Ghana Gas Pipeline EIA Report Draft

SAL Consult Ltd Ghana Gas Company
Environmental & Social Impact

Assessment for the Onshore Gas
Pipeline Component of the Gas
Infrastructure Project
Draft Report
i
SAL Consult Limited, P O Box GP20200, Accra
10 September 2012
SAL Consult Limited Ghana National Gas Company
PROJECT TEAM
No. Name Position Qualification Contribution to Report

-Quality Assurance,
1. S.A. Larmie Chief Consultant MSc (Applied Science), VUB Brussels -Hydrology and Water
Resources Assessment
Associate Terrestrial Flora and
2. J. Adomako Consultant, Ph.D. (Ecology), University of Ghana, Legon Fauna Studies
Terrestrial Biologist
Ph.D. Fisheries Science, University of Ghana.
Associate M.Phil. Marine Sciences and Coastal
Management, University of Newcastle, UK. Aquatic Flora and Fauna
Consultant, Aquatic
MSc. Tropical Coastal Management, Studies
Biologist
3. F.K. Nunoo University of Newcastle, UK. Postgraduate
Diploma Course in Marine Benthic Ecology.
Associate Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology, University
Consultant, of Bremen, Germany. Oceanographic Studies
Oceanographer
Associate M. Phil (Social Anthropology), University of -Social impact
Olivia
4. Consultant, Oslo, Norway assessment studies
Ahlijah
Sociologist -Consultations
5. Richmond Senior Consultant, MSc (Environmental Science) University of -Air quality and noise
Yeboah Physical Ghana, Legon level assessment
Amoako environment -Hydrology
Associate M.Sc. Soil Science (Agro-pedology and land Geology and Soil Studies
Enoch
6. Consultant, Soil evaluation). The State University of Gent,
Boateng
Scientist Belgium
Consultant, MSc (Environmental Resources -Consultations
Regina Biophysical Management), K.N.U.S.T., Kumasi -Baseline Studies
7. Abbey Environment -Project design review
-Drafting of Report
Ebbin Assistant MSc (Water Resources Engineering & Water resources
8. Abaka- Consultant, Management), K.N.U.S.T., Kumasi assessment and
Yankson Hydrologist hydrology studies
Heidi N.A. Assistant BSc (Environmental Science), University of -Consultations
9. Maclean Consultant, Physical Cape Coast, Cape Coast -Baseline Studies
Environment -Drafting of Report
E-mail: info@salconsultgh.com
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ABBREVIATIONS
AIS Atuabo Initial Station
ARP Abbreviated Resettlement Plan
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
BAC Business Advisory Centre
BLV Block Valve Station
BOPP Benso Oil Palm Plantation
BOST Bulk Oil Storage & Transportation Company Limited
BRV Bulk Road Vehicle
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CBOs Community-Based Organizations
CCTV Closed-Circuit Television
CEWEFIA Central and Western Region Fish Mongering Association
CMS Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species
CNG Compressed Natural Gas
CREMA Community Resource Management Area
CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
CSOs Civil Society Organizations
CSPWD Cape St. Pauls Wilt Disease
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
DCE District Chief Executive
DPCU District Planning And Coordinating Unit
EA Environmental Assessment
EC Environmental Co-ordinator
ECG Electricity Company of Ghana
EDS Esiama Distribution Station
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPRP Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
FBOs Faith-Based Organizations
FGD Focus Group Discussion
FGD Focus Group Discussions
FGS Fire and Gas System
FoN Friends of the Nation
FRP Fibreglass Reinforced Pipe
GEPC Ghana Export Promotion Council
GES Ghana Education Service
GIP Gas Infrastructure Project
GNFS Ghana National Fire Service
GNGC/ Ghana Gas Ghana National Gas Company
GPP Gas Processing Plant
GPS Global Positioning System
GREL Ghana Rubber Estates Limited
GRIDCo Ghana GRID Company Limited
GWCL Ghana Water Company Limited
HDD Horizontal Directional Drilling
HDPE High-Density Polyethylene
HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Country
HSE Health, Safety & Environment
HSE MS Health, Safety and Environmental Management System
HSS Heat Shrink Sleeves
ILO International Labour Organisation
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KEEA Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abirem
LI Legislative Instrument
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
LVD Land Valuation Division
MAOP Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure
MMD Metropolitan/Municipal/District
MMDs District/Municipal/Metropolitan Assemblies
MOP Maximum Operating Pressure
NADMO National Disaster Management Organisation
NE Not Evaluated
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NFS/P Non Forest (Savanna/Planted)
NGL Natural Gas Liquid
NGL Natural Gas Liquids
NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations
NORPALM Norwegian Palm Limited
NPLD Non Pioneer Light Demander
NTEs Non-Traditional Exports
OIC Opportunities Industrialization Centre
PAP Project-Affected-Person
PCS Process Control System
PEMP Provisional Environmental Management Plan
PHC Population and Housing Census
PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration
PNDCL Provisional National Defence Council Law
PPR Pests des Petites Ruminants
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
RoW Right-of-Way
SAEMA Shama Ahanta East Metropolitan Assembly
SIA Social Impact Assessment
SIA Social Impact Assessment
SIF Social Investment Fund
SIS Safety Instrumented System
SMYS Specified Minimum Yield Strengths
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Scientists
STMA Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly
ToR Terms of Reference
TRMS Takoradi Regulating & Metering Station
TTPP Takoradi Thermal Power Plant
UN United Nations
UPVC Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
VIP Village Infrastructure Project
VRA Volta River Authority
VRA Volta River Authority
WACAM Wassa Association of Communities Affected by Mining
WAGP West Africa Gas Pipeline
WAGPCO West Africa Gas Pipeline Company Limited
WAOPP West African Oil Palm Plantation
WARA West African Risk Association
WRI Water Research Institute
ZOIL ZOIL Services Limited
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PROJECT TEAM ......................................................................................................................................... i
ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................. iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ x
1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Legal Framework of the Project .............................................................................................. 2
1.2.1 National Legislation ........................................................................................................ 2
1.2.2 International and Regional Legislation ........................................................................... 6
1.2.3 World Bank EA Guidelines and Safeguard Policies and Procedures................................ 8
1.2.4 International Standards .................................................................................................. 9
1.3 Terms of Reference for the ESIA Study and Reporting ......................................................... 16
1.3.1 Aim/ Purpose of the ESIA Study .................................................................................... 16
1.3.2 Scope of Work for the ESIA Study.................................................................................. 16
1.3.3 Approach and Methodology for the ESIA Study ............................................................ 16
1.3.4 Data Analysis and Reporting ......................................................................................... 20
2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................. 22
2.1 Project Justification ............................................................................................................... 22
2.2 Benefits of the Project .......................................................................................................... 22
2.2.1 Primary Benefits ............................................................................................................ 22
2.2.2 Indirect Benefits ............................................................................................................ 22
2.3 Project Location .................................................................................................................... 23
2.4 Project Description................................................................................................................ 23
2.4.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 23
2.4.2 Lean Gas Pipelines......................................................................................................... 23
2.4.3 Facilities Location .......................................................................................................... 25
2.4.4 Design Capacity ............................................................................................................. 29
2.4.5 General Piping and Mechanical Design ........................................................................ 29
2.4.6 General Civil and Structural Design............................................................................... 30
2.4.7 Steel Pipe Properties ..................................................................................................... 30
2.4.8 Pipeline External Corrosion Protection.......................................................................... 30
2.4.9 Special section of pipe laying ........................................................................................ 31
2.4.10 Preparations for Pipe Laying ......................................................................................... 32
2.4.11 Environmental Requirements ........................................................................................ 33
2.4.12 General Electrical Works ............................................................................................... 34
2.4.13 General Instrumentation Requirements ....................................................................... 34
2.4.14 HVAC ............................................................................................................................. 34
2.4.15 Fire Fighting, Drainage and Sewerage System ............................................................. 35
2.4.16 Mechanical .................................................................................................................... 36
2.4.17 Power Plants Interconnection ....................................................................................... 36
2.5 Pipeline Construction Methodology ..................................................................................... 38
2.5.1 Scope of Work ............................................................................................................... 38
2.5.2 Surveying ....................................................................................................................... 38
2.5.3 Right-of-Way Construction............................................................................................ 39
2.5.4 Access Roads ................................................................................................................. 39
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2.5.5 Trenching and Padding ................................................................................................. 39

2.5.6 Pipe Hauling and Stringing ............................................................................................ 40
2.5.7 Bending of Pipe ............................................................................................................. 40
2.5.8 Group and Welding ....................................................................................................... 40
2.5.9 Non-destructive Testing ................................................................................................ 40
2.5.10 Field Joint Coating and Repair....................................................................................... 40
2.5.11 Lowering-in and Backfilling ........................................................................................... 41
2.5.12 Tie-ins ............................................................................................................................ 41
2.5.13 Cleaning, Gauging, Hydrostatic Testing, De-watering and Commissioning ................. 41
2.5.14 Plan for Crossings .......................................................................................................... 41
2.5.15 Specialized Construction ............................................................................................... 43
2.6 Health, Safety and Environmental Management Systems ................................................... 44
2.7 Project Management ............................................................................................................ 45
3.0 ALTERNATIVE CONSIDERATIONS .............................................................................................. 46
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 46
3.2 The Need for the Project....................................................................................................... 46
3.3 Transportation of Natural Gas .............................................................................................. 46
3.3.1 Road Transport Option.................................................................................................. 47
3.3.2 Pipeline Routing Options ............................................................................................... 47
3.4 Pipeline Materials ................................................................................................................. 49
3.5 No Action Option .................................................................................................................. 52
4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL BASELINE INFORMATION ............................................................ 53
4.1 Jomoro District ...................................................................................................................... 53
4.1.1 Location and Size........................................................................................................... 53
4.1.2 Topology & Drainage .................................................................................................... 53
4.1.3 Climate & Vegetation .................................................................................................... 53
4.1.4 Temperature and humidity ........................................................................................... 54
4.1.5 Rainfall .......................................................................................................................... 54
4.1.6 Geology and Soil............................................................................................................ 54
4.1.7 Demographic characteristics......................................................................................... 54
4.2 Ellembele District .................................................................................................................. 59
4.2.2 Topography, Geology and Minerals .............................................................................. 59
4.2.3 Relief and Drainage ....................................................................................................... 59
4.2.4 Climate .......................................................................................................................... 60
4.2.5 Vegetation..................................................................................................................... 60
4.2.6 Soil Type ........................................................................................................................ 62
4.2.7 Demographic Characteristics ........................................................................................ 62
4.2.8 Population Density ........................................................................................................ 62
4.3 Nzema East Municipality....................................................................................................... 63
4.3.2 Relief and Drainage ....................................................................................................... 63
4.3.3 Climate and Vegetation ................................................................................................ 64
4.3.4 Geology and Minerals ................................................................................................... 64
4.3.5 Forest Reserves ............................................................................................................. 64
4.3.6 Demographic Characteristic .......................................................................................... 64
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4.3.7 Water and Sanitation .................................................................................................... 65

4.4 Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipality ............................................................................................... 65
4.4.2 Topology & Drainage .................................................................................................... 65
4.4.3 Geology and Soil............................................................................................................ 65
4.4.5 Economy ........................................................................................................................ 66
4.5 Ahanta West District ............................................................................................................. 67
4.5.2 Topography and Drainage ............................................................................................ 67
4.5.3 Climate .......................................................................................................................... 67
4.5.4 Relief.............................................................................................................................. 67
4.5.5 Vegetation..................................................................................................................... 68
4.5.6 Soil ................................................................................................................................. 68
4.6 Mpohor Wassa East District .................................................................................................. 69
4.6.3 Climate and Vegetation ................................................................................................ 70
4.6.4 Geology and Soils .......................................................................................................... 70
4.6.6 Economy ........................................................................................................................ 71
4.7 Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis ................................................................................................ 71
4.7.2 Geology & Soil ............................................................................................................... 72
4.7.3 Climate .......................................................................................................................... 72
4.7.5 Economy ........................................................................................................................ 73
4.8 Shama District ....................................................................................................................... 73
4.8.3 Geology and Soil............................................................................................................ 73
4.8.4 Climatic Conditions........................................................................................................ 74
4.9 Baseline Data Collection ....................................................................................................... 74
4.9.1 Water Resources Assessment and Hydrology ............................................................... 74
4.9.2 Oceanographic and Aquatic Biological Studies ............................................................. 75
4.9.3 Geology and Soil Studies ............................................................................................... 80
4.9.4 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Studies .............................................................................. 80
4.9.5 Air Quality and Noise Level Assessment........................................................................ 83
4.9.6 Socio-economic Studies ................................................................................................. 84
5.0 POTENTIAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION ......................................................... 87
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 87
5.2 Project Area of influence ...................................................................................................... 87
5.2.1 Geographical Area of Influence..................................................................................... 87
5.2.2 Environmental Media to be influenced ......................................................................... 87
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5.2.3 Socio-economic influence .............................................................................................. 88

5.2.4 Institutional and Organisational influence.................................................................... 88
5.3 Specific Project Activities of Environmental Concern ........................................................... 89
5.3.1 Preparatory Activities.................................................................................................... 89
5.3.2 Constructional Phase Activities ..................................................................................... 89
5.3.3 Operational Phase Activities ......................................................................................... 89
5.4 Significant Impacts Determination ....................................................................................... 90
5.5 Impacts Identification on Gas Pipeline ROW ........................................................................ 90
5.5.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 90
5.5.2 Summary of Observations on ROW ............................................................................... 91
5.6 Evaluation of Preparatory Phase Impacts ............................................................................. 95
5.7 Evaluation of Constructional Phase Impacts......................................................................... 96
5.7.1 Positive Constructional Impacts .................................................................................... 96
5.7.2 Negative Constructional Impacts .................................................................................. 97
5.8 Operational Phase Impacts ................................................................................................. 100
5.8.1 Positive Operational Impacts ...................................................................................... 100
5.8.2 Negative Operational Impacts .................................................................................... 101
6.0 IMPACT MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT ............................................................................ 104
6.1 Forms of Mitigation and Management Measures .............................................................. 104
6.1.1 Preventive Measures ................................................................................................... 104
6.1.2 Control Measures ........................................................................................................ 104
6.1.3 Compensatory Measures ............................................................................................ 104
7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ............................................................................................ 116
7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 116
7.2 Parameters to be Monitored .............................................................................................. 116
7.2.1 Discharge Water from Hydrotesting ........................................................................... 116
7.2.2 Pipeline Management ................................................................................................. 118
7.2.3 Public/Worker Safety and Health Issues ..................................................................... 119
8.0 PROVISIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ......................................................... 120
8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 120
8.2 Objectives of the PEMP....................................................................................................... 120
8.3 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ........................................................................... 120
8.4 Environmental, Occupational Health & Safety Policy ......................................................... 121
8.4.1 Objectives and Targets ................................................................................................ 122
8.5 Programme to Meet Requirements .................................................................................... 122
8.5.1 Management Structuring ............................................................................................ 122
8.5.2 Information/Awareness Creation Programmes .......................................................... 123
8.5.3 Public Participation ..................................................................................................... 124
8.5.4 Annual Environmental Audits and Reviews................................................................. 124
8.5.5 Provisional Environmental Management and Monitoring Budget ............................. 125
9.0 DECOMMISSIONING PLAN ...................................................................................................... 126
9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 126
9.2 Work Camp Facilities and Equipment ................................................................................. 126
9.3 Pipelines, Valve and Metering Stations .............................................................................. 126
9.3.1 Pipelines ...................................................................................................................... 126
9.3.2 Valve and Metering Stations ....................................................................................... 127
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9.4 Decommissioning and Reclamation Impacts ...................................................................... 127

9.4.1 Noise............................................................................................................................ 127
9.4.2 Air Quality ................................................................................................................... 127
9.4.3 Ecological Resources ................................................................................................... 127
9.4.4 Waste Management ................................................................................................... 128
9.4.5 Worker/Public Health and Safety................................................................................ 128
9.4.6 Land Use ...................................................................................................................... 128
9.4.7 Socio-economic impacts .............................................................................................. 128
9.4.8 Impacts to Soils ........................................................................................................... 128
9.4.9 Traffic impacts............................................................................................................. 128
9.4.10 Visual Intrusion............................................................................................................ 128
9.4.11 Impacts to Surface Water Resources .......................................................................... 128
10.0 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 129
11.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 130
ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................. 136
List of Tables
Table 1: Minimum Pipe Burial Depth .............................................................................................. 25
Table 2: Onshore Pipeline Station Alignment (Main Line).............................................................. 27
Table 3: Steel Pipe Properties ......................................................................................................... 30
Table 4: Pipeline crossing list .......................................................................................................... 39
Table 5: Population Characteristics of the Jomoro District ............................................................ 54
Table 6: Distribution of Population in some selected settlements ................................................ 55
Table 7: Type of Occupational Structure ........................................................................................ 57
Table 8: Land use in Jomoro ........................................................................................................... 58
Table 9: List of Area Councils and their Population ........................................................................ 59
Table 10: Population size and growth rates (1970 -2009) ................................................................ 62
Table 11: General Demographic Trends ........................................................................................... 63
Table 12: Soil Types .......................................................................................................................... 68
Table 13: Population Distribution by Age/Sex .................................................................................. 69
Table 14: Soil types, geology and locations ...................................................................................... 80
Table 15: List of species encountered during field survey ............................................................... 82
Table 16: Communities Studied within Project Sites ........................................................................ 85
Table 17: Summary of Observations on the ROW ............................................................................ 91
Table 18: Distances between Onshore Gas Pipeline Row and towns from Domunli to Aboadze .... 93
Table 19: Mitigation and Management Measures Proposed ......................................................... 106
Table 20: Environmental Management Budget .............................................................................. 125
List of Figures
Figure 1: Map of Ghana showing the pipeline route ....................................................................... 24
Figure 2: Map of Project area showing layout of facilities .............................................................. 26
Figure 3: Schematic Diagram of Cofferdam & Excavation ............................................................... 42
Figure 4: Schematic Diagram of Cofferdam and River Diversion ..................................................... 42
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Figure 5: Map of Western Region showing Project Districts ........................................................... 61

Figure 6: Location of thirteen sampling stations along pipeline route from Atuabo to Aboadze ... 79
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
Background
The Ghana National Gas Company (GNGC/ Ghana Gas), newly incorporated company, is an
agency of state under the Ministry of Energy. The Company has been tasked to: Own,
manage and develop a national network of gas pipelines and gas treatment and storage
facilities; acquire by purchase or otherwise, construct, establish, manage, operate and
maintain and otherwise deal with all gas transmission and processing facilities, works,
buildings, conveniences and other systems necessary to gather, transport, treat or store gas
The company is also to market and sell gas as well as carry out any general commercial
activities related to the safe and reliable operation of the gas infrastructure.
In the light of this, Ghana Gas is proposing to construct a 111 km 20-inch onshore lean gas
pipeline from the processing plant to be sited at Atuabo to the Takoradi Thermal Power
Plant through Pumpuni. Additionally, a 25 km LPG pipeline will be constructed from the
Amansuri River Enclave near Atuabo to Domunli Enclave near Bonyere catchment area.
The project has therefore been registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
and the Agency has confirmed that the project falls in a category for which an Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) is required. A Scoping Report was subsequently prepared and
submitted and review comments received. This draft EIS is therefore being submitted in
fulfilment of the EIA requirements in the country.
Legal Framework of the Project
The relevant national, regional and international environmental and other statutory laws and
regulations as well as standards to guide GNGC from conceptualisation of the proposed project to
implementation and monitoring as well as decommissioning include the following:
Ghana Investment Promotion Centre Act 1994, Act 478

Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1994, Act 490
Environmental Assessment Regulations 1999, L.I. 1652
Environmental Assessment Regulations, Fees and Charges (Amendment) Instrument
2011, L.I. 1986
The Factories, Offices and Shops Act, 1970, Act 328
Energy Commission Act 1997, Act 541
Water Resources Commission Act 1996, Act 522
The Local Government Act 1993, Act 462
Town and Country Planning Ordinance (Cap. 84) No. 13 of 1945
The New Labour Act 2003, Act 651
The Fire Precaution (Premises) Regulations 2003, LI 1724
The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana 1992
The State Lands Act 1962, Act 125
The Lands (Statutory Wayleaves) Act, 1963
The Fisheries Act 625, 2002
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The Fisheries Commission Act 1993, Act 457

Maritime Zone (Delimitation) Law 1986, PNDCL 159
Oil in Navigable Waters Act, 1964, Act 235
The Beaches Obstructions Ordinance of 1897, Cap. 240
Interim Guinea Current Commission 2005;
United Nations (UN) Convention on Biological Diversity 1994;
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 1988;
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1987;
Convention Concerning the Protection of Workers against Occupational Hazards in the
Working Environment due to Air Pollution, Noise, and Vibration (ILO No. 148) 1987; and
Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and
Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region (Abidjan Convention) 1981.
OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment
OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats
OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement
OP/BP 4.36 Forests
OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources
Terms of Reference for the ESIA Study and Reporting
Aim/purpose of the ESIA Study
The study aimed at satisfying both national legal and institutional obligations as provided
under the EPA Act 1994 (Act 490) and Environmental Assessment Regulations 1652 (LI
1999). The purpose of the ESIA study is to address possible direct and indirect significant
adverse environmental and social impacts arising from project implementation.
Scope of work for the ESIA Study
The scope of work for the ESIA study was to among other things:
provide adequate description of the proposed project and identify all activities of
environmental/social concern;
establish the existing environmental and socio-economic baseline conditions of the
project area of influence;
predict and examine all the significant environmental impacts on the surrounding
communities and the general environment during implementation of the proposed
project and advise on appropriate mitigation and abatement measures against potential
adverse impacts;
provide a monitoring programme for predicted impacts in a provisional Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) framework; and
document the socio-economic and cultural advantages and disadvantages associated
with the proposed project for stakeholders and interested groups to make an informed
decision on the level of environmental compromise and permitting.
Approach and Methodology for the ESIA Study
The approach and methodology adopted for the study included:
Review of available literature including project information;
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Field inspections and trekking;

