The Origin and History of the English Language Erglshis a Garanic Language ofthe do European family isthe second moat po en ngage in the wold ater Mandarin ‘Chiowse 1s estimated hat hore are 300, rion mative peaks ard 300 millon who te English ab. second Inguage and afr ‘ther 100 millon who wes foreign an ‘nage tisthelanguag of science, vation, ‘computing, piomacy, and tourism. 1 std as the oficial co-officl language ‘of over 45 counties and is spoken exten sively in my cther counties whee it has official status. gli ison ts ay tbe coming the words unofficial international Tange. Mandarin Chinese) spoken by ore people, but English i now the mos, ‘widespread wore languages. Halla i busines dase conducted in Eli “wo thd ofal ent paperare writen in Engich. Over 70% of al rs writen and essed in El Sc: peyote ‘The history ofthe language can be traced ck tthe aval oftree Germanic tribes to the Bitch eles ring the 5 centary AD. gles, Stor and utes crossed the ‘ert Sa fom what the present dy Denmark and northern Geman. The i btn of Ban previously spotea Cec language. This was quickly splaed. Mos ofthe Cate speskars were psd int Wiles, Comal and Scotland. One goup migated to the Britany coast of Fance where their descendants still speak the Celie Langage etn today. The gles ere named fom Eng, thei and of gn Their nginge wae called Eagle fom vehi the word Engh derives During the 7th and 8th centres, Noe ‘hunbr's re ad langue donated ‘rain he Viking invasions ofthe th con tury brat thie dominaten to an end (Only Wessex reine as an ndapendent ngdom. By the 108 cen, the West Saxon dialect became the ical anguage of Briain. Wren Od English is mainly own fom thi peso tas writen ian lphabet called Rui, dee fom the ‘Seandinvianlngages. Te atin alphabet ‘vat brought ove fom ireland by Cetin ‘vssionares an this remained thew ings of El ‘Athi ine, te vocabulary of Old Engh ‘consisted of an Anglo Sox base with bor rowed word fom the Scandinavian la ‘ages Danish ad Nowe and Latin In 1066 the Normans conqitred Sean French became the language the Noman arstocracy and added mare vocabulary to Engh. Iwas lt the 4h century that ngs be ‘cate dominant in Briain agai. In 1399, King Nemy 1V became the fist ling of Fnlund sinc the Norman Conquest whose mother tongue was Erglh. By the end of the 1th cary th dale f London hac ‘energeds the standard lect of what we ow call Middle English Golrey Chaca's Canterbury Tales” was writen i this an age ‘Meer Engh began around he 15th ce tury an eal guns, sl chang “The vocabulary of Elsi the largest of any language. “ody the Bish hls te home to many Tongues, dacs and cca, “Standard Engh” is aoa dale, buts the variety ‘hot ued in print and taught ia schoo ‘With higher tas and more presige than ‘he vesculr or eioal lets this ie lec s moto thought of as “proper” EnglishDialects, Sociolects and Accents dialect mean the words we use andthe ‘way we pt tem together ino Sentences. So-a dlc fa variation inthe pramnat and vocabulary of a lnguoge, generally a= Socisted wih paral regions. Whereas the tem dialect refers to the ngage of 2 partial rion, the term scilet refers to the vary of language spoken by apa ‘iar ni, eligous, age oF employment English ~ A Historical Summary Foe urther information ith deal troup or sci cis, For thee groups the Tangunge (or choice of language) fan n= tant mis of entiation. On the one 3 fand the use ofa common language variant sengtene the fling of “Us within the [o%n, and on the other hand, it ecdes non meres" An aeent i the way pso- ; le pronounce words and ends tbe nko witha parca dalet Dialects, sciolcts ed accents pla an imporantsocal ein foxming group ident. istening ta lit of alec, sex your Homepage. : 8 5Differences between ~ ote involve shortening a word. Some- ‘ American and British English mes he enting "ie" or" th aed Fer ample a smoko from smoking isa ‘While there are many vases of Enh,” “Yea or coffee break and mil