Internet Manual

Oromia ICT Development Agency
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Chapter 1: Internet
1.1 Introduction
The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications

world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone,
radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration
of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting
capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium
for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their
computers without regard for geographic location.
The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the

benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and
development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early
research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia
have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new
technology.
This is intended to be a brief, necessarily cursory and incomplete

history. Much material currently exists about the Internet, covering
history, technology, and usage.
The Internet today is a widespread information infrastructure, the

initial prototype of what is often called the National (or Global )
Information Infrastructure. Its history involves many aspects -
technological, organizational, and community. And its influence
reaches not only to the technical fields of computer communications
but throughout society as we move toward increasing use of online
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tools to accomplish electronic commerce, information acquisition, and

community operations.
1.2 Origins of the Internet
The beginning of internet technology can be traced back to 1969,when

the Advanced Research Projects Agency, funded by the U.S
Department of Defense, conducted research on Networking. Their goal
was to design a network that allowed computers on different types of
networks to communicate with each other.
During the 1960s and 1970s, many computer networking
technologies were created, each based on a particular hardware
design. Some of these networks, called Local Area networks (LANs),
connect computers over short distances, using cables and hardware
installed on each computer. Other larger networks called, Wide Area
Networks (WANs), connect many computers over large distances,
using transmission lines similar to those used in telephone systems.
Although LANs and WANs made it much easier to share information
within organizations, the information stopped at the boundaries of
each network. Each networking technology moved information around
in a different way, often based on the design of its hardware. A
particular LAN technology could only work with specific computers,
and most LAN and WAN technologies were incompatible with each
other.
The internet was designed to interconnect the different types of
networks and allow information to move freely among users,
regardless of the machines or networks they used. It did this by adding
special devices called routers, to connect LANs and WANs of
different types. The connected computers needed common protocol,
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a shared set of rules describing how to transmit data. The new

networking protocol was called TCP/IP.
Together, TCP/IP and System of connected computers formed the
Internet.
1.3 How Internet Works?
One of the greatest things about the Internet is that nobody really
owns it. It is a global collection of networks, both big and small. These
networks connect together in many different ways to form the single
entity that we know as the Internet. In fact, the very name comes
from this idea of interconnected networks.
Since its beginning in 1969, the Internet has grown from four host
computer systems to tens of millions. However, just because nobody
owns the Internet, it doesn't mean it is not monitored and maintained
in different ways. The Internet Society, a non-profit group established
in 1992, oversees the formation of the policies and protocols that
define how we use and interact with the Internet.
1.3.1 A Hierarchy of Networks

Every computer that is connected to the Internet is part of a network,
even the one in your home. For example, you may use a modem and
dial a local number to connect to an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
At work, you may be part of a Local Area Network (LAN), but you
most likely still connect to the Internet using an ISP that your company
has contracted with. When you connect to your ISP, you become part
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of their network. The ISP may then connect to a larger network and
become part of their network. The Internet is simply a network of
networks.
Most large communications companies have their own dedicated

backbones connecting various regions. In each region, the company
has a Point of Presence (POP). The POP is a place for local users to
access the company's network, often through a local phone number or
dedicated line. The amazing thing here is that there is no overall
controlling network. Instead, there are several high-level networks
connecting to each other through Network Access Points or NAPs.
Fig. 1. Internet connection.
Note: When you connect to the Internet, your computer becomes part of a
Network.
1.4 Servers and Clients

Every computer program that communicates on the internet is either a
server or a client.
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A Server . is a computer that provide service to other computers on

a network.
Example: i. File Serverit give service of storage and
retrieval of files.
A Client . is a computer that requests service from a Server.
Fig. 2:Server providing service for Client..
1.5 Services of the Internet

Some of the popular services on the internet are the following:
i. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)..is an internet service that transfers
files from one computer to another.
ii. E-mail (Electronic Mail)is the postal system of the internet.
iii. Bulletin Boards (News Groups)..is like an e-mail, but instead of
writing
messages to individuals users participants in a news groups post their
messages
to news server.
iv. World Wide Web (WWW).World Wide Web is the most popular
and fastest
growing internet service. It uses hypertext links called hyperlinks to
locate
and retrieve pages from World Wide Web Servers.
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1.6: Internet Connections

The following are the different types of internet connections:
1.6.1 Dialup (Modem)
1.6.2 ISDN
1.6.3 T1 Line
1.64 T3 Line
1.6.1 Dialup Connection
The Internet the huge network that connects millions of computers
from around the world. This topic is for those of you who have no access
to the Internet yet. Here, youll learn all the different options for getting
online and the step-by-step procedures needed to create a dial-up
connection to the Internet from your own PC.
1.6.1.1 A Modem
To connect to the Internet, your computer will need a modem. A
modem is a device that connects your computer to the a phone line,
cable, or satellite.The word MoDem is drived from two words i.e
Modulator & Demodulator, that is a modem converts a computer
data into analog signal, and at the receiving end another modem
converts the analog signal back to computer data. The speed of a
modem is measured in kilobits per second(kbps).The most common
speeds are 14.4kbps,28.8kbps,33.6kbps & 57.6kbps.
Although there are hundreds of makes and models of modems to choose
from, they break down into two main categories:
Dial-up : Connects your computer to a standard telephone line. Many
computers come with this type of modem already built in.
Broadband: High-speed cable and always on internet connection.
Broadband capability refers to high-speed access to data, video, and
telephony through fatter pipes that can handle the crush of
information and complex applications currently available.
Most ISPs (Internet Service Provider) that offer broadband services,
such as cable or DSL, will provide a modem with the service,or give
you a list of compatible modems to choose from. If you wont be
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going with such a service, but plan to use a standard dial-up

connection instead, youll need a dial-up modem.
Note: There are three basic types of dial-up modems from which to choose:
1. Internal Modem
The modem is built in to the computer, only the plugs for connecting
to a phone line (and perhaps a telephone) are visible outside the
computer.
2. External Modem:
The modem is outside the computer. Youll need to connect one cable
from the modem to the computer, another from the modem to the
phone line, and perhaps another to the telephone if you use the same
phone line for both voice calls and your Internet connection.
3. PC card (PCMCIA): Personal Computer Memory Card Industry
Association
A small credit-card-sized modem that fits into the PCMCIA slot found on
most Laptop computers.
Note: i. If your computer came with a modem built in, the modem is probably ready
to go.
You just need to connect the Line jack to your telephone line.
Optionally, if youll be using one phone line for both voice calls and
your Internet connection, youll also need to connect the Phone jack
on the computer to your telephone.
ii.If your computer doesnt have a modem built in, you need to
purchase a modem
thats compatible with Windows XP as well as with your Internet
service provider. Virtually all ISPs support 56K modems that support
the V.90 standard, and there are literally hundreds of those to choose
from on the market.
Note : If you can get Internet access through some other computer, you
might want to change the Windows XP hardware compatibility list for
modems that have been tested and certified to run on Window XP.After
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youve purchased a modem, you need to install it as per the manufacturers

instructions.
1.6.1.2 Setting Up an Internet Account
Once your modem is hooked up and installed, youre ready to set
your account with an ISP. There are thousands of ISPs to choose from. If
you plan on setting up a dial-up account with a traditional modem and phone
line, its important to find an ISP that can provide a local access number
that you can dial for free. The local access number is the phone number your
modem will dial to connect to the Internet. You want to make sure that
number is within the area code and range of dialing prefixes for which there
are no tolls whatsoever. Check your local telephone directory for a list of
dialing prefixes you can dial free. Then check out your potential ISPs list of
local access numbers to ensure they have one that will be toll free for you.
1.6.1.3 Using the New Connection Wizard