Environmental sampling and analysis;
Specialist studies including
o Water resources assessment and hydrological studies;
o Aquatic studies;
o Oceanographic studies;
o Terrestrial and land use studies;
o Soil studies; and
o Socio-economic studies;
Stakeholder consultations and public meetings
Project Description
Project Justification
The utilisation of the natural gas will avoid environmental concerns associated with flaring
and rather support strategic activities within the petroleum processing industry in the region
and country. The project may also enhance the countrys strategic quest to be the preferred
exporter of power in the sub-region.
The natural gas project, especially, will generate employment and create new infrastructure
as the foundation for a vibrant petroleum and petrochemical industry to evolve, thereby
providing a new economic growth pole for Ghana in the Western Region.
Benefits of the Project
The benefits to be derived from the project include:
Delivery of natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas which can be sold on the local and
international markets and in addition deliver dry gas for power generation in Ghana.
the generation of employment and training opportunities directly in the onshore gas
industry;
the generation of opportunities indirectly through service, supply and support
industries;
the rapid development of the districts in terms of infrastructure; and
economic benefits from the enhanced opportunities for new and small to large
enterprises including pharmaceuticals and fertilizer industries.
Project Location
The proposed onshore Lean Phase Gas Pipeline component will be constructed from the
Amansuri River enclave (Atuabo site) to Aboadze, eastwards of the enclave and is
approximately 111 km long and has an exclusive zone of 35 m along the right-of-way (RoW)
of this 20, 111 km pipeline. Also to be included will be a 25 km LPG pipeline from the
Amansuri River Enclave near Atuabo to Domunli Enclave near Bonyere catchment areas.
About 90 km of the onshore pipeline from Kamgbunli to Aboadze will be laid parallel to the
GRIDCo right-of-way.
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Project Description
The proposed project will involve the following specific activities:
Construction of an onshore 111 km 20 outside diameter dry gas pipeline eastwards of

the processing plant Gas exported from the Atuabo Initial Station (AIS);
Construction of a 25 km 20 LPG gas pipeline from the Gas Processing Plant (GPP)
westwards to the Domunli Enclave;
Distribution Station to be located at Esiama;
Two (2) Block Valve Stations (BLV) at Anagyi and Kwekutsiakrom; and
Regulating and Metering Station to be located at Inchaban near Takoradi.
The design capacity of the steel line pipe is based on a GPP capacity of 400 MMSCFD.
The buried section of the pipeline will be protected from external corrosion by application of
an external anti-corrosion coating supplemented with a cathodic protection system.
Environmental considerations have been factored into the design of the project to ensure
that environmental issues are contained to avoid or minimise impact on the biophysical and
social settings of the project areas.
Project Management
The gas pipeline project is being implemented by the Government of Ghana acting through
the Ghana National Gas Company with Sinopec International Petroleum Service Corporation
being responsible for the Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Commissioning of the
project.
The gas pipeline project is designed to have a life span of about 25 years.
Alternative Considerations
Introduction
The choice of the pipeline route considered the environmental, social and technical
feasibility of the available options. This was done through interactions and consultation with
technical experts as well as stakeholders at various levels to find the best balance between
community, environmental and technical criteria.
The need for the Project
The Jubilee project has received all the technical and environmental approvals and Ghana
started producing oil from the wells in the last quarter of 2011. Currently, the associated gas
is being injected back into the oil wells. Alternatively, the gas could be flared, which will be
at a cost to the nation with its attendant engineering and environmental implications.
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Transportation of Natural Gas
Natural gas is abundant in the Ghana oil find, and it is the business of Ghana Gas to
transport this clean and relatively cheap source of energy to Takoradi and other parts of the
country to foster economic growth. GNGC is expected to provide the necessary
infrastructure to ensure the supply of the natural gas to the Aboadze Thermal Power Plant,
which could be by road transport with the Bulk Road Vehicles or through pipeline
transmission.
The efficient and effective movement of natural gas from producing areas to consumption
regions requires an extensive and elaborate transportation system. The transportation
system for natural gas must consist of a complex network of pipelines, designed to quickly
and efficiently transport natural gas from its origin, to areas of high natural gas demand.
Pipeline transmission is therefore the preferred option since it is the safest and cheapest in
the long term.
Pipeline Routing Options
Offshore and onshore routing options were considered based on the following criteria:
Minimum total pipeline length;

Constructability;
Minimum number of pipeline/cable crossing. If crossing is unavoidable, crossing angle
shall be as close to 90 as possible, but in no case less than 60;
Environmental sensitivity;
Avoid any land slide area;
Minimum clearance of 2 m in horizontal direction between the proposed pipelines and
any existing pipeline;
Minimum separation of 300 mm between the proposed pipeline and any existing buried
service.
Pipe laying onshore and offshore options were considered in details and the onshore option
was selected due to the following reasons:
a) Lower capital cost.

b) Lower operating and life cycle cost.
c) It is easy to expand to handle future flow increases from development of additional
fields.
d) It will provide thousands of direct and indirect employment for Ghanaians.
e) It will also be a strategic infrastructure for future development of a national gas
transmission and distribution network for Ghana.
f) It will not be prejudicial to public health or safety.
Pipeline Materials
There are basically three (3) types of natural gas pipe materials; namely steel pipe, fibreglass
pipe and plastic based pipe. In an age when communities depend more than ever upon a
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xiv
September 2012
continual, economic supply of energy sources, steel is the ideal and proven material of
choice for high-pressure gas transmission pipelines.
Pipelines need to consistently deliver product year in and year out under a range of
operating conditions. The pipe needs to be handled, transported and installed with minimal
risk of damage. Pipe also needs to be resistant to long-term loss of strength or damage
through corrosion, ageing and other external effects.
For buried pipelines, the strength of steel allows less demanding compaction requirements
than pipe with low ring stiffness (the ability of pipe to retain its shape). Steel thus provides
the greatest amount of resistance, compared to other available options, to excessive
distortion, which could restrict gas flows or result in pipe failure.
The higher beam strength, or stiffness of steel also has the advantage of providing
protection against poor bedding and settlement. Often steel pipe can be laid without the
need for imported bedding material, thereby lowering project costs.
Steel grades have been designed to be easily weldable by commonly employed welding
processes. This allows for more robust welding procedures and higher welding rates which,
in turn, will help lower construction costs.
No Action Option
The no action option would mean that the status quo is maintained. Thus the various
industries targeted to use, and capable of using natural gas to be supplied by GNGC will be
denied the resource and will therefore be compelled to continue to use more expensive
energy sources. Thus, the cost of doing business will continue to be high with consequent
adverse impact on the national economy.
Environmental & Social Baseline Information
The proposed project traverses eight (8) metropolis/municipality/districts in the Western

Region. These are the Jomoro District, Ellembele District, Nzema East Municipal, Tarkwa -
Nsuaem Municipal, Mpohor Wassa East District, Ahanta West District, Sekondi-Takoradi
Metropolis and Shama District.
Background information sourced from ghanadistricts.com has been presented in the main
report. The following paragraphs however give the baseline studies gathered during the ESIA
study.
Water Resources Assessment and Hydrology
As part of the ESIA study of the gas pipeline project in the western region of Ghana, the
consultants carried out a hydrological assessment of the project area with the main aim of
Identifying the major water bodies that lie within the project area and that are
vulnerable to pollution during the implementation of the projects;
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xv

September 2012
Collecting relevant hydrological data, particularly at the potential crossing points to

water bodies of the proposed gas pipeline;
Identifying the various activities on going near or on the respective water bodies, both
upstream and downstream that potentially threatens the quality of the waters;
Collecting water samples from some water bodies to be impacted for laboratory testing;
Conducting preliminary field measurements for pH, conductivity and Total Dissolved
Solids of some water bodies to be impacted by the project; and
Analysing data to establish a standard for comparison during the implementation stages
of the project.
Most of the streams in the area are utilised for both domestic and economic gains. There is
distillation of local gin upstream of the Amansuri and the Nzulezu community is heavily
reliant on the Amansuri Lagoon. The main activity on the Ankobra is fishing which is the
main source of livelihood for the people living along it. Some sand wining activities were also
observed on the Apusire river at the culvert along the main highway.
Galamsey activities occur along the upstream reaches of the Nyani, Butre and the Whin
catchments and have polluted the stream heavily.
Numerous fish and crab traps were observed along and within the rivers and streams.
Oceanography and Aquatic Biological Studies
Field observation, sampling and data collection and interviews of residents along the
pipeline route was carried out.
Overall twenty six sampling stations, two each (Stations A and B) at thirteen sites were
selected based on potential for local impacts. The selected sampling sites stretch from the
start of the pipeline from the proposed processing plant site at Atuabo to the termination
point at Aboadze near Takoradi in the Western Region. The thirteen sampled sites are a
mixture of marine and freshwater sites.
The hydrography of the study area, which is within the Gulf of Guinea, is influenced largely
by subtropical gyres of the north and south Atlantic oceans. The major currents influencing
the area include (i) the Canary current from the north which splits into the North Equatorial
Current and a coastal current which feeds the Guinea Current, and (ii) the Benguela Current
which flows northwards and extends into the Gulf of Guinea as the South Equatorial Current.
The coast is open to south-westerly to south-south-easterly long swells induced by fetches in

the South Atlantic Ocean.
Two coastal sites and the 11 freshwater sites were sampled. Generally the species diversity
was low in the study area. It is expected that the richer the taxa the better the prevailing
condition of the aquatic environment. Three dominant macroinvertebrate taxa were
encountered in the study area; copepods, hemiptera and mollusca.There was a dominance
of a few species at the locations.
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xvi
September 2012
Geology and Soils
The pipeline will pass through four geological formations, namely, Lower Birrimian rocks,
Granitic rocks (mainly Cape Coast granite), Coastal sand deposits and Amissan deposits.
Soil profile pits measuring 1.0 m x 1.7 m were dug up to 1.7 meters depth. The soils were
identified, described and sampled at two depths of 0-0.5 m and 0.5-1.0 m for laboratory
analysis.
Fredericksburg series
Fredericksburg series is a brown sandy oxysol developed over marine sands of coastal dunes
and raised beaches under a rainfall of about 2,000 mm/annum. The soil is sandy throughout
the entire profile and is therefore excessively well drained. The soil colour is grayish brown
at the top , grading into light gray with 50-100 cm depth. Below this depth to about 150 cm,
the soil colour changes to brown. The soil is structureless and has a consistency of non-
sticky and non-plastic.
Nzema series
Nzima series is developed in-situ from Lower Birrimian (phyllites) rocks. The soils are well
drained, strong brown to yellowish red within the top 100 cm depth. The soils have
moderately slow internal drainage, moderately rapid run-off, moderately slow permeability
and good moisture holding capacity. The profile contains few angular quartz gravel in the
top 50 cm but increases to common, medium quartz gravel and few quartz stones from 50-
100 cm depth.
Below 100cm depth is found plinthic materials which gives red colour to the soil.
Asuansi series
Asuansi series is developed in-situ from Cape Coast granite rocks. They are well to
moderately well drained soils found in the middle slope positions on the catena. The top 50
cm consists of dark grayish brown to strong brown angular blocky structure. Below 50cm
and up to 100 cm the colour changes to yellowish brown. The top 50 cm has few to common
angular quartz gravel, and below this depth up to 160 cm, are found very few quartz stones
and gravel.
Achimfu series
Achimfu series is developed over Amissan deposit of sandstones and shale. The soils occur
on the nearly flat summits of the high hills in the area under coastal thicket vegetation and
low rainfall. The soils are well drained, with strong brown to yellowish red colour in the top
50 cm depth. Below this depth up to about 100 cm, the soil colour grades from yellowish red
to dark red. The top 50 cm has common fine and medium quartz gravel and few stones and
iron oxide concretions. Below 50 cm to a depth of 100cm is found very few fine quartz gravel
and common iron oxide concretions.
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xvii
September 2012
Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Studies
An assessment of the flora in the proposed project area was conducted through field and
desk studies.
The field survey involved the recording of all species encountered in a sweep of 20 m radius.
A species list, for each location was generated from the sweep and also by walking through
the vegetation and adding on species not recorded in the 20 m sweeps.
The desk survey included reviewing literature on the vegetation of the project area to obtain
information on the condition of the vegetation of the project area prior to the survey. The
literature consulted include Taylor (1960), Hall and Swaine (1981) and Hawthorne (1993).
The botanical nomenclature followed Hutchinson and Dalziel (1954-72). The flora survey
aimed at determining (i) the type of vegetation of the project site (ii) the most commonly
occurring plant species and their relative abundances (subjectively determined) and (iii)
whether any species are endangered.
The construction of the pipeline along the proposed RoW is not likely to generate any
significant negative impacts on the flora of the project site. This is largely because the
proposed RoW virtually coincides with the transmission line RoW of GRIDCo and also
farmlands.
Air Quality and Noise Assessment
Air quality and noise assessment were carried out as part of the baseline studies. The
exercise was carried out at the proposed Takoradi Regulating & Metering Station to be
located at Inchaban and the proposed Esiama Distribution Station at the Maako Future
Leaders Preparatory School at Esiama.
The TSP Levels range from 185gm-3 to 200gm-3 which are lower than EPAs guide line of
230gm-3.
The PM10 levels range from 30.0gm-3 to 35.0gm-3 which are lower than EPAs guide of
70gm-3.
The predominant average wind speed and direction was 0.42ms-1 and from South (S).
The sources of noise were from honking vehicles from the Accra-Takoradi road and birds.
Generally, the noise levels were within EPAs noise levels standards. The Integrated Noise
Levels (Leq) during the measurement period range from 44.0dB(A) to 75.0dB(A).
Socio-economic Studies
The socio-economic data obtained from the field revealed that among respondents, the age
range with the highest proportion of 32.5 percent was the 31-40 years, followed by 21-30
years age range with 22.5 percent. The educational levels of respondents were as follows:
the educational level which had the highest (46%) number of respondents was the Junior
High School/ Middle School Leavers, representing 23.5 percent males and 23 percent
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xviii
September 2012
females, followed by the primary, representing 16.5 percent that is 7.5 percent males and 9
percent females. All the respondents were Ghanaians with equal numbers of males and
females. Concerning religion, the Christians dominated with 94 percent, followed by the
Moslems with 3.5 percent and then African Traditional Religion with 2.5 percent. Majority,
comprising 65 percent of respondents were married with more (37%) males than females
(27.5%) represented in this category. This was followed by the singles with 12 percent and
then those in consensual union with 8 percent.
As regards respondents household sizes the data shows that most (62%) had household
sizes of 6 or fewer persons. The household size with the highest percentage was the 4-6
range representing 44 percent, followed by the 7-9 range with 22 percent and then the 1-3
range with 18 percent. The major occupations of the respondents were basically farming,
formal employment, artisanship, trading and services. The most dominant was farming with
37 percent, followed by trading with 26.5 percent. The study tried to identify the assets of
respondents to estimate the level of accumulation of what can be considered as wealth to
serve as indicators for their standards of living. Assets such as livestock, houses, means of
transport and other consumer goods were identified.
Sources of household income were also traced and to assess household expenditure in an
attempt to gauge the baseline living standards of members of the pipeline communities.
Income from occupation, other sources like renting out assets and remittances were all
assessed. Unlike the data collected from other districts in the country, the largest proportion
(24%) of respondents earned above GH 500; this was followed by 12.5% who earned
between GH 50-100. Compared to the other expenditure items food seemed to be the item
that a sizeable number of respondents spent the most on.
The acquisition, occupation and use of land in Ghana are governed by various laws, both
customary and statutory, and as amended over the years. Principal amongst these are the
following:
(i) The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, 1992
(ii) Lands Development (Protection of Purchasers) Act 1960, Act 2
(iii) The Farm Lands (Protection ) Act 1962, Act 107
(iv) Administration of Lands Act, 1962, Act 123
(v) Conveyancing Decree, 1973, NRCD 175
(vi) Local Government Act, 1993, Act 462
(vii) State Proceedings Act, 1998, Act 555
There are also five (5) main interests in land which are namely: Allodial Title, customary
freehold, customary tenancies, the common law freehold and the leasehold.
Public consultations were a vital part of the study. As indicated earlier in chapter Two,
officials of the district/municipal/metropolitan health directorates, EPA and the GES as well
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xix
September 2012
as local government representatives and NGOs were all consulted in the course of the study.
This afforded the team the opportunity to share information about the project, to gather the
needed socio-economic data and understand important stakeholder issues and concerns.
Some of the concerns raised were about the educational and skill level of the people in the
catchment area which is quite low Vis a Vis the high expectation of the indigenes for
employment opportunities; how to manage the situation; the severe lack of social amenities
in the project area and the issue of security. One major concern was also the environmental
hazard posed by the GIP to areas such as the wetlands of the Amanzuri River which is an
important fishing area for some of the communities.
The impacts of the project both the positive and negative impacts, were identified and
discussed as well as the enhancement of the positives and the mitigation of the negatives.
The positive impacts included increased employment opportunities, incomes, development
in the communities, and population; decrease in the price of gas, provision of scholarships,
increased revenue for host district/municipal/metropolitan assemblies (MMDs). The
respondents gave several suggestions as to how the positive impacts could be enhanced
which had to do with employment policy of the company, provision of social amenities by
the government, education, capital infusion and encouraging people to use gas. The possible
negative impacts the project is likely to cause as suggested by the respondents were also as
follows: risk of gas leakage and explosion, loss of means of livelihood, increase in social vices,
high incidence of some diseases, more pressure on existing facilities and discontent in local
communities. By way of mitigation for the risk of gas leakage and explosion, suggestions
made included: locating the pipelines far from settlements, employing competent
maintenance experts to install and manage the plant and pipelines well, conducting regular
checks on the pipelines, the use of durable and quality materials, protect the pipelines to
prevent leakages and the provision of emergency and rescue teams.
A few resettlement issues were identified during the study and are worth mentioning so
they can be explored later in the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) that will have to be
prepared for the project. As regards land ownership and acquisition, consultations revealed
that land in the project area is owned by the stool, clans and individuals; this corresponds to
the Allodial title, customary freehold and the common law freehold described in Chapter 6.
As such Ghana Gas has to identify each and every one of these land interests in the areas
designated for the GIP in order to ascertain which parties to negotiate with about land
acquisition and reparation. The type of acquisition that Ghana Gas makes will depend on
whether it is a public or private entity which will determine the legal framework within
which it will operate.
There were other parties likely to be affected by the GIP project. One identifiable group of
affected persons was the farmers who are farming on their own land. In addition to losing
land to the project, such farmers are also going to lose the crops currently growing there;
most of them are economic trees such as coconuts, oil palm, cocoa and rubber. There are
also subsistence farmers who grow food crops on the land who are likely to lose some, if not
all of what is on the land during project implementation. From discussions with several
stakeholders, it became clear that much of the land has been let out to farmers who use it
under a sharecropping system, known in local parlance as abusa or abunu. Apart from the
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xx

September 2012
compensation for the land, these tenant farmers would have to be reimbursed for the loss
of their crops in an adequate, fair and timely manner as recommended by World Bank
Operational Policy 4.12.
During the course of the study some corporate entities were identified as having stakes in
the GIP because the pipeline will pass through land that they have acquired for their own
projects. These include NORPALM, GREL and GRIDCo. Ghana Gas was already in
consultations with officials of these companies. NORPALM and GREL have out growers who
will also have to be factored in when it comes to what type of compensations have to be
paid and to which party.
Potential Impacts and Mitigation & Management Measures
Project area of influence
The gas pipeline project is expected to affect about 4.725 km2 of land area in total. Thirteen
(13no) water bodies were identified during the study (rivers, streams and lagoons) which are
potential crossing points for the proposed gas pipeline and also fall within seven (7no) main
river catchments, namely the Elonyi, the Amansuri, the Ankobra, the Nyila, the Butre, the
Whin and the Anankwari river systems.
As is common with the advent of any project, it is expected that the gas pipeline project will
create employment opportunities directly and indirectly by stimulating the local economy.
The hospitality industry, light industrial activities, commercial activities like trading and
banking are all likely to gain.
Positive Impacts from Project
Employment opportunities
The gas pipeline project is expected to employ about 150 people during the constructional
phase as both skilled and unskilled labour.
Improved Local and National Economy
Workers salaries and the purchase of local construction materials will give a boost to the
local economy. Tax deductions and contractor fees will increase the revenue base of the
institutions as well as the state. The supply of natural gas will ensure regular income
generation to GNGC and BOST who will possibly distribute processed natural gas to
individual companies for their industrial operations.
Increased Development in the Project Communities
The proposed project is expected to catalyze development in the local communities: as

incomes increase, people may improve their dwellings and other domestic facilities.
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xxi
September 2012
Reduced Potential for Accidents and Emissions

The potential for accidents, danger to the general public leaks and emissions from BRVs are
therefore reduced or eliminated due to the use of pipeline for gas transmission.
Availability of Natural Gas for Industrial Use
The availability of a cheaper and cleaner source of fuel to the Takoradi Thermal Power Plant
and Bonyere will have a significant positive impact on the economic viability of many
industries in the country that depend on electric energy for their operations.
Negative Impacts from Project

