SBR

SBR

.

. SBR

% 45

0.01 1.04 / 25

0.5 9

SBR:

. 1 : 3 5 : 1

ACI Committee : 28

40 22
) / ( 2
91 43
) / ( 2
35 14
) / ( 2
5 24
) ( %
1.8 0.68
) (

SBR

3 : 1 ) ( 1 : 1 SBR
.. ) 0.25 / ( 2
SBR:

4 : 1 6 : 1 SBR
) 40 30 / ( 3
:

4 : 1
2 : 1 ) 0.5 / ( 2
:

. 6

:
4 , 15 , 125 ,

PVA as a Mortar additive

PVA diluted 3 or 4 to 1 can be used as a mortar admixture but the PVA must be external
PVA and not internal. Mix the PVA with clean water and then use this as the gauging
water for the Mortar. PVA greatly improves the workability of the Mortar and makes it
stickier, this is very useful when rendering. Applying a coat of external PVA as a Priming
agent will also increase the chances of the render sticking to the wall.

PVA ( polyvinyl acetate ) is good for bonding paper, wood, leather, expanded
polystyrene and most other porous materials to each other. But PVA is not suitable for
gluing items that are susceptible to water or outdoor items as when it becomes wet it
will re-dissolve and turn back to liquid PVA!

There has been some debate recently as to whether PVA should be applied to surfaces
before tiling. If a coat of PVA is applied to the surface it creates a film of PVA. when the
tile is stuck to the surface the tile adhesive will bond to the thin film of PVA and not the
surface itself! If moisture gets behind the tiles, which is possible in a shower or similar
then the thin coat of PVA could re-dissolve into liquid PVA, resulting in the tile falling off!
It is important to follow the tile adhesives instructions and if it is not specified to use
PVA then do not use it.

It is used in mortar sometimes, but 250ml sounds like way too much.1-2 teaspoon fulls per shovel of sand
would be about right. It improves the tensile strength, but even so, you should build such that you are
expecting any tensile strength. If this is for outdoor use, use Exterior PVA (which is EVA), which
also makes the mortar more waterproof. (PVA isn't waterproof.)

Asbestos Cement
building material made from a watered mixture of cement and asbestos. To 100 parts (by mass) of type 5
00 and higherPortland cement are mixed from 12 to 20 parts of asbestos, primarily of the lower grades. B
ecause of the reinforcingeffect of the asbestos fibers, asbestos cement, even before it has become bonde
d, possesses enough tensile strengthand plasticity to allow products of various shapes to be formed from
a sheet 510 mm thick. In its hardened stateasbestos cement possesses high physical and mechanical pr
operties. Its strength limit in bending ranges up to 30meganewtons (MN) per m2 (300 kilograms-force [kgf]
per cm2) and in compression to 90 MN/m2; its impact strength iswithin the limits of 1,8002,500 joules per
m2 (1.82.5 kgf cm/cm2). Asbestos cement is long-lasting and frost-resistant(losses in strength amount t
o no more than 10 percent after 50 cycles of freezing and thawing); it is practicallywaterproof and fireproo
f and has a high degree of chemical stability, as compared to concrete products. The density ofasbestos c
ement ranges from 1,550 to 1,950 kg/m3. The shortcoming of asbestos cement is that it is subject to brittl
edestruction and deformation under conditions of changes in humidity. This characteristic can be reduced
bywaterproofing and additional reinforcement.
Asbestos cement is manufactured in plants on sheet-forming machines; there are also prospective metho
ds forcontinuous rolling, semidry forming, and other processes.

Asbestos Cement Industry

The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically bi
ased.

Asbestos Cement Industry

one of the most important branches of the building materials industry. The asbestos cement industry is c
oncerned withthe production of various kinds of roofing, wall, and facing sheet materials; pressure and no
npressure pipes; electricalinsulation boards; building details; structural components; and other products m
ade from a base of asbestos andcement. The cost of asbestos cement sheet roofing for housing and publ
ic buildings is approximately half as much asroofing made of roofing steel. Asbestos cement pressure pip
es are considerably less expensive and lighter than cast-iron or steel pipes; on the average, 1 kg of asbes
tos cement replaces from 1.5 to 2.5 kg of metal.

