Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
AIR CONDITIONINGS
REFRIGERATION
EDUCATION
.SYSTEM
Operating Instructions
And Experiments
TECHNOVATE
01O SOUTHWEST 12TH AVENUE POMPANO BEACH FL 33000
USA CABLE TECHNOVA TEL 305 940 4470
P RI NT ED
1976 i N U.S . A.
TECHNOVATE,
INC,
TECHNOVATE
PREFACE
The Air conditioning and Refrigeration Learning System, Model 7086, is a unique type of
learning system. . Its construction is such as to easily and conveniently allow all
phases of an air conditioning or heat puirip cycle to be observed, analyzed, changed or
made to malfunction. It is the most efficient way yet to learn the principles of air
conditioning and refrigeration.
Model 7086 is fully operational and is identical in many aspects to commerical air
conditioning and refrigeration equipment using Refrigerant- 12 in a closed compression
cycle.
Students can see changes taking place in the system. Glass tube "windows" in the inlet,
center and outlet sections of the evaporator and condenser coils allow students to
observe refrigerant behavior both as a liquid and a gas.
Operating conditions may be varied over a broad range by opening and/or closing the
valves that are strategically located throughout the learning system. These valves,
along with electrical faulting switches, allqw the introduction of operating
malfunctions that could conceivably occur in the field. Operating conditions can be
varied by changing speeds of the fan motors, under-or overcharging R-12, or introducing
excess oil into the system. Students then diagnose and correct these faults.
Paired thermometer and pressure gauges are located at strategic points in the
cycle. A flowmeter to measure rate of refrigerant flow is located in the liquid
line before the metering devices.
The student therefore can gather data on what is taking place both electrically and
mechanically in the cycle. He can easily understand and master the cycle operation.
Theroretical comprehension is further enhanced because the electrical circuit panel is
diagrammed completely and the windowed cabinet on the systems reverse side permits
this diagram to be related to the actual circuit wiring. .
TFTTfNOVATE
INTRODUCTION
USING THE SYSTEM
The Air Conditioning and Refrigeration "Learning System", Model 7086 is a fully
operational unit designed for classroom demonstration and student experiments. All
components (except the compressor) are mounted on a vertical panel so that their
functions and configurations may be studied separately. The learning system
complements any good text on air conditioning and refrigeration, including those
supplied by the various manufacturers of such equipment. The number and kind of
student experiments that can be created are limited only by the ingenuity of the
user. The "Learning System" is designed for lecture-demonstrations, for student
experimentation, and for learning the diagnosis and correction of a wide range of
malfunctions.
We believe that technical learning is most effective when the abstract, theoretical
principles taught in the classroom are closely matched with the actual physical
changes taking place in the system studied. The Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
"Learning System" allows the student to see, control, and measure the changes which
occur in a typical air conditioning or refrigeration system. Using this equipment
the student becomes his own teacher. His observations, tests, and experiments re-
inforce what he has learned from lectures and textbooks.
TEXTBOOKS
This manual parallels the treatment of the subject given in Modern Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning, Althouse, Turnquist and Bracciano, the Goodheart-Willcox Co.,
Inc., Homewood, Illinois. This manual may be used with any good text, however,
since the same basic principles are covered in most all air conditioning and
refrigeration texts.
CONDUCTING DEMONSTRATIONS
The Air Conditioning and Refrigeration "Learning System" is perfectly suited for
demonstrating the principles of air conditioning and refrigeration to both large and
small classes. Some topics that are particularly suited to this type of treatment
are:
If the "Learning System" is ued for large classes the students should be allowed to examine the
system closely, particularly to see the changes of state occurring in the evaporator and
condenser. Experiments can be conducted by listing gauge and meter readings on the chalkboard
so that students
DEVISING can make their own calculations.
NEW EXPERIMENTS
The demonstrations and experiments suggested in this manual are general and may be
CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS
tailored to the needs of each class. Instructors can easily develop their own
experiments. In any subject there are always a few points that are particularly
difficult for students to grasp. Once the instructor has identified such a problem
When used for student experiment, one to five persons can use the "Learning System"
area, he can prepare an experiment that will get right to the heart of the difficulty.
simultaneously. Three persons operating the "Learning System" is ideal; five persons is
Students should als.o be encouraged to devise their own experiments. This requires that
maximum. If several persons use the device at once, it is suggested that they divide the duties
the student (1) identify the problem, (2) plan a method of performing the experiment,
among themselves as follows:
(3) perform the experiment, and (4) evaluate the results.