The impacts and proposed mitigations have been enumerated in the table below.
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xxii
September 2012
Impacts Receptor(s) Impact Mitigation and Management Measures Proposed
Magnitude
Preparatory Phase
Land acquisition and Land owners from Major A compensation action plan will be prepared and implemented following appropriate compensation
compensation issues Atuabo, Asemda procedures.
Suazo, Anochie, Monetary compensations will be paid to people whose farms or crops will be destroyed due to the
Baku, Ngalechie, construction and installation of the gas pipeline.
Ngalekpole, The Company has engaged staffs who are community relations officers. These have been tasked to
Krisan Sanzule undertake community sensitization programmes which are still ongoing.
(Refugee Camp), The programme will help avoid unnecessary tension between misinformed communities (members) and
Kamgbunli etc the GNGC and establish a better rapport between the two interest groups.
Conflict with farmers Residents/ Moderate Communities along the proposed transmission main will be informed well in advance by GNGC on the
and residents over Farmers from project via local FM stations, local authorities (e.g. District, Municipal/Metropolitan Assemblies),
affected properties and Allengezuli, Baku, Assemblymen as well as Unit Committee leaders. The activities of the surveyors within the communities
crops Esiama, Ankobra, and through farms will therefore not be excessively intrusive to residents and farmers in the affected areas.
Inchaban etc
Loss of vegetation Terrestrial flora Minor Vegetation clearance to be limited to the required land area.
and fauna like oil Sites to be allowed to re-vegetate naturally after grading.
palm trees,
sugarcane, rubber
plantation,
cassava etc
Occupational health & Site Workers Moderate The Project Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) Officers will collaborate with HSE Officers from Sinopec to
safety issues (Sinopec ensure that the contractor, SDV who has been contracted to cart the line pipes to the storage fields
contractors and educates workers on its health and safety policy. Sinopec will also ensure that its workers are made to
subcontractors follow the health and safety policy of the Company.
e.g. SDV) Sinopec is in consultation with the West African Risk Association (WARA) based in Takoradi for all major
cases. All minor ailments will be referred to the nearest health facility for treatment.
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xxiii
September 2012
Magnitude
Construction Phase
Livelihood issues Local Moderate Appropriate compensation to be paid to the affected people.
communities Education on alternative livelihoods to be provided by GNGC.
whose farms are
affected from
Sanzule,
Kamgbunli,
Ampain,
Kwekutsiakfrom,
Kansaworodo etc
Community structure Local Moderate Community members showed eagerness to have more people move in because population influx will make
and security issues communities, their communities more vibrant. Community social structures appear to be strong with the traditional
Domunli, Esiama, rulers and opinion leaders being able to mobilize members to take common action and undertake
Kwekutsiakrom, communal projects.
Inchaban and The project is likely to curb rural-urban migration and even reverse the trend as those who have left the
neighbouring communities return to take advantage of the project and its indirect effect.
communities.
Loss of vegetation and Terrestrial flora Moderate Ghana Gas/Sinopec will ensure that vegetation clearance is limited to the required land area as much as
fauna habitat and fauna like oil possible. All disturbed habitats will be restored to its pre-construction status using a remedial plan that
palm trees, includes monitoring till all vegetation re-grows or are replanted.
sugarcane, rubber The nearby ridges will serve as alternative habitats for any fauna at the proposed sites. Phasing of
plantation, development activities will allow some time for mobile fauna to seek refuge in adjacent and similar habitats
cassava etc or establish new ones nearby.
Disposal of construction Workers (Sinopec Major The Contractor will provide adequate litter bins and placed them at vantage-points to minimize littering of
waste and the sites by workers.
subcontractors)/ Salvaging of useable biomass by local people can significantly reduce the volumes of waste that has to be
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xxiv
September 2012
Magnitude
Local residents disposed of.
from Esiama,
Atuabo, Inchaban,
Kwekutsiakrom,
Anagye etc
Public safety Local Moderate The mitigation measures to ensure public and worker safety will include:
communities/ All haulage trucks plying the routes within the project areas will be given a mandatory speed limit of
Workers 50km/hr when moving through the communities;
(Allegenzule, Reckless tooting of horns would be an offence within the settlements;
Twenen, Sanzule, A code of conduct for drivers on the road would be developed and implemented;
Kamgbunli, Community complaints handling arrangements would be instituted; and
Ankobra, Any accidents on the road involving trucks and humans or domestic animals would be investigated
Inchaban etc immediately and corrective actions taken to avert re-occurrence.
Where there are open trenches, security/ warning signs to ward off farmers in the affected areas.
Additionally, alternative haulage routes will be considered where possible.
Occupational health and Workers (GNGC, Major The Project Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) Officers will collaborate with HSE Officers from Sinopec and
safety Sinopec and their other sub-contractors workers are educated on its health and safety policy to prevent/minimize the
subcontractors) possibility of accidents and reduce health risks. Workers will also be provided with the necessary protective
gadgets like safety boots, helmets, reflectors etc and its use enforced.
Sinopec and GNGC are in consultation with the West African Risk Association (WARA) based in Takoradi for
all major cases. All minor ailments will be referred to the nearest health facility for treatment.
Ghana Gas has also contacted the health facility at Eikwe and the VRA Hospital at Aboadze for the provision
of health services to its employees.
Impact on soil and Soil (Lower Moderate The Project Engineers will ensure that sensitive sites with high erosion risk are identified. Such areas shall
sediment transport Inchaban/ water not be included in the RoW as much as possible and will include hill-tops and very steep slopes having
courses gradient of 25% or more. Vegetation of such areas shall be maintained to help control erosion as well as
(Amansuri, ensuring soil stability.
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xxv
September 2012
Magnitude
Ankobra and Ebi
Rivers etc
Impact to water bodies Water courses Moderate Man-hole construction at the start and end of pipeline beaches should be done quickly and to disturb only
(Amansuri, a minimum amount of space in order to reduce impacts on benthic fauna and flora.
Ankobra and Ebi River crossings to be carried out with little disturbance as much as possible to shallow-water habitats.
Rivers)
Impact to local Local Moderate -Floating markers to be used to ward off any people within the pipeline corridor.
fishermen communities -Regular patrols to ensure that fishermen do not anchor within or near the RoW.
(Ankobra) -Fishermen to be educated to ensure that commercial fishing activities are carried out outside the 35 m
buffer of the line pipe.
Impact to cultural sites Local Moderate Line pipe RoW to be re-routed to avoid impact to the Ayera Shrine at Anochie and the cemetery at Lower
communities Inchaban.
(Anochie and
Inchaban)
Sanitation and hygiene Workers (Sinopec Moderate The Contractor will provide places of convenience at the site to discourage free-range defecation among
and workers. In addition, field workers will be encouraged to use places of convenience available at nearby
subcontractors) communities. The project will collaborate with the relevant District Assemblies in the provision of
additional toilet facilities and potable water in the affected communities to help prevent health threat.
Waste bins will be provided at appropriate and convenient places to minimize littering of the site. Wash
rooms and changing rooms will also be provided for construction workers at the camps.
Dust and noise nuisance Local Minor Burning of biomass from the site cleared to make way for the line pipe and its ancillaries will not be allowed
communities like but will be made available to the local people as fire wood.
Esiama, Beyin, Speed ramps will be constructed on the affected roads where possible in consultation with the relevant
Ankobra etc/ stakeholders (especially Department of Feeder Roads) to reduce the level of dust on the road.
Sinopec workers Earthworks and other construction activities will be phased out or controlled to reduce noise generation
during construction.
All construction and earthworks will be done during daytime to avoid disturbing the serene nights of the
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xxvi
September 2012
Magnitude
local communities.
Ear muffs will be provided for workers where necessary and its use enforced.
Operational Phase
Pipeline maintenance Local Moderate A comprehensive maintenance programme will be put in place to avert any serious breakdowns or pipeline
communities/ failures.
Workers
Major installations such as line pipe and valve replacement among others will be handled using laid down
(Allegenzule,
safety procedures.
Twenen, Sanzule,
Kamgbunli,
Ankobra,
Inchaban etc
Water and sanitation GNGC Workers/ Major GNGC will collaborate with the relevant District Assemblies in the provision of additional toilet facilities and
issues local communities potable water in the affected communities to help prevent health threat. Waste bins will be provided at
such as Esiama, appropriate and convenient places to minimize littering of the site.
Beyin, Ankobra
etc
Solid waste disposal Workers from Minor All scraps and other solid wastes from pipeline maintenance will be disposed of at the District Assemblys
issues GNGC approved dumpsites or landfill sites or sold out to scrap dealers. Excavated soils will be reused for filling
purposes as much as possible. Contaminated soil will be considered as waste material and disposed of
accordingly at approved dumpsites.
Operational General public Moderate The natural gas supply system will be managed through:
management and Regular maintenance of the pipelines and discharge systems.
institutional problems Appropriate product pricing.
Ghana Gas will institute measures to sanction people who illegally tamper or vandalise the pipelines.
Public health and safety Public like Esiama, Major To ensure that incidental and structural or operational failures of the transmission network is reduced, the
issues Beyin, Ankobra following measures will be put in place:
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xxvii
September 2012
Magnitude
Krisan, Inchaban ensure correct operation and maintenance of the installed pipelines, including regular inspections and
etc maintenance.
minimise emergency response time through the provision of adequate equipment, development of
emergency response procedures and training of staff.
involve the public in leak detection through awareness creation programmes and open a complaint
desk at the various communities (through the community representatives).
ensure timely repair and replacement works on pipelines, pumps and valves and other related areas of
the gas supply system.
ensure that maintenance works are carried out by only certified engineers. The work of these
engineers will be closely monitored by very competent personnel as much as possible.
ensure regular check for illegal connections and take corrective actions.
ensure regular checks of the pipelines to prevent direct public access.
Occupational health and GNGC Workers Major GNGC will ensure that workers handling machinery and equipment are well trained.
safety issues Management will ensure that workers are supplied with adequate personal protective equipment including
overalls, earplugs and hand gloves and enforce its use.
Emergency situations Public Esiama, Major Ghana Gas will ensure that an emergency response plan is in place and is in line with International Best
Beyin, Ankobra Practice of transmission of natural gas using pipelines to minimise any hazards to humans and the
Krisan, Inchaban environment. Management will ensure regular review of the plan.
etc The company will ensure that Emergency Fire Response Team is in place to combat any fires, and will liaise
with the Ghana National Fire Service for support when needed.
GNGC will ensure that the likelihood of the loss of natural gas from the system occurring is minimised to
the barest minimum through regular maintenance and monitoring. Procedures will be specified to detect
and contain a leak if it did occur and define methods for clean up and disposal.
A spill prevention plan and energy preparedness plan will be drawn up to tackle all eventualities from
natural disasters.
Regular surveillance of the pipeline route, e.g. monthly overflights could be conducted to inspect pipeline
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xxviii
September 2012
Magnitude
routes for overall pipeline integrity. Routine surveillance will form an integral element of the integrity
monitoring system.
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xxix
September 2012
Environmental Monitoring
Environmental monitoring is therefore one of the most important components of an ESIA

which is essential for:
ensuring that impacts do not exceed the legal standards;

checking the implementation of mitigation measures in the manner described in the EIA
report; and
providing early warning of potential environmental damages.
The environmental parameters to be monitored will be:
Discharge water from hydrotesting;

Pipeline management; and
Public/Worker health and safety.
Provisional Environmental Management Plan
A Provisional Environmental Management Plan (PEMP) for the project is included in this ESIA
Report in accordance with the Environmental Assessment Regulations 1999, LI 1652. The
actual Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be prepared eighteen (18) months after
project implementation. The aim of the Plan is to act as a guiding manual with respect to the
mitigation and monitoring of the adverse impacts as well as baseline parameters from the
project during construction, operation and maintenance of the facilities. An estimated
environmental budget for the PEMP is also included in this report.
The policy document will be disseminated to all employees of Sinopec and any other third
parties who may be engaged on any aspects of the gas pipeline project.
Programme to meet requirements
Measures to be instituted to meet the above objectives include:
Management structuring;
Workers information and training programmes;
Public and community participation;
Audits and Reviews; and
Environmental Management budgeting.
Initial cost estimates for environmental management and monitoring programmes proposed
will be GH30,500 annually.
Decommissioning Plan
Circumstances may arise in the near future (depending on the economic climate) when gas
pipelines and its ancillaries may need to be de-commissioned. The work camp facilities after
the pipeline construction will be dismantled and relocated for reuse at other new project
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xxx
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sites. Waste generated during the process will be disposed of at approved

Metropolitan/Municipal/District Assembly waste dumpsites.
Bulldozer, hydraulic excavator, pumps, generator, vehicles and other equipment and
machinery used for the project will be relocated to new or other project sites in the country
and managed by the contractor.
The 111 km onshore Lean Phase Gas Pipeline and the 25 km Liquefied Petroleum Gas
pipeline are designed to operate for 50 years, although it may be extended subject to close
monitoring. The decommissioning programme will be developed during the operational
phase. It is possible that the technological options and preferred methods for
decommissioning of the onshore pipelines will be different in 50 years time. The status of
the pipeline at the time of decommissioning will also influence the methods to be selected
for the decommissioning programme.
GNGC will ensure that decommissioning activities are carried out according to prevailing
international, regional and national legislation and regulations and best practices regarding
environmental and other potential impacts. Before any decommission activity is undertaken,
the company will carry out extensive consultation with all relevant stakeholders.
Upon abandonment of the pipelines, in part or in whole, the RoWs associated with the
abandoned facilities will be returned to the landowners/land management agencies
according to the specific lease agreements with the landowners/land managing agencies.
The aboveground pipeline at the valve and metering stations would be completely removed,
including all related aboveground equipment and foundations, and the station sites restored
to their original condition as closely as possible.
However, before any such decision is made, the Ghana National Gas Company will inform
and make its programme available to relevant stakeholders including the EPA, and the
various District/Municipal/ Metropolitan Assemblies and a formal decommissioning plan be
developed at the appropriate point in time.
Conclusion
The net impact of the proposed project is overwhelmingly positive on the socio-economic
circumstances of the country. The study further provides adequate mitigation measures for
the issues of bio-physical and social significance identified during the impact assessment
process. Finally, the report therefore identifies sufficient reasons to merit the
implementation of the proposed gas pipeline project.
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xxxi
September 2012
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The Ghana National Gas Company (GNGC/ Ghana Gas), newly incorporated company, is an
agency of state under the Ministry of Energy. GNGCs functions include: Own, manage and
develop a national network of gas pipelines and gas treatment and storage facilities; acquire
by purchase or otherwise, construct, establish, manage, operate and maintain and otherwise
deal with all gas transmission and processing facilities, works, buildings, conveniences and
other systems necessary to gather, transport, treat or store gas. The company is also to
market and sell gas as well as carry out any general commercial activities related to the safe
and reliable operation of the gas infrastructure.
Ghana currently faces the challenge of ensuring regular power supply to households and
businesses, and industry players believe GNGC, when fully operational, will develop the
countrys gas resources to support industrial growth.
Ghana Gas proposes to implement the Gas Infrastructure Project (GIP) for Ghanas oil and
gas discoveries offshore including the world class find, the Jubilee Field. The overall project
will involve installation of offshore pipelines for transporting dense phase gas to an onshore
processing plant and dry phase processed gas to power plants. Included in the scope are
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) storage tanks, and an export buoy for mooring tankers for
shipping the liquids.
The proposed project involves the construction of a 111 km 20-inch onshore lean gas
pipeline from the processing plant to be sited at Atuabo to Aboadze thermal power plants
through Pumpuni. Additionally, a 25 km LPG pipeline will be constructed from the Amansuri
River Enclave near Atuabo to Domunli Enclave near Bonyere catchment area.
In line with legal requirements of the country, GNGC has registered the proposed gas
pipeline project to be sited in the Jomoro District, Ellembele District, Nzema East Municipal,
Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipal, Mpohor Wassa East District, Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis and
Shama District in the Western Region with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
The EPA confirmed in a response letter CE: 3156/01/02 of 17th May 2012, which is presented
as Annex 1 that the proposed project falls in a category for which an Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) is required, and accordingly requested the preparation of a Scoping Report
as per the provisions of the Environmental Assessment Regulations 1999, LI 1652. A Scoping
Notice was further advertised in the national newspapers (Daily Graphic edition of Friday,
10th August 2012 and the Business Analyst of 15th and 22nd August 2012) inviting public
comments on the proposed project, and copies are also provided in Annex 2. A copy of the
Scoping Notice was also pasted at the Ellembele and Jomoro District Assemblies for public
information and comments. The comments on the Scoping report submitted to the Agency
have been presented in Annex 1.
Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project 1

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1.2 Legal Framework of the Project
1.2.1 National Legislation

The relevant national environmental and other statutory laws and regulations to guide GNGC
from conceptualisation of the proposed project to implementation and monitoring as well as
decommissioning include the following:

Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1994, Act 490
Environmental Assessment Regulations 1999, L.I. 1652
Environmental Assessment Regulations, Fees and Charges (Amendment) Instrument
2011, L.I. 1986
The Factories, Offices and Shops Act, 1970, Act 328
Town and Country Planning Ordinance (Cap. 84) No. 13 of 1945
The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana 1992
The State Lands Act 1962, Act 125
The Fisheries Act 625, 2002
The Fisheries Commission Act 1993, Act 457
The Ghana Investment Promotion Centre Act 1994 (Act 478) requires that every investor wishing
to invest in the country must in its appraisal of proposed investment projects or enterprises,
have regard to any effect the enterprise is likely to have on the environment and measures
proposed for the prevention and control of any harmful effects to the environment....
Environmental Protection Agency Act 1994, Act 490
The EPA was established under the Environmental Protection Agency Act (Act 490 of 1994)
as the leading public body responsible for the protection and improvement of the
environment in Ghana. It is responsible for enforcing environmental policy and legislation,
prescribing standards and guidelines, inspecting and regulating businesses and responding to
emergency incidents. It is responsible for issuing environmental permits and pollution
abatement notices for controlling waste discharges, emissions, deposits or others sources of
pollutants and issuing directives, procedures or warnings for the purpose of controlling
noise. The EPA has the authority to require an EIA and is responsible for ensuring compliance
with EIA procedures.

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Environmental Assessment Regulations 1999, LI 1652
The Environmental Assessment Regulations 1999 (LI 1652) enjoins any proponent or person to
register an undertaking with the Agency and obtain an Environmental Permit prior to
commencement of the project.
Environmental Assessment Regulations, Fees and Charges (Amendment) Instrument 2011, L.I.
1986
The Environmental Assessment Regulations, Fees and Charges (Amendment) Instrument 2011
(L.I. 1986) gives regulation to the Fees and Charges (Miscellaneous Provision) Act 2009 (Act 793),
which provides comprehensive rates, fees and charges collectable by Ministries, Department and
Agencies for goods and services delivered to the public.
Factories, Offices and Shops Act 1970, Act 328
The Factories, Offices and Shops Act of 1970 (Act 328) requires all proponents to register every
factory with the Chief Inspector of Factories Inspectorate Division.
The Energy Commission Act 1997 (Act 541) provide for its functions relating to the regulations,
management, development and utilisation of energy resources, provide for the granting of
licences for the transmission, wholesale supply, distribution and sale of electricity and natural
gas, refining, storage bulk distribution marketing and sale of petroleum products and to provide
for related matters.
The Water Resources Commission Act 1996 (Act 522) establishes and mandates the Water
Resources Commission as the sole agent responsible for the regulation and management and
utilisation of water resources and for the co-ordination of any policy in relation to them. The
Commission does this through the granting of water rights to potential water users. A person
who, except in accordance with the provisions of this Act or with the approval of the
Environmental Protection Agency
(a) interferes with or alters the flow of, or
(b) pollutes or fouls,
a water resource beyond the level that the Environmental Protection Agency may prescribe,
commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine or imprisonment.
The Local Government Act 1993 (Act 462) empowers the Assemblies to establish planning
departments to be responsible for the planning and development of their districts.

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Town and Country Planning Ordinance, (Cap. 84) No. 13 of 1945
The Town and Country Planning Ordinance, 1945 (Cap 84) and number 13 states that a scheme in
respect of the whole or part of a planning area shall not have effect until it is approved by the
Minister and before giving approval the Minister may make the appropriate modifications.
Section 118(1) of the New Labour Act 2003 (Act 651) stipulates that it is the duty of an employer
to ensure that every worker employed works under satisfactory, safe and healthy conditions.
The Fire Precaution (Premises) Regulations 2003 (LI 1724) requires all premises intended for use
as workplaces to have Fire Certificates.
The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, 1992
The Constitution includes some provisions to protect the right of individuals to private
property, and also sets principles under which citizens may be deprived of their property in
the public interest (described in Articles 18 and 20). Article 18 provides that
Every person has the right to own property either alone or in association with others.
In Article 20, the Constitution describes the circumstances under which compulsory
acquisition of immovable properties in the public interest can be done:
No property of any description, or interest in, or right over any property shall be
compulsorily taken possession of or acquired by the State unless the following conditions are
satisfied:
a) The taking of possession or acquisition is necessary in the interest of defence, public

safety, public order, public morality, public health, town and country planning or the
development or utilization of property in such a manner as to promote the public
benefit; and
b) The necessity for the acquisition is clearly stated and is such as to provide reasonable
justification for causing any hardship that may result to any person who has an
interest in or right over the property.
Article 20 of the Constitution provides further conditions under which compulsory

acquisition may take place: no property shall be compulsorily taken possession of or
acquired by the State unless it is, amongst other purposes, to promote the public benefit
(Clause 1).
Clause 2 of Article 20 further provides that:
Compulsory acquisition of property by the State shall only be made under a law which
makes provision for:
a) The prompt payment of fair and adequate compensation; and

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b) A right of access to the High Court by any person who has an interest in or right over
the property whether direct or on appeal from any other authority, for the
determination of his interest or right and the amount of compensation to which he is
entitled.
Clause 3 adds that:
Where a compulsory acquisition or possession of land effected by the State in accordance

with clause (1) of this article involves displacement of any inhabitants, the State shall
resettle the displaced inhabitants on suitable alternative land with due regard for their
economic well-being and social and cultural values.
The State Lands Act, 1963
The Act 125 vests the authority to acquire land for the public interest in the President of the
Republic. It also gives responsibility for registering a claim on the affected person or group of
persons, and provides details of the procedure to do this. The State Lands Act, 1962 provides
some details to be taken into consideration when calculating compensation such as
definitions for (1) cost of disturbance, (2) market value, (3) replacement value, and so on.
This Act describes the process involved in occupation of land for the purpose of the
construction, installation and maintenance of works of public utility, and for creation of
rights of way for such works. The provisions include:
The owner/ occupier of the land must be formally notified at least a week in advance of
the intent to enter, and be given at least 24 hours notice before actual entry;
Any damage due to entry must be compensated in accord with the procedures
established by the Minister unless the land is restored or replaced;
In the case of highways, no compensation shall be paid, unless the land taken is more
than one fifth of the total holdings of an affected person;
Where a right of way must be established in the public interest, the President may
declare the land to be subject to such statutory wayleave;
On publication of a wayleave instrument specifying the area required, and without
further assurance, the land shall be deemed to be subject to wayleave. Compensation is
then determined and paid, with the right of appeal to a tribunal established by the
President, in parallel with the Lands Act, 1962.
The Fisheries Act, 2002, Act 625
The section 93(1) of the Fisheries Act 2002, Act 625 states that any person or government
department or other agency planning to conduct any activity other than fishing, which is
likely to have a substantial impact on the fishery resources or other aquatic resources of
Ghana, shall inform the Commission on the plans prior to the commencement of the
planned activity with a view to the conservation and protection of the resources.