Asbestos cement was first produced at the end of the 19th century; in prerevolutionary Russia it had just
begun to beproduced. The presence of extremely large deposits of asbestos (the USSR is first in the worl
d in these deposits), aswell as the vigorous growth of the cement industry, ensured high growth rates for
asbestos cement production in theUSSR (see Table 1).

The production of asbestos cement products in the USSR grew considerably faster than the output of oth
erinterchangeable building materials. Thus, if the production of soft roofing material from 1940 to 1968 inc
reased 9.2times and

Table 1. Production of asbestos cement products in the USSR

Years Sheet materials and products (slate) Pipes(conven Electric insulati

(in millions ofconventional tiles)1 tional)(km)2 ngboard (tons)
1
Calculated for sheets 40 x 40 cm in size

2
Calculated for pipes 200 mm in diameter

1913.. 9
........

1928.. 38
........

1932.. 112 35
........
 Table 1. Production of asbestos cement products in the USSR

Years Sheet materials and products (slate) Pipes(conven Electric insulati

(in millions ofconventional tiles)1 tional)(km)2 ngboard (tons)
1940.. 206 1,259 3,400
........

1945.. 84 482 800

........

1950.. 546 3,500 4,700

........

1960.. 2,991 18,652 19,900

........

1965.. 4,162 32,119 27,200

........

1968.. 5,145 43,293 30,000

........

1969.. 5,209 44,986 32,000

........

roof tiles 1.6 times, the output of slate during this period increased 25 times over. The proportion of slate i
n the all-Unionproduction of basic roofing materials, calculated in terms of area of roof covering, rose from
20 percent in 1940 to 5355 percent in 196566. The production of asbestos cement pipe in 1968 was 34
.4 times that of 1940. This increase wasaccounted for by the construction of new plants and by the expan
sion and engineering redesign of previously existingenterprises, as well as by the intensive development
of technical processes. In terms of the total level of production ofasbestos cement products and their per
capita output, the USSR ranks first in the world, with more than half of the totalworld output of these prod
ucts.

In the total expenditure of raw materials used in manufacturing asbestos cement products, about 85 perc
ent is cementand only 15 percent is asbestos; therefore, asbestos cement enterprises are, as a rule, built
close to cement plants.Asbestos cement products are manufactured in all the Union republics. In the all-
Union production of slate the relativeimportance of the eastern regions of the USSR (including the Urals),
where an especially large amount of building isbeing carried on, rose from 12 percent in 1940 to 38 perce
nt in 1968. The specifics of the technology and the type ofraw material being utilized determine the high
material resource consumption of this production (raw and auxiliarymaterials account for more than 71 pe
rcent of all expenditures), as well as its low requirements in fuel and power (fueland electric power constit
ute about 5.5 percent of the expenditures). As a result of the comparatively lengthy cycletaken up by hard
ening the semimanufactured material, which requires large production areas, the proportion of costrequire
d for buildings in basic production in the asbestos cement industry is quite high (approximately 57 percent
).

The structure of the standardized working capital funds of the asbestos cement industry is as follows: pro
ductionreserves, 60.3 percent; unfinished production and semimanufactured products, 17.4 percent; expe
nses for futureperiods, 0.3 percent; finished output in stock, 18.6 percent; and the remainder, 3.4.

The technical reequipment of asbestos cement enterprises carried out during the postwar period and the i
ntensificationof engineering processes, as well as the dissemination of the experience of production innov
ators, guaranteed theincreased productivity of equipment and the growth of labor productivity. Thus, the a
verage annual output of slate fromone sheet-forming machine 1.6 m in width rose from 12.6 million stand
ard slabs in 1950 to 28.5 million in 1968. Theaverage annual output of slate from one worker, measured i
n thousands of standard slabs, increased from 153 in 1955to 239 in 1967.

During the five-year plan of 196670 the asbestos cement industry achieved further growth. The output of
asbestoscement sheet materials and products in 1970 was predicted to reach 5.8 billion standard slabs, o
r 1.4 times more thanin 1965. Asbestos cement pipe was scheduled to reach 51,000 conventional km, or
1.6 times more than in 1965.