Group Leader conducts the experiment
Operator operatesthe controls
Reader (s) ----------------------------- reads the gauges and dials
Recorder (s) ---------------------------- records gauge and dial readings
SAFETY
If the group contains more than five persons, the excess students should act as data recorders
The Air
to record Conditioning
gauge and meter and Refrigeration
readings. "Learning
The readers shouldSystem", Model 7086,pressure,
read temperature, has beem and
designed
flow
rate to be as safe
readings aloudastopossible
the restboth electrically
of the group. and mechanically. The following are safety
features specifically incorporated into the design
RECORDING DATA
The method and technique of recording data is an important element in learning. The student
must learn to make precise observations, evaluate what he has observed, and draw the proper
conclusions. For the experiments in this manual, it is suggested that data be recorded in a
precise written form for each experiment.
In some experiments this may take a narrative form, stating the sequence of events, the time
intervals and describing what was observed. In other experiments data should be recorded in
tabular form, listing temperature and pressure readings. Later, this tabular data can be
plotted in graph form.
Figure 2 A-l Sight Tube, Outside Coil G-l Gauge, Outside Coil T-3 Thermometer, Inside Coil (inlet;
Ammeter
(inlet; cooling/outlet; heating) (inlet 1 ; cool ing/out let heating) cooling/outlet; heating) Thermometer, Figure 1
A-2 Sight Tube, Outside Coil G-2 Gauge, Outside Coil T-4 Inside Coil (outlet; cooling/inlet;
n-i
H- Wattmeter (center; cooling/heating) (outlet; cooling/inlet heating) heating)
e
M- Voltmeter A-3 Sight Tube, Outside Coil G-3 Gauge, Inside Coil
3
S-l
5-
Key Lock Switch
Toggle Switch A-4
(outlet; cooling/inlet; heating)
Sight Tube, Flowmeter G-4
(inlet; cooling/outlet heating)
Gauge, Inside Coil
U- Check Valve'
Check Valve
2
5- A-5 Sight
Hi-Lo Range Switch Glass, Liquid Line
(Wattmeter) (outlet; cooling/inlet; heating) l Valve, Refrigerant Receiver By-Pass Valve,
3 A-6 Sight Tube, Refrigerant Receiver U-2 i
Refrigerant Receiver Inlet Valve,
S- Std-Back emf Switch
A-7 (Voltmeter)
Sight Glass, Compressor Sump H-l Fusible Plug, Refrigerant ffeceiver
4 V- Refrigerant Receiver Outlet Valve,
A-3 Sight Tube, Inside Coil H-2 Fusible Plug, Oil Receiver Capillary Metering (Cooling Only)
l
S-
5
Inside Coil Fan Speed Switch (u-M-H)
(inlet; cooling/outlet; heating) H-3 Fusible Plug, Seperator
V- Valve, Thermostatic Expansion (Cooling
A-9 Sight Tube, Inside Coil
2 Only)
S-
6
Outside Coil Far Speed Switch (L-M-H)
(center; cooling/heating) I
0
Figure 3
Inside Coil
Outside Coil V-3 Valve, Seperator Inlet Valve, Seperator By-
A-10 Sight Tube, Inside Coil Pass Valve, Seperator Outlet Valve, Oil
S- Low Pressure Control V-4
Q . Reversing Valve
7
S- High Pressure Control (outlet; cooling/inlet heating) J-l Fan and Motor Receiver Inlet Valve, Oil Receiver Outlet
8
S- Thermostat A-U Sight Tube, (Outside Refrigerant
Coil) V-5
R-l Receiver,
9 Refrigerant/Oil Seperator Remote Bulb (TXV)
S-l
0
Start Capacitor Take-
A-12
Out Switch (Momentary) Sight Tube, Oil Receiver
R-2
J-2 Fan and Kotor
Receiver, Oil
(Inside Coil)
V- Thermostatic Expansion Valve Strainer
S- Compressor Thermal Overload
R-3 Seperator, Oil/Refrigerant
K Electrical Panel
6 (Cooling Cycle)
12
S-l Reverse Cycle 8-1
Solenoid Access Fitting, High Side v- Strainer (Heating Cycle)
3
S-l Start Relay B-2 Access Fitting, Low Side
T-l Thermometer, Outside Coil
F Flowmeter
(inlet; cooling/outlet; heating) T-2
;
4 V-8
C Compressor Thermometer, Outside Coil V-9
0 Drier (outlet; cooling/inlet; heating) V-10
In addition, most electrical components - including switches, relays and
F Flowmeter, Liquid Line
w meters - are
enclosed in a power panel with a clear plastic cover for viewing withY-protection.