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The Maritime Zone (Delimitation) Law 1986, PNDCL 159 section 5(1) indicates that the
exclusive economic zone of the Republic is that area beyond and adjacent to the territorial
sea which does not extend beyond two hundred nautical miles from the baselines from
which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
The Oil in Navigable Waters Act 1964, Act 235 stipulates under section 3(1) that any person
who shall discharge any oil or mixture containing oil into waters to which this section applies
from any vessel, or from any place on land, or from any apparatus used for transferring oil
from or t o any vessel (whether to or from a place on land or to or from another vessel), then
subject to the provisions of this Act, shall be guilty of an offence under this section.
The Beaches Obstruction Ordinance of 1897, Cap. 240 section 5 indicates that where a
person without lawful excuse, causes, whether by an act or omission, an obstruction or
impediment to the navigation of a port, river or lagoon, or to the lawful use of a pier, jetty,
landing place, whether reserved or not under section 2, wharf, quay, dock, mooring, or any
other work in the port, river, or lagoon the District Chief Executive may cause the
obstruction or impediment to be removed. Additionally, a person who causes the
obstruction or impediment commits an offence and is liable on conviction before a
magistrate to a fine not exceeding twenty-five penalty units, and to pay the expenses of the
removal.
1.2.2 International and Regional Legislation

The international and regional agreements and conventions to guide the operations of the
gas processing plant will not be limited to the:
Interim Guinea Current Commission 2005;

United Nations (UN) Convention on Biological Diversity 1994;
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 1988;
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1987;
Working Environment due to Air Pollution, Noise, and Vibration (ILO No. 148) 1987; and
Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and
Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region (Abidjan Convention) 1981.
United Nations (UN) Convention on Biological Diversity 1994
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international legally binding treaty. The
Convention has three main goals:
1. conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity);
2. sustainable use of its components; and

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3. fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources
In other words, its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and
sustainable use of biological diversity. It is often seen as the key document regarding
sustainable development.
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 1979
The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (also known as
CMS or the Bonn Convention) aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory
species throughout their range. It is an intergovernmental treaty, concluded under the aegis
of the United Nations Environment Programme, concerned with the conservation of wildlife
and habitats on a global scale. The Convention was signed in 1979 in Bonn and entered into
force in 1983.
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1987
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed
to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed
to be responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty is structured around several groups of
halogenated hydrocarbons that have been shown to play a role in ozone depletion. All of
these ozone depleting substances contain either chlorine or bromine (substances containing
only fluorine do not harm the ozone layer).

Working Environment due to Air Pollution, Noise, and Vibration (ILO No. 148) 1977
Article 9 of the 1977 Convention of ILO states that as far as possible, the working
environment shall be kept free from any hazard due to air pollution, noise or vibration,
(a) by technical measures applied to new plant or processes in design or installation, or

added to existing plant or processes; or, where this is not possible,
(b) by supplementary organisational measures.
Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal
Environment of the West and Central African Region (Abidjan Convention) 1981
The Convention for the Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and
Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region (Abidjan Convention).The
Action Plan and the Abidjan Convention were adopted by the Governments in 1981; the
Convention entered into force in 1984. The Abidjan Convention covers the marine
environment, coastal zones and related inland waters falling within the jurisdiction of the
States of the West and Central African Region, from Mauritania to Namibia inclusive, which
have become Contracting Parties to the Convention.
The Abidjan Convention is a comprehensive umbrella agreement for the protection and
management of the marine and coastal areas. It lists the sources of pollution which require

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control:- pollution from ships, dumping, land based sources, exploration and exploitation of
the sea-bed, and pollution from or through the atmosphere. It also identifies environmental
management issues from which co-operative efforts are to be made: coastal erosion,
specially protected areas, combating pollution in cases of emergency; and environmental
impact assessment. There are also articles on scientific and technological co-operation and
liability and compensation.
1.2.3 World Bank EA Guidelines and Safeguard Policies and Procedures

The World Bank safeguard policies with some relevance to this ESIA study may include:
OP/BP 4.36 Forests
The World Bank operating procedure 4.01 requires environmental assessment (EA) of
projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound
and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making.
The Banks operating procedure 4.04 considers the conservation of natural habitats, like
other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term
sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and
rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions in its economic and sector work, project
financing, and policy dialogue. The Bank supports, and expects borrowers to apply, a
precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for
environmentally sustainable development.
The WBs operating procedure 4.11 requires a borrower to addresses impacts on physical
cultural resources in projects proposed for Bank financing, as an integral part of the
environmental assessment (EA) process. This includes:
(a) any project involving significant excavations, demolition, movement of earth, flooding, or
other environmental changes; and
(b) any project located in, or in the vicinity of, a physical cultural resources site recognized by
the borrower. Projects specifically designed to support the management or conservation of
physical cultural resources are individually reviewed, and are normally classified as Category
A or B.
The involuntary Resettlement policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both
result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by

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(a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in
(i) relocation or loss of shelter;

(ii) lost of assets or access to assets; or
(iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must
move to another location; or
(b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas
resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons.
Displaced persons may be classified in one of the following three groups:
(a) those who have formal legal rights to land (including customary and traditional rights
recognized under the laws of the country);
(b) those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but have
a claim to such land or assets--provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of
the country or become recognized through a process identified in the resettlement plan;
(c) those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying.
OP/BP 4.36 Forests
The policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects:
(a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests;
(b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon
or interaction with forests; and
(c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of
natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned.
However, the most significant policies to this study will consist of the OP4.01 and OP4.12.
1.2.4 International Standards

Other international standards to be adopted by the project will include:
ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping

Systems
API 5L Specification for line pipe
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ANSI B16.9 Factory-made Wrought Steel Butt Welding
Fittings
ANSI B16.10 Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of
Ferrous Valves
ANSI B16.11 Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and
Threaded
ANSI B16.34 Steel Valves, Flanges and Butt Welding End
ANSI B1.1 Unified Screwed Threads

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ANSI B95.1 Terminology for pressure relief devices

API Spec 6FA Specification for Fire Test for Valves
API 6D Specification for Pipeline Valves, End
Closures, Connectors and Swivels
API 601 Dimensions for Spiral Wound Gaskets
API RP 520 Recommended practice for the design and
installation of pressure Relieving system in
refineries
API RP 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and De-
pressuring Systems
API RP 1102 Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and
Highways
API 526 Flanged steel safety relief valves
API 527 Commercial seat tightness of safety relief
valves with metal-to-metal seats
API RP 2201 Safe Hot Tapping Practices
API 1104 Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities
ASME B 16.47 Large Diameter Steel Flanges
ASME B 16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME B 16.9 Factory Made Wrought Steel Butt Welded
Fittings
ASME B16.20 Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges : Ring-Joint,
Spiral Wound and Jacketed
ASME B16.34 Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII
Division 1, Rules for Construction of Pressure
Vessels
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section IX
Qualification Standards for Welding and
Brazing Procedures, Welders, Brazers,
Welding and Brazing Operators
ASTM A105 Forgings, Carbon Steel for Piping Components
ASTM A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High
Temperature Service
ASTM A234 Pipe Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and
Alloy Steels for Moderate and Elevated
Temperatures
ASTM A694 Forgings, Carbon and Alloy Steel, for Pipe
Flanges, Fittings and Valves and Parts for High
Pressure Transmission
ASTM A193 Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting
Materials for High-Temperature Service
ASTM A194 Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts and Bolts for
High-Pressure and High-Temperature Service
ASTM A370 Methods and Definitions for Mechanical
Testing of Steel Products
ASTM E384 Test Method for Microhardness of Materials
MSS SP-25 Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings,
Flanges and Unions
MSS.SP-44 Steel Pipe Line Flanges
MSS SP-53 Quality Standard for Steel Castings and

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Forgings for Valves, Flange and Fittings and

other Piping Components, Magnetic Particle
Examination Method
MSS SP-54 Quality Standard for Steel Castings and
Forgings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and
other Piping Components, Radiographic
Examination Method
MSS SP-55 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves,
Flanges and Fittings and other Piping
Components (Visual Method)
MSS SP-75 Specification for High Test Wrought Butt
welding Fittings
Corrosion Control
CAN/CSA Z245.20-M92 External Fusion Bond Epoxy Coated Steel Pipe
API RP 5L2 Recommended Practice for Internal Coating of
Line Pipe for Gas Transmission Service
SSPC-SP1 Surface preparation - solvent cleaning
SSPC-SP3 Power tool cleaning as per Steel Structure
Painting Council
SSPC-SP10 Surface preparation specification No. 10, Near-
White Blast Cleaning
SSPC-VIS-1 Pictorial Surface Preparation for painted
surfaces
SIS 05-5900-1967 Pictorial surface preparation standard for
painting steel surfaces
ASTM G8-72 Standard test methods for cathodic disbonding
of pipeline coatings
NACE RP-01-92 Control of External Corrosion on Underground
or Submerged Metallic Piping System
NACE RP-05-72 Design, Installation, Operation and
maintenance of Impressed Current Deep
Ground Bed
NACE MR-0175 Sulphide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic
Materials for Oilfield Equipment
NACE RP-01-77 Mitigation of Alternating Current and Lightning
Effects on Metallic Structures and Corrosion
Control Systems
NACE RP-02-74 High voltage electrical inspection of pipeline
coatings prior to installation
NACE RP-02-86 The Electrical Isolation of Cathodically
Protected Pipelines
Electrical
IEC 60079 Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas
Atmospheres
IEC 60228 Conductors of insulated cables
IEC 60228A First supplement: Guide to the dimensional
limits of circular conductors
IEC 60331 Fire-resisting characteristics of electric cables
IEC 60332 Part 3 Tests on electric cables under fire
conditions
IEC 60502 Extruded solid dielectric insulated power

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cables for rated voltages from 1 kV up to 30 kV

IEC 60540 Test methods for insulation and sheaths of
electric cables and cords(elastomeric and
thermoplastic compounds)
IEC 60754 Tests on gases evolved during combustion of
electric cables
EC 60811 Common test methods for insulating and
sheathing materials of electric cables
IEC 60885 Electrical test methods for electrical cables
IEC 60885-2 Partial discharge tests
IEC 60439-1 Low-Voltage switchgear and control gear
assemblies
IEC 60529 Degree of Protection provided by Enclosures
(IP codes)
IEC 62305 Protection against lightning
BS 6651 Code of Practice for protection of structures
against lightening
Instrument
AGA Report 3 Measurement of Gas by Ultrasonic Meters
AGA Report 8 Determination of Super-compressibility Factors
for Natural Gas
AGA Report 9 Measurement of gas by Multipart Ultrasonic
Meters
ANSI B40.1 Gauges & Pressure indicating dial type, elastic
element
ISA Standards and Practices for Instrumentation.
Civil and Structural

ACI 315 Details and Detailing of Concrete
Reinforcement
ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced
Concrete
AISC ASD 9th Manual of Steel Construction, Allowable Stress
Design
ASCE 7-2002 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other
Structures
UBC 1997 Uniform Building Code
ASTM A36 Structural Steel Manual of Steel Construction
ASTM A82 Specification for Cold-Drawn Steel Wire for
Concrete Reinforcement.
ASTM A184 Specification for fabricated deformed steel bar
mats for concrete reinforcement
ASTM A185 Specification for welded steel wire fabric for
Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A196 Specification for steel wire, deformed, for
concrete reinforcement
ASTM A307 Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60,000 PSI
Tensile Strength
ASTM A325 Structural Bolts, Steel Heat Treated 830 MPa
Minimum Tensile Strength(Metric)
ASTM A490 High-Strength Steel Bolts, for Structural Steel

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Joints (Metric)
ASTM A615 Specification for deformed and plain billet-
steel bars for concrete reinforcement
ASTM A653 Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-
Iron alloy-Coated (Galvanized)by the Hot-Dip
Process
ASTM C31 Method of Making and Curing Compression
and Flexure Test Specimens in the Field
ASTM C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C39 Test for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Specimens
ASTM C94 Specification for ready-Mixed Concrete
ASTM C136 Test for sieve or screen analysis of fine and
coarse aggregates
ASTM C143 Method of Test for Slump of Portland Cement
Concrete
ASTM C150 Specification for Portland Cement
ASTM C172 Method of Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete
ASTM C231 Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by The
Pressure Method
ASTM C-260 Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
ASTM C-309 Liquid Membrane Forming Compounds for
Curing Concrete
ASTM C-494 Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
ASTM C-685 Concrete Made by Volumetric Batching and
Continuous
ASTM-D422 Particle Size Analysis of Soil
ASTM D-698 Standard Proctor Soil Compaction Test
ASTM D-994 Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete
(Bituminous Type)
ASTM D-1241 Materials for Soil-Aggregate Sub-base, Base
and Surface Course
ASTM D-1556 Density of Soil In Place by Sand Cone Method
ASTM-D1557 Tests for Moisture-Density Relations of soils
and Soil aggregate Mixtures Using 10 lb.
Rammer and 18 in Drop
ASTM D-1751 Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete
Paving and Structural Construction (Non-
Extruding and Resilient Bituminous Types)
ASTM D-2049 Standard Method of Test for Relative Density
of Cohesion Soils
ASTM D-2922 Density of Soil and Soil Aggregate In Place by
Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
ASTM D-4222 Particle Size Analysis of Soils
ASTM D-4318 Test for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity
Index of Soil
Communication
IEC 60331-25 Tests for electrical cables under fire conditions
Part 25: procedures and requirements-
Optical fiber cables
IEC 60793-1-1 Optical fibers Part 1-1: Generic specification

September 2012
General
IEC 60793-1-2 Optical fibers Part 1: Generic specification
Section 2:Measuring methods for dimensions
Section 2: Measuring methods for mechanical
characteristics
Section 2:Measuring methods for transmission
and optical characteristics
Section 2: Measuring methods for transmission
and optical characteristics
IEC 60793-2 Optical fibers Part 2: Product specifications
General
IEC 60794-1-2 Optical fibers Part 2: Generic specification
Basic optical cable test procedures
IEC 60794-3 Optical fiber cables Part 3: Duct, buried and
aerial cables-Sectional specification
ISO 9001; 2000 Quality Systems Principle Concepts and
Applications
ITU-T G.652 Series G Transmission Systems and Media, Digital
Systems and Networks, Transmission media
characteristics Optical firer cables,
Characteristics of a single mode optical fiber
cable
IEC 73 Colours of indicator lights and push-buttons
IEC 79 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas
atmospheres
IEC 331 Fire resisting characteristics of electrical cables
IEC 332-1/2/3 Tests on Electrical Cables Under Fire Condition
Part 1,2&3
IEC 417 Graphical Symbols for use on Equipment
IEC 529 Degrees of Protection Provided by
Enclosures(IP Code)
IEC 617 Graphical Symbols Diagram
ITU-T G.950 General considerations on digital line
systems-digital networks, digital sections and
digital line systems
ITU-T K.25 Lightning protection of optical fibre cables-
protection against interference
ISO/IEC 11801 Information Technology-Generic cabling for
customer premises
TIA/EIA-568 Commercial Building Telecommunications
cabling standard
TIA/EIA-569 Commercial building Standard for
Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces
ITU-T V.24 List of definitions for interchange circuits
between data terminal and data circuit-
terminating equipment
IEC 332-1/2/3 Tests on Electrical Cables Under Fire Conditions

September 2012
Part 1,2&3
IEC 529 Degrees considerations on digital line systems-
digital networks, digital sections and digital line
systems
AGA Report 8 Determination of Super-compressibility Factors
for Natural Gas
AGA Report 9 Measurement of gas by Multipart Ultrasonic
Meters
ANSI B40.1 Gauges & Pressure indicating dial type, elastic
element
API MPMS 14.1 Natural Gas Fluids Measurement - Collecting
and Handling of Gas Samples for Custody
Transfer
API RP 500 Recommended Practice for Classification of
Locations for Electrical Installations at
Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I,
Division 1 or Division 2
API RP 551 Process Measurement Instrumentation
API RP 554 Process Instrumentation and Control
API Spec 6FA Specification for Fire Test for Valves
API 6D Specification for Pipeline Valves, End Closures,
Connectors and Swivels
API 598 Valve Inspection and Testing
ISA Standards and Practices for Instrumentation.
ISA- 5.1 Instrumentation Symbols and Identification
ISA-5.3 Graphic Symbols for Distributed Control/
Shared Display Instrumentation, Logic and
Computer systems
ISA-5.4 Instrument Loop Diagrams
ISA RP12.1 Electrical Instruments in Hazardous
Atmospheres
ISA S20 Specification Forms for Process Measurement
and Control Instruments, Primary Elements
and Control Valves
ISA 75.01.01 Flow Equation for Sizing Control Valves
ISA 75.02.01 Control Valves Capacity test procedures
ISA 75.05.01 Control Valves Terminology
ISA 75.19.01 Hydrostatic Testing of Control Valves
ISA 75.11 Control Valve Flow Characteristics and
Rangeability
BS 1780 Specification for Bourdon tube pressure and
vacuum gauges.
BS 1904 Specification for industrial platinum resistance
thermometer sensors
BS 3116 Specification for Automatic Fire Alarm System
in Building
BS 5445 Specification for Components of Automatic
Fire Detection system
ASME B 16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME B16.34 Valves-flanged, threaded and welding end
IEC 60079 Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas

September 2012
Atmospheres
IEC 60331 Fire resisting characteristics of electrical cables
IEC 60529 Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures
(IP Code)
1.3 Terms of Reference for the ESIA Study and Reporting

The terms of reference (ToR) for the ESIA study is briefly described under:
Aim/purpose of the ESIA study;

Scope of work for the ESIA study; and
Approach and Methodology for the ESIA study and reporting.
1.3.1 Aim/ Purpose of the ESIA Study

The aim of the study is to satisfy both legal and institutional obligations specified under the
Environmental Protection Agency Act 1994 (Act 490) and the Environmental Assessment
Regulations 1999 (LI 1652).
The purpose of the ESIA study is to address possible direct and indirect significant adverse
environmental and social impacts of the proposed project for its acceptability and
sustainability.
1.3.2 Scope of Work for the ESIA Study

The scope of work for the ESIA study is to among other things:
provide adequate description of the proposed project and identify all activities of
environmental/social concern;
establish the existing environmental and socio-economic baseline conditions of the
project area of influence;
predict and examine all the significant environmental impacts on the surrounding
communities and the general environment during implementation of the proposed
project and advise on appropriate mitigation and abatement measures against potential
adverse impacts;
provide a monitoring programme for predicted impacts in a provisional Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) framework; and
document the socio-economic and cultural advantages and disadvantages associated
with the proposed project for stakeholders and interested groups to make an informed
decision on the level of environmental compromise and permitting.
1.3.3 Approach and Methodology for the ESIA Study

The approach and methodology adopted for the study included:
Field inspections and trekking;

Environmental sampling and analysis;
Water resources assessment and hydrological studies;
Aquatic studies;
Oceanographic studies;
Terrestrial and land use studies;
Soil studies;

September 2012
Socio-economic studies;
Consultations; and
Review of available literature.
Field Inspections and Trekking
Surveys and observation of the project sites were carried out to confirm relevant baseline
environmental issues and conditions to be affected or are likely to develop from the
proposed project implementation.
Environmental Sampling and Analysis
Stream/River Water Sampling and Analysis
Water samples were taken from the Amansuri, Nyanizi, Ankobra, Bangore, Duobon and
Whin Rivers for field and laboratory analysis of some selected physico-chemical parameters.
However, laboratory analysis was not conducted for water samples from the Nyanizi and
Duobon Rivers. The Water Research Institute (WRI) of the Council for Scientific and
Industrial Research (CSIR) carried out the laboratory analysis on the samples collected from
both upstream and downstream of the of the proposed gas pipeline route. The results of the
analysis are presented in this report.
Air Quality Sampling and Analysis
The main objective of the air quality assessment was to determine the ambient levels of
Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), Respirable Dust (Pm10), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) and Carbon monoxide (CO) to provide basis for determining the impacts on
human health and the environment as a result of the construction activities and operations
of the Company.
Noise Level Assessment
Noise mapping exercise was also carried out alongside the air quality monitoring in at the
same sampling locations. Measurements were made for one hour at 5 seconds interval. The
results obtained from the exercise are presented in the report.
Water Resources Assessment and Hydrology
The hydrological study is to provide the required information for the environmental
assessment of the project and to further contribute to the design of project facilities, water
management and project operational schedules.
The scope of work for the hydrological study included the following:
Climatic conditions
Description of the rainfall patterns of the area and other climatological parameters using
data from the climatic stations within the project area, and covering the following:

September 2012
Mean annual rainfall;

Mean monthly rainfall characteristics;
Number of rainy days and rainfall duration;
Return periods for the 2-year, 5-year, 10-year, 20-year, 50-year and 100-year periods
using the Weibull formula on the Gumbel frequency/ distribution;
Air temperature with daily minimum and maximum temperature and mean daily
temperature and monthly average;
Mean monthly and annual wind speed; and
Relative humidity (description of monthly variations).
Hydrological Assessment
Hydrological assessment of the project area was carried out with the main aim of
Determining the major water bodies that lie within the project area and that are
Determining the various activities on going near or on the respective water bodies, both
Analysing outputs data to establish a standard for comparison during the
implementation stages of the project.
The consultant identified 13no water bodies (rivers, streams and lagoons) which are
potential crossing points for the proposed gas pipeline and also fall within 7no main river
catchments, namely the Elonyi, the Amansuri, the Ankobra, the Nyila, the Butre, the Whin
and the Anankwari river systems.
This report describes the hydrological conditions within the project sites, which is being
developed by Ghana National Gas Company for the gas pipeline component of the gas
infrastructure project.
Oceanographic & Aquatic Studies
The approach adopted for the studies involved:
The study involved both desk and field assessments. Field observation, sampling and
data collection and interviews of residents along the pipeline route (from 13th 19th
May 2012) was followed by laboratory analysis and subsequent report writing;
All relevant and available literature was consulted as part of the desktop survey to help
provide background environmental information as well as inform analysis of findings of
study.

