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Jung-In Choi1, BEngr, Ki-Hoon Min2, BEngr, Sung-Ho Kim3, M.S., P.E.,
Oh Sung Kwon4, Ph.D., Myoung Mo Kim5, Ph.D., M.ASCE
1
Ph.D Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong,
Kwanak-Ku, Seoul, 151-742, Korea, next2u00@snu.ac.kr
2
Deputy General Manager, POSCO Engineering & Construction Co.,Ltd., Dae Rung B/D. 5F, 826-20
Yeoksam-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 135-769, Korea, khmin@poscoenc.com
3
President, JIN YOUNG Engineering & Consultants Co., LTD., 2nd, Shinwoo B/D. 1239-12,
Gaepo-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 135-960, Korea, shkim@jinyoungenc.com
4
Ph.D., Technology Research Institute, Daelim Industrial Co., Ltd., 146-12, Susong-Dong, Jongno-Ku,
Seoul, 110-732, Korea, kwonos1@daelim.co.kr
5
Prof., Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong,
Kwanak-Ku, Seoul, 151-742, Korea, geotech@snu.ac.kr (corresponding author)
INTRODUCTION
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Copyright ASCE 2009 2009 International Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo
Contemporary Topics in Ground Modification, Problem Soils, and Geo-Support Page 1
306 GROUND MODIFICATION, PROBLEM SOILS, AND GEO-SUPPORT
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The ground of the test location was of weathered soil with SPT(N) value of 15~20
which is classified as SP by the Unified Soil Classification. The specific gravity of the
soil is 2.66, in place, and the dry unit weight, 18 kN/m3. The groundwater table was
located at 18m depth from the ground surface.
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Copyright ASCE 2009 2009 International Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo
Contemporary Topics in Ground Modification, Problem Soils, and Geo-Support
GROUND MODIFICATION, PROBLEM SOILS, AND GEO-SUPPORT 307
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Large plate load tests were carried out nine times for three different sizes of
footings of 0.65m, 0.9m, 1.5m in width and 0.6m in thickness made of steel-reinforced
concrete.
The load tests were performed in three ways for the each size of the footing. The
three cases were as follows: one unreinforced case, one reinforced case with piles of
2m length, and one case with piles of 3m length, respectively. The pile diameter was
100mm. The piles were made of unreinforced concrete. A total of nine cast-in-place
piles were installed under the footing regardless of the footing size. The area
replacement ratio was 16.7%, 8.7% and 3.1% for 0.65m, 0.9m and 1.5m square
footing, respectively.
A compacted gravel layer of 10cm thickness was installed between the piles and
the footing. Figure 1 shows the plan view of the load test.
The allowable bearing capacity of the unreinforced ground was estimated as
30t/m2 from an empirical equation and the N values. The test pressures were applied
up to 300% of the allowable pressure for unreinforced ground and 450% for
reinforced ground following ASTM D1143-82.
The load test results are presented in Figure 2. In the Figure 2, it is seen that the
footings of 0.65m - and 1.5m - width with 3m piles are stiffer and bear greater loads
than those with 2m piles. But in the case of the 0.9m size footing, the trend is reversed
due to the local variability of the soil profiles
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Copyright ASCE 2009 2009 International Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo
Contemporary Topics in Ground Modification, Problem Soils, and Geo-Support
308 GROUND MODIFICATION, PROBLEM SOILS, AND GEO-SUPPORT
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The ratios of settlement reduction by the disconnected piles are shown in Table 1
under the footing pressure of 90tf/m2, whose magnitude is three times the assumed
allowable bearing capacity of the original ground. In the table, it is shown that the
settlement of the reinforced ground was reduced by 46~85% from the settlement of the
original ground. Thus, it is evident that the disconnected piles are effective in reducing
settlements of the footings.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
For the case of field load tests, it was almost impossible to execute a sufficient
number of tests for a parametric study due to the high cost and long testing time. In this
study, the numerical analysis was conducted to develop a design method of the DPF
system. The results of actual field tests were compared with those of the numerical
analysis to confirm the validity of the numerical method. After the confirmation, a
parametric study was conducted for simplified cases of DPF with a single
disconnected pile. From the results of the parametric study the relationship between
the pile area replacement ratio and the load bearing ratio of the pile was proposed.