The New Connection Wizard, which comes with Windows XP, is a handy
program for setting up your
Internet account. The wizard poses questions for you to answer and gives
you blanks to fill in.
To start the New Connection Wizard, follow these steps:
Click Start buttonAll Programs Accessories Communications
New Connection Wizard.
From the first wizard screen, click the Next button.
Choose Connect To the Internet from the second wizard screen and
then click the Next button.
The third wizard screen asks how you want to set up your account.
Choose whichever option best describes what you want to do.
For clarification, heres what they mean:
Choose from a list of Internet service providers (ISPs):
Select this option only if youve never contacted an ISP or set up an
account and you want to purchase an account right now.
Set up my connection manually:
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If youve set up an account with an ISP and have a user name and
password (and perhaps some other information from choose this
option.See Fig.
Use the CD I got from an ISP:
If you purchased an account already and your ISP has provided you
with a CD, choose this option.
Figure 3: Three ways on the New Connection Wizard
After making your choice, click the Next button and follow the
instructions on the screen.
If you chose the first or third option, its all just a matter of doing what
the wizard tells you to do.
Note: Its important to pay attention to the following warning.
User names and passwords are usually case-sensitive.
Any time the New Connection Wizard asks you to type a user name
or password, make sure you type it using the exact
upper/lowercase letters provided by your ISP.
If you chose the second option, Set up my connection manually, youll be
presented with questions about your account. Remember, you must enter the
requested information exactly as provided by your ISP (ETC Ethiopian
Telecommunication Corporation).
Note: The slightest typographical error will prevent your account from
working properly. The first screen for setting up a connection manually,
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shown in Figure 3, asks how you want to connect.Assuming youre setting

up a traditional dial-up account (or ISDN account), choose the first option
andclick the Next button. The next page asks for the ISPs name,you can
type ETC.Click the Next button. Youll then be prompted for a phone number
as in Figure 4. This will be the local access number provided by ISP, type
900 (optional) or exactly as specified by your ISP, and follow any dialing rules
of your area. Then, include the area code. As the wizard suggests, you might
want to dial the number with your telephone and listen for a modem sound,
to verify that youve dialed the number correctly. Click Next after typing in
the local access number.
Figure 4 : Phone number wizard screen.Example:
The next wizard screen, shown in Figure 5, asks for your user name and
password. Type exactly as provided by your ISP (ETC).
Figure 5: The Internet Account Information Wizard screen

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Options at the bottom of the screen are summarized here:

Use this account name and password when anyone connects:
Choose this option if youve set up multiple user accounts on this

computer and want all users to use
this account to access the Internet.
Make this the default Internet connection:
If this is your only account or is your main account for accessing the
Internet, choose this option.
Turn on the Internet Connection Firewall:
A firewall protects your computer from unauthorized users (hackers)

trying to access your computer through the Internet.
The last wizard screen tells you that youve completed all the necessary
steps. To make it easy to get to the connections icon, you may want to select
the Add a shortcut check box as in Figure 6.
Then click the Finish button.
Figure 6: Connection Wizard successfully completed Di.alog Box
1.6.1.4: Making the connection

If you have set up an always on broadband account or leased line ,
you should be connected to the Internet and ready to go at this point.
To test your connection,
Open Microsoft Internet Explorer .
If you set up a dial-up account, you might need to connect manually.
There are many ways to do that.
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If you want to add a shortcut icon to your desktop, you can just click (or
double-click) that icon to get started. If you didnt set up a desktop shortcut,
youll need to get to the connections icon (sometimes called a connectoid)
in the Network Connections window.
To open that window, follow these steps:
Click the Start button.
Choose All Programs Accessories Communications
Network Connections.
Click (or double-click) the icon for your Internet account. For example,
the My ISP icon in Figure 7 is a dial-up connection for my Internet
account.
Figure 7: Example of dial-up connection to an ISP.
Note: If you want to create an easy shortcut to your connection, create a

short cut onto the desktop or Quick Launch toolbar.
1.6.1.5 Adding Network Connections to Start Menu

You can add a Network Connections option to your Start menu, so that you
dont have to go through
All Programs Accessories to get there.
Right-click the Start button and choose Properties.
Click on the Customize button and
Click on the Advanced tab.

Under Show Menu Items, scroll down to the Network Connections
option. Youll have two choices for displaying that option.
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If you choose Display as Connect to Menu, the Start menu will gain an option
titled Connect To. Clicking that option will display a submenu of all available
Internet connections. If you select Link to Network connection Folder instead,
your Start menu will gain a Network Connections option. Clicking that option
will take you to the full Network Connections window shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8: The Connect dialog box
The Connect dialog box appears (see Figure 8). If you filled out all the
questions correctly in the New Connection Wizard, all the information you
need to log on will already be filled in. Otherwise, youll need to fill in the user
name, password, and local access number provided by your ISP. Then click
the Dial button to make your connection.
Note: Broad Band and Leased Lines Connections.
If you already connected to the Internet OR you are using Internet Connection
Sharing with an account of large commercial online service such as MSN (Microsoft
Network), you may be able to access the Internet through your computer at work. If
youre in doubt, ask your network administrator, or whoever is in charge of
granting network access to workers in your organization.
Windows XP comes with a feature called Internet Connection Sharing, in which
several computers that are connected together in a network can share a single
modem and Internet account. If you plan to use that feature, you need set your
Internet connection in only one computer in your network. It doesnt really matter
which computer you use, so long as you use the computer to which youve attached
your modem. Other computers in the server based network wont need their own
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modems. Once you get that Internet connection working, you can set up your user
accounts with the help of Network Administrator.
11.6.2 ISDN
ISDN..Stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. ISDN lines are
connections that use ordinary phone lines to transmit digital instead of
analog signal. With digital signals, data can be transmitted at a much faster
rate than with a traditional modem.
ISDN converts analog signal into digital bits. Because bits can be transmitted
very quickly, we can get much faster speed out of the same telephone line 4
times faster than a modem. In addition ISDN connections are made up of two
different channels, allowing two simultaneous conversations, you therefore
can speak on one channel & send a fax or connect to the internet over the
other channel.
ISDN is apowerful tool for internet communications, but it is not available
everywhere.Traditionally, it has been used in urban business zones and large
corporate settings with special digital switching equipment,but residential
ISDN service is expanding rapidly.An ISDN line can offer inexpensive, high
band width connections, but you may have to buy special hardware that will
allow ISDN to communicate with home or office PC.
1.6.3 T1 Line
T1 Line is a high-speed digital connection capable of transmitting data at a
rate of approximately 1.5 million bits per second. A T1 line is typically used
by small and medium sized companies with a heavy network traffic.
This line large enough to send and receive large text files, graphics, sounds
and databases instantaneously, and it works at the fastest speed commonly
used to connect networks to the internet. Sometimes referred to as leased
line, a T1 line is basically too large and too expensive for individual home
use.
1.6.4 T3 Line
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A T3 Line is a super high-speed digital connection capable of transmitting

