqa
hmnkha
ijuz
vokul
lktaf
ri
qah
j
i
szabnpa
rymua mmaduszab
npa ry
us
ain

8
th
ve
rse ni
sba
t-i
kmil
hamr
rangl
)
eg
"ar
r
hoag
arter
ni
gh-
iba
ndapa
rva
ry us
ain

6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n i
ns
nchet
okuchna
h/ho
t
Urdu)
pchetok
yna
h/hot

8
th
ve
rse ni
sba
t-i
kmil
hamr
rangl
)
eg
"ar
r
hoag
arter
ni
gh-
iba
ndapa
rva
ry us
ain

387
7t
h
g
ira
h(i
n tumhredarpi
hma i/kar
thnisl
i)
ea
dqe
Urdu) nahjnekauns
eadqeme /kmhoj)
e
tumhrc
ashm-ik
aramhot okmhoj)
e
adsedekhloqi
ahta
m mhoj)e

8
th
ve
rse hoa
gart
er
nig
h-
iba
nda
par
vary
us
ain

1
s
t
ve
rse e
knar
ah-
sni
kal
jt
ha
iak
sa(
ry us
ain

I
tem5
:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du
n
agh
mah
<
alp
>
1
s
t
r
ub
k
mil
yihbty
drakhobal
kihl
ikhr
akho
k
hl
kabh
nahj
)e
g ni
sba
tkis
kes
th

1
s
t
ve
rse ps
tehai
/mirea
urnahb
ult
eha
i/mujhe
yi
hbhky
k a
mhaikiv
uhydt
ot
ehaimujhe

2
nd
ve
rse d
)i
m b
drahey
/hbha
rba
zmunk
b
an-kek
hvudsha
mj opar
vna
hba
nt
ehai
/muj
he

3
rd
ve
rse us
n-imabb-
ikhudpa
rjonaz
a
(rk
art
hn
usk
qudr
atket
amshenaz
a
(rt
ehai
/mujhe

4
th
ve
rse j
nek
ybthaik
yo/l
ogmazel
et
ehai
/
nml
e-k
arti
rd
vna
hban
tehai
/muj
he

5
th
ve
rse z
inda
gnha
i da
r-g
iha
uskeLuk
Ko5pihmir

c
hnkyl
e/gevuhmuj
hsejo>ar
teha
i/mujhe

6
th
ve
rse a
dqah-
yiusn-i
naza
(rha
imi
rmas
ts
r
unkequr
bnjoa/k
ho /s
epi
l
teha
i/mujhe

7
th
ve
rse j
nt
ehaik
ihnah,
5unkes
iv*mer
*koH
,
k
uchsa
ma j
h-k
arhv
uhd
ma nme
/chup
teha
i/muj
he

8
th
ve
rse merky
bdha
isabunkvuj
dunkna
md
ka
isend
nhai
/josamnel
teha
i/muj
he

9
th
ve
rse s
arkeba
lj
)/a
garparho/t
ou6ka
rpah/c
/
k
o)
kahdejomi
reprbul
t
ehai
/mujhe

388
1
0t
h
v
ers
e k
ahi)
eki
skhus
rav
-ik
hb
nk hai
ma dk
mil
r
num)
me/do l
amnaza
(
r t
ehai/muj
he

I
tem6
:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du
1
s
t
ve
rse
pkopt
nah
/ja
b pk
opth/mai/
y
tok
hojt
h/yphi
rkhodi
yj
th/ma
i/

2
nd
ve
rse y
ihg
hurr
-ib
andag
hait
ums eni
sbatket
uf
) a
il
t
umsal
*mathotoharb
zl
agsa
kth/mai/

3
rd
ve
rse 34
kr-
iuq
bk a
r-k
en-aq
qvaqtkyo
/z
)ik
ar/
unkokhvudhl
jho
gj
ink
k a
hlt
h/ma i
/

4
th
ve
rse <ji
nnkora
heparb
hmuj
hkocho6de<a
uq-i
tul
(?>
unkdmant
hmkarma
nzi
lsamsak
th/mai/

5
th
ve
rse e
kdhunai
sbh
ho t
haik
is
ky
dme /
j
gt
hu/di
lseaur/k
ho/sesoj
th/ma
i/

6
th
ve
rse
)
nahban-
karmuqbi
lusk
ejabt
h/mai/
b
andag
me /bh
khud)
k
jha
lakpt
h/mai/

9
th
ve
rse l
u=g
a)
kmi
l.
.
.