Capillary Feed tube
TECHNOVATE 7
DESCRIPTION
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Air Conditioning and'Refrigeration "Learning System" is a complete, closed
compression cycle system, operating with refrigerant R-12. The system is comparable to
the most common commercial refrigeration and air conditioning systems and can be
reverse-cycled to demonstrate heat pump operation. Both refrigerant and oil can be
added or removed from the system by using storage reservoirs to demonstrate the effect
of undercharging or overcharging the system. Sets of paired temperature and pressure
gauges measure the conditions of the refrigerant at critical points in the cycle.
Valves located at strategic positions allow a wide range of operating conditions. The
components of the system are described in the following paragraphs. The letters in
parentheses after component names refer to the index letters in figures 1, 2, and 3.
Detailed specifications for the components are found in the Appendix.
MAJOR COMPONENTS
COMPRESSOR (A). The compressor is an
electric motor driving a pump; this
assembly is hermetically sealed (airtight)
in a metal shell. The pump compresses the
R-12 gas from a low temperature and pressure
to a high temperature and pressure. A special
sight glass (bullseye sight glass) has been
added to the front of the compressore to
allow observation of the oil level and show
the compatibility of R-12 with oil. The
oil line is located in the compressor sump
in a position to insure that minimum oil
requirement is maintained (20 ounces; 0.59!.)
through the coil (from top to bottom) transferring heat to the fins. The fins transfer
the heat to the surrounding air. A variable speed fan provides the air flow over the
coil, thus speeding up the heat transfer.
DRIER (E) The drier in the liquid line removes moisture, acid,
and dirt from the refrigerant. The unit consists of a screen
mesh filter to collect dust and dirt, and beads of silica gel
which absorb water. After extended operation, or if the
refrigerant is contaminated, the filter may become clogged,
reducing or stopping the flow of refrigerant. If the silica
gel becomes saturated, the color dot in the moisture and
liquid indicator (C) will turn yellow. When this occurs, the
filter-drier must be replaced.
tubes are purposely made to permit extra flow of refrigerant so that flow may be
throttled down (with V-4) to stimulate a clogged or frozen line or to create
frostlines of varying lengths. A strainer at each end prevents clogging of capillary
tube by foreign matter.
VALVES (V). Valves are located throughout the system to control the flow
of refrigerant. The functions of these valves are tabulated in "OPERATING
PROCEDURES."
PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE GAUGES (P and T). These indicators are paired so
that pressure and temperature conditions can be determined at four critical
locations in the refrigeration cycle.
CONDENSATE COLLECTOR TRAYS (R)* These trays collect water which condenses on
the coils. The amount of water which condenses in a given time period can
be
used for study purposes. The trays drain into a reservoir in back of the unit
(see X). '
CONDENSATE RESERVOIR (X). The reservoir is used for storing atmospheric condensate
collected from coils in collector trays (R).
ELECTRICAL CORD (Y). The electrical cord is standard 3-wire with grounded male plug,
WINDOWED ELECTRICAL CABINET (Z). The rear of the electrical panel is closed with a clear
plexiglass sheet for easy student identification of electrical components and circuitry.
TECHNOmiE
12
REFRIGERANT
The system uses refrigerant-12 (popularly known as R-12) as designated by the American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers' Standards. It is
dichlorodifluoromethane (CCI 2F2), end is one of the most widely used commercial
refrigerants today. This popularity is due to its suitability for use in the vapor
compression cycle.
The thermodynamic properties of R-12 are given in E.I. du Pont de Nemours Co. Bulletin No.