September 2012
Terrestrial Studies and Use Studies
The methods used for the terrestrial study include:
A walk-through of the entire site proposed for the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) and its
ancillary activities to observe and identify the various plant species and traces of animal
life available;
Review of relevant documents on previous works carried out in the affected area; and
Interviews with some residents/hunters in the area as well as some farmers from the
project affected areas.
Methods employed for the land use studies included:
Field observations of existing properties at the project site and proposed pipeline
routes; and
Use of the 1:50,000 topographical map of the area to demarcate the project area of
influence.
Soil Studies
On the basis of the soil types on which the pipelines will traverse, four (4) points were
selected. Soil profile pits measuring 1.0 m x 1.7 m were dug up to 1.7 meters depth. The soils
were identified, described and sampled at two depths of 0-0.5 m and 0.5-1.0 m for
laboratory analysis.
Socio-economic Studies
The methodology used for the studies included:
Observational studies;
Interviews with residents of some communities; and
Interviews with relevant Metropolitan/Municipal/District Assemblies.
Consultations
Consultations have been held with relevant stakeholders and interested groups.
Concerns/issues raised are presented in Annex 3. Stakeholders and other interested groups
consulted include:
Government Institutions
Environmental Protection Agency, Head Office, Accra;

Environmental Protection Agency, Regional Office, Sekondi;
Energy Commission, Accra;
Water Resources Commission, Accra;
Department of Feeder Roads; and
Ghana Highway Authority.

September 2012
Service Providers
Electricity Company of Ghana, Takoradi

Ghana Grid Company Limited
Ghana National Fire Service, Takoradi Regional Office and Axim Office
Land Valuation Division of Lands Commission
Civil Society Groups
Coastal Resources Centre, Sekondi

Friends of the Nation, Sekondi
Local Political Authorities
Jomoro District Assembly

Ellembele District Assembly
Nzema East Municipal Assembly
Ahanta West District Assembly
Tarkwa-Nsuaem District Assembly
Mpohor-Wassa East District Assembly
Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly
Shama District Assembly
Local communities
Land/property owners
Review of Available Literature
The major documents reviewed include:
Documents from the project implementers on scope of the project;

Information from some relevant environmental reports relating to the development of
natural gas processing projects elsewhere;
Guide to Natural Gas in Ghana by the Resource Centre for Energy Economics and
Regulations;
District Medium Term Development Plans (2010- 2013); and
Internet sources.
1.3.4 Data Analysis and Reporting

The data obtained from the desk and field studies were analysed and have been presented
in this Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) following the EPAs approved format. Major
headings of the report comprise:
a) Project Team;
b) Abbreviations;
c) Executive Summary;
d) Introduction;

September 2012
e) Project Description;
f) Alternative Considerations;
g) Environmental & Social Baseline Information;
h) Potential Impact Identification and Evaluation;
i) Mitigation and Management Measures;
j) Environmental Monitoring;
k) Provisional Environmental Management Plan;
l) Decommissioning Plan;
m) Conclusion; and
n) Annexes.

September 2012
2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Project Justification

The utilisation of the natural gas will avoid environmental concerns associated with flaring
and rather support strategic activities within the petroleum processing industry in the region
and country. The project may also enhance the countrys strategic quest to be the preferred
exporter of power in the sub-region. Currently, the associated gas is re-injected into the
wells. This could affect the recovery of oil and hence production, which should be avoided.
The natural gas project, especially, will generate employment and create new infrastructure
as the foundation for a vibrant petroleum and petrochemical industry to evolve, thereby
providing a new economic growth pole for Ghana in the Western Region. The relatively more
competitive pricing of indigenous gas will be the basis for generating much lower cost power
than Ghana currently has, thereby securing the competitiveness of Ghanaian industry for
accelerated economic development. It will also provide the basis for Ghana to achieve its
strategic objective of becoming a petroleum processing hub in the sub-region.
2.2 Benefits of the Project
2.2.1 Primary Benefits

The project will deliver natural gas liquids and liquefied petroleum gas which can be sold on
the international market and in addition deliver dry gas for power generation in Ghana.
There would be reliable and adequate supply of gas to the Takoradi thermal power plant at
Aboadze and the Osagyefo Barge for their smooth operation and also constant supply of
energy to other parts of the country. The project will contribute to the Ghanaian economy
and will have a positive impact in reducing the Ghana balance of payment with respect to
energy. There will be economic benefits from broadening ownership in the countrys natural
resources. The resulting capital gain for GNGC would be considerable and could be used to
fund petroleum related investments including refining and securing crude oil and petroleum
products availability for the country. GNGCs dividends to Government will support general
economic development and could be invested in the proposed future generations fund to
help achieve the Government of Ghanas core objective of transforming the proceeds from a
depleting resource into sustainable benefits for the country.
2.2.2 Indirect Benefits

Other indirect social and economic benefits associated with the proposed development will
include:
the generation of employment and training opportunities directly in the onshore gas
industry;
the generation of opportunities indirectly through service, supply and support
industries;
the rapid development of the districts in terms of infrastructure; and
economic benefits from the enhanced opportunities for new and small enterprises
including pharmaceuticals and fertilizer producing companies.

September 2012
2.3 Project Location

The proposed onshore Lean Phase Gas Pipeline component will be constructed from the
Amansuri River enclave (Atuabo site) to Aboadze, eastwards of the enclave and is
approximately 111 km long and has an exclusive zone of 35 m along the right-of-way (RoW)
of this 20, 111 km pipeline. Also to be included will be a 25 km LPG pipeline from the
Amansuri River Enclave near Atuabo to Domunli Enclave near Bonyere catchment areas.
About 90 km of the onshore pipeline from Kamgbunli to Aboadze will be laid parallel to the
GRIDCo right-of-way. However, the approximately 20 km stretch from the GPP at Atuabo to
Kamgbunli does not follow any existing right-of-way. Photographs of some sections of the 20
km stretch are presented below. The area is situated in the Western Region and spans from
the Ellembele District and terminates at the Shama District to the east and Jomoro District to
the west. The Gas Pipeline route will be as shown in Figure 1.
2.4 Project Description
2.4.1 Background
The Jubilee Field is located approximately 50 km offshore in the Western Region of Ghana. It
straddles two blocks, the West Cape Three Points block and the Deepwater Tano block. The
field is 75 km south-southeast of the Cote DIvoire [Ivory Coast] and Ghana border.
The wells are tied back to the FPSO Kwame Nkrumah (FPSO) via subsea infrastructure.
Production has been gathered through subsea manifolds and conveyed by flow lines to the
FPSO, which is moored in the Jubilee Field area.
Feed dense phase gas will be transported from the Jubilee FPSO to a Gas Processing Plant to
be located near Atuabo in the Western Region. The lean gas from the processing plant will
be transmitted to gas fired power plants near Takoradi and Bonyere area. The propane,
butane, LPG and condensate will be consumed locally and/or exported.
2.4.2 Lean Gas Pipelines

Gas exported from the Atuabo Initial Station (AIS) or the Gas Processing Plant to be located
at northeast of Atuabo will be by dedicated pipeline to power plant customers and other
users. The delivery point (custody transfer) for the gas will be at the plant boundary fence of
the customer. Any gas pipeline beyond this boundary will be the responsibility of the
customer. The plan is to construct an onshore 111 km 20 outside diameter dry gas pipeline
eastwards of the processing plant to be linked to the West Africa Gas Pipeline to serve the
Takoradi Thermal Power Plant (TTPP) located at Aboadze.
Also to be included in the project will be the Esiama Distribution Station (EDS), two (2) Block
Valve Stations (BLV) at Anagyi and Kwekutsiakrom and Takoradi Regulating, Metering Station
(TRMS) at Inchaban and a tie-in at the West Africa Gas Pipeline (WAGP) outlet at Aboadze.

September 2012
Figure 1: Map of Ghana showing the pipeline route

September 2012
The ability to transport produced hydrocarbons has always been an important factor in the
successful development of an oil or natural gas field, both onshore and offshore. Normally
the design of a proposed pipeline is evaluated for:
Appropriate cathodic protection system to protect the pipeline from leaks resulting from
the effects of external corrosion of the pipe;
External pipeline coating system to prolong the service life of the pipeline;
Measures to protect the inside of the pipeline from the detrimental effects, if any, of the
fluids being transported;
Submersibility of the pipeline (that is, that the pipeline will remain in place on the
sediment and not float, even if empty or filled with gas rather than liquids);
Proposed operating pressures;
Adequate provisions to protect other pipelines the proposed route crosses over; and
Compliance with all applicable regulations.
Pipeline Cover
The minimum burial depth cover to cover the pipeline in open country shall be as presented
in Table 1.
Table 1: Minimum Pipe Burial Depth
Minimum Cover (m)

Location
Normal Area (m) Rocky Area (m)
Industrial, commercial, agricultural and residential 1.2 0.8

areas
Crossings of inland bodies of water with a width of at 2.5 2.5
least 30 m across the high water mark
Railroad Tracks 1.8 N/A
Public Road and Railroad Drainage Ditches 1.2 0.8
Any Other Areas 1.2 0.8
Source: Sinopec International Petroleum Services Corporation, Project Documents
2.4.3 Facilities Location

The proposed pipeline project facilities will be located at locations shown in Figure 2 and
presented in Table 2.

September 2012
Figure 2:Map of Project area showing layout of facilities

September 2012
Table 2: Onshore Pipeline Station Alignment (Main Line)
No. Facility Distance (km) Interval (km) Location
1. AIS 0.0 0.0 Combined with GPP,

northeast of Atuabo
2. EDS 25.2 25.2 North of Esiama
3. BLV#1 54.9 29.8 Northeast of Anagyi
4. BLV#2 86.8 31.8 North of Kwekutsiakrom
5. TRMS 109.4 22.7 East of Inchaban
6. Tie-in point with WAGP at 110.9 1.4 West Africa Gas Pipeline
TTPP outlet
Atuabo Initial Station
Atuabo Initial Station (AIS) will be located at the GPP near Atuabo and combine with GPP
control system. There is a control room which will be a fully self-contained facility intended
for operation and control of the onshore pipeline. All measurement calculations shall be
performed locally, on-site and shall not be affected by loss of communications. The stations
shall be capable of communications with the SCADA system for the purpose of transmitting
invoicing information, monitoring stations status and performing certain command
functions.
The key features of this facility are as follows:
Operation and Emergency Vent system

Ultrasonic type Meter Runs with a 2 x 100% capacity, provision provided for 6 x 20%
capacity for full future pipeline capacity
Process Control System (PCS) together with HMI
Safety Instrumented System (SIS)
Fire and Gas System (FGS)
VENT System
Control Room
Communication Link to other stations via VSAT
SCADA communication interface via MODBUS or Ethernet to AIS
230 VAC, 24 VDC, 48 VDC and 110 VDC, UPS power systems
Backup gas power generator (1 x 100%) for essential electrical loads
Guard House
Power House
Toilets
No accommodation to be provided at these facilities

September 2012
Communication Link to GNGC via VSAT
Esiama Distribution Station
The EDS will be located north of Esiama and is the start of the branch line, distributing gas to
Prestea (this will be considered under a separate ESIA study).
The EDS shall be designed to be automated, Real Time Measurement facility. All
measurement calculations shall be performed locally, on-site and shall not be affected by
loss of communications. The station shall be capable of communications with the SCADA
system for the purpose of transmitting invoicing information, monitoring stations status and
performing certain command functions.

Ultrasonic type Meter Runs with a 2 x 100% capacity
VENT System
Control Room
Backup gas power generator (1x100%) for essential electrical loads
Guard House
Power House
Toilets
Takoradi Metering and Regulating Station
Located near the Takoradi Thermal Power Plant, in the vicinity of the existing West Africa
Gas Pipeline Company Regulating and Metering stations, Takoradi Regulating and Metering
Station (TRMS) is a custody metering facility for the Onshore Pipeline from Atuabo to
Takoradi.
TRMS station shall be designed to be automated, Real Time Measurement facility. All
Measurement calculations shall be performed locally, on-site and shall not be affected by
loss of communications. The stations shall be capable of communications with the SCADA
system for the purpose of transmitting invoicing information, monitoring stations status and
performing certain command functions.
Pig Receiver

September 2012

Ultrasonic type Meter Runs with a 2 x 100% capacity
Gas Chromatograph (Dual)
VENT System
Control Room
Backup gas power generator (1x100%) for essential electrical loads
Guard House
Power House
Toilets
Block Valve Stations
As part of the development, 2 block valve stations are required as follows:
BLV#1- Northeast of Anagyi

BLV#2- North of Kwekutsiakrom
Block Valve Stations are minimum facilities to provide pipeline isolation. Both are to be
identical facilities unless local site conditions dictate otherwise.
The key features of the BLV's are as follows:
Isolation valve and by pass buried and fenced as secured facility

24 VDC battery backup /UPS (outdoor cabinet)
Block Valve House
2.4.4 Design Capacity

The design capacity of the line pipe is based on a GPP capacity of 400 MMSCFD.
2.4.5 General Piping and Mechanical Design

A/G installations and all piping and equipment shall be designed as per ASME B.31.3 with a
design factor of 0.4 except pressure vessels which shall be designed in accordance with the
ASME Section VIII Division 1 Boiler and Pressure Vessel code.
U/G Installations and line pipes (i.e. pipe to remote venting system) shall be designed as per
ASME B.31.8.

September 2012
Buried piping inside the station area shall have a minimum depth of cover of 1 meter. Site
layout shall ensure adequate offset separation between buried pipe and above ground
structures and buildings.
Where buried pipes penetrate out of the ground, the underground coating on the pipe shall
continue for a minimum distance of 300 mm (PE tape two layers) both aboveground and
underground to protect mechanical damage.
2.4.6 General Civil and Structural Design

The civil and support infrastructure proposed includes general layout, escort road along
pipeline, station buildings and the associated utilities etc.
This basis of design given herein specifies the minimum requirements of reinforced cement
concrete structures, structural steel works and various civil works. The design and drawings
shall be in accordance with relevant standards & codes and as stated in this document. Only
latest revision with all amendments issued there shall be followed.
These criteria intended to be a guide for design of related structures with the objective that
the same will be built to satisfy functional requirements and be serviceable, economical and
safe. Engineering judgment shall be exercised in applying these to a particular structure.
2.4.7 Steel Pipe Properties

Pipe design will be based on the steel material properties as shown in Table 3.
Table 3: Steel Pipe Properties
Parameters Value
3
Steel Density 7850 kg/m
Youngs Modulus (E) 2.07 x105 MPa
Poissons Ratio (v) 0.3
Coefficient of Linear Expansion 1.17 x 10-5
Thermal Conductivity 45 W/mK
Steel Grade API 5L X 65
Specified Minimum Yield Strengths 448 MPa
(SMYS)
Specified Minimum Tensile Strength 530.9 MPa
2.4.8 Pipeline External Corrosion Protection

The buried section of the pipeline will be protected from external corrosion by application of
an external anti-corrosion coating supplemented with a cathodic protection system.

September 2012
External Corrosion Coating
Buried sections of onshore pipelines shall be protected from external corrosion by

application of a trilaminate polyolefin coating, comprising: an epoxy resin based primer, a
copolymer-based adhesive and an extruded Polyethylene layer (3LPE), suitable for pipeline
operating temperature of below 70.0C.
Pipeline induction bends and buried barred tees/ tees shall be factory coated.
Field Joint Coating
Field joint coating shall be made of epoxy primer and polyethylene heat shrink sleeves (HSS).
The minimum primer coating thickness shall be 0.15 mm. The minimum HSS PE coating
thickness shall be 2.7 mm. The minimum total coating thickness shall 2.85 mm.
Pipe Bend Coating
(1) Cold bending is made of coating pipeline with cold bending machine on site.
(2) External coating of hot bending shall be made of non-solvent liquid epoxy coating (0.5
mm) and polypropylene tape coating (the thickness of polypropylene tape 1.4 mm,
overlapping width of tap layers shall be 55%), the total thickness shall be 3.3 mm.
Cathodic Protection
Buried sections of the onshore pipeline will be protected by Impressed Current Cathodic
Protection System, the sacrificial anode system is used as the temporary cathodic protection
system. The cathodic protection system shall be designed to provide protection against
corrosion for the design life of the pipelines (i.e. 25 years).
The monitoring facilities shall be installed for the measurement of cathodic protection
parameters. To monitor pipe to soil potentials, test posts shall be installed at distances of
mean 1000 m along the pipeline.
Other test facilities which be considered necessary for cathodic protection monitoring shall
be proposed.
2.4.9 Special section of pipe laying

The pipeline route has been explored for any sections needing special attention. There is no
particularly serious geological disasters, except part of the pipeline route about 20 km, from
AIS to EDS which passes through wetland or swamp area being characterized by a high water
table and inadequate soil bearing capacity. In these areas, it is a little difficult to select the
route and install the pipeline in the construction period. For this reason, special methods
and measures shall be taken into account in design and construction phases.
1Design
Pipeline route shall avoid unsuited geologic area; if passing through wetland or swamp is
unavoidable, relatively stabilized section with protective measure is the best choice.

September 2012
If the geologic conditions are practicable, economically as well, the crossing method shall be
HDD rather than excavating.
In order to ensure the smooth and safe operation of the pipeline, weight stacks shall be used
with the purpose of pipeline stabilization.
2Construction
Reinforcement to build the temporary road of construction: to fill in 10 m width and 1 m

high channel above the road surface, and then lay the wood board 8m wide, so construction
equipment traffic is easy to pass by.
Enhance ROW, excavation seepage ditch, with drying operations, increase the bearing
capacity of ROW.
Application of pipe sinking technique will be used in the pipeline construction.
2.4.10 Preparations for Pipe Laying

Site Preparation, Grading and Finishing
Site grade and cross falls shall be designed for efficient drainage of surface water and slope a
minimum of 1% away from access roads, foundations and buildings. Finished grade shall be
agreed with the client and finished floor level of all buildings and M/R concrete pad shall be
300 mm above finished site grade respectively.
Geotechnical methods, if required, shall be used to accelerate the consolidation process if

settlement due to placing of fill over native ground is found to be excessive. The entire site
shall be paved with crushed gravel on completion (size between 3/4" - 1").
Access Roads
Permanent, hard surfaced and all weather access roads shall be built from the nearest
existing public road to the vehicle entry gate at each of the stations.
The roads of stations shall have a concrete paved surface width of 4.0 meters. And the roads
out of block valve stations a minimum formation width of 4.5 meters and a crushed stone
paved surface width of 3.5 meters.
Access ways in the plant area shall provide safe and easy access for any service vehicles
(mobile fire-fighting means, crane, heavy truck etc.), with adequate headway (minimum 4.0
metres) and width at overhead pipeline crossing points, capacity to bear the biggest load
and vehicle turning circle.
Pedestrian crossings over above ground piping shall be provided as required for convenient
access throughout the station. Equipment or instruments located 1.5 m or higher above
finished grade shall have permanent ladders and platforms installed.

September 2012
Surface Drainage
In principle, surface drainage systems shall be of open ditch, underground piping system or
combination thereof.
Storm water drainage systems shall be calculated by Manning's Formula:
Fences and Gates
1) Fences
The system of fences and gates shall not inhibit the natural dispersion of gas leakages on
site. Grille fence will be considered because of winds involved. Fences shall use Iron arts rail.
2) Gates
Gates shall be integral part of the fence and shall be of a similar design with respect to
height and strength etc. Gates shall adopt Iron arts horizontal-open gate.
2.4.11 Environmental Requirements

The design shall avoid or minimize emissions to the atmosphere and apply good engineering
practice in the choice of methods and equipment to minimize fugitive or secondary
emissions.
Solid and Liquid Waste streams generated as a result of the project will include domestic
garbage, sanitary sludge, molecular sieves, activated carbon filters and ion exchange resins,
as well as oily sludge and maintenance wastes including spent chemicals.
Waste discharges will not be segregated but rather will be collected and disposed of by an
approved contractor.
Where this is not possible, waste materials will be placed in drums and sent for storage and
ultimately disposed of.
Noise levels generated by the new facilities superimposed on the existing background noise
level shall not exceed 60 dB(A) sound pressure level at any point beyond 600 meters from
the battery limit.
The following design criteria shall be used as the basis of design for all noise control
measures at the project design stage:
All noise shall be reduced at source so far, as is reasonably practicable. This will generally be
the case for the majority of operating personnel in installations designed to a limit of 90
dB(A). A basic design sound level of 90 dB(A) at a distance of 1 metre from the equipment
shall therefore be used.
The design shall always take into account all operating modes including, for example, safety
valve relief.