7
th
ve
rse unsei
tn
ba6
hg a
)hai
nis
bat-
iv
lt
ar
n
j
isk
och/t
erdv
nahbansa
kth/ma
i/

8
th
ve
rse e
ksaj
deki
ny
atk,
ji
Heba
ndana
v*z
s
arj
huk*
-ka
rs*r
,duny*koj
huk*s
akt
*h25ma
i5

9
th
ve
rse l
u=g
a)
kmil
jah
/sr
mat
-
( iz
inda
g
k
yta
ma s
hhaiv
ah
/sez
inda
gpt
h/ma
i/

I
tem7
:Amanq
abati
nUr
du
n
agh
mah
<
alp
>
1
s
t
r
ub
dd-
idi
ld
rhai
tosa
bkuchhai
apnga
ryrha
itos
abkuchha
i

t
qi
yma
ttumhrf
ai
"ra
he
j
aby
ihda
rbrha
itos
abkuchha
i

389
 pskuc
hbhnah
/q ub
lbads
hhk
e
apnkmi
lhai
tosabkuchhai

1
s
t
ve
rse tumhr
d
dme/haiy
ihas
aryg
haus
-i
amdn
naza
(
rparn
zka
rt
haina
za
(ry
ghaus
-i
amd
n

2
nd
ve
rse phir
eng
ephirne-
v*l
edarba
-dary*ghaus
-i;
amd*n,
tumh*r
edarpihhaime
rnaz
a
(ryghaus-
ia
mdn

3
rd
ve
rse t
umh
reda
rkba
ndahh/tumh
/semuj
hkole
nhai
t
umh
rho-
kemai
/j
)/ki
dhary
gha
us-
ia
mdn

4
th
ve
rse y
ihka
is
ba nda
gha
ikyt
amas
hhaikhudj
ne
k
hud)
knaza
(
rhai
pparyg
haus
-i
a mdn

5
th
ve
rse mur,
d,l*ta
khafka
h-ka
rhame/be-3
4k
rka
r>l
ha
m r
jnqur
bnppary
ghaus
-i
amdn

6
th
ve
rse mus
,ba
thokihha
i r
*7a
tma z
enisba
tsel
et*h25
t
umhr
edarpi
hraht
ahaiy
ihsary
ghaus
-i
amdn

7
th
ve
rse k
aml-
iusnk
adqa
hhamr
l
jra
khlen
i
dha
rbhe
kiny
atk
naz
a
(ry
ghaus
-i
amdn

8
th
ve
rse t
umhr
nmle-
karzi
ndag
hamnegu<
rha
i
mar
e/g
ebht
umhrenmparyg
haus
-i
amdn

9
th
ve
rse nahbh2loapnek*
milkok
ihtumparj
*ndet
*hai
yi
hdivnahra
hhaiumrbha
ryg
haus
-i
amdn

I
tem8
:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du
n
agh
mah
<
alp
>
1
st
rub
(
in ya
hkuchrzhaia uris
me /khvus
hapn
Urdu) ki
hunk enmpi hlu= j
)
esrz
indag
apn
mua bbatunk
ra tkhamrea qqme/sabk
uchha
i
i
ss
ezindagapni
s sebandag
apn