delivers ‘American andBtish Engh arethetwo the; beaut, short fo beat means ritioe hat are taught mos language pro-_“prest® Bacau otha opal of Aur ‘gammes. General, tisageedthat noone fan TV programmes and fins, some of . ‘esion scorer Howovey, therearece these word ae now bring ued by rsh tainly preferences. The most important ule people to. of hanb so ty to be consistent in your uoge If you decide a you want to we Indian English \ ‘mercan English splings, you should be Englsh has long enjoyed a special stats in cesisent in your spelling. Wie eg, “The India because ofthe county cola hi lor afthe orange sastastefl sits favor” tory Isl the lnguage ofthe gover or"The colow ofthe orangoisastasfl as men the elite and the media tis lo the is favour The ft xarmpe ie American only language that es td in cout speling and the second one Bish pally tat has 4 oficial nes and more than ing Do mot mite two This ofcourse 1600 dale. re ays easy —r posible. Indian Engh is characterised by sounding, Pronunciation the most ting dlleence more forma tan Bris nh ds hae between the two, but tere ae aso a pt in everyday usage words that refund : | munber of efernces in vocabulary and more inthe class of rinetertheetury speling as nnn Herat than in contemporary TY po well as sight ("New Yawas dont grammes rom tendon, For example, rb i Snel | mepenuate | Gee eae eee irom ("wcrc | the Plime Miner ett on Ns or her bith nan ay cop of pin In “oso ae than “st tty of El, fach tea of he Enlith- anda What your good name” when ‘peaking wold is deloped is own pe taking oducts ll characteris, Ths often many Engl has ade ny an word as ‘rater feral andponinclon, for xanga Baas, bungalow, catamaan, Joe ak pepper, pam, shampoa, For arti formation sousing tes shaw ig, and ead ‘ sad iterative tol onthe iferences Between American and eh Eglo, Hingish a eee gi int fin ae ngich A ‘idly spon inca sco become Other Englishes the most canon fom fhe Ques uae according Ptr Did Cs ‘Astralian English Peder of Ings athe Une of ‘Ausra Enlsh is partly ieresing Wales, The Bish exert sys tha 350 ri fers rch store of highly colloquial words on dans speak Hingsh 3 second ln tnd expresions. Asan clloquloms gage, excanding the number of nave 8 6 expression used in informal conversation English speakers in Bisin an the US,Professor Crystal argues that the going populty of fen culture around the ‘wor nlading Bollywood moves, means that ings wlso0n become more widely spoken cutsde the continent. nan expe ‘sein ring computer sotwareaso means that Hing wl spread va the ltr “Cartan pases are bound to become glo. ‘al with 0 many Inns weaking in infor ation echalogy. As more cans alk i ‘hat roams and send emails the phrases and words they ase wo describ thor ves lb picks up by ees on he ners" sys Profesor Cyt samples: + Pj me yaa hai Fath hati ‘time right now Use haar things on my id ight ren? have thousand of things on ry nod ight row) | Inds sce in atacting busines has recently produced a new ver. Those howe Jabs are otsourced t nda are ‘sido have been *Bangalored” cx hpaseieomnen/000e ing n=" mayor cargo ew Black American English ‘Black(Amian EglshorAfcan Aman ‘Yemaculr Engh Gn shot AAVE) i a0 cm in veya usage as Pons ebony ‘pone Kis ecto American Englsh And shares many characteristics with var- ‘ous pg English spied mixture oft90 ‘or mor language and cece Eglsh a= Tess ce below) spoken by blacks work wide. AAVE has sometimes bee called "Ian ad” English Inthe at 19905, however, AVE ws fomaly recognised ‘stint lect tisinceasingy beings Inert tle a ie drama ec asthe then” poech of Black Ararican Ion and for example by American a> thors as Anne Moody, ice Waly, James any and Langston Hughes. Urban vara of Black Engh hve thei ‘own ditincvejargons which are highly tiale-crented, fen wah a rude, ise spect atitade towards females, and can ‘emed about violence, rime and poverty. shed for example in contemporary rap Iisa hip hp Songs. “The