September 2012
Under foreseeable working conditions, no person shall be exposed to steady noise levels
above 120 dB(A) irrespective of duration, or to impulse noise levels above 135 dB(A), with or
without hearing protection.
2.4.12 General Electrical Works

The scope of work consists of AIS, EDS, PRMS&TRMS transmission stations, BLV1# and BLV#2
Valve station. The scope shall include but not limited to the following major equipment and
systems:
11kV Ring Main Unit,

11/0.433kV transformers,
33/0.433kV transformers,
415V Switchgears,
Gas engine driven set,
AC UPS, Power and control cables,
lighting,
lightning protection, and
earthing, etc.
2.4.13 General Instrumentation Requirements

In selecting instruments the design engineer will take into account maximum and minimum
operating conditions, accuracy, and response required. All equipment shall be suitable for
the installed conditions including ambient temperature, sunlight, vibration, contaminants,
power supply specifications etc.
Consideration will be given to the commonality of spare parts and utilisation of industry
standard interchangeable components.
2.4.14 HVAC
Air conditioners shall be installed in the instrument, communication and control room. They
shall be designed to maintain a constant temperature of 25C maximum. Humidity in the
building shall be maintained in the range specified by manufacturers of equipment housed
in the buildings. In the important equipment or instrument rooms, two units shall be
provided, one for standby, with automatically switching function between main and
standby.
Ventilation fans shall be installed in closed off hallways or corridors in the buildings and in
rooms which contain equipment that is not sensitive to temperature or humidity. The
battery room shall be equipped with an explosion proof exhaust fan and the exhaust air
quantity will be calculated using a minimum extract rate within the range 12 to 15 air
changes per hour. Two fans and/or motors shall be required for the battery room extract
systems, one for operation and one for standby. The toilet shall be equipped with an
exhaust fan, and the exhaust air quantity will be calculated using a minimum extract rate
within the range 12 to 15 air changes per hour.
The refrigeration system shall not use Ozone Depleting Substances. Refrigerant used shall
be environmental friendly such as R-134A.

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2.4.15 Fire Fighting, Drainage and Sewerage System

Fire Fighting
To protect lives and properties, fire fighting systems and equipment shall be installed at the
AIS, EDS, PRMS, TRMS, BLV1 and BLV2.
The fire fighting system shall follow the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) code &
standard.
NFPA10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers.
a) AIS, EDS, PRMS, TRMS
Sufficient quantities and types portable extinguishers will be equipped at relevant area in
accordance with NFPA 10.
Extinguishers shall be equipped on these areas as following:
CO2 (6 kg) extinguishers shall be equipped at control room or electrical room, dry chemical
type (9 kg) extinguishers at other rooms or common area. In the same time, common areas
where key facilities will be located shall be equipped with wheeled dry chemical type (50 kg)
extinguishers.
b) BLV1 & BLV2
Sufficient quantities and types portable extinguishers shall be equipped at relevant area in
accordance with NFPA 10.
Dry chemical type (9 kg) extinguishers shall be equipped at mentioned above areas.
Water Supply & Drainage
Water Supply System
a) AIS
All the water supply shall be provided from the Gas Process Plant (GPP). The water supply
shall be designed on the basis of 2m3/d (daily averaged water consumption).
b) EDS, PRMS, TRMS
Drinking water shall be bottled purified water and other water for production and living shall
be provided from the source well water. The source well water shall be designed on the
basis of 2m3/d (daily averaged water consumption).
c) BLV1, BLV2
These areas have no water requirements.
Drainage System
a) AIS

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The wastewater outlet shall be connected to the GPP drainage system. The drainage system
will be designed on the basis of 1.7m3/d (daily averaged).
The domestic sewage shall be drained into the septic tank through UPVC double wall
corrugated pipes. HDPE pipe is used as the outlet pipe of submersible sewage pump.
b) EDS, PRMS, TRMS
The drainage system shall be designed on the basis of 1.7m3/d (daily averaged).
The domestic sewage will be drained into the septic tank through UPVC double wall
corrugated pipes.
Drainage from source well pumping house shall be discharged into the nearest ditch in these
stations. Minimum requirement for these stations are two septic tanks and soak away pit or
leaching field.
c) BLV1, BLV2
No drainage system is required.
Control system
Raw and Potable Water System: The deep well pump shall be controlled automatically by
changing of pressure on the diaphragm type air pressure tank.
2.4.16 Mechanical
The project will construct 2 set Pig Launcher Traps, 2 set Pig Receiver Traps, 7 set Vent Stack,
2 set Drain Drum and 9 set Gas Filter and Separator.
2.4.17 Power Plants Interconnection

For onsite compression sizing, it is assumed that there will be no intermediate (compression)
stations along the length of the dry gas delivery pipeline. Arrival pressures at the customers
facilities are assumed to be 60 barg. This is expected to be sufficient to supply fuel gas at
sufficient pressures for the Takoradi Thermal Power Plants.
Power Plants at Takoradi
The power plants at Takoradi are currently operational and are burning light crude oil as
fuel. The plant has dual capability for burning gas, also, and as such will be able to take gas
once the gas plant is complete. The only existing infrastructure for transporting natural gas
to the Takoradi Thermal Power Plant and other plants east of Takoradi, is the West African
Gas Pipeline (WAGP). This pipeline was intended to bring gas into Ghana from Nigeria. The
initial capacity of the West Africa Gas Pipeline is 170MMscfd with an ultimate capacity of
474MMscfd.

September 2012
Pipeline route at Anokyi Pipeline route at Eikwe
Pipeline route crossing Esiama-Nkroful road Pipeline route crossing highway at Kamgblunle

September 2012
New developments at proposed distribution centre- Esiama
School at distribution centre to be affected
2.5 Pipeline Construction Methodology
2.5.1 Scope of Work

Onshore pipeline project includes 135 km pipeline, two sets of block valve station, 11 sites of
thrust boring crossings (almost 260m), 18 open cut crossings (almost 402m), 3 Horizontal
Directional Drilling (almost 2250m).
2.5.2 Surveying
The surveying work will involve the following activities:
Mark the right-of-way boundary limits.

Stake the centerline of trench (before and after any topsoil stripping).
Locate mainline bends, valves, stations, and every crossing point.
The survey teams will be equipped with the latest survey equipment such as GPS (Global
Positioning System) and Total Station Theodolites.

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2.5.3 Right-of-Way Construction

The right-of- way will be constructed within 30-36m in width regarded as work area. The
limits of the ROW will initially be identified and staked out by the survey crew.
Clearing and grading will commence utilizing electric motor saws, dozers and excavators.
Trees and weeds cut down will be windrowed along the right-of-way boundaries
temporarily, and then taken away.
The clearing and grading crew will also padding ROW for vehicles and big equipment for easy
access.
2.5.4 Access Roads

There are 11 roads considered along the routing for Open Cut or HDD operation. The
locations are presented in Table 4.
Table 4: Pipeline crossing list
Item Crossing location Crossing type Crossing Crossing method

No. length(m)
1 Km2.111-km2.123 River 12 Open cut
2 Km6.434-km6.446 Track 12 Open cut
6 Km8.720-km8.732 Track 12 Open cut
9 Km9.778-km9.790 Road 12 Open cut
12 Km12.475-km12.487 Road 12 Open cut
15 Km17.270-km17.282 Road 12 Open cut with
cased steel pipe
2.5.5 Trenching and Padding

It is preferable that the pipe stringing and welding operations precede the trenching
operations. But in some special situations, such as in swamp area, the trenching operations
will precede stringing and welding.
If rock exists, rock breakers installed on excavators will be uses. When blasting is necessary
for the trench excavation, the Inspectorate Division of the Minerals Commission will be
informed before any blasting is carried out.

September 2012
To the trench, in which rock exists, sand bedding will be prepared to protect the coating of
the pipeline with suitable excavated backfill material.
2.5.6 Pipe Hauling and Stringing

The coated line pipes will be transported from the Takoradi Port to pipe storage fields
spread along the ROW. 7 Pipe storage fields will be installed as shown in Figure 2.
The pipes will be transported directly to the right-of-way, and strung utilizing a side boom
tractor. The coated line pipe will be strung onto wood skids or earth filled sacks.
2.5.7 Bending of Pipe

Field bends will be made by the cold stretch method utilizing a conventional cold bending
machine fitted with padded bending shoes.
2.5.8 Group and Welding

SMAW + FCAW combination will be used for mainline production welding. SMAW will be for
root pass only, downhill; and FCAW will be for the balance passes, downhill.
Pneumatic internal line up clamp will be used for main line pipe alignment, while mechanical
external line up clamp for tie-in alignment.
Welding records shall be made available for all welds including repairs and re-welds with full
supporting information such as daily visual inspection report, request sheet for NDT, Weld
Map identifying weld final location, etc. Welds traceability shall be fully ensured.
2.5.9 Non-destructive Testing

RT or UT examination of welds will be provided in accordance with the design documents.
The mainline X-ray crew will utilize X-ray crawlers which will travel and work inside the
welded pipeline.
The following categories of welds may be radiographed using a double wall single image
(DWSI) X-ray technique:
a) Repair to main line welds

b) Welds replacing cut-out welds
c) Tie-in welds
For radiographic inspection, each weld of mainline welds, repair welds, tie-in welds, final tie-
ins welds, welds in valve station, welds in stations, road and rail crossing welds, etc. shall be
identified by a unique weld number.
2.5.10 Field Joint Coating and Repair

Field welding joints will be coated using heat shrink sleeves in accordance with the
specifications, or manufacturers recommended procedures.

September 2012
Pipe surface will be cleaned and prepared by means of sand blasting in order to improve the
quality. Minor repairs to damaged line pipe coating will be accomplished with tape or
sleeves applied in accordance with the specifications.
2.5.11 Lowering-in and Backfilling

The welded and coated pipe will be lowered into the trench by side boom tractors equipped
with rollie pipe cradles. The pipe will be inspected with a holiday detector prior to lowering-
in. All damaged coating will be repaired and the repair will be re-inspected.
Once the lowered-in pipe has been placed in the bottom of the trench, the pipe will be
shaded with suitable excavated backfill material. After the pipe has been shaded, backfilling
of the trench will then be completed in accordance with the specifications utilizing dozers
and excavators.
2.5.12 Tie-ins
Where tie-ins are performed in the trench, it will be ensured that the excavation is sloped or
braced to prevent ditch wall collapse and is of sufficient size to cater for the activities
required.
The tie-in welds will be nondestructively examined, cleaned and coated in accordance with
the specifications.
2.5.13 Cleaning, Gauging, Hydrostatic Testing, De-watering and Commissioning

Cleaning, Gauging, hydrostatic testing, de-watering of the pipeline will be carried out under
the supervision of a fully qualified engineer.
A commissioning support crew will be staffed and supervised by a qualified commissioning

engineer. This crew will be composed of workers from the mainline hydro-testing and
fabricated assemblys installation crews. The pipeline commissioning will be carried out in a
safe manner.
2.5.14 Plan for Crossings

Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD)
There are three major river crossings which are to be directional drilled. These are the Ebi,
Amansuri and the Ankobra Rivers.
Two work sites shall be prepared for each river crossing: one site for the drilling operations
and the other site at the drill exit location. Both work sites will be approximately 60 metres
wide and 40 metres long. Both areas will be graded and filled to provide a stable and dry
work area.
An access road suitable for transportation of construction and drilling equipment, delivery of
bentonite by tractor trailer rig and personnel will be constructed at both sites.
HDD working process is as follow:
Drilling the Pilot Hole

September 2012
Steering and Monitoring Drill Head Location

Reaming
Pipeline Makeup
Pulling the Pipeline
Demobilization and Site Restoration
Open Cut Crossings
The installation of other water crossing other than directional drilled crossing, require
substantial burial depths, any open cut method requires a major earthmoving effort. This
will be applied at the minor reads (feeder roads) and the wetlands.
There are two kinds of methods to get construction platform (see Figures 3 and 4):
Figure 3:Schematic Diagram of Cofferdam & Excavation
Figure 4:Schematic Diagram of Cofferdam and River Diversion
After water drained off, the pipeline will be installed as the main pipeline.

September 2012
Thrust Boring
This method will be applied for other rivers and streams, major roads (highways) and
railways.
A drive pit approximately 20 meters long by 4 meters wide will be excavated on the pipe
centerline to the required depth. Sides of the pit shall be battered back and supported as
necessary.
The reception pit will be excavated on the opposite side of the crossing on the pipe
centerline. Locations of thrust and reception pits shall be determined by crossing boundaries
and be clear from any existing services.
Thrust sleeve pipes across the obstacle, and then put the gas pipeline into the sleeve pipes.
Rates of thrust shall be dependent on ground conditions. Rock, large boulders or other
obstructions may lead to failure.
2.5.15 Specialized Construction

Specialized construction is defined as construction in unique areas that require additional
precautionary measures.
Construction in rainy season
Welding in rainy season
Protection tent will be built, and fitting up and welding will take place in the protection tent.
Sometimes the humidity in the air is so high it can affect the quality of welding. To prevent
that, the ring-shaped fired heater or liquefied gas to warm up the welding position, getting
rid of moisture at the both sides of welding bead will be used.
Coating in rainy season
During the rainy season, professional sand dryer will be deployed at the work spot to make
sure that the work can be carried out smoothly. The dry sand will be filled into bags then
stored in container for storage. Meanwhile, to improve the constructions feasibility and
quality, the using of protection tent will also be taken into consideration.
Trenching in rainy season
About trench at the bottom of the hillside, when it is trenching, a drainage ditch parallel to
the pipe ditch will be excavated at the higher side. Thus it can prevent rain water flooding
the pipe ditch.
After lowering in, if it cannot be backfilled on time, a cutoff wall will be built with woven
bags filled with soil at the water side. At the same time, the pipe will be covered with woven
bags which are filled with soil. So the pipe wont float on the ditch when it is raining and the
fine soil will not be washed away.

September 2012
Lowering-in measure in rainy season
The time between trenching, welding, coating, Lowering in , soil backfilling and so on should
not be too long, to prevent rain water washing out trench.
Once lowering-in is finished soil backfilling will be carried out as soon as possible, in case
the pipe, without heavy load will float because of underground water.
Construction in swampy area
The depth of mud is less than 1 meter
The construction technology to be used is Soil Bedding. The steps to be followed will be:
1. Dry soil bedding

2. Pipe stringing and welding are all carried out on the soil bedding
3. Use two excavators to excavate at the both sides of that pipe symmetrically to make
that pipe sink.
4. Backfill and restore the landscape.
The depth of mud is over 1 meter
The construction technology to be used will be Cofferdam with steel sheet piles. The steps to
be followed will be as follows:
1. Insert intensive steel sheet piles into the ground;

2. Dig out the sludge;
3. Weld and coating; and
4. Stabilize the pipe, pull out all steel sheet piles, backfill and restore landscape.
Large amount of water exists
Construction technology to be employed will be the float pipeline. Construction steps are as
follows:
1. Excavate a trench in swamp with buoyancy tank excavators. The whole trench is full of
water;
2. Every ten pipes will be welded together and coated on dry land;
3. Plug one end of the pipeline. Haul the pipeline into the trench using floatage of the
water;
4. Tie-in to the next 10 pipes, and repeat the same action; and
5. Full the pipeline with water to make it sink, then stabilizing and backfilling.
2.6 Health, Safety and Environmental Management Systems

Ghana Gas will develop a comprehensive Health, Safety and Environmental Management
System (HSE MS) which will provide the elements, expectations and performance measures
to implement effective processes. It will describe the process that applies to every worker
and at all locations, and is fully integrated into all management activities. This process is

September 2012
intended to provide a framework for GNGCs operating areas to achieve top performance. It
will serve as a management tool to achieve our objectives of:
Being the safest company in our industry;

Protecting the health of our employees;
Being good stewards of the environment by minimizing any adverse impacts from our
products and services;
Assisting customers with the correct product and service choices to ensure their
compliance with local and international environmental regulations; and
Being recognized as a valued member of the communities in which we operate.
The purpose of the HSE MS is to provide performance expectations for all employees and
assist in the management of hazards and risks associated with day-to-day activities of the
Company.
2.7 Project Management

The proposed project is being implemented by the Government of Ghana acting through the
Ghana National Gas Company. Sinopec International Petroleum Service Corporation has
been engaged by the Ghana National Gas Company (Ghana Gas) to be responsible for the
Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Commissioning of the project.
The gas pipeline project is designed to have a life span of about 25 years.

September 2012
3.0 ALTERNATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 Introduction
The consideration of alternative routes and designs for the gas pipeline has been the main
focus for the planning of this project. The development of the various options for the
pipeline has been approached by a multi-disciplinary team including environmental, social
and technical specialists as well as stakeholder liaison personnel and has involved
consultation with statutory bodies, non-governmental organisations and a cross-section of
the general public. The main objective in the consideration of alternatives was to find the
best balance between community, environmental and technical criteria.
This chapter summarises the alternatives considered for the proposed onshore gas pipeline
project.
3.2 The Need for the Project

The evaluation of alternatives to the proposed project in the context of the ESIA process has
been carried out on the basis of the current status of the Jubilee Oil Field Development
project, having regard also to the considerations of the onshore pipeline route from the
processing plant at Atuabo to Bonyere to the west and Aboadze to the east of the plant.
The Jubilee project has received all the approvals and Ghana started producing oil from the
wells in the last quarter of 2011. Currently, the associated gas is being injected back into the
oil wells. Alternatively, the gas could be flared, which will be at a cost to the nation with its
attendant environmental implications.
3.3 Transportation of Natural Gas

The goal for any business owner is to minimize transportation costs while also meeting
demand for products. Transportation costs generally depend upon the distance between the
source and the destination, the means of transportation chosen, and the size and quantity of
the product to be shipped. In many cases, there are several sources and many destinations
for the same product, which adds a significant level of complexity to the problem of
minimizing transportation costs.
The decisions a business owner must make regarding transportation of products are closely
related to a number of other distribution issues. For example, the accessibility of suitable
means of transportation factors into decisions regarding where best to locate a business or
facility. The means of transportation chosen will also affect decisions regarding the form of
packing used for products and the size or frequency of shipments made. Although
transportation costs may be reduced by sending larger shipments less frequently, it is also
necessary to consider the costs of holding extra inventory. The interrelationship of these
decisions means that successful planning and scheduling can help business owners to save
on transportation costs.
Natural gas is abundant in the Ghana oil find, and it is the business of Ghana Gas to
transport this clean and relatively cheap source of energy to Takoradi and other parts of the
country to foster economic growth. GNGC is expected to provide the necessary

September 2012
infrastructure to ensure the supply of the natural gas to the Aboadze Thermal Power Plant,
which could be by:
road transport; and/ or

pipeline transmission.
3.3.1 Road Transport Option

The efficient and effective movement of natural gas from producing areas to consumption
regions requires an extensive and elaborate transportation system. In many instances,
natural gas produced from a particular well will have to travel a great distance to reach its
point of use. The transportation system for natural gas must consists of a complex network
of pipelines, designed to quickly and efficiently transport natural gas from its origin, to areas
of high natural gas demand.
Vehicular transport of the natural gas to Aboadze and LPG to Domunli area is a considered
option. The need for additional processing to bring the gas up to pipeline quality standards
may be a factor to in considering road transportation of the commodity. While many
industrial applications can utilize gas that does not meet these strict standards, the distance
to the nearest such industrial consumer may not justify the cost of laying a direct pipeline. In
such cases, transporting the gas by truck may provide a solution.
To transport the gas by road vehicles, the gas first passes through a compression and
dehydration station. After odorization, the gas is metered and loaded under pressure onto
tube trailers. When the trailers arrive at the customer site, the gas is unloaded through a
delivery terminal where the pressure is reduced and controlled to meet the customer's
requirements.
Trucking natural gas and LPG can offer several benefits. Since the gas does not enter the
public transmission lines, processing costs may be reduced. Depending on the actual gas
analysis and customer requirements, additional processing may not even be necessary.
Because the gas is being sold directly for industrial use, attractive pricing packages can be
offered to prospective buyers.
However, this will entail more expensive operational costs and also vulnerability to such
risks as accidents and fire. The special purpose vehicles to be imported will require expert
maintenance services which may not be readily available to support this option. Vehicular
transport of the natural gas and LPG to supply the Thermal Power Plant located at Aboadze
and other users at Domunli will not therefore be cost effective.
3.3.2 Pipeline Routing Options

Transporting natural gas thousands of miles through pipelines is the safest method of
transportation. Pipelines are the most common, and usually the most economic, delivery
system to transport gas from the processing field to the consumer. Pipelines are a fixed,
long-term investment that can be uneconomic for smaller and more remote gas fields.
The volume of gas that can be transported in a pipeline depends on two main factors: the
pipeline operating pressure and pipe diameter. The maximum diameter of pipelines

September 2012
continues to increase every few years. As diameters of 48 in. (121 cm) become common, the
industry may be approaching the practical limit to onshore pipelines.
Most transmission pipelines operate at pressures of more than 60 bar, and some operate as
high as 125 bar. To maintain a high operating pressure, compressors maintain the pressure
of gas, and depending on the length of the pipeline and the topography, may be installed at
intervals of 150 km to 200 km.
The pipeline transmission of the natural gas and LPG will eliminate the incidence of
accidents and fire since pipes will be buried, and in the long term be cheaper. The pipeline
transmission of the natural gas and LPG from the processing plant to be located at Atuabo to
the end users at Aboadze and Bonyere area is therefore the preferred option.
The alternative pipeline routes considered were offshore and onshore transmission. The
primary objective is to locate different routes and evaluate on their suitability based on
right-of-way, geotechnical issues and general construction constraints. The options have
been further discussed below.
Route Selection Criteria
The route selection criteria were established early in the route development process on the
basis of community input in combination with relevant statutory, technical, environmental
and project requirements as well as relevant codes and standards to ensure smooth
implementation of the project. The route selection criteria used are listed below:
Minimum total pipeline length;

Constructability;
Minimum number of pipeline/cable crossing. If crossing is unavoidable, crossing angle
shall be as close to 90 as possible, but in no case less than 60;
Environmental sensitivity;
Avoid any land slide area;
Minimum clearance of 2 m in horizontal direction between the proposed pipelines and
any existing pipeline;
Minimum separation of 300 mm between the proposed pipeline and any existing buried
service.
Offshore and Onshore Routing
To transmit lean gas from the proposed Gas processing plant at Atuabo to TTPP at Aboadze
and LPG pipeline from the GPP to the Bonyere area involves the construction and
installation of about 135 km pipeline.
The installation route for this pipeline could either be offshore or onshore but selection
depends on factors including
installation cost,
operating and maintenance cost,
employment opportunities among others.