1
s
t
ve
rse unh
/k
mar
"pi
hca
lra
heha
i/unh
/k
mar
"t
oca
lra
hha
i

1
st
gi
rah(
in hamja
h/bai
=hebkhudb
ai=
he
Urdu) y*
rseapnek
abjud*baiL
he

390
 k
o)
knkahey
dvna
h
y
rseapnej
oalhi
dahbai
=he

1
s
t
ve
rse unh
/k
mar
"pi
hca
lra
heha
i/unh
/k
mar
"t
oca
lra
hha
i

2nd
gi
rah(
inbe
-3
4krj
ra
hh/harekit
ib
rse
Urdu; ni
sba
tbhkai
sc
zha
idmn-
iy
rse
repea
ted
t
wi ce
)
1
s
t
ve
rse unh
/k
ma r
"pi
hcalra
hehai
/unh
/kmar
"t
ocalr
ahhai
yi
hzindag
tofa
qat
(unh
/kk
hvush
kes
/c
o/me />hal
rahha
i

2
nd
ve
rse na
hdamhprni
kalr
ahhai
nahr
zhni
kal
rahhai
na
hj
neka
bs eti
rt
amannham
rg
odme/palr
ahhai

3
rd
ve
rse us
etomas sk
ars
ake
gfaqa
t(k
o)c
ashm-ib
daka
shh
ki
sk
/k
ho /s
eky
bat
)/shar
bk i
tn
ubalr
ahha
i

4
th
ve
rse unh,
5k,ca
shm-i
ka r
amk *;
adq
ahunh,
5keyi
hdamqada
mk*;
adq
ah
unh
/seni
sba
tk6l
e-k
arhamr
ha
rb
tcal
rah
hai

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n k
itnk
hvus
hqi
sma
th/ma
i/b
hy
muq
adda
rha
imi
r
Urdu)
4
th
ve
rse unh
/key
ihda
mqa
damk
a
dqa
h

4t
h
g
irah(
in k
mil
yihbty
drakhobal
kihl
ikhr
akho
Urdu; k
hl
kabh
nahj
)e
g ni
sba
tkis
kes
th
repeat
ed
t
hr i
ce)

4
th
ve
rse unh
/key
ihda
mqa
damk
a
dqa
h

4
th
gi
rah k
hl
ka
bh
nahj
)
eg
nis
batk
is
kes
th
r
epeat
ed
4
th
ve
rse unh
/seni
sba
tk
6l
e-
karha
mr
ha
rb
tca
lra
hha
i

5
th
ve
rse vuhit
ib
r-i
naza
(rs
e/cevuh34
krofa
hm-ibas
harse/ce
mai/j
it
nqurb
atba6hr
ahh/vuhdr
iyo
/seb a
dalra
hha
i

6
th
ve
rse r
ahes
alma
tvuhne
vl
ma r
"-
ighamneli
ysambhl

<
ar<
arho
shra
hhai<a
rta
(bats
ambhal
rahhai

391
7
th
ve
rse l
agj
ah
/dilpihdag
hk
milca
r*ghr
osha
nmur*
d7*;i
l
ha
m*r,mar
qa dpih*-
kedek
hoy a
h,t
oiksha
m3j
alr
ah,
hai

1
s
t
ve
rse unh
/k
mar
"pi
hca
lra
heha
i/unh
/k
mar
"t
oca
lra
hha
i

I
tem9
:Amanq
abati
nUr
du
n
agh
mah
-yi
qud
ds

<
alp
>
1
st
rub
(
in mab b
iyya
tkemar
tab
eki
qti
dmha
i
Urdu) gha
usal
-va
rvuj
d-
imuammadkn
mha
i

2nd
ru
b
(i
ntaay
yunkado/me
/k a
bja
m l
-imu
ta
(f
)
hai
Urdu) v
ahj
al
vahy
ah
/bhha
imagarg
hausal
-v
ar
)ha
i

1
s
t
ve
rse s
yeme/t
umhr
e(ghaus
-iaz(
a
m)dma
nk ej
i
sdins
egu<
rk
art
eha
i/
s
abapnea
malparnz
nhaihamza
3mtumh*r
*kar
teha
i5

1
st
gi
rah(
in nahi
lmofa
"lnahzuhdov
ar
)nah usn-
iama
l
Urdu) fa
qat
(t
umh
rin
yatpi
hkmcal
thai