The analytical program FLAC3D (Ver. 3.10) was utilized to simulate the field load
tests. The width of the numerical model was five times the footing width and the depth
was two times the pile length. Input data used for the numerical analysis are shown in
Table 2. The numerical analyses were conducted for three different soil conditions and
three different area replacement ratios. Table 3 shows the numeric test programs. The
elastic modulus of the soil was changed according to the soil conditions.
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Copyright ASCE 2009 2009 International Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo
Contemporary Topics in Ground Modification, Problem Soils, and Geo-Support
GROUND MODIFICATION, PROBLEM SOILS, AND GEO-SUPPORT 309
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Elastic Unit
Type of Depth Friction Cohesion
Model modulus Weight
Material (m) 1) Angle( ) (t/m2)
(Pa) (t/m3)
Upper Weathered
soil
0~0.5 M-C2) 1.4e7 38 3 1.8
Middle Weathered
0.5~3 M-C 1.8e7 38 3 1.8
soil
Lower Weathered
soil
3~6 M-C 2.1e7 38 3 1.8
Compacted
Layer
- M-C 2.5e7 40 0 2.0
Concrete
- Elastic 2e10 - - 2.5
(Pile & Footing)
1)
Elastic modulus = 7.5+0.8N(MPa) Anagnosopoulos (1990)
2)
Mohr-Coulomb
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Copyright ASCE 2009 2009 International Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo
Contemporary Topics in Ground Modification, Problem Soils, and Geo-Support
310 GROUND MODIFICATION, PROBLEM SOILS, AND GEO-SUPPORT
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FIG. 3. Comparison between measured and analysis results for unreinforced and
reinforced cases of 1.5m square footing
FIG. 4. Area replacement ratio versus fraction of loads taken by pile (all soil)
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Contemporary Topics in Ground Modification, Problem Soils, and Geo-Support
GROUND MODIFICATION, PROBLEM SOILS, AND GEO-SUPPORT 311
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To apply the DPF system to practical cases, the area replacement ratio satisfying
the design bearing capacity must be determined. To achieve this, the estimation
method of the area replacement ratio that will yield the target allowable bearing
capacity is suggested based on the settlement criteria.
The estimation procedures are as follows:
1. Determine the fraction of load(R) to be taken by the disconnected piles using
Eq. 1 which is suggested by POSCO E&C (2008).
qtarget qsoil
R= (1)
qtarget
where qtarget is design bearing capacity and qsoil is allowable bearing capacity of
original ground, respectively.
2. Determine the allowable bearing capacity of the original ground (qsoil) using
Eq. 2 suggested by Bowles (1977) according to the tolerable settlement of a
superstructure.
3.28 B + 1 2 S
qnet ( all ) (kN / m 2 ) = 11.98( N1 ) 60 ( ) Fd ( e ) ( B > 1.22 m) (2)
3.28B 25
Table 5 show examples of the required area replacement ratio that will yield
various target allowable bearing capacities for various soil conditions. The allowable
settlement of the superstructure was assumed to be one inch.
Table 5. Area Replacement Ratio Giving the Target Allowable Bearing Capacity
for Each Soil Condition
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Copyright ASCE 2009 2009 International Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo
Contemporary Topics in Ground Modification, Problem Soils, and Geo-Support
312 GROUND MODIFICATION, PROBLEM SOILS, AND GEO-SUPPORT
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CONCLUSIONS
From the field tests and the numerical analysis performed in this study,
conclusions are as the followings.
1. The field test results showed that the settlement of the reinforced ground was
reduced by 46~85% from that of the original ground. Therefore, it is verified that the
DPF system is an effective method of ground reinforcement.
2. The relationship between the area replacement ratio and the fraction of loads
taken by a pile was proposed from the results of parametric study using a numerical
method.
3. A method of estimating the area replacement ratio that will yield the target
allowable bearing capacity was suggested for three different states of soil conditions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
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Copyright ASCE 2009 2009 International Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo
Contemporary Topics in Ground Modification, Problem Soils, and Geo-Support