data at a rate of 45 million bits per second. This connection represents a
band width equal to about 672 regular voice-grade telephone lines.A T3
Line is wide enough to transmit full-motion,real-time video and very large
databases over a busy network.
A T3 Line is typically installed as a major networking artery for large
corporations and universities with high volume network traffic.The backbones
of the major Internet Service Providers, for example, are made up of T3
Lines.
1.7 Review Questions
1. Define internet.
2. What is a server computer.What is a client computer?
3. Discuss the different services of an internet.
4. What are the different types of internet connections?
5. What is the difference between Dailup & Broadband internet
connections?
6. What is a modem? Discuss about internal modem & external modem.
7. Who owns the internet?
8. How much is data transmitting rates of T1 line & T3 line connections?
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Chapter 2: Browsing the World Wide Web
World Wide Web is an application that utilizes the internet to

transport hypertext/Multimedia documents. Synonyms are WWW,W3
and W3 .
In 1980 at CERN (European Laboratory for Particle Physics) Tim
Berners-Lee envisioned the development of a worldwide computer
interconnection that would provide access to all sorts of information
and files for physics community. In 1989,after years of toying around
with his vision of a more interactive world, he submitted a proposal
that was to be the beginning of the World Wide Web.
Soon people realized that the application of this interconnected
community could reach far beyond those involved with physics. After
the phrase World Wide Web was born, organizations began
excitedly to assemble the hardware and know-how to develop this
expansive network.
These first World Wide Web computers were created at CERN. The
visible success and ease of creating and employing these types of
computers facilitated the resulting explosion of the World Wide Web
and its utilization.
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The Web provides an easy point-and-click interface to a vast amount

of information, free software, News,Sports,technical support,
and just plain fun.
2.1 Web Browsers & Web Servers
Since the World Wide Web is an internet service, it is based on Clients
and Servers. A World Wide Web Client is called Web Browser or simply
browser,and World Wide Web server is called Web Server or simply
Server.Both Web Browser & Web Server use a set of communication rules
called http (hyper text transfer protocol).
Examples of Web Browsers are :-
Netscape Navigator
Internet Explorer
Note: Web Browser requests a Page from a server based on its Internet
Address.
It retrieves the document from the server & displays the contents.
2.2 World Wide Web Terminology

The most important parts of the World Wide Web are the elements,
such as Servers, Pages, hot links and more.
The following are some related terms we use in WWW.
i. Web Site
It is a collection of World Wide Web documents, usually
consisting of a home page and several related pages. You
might think of a web site as an interactive electronic book.
ii. Home Page
Frequently, the cover of a particular web site. The home
page is the main, or first, page displayed for an organizations
or persons world wide web site.
iii. Hyperlinks
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A hyperlink is a pointer from a World Wide Web page to

another file on the World Wide Web.The destination of of the
hyperlink is most often another World Wide Page,but it can
also be a multimedia file or even a program
iv. HTML
Is Hyper Text Markup Language .HTML is a coding language
for the world wide web that informs browsers how to display a
documents text, links, graphics, and other media. This
language forms the foundation for all web pages.
v. Pages
A file that can be read over the world wide web is web page or
page. The basic document of WWW is a page.Pages are
written in an evolving language called html.
vi. Web Pages
The global collections of documents associated with and
accessible via the WWW are known as Web Pages.
vii. Hypermedia
A web document that contains ant combination of audio,
graphics, movies, or video as well as links, and navigation
tools.
viii. URLs
Is a Uniform Resource Locator.It gives the location of a file on
WWW and also identifies the internet service,such as FTP or
WWW that handle the file.
Example of URL;
http://www.microsoft.com/products/yourproduct.htm/#information
Protocol Network Location Path File Name

Book Mark
ix. FTP
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Is a File Transfer Protocol .It indicates that the file is on an FTP

server.
An example of FTP URL is ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/file.doc
2.3 Getting on the Web
Getting on to the World Wide Web is easy. The exact way you
go about it, however, depends on your Internet connection
and your Internet service provider (ISP). If you work for a
company that provides a permanent connection to the
Internet, for example, you may have to log on to your
companys network and then start your Web browser.
As a general rule, however, you probably can get right on to

the World Wide Web by opening Microsoft Internet Explorer.
You can do this in three different ways.
Open the Internet Explorer icon on your desktop.
Click the Launch Internet Explorer Browser icon in the Quick
Launch toolbar.
Choose Start Internet Explorer.
If an Internet Connection Wizard dialog box appears, read it carefully
and follow its instructions to set up your Internet connection. Most
browsers, including Internet Explorer, automatically prompt you to
connect to the Internet if youre not connected already. This means you
can start your browser without bothering to connect first. If you are
prompted to connect, just click the Connect button that appears.Your
Web browser will start and connect to its default home page. That
page will fill the large document area within Internet Explorer, as in the
example shown in Figure 9. The default home page is likely to be
www.msn.com, the home page for the Microsoft Network.
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Figure 9: Internet Explorer, showing the home page
2.4 Visiting a Web Site

Every Web site has its own unique address, or Uniform Resource
Locator (URL). Most start with http://www (for Hypertext Transfer
Protocol, World Wide Web). Most also end with a three-letter
extension that tells you a bit about who owns the site.
For example,
Commercial sites end in .com,
Educational institutions end in .edu,
Government sites end in .gov
Non-profit organizations end in .org.
To visit a Web site, point your Web browser to that site by entering the
sites URL into the Address text box of your Web browser. Here are the
steps:
Click the URL currently in the Address bar (http://www.msn.com in this
example).
The current URL will be selected (highlighted).
Note: If you dont see the Address bar,
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Choose View Toolbars Address Bar from the Internet Explorer menu
bar. If no text box appears next to the Address bar toolbar, double-click the
vertical bar to the left of the word Address and the text box will appear.
Replace the address currently shown with the address to which you
want to go.
You can typeover the highlighted address or use standard text-editing
techniques to change the current URL to the URL you want.
Press Enter.
Wait for the page to appear.
Note:While youre waiting, the icon near the upper-right corner will spin to let
you know the browser is working. The status bar at the bottom of the screen
will present messages to inform you of the browsers progress. When the
Done message appears in the left side of the status bar, the entire page has
been downloaded to your PC.
Figure 10 shows the Web site that is downloaded.
Figure 10: Downloaded Website
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2.5 Using Navigation Tools

