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A small units having definite shape of geometry and nodes is called finite element.
Each kind of finite element has a specific structural shape and is inter- connected with the
adjacent element by nodal point or nodes. At the nodes, degrees of freedom are located. The forces will
act only at nodes at any others place in the element.
Discretization is the basis of finite element method. The art of subdividing a structure in to
convenient number of smaller components is known as discretization.
Experimental methods
Analytical methods
Numerical methods or approximate methods
Preprocessing
Analysis
Post Processing
8. What is structural problem?
Displacement at each nodal point is obtained. By these displacements solution, stress and
strain in each element can be calculated.
Temperature or fluid pressure at each nodal point is obtained. By using these values,
properties such as heat flow, fluid flow for each element can be calculated.
10. What are the methods are generally associated with the finite element analysis?
Force method
Displacement or stiffness method.
Displacement or stiffness method, displacement of the nodes is considered as the unknown of the
problem. Among them two approaches, displacement method is desirable.
Analysis and evaluation of the solution result is referred to as post processing. Postprocessor computer
program help the user to interpret the result by displaying them in graphical form.
When the force or reaction act at nodal point node is subjected to deformation. The deformation
includes displacement, rotation and or strains. These are collectively known as degrees of freedom
15. What is meant by discretization and assemblage?
It is integral approach method which is useful for solving complex structural problem,
encountered in finite element analysis. This method is possible only if a suitable function is available.
It is defined as the ratio of the largest dimension of the element to the smallest dimension. In
many cases, as the aspect ratio increases the in accuracy of the solution increases.
18. What is truss element?
The truss elements are the part of a truss structure linked together by point joint which transmits only
axial force to the element.
It is used to improve the accuracy of the finite element method. In h version, the order of
polynomial approximation for all elements is kept constant and the numbers of elements are increased. In p
version, the numbers of elements are maintained constant and the order of polynomial approximation of element
is increased.
ALPHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
THIRUMAZHISAI, CHENNAI 600124
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
2. List and briefly describe the general steps of Finite Element Analysis.
4. A uniform rod subjected to a uniform axial load is illustrated in fig .the deformation of
the bar is governed by the differential equation given below. Determine the displacement
5. Use Rayleigh Ritz method to find the displacement of the midpoint of the rod shown in fig.
7. For the spring system shown in fig, calculate the global stiffness matrix, displacement of nodes 2 and 3,
the reaction forces at node 1 and 4. Also calculate the forces in the spring 2. Assume, k1=k3=100 N/m,
K2=200N/m, u1=u4=0 and P3=500N.
8. Consider the differential equation (d2y/dx2) +400x2=0 for 0x1 subject to B.C
9. A physical phenomenon is governed by the differential equation (d2w/dx2)-10x2=5 for 0x1. The B.C are
given by w(0)=w(1)=0 . By taking a two-term trail solution as w(x)= c1f1(x)+c2f2(x) with f1(x)=x(x-1)
and f2(x)=x2(x-1) , find the solution of the problem using the Galerkin method .
10. A SSB (span L and flexural rigidity EI) carries a point load at centre with udl throught its length. Using
Raleigh-Ritz method determining the maximum deflection under the two loads and the maximum bending
moment.
11. Determine the expression for the deflection and bending moment in a SSB subjected to uniformly
distributed load over entire span. Find the deflection and bending moment at mid span using Raleigh-Ritz
method and the compare with exact solution. Use y=a1sin( x/1)+a2sin(3 x/l).
12. A cantilever beam of length L is loaded with a point load at the free end. Find the maximum bending
moment using Raleigh-Ritz method using function
13. Derive the characteristic equations for the one dimensional bar element by using piece-wise defined
interpolations and weak form of the weighted residual method?
14. (i) Derive the element level equation for one dimensional bar element based on the stationary of a
functional.
(ii) Explain the general procedure of FEA .