T-12S. Briefly, R-12 boils at -21.7F at atmospheric pressure, and condenses at moderate
pressures under normal operating temperatures. The fact that R-12 has a relatively small
heat of vaporization value is not a serious disadvantage. In fact, in small systems the
greater weight of refrigerant R-12 which must be circulated is a decided advantage in that
it permits closer control of the liquid. Even in a large system, the reduction in compressor
displacement by using refrigerant 22 or 500 is not important.
The safety properties of refrigerant R-12 are a matter of record with such organizations as the
American Standards Association (ASA B9 Safety Code) and the National Board of Fire
Underwriters. In fact, refrigerant R-12 is considered safe, non-toxic, non flammable and non-
explosive. Furthermore, it is a highly stable compound, even under extreme operating
conditions. It will, however , break down into a dangerous gas (phosgene) if brought into
contact with an open flame or an electrical heating element .
The effects of moisture present a great problem. Halocarbons hydrolyze slightly, and will form
small amounts of acids. The amount of moisture must be maintained below the level which would
cause freeze-ups, which generally is a safe level to prevent corrosion. Dryers installed in a
closed circuit have proven very satisfactory.
Oil is miscible (mixes) with refrigerant R-12 at all normal operating conditions. In liquid
lines the oil-refrigerant mix flows without any problem.
Gas lines must be designed to operate at a velocity that will carry the oil along. The minimum
velocity in vertical upflow suction lines, to assure oil flow with gas flow, has been found to
be 1,000 feet per minute.
Leak detection is done in three ways. The old reliable soap bubble test works well, as all
portions of the refrigerant R-12 system can be pressurized. For very small leaks, either a
halide torch or an electronic tester may be used.
When shipped from the factory, the Model 7086 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration "Learning
System" has the following amount of R-12 and oil.
TECHNOV
TECHNOmTEATE 13
14
S-l TECHNOV
Key lock ATE to prevent unauthorized use. Turn
switch clockwise to energize
15 main power lines.
S3
S-2
Main power switch and 25 ampere circuit breaker. When placed in the up
position (on), supplies power to all components.
S-3 Wattmeter range selector switch. Selects high or low watt meter range.
CAUTION: Keep switch in HIGH POWER position during normal operation to
OPERATION
prevent damage to meter mechanism. Switch to low range only if wattmeter
reading on high range is below 750 watts.
MODES OF OPERATION
The Air Conditioning and Refrigeration "Learning System" operates in three general modes
S-4- Voltmeter
of operation: mode select
normal capillary switch.thermostatis
cooling, Connects theexpansion
voltmetervalve
to measure either
cooling, and
LINE VOLTAGE or BACK EMF
capillary tube reverse cycle heating. In addition, both oil and/or refrigerant can be
added to, or removed from, the system by connecting respective storage reserviors to the
S-5 system. Fan speed selector switches for condenser and evaporator. Switches have
S-6 four positions: off (0), low (L), medium (M), high (H).
S-7 Low pressure cut-out control. Stops compressor if low side pressure
falls below 7 psi (48 KPA)
INSTALLATION
S-8 High pressure cut-out control. Stops compressor if high side pressure
exceeds 225 psi (1550 KPA).
Connect the system to a 115-volt, single-phase, 60 hertz, 3-wire source by means of the
S-9 cord and plug (Y) furnished.
Reversecycle This power
thermostat sourceWhen
switch. should be protected
placed in warmer for 25ion,
posit amperes service
switch
with a time activates
delay fusethe
or solenoid
circuit breaker. If the system is supplied for other
(S-13) in the reversing valve (M( which reverses
voltage/phase/hertz connect accordingly.
refrigerant flow for reverse cycle operation.
S-IO Compressor power switch. Starts and stops compressor motor and lights
indicator lamp.
CONTROLS
S-ll Start capacitor switch. Normally closed momentarily open push button
switch for taking the start capacitor electrically out of the circuit.
Switches and valves used to control the operating modes of the system are described in
figures 4 and 5. Figure 6 tabulates the positions of these controls for the various modes
S-12 of operation.
Automatic Normally,
compressorallthermal
valves overload
are opened
relay.
or closed
Stops to
compressor
a light stop.
if motor
However,
becomes
all
valves
overheated.
can be opened
Located
or closed
in compressor
to minutely
electrical
regulate
outlet
refrigerant
box. flow at any part of the
cycle.
S-13 Solenoid which operates the four-way reversing valve (M). Solenoid is
energized by switch S-9.
