Class Exercise on Fractional Flow

Oil is being displaced by water in a horizontal, direct line drive under the diffuse
flow condition. The rock relative permeability functions for water and oil are
listed in the table below. Pressure is being maintained at its initial value during
the displacement. Additional data to be used Bw = 1.0 rb/STB & Bo = 1.3 rb/STB.

Relative Permeability Data Compare the values of the producing water cut (at
Sw Krw Kro surface conditions) and the cumulative oil recovery
0.200 0.000 0.800 at breakthrough for the following fluid combina-
0.250 0.002 0.610
tions.
0.300 0.009 0.470
0.350 0.020 0.370
0.400 0.033 0.285 Cases oil viscosity water viscosity
0.450 0.051 0.220 Case-1 50 cp 0.5 cp
0.500 0.075 0.163 Case-2 5 cp 0.5 cp
0.550 0.100 0.120 Case-3 0.4 cp 1.0 cp
0.600 0.132 0.081
0.650 0.170 0.050 Assume that the relative permeability and PVT
0.700 0.208 0.027 data are relevant for all three cases.
0.750 0.251 0.010
0.800 0.300 0.000
 Fractional Flow Equation (at reservoir condition)
1
f w res
w k ro
1
k rw o

Producing water cut at the surface (fw-surf)

1
f w surf
Bw 1
1 1
Bo f w res
Calculate the fractional flow for all three cases
Sw Krw Kro Kro/Krw fw case-1 fw case-2 fw case-3 1.0
0.200 0.000 0.800 ~ 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.250 0.002 0.610 305.00 0.247 0.032 0.001 0.8
0.300 0.009 0.470 52.22 0.657 0.161 0.008
0.350 0.020 0.370 18.50 0.844 0.351 0.021
0.6
0.400 0.033 0.285 8.64 0.921 0.537 0.044

fw
0.450 0.051 0.220 4.31 0.959 0.699 0.085
0.500 0.075 0.163 2.17 0.979 0.821 0.155 0.4
0.550 0.100 0.120 1.20 0.988 0.893 0.250 fw Case 1
0.600 0.132 0.081 0.61 0.994 0.942 0.395 0.2 fw Case 2
0.650 0.170 0.050 0.29 0.997 0.971 0.576 fw Case 3
0.700 0.208 0.027 0.13 0.999 0.987 0.755 0.0
0.750 0.251 0.010 0.04 1.000 0.996 0.909 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.800 0.300 0.000 0.00 1.000 1.000 1.000 Water Saturation, fraction
 Fractional Flow Equation (at reservoir condition)
1
f w res
w k ro
1
k rw o

Producing water cut at the surface (fw-surf)

1
f w surf
Bw 1
1 1
Bo f w res
Calculate the fractional flow for all three cases
Sw Krw Kro Kro/Krw fw case-1 fw case-2 fw case-3 1.0
0.200 0.000 0.800 ~ 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.250 0.002 0.610 305.00 0.247 0.032 0.001 0.8
0.300 0.009 0.470 52.22 0.657 0.161 0.008
0.350 0.020 0.370 18.50 0.844 0.351 0.021
0.6
0.400 0.033 0.285 8.64 0.921 0.537 0.044

fw
0.450 0.051 0.220 4.31 0.959 0.699 0.085
0.500 0.075 0.163 2.17 0.979 0.821 0.155 0.4
0.550 0.100 0.120 1.20 0.988 0.893 0.250 fw Case 1
0.600 0.132 0.081 0.61 0.994 0.942 0.395 0.2 fw Case 2
0.650 0.170 0.050 0.29 0.997 0.971 0.576 fw Case 3
0.700 0.208 0.027 0.13 0.999 0.987 0.755 0.0
0.750 0.251 0.010 0.04 1.000 0.996 0.909 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.800 0.300 0.000 0.00 1.000 1.000 1.000 Water Saturation, fraction
 Cumulative oil recovery & surface water cut at breakthrough
S w-1 S w -2 S w -3
1.0

Cases Sw-bt Sw fw-bt fw-bt Npd-bt

0.8 reservoir surface

0.6 2
fw

0.4
fw Case 1
fw Case 2
0.2
fw Case 3

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Water Saturation, fraction
 Cumulative oil recovery & surface water cut at breakthrough
S w-1 S w -2 S w -3
1.0

Cases Sw-bt Sw fw-bt fw-bt Npd-bt

0.8 reservoir surface

1 0.28 0.34 0.55 0.61 0.14

0.6 2 0.45 0.55 0.70 0.75 0.35

fw

3 0.80 0.80 1.00 1.00 0.60

0.4
fw Case 1
fw Case 2
0.2
fw Case 3

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Water Saturation, fraction
 Class Exercise on Fractional Flow (contd)
Water is being injected at a constant rate of 1000 b/d/well in a direct line drive in a
reservoir which has the following rock and fluid properties (same as Case 2) .