September 2012
Pipe laying onshore and offshore options were considered in details and the onshore option
was selected due to the following reasons:
g) Lower capital cost.

h) Lower operating and life cycle cost.
i) It is easy to expand to handle future flow increases from development of additional
fields.
j) It will provide thousands of direct and indirect employment for Ghanaians.
k) It will also be a strategic infrastructure for future development of a national gas
transmission and distribution network for Ghana.
l) It will not be prejudicial to public health or safety.
Onshore Pipe Laying Options
Two line pipe routes (options) were considered in connection with the onshore pipe laying.
This involves laying the pipe along the GRIDCo Right-of-Way (ROW) from Esiama to Aboadze
and the route along the coast from Atuabo to Aboadze.
With the GRIDCo ROW, the Esiama- Aboadze pipeline corridor required for installation has
already been acquired by GRIDCo. About 20 km of the corridor from Atuabo to Esiama will
have to be acquired while with the coastal option the entire route would have to be
acquired hence this option would have more social impacts and very costly since there
would be more compensation and resettlement related issues to be handled.
A detailed pipeline route integrity analysis was made prior to the choice of the route. The
most appropriate, effective, and less damaging route to both human and environmental
concerns was chosen.
3.4 Pipeline Materials

There are basically three (3) types of natural gas pipe materials; namely steel pipe, fibreglass
pipe and plastic based pipe. Steel pipe has the advantage over the others when comparing
their physical characteristics of steel, if pressure is the critical factor. Steel pipe pressure
ratings can exceed 5,000 psi depending on pipe size and location of installation. High Density
Polyethylene (HDPE) pipe use in natural gas transportation is not used for pressures typical
of transmission or trunk distribution lines. Fibreglass Reinforced Pipe (FRP) prepared from
aromatic amine cure epoxy resins have been tested at pressures > 3,500 psi in diameters
ranging from 2-3, and approximately 2,750 psi in 4-10 diameter pipe. Aliphatic amine
cured epoxy pipe has been certified at 3,750 psi for 2 and up to 1,100 psi for 8 diameter
pipe, however this investigation did not find any instances where natural gas was being
transported in composite pipe at high pressures.
Thermoplastic pipe is susceptible to a reduction in mechanical properties at elevated

temperatures. FRP mechanical properties are reduced with increased heat, but not generally
as dramatically as HDPE. Fibreglass based pipe pressure certifications are generally valid up
to around 200 oF (93.3 oC). There are some vinyl ester pipe materials that retain properties
up to about 300 oF (148.9 oC) but in general temperature is much more of an issue than with
steel pipe.

September 2012
There are other advanced composites that are currently being used in natural gas field
production applications. These spoolable composites are manufactured in sizes ranging from
1 4-1/2 inches and continuous lengths up to 35,000. This type of pipe has a thermoplastic
liner surrounded by a hybrid laminate made of carbon, glass or other fibres in an epoxy resin
base. All of the strength in this pipe comes from the outer laminate layer. This allows for use
of different materials for the thermoplastic liner.
This spoolable pipe has pressure ratings ranging from 750 5000psi. A drawback with this
system is that due to the spooling process, microcracks will develop in the laminate layer.
Testing has shown that some outer laminate layers will begin to weep due to micro-
permeation at pressures exceeding 600 psi when no liner is used. The type of thermoplastic
liner material chosen determines the suitability for each application.
Generally speaking, the weakest point in a composite pipeline is at the joint. There are a
number of joining systems available for composite pipe. Joining methods include Butt-and-
Wrap, O-Ring, Flush Thread, Flanged, Keway Joint, Socket Joint (coupled), Threaded and
Bonded, Bell and Spigot (matched tapered). With FRP, the strongest joint is a butt-and-wrap
joint. Unfortunately this type of joint is both labour and time intensive, requiring multiple
applications of resin and reinforcing material with curing time between each application.
Coupled joints required gluing or cementing the joints of pipe together using couplings made
of the same material. This system works well with low-pressure distribution systems, but is
generally not used in higher pressure transmission pipeline applications. A variation of this is
the couple-and-wrap method that is similar to a butt-and-wrap with a coupling. Threaded
FRP pipe with a box and pin configuration is also widely used in oilfield applications.
Maintaining a complete seal in natural gas pipelines at higher pressures however is a
challenge with this method of connection. Pipe with flanged connections is quick to install,
but larger diameters are difficult to work with, and flanged pipe is not cost competitive. A
single 24 flange can cost in the range of $750 to $1000 compared to $100 to $250 per foot
for the pipe depending on fabrication method and quality. With spoolable composite pipe,
the joints are minimized and installations over long distances are maximized. Unlike FRP, the
joints do not rely on secondary bond characteristics. Spooled pipe can be laid at rates
considerably higher than conventional steel or fibreglass stick pipe.
Advantages of Steel Pipe (preferred option)
In an age when communities depend more than ever upon a continual, economic supply of
energy sources, steel is the ideal and proven material of choice for high-pressure gas
transmission pipelines.
Pipelines need to consistently deliver product year in and year out under a range of
operating conditions. The pipe needs to be handled, transported and installed with minimal
risk of damage. Pipe also needs to be resistant to long-term loss of strength or damage
through corrosion, ageing and other external effects.
Strength to weight ratio
Steel offers a very high strength to weight ratio. Of all commercial piping materials, steel has
the greatest strength in proportion to pipe wall thickness. This attribute has weight-saving

September 2012
implications due to the reduction in pipe wall thicknesses, or through increases in gas supply
via higher operating pressures. The less steel that is utilised in a pipeline, the less it costs.
Longevity, durability and property stability
As the physical properties of steel do not appreciably degrade over time, the material will
reliably perform over many generations of pipeline operation. The longevity of a pipeline has
considerable and positive technical, maintenance and financial ramifications.
Through use of modern coatings and well-established cathodic protection techniques, steel
pipe is resistant to corrosion, allowing many decades of service.
Ability to absorb deformation
The ductility of steel allows the pipe to deform locally under extreme loads, such as those
from vehicles, as well as earth movements and soil erosion, while maintaining resistance to
the load and ensuring pipeline integrity.
Steel also possesses a work-hardening or strain-hardening characteristic. This

strengthening occurs because of complex dislocation interactions within the crystal
structure of the steel. The benefit of this property is that it provides a buffer against
fluctuations in operating loads.
Response to static and variable internal pressures
How a pipe material responds over time to the pressures created by the product it is
transporting is vital, as steel is an elastic material. When subjected to a load less than the
yield stress, steel will bear the load irrespective of the time the load is applied; it has a time-
independent response to loads applied for sustained durations.
Unlike other materials, steel exhibits a defined fatigue strength, or endurance limit, below
which the number of stress cycles required to cause failure increases to tens of millions,
which can imply infinite endurance.
Ease in laying
For buried pipelines, the strength of steel allows less demanding compaction requirements
than pipe with low ring stiffness (the ability of pipe to retain its shape). Steel thus provides
the greatest amount of resistance, compared to other available options, to excessive
distortion, which could restrict gas flows or result in pipe failure.
The higher beam strength, or stiffness of steel also has the advantage of providing
protection against poor bedding and settlement. Often steel pipe can be laid without the
need for imported bedding material, thereby lowering project costs.
Joinability
While welding is by far the most common method used for joining high-pressure gas
transmission pipe, steel can be joined using a number of mechanical joining techniques
including ball and socket joints, threaded joints, clamping and bolted flanges. For high-
pressure gas transmission applications, welding eliminates the need for complicated joint

September 2012
designs and special threading equipment. It produces a high-strength joint that does not
compromise operating conditions and the pipe has less flow restriction compared to when it
is mechanically connected. Overall, the installation cost of welded pipe is lower than that of
other connection methods.
Steel grades have been designed to be easily weldable by commonly employed welding
processes. This allows for more robust welding procedures and higher welding rates which,
in turn, will help lower construction costs.
3.5 No Action Option

The implication of the no development option (i.e. if the proposed onshore pipeline project
did not go ahead) is that this aspect of the gas infrastructure development project would not
be realised. This option would ultimately result in decommissioning of the onshore gas
processing plant, which will soon be under construction, the existing 14km offshore
pipeline/and yet to be constructed offshore pipeline from the Jubilee Field and related
ancillaries. Additionally, the cumulative impacts of the project would not occur.
In the context of the above, and having regard to national policy as well as regional and
country development plans, the no development scenario is not considered to be a realistic
option.
Since there is no already developed gas infrastructure for the countrys oil find, part of the
gas produced from the jubilee field is re-injected into the wells; first, for optimizing
production, and second, for later use when the gas infrastructure is developed. Meanwhile,
the rest of the gas (limited quantity) is flared.
However, much re-injection of the gas into wells may lead to a built-up pressure in the wells
that can eventually blow out. Flaring of the gas would have serious implications for marine
life and livelihoods.
Flaring and venting are significant sources of carbon dioxide emissions. Flaring and venting
do not only harm the environment but also add to greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, it
will deprive the country of an energy source that is cleaner and cheaper than other available
energy sources. It also reduces the potential tax revenue and trade balances.
The no action option would also mean that the status quo is maintained. Thus the various
industries targeted to use, and capable of using natural gas to be supplied by GNGC will be
denied the resource and will therefore be compelled to continue to use more expensive
energy sources. Thus, the cost of doing business in the country will continue to be high with
consequent adverse impact on the national economy.

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4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL BASELINE INFORMATION

The proposed project will impact eight (8) metropolis/municipality/districts in the Western
Region (see Figure 5) listed as follows:
Jomoro District;
Ellembele District;
Nzema East Municipality;
Tarkwa -Nsuaem Municipal;
Mpohor Wassa East District;
Ahanta West District;
Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis; and
Shama District.
Baseline information gathered on the metropolis, municipality and districts has been
described in the following paragraphs.
4.1 Jomoro District
4.1.1 Location and Size

The Jumoro District lies between Latitudes 040 55050 15 N and Longitudes 020 15020 45
W and is bordered on the North by Wassa Amenfi and Aowin Suaman Districts, Nzema East
District on the East, La Cote divoire to the West and the Gulf of Guinea to the South. The
District capital is Half Assini.
The District covers an area of 1344 square kilometres. This is about 5.6% of the total area of
the Western Region. Around the coastal area, the relief is lower consisting of flattish upland
areas and steep valleys. A minor relief feature is the one formed by a ridge of highland
running northwest to southeast from the Tano to Bonyere that terminates on its northern
side in the Nawulley scarp.
4.1.2 Topology & Drainage

The main water bodies are Tano, Angesa and Amanzulley rivers, their tributaries and the
Gwenye Lagoon. The Domunli Lagoon is within the enclave.
4.1.3 Climate & Vegetation

The climate is classified as equatorial Monsoon with small fluctuations in mean annual
temperature, air pressure and humidity. A high rainfall, falling in two wet seasons and a
uniformly high temperature characterizes the climate of the District. The climate is
favourable for plant growth and it is the climate rather than the soil, which is the greatest
asset of the district. The harmattan air mass that brings dry conditions comes under the
effects of the Monsoon and the Equatorial mass. The result is a variable weather, which
includes moderate to very heavy rains. The District lies in the Tropical Rain Forest belt with
the coastal vegetation being largely mangrove swamp.

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4.1.4 Temperature and humidity

Being tropical, the District is hot and humid. August is the coldest month and March the
hottest. Relative humidity in the night is 90%, descending to 75% in the afternoon. The driest
period is December and January.
4.1.5 Rainfall
The District experiences two rainy seasons from April to July and September to November.
There is a short dry spell in August and longer dry period in December to January. Although
February and March are relatively hot, a number of rains usually allow cropping to begin.
The District is the wettest part of the country with average annual rainfall more than
1732mm.
4.1.6 Geology and Soil

The District has five main geological formations namely, Lower Birimian, Upper birimian,
granites, Tertiary Sands and Coastal sands. The soils of the district belong to: The Boi
Association, Ankasa Association, Tikobo Association, and Fredericksburg Association. The
soils of the district favour tree crop cultivation.
4.1.7 Demographic characteristics

Population and its Growth
The population of the District has increased over the years from 37,685 in 1970 to 150,107
in 2010. The current population is estimated to be 150,107. Table 5 below gives the
population growth and density from 1970 to 2010. This shows that population growth in the
District has accelerated over the past 40 years. The phenomenal growth in population may
be attributed to rapid increase in birth rate and decrease in mortality rate over the period,
and more importantly, also the in-migration as a result of the increased economic activity in
the coconut or copra industry in the District.
Table 5: Population Characteristics of the Jomoro District
Year Population Population Density/Sq. Km Growth Rate
1970 37,685 28 3.2
1984 70,881 53
2000 111,348 83
2010 150,107
Source: Population Census Report 1970, 1984, 2000, 2010
Closely related to the above was the completion of the highway linking La Cote dIvoire
between the late 1980 and early 1990s. This generated a rapid wave of in-migration from
other part of the country to the district.

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Spatial Distribution of Population
Table 6 shows the population distribution within the District. The District capital Half Assini
has the largest population in the district. The town has the infrastructure and economic
influence to attract migration and retain residents. This is followed by Elubo, Tikobo No. 1
and Bonyere. The distribution of the population in the district is uneven as is reflected in the
difference between the population size and land area.
The District can best be described as typically rural. Out of the total 931 settlements only 4
settlements could be described as urban in 2005, thus having population of 5000 and above.
They are Half Assini (16,159) Elubo (14,361) Tikobo No. 1 (7655) Bonyere (7288).
Table 6: Distribution of Population in some selected settlements
No. Locality/Settlement 2000 2006 2009

1. Half Assini 11,734 14,218 15,650
2. Elubo 10,428 12,635 13,908
3. Tikobo No. 1 5,559 6,736 7,414
4. Bonyere 5,292 6,412 7,058
5. Tikobo No. 2 3,619 4,385 4,827
6. Ahobre No. 2 3,069 3,719 4,093
7. Ezinlibo 3,033 3,675 4,045
8. Takinta 2,881 3,491 3,843
9. Jaway Wharf 2,600 3,150 3,468
10. Samenye 2,513 3,045 3,352
11. Mpataba 2,434 2,949 3,246
12. Nuba 2,316 2,806 3,089
13. Kengen 2,216 2,685 2,956
14. Allowulley 2,136 2,588 2,849
15. Adusuazo 1,800 2,181 2,401
16. Ellenda 1,718 2,082 2,291
17. Nawulley 1,683 2,039 2,245
18. Ekpu 1,656 2,007 2,209
19. Elloyin 1,604 1,944 2,139
20. Nvelenu-Bawia 1,531 1,855 2,042
Labour Force
The district has an active population of more than 70% which is sometimes attributed to the
low school enrolment as children of school going age are usually found to be economically
active. About 19% of the labour force is engaged in farm work, transport and casual labour.
Traders dominate due to cross- border trade mainly in merchandise such as coconut oil,
textiles and clothing and aluminum cooking utensils. There are more women engaged in the
agriculture sector. About 16% of the population are into manufacturing that is mainly small
scale processing of coconut oil.

September 2012
Occupational Structure
The major occupation in the District is agriculture which absorbs 54.7% of the total labour
force. This is followed by the Service sector (30.0%) and industry (18%). The District can be
said to be agrarian and farming is at the peasant level. The agricultural sector is however
beset with numerous problems among which are: destruction of crops by pests and
diseases, inadequate finance, low price of farm produce, low access to extension services,
high cost of inputs, and theft of farm produce.
Culture
Unlike many districts of the country, Jomoro in its entirety is under one paramountcy at the
traditional capital located in Beyin. The annual festival of the people called kundum brings all
the citizenry from afar and near to their respective towns and villages. Large proportions of
the population are the Nzemas who are the natives and constitutes as high as 65.4% of the
total population. The other significant tribes are Fanti 13.8%, Ewe 8.8%, Twi 3.2%. This
portrays the district as being homogenous in terms of ethnicity. Christianity is the dominant
religion.
Chieftaincy Disputes
Though the District is said to be peaceful, there are pockets of chieftaincy disputes at
Bonyere, Newtown and some few areas which should be looked at seriously. The dispute has
divided these areas into factions and has even affected local level governance in terms of
the performance of the Area Councils. The non-functioning of the Bonyere Area Council is
attributed to the endemic conflict in the area. This situation has retarded development, as
the council cannot meet to generate revenue for development.
Health Facilities
There is only one government hospital located at Half Assini and four (4) health centres at
Samenye, Elubo, Ekabuku and Tikobo No.1. Cases from the health centers and other parts of
the district are referred to the Half Assini Hospital or elsewhere outside the district. In effect
the hospital caters for the whole District.
Educational Facilities
There are two main public senior high schools in the district located at Half Assini and
Ezinlibo respectively. There is a third one, which is privately owned and is located at
Mpataba.
District Economy
Structure of the Local Economy
The economy of the District is mixed consisting of large traditional agricultural sector made
up of mostly small-scale peasant farmers, a growing informal sector of small businessmen,
artisans and technicians and an insignificant proportion in the processing and manufacturing
sector.

September 2012
Table 7: Type of Occupational Structure
Type of Occupation No. Percentage (%)

Agriculture:
Farming 109 38.6
Fishing 41 15.5
Service 65 24.6
Industry 49 18.6
Total 264 100
Source: Field Survey 2010
The major occupational structure in the District is agriculture, which absorbs 54.1% of the
total labour force in the District. Population engaged in industry and service is comparatively
small. Farming both subsistence and commercial especially cassava (40.5%) coconut (16.0%)
maize (15%) and the rest cocoa (9.4%) plantain (9.4%) and others (9.4%) are the principal
occupation in the district. The district can be said to be an agrarian District. About 3.6% of
the farmers cultivate on land size of 0-3 hectares.
Energy
Energy is an important resource to move the District. However, a large part of the District
does not have electricity. Only 47 communities in the Jomoro District enjoy electricity
including Bonyere.
Transportation
Transportation in the district is mainly by land and water. The Tano River and the Abbey
lagoon are the principal water bodies which facilitate the transportation of goods and
passengers in the District. There is a total of 153.9 kilometres of feeder roads. The condition
of the road network is well below average.
Agriculture
Agriculture is the backbone of the Districts economy. Besides employing about 65-70% of
the Districts labour force, it has a great potential of sparking off agro-based industrial
activities and producing a wide range of food and cash crops for internal and external
markets. Land for farming is becoming a major drawback to agricultural development in the
District since it is scarce. About 30% of land in the District is taken by the Ankasa
Conservation Project. The table below shows the land use in Jomoro District.

September 2012
Table 8: Land use in Jomoro
Land Use (2002) Land Use (2005)

Land Use Area Under % Area Under %
Cultivation H/A Cultivation H/A
Forest Reserve 27,734 18 27,734 18
Tree Crops 71,024 47 72,112 48
Food Crops 36,924 25 47,386 25
Fallow Lands 4,652 3 2,143 1
Settlement 10,057 7 12,442 8
TOTAL 150,391 100 151,817 100
Source: MOFA, Jomoro
Farmers acquire land from family members or traditional authorities on the basis of abusa
and abunu or outright purchase. Most farmlands are owned by families and fragmented
among family members. This results in smaller holdings. Average holding for food crops
ranges from 0.5 to 2 acres. While that of plantation crops ranges from 2-10 acres.
Aquaculture
There are suitable and vast lands for aquaculture in the District. This of late has prompted
many farmers to invest in this sector. Major production areas in the District are: Tikobo No.
2, Elubo and New Kabenlasuazo. Average pond size is 100 x 100m and average number of
ponds per farmer is 2. However, the sector faces a lot of challenges. Among them are:
Funds for construction and expansion

Lack of excavators
Inadequate improved fingerlings
Inadequate balance feed
Marine Fishing
Marine fishing plays an important role in the economy of the Jomoro District. It employs
about 20% of its labour force and contributes to almost half of the total protein
requirements of the District. Fishing methods used are: Beach Seine, Line and Hook,
Wakye Ashekon and Mpataku. In recent times fish stock has dwindled and this has
resulted in the importation of fish from Takoradi into the District to meet the Districts stock
demand. The dwindled fish stock may be attributed to the high cost of fishing inputs: e.g.
outboard motor machines, canoes, nets etc. Another challenge facing this sector is lack of
storage facilities at the landing sites. This results in high post harvest losses. Currently,
construction work on a cold store facility is underway at Half Assini market.