PRE-START INSTRUCTIONS
VALVE FUNCTION
Before starting, set all valves and switches to the positions listed in figure 6 under the
column heading "prestart". With the valves and switches in prestart position, open the
valves indicated in the table for the mode of operation desired.
V-l Liquid refrigerant receiver tank bypass valve. Open to bypass
liquid refrigerant.receiver tank.
V-2
Receiver inlet valve. Open to pump refrigerant into reservoir.
V-5
Thermostatic expansion valve selector valve. Open to select
thermostatic expansion valve operation.
ll
R/C check A Figure
A 5. Valve Functions
A A A
V-
12
S-l Key Lock CCW(off) CW(on) CCW(off)
down(off
S-2 Main Power up(on) down(off)
)
S-3 Wattmeter Select HIGH POWER
1. Position key-lock switch S-l clockwise (on) and observe that only
the large Red panel lamp is lit indicating power available. If any meters
or other pilot lights are energized, turn S-l counterclockwise (off) and
repeat the prestart settings in figure 6.
C A U T I O N
4. Position fan motor switch S-5 to L (low). Verify that fan now
operates at low speed.
NOTE
NOTE
9. Allow system to run for 5 minutes. Close valve V-4 until no bubbles are present in
moisture indicator, flowmeter and the bottom tube on the condenser is full of
refrigerant. Open valve V-4 slowly until a flow rate of 1.0 to 1.5 P.P.M. is
indicated on the flowmeter. Gauges F-l and P-2 should read between 120/140 psig;
if not open V-3 to allow more refrigerant into the system. Close V-3. Allow a few
minutes for system to settle. Repeat until desired pressure is obtained. If too
much pressure is obtained, slowly open V-2 and bleed off desired amount of
refrigerant into reserve tank.
To remove refrigerant from the system, slowly open V-2 and bleed off the excess
refrigerant into the reservoir. It is recommended that the sight glass of the reservoir
be marked to show when a normal charge is in the system. This will make it easy to
return to normal charge if the system is over - or undercharged.
To remove excess^ oil from the system close V-4 and V7; open V-8
and V-9.
After 15-30 seconds slowly open V-10. After the desired amount of oil has been removed
close V-10, V-8 and V-9; open V-7
SHUTDOWN INSTRUCTIONS
Allow refrigerant level to build up in liquid refrigerant receiver tank (J), compressor
may stop if low side pressure drops below 7 psi (48 KPA); then close V-2. Position
switches as follows and in the indicated sequence (right to left)
MANUAL ADJUSTMENTS
The high pressure cut-out switch (S-8) stops the compressor if the high
side pressure exceeds the cut-out setting and restarts when the pressure
drops.below the cut-in setting. This switch has been preset to stop the
compressor motor at 225 psig (1550 KPA). Higher pressures may damage
bourdon tubes in the pressure gauges. The low pressure cut-out switch
(S7) stops the compressor if the low side pressure fails below 7 psig
(48 KPA).
TECHNOWTE 20
DEMONSTRATIONS
DEMONSTRATION 1 - Capillary Tube Operation (Normal Cycle)
PURPOSE : To show how the system operates with a capillary tube metering
device.
PROCEDURE :
PROCEDURE :
(1) Start the system using the procedure for thermostatic expansion
valve operation. Allow the unit to run for 5 minutes to stabilize.
TECHNOVATE 21
(2) Observe refrigerant flow rate on the flowmeter (d), and the
temperature and pressure of the refrigerant entering and leaving the
evaporator (T-3, P-3 and T-4, P-4).
(3) Operate fan at various speeds and observe changes in flow rate,
temperatures and pressures.
PURPOSE : To show reverse cycle or "heat pump" operation (capillary tube only).
PROCEDURE :
(1) Start system using the starting procedure for normal cycle expansion
valve operation. Allow the unit to run until cold air comes from the
evaporator.
(2) Insure that V-4 is closed. Move thermostat (S-9) knob from "cooler"
to "warmer".
(3) Observe reversal of refrigerant flow through sight glasses and note
that functions of the condenser and evaporator are reversed.
PURPOSE : To demonstrate the concepts and heat, cold, and temperature with
respect to air conditioning and refrigeration systems.