15. Using collocation method, find the maximum displacement of the tapered rod as shown in
Fig. Take E = 2 x 107 N/cm2, = 0.075 N / cm2
16. The following differential equation is available for a physical phenomenon
(d2y/dx2) + y = 4x, 0 x 1
B.Cs are y (0) =0, y(1)=1. Obtain one term approximate solution by using Galerkins
method of weighted residuals.
17. Find the solution of the boundary-value problem y + y = 0 B.Cs are y (0) =0, y (/6) = 4.
18. Find the eigen value and eigen function of y- 4 y + 42y = 0 B.Cs are y (1) =0, y (2) + 2y(2) = 0.
ALPHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Mechanical Engineering
(ANNA UNIVERSITY- IMPORTANT QUESTIONS)
UNIT-II ( 2 MARKS)
Dynamic analysis: The solution of the problem varies with time is known
as dynamic analysis.
18. How do you calculate the size of the global stiffness matrix?
Global stiffness matrix size = Number of nodes X Degrees of freedom per node.
Required result can be obtained in graphical form. Contour diagrams can be used
to understand the solution easily and quickly.
24. Write down the finite element equation for one dimensional heat conduction with free
end convection
ALPHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Thirumazhisai, Chennai 600124
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(ANNA UNIVERSITY- IMPORTANT QUESTIONS)
UNIT-II ( 2 MARKS)
1. Derive the shape function, stiffness matrix and finite element equation for one
dimensional two noded bar element.
3. Find the nodal displacement and element stresses for the bar shown in fig.
(May-2011) E=2x105 N/mm2
4. Calculate nodal displacement and element stresses for the truss shown in fig.
E=70GPa cross-sectional area A = 2 cm for all truss members. (May-2011)
5. Consider the bar shown in fig.2 axial force P= 500KN is applied as shown.
Determine the nodal displacement, element stresses in each element and reaction
forces. (Dec-2011)
6. Determine the force in the members of the truss shown in Fig.3. (May-2011)
8. For the prismatic bar shown in fig. 12(b), generate the stiffness matrix correspond
in to the three coordinates indicated. Use the following shape functions.(May-2009)
N1 = (-1/2) r (1-r)
N2 = (1/2) r (1-r)
N3 = 1-r
9. Derive the shape functions and stiffness matrix for Quadratic bar element.(May-12)
13. For the given two bar truss element as shown in fig. Find the following. (i)
displacement at node 1 (ii) stress in the element 1-3. Take E = 70 GPa, A = 200mm2
14. Using 2 equal- length finite elements, determine the natural frequencies of solid
circular shaft fixed at one end shown in fig. (Dec-2011)
15. Compute natural frequencies of free longitudinal vibration of a stepped bar shown
in fig.
16. Determine the natural frequencies for the truss shown in fig using finite element
method. (May-2007)
17. Determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of transverse vibration for a
beam fixed at both ends. The beam may be modeled by 2 elements , each of length
L and cross sectional area A. Consider lumped mass matrix approach (May-2011)
18. Consider the simply supported beam whose length 1m, E = 2e11 N/m, A= 300cm,
I = 100mm, = 7800 Kg/m. Determine all natural frequencies using two types of
mass matrices.
19. Determine the temperature distribution in one dimensional rectangular cross section
as shown in fig. The fin has rectangular cross section and is 8cm long 4cm wide and
1cm thick. Assume that convection heat loss occurs from the end of the fin. Take
K = 3W/cm C , h = 3W/cm C , T = 20 C ( May 2011)
20. A wall of 0.6m thickness having thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/m-k the wall is to
be insulated with a material thickness of 0.06 m having an average thermal
conductivity of 0.3 W/m-k. The inner surface temperature is 1000 C and outside of
the insulation is exposed to atmospheric air at 30 C with heat transfer coefficient
of 35 W/m k. Calculate the nodal temperature using FEA. (Dec-2011)
21. For the smooth pipe of variable cross section shown in fig. Determine the
potentials at the junctions, the velocities in each pipe. The potentials at the left
end is10 m and that at the right end is 2m. The permeability coefficient is 1 m/s.