1
s
t
ve
rse ha
mzamt
umh
rk
art
eha
i/

1
s
t
g
ira
h nahi
lmofa
"lnahzuhdov
ar
)nah usn-
iama
l
e
labora
ted fa
qat
(t
umh
rin
yatpi
hkmcal
thai

s
ar-
ini
yzhai
ikais
est
nepar
j
ah/na
vis
htah-
yit
aqd
rbhb
adal
tha
i

j
ah
/kes
rea s
no/k
br
tumho
t
umhr
esmneki
skca
rg
hcal
tha
i

1
s
t
ve
rse ha
mzamt
umh
rk
art
eha
i/

2nd
gi
rah(
in me
r
ra
tkonahdek
hme r
egunho/pihna
hj
Urdu) ma
i/t
oacchna
h/acc
ho/seha
i ni
sba
tmer

1
s
t
ve
rse ha
mzamt
umh
rk
art
eha
i/

2
nd
ve
rse ha
iapnv
az
(
fa
hub oma
sha
rh*
lme
5y*g
haus
-ia
3za
)
m

3r
d
g
ira
h(n ma
i i5q*di
r,h25shukrha
iyi
hme r
eprk
(eq
ubl
bads
hh)
Urdu) d
ma nhaimerehthme/p
rn-
ip
rk

392
2
nd
ve
rse ha
iapnva
z
(f
ahub omas
ha
rhlme/yg
ha us
-iaz
a
(m
j
onzhamrs
ahteha
i/ha
muskopuk
rka
rtehai
/

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n ha
msey
ih.
.
.
Urdu)

5t
h
g
ira
h(i
n q
udr
atkmuabba
tkefa"
le/kuchpusht
panh
kebadl
e
Urdu) j
abk
o)
nah
/bha
rth
m hamtumk opukr
kart
ehai
/

2
nd
ve
rse j
on
zha
mr
sa
hteha
i/

6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n v
uhus usnk
eja
lvo
/kpr
lut
f
(pt
eha
i/
Urdu) j
oapnedil
kokhv
udekmust
aqi
lkab
ahban
teha
i/

mua bb
athoagars
acc
toai
sedi
nb h
tehai
/
vuha
pnenzb
ardr
o/kkhvudhnzl
teha
i/

vuht
ejt
ejabs
z-ina
faskoche
6j
teha
i/
mereaj
z-
yihas
ts
abunh/keg
tgt
ehai
/

j
ounparmarmi=
eunsehaz
r
o/fa
i"pt
eha
i/
unhe
/murdahna
hsamjhovuhtomurdo
/koji
l
teha
i/

2
nd
ve
rse j
on
zha
mr
sa
hteha
i/ha
musk
opuk
rk
art
eha
i/

3
rd
ve
rse k
uchrabt
-
(imuabbatk
eghar
rekuc
hpusht
pan
hkeb
harr
e
j
abko
)nah
/bha
rthm
hamtumk opuk
rk
art
ehai
/

4
th
ve
rse nk
ho/me/hamr
es
qk
ek a
htehai/jha
lakt
epai
mne
maik
hori
n/k
honk
adqa
h nkho
/s eut
rkar
teha
i/

7t
h
g
ira
h(i
n a/khe/s
qk
s
al
ma tmer
edushmant
ars
e/
Urdu) duhremai
khneki
)ehai
/me r
ebhar
nekel
i)
e

4
th
ve
rse ma
ikho
rin
/kho
nk
adq
ah
nkho
/seut
rk
art
eha
i/

5
th
ve
rse duny
keas
no/kok
milma
7b2b-
ikhud*seky*ni
sbat
vuhkhv
udk
osa/v
rer
aht
eha
i/yi
hsabkosa
/ v
rka
rteha
i/

I
tem1
0:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du
<
alp
>
1
st
rub
(
in us
nghamsek
ihha
ime
rqi
sma
tk
Urdu) aq
qadka
rdi
ymuabba
tk

393
2nd
ru
b
(inabt
umhe/ka
h/p)
/>h/>hneki
dharj
)
/
Urdu) m/hc
hupl
iyt
umnerats
hnhog

3r
d
r
ub
(in di
lvuh
bdnah
nji
sme/ti
ry
dnah/
Urdu) ha
ivuhk3
4rj
ote
rr
hme/bar
bdnah/

