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Occupant Building
Or by the occupants
adapting the building to
suit them
Lisbon,Portugal
Lisbon, Portugal
12
Definition of Thermal Comfort
That state of mind which expresses
satisfaction with the thermal environment
13
Measure the environment
Calculating comfort
Using the responses of subjects in real
situations where adaptive changes can be
made the value of the neutral temperature
Tneutral (at which a vote of neutral would be
expected) can be calculated statistically.
Its dependence on the mean operative
temperature can be deduced with some
precision if the database is adequate
15
From Nicol, Humphreys and Roaf, Adaptive Thermal Comfort, principles & practice
Another approach is to find the number of
people voting comfortable at difference
temperature and calculating at what
temperature this reaches a maximum
Comfort and mean temperature
We can calculate the mean temperature for a
particular survey
We can calculate the neutral temperature for
the people in the survey.
Survey results Tneutral and Toperative
Red dots H/C
Open dots M/M
Blue dots F/R
95%
confidence
Each dot is the intervals
mean value for a
whole surrvey
19
From Humphreys (data from 700+ building surveys)
This does not mean that
people will easily and
instantly make themselves
comfortable.
People will learn to make
themselves comfortable
over time.
Their ability to do so will
depend on the
opportunities which the
building they inhabit gives
them to do so.
Comfort and outdoor temperature
Also of interest is that way in which comfort
temperature changes with outdoor
temperature
This will allow designers to take account of the
climate and suggest what allowances to make
Differences are found in the response of
people in buildings with no heating or cooling
and those with mechanical control
Comfort and outdoor temperature
23
European Standard EN15251
This standard entitled Indoor Environmental
Input Parameters for Design and Assessment
of Energy Performance of Buildings Addressing
Indoor Air Quality, Thermal Environment,
Lighting and Acoustics was designed to set
limits for indoor conditions to ensure that the
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive did
not compromise the comfort of occupants in
the pursuit of energy reduction
Categories of building in EN15251
Category Applicability/level of Temperature
expectancy range in NV
buildings
I High: Buildings with high 2oK
expectancy for sensitive
occupants
II Normal: New buildings 3oK
26
Palermo-Punta Raisa
30.00
29.00 ASHRAE prEN 15251
28.00 ISO7730 55
27.00 summer
Temperature (oC)
26.00
25.00
24.00
23.00
Daily mean outdoor temperature (To)
22.00
21.00 Running mean temperature (Trm)
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
/20
/20
/20
/20
/20
/20
/20
/20
/20
/20
/20
/20
/20
/20
/20
/06
/06
/06
/06
/06
/07
/07
/07
/07
/08
/08
/08
/08
/08
/09
01
08
15
22
29
06
13
20
27
03
10
17
24
31
07
New CIBSE Guidance for NV buildings
in summer
Temperatures should be limited to those
specified by EN15251. Category II is used
because it applies to normal new buildings for
which the guidance will most commonly used
In addition three Criteria are specified (also
related to EN15251) which specify the
duration of exceedance of EN15251 limits and
its allowable extent
Defining free-running compliance
The CIBSE recommendation is that new buildings,
major refurbishments and adaptation strategies
should conform to Category II in Standard BS
EN15251 (see previous slide and equation below)
for buildings in free running mode.
For such buildings the maximum acceptable
temperature (Tmax) can be calculated from the
running mean of the outdoor temperature (Trm)
using the formula:
Tmax = 0.33Trm + 21.8 (oC)
New CIBSE advice
Building
overheats when it
exceeds the
maximum
temperature
(Tmax) for a
category II
building in the
free-running
adaptive graph in
EN15251
Defining free-running compliance
The criteria are all defined in terms of T the
difference between the actual operative
temperature in the room at any time (Top) and
Tmax the limiting maximum acceptable
temperature. T is calculated as
T = Top - Tmax (oK)
T is rounded to the nearest whole degree (i.e.
for T between 0.5 and 1.5 the value used is 1K,
for 1.5 to 2.5 the value used is 2K and so on)
THE NEW CRITERIA
Criterion 1 Hours of Exceedence (He): sets a limit for the
number of hours that the operative temperature can
exceed the threshold comfort temperature (upper limit of
the range of comfort temperature) by one degree or more
during the occupied hours of a typical non-heating season
(1st May to the 30th September)
Definition:
The number of hours (He) during which T is greater than
or equal to one degree (K) during the period May to
September inclusive shall not be more than 3% of
occupied hours.
If data are not available for the whole period (or if
occupancy is only for a part of the period) then 3% of
available hours should be used.
THE NEW CRITERIA
Background:
Provides useful information about the buildings thermal
characteristics and potential risk of overheating over the
range of weather conditions to which it will be subjected.
28oC
25oC Graph
from
TM36
15oC 25oC
Standards in A/C buildings
In buildings with mechanical ventilation the
comfort limits are set using Fangers Predicted
Mean Vote (PMV) but this is usually presented
as a temperature since most mechanical
systems are controlled by temperature
The limits for Category II with mechanical
heating or cooling buildings are that the PMV
should not exceed 0.5. It requires a knowledge
of the metabolic heat and thermal insulation
of the clothing worn
Categories of building in EN15251
Category Applicability/level of PMV range in
expectancy mechanically
cooled buildings
I High: Buildings with high 0.2
expectancy for sensitive
occupants
II Normal: New buildings 0.5