music al used o expres cancers of poltical, socal and personal ses Rapping isthe rhythmic spoken delivery of thymes and woedpa. See example in box = 2559.96 cle American Engsh devloped inthe Souther ates when speakers of dozens of ‘west Aecan languages wore forced © abandon ther ative tongues and learn Engi lives fom ferent ties could ot communist withone anaher—In fat, ase deliberately ad separate saves io could speak the same language Since the Acne had ta communi wth one thay, wel ae wth he whites a kind of ‘compromise language evolved on the bass of agit anda mire ofthe orginal West ‘Alicanlngunges. och a compromise lan- ‘uage, used 8 second language by atl, is kown a8 3 pin, When pidgin be- comes the ative ngage of he net go ‘cto tbocomes a ceole—a compe thvlopedngunge. The Acan-Englsh ‘ceo evolved nto toy’ Blac American gl. {G0 to your homepage foe more examples ofp rc videos and plays. For Girth lformation with plenty of ramps anda possibility of Tteing, te Blac American English se your homepage. British Black English Bitch Blac English sa varity of tng that comes eect rom Cavean English relitedcroles within the st 50 years and is accepted by ngs as a language with 8/is own distinctive gamsrar and accent. Levels of Formality — i ‘woul be wrong say hatitisa broken or Language and St = Bad form of Sadar Engh i poken ve by people who came wo Britain fom the In any ngage, ferent styles of expe Wiest nfo, hats, fom Jamaica, Windad sion are apeopriein ferent station, ‘Guyana for ample, Standard Engl Language ean range Fom informal to oe thoy spe samething hey have leant heen tha spolan, or th lsteron, usualy at School. The language sca langage to sang aso known 35 ACE = Brish Afo- Theor forma he language i, the more Carbon English or Bitih Creole and is ely itis to use pasive shuctires and more desoly feted to jaracan Creole words of Latin orig. Wis characterised by . than to Black American English. See exam- lang comple, and caetly constructed pelo 26.96 Sentences and usualy ited hid pe ‘oiding fst and second. The foal \ Soace heiimseomiesaesktqaticiy 0", avoiding 1 senewactnnn wer avoids contractions that ses do rot” rater than “don and abbreviations or futher information on tei Black and usa more specialized areca wa | meh and poems bythe regge poet ebay Linton Kes oon om amas, ee The mae oma he ngug he your homepage. ‘wile passive stuctues and ore words of Geanic orn. characterised by 2 ‘ simpler grammatical sructur, loosely con- Do You Speak Globisht rected sentences and satin a pesoral Clobsh or Global English isthe latest adl-_evalnon. Cotactons and frst nds i tom to the 6,80 languages that are said © nd person ae acceptable Brespoken arose wold ki ota ln Infomal Engh not ifort foal mung its a tool” says Jean-Paul Nerie, frit imply serves iferen purpose is mentor who has taken outa poten on and ame at feet alec is inenton langue the vile ofa. Popular (nua Engsh can be clout Ctur. Glo doesnt want to be that at and highly express ands used in vey 2a means of communication” Kis a day spec, bat itis ut of pace in writing. ' sort of English ight a means of simplifying the lrguage and ging ress ican be Examples: in each case, the sae ie understood by al ‘expressed using ifort level formality 1 ‘One of the things of interest in Glbish Notice the changes at you moe rma fr ‘that with 1500 words you can exes mal style ta a neta ne crying, Reople all ove the work wil “ese awa insrton before . FE emalwih hecame ite varabulay.