22. A steel rod of diameter d = 2 cm, length l = 5 cm and K = 50W/m C is exposed at
one end to a constant temperature of 320 C. The other end is in ambient air of
temperature 20 C with a convection coefficient of h = 100W/m C. Determine the
temperature at the mid point of rod using FEA.
ALPHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Mechanical Engineering
UNIT-III- 2D SCALAR VARIABLE PROBLEMS
(Part A 2Marks)
8. Write down the stress, strain relationship matrix for plane stress condition
9. Write down the stress , strain relationship matrix for plane strain condition
10. Write down the stiffness matrix equation for two dimensional CST elements.
11. Write down the expression for the shape function for a CST element.
ALPHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Thirumazhisai, Chennai 600124
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
2. Write the step procedure of finding stresses in the elements of a rectangular plate
Problem by taking two triangular elements and assuming plane stress condition.
(Dec-2011)
4. Derive the element matrices and vector matrices of 2D heat transfer element.
5. For the plane strain element whose coordinates are (2,2),(3,4),(4,2) and the nodal
displacements are u = 0.005mm, u = 0.002mm, u = 0, u = 0, u = 0.004mm,
u= 0. Determine the element stresses and element strains. Take E = 200 GPa and
v = 0.3.Use unit thickness for plane strain. (May-2010)
6. Determine the element stiffness matrix and the thermal load vector for the plane
stress element whose coordinates are (2,2),(3,4),(4,2). The element experiences 20 C
increases in temperature. Take E = 15e6 N/ cm, v= 0.3, t = 0.5 cm and = 6e-6/ C
7. Derive the stiffness matrix for the equilateral triangular element with plane stress
conditions shown in fig 14 (a).Prove that the resulting stiffness matrix is singular.
Assume v = 0.3 (Dec-2010)
8. The nodal coordinates of the triangular element are shown in fig 14 (b). At the
interior point P the x coordinate is 3.3 and N = 0.3. Determine the N, N and
y coordinate of P. (Dec-2010)
9. Derive the shape functions and strain displacement matrix of a CST element
(May-2011, May-2008)
10. For the configuration shown in fig 5, determine the deflection (displacements) at
the point of load application. Use one element model. Assume plane stress condition.
(May- 2011).
11. Find the temperature at a point P (10,12.5) inside the triangular element shown with
the nodal temperatures given as T1 = 35C, T2 = 45C, and T3 = 40C . Also
determine the location of the 42C contour line for the triangular element shown in
Figure.
12. (i) The (x,y) co-ordinates of nodes, i, j and k of a triangular element are given by
(0,0), (3,0) and (1.5, 4) mm respectively. Evaluate the shape functions N1, N & N
at an interior point P (2, 2.5) mm for the element.
(ii) For the same triangular element, obtain the strain- displacement matrix B.
(Dec 2009)
13. Derive the expression for constitutive stress-strain relationship and also reduce it to
the problem of plane stress and plane strain. (Dec 2008)
14. Compute the element matrices and vectors for the element shown in fig, when the
edge k-j experiences convection heat loss. Take k = 60 W/cm k , Q = 50 W/cm3
ALPHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Mechanical Engineering
(ANNA UNIVERSITY- IMPORTANT QUESTIONS)
UNIT-IV ( 2 MARKS)
1. Give 4 applications where axisymmetric elements can be used. (May-2011)
2. Write short notes on axisymmetric problems? (Dec-2009,May 2011)
3. Write down the constitutive relationship for the plane stress problem(Dec-
2010)
4. What do you mean by constitutive law and give constitutive law for axi-
symmetric problems? (May-2008)
5. Name the 4 basic elasticity equations.
6. Write down the shape functions for an axisymmetric triangular element.
7. What are the conditions for a problem to be axisymmetric.
8. Give the strain-displacement matrix equation for an axisymmetric triangular
element
9. Write down the stress-strain relationship matrix for an axisymmetric triangular
element.