>h/>hnek
otir
eemer
enahmilne
-v
le
vuhcal
haij
is
ea q
qkbhpa
tydnah
/

egham-i
y
rti
reda
ms ehait
amr
-iay
t
t
s a
lmathai
tomi=
=mir
bar
bdna
h/

1
s
t
ve
rse t
er,na
za
)rs
edi
lkosuknha
iqar
rha
i
e
trekar
amsemereca
ma nme5bah*
rha
i

1
st
gi
rah(i
n y
ihsh
nyi
hsha
uqatmi
rauq
tnah
/th
Urdu; y
ihnmoni
sh
n-a
mt i
rni
sba
tkat
ha
( i
re
peated
t
wi c
e)
1
s
t
ve
rse t
erna
za
(rs
edi
lkosuknha
iqar
rhai
t
erekar
amsemereca
ma nme/bah
rhai

2
nd
ve
rse ha
mg a
)ek
ah
/pihyi
hkiskday
rhai
pa
hls
edil
puk
rya
h,k2-y
iy*rhai(
dek
ho)

3
rd
ve
rse v
adepi
hj
rahet
hemagardamnik
alga
y

/khe
/khul
hu)
ha
iti
rint
iz

(rhai

4
th
ve
rse z
hidmi
rna
mzbhal
ky
o/nahhoqubl
harl
amahme r
esa
mneta
vr
-iy
rha
i

5
th
ve
rse masharme
/s a
bkep
stohai
nmah-
yiama
l
yi
hdek
homereht
hme/dmn-
iy
rhai

6
th
ve
rse muj
hsea
garza
mna
hbhbar
gashtahhotoho
mai
/mutma
( )
i
nh/mer
ta
(
rafca
s hm-iy
rhai

2nd
gi
rah(
in hai
nisb
atsalmattokhekr o
n
Urdu) ka
bhunk edarsen-
m yshon
yi
hme r
a qdahhaikinmunk l
e-
kar
u=
hl/jomi =
=t
ob a
nj
)eson

6
th
ve
rse ma
i/mut
ma
( )
i
nh/

394
3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n ky
ko)
u=
hsakt
hai
hame/a
binkedarseekmil
Urdu) hamunkebul
)
e)
ehai
/ha
munk ebi
=h)
ebai
=hehai
/

6
th
ve
rse ma
i/mut
ma
( )
i
nh/

7
th
ve
rse j
isdi
lme/ishq-
ip
rhaii
shq-
ira
slha
i
uspa
rnuzl
-ir
ama t-
ipa
rva
rdi
grhai

8
th
ve
rse k
mil
kedil
sepchi
)
esaj
do/kl
a<<a
te/
v
uhhais
ar-
ini
yzhai
aurp
-yi
yrhai

I
tem1
1:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du
n
agh
mah
<
alp
>
1
st
rub
(
in j
omujhede
kht
hain
mt er
le
thai
Urdu) mai
/tokh
moshh/nis
batmir
kha
mos
hna
h/

2nd
ru
b
(inyi
haurhai
hamkokhab
arnah
/hot

Urdu) ni
gh-
iy
rkab
hbe
-khaba
rnah
/hot

1
s
t
ve
rse
pkop
tna
h/j
ab.
.
.

1
s
t
ve
rse hamr
duny
badal
-k
erakhdna
za
(rkmil
nhu)
ba
hna
h
udha
rnig
he/mil
ki
ss
eidha
ryihdi
lbangay
ni
sh
nah<na
sh
nah>

2
nd
ve
rse gun
hk
ro/pi
hha/s
ne-v
lonahy/ki
sk
ha
/su6
)
o
nahj
ne i

eme/ji
ske)
ekhudkr
ama tk
shmiy
na
h

3
rd
ve
rse t
er
mua b
batme/zi
nda
ghaii
sme/kuchl
utf
(
-ib
andag
hai
b
a6ema
zese(a
l-amdul
i
l
lh)g
u<arra
hhai
hamrsa
rter
s
tna
h