Relative Permeability Data = 0.18 Swc = 0.2

Sw Krw Kro Sor = 0.2 w = 0.5
0.200 0.000 0.800 o = 5.0 Bw = 1.0 bbl/STB
0.250 0.002 0.610 Bo = 1.3 bbl/STB
0.300 0.009 0.470
0.350 0.020 0.370 The flood pattern geometry is as follows:
0.400 0.033 0.285 Dip angle = 0
0.450 0.051 0.220 Reservoir thickness = 40 ft
0.500 0.075 0.163 Distance between injection wells = 625 ft
0.550 0.100 0.120 Distance between injectors and producers = 2000 ft
0.600 0.132 0.081 Assuming that diffuse flow conditions prevail and that the
0.650 0.170 0.050 injection project starts simultaneously with oil production
0.700 0.208 0.027 from the reservoir
0.750 0.251 0.010 1) determine the time when breakthrough occurs
0.800 0.300 0.000 2) determine the cumulative oil production as a function of
both the cumulative water injected and the time.
 Class Exercise on Fractional Flow (contd)
The flood pattern geometry:
Producers

2000 ft
Injectors 625 ft

From the previous exercise, water breakthrough occurs when:

Cases Sw-bt Sw fw-bt fw-bt Npd-bt
reservoir surface

1 0.28 0.34 0.55 0.61 0.14

2 0.45 0.55 0.70 0.75 0.35
3 0.80 0.80 1.00 1.00 0.60
1) Calculation of the breakthrough time (tbt)
Wid bt N pd bt 0.35 in PV unit
Wi bt Wid bt A h 0.35 2000 625 40 0.18 3150000 cu-ft
Wi bt 3150000cuft
tbt 561 days 1.54 years
qi cuft bbl
5.615 1000
bbl day

2) Cumulative oil recovery (Np)

Cumulative oil recovery at breakthrough (Np-bt)
N p bt N pd bt A h 0.35 2000 625 40 0.18 3150000 cu-ft in res. condition
3150000 cu-ft
N p bt 431536.4 stb in surface condition
cu-ft bbl
5.615 1.3
bbl stb
Cumulative oil recovery after breakthrough (Np)
1
N pd S we S wc 1 f we Wid where Wid
df w
N pd A h
Np stb dS w Swe
5.615 Bo
 1.0 4.0

0.9 3.0

y = -23.439x4 + 68.47x3 - 76.27x2 + 38.545x - 6.4794

dfw/dSw
R = 0.9998

fw
0.8 2.0

fw Case 2
dfw/dSw
Poly. (fw Case 2)
0.7 1.0

1.0
0.6 0.0
0.8 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Water Saturation, fraction
0.6
fw

0.4
fw Case 2
0.2

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0
Water Saturation, fraction
 Production Performance Prediction
Swe dfw/dSw fwe W id N pd t, days t, years Np, stb Wi, bbls qo, stb/d RF,%
0.000 0.000 0 0.00 0.0 0.0 769.2 0
BT 0.450 2.954 0.699 0.350 0.350 561 1.54 431536.4 560997.3 769.2 43.8% BT
0.500 1.908 0.821 0.524 0.394 840 2.30 485257.0 840067.9 192.5 49.2%
0.550 1.186 0.893 0.843 0.440 1352 3.70 542933.9 1351622.7 112.7 55.0%
0.600 0.717 0.942 1.394 0.481 2235 6.12 592563.1 2234547.0 56.2 60.1%
0.650 0.432 0.971 2.315 0.516 3710 10.17 636380.7 3710441.5 29.7 64.5%
0.700 0.260 0.987 3.852 0.549 6174 16.92 677344.1 6174495.0 16.6 68.7%
0.750 0.130 0.996 7.703 0.581 12347 33.83 715819.2 12347420.4 6.2 72.6%
0.800 0.000 1.000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

qo and Np vs. Time

1000000 1000

800000 800
Cum. Oil Production, stb

Oil rate, stb/d

600000 600
Np, stb
qo, stb/d
400000 400

200000 200

0 0
0 5 10 15 20
Years