PROCEDURE :
(1) Start the unit using the procedure for normal cycle capillary tube
operation. Allow the unit to run for 5 minutes to stabilize.
PURPOSE : To demonstrate the concept of change from liquid state to gas state
and back to liquid state.
PROCEDURE :
Start the unit using the procedure for normal cycle capillary
(D tube. Allow the unit to run for 5 minutes to stabilize.
DISCUSSION : Of the three states of matter, solid, liquid and gas, only 'the liquid gas
states are important in refrigeration and air conditioning.
A refrigerant is chosen for several reasons, one of which is the temperature that it
changes from liquid to gas (boiling point). Changes of state are the result of heat
energy transfer to or from the refrigerant Addition of heat from the air causes
boiling; extraction of heat to the air causes condensation. The temperature at which
this process takes place is related to the pressure. A vapor which is evaporating from
or condensing to its liquid state is said to be a "saturated" vapor. These
temperature-pressure relationships for R-12 are given here for reference.
PROCEDURE :
(1) Start the unit using the procedure for normal cycle capillary
tube operation. Allow the unit to run for 5 minutes to stabilize.
(2) Close valve V-4 slowly until temperature T-4 is exactly the same
as T-3 (no superheat).
heat absorbed = (flow rate)(latent heat) + (flow rate) (specific heat) (sensible
heat)
TECHNOVATE 24
GENERAL EXPERIMENTS
PROCEDURE :
(1) Start the system using the starting procedures for normal cycle capillary
operation. Allow the unit to run for 5 minutes to stabilize. Turn
evaporator fan to low. Condenser fan to medium or high.
(2) Close valve V-4 slowly until the temperature of T-4 reads the same as T-
3. In this condition there is no superheat in the evaporator.
(3) Turn evaporator fan to medium. After two minutes record temperature; T-3 and T-
4. The temperature difference is the amount of superheat added to the vapor.
(4) Open V-4 slowly until T-3 and T-4 have the same temperature. Turn
fan speed to high. Record the readings and repeat the procedure switching
fan to high.
(5) Close V-4 until temperature differential is 40F. Let unit run for
10 minutes in this condition.
PROCEDURE :
(1) Operate only the fans (high speed) and record the wattmeter reading
(2) Start the system using the precedure for normal cycle capillary
operation and allow it to run for 5 minutes to stabilize.
(4) Subtract the wattmeter reading for fans (step 1) from wattmeter
reading (step 3), Convert watts to both horsepower and Btu/minute.
EVALUATION : Energy is the capacity to do work. Work is defined as force
(mechanical energy) multiplied by the distance traveled. Work can be
expressed as mechanical work (foot-pound) or heat work (Etu).
Power is the time rate of doing work (foot-pound per minute, Btu per minute). The
wattmeter reading, less the power drawn by the fans, is the power being drawn by
the compressor motor. This is the heat energy (except for friction and other
losses) being added to the system.
PURPOSE : To calculate the heat (Btu/min) rejected by the condenser into the
air.
PROCEDURE :
(1) Start the system using the procedure for normal cycle capillary operation.
Allow the unit to run for 5 minutes to stabilize.
(2) Measure the average velocity of air passing over the condenser with a pitot
tube or velocimeter. Take numerous readings to get a good average,
(3) Measure the temperature of the air entering and leaving the
condenser.
(4) Calculate the pounds per minute of air flowing past the condenser as
follows:
PURPOSE : To calculate the heat (Btu/min) absorbed by the evaporator from the
air.
PROCEDURE :
PROCEDURE :
(1)Using a psychrometric chart, determine the change in total heat content
(Btu/lb of dry air) using the wet bulb readings entering and leaving the
evaporator. The total heat content is the difference in enthalpy between the
entering and leaving wet bulb temperatures.
(2)Change the Btu/lb of dry air to Btu per cubic foot of dry air by
multiplying the Btu/lb of dry air by the specif density (lb/ cu ft) of the
air.
The specific density (Ib/cu ft and dry air) is the reciprocal of the
specific volume. The specific volume can be obtained from a psychrometric
chart using the wet and dry bulb temperatures of the leaving air.
TECHNOWTE 27
(3) Multiply the cu ft/min by the change in total heat content across the
evaporator expressed in Btu/cu ft of dry air to determine the Btu/min.