4
th
ve
rse ha
m r
emi y
r-i
b a
ndag
me/basi
kti
rk
hvj
ag
=ik
hai
ma<
q-is
ajda
hb hut
n/c
bula
ndhaij
it
ns
tnah

5
th
ve
rse j
abusnedekhtoju=
hehamnaz
a
(rphi
rl
t
oma rg
a)
eha
m
aj
abtams
hek
z i
ndagha
iab
ha q
qa
tab
hfa
sna
h

6
th
ve
rse s
habb-
igul
shannis
rtumpar3
4dhai
hari
kbahrtumpa
r
s
iy
hg e
sghang
ha=)
e/na
shel
a
/khe/s
har
bkhnah

7
th
ve
rse k
ah
/kdi
lka
is
jn
iby
ah
/to
mnpi
ba
nha
i

395
 k
ih us
nkhv
udmus
taq
ilq
iy
mat
phi
ruspi
hand
z-i
k3
4r
na
h

8
th
ve
rse k
al
m-ik
mi l
k
shuhrat
o/ks
ababf
aqat
(unserab
bkonisba
t
g
hazal
keharshirparha
iga
hrca
6hhu)
rang-
ishi
qna
h

I
tem1
2:Ag
haz
ali
nUr
du
n
agh
mah
<
alp
>
1
st
rub
(
in nig
h-i
sat
(bnekadds
egej
nah
/sa
kt
Urdu) unhe/p-
karbh
unkof

l
-aq
qat
pnah/s
akt

t
a6a
pjodi
lkhaiv
uhbar
aqme/bhnah
/sakt

y
ihta6
pt
ha
i s
abkoa
urvuht
a6pnah
/sakt
i

haz
ro/it
ib
rai
seha
i/j
ink
oaql-
ii
ns
n
sa
ma j
hle
tt
ohais
abkuc
hmaga
rsamj
hna
h/s
akt

a
jalk
b
teknaql
-i
muqm
kesi
vkyhai
j
otumpi
hma rmi
=phi
rma
utuskomi=na
h/s
akt

1
s
t
ve
rse pa
rda
h-y
isha
uqha
iya
h
ra
t-i
rzha
iya
h

1
st
gi
rah(
in pa
rdahnahmer
ha=
)
oza
m na
hdekhnahl
e
Urdu) mai
/shorme/)
/t
umhr
nis
hn
ha=e
/

1
s
t
ve
rse par
dah-
yis
hauqha
iya
h
ra
t-i
rzhai
yah
tumhonaza
)rk
es*
mnemernamzhai
yah

2nd
gi
rah(
in b
a6ma
qmhaiusk
k hudpar
ast
o/me/
Urdu; j
otumk
orak
h-k
enaza
(rme /adnamzk
are
repea
ted
t
wi ce
)
1
s
t
ve
rse t
umhona
za
(rk
es
mneme
rna
mzha
iya
h

3r
d
g
ira
h(i
n k
abh
ea q
qatemunta
za
( r<
munta
zi
(r
>naza
(rl
ib
s-i
maj
zme
/
Urdu) k
ihha
zr
o/saj
deta
6aprahehai
merj
ab
n-i
niy
zme /

j
omai
/nes
arkos
ajdahhu)
kab
h t
ozamns
enel
ag
ad
t
ir
di
lt
oha
ia
nam s
hntuj
hekymil
egna
mzme/

1
s
t
ve
rse t
umhona
za
(rk
es
mneme
rna
mzha
iya
h

2
nd
ve
rse t
er
adk
khb
iy
nme
rt
a
(ra
fme
/th
nah
/

396
 z
inda
gk
hvudpuk
rt
ba
nda
nav
zha
iya
h

4t
h
g
ira
h(i
n hamr
kuc
hb h
nahthaq
qat
Urdu) tumh
redars
emil
haiiz
zat

2
nd
ve
rse t
er
adk
khb
iy
nme
rt
a
(ra
fme
/th
nah
/

5t
h
g
ira
h(i
n qa
samal
lhkunkatk
( mi
lka
ramkmi
l
Urdu) maga
rk
mi l
mu
bathai
hamr
tang
dm
n

