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MATEMTICA
AUTORES:
BRACERO MISHEL
IZA PAOLA
JAMI JONATHAN
YANEZ AMY
QUITO ECUADOR
2016-2017
TALLER 1I
a) Variacin de parmetros
2 d2 y dy 2 '
x 2
+10 x +8 y =x y ( 0 )=1, y ( 0 )=1
dx dx
m1
y =mx
y = {m(m-1) x} ^ {m-2}
Reemplazando
x ( m ( m1 ) x m2 ) +10 x ( mx m1 ) +8 x m=0
x m ( m ( m1 ) +10 m+8 ) =0
x m 0 y m ( m1 ) +10 m+8=0
2
m m+10 m+ 8=0
m2+ 9 m+ 8=0
( m+ 1 )( m+8 ) =0
m=1 y m=8
1 8
Yc=C x +C 2 x
2 d2 y dy 2
x 2
+10 x +8 y =x [1]
dx dx
2
Dividir para x
2
d y 10 dy
+ +8 y=1
d x 2 x dx
8 ' 9
y 2=x y 2=8 x
W= [ y1
y' 1
y2
y' 2 ]
W= [ x1 x8
x 2 8 x9
[2] ]
W = ( x1 ) (8 x9 )(x2 )( x 8 )
10 10
W =8 x +x
W =7 x10
U ' 1=
[
0 y2
F ( x) y ' 2 ]
W
U ' 1=
[ 0 X 8
1 8 x
9 ]
7 x10
x8
U ' 1=
7 x 10
x2
U ' 1=
7
2
U ' 1= ( )
x
7
dx
3
x
U 1= [3]
21
U ' 2=
y1
[ 0
y ' 1 F (x) ]
W
U ' 2=
[ x1 0
x2 1 ]
7 x10
x1
U ' 2=
7 x 10
9
x
U ' 2=
7
9
U ' 2= ( )
x
7
dx
10
x
U 2= [4]
70
Yp=U 1 y 1+U 2 y 2 [ 5 ]
3 10
Yp = ( )
21
x + ( )( x
x ( 1 ) x
70
8
)
x2 x 2
Yp=
21 70
2 2
x x
Y= +C x 1 +C2 x8
21 70
t
b) Por reemplazo x=e
d2 y dy
x2 2
+10 x +8 y =x2 [ 1 ]
dx dx
derivando
dt 1
=
dx x
dy dy dt
=
dx dt dx
dy 1 dy
= [2]
dx x dt
d 2 y dy 1 dy 1 dy dt
= +
d x 2 dx x dt x dx dx
d 2 y dy 1 dy 1 dy dt dt
= + (
d x 2 dx x dt x dt dx dx )
d 2 y 1 dy 1 1 dt dt
dx
2
= 2 + ( )
x dt x x dx dx
d 2 y 1 d 2 y 1 dy
=
d x 2 x2 d t 2 x 2 dt
2 2
2
d x x dt
2 (
d y 1 d y dy
= 2
dt
[3] )
Solucin Ecuacin Diferencial Homognea
Reemplazando [2] y [3] en [1]
[( )] [ ]
2
2 1 d y dy 1 dy
x 2 2
+ 10 x +8 y=0
x dt dt x dt
2
d y dy dy
2
+10 + 8 y=0
dt dt dt
d2 y dy t
2
+ 9 +8 y=
dt dt 2
m2+ 9 m+ 8=0
( m+ 1 )( m+8 ) =0
m=1 y m=8
Yc=C x1+C 2 x 8
x 3 ( 1 ) x 10 ( 8 )
Yp = ( )
21
x + ( )
70
x
x2 x 2
Yp=
21 70
x2 x2
Y = +C x 1 +C2 x8
21 70
Figura 1. Solucin Grfica para la ecuacin diferencial del ejercicio 4. Nota no existe
'
solucin para y ( 0 )=1, y ( 0 ) =1 , pertenece a la recta de asntota
2. Encontrar la transformada de Laplace de:
d 2 y dy 2