PROCEDURE :
(3) Start the system in normal cycle, capillary tube operation and
record all temperature, pressure and flow readings every 30 seconds
for 5 minutes.
PROCEDURE :
(1) Start the system using the procedure for normal cycle, thermostatic
expansion valve operation. Turn both fans to high.
(2) After 5 minutes warmup time, record the readings on the following gauges every 30
seconds for 5 minutes: flow meter, P-2, P-3, T-2, T-3.
(3) Switch the evaporator fan from high to medium, then to low. Leave the switch
in each position for 5 minutes and record readings on the flow meter, P-2, P-
3, T-2, and T-3 every 30 seconds.
(4) Plot a graph of each gauge and the flow meter showing flow rate or
pressure on the vertical scale and time on the horizontal scale. Plot
all graphs on a common time scale.
TECHNOVATE 28
(1) Start the system using the procedure for normal cycle capillary
operation. Allow the system to run for 5 minutes to stabilize.
(2) Determine volumetric efficiency (percent) as follows:
= lb/min______________
(pump displacement)(rpm)
SERVICING EXPERIMENTS
PROCEDURE :
(1)Operate the system in normal cycle capillary operation. Allow unit to run
for about 5 minutes to stabilize.
(2) Read and record the condenser pressure, P-2,and wattmeter reading.
(3) Bleed some refrigerant out of system by opening valve V-2, Run
5 minutes and again read and record P-2 and wattmeter readings.
(4)Overcharge system with R-12 by opening valve V-3. This may be hastened by
opening valve V-5 allowing greater flow of R-12 to the evaporator. When
desired refrigerant is in system, close V-3.
NOTE : To remove excess refrigerant from the system, open valve V-2,
when refrigerant level in tank R-l is satisfactory, close valve V-2.
PROCEDURE :
(1)Operate the system for 5 minutes with a normal refrigerant charge in normal
cycle capillary operation with both fans on medium (M).
EVALUATION : When the evaporator is flooded, the low side pressure rises and
evaporation takes place at a higher temperature. When the condenser is flooded,
the high side pressure increases and excessive superheat is added in the
evaporator. In both cases the compressor works harder and draws more power.
PROCEDURE :
(1) Operate the system in normal cycle capillary mode. Allow system to run for
5 minutes. Record temperature and pressure readings throughout the system.
(2) Add excess oil (see OPERATION page ) to the system until the
oil level in the compressor reaches the top of the bullseye sight
glass.
(3) Operate the system for 5 minutes and re-read temperatures and
pressures.
EVALUATION : Excess oil in the system has the effect of reducing flow through
the .capillary tube.
PROCEDURE :
(1) Put system in normal cycle prestart position except Push and
Hold switch S11 in. Perform start-up sequence.
The use of a start capacitor in series with the start winding causes
the current in thewinding to lead the voltage, whereas thecurrent
in the running winding lags the voltage because of the high inductance of the
winding. This causes the phase displacement to approach 90 degrees so that true
two-phase starting is achieved. For this reason the starting torque is very high,
which makes it ideal for small compressors that must start under full load.
31
APPENDIX
TECHNICAL DATA
COMPRESSOR
CONDENSER, EVAPORATOR
Fins:
Material .....................
Number ....................... aluminum 14 per inch 0.010
Thickness .................... in,
Tubing :
Material ..................... copper
20
Number (passes)...............
Length of Pass .............. 12 in.
Size ......................... 3/8 in.od,(0.016 in. wall)
Fan:
Blades (propeller type
Number .......................
Pitch ........................ 3
Diameter ..................... 27 degrees 12
Motor : in. nominal
Type .........................
shaded pole (1/30 HP)
Electrical Characteristics
115 v, 60 cps, 1.0 amp
Speed
H (high)...................
1500 rpm (prox)
M (medium) ...............
1025 rpm (prox)
L (low) ................
800 rpm (prox)
FLOWMETER
FILTER-DRIER
Material brass/copper
Capacity 5 cu in.
Fillant silica gel
32
Strainer .................,..................... 2
REVERSING VALVE
SWITCHES
MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS
Capacitor
Start Capacitor :
Value ..................................... 233 to 280 uf
Rating .................................... 110 volts ac
PRESSURE GAUGES
Accuracy .......................................... 2%
TEMPERATURE GAUGES