The Standard Buttons toolbar across the top of the Internet Explorer
window provides some additional,simple navigation buttons. You also
can navigate by using shortcut keys or menu options, if you prefer.
If the Standard Buttons toolbar isnt visible, choose View Toolbars
Standard Buttons from the Internet Explorer menu bar.
If you dont see text descriptions on each button and you want to,
choose View Toolbars Customize and select Show text labels
in the Text options list box to turn them on. Click Close to close the
Customize Toolbar dialog box.
Fig 11:Yahoo Web Site

Back Foreward Stop Refresh Home Search Favorites
History Mail
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Note:The following are navigation buttons, shortcuts, and menu options:

Back:
Returns to the previous page you visited during this browsing session, if any
(same as pressing Alt+left arrow, backspace, or choosing View Go To
Back from the menu bar).
Forward:
Goes to the page from which you just backed up during this browsing session, if
any (same as pressing Alt+right arrow or choosing View Go To Forward
from the menu bar).
Stop: Ends the download (useful if you find that a download is taking
too long). This frees the browser, enabling you to visit elsewhere (same
as pressing Esc or choosing View Stop from the menu bar).
Refresh: Ensures you are viewing the absolute latest version of the
current page (same as pressing F5 or choosing View Refresh from
the menu bar).
Home: Returns to your default home page (same as choosing View
Go To Home Page from the menu bar).
Media Bar: Displays the Media bar in the left pane of the screen (same
as choosing View Explorer Bar Media).
This frame includes a pane you can use to search the Web for multimedia
(that is, music and videos) and includes controls for playing media files.
Search: Displays a Search Explorer bar in the left frame of the screen
(same as choosing View Explorer Bar Search or pressing
Ctrl+E).
Favorites: Displays the Favorites Explorer bar in the left frame of the
screen (same as choosing View Explorer Bar Favorites from
the menu bar or pressing Ctrl+H).
History: Displays the History Explorer bar in the left frame of the
screen.
(same as choosing View Explorer Bar History from the menu bar or
pressing Ctrl+H).
Note:
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Choosing View Go To from the menu bar also displays a brief list of
recently
visited Web pages. Click any page listed on the menu to revisit. The small
arrows
attached to the Back and Forward buttons in the Standard toolbar also
provide lists
of recently visited pages.
Mail: Takes you to Internet e-mail, as discussed in Chapter 3.
Print: As mentioned, prints the Web page youre viewing (same as
choosing File Print from the menu bar or pressing Ctrl+P).
Tip of the Day: Choosing View Explorer Bar Tip of the Day
displays a daily tip in a bar along the bottom of the window.
2.6 Searching from a Web page
You can search the Internet from the Web site for a specific search
engine if you want. For example,you can go straight to the Yahoo! Web
site by entering www.yahoo.com into the Address box. Or, visit the
Lycos search engine at www.lycos.com. Other popular search engines
can be found at www.excite.com (Excite) and www.infoseek.com
(Infoseek).
2.6.1 Whats a Search Engine ?
A search engine is a special type of Web site that helps you find
resources on the Internet, including Web pages, newsgroups, and
more. When you start a search, the engine looks through an existing
database of Web pages, not the Internet itself. This is good, because it
would take an extremely long time to actually visit all the millions of
pages on the World Wide Web.
Note:Web sites come and go, so some of the links that appear might lead to Web
sites that no longer exist leaving you with Page not found error. If that
happens, just click the Back button to try another page on the list.
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Some of the common search engines available on the internet are listed in the
following table.
Site Address
Yahoo http://WWW.Yahoo.com/
Google http://WWW.Google.com/
Infoseek http://WWW.infoseek.com/
Alta Vista http://WWW.alatavista.digital.com/
Magellan http://WWW.mckinley.com/
Lycos http://WWW.lycos.com/
Open Text http://WWW.Opentext.com/
WebCrawler http://WWW.Webcrawler.com/
Table 1
2.7 Searching Options & Framing a Search.
Every search engine we use follows the same basic steps. These
steps are :-
i. Point to the browser to the search sitefind the field to enterthen,
click the search button. OR,
ii. Browse through a directory by Category. We can browse
directories on topics such as Art, Science, Business, Sports, BBC
News etc.
The search terms we use usually determine our success. The words &
operators we use to help us in our search can greatly improve or
reduce the effectiveness of our search. Most search engines can make
use of of Boolean Operators, which are designed to put conditions on
a search.
Some of the common operators and techniques are listed below:-
i.And or +
These operators are used to produce a hit based on both terms
entered as search criteria.
Example:-To search for Computer Science And Engineering, we
can enter Computer + Science + Engineering and click Search
button.
ii. OR
This operator accepts a hit from either term entered as search
criteria.
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Example:-To search for Science and Technology, we can

enter Science or Technology and click Search button.
iii. And Notopposite of And

This operator enables us to exclude a term specifically.
Example:-If we enter Science And Not Technology, as search
criteria,
only documents containing the word Science not
followed by Technology would be produced as hits.
iv. Case
Many search engines are case sensitive.
Example:To search for Qeen Victoria, it is better if we capitalize for the
initial letters.
v. Real Language
Many search engines now can interpret real language searches.
When we misspelled a search criteria, the search engines
automatically correct it and prompts to confirm us .
Note: Search results produced by search engines are called Hits.
2.8 Using hyperlinks

One of the best features of the Web is its use of hyperlinks hot
spots on the screen which, when clicked, take you to images,
videos, audio clips, or other Web pages. Most hyperlinks appear
as underlined text; but any text, or even part of a picture, can be a
hyperlink. When the mouse pointer is touching a hyperlink, it
changes to the little pointing hand. A ToolTip showing a
description of the hyperlink or the address to which the hyperlink
will take you also may appear near the mouse pointer.
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The status bar typically will show the hyperlinks address. To follow
the link to its destination, click the left mouse button and wait for
the new page to appear on your screen.
While you tour the Web, Internet Explorer may occasionally display
Security Alert dialog boxes. These alert you to the possible security risks
of carrying out an action. The message is really more a provision than a
warning of an actual threat.
2.9 Printing a Web page
You can easily print a copy of whatever Web page youre viewing
at the moment by clicking the Print button on the Internet Explorer
toolbar. To print,
Choose File Print from the Internet Explorer menu bar, or
Click the Print button on the toolbar.
If the page youre viewing is divided into separate frames,
Right-click within the frame you want to print and
Choose Print from the menu that appears.
2.10 Creating a Favorites list
As you follow links and explore the Web, youre sure to find sites youll
want to revisit. You can make the return trip easier by adding the site
to your Favorites while youre there. To add a site to your Favorites list,
follow these steps:
While viewing the page you want to add, choose Favorites
Add to Favorites from the Internet Explorer menu bar.
The Add Favorite dialog box displays, as shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12: The Add Favorite dialog box
Type in a name for this favorite item or accept the

suggested name.
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Click the OK button.