Hallar la solucin de t 2
=t y ( 0 )=0
dt dt
y (0)=0
{
L t
d 2 y dy
dt 2
dt }
=L {t 2 }
{ } { }
2
d y dy
=L {t }
2
L t 2
L
dt dt
Aplicamos la transformada
{ } ( { })
L t
d 2 y d
dt 2
=
ds
L
d2 y
dt 2
Entonces obtenemos
d
ds
L
( { }) { }
d2 y
dt 2
L
dy
dt
=L { t 2 }
Donde ( { })
L
d2 y
dt 2
=sy ( 0 ) +s 2 L { Y ( t ) } y (0) entonces
d
ds
( { }
sy ( 0 ) + s2 L {Y ( t ) } y (0) ) L
dy
dt
=L { t 2 }
Derivamos
(
y ( 0 )+ 2 s L { Y ( t ) } + s2
d
ds ) { }
L { Y ( t ) } L
dy
dt
=L { t 2 }
2
Aplicamos L { dydt }=s ( L {Y ( t ) }) y (0) y
L {t2 }=
s3
d 2
s 2 L { Y ( t ) }2 s L { Y ( t ) }s L {Y ( t ) } y ( 0 ) + y (0)= 3
ds s
2 d 2
s L { Y ( t ) }3 s L {Y ( t ) }s L {Y ( t ) } +2 y (0)= 3
ds s
Dividimos para s2
3
d 3 L { Y ( t ) } 2 y (0) s + 2
L { Y ( t ) }+ =
ds s s
5
3
Factor integrante e s =s3 y multiplicamos a la ecuacin anterior
3
d 2 y (0) s + 2
s3 L { Y ( t ) } +3 s2 L { Y ( t ) }=
ds s2
3
d d 2 y (0)s +2
s3 L {Y ( t ) }+ s3 L {Y ( t ) }=
ds ds s2
d 3 2 y( 0)s3 +2
s L { Y ( t ) }=
ds s2
d 3 2 y (0) s3 +2
ds s L { Y ( t ) } = s2
3 2
s L { Y ( t ) }= +c
s
3
Dividimos para s
2 c
L {Y ( t ) }= +
s4 s3
Y ( t )=L
1
{} {}
2
s
4
+L
1 c
s
3
3 2
t ct
Y ( t )= +
3 2
t3
Y ( t )= +ct 2
3
2 4 8
( (s +3)2 )( 2
s +16 ) = [ ( s+ 3 ) ] (s 2 +16) =
2
s
( 2+6 s+9)(s2 +16) 8
8 = s +16 s +6 s +96 s+9 s2 +144
4 2 3 =
8
4 3 2
s +6 s +25 s +96 s +144
2( 9) 18 18
2
s [s + 4 ( 9 ) ] = 2
s +36 = ( s+1 ) [( s+1 )2 +36]
L{(1+te-t)3}
L{t3 cos t}
d
L {tk f (t)} = (-1) k dk [f(s)]
f(t) cos t ; k= 3
s
L {cos t} = 2
s +1
s s
d s ( 2+1)
2
( 2+1)
2
ds ( s +1 ) =
2 2
s +12 s
2 = 2
s + 1
s
s
s s
d2 ( 2+1)
2
( 2+1)4
ds ( s 2+ 1 =
2 2
2 ( 2+1)[2(s +1)]2 s
( 2+1) +
2 s
s
s
s s
3
( 2+1)4 ( 2+1)
= = 2 3 =
( 2+1)(s 2 +1) 2 s 2 s +4 s 4 s
( 2+1)2 4 s
2s
s
3
( 2+1)
3
2 s 6 s
s
s
( 2+ 1)2 ( 2 s )
s 3
3 3
d ( 2+1)
ds3 ( 2 s 36 s = s
( 2+1)4
( 2+1)3 (2 s36 s)
( 6 s 26 )
s s
4 4
( 2+ 1) ( 2+1)
4 2 2 4
6 s +6 s 6 s 612 s +36 s
2 = 4 2
6 s + 36 s 6
=
s
( 2+1)4
6(s 46 s 2+1)
s s
4 4
( 2+1) ( 2+ 1)
L{t 3 cos t } 3
