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Answer The ratio of the peak-peak ripple to the sinusoidal peak voltage is:
P-P ripple/Vp 2/(RC)
The rectified voltage peak 12-0.7 = 11.3 volt.
P-P ripple 11.3 (2/RC). For P-P ripple < 1 estimate C > 188 F will suffice.
The computed rectified output (netlist on the right) is plotted below showing the initial charging of the
capacitor (from an initial uncharged condition).
The diode current pulse also is compared (below) with the load current. Note that the load current
magnitude is multiplied by a factor of 50 for convenience. The load current is approximately 10ma,
whereas the initial current spike is nearly one ampere.
*Half Wave Rectifier Netlist
VSINE 1 0 SIN(0 12 60)
D1 1 2 D1N4004
RL 2 0 1K
CF 2 0 200U
.MODEL D1N4004 D(Is=14.11n N=1.984
+Rs=33.89m Ikf=94.81 Xti=3 Eg=1.11
+ Cjo=25.89p M=.44 Vj=.3245 Fc=. Bv=600 +Ibv=10u Tt=5.7u)
.TRAN .2m 30m
.PROBE
.END
During the next, i.e., the (n+1'st) half period the circuit is as shown below, right. Charge on the
capacitors redistributes itself in keeping with the capacitor terminal requirements. Because the total
charge at nodes 2-3 can not change from the previous half cycle it is necessary that
From these equations determine that for successive half-periods (positive or negative)
where n is odd. The value of the constant B depends on the initial charge of the capacitors, but in
any event the second term rapidly becomes negligible.
Assume that both C1= 3F and C2 = 1 F are initially uncharged. Compute the charging transient
for a 1 millisecond period, 10 volt square wave. Note the effect of the finite diode forward
voltages.
* Doubler
4) An Amplitude-Modulated (AM) signal has the form A(1+m sin mt) sin ct , where m < < c
and m 1. One may view this as a carrier sinusoid sin(ct) whose amplitude varies sinusoidally
around a mean value. Transmission of this signal as a radio wave turns out to be more practical than
Introductory Electronics Notes 22-3 Copyright M H Miller: 2000
The University of Michigan-Dearborn revised
transmission of the modulation signal alone. Demodulation is the process of recovering the
modulation signal, i.e., tracking the varying amplitude of the carrier signal. (In general the
modulation would be a superposition of sinusoids corresponding, for example, to speech.)
Demodulation may be done by rectifying the carrier signal to obtain a unipolar half-wave signal
whose envelop is the desired modulation signal, and then filtering to maintain the signal during the
omitted half-cycle.
An illustrative AM signal is plotted in the figure following. (Actually this is not a good AM signal.
For reasons to appear the carrier frequency should be considerably higher than the modulating
frequency for good AM. However the details of the modulation would be difficult to illustrate
because of the scale difference, and so simply for illustrative purposes the scale is as plotted.
Incidentally the plot is made using the Probe program.)
A half-wave rectifier circuit to perform demodulation is sketched below. The multiple sources reflect
the use of the POLY() controlled source capability of PSpice to simulate a nonlinear waveform, in
this case the AM modulation shown. Refer to the associated netlist for additional details.
As with the voltage rectifier a diode is used to obtain a unipolar waveform whose envelop follows
the modulation signal. Provided certain conditions are met the voltage across the RC filter tracks the
modulation envelop. To filter the carrier properly the time constant should be large compared to the
carrier period; the capacitor then is charged near the peak of each carrier half-cycle, and the
exponential decay is slow enough to hold (closely) to the peak voltage. On the other hand the
capacitor should be able to discharge fast enough to follow the slower changes in the amplitude of
the modulation envelop, i.e., the time constant should be small compared to the modulation period.
(These inequalities are why it is desirable that the carrier frequency be much greater than the highest
modulation frequency used.
Compute and explore the circuit performance. Change the RC time constant, describe the effect
expected as a consequence of the change, and compare to the computed performance of the circuit.
* DEMODULATION
VCAR 1 0 SIN(0 1 10K )
RCAR 1 0 1
VMOD 2 0 SIN(0 .5 100)
RMOD 2 0 1
ESIG 3 0
+ POLY(2) 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1
D1 3 4 D1N4004
RL 4 0 10K
CL 4 0 0.1U