The basic trends of technical progress in the asbestos cement industry are as follows: broadening the vari
ety ofasbestos cement products in order to increase their economic effectiveness in construction and in th
e industrialization ofbuilding operations; improving quality and reliability in order to increase the durability
of structural components andinstallations; producing considerably more large-scale asbestos cement she
ets of economic designs, large-scalestructural components for the roofs of industrial buildings and wall pa
rtitions in the form of heat-insulating slabs andpanels, effective integrated fiberboard sheets for mass con
struction, and asbestos cement pipe for gas lines, heatingsystems, and the like; comprehensive mechaniz
ing of production and introducing automated systems into thepreparatory and fabrication sections of asbe
stos cement plants; introducing efficient, more powerful equipment, newtypes of sheet-forming and pipe-
forming machines, and other improvements; and perfecting technology and intensifyingthe processes of f
orming and hardening slate and pipes.

The asbestos cement industry has attained considerable growth in a number of socialist countries, especi
ally in Poland,the German Democratic Republic, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. Am
ong the capitalist countriesthe production of asbestos cement products has been most highly developed i
n the USA, Great Britain, the FederalRepublic of Germany, Italy, France, and Japan (see Table 2).

Table 2. Annual production of asbestos cement products in the most adva

nced capitalist countries(estimate for the period 196567)

Countries Sheet products (in millions of conven Pipes (convention

tional tiles) al km)
Great Britain ......... 300360 10,000
Table 2. Annual production of asbestos cement products in the most adva
nced capitalist countries(estimate for the period 196567)

Countries Sheet products (in millions of conven Pipes (convention

tional tiles) al km)
.

USA.......... 320380 30,000

West Germany ...... 730760 4,4006,500

....

France.......... 520580 7,2009,500

REFERENCES

Sokolov, P. N. Tekhnologiia asbestotsementnykh izdelii. Moscow, 1960.

Proizvodstvo asbestotsementnykh izdelii, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1962.
Satarin, V. I., and V. A. Akopian. Asbestotsementnaia promyshlennost. Moscow, 1962.
Felzenbaum, V. G. Asbestotsementnaia promyshlennost zarubezhom. Moscow, 1960.
Promyshlennost stroitelnykh materialov SSSR, 19171967. Moscow, 1967.

V. E. SHNEIDER

Asbestos cement is usually produced without any additional coloring (it itself is gray in color), but sometim
es a dye isused, either added to the mass or applied on the surface. Coatings of protective film may also
be applied.

REFERENCES

Sokolov, P. N. Tekhnologiia asbestotsementnykh izdelii, 3rd ed. Moscow, 1960.

Blokh, G. S., and A. N. Litvinov. Asbestotsementnye materialy i konstruktsii i ikh ekspluatatsionnye kache
stva. Moscow,1964.

L. N. PITSKEL

Asbestos Cement Products and Structural Components

The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically bi
ased.

Asbestos Cement Products and Structural Components

According to the method used in forming them, asbestos cement products are divided into sheet products
(corrugated,flat, or special-design) and pipe products.

Before the 1930s the basic type of sheet products manufactured in the USSR were pressed roofing shing
les (asbestosslate), 40 x 40 cm in size and 4 mm thick. During these years the mass production of corrug
ated roofing sheets (wavyand semiwavy) in larger sizes was also begun. By the mid-1960s in the USSR
approximately 90 percent of the totaloutput of sheet asbestos cement consisted of ordinary wavy sheets; t
he production of more economical large-scalesheets has also been expanded (see Table 1).

Semiwavy sheets, in which wave-like parts alternate with flat parts, also have the same sizes, but becaus
e of technicaldifficulties their output is insignificant.