= (-1) [ 6(s 46 s 2+1) = 4 2
6 (s 6 s +1)
y +9 y=cos 3 t
Con PVI
y ( 0 )=2
y ( 0 )=5
y +9 y=cos 3 t
L { y +9 y } =L {cos 3 t }
L { f ( t ) }=Y (s)
2
L { f ( t ) } =s Y ( s )sy ( 0 ) y (0)
s
L { coskt }=
s + k2
2
Reemplazamos en la ecuacin 1
s
s 2 Y ( s )sy ( 0 ) y ( 0 )+ 9Y (s)= 2
s +9
2 s
s Y ( s )2 s5+9 Y ( s)= 2
s +9
s
Y ( s ) ( s2 + 9 )2 s5= 2
s +9
s 2s 5
Y ( s )= 2 2
2
+ 2
( s + 9 ) ( s +9 ) ( s +9 ) ( s +9 )
3 2
2 s +5 s +19 s +45
Y s=
( ) 2
( s 2+ 9 )
2
2 s 3+5 s2 +19 s +45=( As+ B ) ( s 2+ 9 ) +( Cs+ D) ( s2 +9 )
Si
s=0 45=9B+9D (2)
71=10A+10B+C+D
29=-10A+10B-C+D
100=20B+2D (6)
-900=-180B-180D
900=180B+18D
0=-162D
D=0 (7)
45=9B+9D
45=9B+9(0)
B=5 (8)
29=-10A+10B-C+D
29=-10A+10(5)-C
-21=-10A-C (9)
119=26A+13B+2C+D
119=26A+13(5)+2C
54=26A+2C (10)
6A=12
A=2 (11)
54=26A+2C
54=26(2)+2C
C=1
L1 { Y (s) } =L1
{ 2s
+ 2
5
+ 2
s
( s +9 ) ( s +9 ) ( s +9 ) 2
2
}
L1 { Y (s) } =L1
{( ) } { ( ) } {(
2s
2
s +9
+ L1 2
5
s +9
+ L1 2
s
s +9 )
2
}
Aplicando la transformada inversa obtenemos
5 1
Y ( s )=2 cos 3 t+ sen 3 t+ t sen 3t
3 6
Figura 3. Solucin grafica de la Ecuacin Diferencial mediante la Transformada de
Laplace
s
3
4
2+
1 3 s
L {
Desarrollo
S2
( 3 )
s 2 3
S +
3 4
K= tsenkt= = = 2+
4
2 ks 2 3
2
3
3 t
Respuesta: t sen 2
s
( 2+ s) ( s 2+1 )
2 s4
1
L
Desarrollo
S
L
1
{ 2 s4
2
s(s+ 1) ( s +1 ) } A B ( 2+1)
= S + (S +1) + CX + D
2 2
2s-4=A(s+1)( s +1 +BS( s +1 +CS+D(S)(S+1)
3 2 3 3 2 2
2s-4=A S +AS+A S + A + B S +BS+C S + C S + D S + DS
3 2
2s-4= S ( A+ B+C ) + S ( A +C+ D )+ S ( A+ B+ D ) + A
-4+B-2+B=0
-6+2B=0
B=3
-4+3+C=0
C=1
-4+1+D=0
D=3
L1 {4s } 1 3
+ L s+1 { } + L { SS +3+1 } =
1
2 - 4
t
RESPUESTAS: -4+3 e +cost +3 sent
y=e x
x
y =me
Reemplazando
e mx ( m 2 +4 m+ 4 ) =0
e mx 0 y m 2 +4 m+ 4=0
m+ 2 2 , entonces m1 y m2=2
Yc=C1 e2 x + C2 X e2 x
a) Superposicin
Yp=( Ax+ B ) e2 x
Yp=( A x 3+ B x 2 ) e2 x =A x 3 e2 x + B x 2 e2 x
Y ' p=3 A x 2 e2 x 2 A x 3 e2 x +2 Bx e2 x 2 x2 B e2 x
Y p=6Ax {e} ^ {-2x} -6A {x} ^ {2} {e} ^ {-2x} -6A {x} ^ {2} {e} ^ {-2x} + 4A {{x} ^ {3} e} ^ {-2x} +