—- cpatrhing ewe ™ “Pease wa forntctons bere For moe Information on Glbish read the sen tems on™ rest ofthe article: "you cant master Eng- “Don? seid anything of unt you ' Ta wy Clix" on Ip /wsenytines. are tnd tos" com/2005/04/2Vot/210- Bae i 88 Ce“Porto the scons of Amesica, potatoes waren consumed in Europe.” "Reore America was cone, potatoes vere not eaten n Eure” “Before they dscowred America, Feopsans ce xt potatoes” ‘writen and spolen versions ofa language se cert tyes, fern registers, ‘Usual writen Enh more forma han spoken Engl, espeally in ffl repos, {echnical sues and communication, tx books busines ets, ob appicatins Nevertheless there are Informa fr of writen English inition fr sample inthe Popular pres in private kts ad same busines comespondence and you may nd foxmal syle of spoken Eglshina prepared speech oltre for example ‘The ability to vary your guage according, tothestuaton rete considered a markt an educated person. In choosing a keel of formality, consider beth your material and your sudiencelyur readers, Your syle must be appropiate tothe subject t the sia tion a wel a5 your alone Fo furtheinformation and exerci Socralfnfmsalfnguage and ye ee your homepage Conversational Skills Being strong, cotidentconversatonast | vil and important fr success. Lights cial canveration tales place in many ill. lent stations and enables people to fea ‘onorable with each ether when they ‘meat when they partand in ter sitions hore they wank discuss mates af mu tua tert. Conversation strates are_ techniques ich help the speaker and Istenes keep 2 ‘omersaton gong, To develop thes state les yours lean word phrases accom. enon. Im ordr to be 2 good convasa- nat you mast beable: + cary something ask followup questions ‘eplyin an appropiate manner sad conmenstion kere caret someone ply tsetse topics or conversation behave appropriately in diferent cross-cut situations. Small Taka Way to Bridge People Sal al, ways having casual comer: sation about simple socal tpi an i pant aspect of coc language. Maing, ‘alta an esental pat of eablshing, rapport an rating personal connections, Ie isthe way in wich we break the oe and ‘eta felng of who people are, what they he and what they are tke. aking small tak i also very essential in business sits tors seeing pesonal retrain ota factor in succes! business a0 ations. Abo when yeu ae with forsgn ‘to tpt and therevens thea yt make sal alk of reat mporance. “The dais that you shoud ryt fe com> {orabe andl enetsined, ‘Asastudent you ay fea “tongues” and tales for words Some ofthe reason may be that you dont have the necessary vo ‘cabuly tat you don have an opinion on ‘th sujet hat you dohave an opinion but ‘dort fel you can say exactly what you mean, oF that you simply do nt fea sf ety at eas in the situation. Try not thn "sy somshing tui“ relly ot good a lkng 10 angers, “get ‘uc and wont know howto end the con ‘orton or smile negative thought You fel that here are woo many thoughs Thing around in your oad you can Stan agen, decide bere na rection you want catty the conversation. Bear a mind that making srl aki also 89Unit 5 lic for some naive speakers of English Dont jsttalkabout yours. Remember 5 ‘because the ability to wake smal ak re that all people ke to alk aout ten ‘quires that you are so confident tat you seve. Show genuine intrest in your ‘dt block and you know the aes and conversation painer and what hes 0 ‘tracts of small a See the box below. sy, re pintv aay language Lean for wad Keep eye contat for 78 seconds before looking ay, nen nda hat you are folowing the conversation, heap our body feng your partner and ry 0 2c confident even if you dont felt: ' tally comfortable In busines stations, sing the name of \ the perton to whom you ae talking now ae then daring the conversation iin ora In some cultures ies are used ‘wh names ein Germany but sally you may just se Me, Mis, ts, and Ms ls the are nding he conversation may bea dt feat a5 staring it You can bring the comsaton toa close by giving sre , ‘quent oedback, having lass eye contact fd changing your intonation, Have 2 few exitlines ready "Free me, have ‘Small Talk to go. wat nlce meeting you" “tin 4. States for Making Sel Tak afd thave 1 move on now, but ely Staring converaton Is the hardest enjoyedtalkingoyou" asi imporant par. Wail you ar sre you are not t0 make a good Inpresion and lave ‘ interupting 