2
nd
ve
rse unk
adkkhb
iy
nme r
ta
(
raf
me/th
nah/
zi
nda
gkhv
udpukrt
ba
ndanav
zha
iyah

k
hv
jahb
anda
nav
zk
hv
jahg
esuda
rz

3
rd
ve
rse ahl
-ij
ah
nk ok
ykhabark
aunhaimujhme/jal
vag
ar
mai5h25kah*5(
me r
eama dpi
y,mer
ekmil
piy
,me
res
hei
kha
l-
ama
d,me
re
gha
uspiy)t
umh,tohoa;lme5r*zhai
yah,

6t
h
g
ira
h(i
n merky
bdha
isabunkvuj
dunkna
md
Urdu) ka
isend
nhai
/josamnel
teha
i/muj
he

3
rd
ve
rse ahl
-ij
ah
nkoky
k ha
barka
unhaimuj
hme /j
alv
aga
r
mai5h25ka
h*5tumh,tohoa;
lme5r*zhai
yah,

4
th
ve
rse uskekar
ampihmai
/ni
srha
ikiy
s a
bsebeni
yz
yrha
imujhs
eshk
rb
andahkrzhai
yah

5
th
ve
rse
)ejah/t
ereq
adamkarli
yapnesark
ok ha
m
b
a ndah-
yii
shqkel
i)
ekmilnamzhaiy
ah

1
s
t
ve
rse pa
rda
h-y
isha
uqha
iya
h

I
tem1
3:Rang
<
alp
>
1
st
rub(
in r
ain
ca6h
ras
lks
orangmaul
keh
th
Hindi) j
i
sk
c/darr
angdi
/hosora
nganvk
ebh
g

Ra
ng j
ranghair
m/r
anghair
(hejr
angha
i)
moheprp
yomuy
al-
dnaul
iy
)

1
s
t
g
ira
h muy
al
-d
naul
iy
)mu
nal
-d
naul
iy
)

397
 mu nal-dnauliy
)qut ba
( l
-dna uli
y)
qutba
( l-dnauliy
)farda l
-dna ul iy
)
far
dal-dnauliy
)niz
(ma l-dna uliy
)
niz
(ma l-
dna uli
y)
na ral-dna uliy)
nara
l-dnauliy)
ba nda nav
za uli
y)
bandana vzauliy
)sh h-iama da uli
y)
shh-i
ama da ul
iy
) kal
ma ll
ha uli
y )
kal
ma llhauliy
)ysuf sha r
fa uliy)
y2sufshar,fauliy
*Hghul *m- igha usauli
y*H
ghul*m- ighausauli
y *Hsh* h-ik* mi lauli
y*H

Ra
ng j
abdekhomo r
esanghair
m/ranghair

mai/t
oa i
sora
nga urna
h/de
khkhv
jah
deshb
a-des
hme />h/>hphi
rh/
to
rra
ngma nbhyo

I
tem1
4:Qaul
inAr
abi
c
Qau
land ma
nkunt
uma
ulf
a-a
li
yyunma
ul
t
arnah
dardi
ldardildardn
hamtumt annnntann
nr
e
ya
ll
yal
lyal
ll
l
ya
lll
yalll
yall
l
l

ma
ula
lma
ul

1
st
gi
rah(
in l
aa dme /ta
< ki
rah-
y i
btur
bk a
rd/g
Urdu) s
avlk
o )
bhholja
vbkard/g
mer
eg unhsiy
hg arhai
efari
sht
oma g
ar
al
mur
dhai t
os r
ei s
bk a
rd/g

Qa
ul ma
ula
lma
ul

2nd
gi
rah(
in banef
ja<
btme/pahne-v
le
Urdu) qal
andarbaneis
hqme /ja
lne-
vl
e
nabhaial
kova
lka
hne-v
le
va
lval
kahegal
ka
hne-vl
e

Qau
land ma
ula
lma
ul
t
arnah
dardi
ldardildardn
hamtumt annnntann
nr
e
ya
ll
yal
lyal
ll
l
ya
lll
yalll
yall
l
l

398