Advanced Inorganic

Chemistry
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. .

n
l
me
ms
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The Wave Behavior of Matter

h

mv

L. de Broglie
(1892-1987)

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PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

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LINE SPECTRA OF SOME ELEMENTS

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High E Low E
Short Long
High Low
. BALMER

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BALMER MODEL

Joseph Balmer (1885) first noticed that the frequency of

visible lines in the H atom spectrum could be
reproduced by:
1 1
2 2 n = 3, 4, 5, ..
2 n

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RYDBERG MODEL
Johann Rydberg extends the Balmer model by finding
more emission lines outside the visible region of the
spectrum:

n1 = 1, 2, 3, ..
1 1
Ry 2 2 n2 = n1+1, n1+2,
n1 n2
Ry = 3.29 x 1015 1/s

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ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM

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O 5
N 4

M 3

L 2

K 1
n
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3 f
4
2 d
1 p
3 0 s

2 d
1 p
2 0 s

1 p
0 s

0 s
n Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
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n

5 f
f
d
4 d
p
p
s
s

3 d
d
p
p
s
s

p
2 s

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+2
+1
me
0

-1
-2

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ms = -1/2; + 1/2

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. .

n
l
me
ms
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:

. n l nd np ns ...
.
.


- -
- -
.
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()
.

- ( )L-S

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34 .

( )s
( )S .
( )l
( )L .

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 ( )S ( )L

ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
( = J )
.
( )L-S - .
s2

s1
S

J
L
l2

l1

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 ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
J L S :
.
J: L-S, , L+S

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 ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

.
.

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 ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

( )s
( )l
( )j .

( =J ) .
( )j-j .

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 ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
s2

l2
j2

J
j1 s1

l1

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 ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

( )
.

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 ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
MICROST

ATE
.

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 .

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( -1/2 )+1/2

.

: d p s
f

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Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 32
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p

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: ml -1ml+l
( 2L+l)
ML = -L,-L+1,-L+2, , 0 , , L-2, L-1, L
: ML ml
ML= ml
: L
ML .
: ms
MS = -S,-S+1,-S+2, , 0 , , S-2, S-1, S
: MS ms
MS= ms
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 : S

ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

MS.
: J L+S L-S
.
2S+1L
J

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p
p

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 ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ml

ML= ml MS= ms
+1 0 -1

+2 0

+1 +1

+1 0

+1 0

+1 -1

0 +1

0 0

0 0

0 -1

0 0

-1 +1

-1 0

-1 0

-1 -1

-2 0

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(2L+1)(2S+1)= (2L+1)(2S+1)= (2L+1)(2S+1)=

(2*2+1)(2*0+1)= 5 (2*1+1)(2*1+1)= 9 (2*0+1)(2*0+1)= 1

(2L+1)(2S+1)

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ml

ML= ml MS= ms
+2 +1 0 -1 -2

4 0

2 0

0 0

-2 0

-4 0

3 1,0,0,-1

2 1,0,0,-1

1 1,0,0,-1

0 1,0,0,-1

1 1,0,0,-1

0 1,0,0,-1

-1 1,0,0,-1

-1 1,0,0,-1

-2 1,0,0,-1

-3 1,0,0,-1

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. 1S 3P 1D 3F1G d2

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d5 p3

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 Ne :

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Ne: 1S 2 2S2 2P6
10

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 ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

.
L
.

L
J J
.

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 ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
s2

s1
S
J
L l2

l1

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 48



( n l ) .
.

p1p1 .

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 ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 52

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: d1d1 .

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