1. Outline the historical development of the cell theory, in particular,
the contributions made by Robert Hooke and Robert Brown
Period Development Supporting Technology used
evidence Until 1600 Scientists believed People saw None, only human that the theory of maggots coming eye observations. spontaneous out of rotten Humans cant see generation which garbage. Meat cells suggested that gives rise to tiny living things maggots originate from non living matter Francis Redi Disproved Showed maggots Scientific method (1668) spontaneous in rotten meat generation produced by flies which visited meat in open glass jar Louis Pasteur Also disproved Showed that meat Scientific method (1865) spontaneous broth in flasks generation open to outside was spoiled by microbes that entered flasks from outside through open glass tubes Robert Hooke First postulate of He observed a Ordinary light (1665) cell theory and thin sheet of cork microscope that stated that living under a produced poor things are made of microscope and quality image tiny units called found that it was which scientists cells made of tiny cells believed could be distorted images. He used staining techniques to improve visibility in specimens Antoine He also stated He observed a Ordinary light Leeuwenhoek that living cells variety of plant microscope that (1670) are made of tiny and animal could magnify up cells material like to 300 times. blood, plant These findings tissues, were verified by protozoans in a Robert Hooke drop of pond water Robert Brown He observed plant He studied a Ordinary light (1833) cells more closely variety of plant microscope and and observed a tissues and saw a staining round body inside nucleus in all the techniques. Used which he called cells. He didnt glass slide to the nucleus. He explain the observe thin also observed the importance of the sections movement of nucleus pollen grains in water which he called Brownian movement Matthias Schlieden He used an (1839) ordinary light microscope and better sample preparation and staining techniques Schwann (1840) He used ordinary light microscope and better sample preparation and staining techniques Ernest Ruska and Built first electron He used ordinary Max Knoll (1928) microscope that light microscope had a and better sample magnification of preparation and only x17. Ruska staining continued to techniques improve the design and in 1933 he built a transmission electron microscope that could magnify up to x12000. The team continued to work through WW2 and produced a microscope that could magnify up to 2 million times Max Knoll (1955) First scanning electron microscope was built Marvin Minsky More advanced (After 1955) technologies such confocal microscope that use laser light to produce a 3D view of the built specimen Latest technology Use of synchrotrons that use high speed electrons to penetrate into atoms to probe even further up to atomic level and molecular level 2. Using the information given above to describe the evidence that support the cell theory - Robert Hookes observation of cork cells and Leeuwenhoeks observation of many types of unicellular cells proved that living things were made up of cells - Walter Flemmings observation of cell division (mitosis) proved that cells come from pre existing cells 3. Discuss the significance of technological advances to the developments of the cell theory - Without technological theory there would be no cell theory. - The main areas of advancement have been in the invention and further development in the design of the microscope and the techniques used in the preparation of specimens. - The microscope enabled us to see cells, allowing for the development of the cell theory. - The staining of cells (specimen preparation) enabled the division of the nucleus in cell division to be observed 4. Define resolution and magnification of a microscope Resolution is the shortest distance between two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished by the observer or a camera system as separate entities. Magnification is a measure of the ability of a lens or other optical instruments to magnify, expressed as the ratio of the size of the image to that of the object 5. Identify 4 main plant and animal tissues and write function of each Plant tissue Function Animal tissue Function Vascular (xylem Xylem transports Epithelial tissue Covers body and phloem) water, phloem surfaces and line transports sugars cavities Epidermal Protects plant Connective tissue Connects and (parenchyma) tissue and binds body parts prevents water loss Ground tissue Makes up bulk of Muscular tissue Enables movement (parenchyma, plant mass of structures collenchyma, within the body sclerenchyma) and movement of the entire person/animal Meristematic Divides to Nervous tissue Enables responses tissue produce new to stimuli and co (parenchyma) growth ordinates bodily functions 6. Assess the impact of technology including the development of the microscope on the development of the cell theory - Development of cell theory entirely depended upon technological advancements, e.g. the microscope - Using microscopes, people discovered that all cells are made of cells, unicellular organisms were discovered - Using the stronger electron microscope, it was discovered that even though cells are made of organelles, they are the smallest units of life - Development of better design of microscopes, and better specimen preparation had a huge impact on the development of the cell theory 7. Draw well labelled diagrams four onion epidermal cells as shown in the diagram below. Identify the type of microscope used. Justify your answer (magnification x400). Calculate the actual width and length of two onion cells and then find the average 8. Identify and draw labelled diagrams of the organelles you will find in the following electron micrographs
Organelle Found in Structure Function Diagram State if the
plant or description organelle animal cell including can be seen size of with light organelle in microscope, micrometer electron s microscope or both Cell wall Plant Cell Both membrane Nucleus Both Cytoplasm Both Nucleoulus Both Lysosome Both Vacuoles Both Mitochondri Both a Chloroplasts Plant Golgi bodies Both Rough ER Both Smooth ER Both Ribosome Animal