10. Write down the shape functions for an axisymmetric triangular element.
11. What is meant by thin and thick plate element?
12. Define shell element.
13. What are the assumptions used in thick and thin plate element?
14. What are the assumptions used in shell element?
15. State the types and advantages of shell element
PART-B (16 MARKS)
1. Evaluate the temperature force vector for the axisymmetric triangular element
whose coordinates are : r1 = 15 mm, z1 = 15 mm ; r2 = 25 mm , z2 = 15 mm ; r3 = 35
mm , z3 = 50 mm. The element experiences a 15C increases in temperature. Take
= 10x10-6/C, E = 2x105 N/mm2, v = 0.25.
2. The (r ,z) co-ordinates of nodes i, j and k of an axisymmetric triangular element
are given by (3,4), (6,5) and (5, 8) cm respectively, determine the element stresses.
Let E = 210Gpa and v = 0.25. The displacement are u 1 = 0.05 mm; w1 = 0.03 mm,
u2 = 0.02 mm; w2 = 0.02 mm, u3 = 0 ; w3 = 0
3. Derive the shape functions, strain displacement matrix [B] for axisymmetric
triangular element
4. Derive the stress-strain relationship matrix [D] for the axisymmetric triangular
element.
5. A hollow cylinder of inside diameter 100 mm and outside diameter 140 mm is
subjected to an internal pressure of 4 N/mm2. By using 2 elements on the 15 mm
length the cylinder, calculate the displacement at inner radius. Take E = 2x105 N/mm2,
v = 0.25.
10. The nodal co-ordinates for an axisymmetric triangular are given below: r1 = 15
mm, z1 = 15 mm ; r2 = 25 mm , z2 = 15 mm ; r3 = 35 mm , z3 = 50 mm. Determine
[B] & [K] matrix for that element. Take E = 2x105 N/mm2, v = 0.25.
ALPHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Mechanical Engineering
(ANNA UNIVERSITY- IMPORTANT QUESTIONS)
UNIT-IV ( 2 MARKS)
PART-A ( 2 MARKS)
1. Write the Gauss points and weights for 2 point formula of numerical integration.
(May-2011,Dec 2011)
2. Write the Lagrangian shape functions for a 1D, 2noded element? (Dec-2008)
3. What is the significance of Jacobian matrix in 2D problems. (Dec-2011)
4. Write down the Jacobian matrix (Dec -2010)
5. What do you meant by isoparametric element? (Dec-2010, June 2009)
6. Define sub-parametric elements
7. Define super-parametric elements
8. What are serendipity elements?
9. What are the stages in FEA?
10. What is the function of processor?
11. What is the function of pre-processor?
12. What is the function of post-processor?
13. State the applications of FEA.
using one point and two point Gaussian quadrature to obtain an exact value of the
integral. (May-2011)
using three point Gaussian quadrature and compare with exact solution.(Dec-2011)
3. Evaluate the integral I = (x + y + 6xy) dx dy with limits -1 to +1 using three
point Gauss Numerical integration. (Dec-2011, May - 2011)
4. (i) The Cartesian (global) co-ordinates of the corner nodes of an isoparametric
quadrilateral element are given by (1, 0), (2, 0), (2.5, 1.5) and (1.5, 1).Find its
Jacobian matrix.
(ii) Distinguish between sub parametric and super parametric elements.
5. Use Gauss quadrature rule (n=2) to numerically x2y dx dy with limits -1 to +1
(Dec 2008)
6. A 4 noded rectangular elements whose coordinates are given by (0, 0), (2, 0), (2, 1)
and (0, 1). Determine the following (i) Jacobian matrix ,(ii) Strain-displacement
matrix and (iii) Element stresses. Take E = 2x105 N/mm2, v = 0.25,
u = (0, 0, 0.003, 0.004, 0.006,0.004, 0,0)T and ==0.Assume plane stress
condition.
7. Evaluate the Cartesian coordinates of point P which has the local coordinates of
=0.6, =0.8 for the isoparametric quadrilateral element which has the coordinates
(3, 4), (8, 5), (9, 9) and (5, 7).