Note: As a shortcut, you can go to the page you want to add to Favorites and
then press Ctrl+D. Internet Explorer adds the page to your Favorites list
without displaying the Add Favorite dialog box.
2.11 Revisiting a Favorite page

When you want to revisit this site, you neednt type its address.
Instead, follow these steps:
Click the Favorites menu in the Internet Explorer menu bar.
If your favorite page is stored in a subcategory (or folder)
on the Favorites menu, point to or click that folder.
Click the name of the site you want to revisit.
2.12 Choosing Your Own Home Page

Youre not restricted with using the Internet Explorer default home
page. In fact, you can specify any starting page you want, use the page
youre currently viewing, or start with a blank one.
To do this,
Choose Tools Internet Options from the Internet Explorer
menu bar.
Click the General tab.
Next, fill in the Address text box in the Home Page area with the
address of your favorite starting Web page or
Click the Use Current button to select the current page youre
browsing as your home page.
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Click the Use Default button to revert to Microsofts site as the

home page.
Alternatively, click the Use Blank button to save a few seconds
when you fire up Internet Explorer.
If you do this, Explorer wont go looking for your home page.
Finally, click OK to save your changes.
2.13 Browsing without Internet Explorer

Practically everything in Windows XP is capable of connecting you to
the Internet, whether youve fired up Internet Explorer or another
browser first.
Example:
Open Windows Explorer,
On the Address toolbar on the taskbar,
Type a URL into the Address text box.(i.e type
http://www.yahoo.com/)
Press Enter, just as you do in Internet Explorer.
Note:Instantly the window will have all the basic features of Internet
Explorer, and you
can surf the Net as usual.If you dont see an Address bar in Windows
Explorer,
choose View Toolbars Address Bar from its menu bar.
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Figure 13: The Address bar visible in Windows Explorer.
2.14 Adding Internet Links to the Desktop

Windows XP offers plenty of ways to integrate the Internet with your
desktop. To begin, go to the Web page you want to add to your desktop
or go to a Web page containing a hyperlink you want to add. Now, do
any of the following steps to add a hyperlink to your desktop:
To add a link to the current page,
Choose File Send Shortcut to Desktop from the Internet
Explorer menus.
To drag-and-drop a link to the current page, be sure you can see the
desktop.
Then drag the little icon shown next to the URL in the Address
box to your desktop and release the mouse button (see Figure
14).
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Figure 14: Desktop Hyperlink
To drag-and-drop a link thats somewhere on the current Web

page, point to the link so that the mouse pointer changes to a
pointing hand. Then drag the link to your desktop and release
the mouse button (see Figure 15).
Figure 15: Desktop Hyperlink to another Hyperlink .
A shortcut to the Internet hyperlink will appear on your desktop. Now

you can open it as you would open any shortcut on your desktop (for
example, by double-clicking or clicking it), and the Web page you
linked to will open in your browser.
Of course, what goes on the desktop can easily be swept off it. If you
no longer want the desktop shortcut, just drag it to the Recycle Bin.
2.15 Downloading from the Web

Downloading means to copy a file from the Internet to your own PC.
Plenty of things exist on the Web for you to download mostly in the
form of free programs, updates to existing programs, and
shareware programs. Downloading from the Web is remarkably easy,
almost effortless.
Typically, youll find a link to the program or file you want to download,
as in the example shown in Figure 16. The links shown are available at
www.microsoft.com/downloads.
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Figure 16: Available Links on many web sites..
To perform the download when a link exists, follow these steps:

Click the link that offers to download the file.
If necessary, read any instructions that appear, and keep on
clicking links as needed until you see a dialog box like the one
shown in Figure 17.
Figure 17: Down loaded File dialog box..
Choose Save this file to disk and then click the OK button.
The Save As dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 18.
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Figure 18: Save As dialog box.
In the Save As dialog box, choose the disk drive and folder in
which you want to store the file youre downloading.
Give the file name.
Click the Save button.
The download will begin and youll see a progress meter. You can do
other work while waiting for the download to complete; but if you
interact with the Internet a lot, youll slow down the download. If you
can find something to do locally (on your own PC rather than on the
Internet), you wont compete with the download. Of course, if the file
youre downloading is a large one, going out to lunch isnt a bad idea!
2.16 Downloading when no link exists
In some cases, you might see a picture in a Web page, or some other
item that offers no real download option. Chances are, you can
download a copy of that item right to your own PC by following these
steps:
Right-click the link or the item you want to download to your
own PC.
From the pop-up menu that appears, choose Save Target As or Save
Picture As
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Choose the disk drive and folder in which you want to Save & give the
file name.
Click the Save button to begin the download.
2.17 Saving a Web page

You can save an entire Web page, which is handy if you want to design
a page similar to an existing page on the Web.
To save the page,
Choose File Save As from the Internet Explorer menus.
From the Save as Type drop-down list, choose one of the
following options:
i. Web Page, complete (*.htm, *.html):
Saves the Web page and any graphics that go along with it. But graphics
and text are stored in separate files.
ii. Web Archive, single file (*.mht):
Saves the Web page and its graphic images in a single file with the .mht
extension.
iii. Web Page, HTML only (*.htm,*.html):
Saves only the text and HTML (formatting) codes, but no graphics.
iv.Text File (*.txt):
Saves only the text with no graphics or HTML formatting.
Then enter a name for the page, and click the Save button.
2.18 Copying off the Web
It isnt really necessary to download an entire page of the Web if
youre just looking to copy some text into a word processing
program, or a picture into a graphics program. A simple cut-and-
paste procedure will do the trick there.
To copy text, for example,
Open any text editor such as (WordPad, MS Word ) program,
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Click Back in Internet Explorer,

Select the text you want to copy by dragging the mouse pointer
through it.
Press Ctrl+C or choose Edit Copy from the Internet Explorer
menu .
Position the cursor in MS Word or WordPad document, and
Press Ctrl+V or choose Edit Paste from that programs menu bar.
Note:To copy pictures;

Open a graphics program, such as Paint or some other, more complete
program such as Paint Shop Pro or PhotoShop and do the same as the
above steps.
2.19 Pictures, Sounds, and Movies
If a Web page displays a large photo or picture, the picture will
be resized to fit within the current Explorer window size. If you rest
the mouse pointer on the picture for a few seconds, youll see a
button with arrows at all four corners. Clicking that button will
switch the picture between full size and the smaller size needed to
fit within your browser window. Youll also see a small menu bar
that enables you to save the picture to your own computer, print
it, or e-mail it to someone.
When you click a link to a video or audio file, youll be given the
option to play the file in Internet Explorer. If you choose Yes, the
Media Explorer bar will open, and you can continue browsing
while the file is being downloaded. However, you wont be able to
save a copy of the file to your own PC. If you choose No, the file will
(usually) open in Windows Media Player, where you can save a copy
to your own computer.
For more information on using multimedia files in Internet Explorer,
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Choose Help Contents and Index from the Internet Explorer menu
bar.
Click the Search tab, type media options, and then
Click List Topics. You also can find many settings for customizing how
multimedia files are played by :
Choosing Tools Internet Options from the Internet Explorer menu bar.
On the Advanced tab, scroll down to the Multimedia category to view

your options.
Note:For more information about an option, click the ? button in the
upper-right corner of the Internet Options dialog box, and then click the
option for which you need help.
The AutoComplete feature is entirely optional. To turn it on or off,

Choose Tools Internet Options from the Internet Explorer menu
bar.
Click the Advanced tab.
Under the Browsing category in the list that appears,
Click the check box next to Use Inline AutoComplete to turn this
feature on (checked) or off (no check mark).
2.20 Review Exercices

1. What is World Wide Web ?
2. What is a web server? What is a web browser?
3. Discuss the following WWW terminologies.
Website
Home Page
HTML
Hyperlinks
URL
FTP
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4. Give at least 4 examples of websites.