2 dcinson. You can slat people wanting more by intoking youre, who you are and what you do if thatisreevareinthe Go Yo yourhowepage to gt acces ‘ution, look your conversation pat conversation sartry practice ecrelae rer inthe eye anda. Open the con- and quizzes ‘estion by asking open-ended ques i tions aly starting with “whe, 2. Safe and Unsafe Tops When Talking how; wy” or what) a such quest Bltns and Americans tins cannot be answered with 3 simple To determine safe pi, you must con- ‘yee on °No" Make comments and ask ser the uation, the person, the place, . for opie. Use phrases ke: "Whatda the nationality ofthe person and the de you thnk of. "Why do you say ee of fairy that. “Whats your personal opinion 90 fon «2%, "Have you heard that 2" et. lS ElClasical ae opie are the USA 1 the weather perfect asa starting point) + region + dinate + money \ + animals unkse you star dscusing + -Sox (ews on abortion or hamosexslt) sal ight) * politics pd personal aflaions | + tavel + ines and death 1 the place you ate ving nd postive ‘the Middl East : ‘expences youhave had wih people + race ad immigration. from Britain othe USA the place where you ae mecing/aying Remeber thatthe UK especally London) e + spurte hobbies and sport and the US are multiracial sos, so be 7 + Spots event ‘ware of ring any assumpaons about a 4 1 iisvAmerican history, cure, Hera pesn'sbackgound o ational. ture, musi ad at b | + bolas Language Gambits + cate fins, books you have ead’ Language gambis are conversations 35 Z scn/herd of which getyou ging, They arekdomaticex. + health pressions ded 10 esabsh, mainain and * shopping ‘end a conversation Mest angiage gambis + food and ik ‘ome In four pes * owe and ome Openers (uted to lead Into something you ant to tal about “Guess wa. Usual itis abo safe totale about carent her an he rac th morning hat. ‘vent une they are very controversial "Well acl think tha. “Nice © find fly rltioneips a long a you do sce you again “Can | ask you a ques rot ask qn tat are oo parson. in “Say ote bt. “By he ay Twas wondering” ENGAGE FORMULA ~ + Unk ised te nto what asst been tye contact, 1 salle 46 Fas saying havent visted Nod | France, bat “I you ask me, they rin | charged you Tar t20 much’ “That r= ‘Aim your attention nde, have callmy othe, “To CGetire appropriately | tain hate retain aout “Burthen again, you mast admit hat." “in other words." “Could you repeat that plese” + Responders (used t give feedback on A what has just boon ssi: “Rell, “Do + the Royal Fay you realy think so? "What arasance + se epeclly homosexuality) How ier”, “Thats to bod” {ong poltical bles and ade unions "You dot say, “in afl cnt + the (Und the Euro ew, "Could you be move specie” + the maa east, Flky you, "Ry sure", “OAS + race and ineigaton you “Good heavens, "Oh Go.” ‘Closers (ed by one speaker 1 el the 91‘bier att stim ogo onto something se: “Well 1 realy enoyed talking © you" “Pm afd geting te. as erecting you", eter un. Good seelng you, “Sony Ihave nsbefl Soe Peet *+ Suggestion: yt got achat oom 13 See what lngunge gambis ae used there! To practise sf language gambit (open 5, ins and se) go your homepage to find examples and execs Courtesy Sateen ‘An essential aspect of eveneay language we is the degree of cectnss which p> Proprietor diferent ccametances. Foe instance Danes ae very drect and dot Isat t say things without the ef po tenes mers. They say exact wh hey mean witout fling on the effect these lant sateen may hve os peepe fom, ter counties. The Bish on the other and, are much mere pote and indet Especial n th ease af eliagreements and agave responses, Britons avoid. going stalgh tothe point but tart by showing a rcaion flowed by oftne reason and maybe a face save, fo instance “Thanks, ‘but fm afi I wont be able to come on Monday. am booked op. What about Thine” ‘The use of politeness markers sich as “Phase, “Thank you" “May 1.5, “Would and char sina phrases i il of reat i