8. Establish the strain displacement matrix for the linear quadrilateral element whose
coordinates are (1, 1), (5,2), (4,5) and (2,4) at =0.57735, =0.57735
9. Derive the shape functions of (i) 8 noded rectangular element and (ii) 6 noded
triangular element.
10. Derive the shape functions of isoparametric element.
11. Explain in detail about FEA analysis software.
12. Consider the undamped 2 D.O.F system as shown in fig(i).Find the response of the
system when the first mass alone is given an initial displacement of unity and
released from rest.
ALPHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Mechanical Engineering
(ANNA UNIVERSITY- IMPORTANT QUESTIONS)
UNIT-V ( 2 MARKS)
5. Write down the element force vector equation for four noded quadrilateral elements.
6. Write down the Gaussian quadrature expression for numerical integration.
It read geometry, material data, boundary conditions and initial conditions of the
problem.
8. What is the function of processor?
(i) Generate finite element mesh
(ii) Calculate element matrices
(iii) Assemble element equations
(iv) Solve the equations.
FEA involves solution of wide variety of problems in Solid mechanics, fluid mechanics,
heat transfer, electrical and magnetic fields.
11. Write down the shape function for 4 noded rectangular elements using natural coordinate
system.
ALPHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
THIRUMAZHISAI, CHENNAI 600124
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIT I (INTRODUCTION)
(i) When two roots (m1, m2) are real and un-equal
(ii) When two roots (m1, m2) are real and equal (m1=m2=m)
(iii) When two roots are having real and imaginary part (i)
Residual(R) = 0
R dx = 0
R2 dx = 0 (or) R (dR/da)dx = 0
wi R dx = 0
1
3. Rayleigh-Ritz Method
=UH
U = (EI/2) (d2y/dx2)2dx
H = w y dx (udl load)
U = (EA/2) (du/dx)2dx
H = Fu (or) Pu
y = a0+a1x+a2x2
2
U = K
2
(Where, = u -u )
2 1
H = Fu
UNIT II
u = ao+a1x
2. Shape functions
N1 =
N=2
3. Stiffness matrix,
Where,
=A
3
Stiffness matrix
Where,
5. 1D Displacement equation,
7. Reaction force,
8. Stress,
Where,
E = Youngs modulus
4
=
9. Temperature effect,
Force,
Stress,
Where,
T = Temperature difference.
TRUSS ELEMENTS,
1. Stiffness matrix,
Where,
le = Equivalent length
2. Strain energy,
5
3. Finite element general equation,
Where,
4. Stress,
SPRINGS
1. Stiffness matrix,
2. Tensile force,
Where,
k = spring constant
= change in deformation
BEAMS
1. Shape functions,
6
2. Stiffness matrix,
Where,
E = Youngs modulus
I = Moment of inertia
7
ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS
1. Finite Element Equation For 1D Heat Conduction with free end Convection
2. Finite Element Equation For 1D Heat Conduction, Convection and Internal Heat
Generation
8
UNIT III (2D SCALAR VARIABLE PROBLEMS
CONSTANT TRIANGULAR ELEMENT (CST),
1. Shape functions,
Where,
9
2. Displacement functions,
3. Stiffness matrix,
10
Plane stress condition,
6. Element stress,
11
Maximum stress,
Minimum stress,
7. Principle angle,
8. Element strain,
1. Initial strain,
Plane stress,
Plane strain,
12
2. Element temperature force,
Where,
t = thickness
AXI-SYMMETRIC ELEMENT,
1. Shape function,
13
Where,
14
4. Stiffness matrix,
3. Initial strain,
Where,
t = thickness
15
UNIT V-ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION
16
3. Displacement function,
Rectangular element,
17
4. Jacobian matrix,
Where:
5. Force vector,
Where,
= natural co-ordinates
N = shape function
= force on y direction
6. Element stress,
18
Gaussian Quadrature (Or) Numerical Integration
(i) For 2 point Quadrature
Where,
Where,
19