5. Write the steps to visit a web site.
6. Discuss the functions of the different navigation tools.
7. What is a search engine? Give at least 3 examples of search
engines.
8. Discuss the different Boolean operators used to put conditions to
search in a search engine.
9. Write the steps to add sites to your favorites list.
10. Write the steps how to browse without opening internet
explorer.
11. Write the steps how to download from the web.
12. Write the steps how to save a web page.
13. Write the steps how to copy text or picture from the web.
Chapter 3: Internet E-Mail

Perhaps the diligent feature of the Internet is electronic mail, e-mail
for short. Unlike regular slowly mail, which takes days to reach its
destination, e-mail usually takes only a few seconds, no matter how
far the message has to travel. And unlike phone calls, which require
that you stop what youre doing to talk and arent easily recorded, you
can attend to your e-mail messages when convenient. And you can
also file them away for future reference, so you have a record of your
communications.
3.1 E-Mail Addresses
In the e-mail world, every person has a unique address. E-mail
address is an address that identifies a specific users electronic
mailbox. Every e-mail address has three necessary elements.
These are:-
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i. User ID
Every person with an e-mail address has a user identification of
some sort.
ii. @
The at sign connects the user ID with the third element.
iii. Domain
The domain name is an English Version of an IP address.
Domain Name Servers translate domain names into IP addresses
for fast access on the internet. Every e-mail address has one
Domain.
Example of e-mail address:- oroict@yahoo.com
User ID at Domain
3.2 Anatomy of E-Mail Message

Every e-mail message contains two basic parts. These are:
3.2.1 The Header
3.2.2 The Body.
3.2.1 The Header

We write any typical letter on paper, put it in an envelope and mail
it to someone. The e-mail message header is like digital envelope
and the body is the same as electronic letter.
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The following are the different message headers we need to be

concerned about when sending an e-mail .
i. To:
is a field that contains the e-mail address of the person to
whom you are sending e-mail. Example: oroict@yahoo.com
ii. From:
is a field that includes your e-mail address.You dont have to
worry about this field because most e-mail clients automatically
fills it for you.
iii. Subject:
This field should contain a very short (20-30) characters
description of what your message is about. Example: Sending
Annual Report
iv. CC:
CC.Stands for Carbon Copy.
is a field that contains the e-mail addresses of additional
recipients. It is Used to send a copy of the message to different
recipients.
v. BCC:
BCC.stands for Blind Carbon Copy.
is a field that gives you a way of copying an e-mail message to
another person without the first person you send the message
knowing about it.
vi. Attachments:
Enables us to attach entire documents or a file to e-mail
messages.
3.2.2 The Body
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The body of an e-mail message is simply the text that we want

the person on other end to see when he or she receives our
message.
3.3 Creating E-mail Account

To register for e-mail account on Yahoo domain, follow the
following steps:
1. Double click Internet Explorer on the desktop.
2. Open WWW.Yahoo.Com web site or mail.yahoo.com web site.
Figure 19: Yahoo Domain to register for e-mail.
3. Clik on mail or my mail

4. If you dont have Yahoo ID before, click on Sign Up
5. Fill your personal information in the following Yahoo
Registration given as an example.
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Create Your Yahoo! ID
* First name: Chaltu
* Last name: Regassa
Please select the local Yahoo! site from

* Preferred this list that best meets your content needs. Note: If you change this
content: setting, you may receive a country-specific Yahoo! email address
instead of one that ends in @yahoo.com.
* Gender:
* Yahoo! ID: chaltu_regassa

@yahoo.com
ID may consist of a-z, 0-9, underscores, and a single dot (.)
* Password:
Six characters or more; capitalization matters!
* Re-type
password:
If You Forget Your Password...
* Security
question:
* Your answer: Bif tu
Four characters or more. Make sure your answer is memorable for

you but hard for others to guess!
* Birthday: 1 1980
, Please provide an accurate birthdate
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for your own protection. We ask your birthdate to verify your account
if you ever forget your Yahoo! ID or password. (Yahoo! will never
request your password or ID in an unsolicited email or phone call.)
* ZIP/Postal code: 8748
tklu_itana@yahoo.co.uk
We use your alternate email address
Alternate Email: to send information about your account (including new password
requests) and important news about your Yahoo! services.
Customizing Yahoo!
Industry:
Title:
Specialization:
Verify Your Registration
* Enter the code

pAV277
shown:
This helps Yahoo! prevent automated registrations.
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Terms of Service
Please review the following terms and indicate your agreement
below. Printable Version
By clicking "I Agree" you agree and consent to

(a) the Yahoo! Terms of Service and Privacy
Policy, and (b) receive required notices from
Yahoo! electronically.
I Agree
6. After completing the registration form,click on I Agree
7. If there are errors,correct the errors & click on Submit button.
8. If you successfully complete the form,the following form appears.
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Yahoo! - Help
Registration Completed: Welcome chaltu_regassa!
A confirmation message has been sent Your Yahoo! ID:

to the Email Address you provided. chaltu_regassa
Please read the email and follow the
instructions to fully activate your Your Yahoo! Mail Address:
account. chaltu_regassa@yahoo.com
We also recommend that you print out

this page
for future reference.
If you forget your password you Date of

Security Question:
will be asked for the following Birth:
What was the name of January 01,
information.
your first school? 1980
ZIP/Postal
Your Answer:
Code:
Biftu 4050
9. Close Internet Explorer

10. Open Internet Explorer again.
11. Open WWW.Yahoo.Com web site or mail.yahoo.com web site
12. Clik on mail or my mail.
13. Give your Account ID & password.
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14. Click on Sign In, then you will get a message from Yahoo
domain.
3.4 . Sending an E-mail Message
To send an e-mail message to some one who as an e-mail
address,follow the following steps:
1. After you Sign in, Click on Compose tab.
Figure 20: Yahoo Domain to send e-mail.
2. Type your message.

3. Write the Address on the address bars
To:_______________________(e-mail address of the recipient).
CC:_______________________( e-mail address of the 2nd recipient),(Carbon
Copy)
BCC:______________________ (e-mail address of the 3rd recipient), (Blind
Carbon Copy)
Subject:_______________________ Subject of the Message.
4. Click on Send tab.
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3.5 . Checking/Reading an E_mail Message

To check or read an e-mail message sent from any one, follow
the following steps:
a. Open Internet Explorer on the desktop.
b. Open WWW.Yahoo.Com web site or mail.yahoo.com
web site.
Figure 21: Yahoo Domain to Read e-mail.
c. Give your Yahoo ID: someone

Password: xxxxxxxxx
d. After you Sign in, Click on InBoX folder.
e. Double click on the message you want to read.
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Figure 22: e-mail messages on Yahoo Domain to be Read.
f. The message will be displayed.
3.6. Replying to E-mail Message
1. After Sign in,Click on InBox tab.