Reemplazando y, y en [1]
6 Ax e2 x 6 A x 2 e2 x 6 A x 2 e2 x + 4 A x3 e2 x + 2 B e2 x 4 Bx e2 x 4 Bx e2 x +4 B x 2 e2 x +4 ( 3 A x 2 e2 x
6 Ax e2 x 6 A x 2 e2 x 6 A x 2 e2 x + 4 A x3 e2 x + 2 B e2 x 4 Bx e2 x 4 Bx e2 x +4 B x 2 e2 x +12 A x 2 e2 x
2 x 2 x 2 x
6 Axe +2 B e =( 3+ x ) e
6 Ax=x 2 B=3
1 3
A= B=
6 2
Yp=( A x 3+ B x 2 ) e2 x
x 3 3 2 2 x
Yp= ( 6 2
+ x e )
x 3 3 2 2 x
Y= ( 6 2 )
+ x e +C 1 e2 x +C 2 X e2 x
b) Mtodo Anulador
Yc=C1 e2 x + C2 x e2 x
n
d y
Dny = [2]
d xn
( Dr )n anula x n e r x
( D+2 )2 [ 3 ] anula ( 3+ x ) e2 x
D 2+ 4 D+ 4 y=(3+ x )e2 x
Insertando el anulador
( D+2 )2 {D 2+ 4 D+ 4 y=( 3+ x ) e2 x }
Ecuacin auxiliar
( m+ 2 )2 ( m+2 )2=0
m1=m2=m3=m4 =2
2 x 2 x 2 2 x 3 2 x
Yp=C1 e +C2 x e +C3 x e +C 4 x e
Yc=C1 e2 x + C2 x e2 x
Yp=C3 x 2 e2 x +C 4 x3 e2 x
Yp= A x 3 e2 x +B e2 x
Y ' p=3 A x 2 e2 x 2 A x 3 e2 x +2 Bx e2 x 2 x2 B e2 x
Y p=6Ax {e} ^ {-2x} -6A {x} ^ {2} {e} ^ {-2x} -6A {x} ^ {2} {e} ^ {-2x} + 4A {{x} ^ {3} e} ^ {-2x} +
Reemplazando y, y en [1]
6 Ax e2 x 6 A x 2 e2 x 6 A x 2 e2 x + 4 A x3 e2 x + 2 B e2 x 4 Bx e2 x 4 Bx e2 x +4 B x 2 e2 x +4 ( 3 A x 2 e2 x
2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 3 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x
6 Ax e 6 A x e 6 A x e +4 A x e +2Be 4 Bx e 4 Bx e +4 B x e +12 A x e
6 Axe2 x +2 B e2 x =( 3+ x ) e2 x
6 Ax=x 2 B=3
1 3
A= B=
6 2
Yp=( A x 3+ B x 2 ) e2 x
(
x 3
Yp= + x 2 e2 x
6 2 )
3
Y= (
x 3 2 2 x
)
+ x e +C 1 e2 x +C 2 X e2 x
6 2
y=e x
y =me x
e mx ( m 2 +4 m+ 4 ) =0
e mx 0 y m 2 +4 m+ 4=0
m+ 2 2 , entonces m1 y m2=2
Yc=C1 e2 x + C2 X e2 x
x
y=e
y =me x
Yc=C1 e2 x + C2 X e2 x
y 1=e2 x , y ' 1 =2 e2 x
W= [ y1
y' 1
y2
y' 2 ]
W= [ e2 x
2e
2 x 2 x
xe2 x
e 2 x e
2 x [2] ]
W = ( e2 x )( e2 x 2 x e2 x )(2 e2 x ) ( xe2 x )
4 x 4 x 4 x
W =e 2 x e +2 x e
4 x
W =e
U ' 1=
[
0 y2
F ( x) y ' 2 ]
W
U ' 1=
[ 0 xe2 x
(3+ x)e2 x e2 x 2 x e2 x
4 x
]
e
xe
2 x
( 2 x)((3+ x)e )
e4 x
U ' 1=
' ( 3+ x ) x e4 x '
U 1= 4 x
U 1 =( 3 x + x 2 )
