RESUME CHAPTER THREE PAGE 153 160 ABOUT THERMODYNAMICS

ENGLISH ASSIGNMENT

Name : Jovi Irwanto Pasaribu

NPM : 270110150033
Class :G

Group two G Class :

1. Dede Nurohim
2. Gustian Priana
3. Jovi Irwanto Pasaribu
4. M. Fikri Fadhila

FACULTY OF GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

PADJADJARAN UNIVERSITY
2017
 Various studies of trace element distributions indicate that coexisting minerals do
have a constant distribution coefficient for many trace element. Ideally, such distributions
could be used as a geothermometer, since the distribution coefficient should vary with
temperature (and pressure). Various attempts to apply such a geothermometer have not been
too succesful because of several restrictions on the method. For instance, the overall
composition of the minerals involved must remain essentially constant. Experimental
determination of trace element distribution coefficients for sulfide mnerals and problems in
using the results to estimate temperatures of ore formation are dicussed by Bethke and Barton
(1971). The most widely used geothermometers in metamorphic rocks involve measurement
of iro-magnesium ratios in mineral pairs such as garnet-clinopyroxene and garnet-biotite
(Essene 1982). In the case of garnet-biotit pairs, the distribution coefficient can be expressed
as
Various studies of trace element distributions indicate that coexisting minerals do
have a constant distribution coefficient for many trace element. Ideally, such distributions
could be used as a geothermometer, since the distribution coefficient should vary with
temperature (and pressure). Various attempts to apply such a geothermometer have not been
too succesful because of several restrictions on the method. For instance, the overall
composition of the minerals involved must remain essentially constant. Experimental
determination of trace element distribution coefficients for sulfide mnerals and problems in
using the results to estimate temperatures of ore formation are dicussed by Bethke and Barton
(1971). The most widely used geothermometers in metamorphic rocks involve measurement
of iro-magnesium ratios in mineral pairs such as garnet-clinopyroxene and garnet-biotite
(Essene 1982). In the case of garnet-biotit pairs, the distribution coefficient can be expressed
as
Very little is known about the thermodynamic properties of minerals showing
extensive solid solution. In particular, minerals that exhibit interstitial and omission types of
solid solution (as opposed to substitutional solid solution) appear to depart drastically from
the behavior expected of an ideal solution. For example, toulmin and barton (1964) have
shown that the activity of FeS in pyrrhotite (which exhibits omission solid solution) is about
o.4 when the mole fraction of FeS is 0.9

The phase rule

The phase rule, developed in 1875 by J. W. Gibbs, deals with the number of phases
that can exist when a system is in equlibrium under specified conditions. The main use of the
phase rule in geology is in the construction and interpretations of phase diagrams. These are
disscussed in the next section. To derive the rule we make a list of the number of variables
that can affect a system and another list of the number of relationships involving these
variables that must hold at equillibrium. The variables we are usually interested in are
pressure, temperature, and the mole fractions of each component in each phase.
The formula of Gibbs Phase Rule with the expression f = c + 2 p it states that, for a
system in which the number of phases is equal to the number of component plus 2 ( i.e., for f
= 0 ). Based, on this states this can be used to vary the temperature, pressure, or mole friction
in a particular phase of any of the components and still have the system equilibrium ( zero
degrees of freedom ). Accordance with the states of the expression Gibbs Phase Rule
formula, the value of f can affect the variables of this formula. For example, if f is equal to
1, then only one variables can be changed and the system can remain in equilibrium. If f is
equal to 2, then two variables can be changed and so forth. But, if the system have two
different pressure variable, it can changed the expression of the formula, becomes f = c + 3-
p. The rule shall becomes, f = c + 1 p for considered a constant of pressure, because the
many changes at the surface of the earth. For the value of c, the actual selection depends on
the composition of the phases of the system of interest and on the possible reactions that can
occur in the system. The total number of components should be the smallest number needed
to describe all possible variations in the composition of all phases. For igneous and
metamorphic rocks, simple oxides such as K2O, Al2O3, are usually selected as components.

V.M. Goldschmidt (1911) revealed a geological form of the phase rule. Based on his
Ph.D. thesis, he showed that most rocks are subjected to range of temperatures and pressures,
this phase indicating formation under equilibrium conditions. If f is equal to 2, then p equals
c, and if f is greater than 2, then p is less than c. This states, derived from summarized in
Goldschmidts mineralogical phase rule, which states that the number of minerals that can
coexist in equilibrium in a rock is equal to or less than the number of components making up
the rock. The apllied of this phase rule in figure 3 -1, to stay on the equilibrium line by
arbitrarily varying either temperature or pressure, but we cannot stay on the line if we are
select new values for both temperature and pressure.

although there are problems in applying the phase rule as such to the study of rocks,
an extension of this thermodynamic approach to phase equilibria provides information on
variations in pressure, temperature, chemical potentials , of component and mole fractions
N, of components. Spear et al. (1982) describe a procedure for studying metamorphic rocks
that can be summarized asa follows :

1. Write a set of simultaneous equation describing the relationships among the

parameters, temperatures, pressure, , and N, for equilibrium conditions
2. Solve the equations to relate compositions of minerals in an equilibrium assemblage
to the variables temperature, pressure, an N

PHASE DIAGRAMS

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of phase relationships. Those diagrams

that are based o thermodynamic relationships can also be considered graphical expressions of
the phase rule.

The simplest type of phase diagram involve only one component, with temprature and
pressure as variables for example, we have kyanite and sillimanite in equilibrium at about 8
kilobars 725 C, and then arbitrarily change the temprature to 825 C, the pressure will have to
be changed for about 10 kilobars to keep the two minerals in balance with one another.
It should be taken on the basis of variations that can occur in a system. for igneous
and metamorphic rocks, simple oxides such as K2O, Al2O3, etc., usually selected as a
component, SiO2, Al2O, Na2O, K2O, and H2O .the same components will be listed on
gneiss consists of quartz, orthoclase, albite, muscivite and kyanite.
 REFERENCE
Chapter Three. Thermodynamics. English Assignment (2017).