2. Double click on the message you want to read.
3. After you read the message you can Reply.
4. Click on Reply button.
5. Type your message or Reply.
6. Click Send button.
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3.7. Attaching a file to E-mail Message

1. After Sign in,Click on Compose tab.
2. Type your message.
3. Write the Address on the address bars
To:_______________________e-mail address of the recipient.
Figure 23: Attaching a file on Yahoo Domain.
4. Click on Attach Files tab.

5. Click on Browse to locate the destination of the File
6. Click on Attach Files again.
7. When the file is attached, click on Send tab.
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3.8. Receiving an Attached File to E-mail Message

1. After Sign in, Click on In Box tab.
2. When the messages appear, make sure that there is an attached
file .
Note: An attached files have symbols like .
3. Click on the attached file.

4. Click on Down Load the attached file.
5. After the system scan complete, click on Down load again.
6. Click on Save option on the dialog box.
7. Locate the drive or folder you want to save in.
3.9 Forewarding an E-mail Message to a Friend

1. After Sign in, Click on In Box tab.
2. After you read the messages, click on Foreword tab if you
want to send the message to your friend.
3. Write the Address of your friend on the address bar.
To:_______________________e-mail address of the recipient.
4. Click on Send tab.
3.10 Registering for a Free Hotmail E-mail Account

To register for hotmail, follow the following steps.
Double click, , the Internet Explorer Icon on the Desktop

.
OR
Click Start Programs Internet Explorer
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Click in the Address Bar or on File Open and type in

www.hotmail.com.
Press the Enter Key to connect to the Hotmail Registration
page.
This is how your screen should look now:
Figure 24: MSN Domain.
Click Sign Up to begin registration for your free Email Account .
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The following screen appears:
Figure 25: Hotmail Regfistration on MSN Domain.
To register for a FREE account click the Get it Free icon
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The following registration form appears:
Figure 26: Creating e-mail address on MSN Domain.
To fill in the form:

Create your email address:
1 For Country/Region select United Kingdom
2 For Email address type in the name that you would like to select for you email
address.
3 You can only use letters, numbers, periods (.), hyphens (-), or underscores (_).
4 You only need to type in the first part of the address (eg: your name) as
Hotmail already selects the @hotmail.co.uk bit for you.
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5 Once you have typed this in click Check Availability. Hotmail will tell you if
someone has already selected this address and you may need to choose
another name so try some variations of your name to find an address that is
available:
6Examples:
oroedu@hotmail.co.uk
tkl_ita@hotmail.co.uk
teklu1972@hotmail.co.uk
Create your password:

1 Once you have selected an address that is available you need to select a
password.
2 The password must contain at least six characters and is case sensitive.
3 You can use a combination of letters, numbers and characters to create a
password.
4 Hotmail will tell you how secure your password is by grading it as weak,
medium or strong.
5 For a strong password use a combination of letters, numbers and characters
(but remember, you need to be able to remember it!)
Create your password reset questions:

1 You know need to choose a security question that will enable Hotmail to reset
your password should you forget it.
2 Click on the drop-down arrow in the Question field to select the question
that you would like to have.
3 Type in your secret answer it must be a minimum of five character s and is
not case sensitive.
4 Hotmail can send a password prompt email to an alternate email address if
you have one. If so, type it into the relevant field.
Enter your account information:

1Now you need to fill in some basic personal details.
2 Enter your first and last name into the relevant boxes.
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1 To select your date of birth click on the drop down arrows and click on the
date, month and year of your birth to select them.
2 For constituent country click on the drop-down arrown and select the
relevant area.
3 Type in your postcode.
4 Click on the drop-down arrow and click on the relevant timezone to select it.
5 If you own or work with a small business click in the check box. If not, then
leave it blank.
Type the characters you see in the picture:

1 As security precaution you need to type the characters you see
in the picture into the empty box below.
Review and accept the agreements:

1 You now need to agree to Microsofts terms and conditions
regarding Hotmail.
2 Click on the links to Microsoft service agreement and
Microsoft online privacy statement.
3 The agreements will open in a new window.
4 Once you are satisfied with the information close the window
with the agreement in it (important: do not close the window
with your account information in it or else you will need to start
again from scratch!)
5 If you are satisfied with the agreement click the grey button that
says I Agree on it. If you decide not to proceed then click on the
grey button that says Cancel.
6 Once you have clicked I Agree Hotmail will let you know
whether there are any areas on the screen that you have missed
out or that require alternate information. Make the amendments
then click I Agree again.
A new screen should appear with the following message on it:
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Figure 27: Confirmation of Hotmail Registration dialog box.
1 From this screen, click on the blue link to use your own email
address
2 A new screen will appear asking you whether you want to
subscribe to any email newsletters used for marketing
purposes.
3 If you want to subscribe to any of them click in the boxes next to
them to select them.
4 Once you have finished, scroll down to the bottom of the page
and click on the blue Continue button.
Your Hotmail account screen will appear:
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Figure 28: Hotmail Account screen.
Click on My Messages
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Figure 29: A Message screen.
A new window will appear. There should be one message in there

from Hotmail Staff .
Figure 30: List of Messages screen.
1 Click on the name of the person who sent the email (in this case
Hotmail Staff) to open the email.
2 This email contains valuable information about using your
Hotmail account. Its a good idea to save it in you inbox and not
to delete it.
3 To sign-out of your account click the button at the top of the
screen. For security reasons it is always recommended to sign-out of
your account once you have finished checking your emails.
To log-on back onto your account:
Go to www.hotmail.com
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
3/30/2017
______________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 31: Sign in Dialog box to MSN Domain.
1 Enter your new email address and password into the relevant fields.
2 Decide whether you want your computer to save you email
address and password. If you are using your own computer at
home then it can be convenient for your computer to
automatically know your address and password.
3 If you are using a computer that other people use it is generally
not advised to select the options for the computer to save your
details as other people may be able to access your account.
Click the grey Sign In button to enter into your Hotmail