e
U ' 1= ( 3 x+ x 2 ) dx
x 3 3 2
U 1= x [3]
3 2
U ' 2=
y1
[ 0
y ' 1 F (x) ]
W
U ' 2=
[ e2 x
2 e2 x
0
(3+ x )e2 x ]
e4 x
3+ x
e2 x e
2 x
U ' 2=
4 x
( 3+ x ) e
U ' 2= 4 x
U ' 2= (3+ x )
e
U ' 2= ( 3+ x ) dx
x2
U 2=3 x + [4]
2
Yp=U 1 y 1+U 2 y 2 [ 5 ]
x 3 3 2 ( 2 x ) x2 ( 2 x )
Yp = ( 3
x e + 3x+
2 ) 2
xe ( )
x 3 2 x 3 2 2 x x3
Yp= e x e +3 x 2 e2 x + e2 x
3 2 2
3 2 x
x 3
Yp= e + x 2 e2 x
6 2
(
Yp=
x 3 2 2 x
+ x e
6 2 )
x 3 3 2 2 x
Y= ( 6 2 )
+ x e +C 1 e2 x +C 2 x e2 x
3
Y= ( x 3 2 2 x
)
+ x e +C 1 e2 x +C 2 X e2 x [1] para y ( 0 ) =2, y ' ( 0 )=5
6 2
2= ( 06 + 32 0) e +C e + C 0 e
0
1
0
2
0
0
2=C 1 e , 2=C 1 1
2=C 1 [2]
3 x 2 6 x 2 x 3 x 2 6 x 2 x
Y '= ( 6
+
2
e 2) 6 ( +
2 )
e 2C 1 e2 x +C 2 e2 x 2C 2 x e2 x
5= ( 06 + 02 ) e 2( 06 + 02 )e 2 C e +C e 2 C 0 e
0 0
1
0
2
0
2
0
5=2 C1 e 0+C 2 e0
5=2 C1 +C 2 [3 ]
5=4+C 2
C2 =9 [ 4 ]
x 3 3 2 2 x
Y= ( 6 2 )
+ x e + 9 x e2 x + 2e2 x
Para la transformada de Laplace la funcin tiene que estar en funcin de t por lo que
x se reemplaza por t
2 ' 3 1
s y ( s )sy ( 0 ) y ( 0 ) + 4 sy ( s ) 4 y ( 0 ) + 4 y ( s )= + [ 1]
s+ 2 ( s +2 )2
3 1
s 2 y ( s ) + 4 sy ( s ) + 4 y ( s )2 s13= +
s+2 ( s+ 2 )2
3 1
y ( s ) [s2 + 4 s +4 ]= + +2 s +13
s+2 ( s+ 2 )2
3 1
y ( s )( s+2 )2= + +2 s+13
s+2 ( s+2 )2
3 1 2s 13
y ( s )= 2
+ 2 2
+ 2
+ 2
[2]
(s+2) ( s+2 ) ( s+2 ) ( s +2 ) ( s+2 ) ( s+2 )
3 1 2s 13
y ( s )= + + +
( s+ 2 ) ( s +2 ) ( s+2 ) ( s+2 )2
3 4 2
3 1 2s 13
L1 { y ( s ) }=L1
{ } {
( s+2 ) 3
+ L1
( s+ 2 ) } { } { }
4
+ L1
( s +2 ) 2
+ L1
( s+2 )2
[3]
y (t )=
1 1 3
3 L1
{ ( s+2 )} (
3
2 )
=3 t 2 e2 t = t 2 e2 t [4 ]
2
t 3 2t
L
1
{ } 1
=
( s+2 ) 4 6
e [5 ]
1
13 L1
{ }
( s+2 ) 2
=13 ( t e2t )=13 t e2 t [6]
s+ 2
L1
{ 2s
( s+2 )
2
} {
=L1
2 ( s +22 )
( s+ 2 )
2
} {
=L1
2 ( 4 )
( s +2 )
2
}
2L
1
{ } ( s+2 )
( s +2 ) 2
4 L
1
{ } 1
( s+ 2 )2
1 1
2 L1 {( s+ 2) }
4 L1
{ }
( s +2 )2
2s
L1
{ ( s+2 ) 2
}
=2 e2 t 4 t e2t [ 7 ]
t 3 2 t 3 2 2 t
y (t)= e + t e +13 t e2t +2 e2 t 4 t e2t
6 2
t3 3
y (t)= e2 t + t 2 e2 t +9 t e2 t +2 e2t
6 2