ptanc whon communicating wth Britons although the use of ther counesy pases and of tiles such as Sir andl Mata may be ‘sapearing ~ excep in the military a law enforcement raining/palce aad, ‘Als social factors which deter the laonstip between the parcpats play an Important tle. Thre fa get diference botoenthelanguge code tof rs) you ‘hose when you to your rend and to yourboss. Box 25 Tips on How to Improve Your ‘Small Talk Skills + ach he news on TV ngs every ‘ig, Tht ey ol he ey Pea adongienttar + Sse nan Eth ewan or meee lepton oe id yur verbal «Send ine on he etre ern atone popu agg my {esc yo ae mate ‘ho fe pa aren ‘Shevociuey ear mst {totals creme poo tame Stew, Aine slimes gauge Gove onc cet eta [reo sedin tonite + fom youselvith3 pacer oe inginormation eg = stoma 3 ‘peso tnd ee erat ua + Beprepred to tk bout your own tre for instance raion ies, Fda te and ak ques ln about yur tecture Mae suo tn theese festa ene en ‘rhe bampage of Uni 2 may core inhandy ols they seas ltd Ioyellend your corer prinBusiness English Busnes Engl Engh expecially related to ineratonl ade, Risured when doing busines wth he United Sates, he UK oF ther ngs speaking counties, and ako with companies ocated in_non-native English peaking areas who we English asa shared second language. ‘snes ng inudes oth writen and spoken language and equtesthat yu focus fn sect vocabulary and phrases used 7 usiness world You wil need 4 use bases Engl in the following situation: 1 Yeaig texts and articles sing business and marking terminology. These ae ‘xl found onthe Internet Tearing about the business cure of cer counties ‘working with company poles being buss lneraction situations _meatigs, telephoning, negation, re- sentation and jo interviews + iting business conespondence formal Teas emails, meros and sles ltr See Unit 9 + writing professional documents reports, Jab aplication and CVs. See Unit for ‘mor information and eleva inks. ‘The lntsmet offers pleny of authentic prac- ticenomaiter which ofthe above Fills you noe work with ad many the inks on your homepage use multimedia, Anather ‘ray of esringbusiness Engin might be vista lca company tha does itematona uses osu the methods of communi Caton it wes both extemal and ital For arte formation on Busines ngs, See your homepage. Unit 5. ‘Technical Language “Technical writings ee in eps, propor sal some webpages, scent papas ab reports, newsetos, aval et, andthe ruin goal sto expres atl information 5 preciely and dear ‘Good technical writing ses ‘short alr word 2 ‘ones, simple sertoncesiuctres postive sentences reek, trative neags blocky paragraphs ipa ne ‘beweon paragraphs and donot indent) the passive voice more often enbecing andor bulls hen approrite ‘he present ese rest clearly ot propriate minimal use of aeectives and adverbs raphe istration, grams aphs, Photos te —to clay content but not for ‘ecco, 93 For forthe information, examples, ‘exerts and quizzes on ‘echnical langage, se yous Homepage. Journalese Joules i the pec language hat newapapes hive eed for ting 1 readers For expe journals have de- ‘ped a whole boy of pela exes sions wing bout the weather: “ro ant oon, epee ee rah fe arg ean ae Tesi cin ene net bo pl tom wh a ‘enn em: “he en aby Foci, hpdiwaiep con pasa covnuntstin For further information and examples of Journals, se your homepage.Unit 5 94 [Abbreviations andl Acronyms 1. Many abbreviations are made fom the inal letters of the most important wad g. 8A Bachelor of Ans Those an aloe writen with fl sp, ey. BA, but this i becoming ess common In modern English. The fom and pro- rtancaton ofthe aril before an ab revatin low these roles a nouns ‘hata spelt out depen on the pro- nunciaon of teste Commparean IMP, a UFO, a CD:ROM, the USA, the andthe GNF, 2. Acronyms: Some abbrevitons made ‘fom intial lars ae pronounced He sword NATO, and ae called cr ys Not that acronym ar ke proper names; they dont normaly have at es, eg NATO and