account.
Congratulations! You have now created your own Hotmail Account!
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
3/30/2017
3.11 Review Questions
1. What is an e-mail ?
2. What is the benefit of e-mail when compared to phone calls?
3. Discuss the three elements of of e-mail address.
4. What are the different message headers we need to be concerned
about when sending an e-mail?
5. Write the steps to register for an e-mail account.
6. Write the steps how to send an e-mail to some one.
7. Write the steps how to check/read an e-mail message.
8. Write the steps how to reply to an e-mail message.
9. Write the steps how to attach a file to e-mail message.
10. Write the steps how to receive an attached file to e-mail
message.
11. Write the steps how to foreward an e-mail message to a
friend.
12. Write the steps to register for an Hot-mail account.
59
Chapter 4: Internet Security
Using the internet brings a security risk, because the network is public
and hence open to everyone and illegal access. A number of methods can
be used to provide security.
4.1 Internet Security Methods.
The following are some of internet security methods:
i. Password principles
For a system to be secure against attack,strong passwords are
required.
ii. Encryption
It is an ancient technique for hiding information. A reader cannot
understand the information unless s/he possesses a key. It
gives two important facilities, Privacy & Authentication
(certification).
iii. Firewalls
A Firewall describes hardware or software used to filter
packets as they pass through the system. The packets can be
filtered based on IP addresses, Port number etc.
iv. Proxy Servers
Proxy servers provide a single point of access to the internet.
This is more secure than allowing each user to connect directly
and allows network behind the proxy server to be hidden.
v. Virtual Private Networks (VPN).
It connects the components and resources of one network over
another network. It uses encryption technology to ensure that the
security of a private network is available and the secure
connection across the internet appears to the user as a private
network communication.
vi. Web Browser Security
60
Internet Security has a system of zones, for which we can set
different security levels. We can then able the use of active web
connects and files downloading on trusted sites.
Note: The detail explanation of the above internet security methods

is beyond the
scope of this manual, therefore ,it is recommended to refer to the
Internet
or other reference books on internet security.
4.2 Viruses
Computer viruses are program designed to replicate and
duplicate amongst computers.They produce a wide variety of
symptoms on a PC and ,in extreme cases,can cause permanent
damage or loss of files.
4.2.1 Types of Viruses
Computer viruses are generally classified by the different ways they
can affect the computer.The following are some types of viruses:
i. Boot Sector Viruses
They attack the boot sector information, the partition table &
sometimes the file system.
ii. Program Viruses
They are sequences of codes that insert themselves into another
executable program. When the application is executed, the virus code
becomes active.
iii. Macro Viruses
Are viruses that affect office documents,and have become very
common because of the wide distribution of these documents,
especially over the internet.
iv. Worms
Are memory- resident viruses that replicate over network resources.
4.2.2 Symptoms of Virus Infections.
61
The following are examples of the symptoms that may indicate a
virus infection.
i. The computer fails to boot.
ii. Hard or Floppy Disks are reformatted .
iii. The File system becomes corrupt
iv. The master boot record is corrupted .
v. Individual files on Hard Disks or Floppy Disks are Corrupt.
vi. Strange Messages or Graphics appear on the screen.
4.2.3 Reducing Risk of Virus Infections.

Downloading files attached to e-mails are the main sources of
virus infection. The following are some of steps to be taken to
reduce risk of virus infections.
i. Carry out regular backups that allow data to be recovered.
ii. Prevent staff from downloading files or attachments that do
not come
from a known genuine source.
iii. Apply Operating systems & application security patches.
iv. Install & use Antivirus Packages.The Anti-virus packages must
be kept up to date signatures.
v. Select Anti-virus software that scans automatically (on-
access).
4.2.4 Scanning for Viruses.

The following steps use Symantec Antivirus Client Scan as
an example of scanning for viruses.
To scan for viruses:
i. Open the Symantec Antivirus Application.
ii. Expand + Scan folder in the console tree.
iii. Click Scan Floppy Disk or Scan Computer.
iv. Select Local Disk C:\ or Local Disk D:\ or both.
v. Click Scan button.
62
vi. When the scan complete, the virus names are captured in
Quarantine.
vii. Select all virus names in quarantine, and Right click.
viii. From the short cut options, Click Delete Permanently.
ix. Click Start Delete button.
x. Clic Close button when finished.
4.3 Review Exercises

1. Discuss the different internet security methods .
2. What are Viruses?
3. Discuss the difference between each type of Viruses.
4. What are some of the symptoms of virus infections?
5. Hoe do you reduce the risk of virus infections?
6. Write the steps how to scan for viruses using Antivirus
Application on your PC.
63
List of References
1. Internet Training Manual.(Defense Engineering College)

2. gtslearning program (A+ Certification OS Technologies) Training
manual.
3. Internet
Alan Simpsons Windows XP Bible. (www.hungryminds.com)
WWW.Google.com/
WWW.Yahoo.com/
64

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Oromia ICT Development Agency

The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications

The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the

This is intended to be a brief, necessarily cursory and incomplete

The Internet today is a widespread information infrastructure, the

tools to accomplish electronic commerce, information acquisition, and

1.2 Origins of the Internet

The beginning of internet technology can be traced back to 1969,when

a shared set of rules describing how to transmit data. The new

1.3 How Internet Works?

1.3.1 A Hierarchy of Networks

Most large communications companies have their own dedicated

Fig. 1. Internet connection.

1.4 Servers and Clients

A Server . is a computer that provide service to other computers on

Fig. 2:Server providing service for Client..

1.5 Services of the Internet

1.6: Internet Connections

going with such a service, but plan to use a standard dial-up

youve purchased a modem, you need to install it as per the manufacturers

1.6.1.3 Using the New Connection Wizard

Figure 3: Three ways on the New Connection Wizard

shown in Figure 3, asks how you want to connect.Assuming youre setting

Figure 4 : Phone number wizard screen.Example:

Figure 5: The Internet Account Information Wizard screen

Options at the bottom of the screen are summarized here:

Choose this option if youve set up multiple user accounts on this

A firewall protects your computer from unauthorized users (hackers)

Figure 6: Connection Wizard successfully completed Di.alog Box

1.6.1.4: Making the connection

Figure 7: Example of dial-up connection to an ISP.

Note: If you want to create an easy shortcut to your connection, create a

1.6.1.5 Adding Network Connections to Start Menu

Click on the Advanced tab.

Figure 8: The Connect dialog box

A T3 Line is a super high-speed digital connection capable of transmitting

Chapter 2: Browsing the World Wide Web

World Wide Web is an application that utilizes the internet to

The Web provides an easy point-and-click interface to a vast amount

2.2 World Wide Web Terminology

A hyperlink is a pointer from a World Wide Web page to

Protocol Network Location Path File Name

Is a File Transfer Protocol .It indicates that the file is on an FTP

As a general rule, however, you probably can get right on to

Figure 9: Internet Explorer, showing the home page

2.4 Visiting a Web Site

Figure 10: Downloaded Website

2.5 Using Navigation Tools

Fig 11:Yahoo Web Site

Note:The following are navigation buttons, shortcuts, and menu options:

Example:-To search for Science and Technology, we can

iii. And Notopposite of And

2.8 Using hyperlinks

Figure 12: The Add Favorite dialog box

Type in a name for this favorite item or accept the

Click the OK button.

2.11 Revisiting a Favorite page

2.12 Choosing Your Own Home Page

Click the Use Default button to revert to Microsofts site as the

2.13 Browsing without Internet Explorer

Figure 13: The Address bar visible in Windows Explorer.

2.14 Adding Internet Links to the Desktop

Figure 14: Desktop Hyperlink

To drag-and-drop a link thats somewhere on the current Web