Flat facing-sheets are classed as pressed sheets (possessing

Table 1. Characteristics of corrugated wavy sheets produced in the USSR,

1968

Type Leng Widt Thickn Span (to b Class Basic purpose

ofshe th(c h(c ess(m ecovered ( of she
et m) m) m) cm) ets
VO ..... 120 67.8 5.5 to 55 Small- Top-story roofing of apartment ho
. scale usesand public buildings

SV- 113. 5.8 75 Mediu Same uses as VO Walls of factorie

40...... 0 5.8 240 m- s andapartment houses
113. scaleM
0 edium-
scale

UV- 175 112. 6.0 to 150 (wall Roofs and walls of apartment hou
6...... 250 5 s240) ses,public buildings, and factories

UV- 175 112. 7.5 to 150 (wall

7.5..... 5 s240)
.

VU- 250 99.4 6.0

S......

VU- 175 99.4 8.0 150

K...... 250
increased strength) and nonpressed sheets. They are produced in their natural gray color; they may also
be dyed ortextured. Sheet length ranges up to 2.8 m, width to 1.6 m, and thickness from 4 to 10 mm. The
se sheets are used forthe interior finishing of auxiliary areas in apartment houses and public buildings, for
coating panels, for installations inbathrooms and other sanitary facilities, and as safety enclosures for balc
onies, stairways, and so on.

Among the special-design products are the following: ventilation ducts, with either rectangular or round cr
oss sections,with a socket at one end or without sockets; semicylinders for protecting the thermal insulati
ng layer of pipes frommechanical damage; double-curved sheets for conveyor galleries; arched elements
for building summer pavilions attourist areas, Pioneer camps, and so on; and water-protective covers, use
d in underground subway installations toensure the waterproofing capacity of the load-bearing structural c
omponents of roofs.

Pipe products are as follows: pressure pipes (water pipelines), nonpressure pipes, gas pipelines, and casi
ng pipes (seeTable 2). Pressure pipes and couplings are designed for an operational hydraulic pressure o
f 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2meganewtons (MN) per m2 (1 MN/m2 10 kilograms-force per cm2).

Table 2. Dimensions of the asbestos cement pipe produced in the USSR, 1

968

Use Internal diameter Length (m Thickness of walls

(mm) m) (mm)
Pressure pipes (water cond 50456 2,950 1256
uit) 6,000

Nonpressure pipes...... 44576 2,950 818

3,950

Gas pipelines...... 100456 2,950 1136

3,950

Casing pipes...... 204505 3,950 2666

Pressure pipes (water pipelines) designed for 0.3 and 0.6 MN/m2 are joined by asbestos cement coupling
s. Forpressure pipes designed for 0.9 and 1.2 MN/m2, cast-iron couplings are used. The joints are sealed
by rubber packingrings.

Asbestos cement structural components are manufactured from sheet asbestos cement, thermal-
insulating materials,and asbestos cement, using wooden or metallic elements for the framework. In floorin
g structural components asbestoscement sheets are bonded together by screws, rivets, or by glue-type a
dhesives. Among such structural componentsare heated slabs (usually made with mineral felt) of the AP t
ype (asbestos cement flooring), used for insulated coveringof industrial buildings; the width of such slabs i
s 50 cm, and the covering span ranges up to 3 m. In slabs of the AS type(asbestos cement composite) th
e sheets are bonded together by a cement-asbestos mastic in a damp, unhardenedstate.

Monolithic structural components (slabs and panels) are manufactured from two flat sheets, bonded toget
her by a layerof heating material (usually a foam layer). The thickness of the slabs and panels ranges fro
m 60 to 80 mm, which allowsthem to be used in covering 3-meter spans. The most widespread structural
components of the framework type areslabs and panels of flat asbestos cement sheets, bonded to the fra
mework by adhesives or by screws. For theframework, asbestos cement bars are used as well as molded
elements made of asbestos cement, wood, or metal. Thewidth of the slabs ranges from 1.2 to 1.5 m, and
the covered spans extend from 3 to 6 m.

REFERENCES

Pitskel, L. N. Asbestotsementnye lotkovye plity. Moscow-Leningrad, 1952.

Sherman, L. N., V. I. Ovsiankin, and P. M. Frenkel. Ograzhdaiushchie konstruktsii iz asbestotsementnykh
listov dliapromyshlennykh zdanii. Moscow, 1952.
Blokh, G. S., and A. N. Litvinov. Asbestotsementnye materialy i konstruktsii i ikh ekspluatatsionnye kache
stva. Moscow,1964.