UNESCO we ails, When used froguenty aco rym become words, «rad (Adio Detection And Raging) asp from ‘he miliary General Purpose Vice, CEO. (Chel Eemeative Ofc, B28 (Gsinessto Business Fer acronyms ed In MS and ara 2 the homapage Unies For further ieforiaton on abbreviations ain aeons, se your homepage, Jargon Jargon Is the vocabulary of special group nd isofen utile tater peopl, a the lowing expresonssedby American truck ers when aking each ther panda lane —sow lane anklbites~ heen Five finger count sen goods supercon beer ‘mato etn = fuel doughnuts tyres ebuls oighs Soe aes itpsveb avenge! Seng hel = Wer ude to gn, slang Shing prt of coli at i vey agg sd and tpn tlh we exer hal Sng myhome co out rd eng fa a xy be tte appear aly sin ‘peo bk abo fn in sea wha ton Some sections of sae the population. Far example, mest police men are quite happy o be refered to as “coppers but are offended by the tem “pig Similar, you could probably use the word “azz in frat of anyone bit sing the words pissed” or asshole in the sense of being dank would upset some people Secondly, slang words date very quel Different generations, for instance, have se iferet slang expresions os that somethiog was “wonder, Terk, it aye pombe t wouk nt «nave speck 78 ag rom the expressions he wes 35 people tend to sicko th slang expressions of hi youth To sum up, you may find i teresting to ear about slang and ou will come ato, slang expression, partculy when you watch films ten to musi, read popular newspapers or pulp ftin, but be carl bout sing lang yoursalin a language tat | not your mater tongue. For farther isfocmaion and examples of stag, tee your homapage Wane tr | nate tee sing.Swear Words ‘he unacceptable and rade words a lan guage are known as swear. wordy or bad [bnpiage They include the strongest and mos offesive words stonger than slang, and colloguial guage ‘rds have levels of edenes ae suength So sting fom the formal or proper we of word there fa kindof scale + synenyms words veappngin meaning, eeserse) sera alr an cemmen speech) callqua fora arverston) leformaljwvds ha for some eason are ot used in a formal stn) Improper (words ed in 9 eae man- ner without regard o gamer slang (words used regalo ues, and ‘ten creatively eg park the leopard ‘wothrow up) and + ula (fesve and often one-sided ord taboo word regarding, forex. ample race colour, elgon. “The sear words a the bottom of he sale may be censored by an orarsaon such as ‘theFCCinthe USA Federal Communications Conmsion=an Areca goverrent oF ‘arson resporible fr rules concen broadcasting pully and private). Ther Ist of censored words includes, in order shit is, fuck, cunt, cack and moth- chaser Succ hewpesgpemconey! ‘Sfatlocnn pene ‘Swear words that an common we inthe UK may jar on American ea, and vice erst I takes more thin ust & simple "Blody’ comin of, your Lady a religious extn fom the Mie Ages) tosea tea it Mos Bish swear words ave a history longer than hatf he Unites Sates isl evolving out of even older Turpean langues. The expeson “par on ay Feneithus used humerous © say that you are sory for using sear tra, Alans sear ward may be = [ated oregon og Js eave, el go da’ and dar sox (eg, fk, cock e+ fame ge coon, wo and xcremens (eg, shi. The vid “bic is often used as the female frm of bastard”. Bitch ised todesrbe someone who iscrel odo ‘tke Joan Colin in “Dynasty and #3 bastard esomeone who has ben ery a Pleas. The cigs meaning ofthe word "bastard thought be someone who i bom onthe wrong side of th blanket” NB: ‘Austrians may we the word a tenn of lectin! ‘asd hdres! enliven "shea Ga on The Oi efcamman Ung ih S Wd 1 1972 Oxford rash Dieonary indus. the words "F" and °C" for the fist. time. “The: National Campaign for Real Searing” fess 2 aterent which reads Wei bea bunch of hing cuns we int _ay that we were totaly fucking dite” Readmoreabourthe isoyaflast Car's Great Momentsn Swearing on itp. lhughingplicenan.com/swear tn,