September 2012
4.2 Ellembele District

The Ellembele District being one of the Seventeen (17) Districts in the Western Region of
Ghana is located on the southern part of the region between longitudes 2005 W and 2035
W and latitude 4040 N and 5020 N.
The District shares boundaries with the Jomoro District to the West, Wassa Amenfi West
District to the North, Nzema East Municipal to the South East, Tarkwa Nsuaem Municipal
to the East and a 70 km stretch of sandy beaches to the south. It covers a total area of about
1,468 Square kilometers, which constitutes about 9.8% Percent of the total land mass of the
Western Region.
The District has one constituency, the Ellembele Constituency with a total of Seven (7) Area
Councils and 31 Electoral Areas. A list of the Area Councils and their population is presented
in Table 9.
Table 9: List of Area Councils and their Population
Area Council Total Population
Asasetre 4,409
Kikam 6,020
Esiama 9,982
Nkroful 9,327
Awiebo 3,055
Atuabo 3,753
Aiyinase 19, 634
4.2.2 Topography, Geology and Minerals

The topography of the District is generally undulating with the highest point at about 450ft
above mid sea level. The rocks are made up mainly of the Cambrian type of the Birimean
formation and the Tarkwaian sandstone-Association Quartzite and Phyllites types. It
contains economic minerals such as kaolin, silica and gold, as well as sandstone deposits.
The presence of these precious minerals deposits in the district has the potential to generate
royalties as revenue for the district as well as create employment for the inhabitants of the
area. The availability of the Gold deposit especially has given rise to a number of mining
activities with the Galamsey mining activities on the upsurge and thereby posing serious
security and environmental challenges.
4.2.3 Relief and Drainage

The District is endowed with a number of rivers and streams, the most important of which is
the Ankobra River with its major tributaries like the Ahama and Nwini rivers. Others like the
Ankansa and Draw River and its Tributaries drain the Northern side and act as a boundary
between the District and Wassa Amenfi, Amansure River in the south western area, and

September 2012
some numerous minor rivers and streams which do not exceed 150m above sea level flow
throughout the year.
The streams and rivers exhibit a dendritic pattern, which forms the Ankobra basin. The relief
and drainage system favour the development of fish farming and cultivation of valley
bottom rice, sugarcane and dry season vegetables. The presence of larger Rivers like the
Ankobra has induced commercial fish farming in communities along the Ankobra basin. Due
to the relatively low level of drainage in the district, construction such as road is relatively
less expensive and easier.
4.2.4 Climate
The District lies within the wet semi-equatorial climatic zone of the West African Sub-region.
The area experiences an all year round rainfall with the highest or maximum monthly mean
of rainfall occurring around May and June. Mean Annual rainfall figures ranges from 26.8mm
to 42.6mm. The average temperature in the District is about 29.40C.
The high rainfall pattern and the long periods of the rainfall has resulted in the presence of
many rivers like Ankobra and Mufre in the District which can, using the right technology,
easily be harnessed to provide potable water and water transport the communities. They
can also be a good source of Inland fishing as well as for irrigation farming in order to
provide employment and improve the nutritional status of the people.
The district records high relative humidity figures ranging from 27.6% to 26.6% between
May and June and 27.3% to 27.9 during the rest of the year.
The climate of the district is suitable for the cultivation of various crops both food and cash.
However the influence of the short dry spell (harmattan) has damaging effects on the
environment and farm outputs. The heavy and prolonged rains associated with this type of
climate adversely affect cocoa harvest especially drying of the beans and aggravate the black
pod diseases that attack cocoa. In addition, all the untarred roads become almost
unmotorable during the rainy season.
4.2.5 Vegetation
The vegetation of the District is made up of the moist semi-deciduous rain forest in the
northern part of the District, but turns into secondary forest as one move southwards mainly
due to human activities like tree felling and farming. There is about 70km coastline which is
mainly of savanna vegetation. The District has several timber species and other non-timber
forest products like rattan, bamboo, among others. It also abounds in game and wildlife all
of which offer opportunities for resources extraction and entrepreneurial development.

September 2012
Figure 5:Map of Western Region showing Project Districts

September 2012
There are also three forest reserves in the District. These are Shelter Forest Reserve, Draw
River Forest Reserve (the largest and located at the Northern half of the District) and the
Ndumfri Forest Reserve located in the North Eastern end of the District. However the
existence of some nature conservation areas and biodiversity restricted areas like the
Ankasa Conservation Area and the Draw River at the Northern part of the District. The
Community Resource Management Area (CREMA) concept, by Wild Life Division of the
Forestry Commission is an initiative which will help curtail the unsustainable usage of natural
resources.
The district has a rich diversity of fauna and flora, which has the potential of turning the
district into a major tourist destination in the country in particular and the globe in general,
if the needed tourist infrastructure such as good roads, hotels, restaurants and
communication facilities are made available. There is therefore a great potential to generate
huge revenue from tourism in the district using the forest resources and for this reason; the
District Assembly should be supported and encouraged to develop the tourism industry into
an investment attraction as an appropriate alternative revenue earner.
4.2.6 Soil Type

The soil in the district is mainly of the ferric acrisols and dysric fluvisols type. The ferric
acrisols type of soil constitute about 98% of the entire land of the district, as such supports
the cultivation of a wide range or variety of crops including cocoa, coffee, coconuts, oil palm,
plantain and cassava. Due to this characteristic, the district has a comparative advantage in
agriculture especially in the area of agro processing and plantations.
4.2.7 Demographic Characteristics

The current population of the District (according to the 2010 population censuses) is 87,501
(see Table 10 for details).
Table 10: Population size and growth rates (1970 -2009)
Area 1970 Growth 1984 Growth 2000 Growth 2010 Growth

Rate Rate Rate Rate
Ghana 8.6m 2.6 12.3m 2.7 18,912,007 2.7 24,658,823
Western 77,000 3.0 1.2 3.2 1,924,577 3.2 2,376,021 3.2

Region
Ellebelle 34,000 3.9 58,666 2.7 95,306 2.7 87,501 3.2
Source: Ghana Statistical Service 2010 Population Census Report.
4.2.8 Population Density

The population of 87,501 for the District may indicate no great pressure of population on the
land. However the same cannot be said of the pressure on resources. Settlements or Growth

September 2012
points like Esiama and Aiyinasi have been experiencing relatively higher population densities
with corresponding pressure being exerted on the existing limited infrastructural facilities.
Table 11: General Demographic Trends
Cohort Ghana Western Region Ellembele District
1984 2000 1984 2000 1984 2000
0 14 45 41.3 45 43
15 64 51 53.4 52 51
65+ 4 5.3 3 6
TOTAL 100 100 100 100

Source: Axim (2000)
The Districts population structure does not differ much from the general demographic
trends (see Table 11). It indicates a broad base that gradually tapers off with increasing age.
From the census, the District population is relatively youthful with 51 % as the economically
active force that is slightly below that of the Regional and National ones. This implies more
job creation for about 73,220 people as well as an increase in Health, Education and
Recreational facilities, among others for the dependent cohorts (0 14 and 65+) which
constitute 61,549(43%) respectively. It also has implications for future population growth.
The Districts growth trend reflects that of the Regional with a higher male population of
71,673 as against 71,198 for the Females giving a sex ratio of 1:0.7. This could be explained
by the high level of male migration into the District due to the economic activities like
fishing, farming and lately small scale mining.
4.3 Nzema East Municipality

The Nzema East Municipality which is one of the thirteen (17) Districts in the Western
Region of Ghana and is located on the southern end of the region between longitudes 20o
05 and 20o 35 West and latitudes 40o 40 and 50o 20 North.
It is bounded on the West by Ellembele District, North by Wassa Amenfi District, the East by
Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipality Prestea Huni Valley and Ahanta West and on the South.
The Municipality is also bounded by the Gulf of Guinea with a 9 km stretch of sandy beaches.
This makes it one of the best destinations for tourism in the region especially beach tourism.
The Nzema East and Ellembele Districts cover a total land area of 21942 (square kilometres)
which also forms about 9.8% of the total land area of the Western Region.
4.3.2 Relief and Drainage

The Relief of the Municipality is generally undulating with the highest point at about 450ft
above mean sea level. This Municipality is mainly drained by the Ankobra River and it major
tributaries like the Ahama and Nwini rivers. Others like the Ankansa River and its tributaries

September 2012
drain the Northern side and act as a boundary between the Municipality and Wassa Amefi,
Amansure River in the South Western area, and some numerous minor ones such as Ebi,
Fia, Franza and Mufre scattered all over the Municipality. Most of these rivers and streams
flow throughout the year.
4.3.3 Climate and Vegetation

The Municipality lies between the wet semi-equitorial climate zone of the West African Sub-
region. Rainfall is experienced throughout the year with the highest monthly mean occurring
around May and June each year. The average temperature in the Municipality is about 29. 4
with variation in mean monthly ranging between 4 to 5 degrees Celsius throughout the year.
The vegetation of the Municipality is made up of the moist semi-deciduous rain forest
mainly in the northern part, followed by secondary forest southwards mainly due to human
activities like tree felling and farming and coastal savanna mainly in the south along the
30km coastal belt. All these comprise of large areas of forest resources which include various
timber species and other non timber forest products like rattan, bamboo, game and wildlife
all of which offer opportunities to generate resources for development.
4.3.4 Geology and Minerals

Soils in the Municipality are mostly underlain by Cambrian Rocks of the Birimean formation
and the Tarkwaian sandstone-Association Quartzite and Phyllites types and have serious
implications for development as they contain minerals like kaolin, silica and gold, sand and
stone deposits.
These have given rise to a number of small scale mining companies and galamsey
operations in the Municipality, with others prospecting. Though these offer potentials for
employment generation, they also pose Environmental and Health hazards and challenges.
There is also a mechanized quarry plant presently at Bamiankor producing quarry stones for
both building and road construction.
4.3.5 Forest Reserves

There are three forest reserves in the Municipality. These are Shelter Forest Reserve, Draw
River Forest Reserve, the largest among the three and located at the Northern half of the
Municipality and Ndumfri Forest Reserve to the North Eastern end of the Municipality.
4.3.6 Demographic Characteristic

The current population of the Municipality is 60,828 (according to the 2010 population
censuses). Males constitute 29,947 and females being 30,881.
Population Density
The population density of 68 for the Municipality may indicate no great pressure of
population on the Land. However the same cannot be said of the pressure on Resources or
what the Land can generate. Settlements or Growth points like Axim, Nsein, Bamiankor and
Kutukrum have been experiencing relatively higher population densities with corresponding
pressure being exerted on the existing limited infrastructural facilities. The Municipality has

September 2012
over 280 settlements 20 out of which have a total population of over 74321 constituting
52% of the District population.
4.3.7 Water and Sanitation

Water
The water situation in the municipality has seen an improvement over the years with an
increase in the number of facilities and coverage. However quite a significant number of
people in the communities still have no access to potable water.
Sanitation
The sanitation situation in most communities in the municipality with Axim as an example is
very appalling. The practice of disposing of solid waste materials in gutters, main drains,
open spaces and the sea is very common, with special emphasis on communities like
Bankyim, Tolanu, Bokazo, Kokoado and Adisi. Indiscriminate defaecation along the beaches
is common among the Coastal Communities like Brawire, Adisi, Solo and Ankobra. Waste
disposal in the municipality is therefore not very well organized. Most communities also lack
drainage systems, while the few existing ones in the big towns like Axim, Esiama and Nkroful
are often choked with household garbage and also faeces resulting in stagnant waters. This
situation does not only pose serious health and environmental hazards but also, most
importantly, tend to undermine the huge tourism potential of the municipality.
4.4 Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipality

The Tarkwa Nsuaem Municipal as one of the Districts in the Western Region of Ghana is
located between Latitude 400N and 500 40N and Longitudes 10 45 W and 20 10W. It
bounded to the north by the Prestea-Huni Valley District, the south by the Ahanta West
District, the West by the Nzema East Municipal and the East by Mpohor Wassa East. The
Municipality has a total land area of 2354 sq. km.
4.4.2 Topology & Drainage

The Municipal falls within the forest dissected plateaus physiographic region. Pre-cambrain
rocks of Birimian and Tarkwaian formations underlie the forest-disserted plateau. The land
rises from about 240 meters to about 300 meters above sea level.
The area is generally undulating with few scarps ranging between 150 meters to 300 meters
above sea level. The Bonsa, Ankobra and Huni rivers and their numerous tributaries
including Buri, Anoni, Sumin, Ayiasu drain the area depicting a dendritics pattern.

The Municipal forms part of the Birimian and Tarkwain geological formations. Economically,
the Birimian rocks are regarded as the most important formations due to its mineral
potentials. It accounts for the existence of many Gold and Manganese mining companies in
the Municipal.

September 2012
Soils are deep and open and acidic in many places due to heavy leaching of bases from the
top because of the high rainfall, humidity and temperatures. They are mainly forest oxysoils
developed over a wide range of highly weathered parent materials including Tarkwaian and
Birimian rocks. The acidic nature reduces availability of soil phosphorus, calcium and
magnesium, but generally, levels are acceptable for good plant growth, hence the extensive
cultivation of cassava, maize, plantain, rubber, cocoa and oil palm among others.

Development cannot occur in a vacuum but rather involve people. To determine the
implementation strategy towards sustainable development, one requires adequate
information on the people involved. In planning one of the most important indices for
decision-making is the threshold concept.
This concept provides the basis for the determination of the needed numbers of persons to
support the provision of the various infrastructure and service facilities in society. By so
doing, the scarce resources are maximized, hence the analysis of population in this regard.
Population Size and Growth Rate
The published results of the year 2010 population and Housing Census enumeration gave
the Municipal a total population of 90,477.
4.4.5 Economy
The social, cultural and the economic characteristics of the Tarkwa Nsuaem Municipal are
many and varied due to its location. The existence of extensive natural resources has to a
large extent determined the socio-economic lives of the people. This chapter is intended to
analyze the various social, cultural and economic activities including the facilities in the
Municipal.
Economic Infrastructure
The Municipal has a total Road Network of 627.1Km which comprises 200km of Trunk Roads,
24.8km of Town (urban) Roads and 402.3km of Feeder Roads. The Road Network which used
to be very poor is being improved upon steadily. The Apemanim Tarkwa Road (62km) for
instance is being rehabilitated (asphalted) and sources are that the Tarkwa Bogoso Trunk
Road would also be rehabilitated soon.
The Town Roads are being taken care of by the Ghana Highway Authority. Tarkwa Road Area
is on contracts since the Department of Urban Roads is not here and more so due to the
Municipal not attaining the urban status yet. The feeder Roads are handled by the Dept. of
Feeder Roads but on contracts. Advantageously, the Municipal has a motor grader
(CAT140H) which supplements the work of the Department by grading and opening up
communities with both maintainable and non-maintainable feeder roads.
Some of these roads after grading require the construction of culverts, regravelling, sectional
gravelling, Local Raising (Filling of low lying areas) etc but are left unattended to due to high
project costs.

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4.5 Ahanta West District

The proposed pipeline project traverses the Ahanta West District. Ahanta West District is
located at the southern most point of the country with Agona Nkwanta also called Agona
Ahanta as the district capital. The Ahanta West District has a total land area of 591 square
kilometres and it is occupied by 95,140 people according to the 2000 Population and
Housing Census report.
The District is bounded on the East by the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly (STMA),
on the West by the Nzema East Municipal, and the North by Mpohor Wassa East and Tarkwa
Nsuaem Districts and the south by the Gulf of Guinea.
The District is about 15 - 25 minutes drive from the commercial and administrative capital of
the Western Region. In terms of distance, it is approximately 25 kilometres from the central
business district of Takoradi.
This proximity to the central business district of Takoradi enhances business and trade in
particular. The District lies between latitude 4.45"N and longitude 1.58"W.
4.5.2 Topography and Drainage

The land is generally low lying and it is underlain with rocks rich in gold, diamonds,
manganese and some form of clay.
The largest river in the District is Butre which enters the sea at Butre. However, there are
other rivers such as Whin, Suoni, Nyila and Yani. The District also has considerable lagoons
such as Ehonle, Mabowodindo, Akpluho, Mfuma, Nana Pete at Butre.
4.5.3 Climate
The District is found within the South-Western Equatorial Climatic Zone of Ghana the highest
mean temperature is 34C which is recorded between March and April, while the lowest
mean temperature of 20C is experienced in August.
Relative humidity is very high averaging between 75% to 85% in the rainy season and 70% to
80% in the dry season. The District is located within the wettest region in Ghana.
It experiences a double maxima rainfall of over 1,700 millimetres. This abundant rainfall
supports agrarian activities in the District. However, due to the high number of third class
roads in the district, accessibility to most parts of the district is thwarted during the rainy
season.
4.5.4 Relief
The District is generally a flat land with a few isolated hills at Butre and Banso with height
ranging between 20 to 40 metres above sea level between Cape Three Point and Princess
Town (Akatekyi). The project area is at an elevation of about 10ft above sea level. There is
also a plateau at Egyambra. Some of these hills are the sources of some of the rivers in the
District. The coastline has features such as capes and bays especially at Cape Three Points.

September 2012
As a result of the sandy nature of the coast, it has attracted a number of beach resorts along
the coastline.
4.5.5 Vegetation
The District falls largely within the High Rain Forest Vegetation Zone, capturing several
hectares of rubber plantation. To a large extent, this contributes significantly to reducing the
problem of global warming, since the vegetation serve as a sink for CO2 emissions.
Due to human activities, all the forest except Cape Three Points Forest Reserve which
occupies an area of 51km2 has been reduced to secondary forest.
4.5.6 Soil
Generally, the soils in the District are very fertile and their types range from loose sand to
clay. Table 12 depicts the various soil types and the crops suitable for cultivation on them.
Table 12: Soil Types
Soil Suitability
Sand Clay - Loam Cocoa, coffee, citrus, oil palm, rubber and food crops.
Moderately well drained clayey loam Cocoa, coffee, citrus, oil palm, rubber and food crops
Loamy sand Maize, vegetables, legumes, and food crops.
Silty clay Maize, vegetables, legumes, and food crops and sugar
cane.
Loose sand Vegetables and sugar cane
Clay Vegetables sugar cane and rice.

According to the 2010 Population and Housing Census, Ahanta West District has a
population of 106,215. This is made up of 50,999 males and 55,216 females. The population
of the various age groups have been presented in Table 13.
Most of the people are found in the urban areas of Agona-Nkwanta, Apowa, Dixcove and
Abura. The average household size is about 4.1 and the population density is about 161
persons per square kilometre. The average household size could have adverse effects on
savings and per capital income.
The bulk of the populations are Christians with Traditionalists and Muslims following. About
60% of the total population is employed by the Agriculture sector. The remaining is engaged
in small-scale trading, fishing and the formal sectors. Immigration by the large takes place
only in the fishing industry. Large proportions of fishermen in the District emigrate from
other coastal districts during the major fishing season which is normally between July and
September to the coastal areas of Ahanta West District.

September 2012
The ethnic group of the District is Ahanta and the main language spoken is Ahanta. Apart
from the major language, other languages spoken are Evalue (Egyambra, Princess Town and
Princess Aketakyi) Fante (Adjua, Funkoe, New Amanful and Dixcove). There are three (3)
paramountcies namely, Busua, Upper Dixcove and Lower Dixcove with the Ahantahene
(Omanhene) at Busua.
Table 13: Population Distribution by Age/Sex
Age Group (Yrs) Male Female Total % of Population
0-14 19,751 20,771 40,522 42.60
15-64 23,663 26,075 49,738 52.28
65+ 1,986 2,892 4,878 5.13
Source: GSS 2000 Census Report

The main sources of drinking water in the District are boreholes, hand-dug wells, streams
and ponds. The water and sanitation situation have improved significantly and this has
resulted in reduction in the number of water borne or water related diseases in the District.
The percentage coverage of water in the District is 81% instead of 62% from 2002 - 2005.
At present, there are about 151 boreholes in 89 communities. There are also about 62 hand
- dug wells fitted with pumps in 36 communities. With regards to unprotected wells, there
are as many as 600 wells in the District. Households and public toilets are gradually
increasing with the construction of more toilets in various communities and houses
throughout the District. It is believed that about 45% of the populations at the moment have
access to toilet facilities in the District instead of 33% from 2002 - 2005.
Communities such as Apowa, Beahu, Funkoe, New Amanful and Kejabil were formerly
enjoying pipe-borne water but due to the construction of the first class road from Takoradi -
Agona Nkwanta the underground pipelines got damaged and they are yet to be repaired.
In the area of environmental sanitation, the Assembly has procured additional refuse tractor
and many refuse containers as well as treated refuse sites to control indiscriminate dumping
of refuse that are generated in the various communities. Generally, the health status of the
people in the District has improved as a result of the provision of adequate water and
sanitation facilities.
4.6 Mpohor Wassa East District

Mpohor Wassa East District is located at the south-eastern end of the Western Region. It is
bounded on the northeast and southeast by the Twifo Hemang Lower Denkyira (THLD) and
Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem Municipality all in the Central Region.

September 2012
The District is bounded on the west by the Wassa Amenfi West District, and in the south, by
the Sekondi Takoradi Metropolis. On the east, it shares boundaries with Ahanta West
District.
The District was carved out from Wassa Fiase Mpohor District in 1988 and occupies an area
of 1880 square kilometres (464,553) of which 344 square km 85,000 hectares are used as
cultivable land. The District capital is Daboase, which is 6.7 km from the Cape Coast Takoradi
main road.

The district lies within the low-lying areas of the country with most parts below 150 metres
above sea level. The landscape is generally undulating with an average height of about 70
metres. The highest elevation ranges between 150 and 200 metres above sea level. The
drainage pattern of Mpohor Wassa East District is largely dendriatic. There are medium and
small rivers and streams.
Most of them originate from the Akwapim ranges and flow southwards towards the coast.
The main rivers are the Pra, Subri, Butre, Brempong, Suhyen, Abetumaso, Hwini and Tipae.
While most of them overflow their banks in the rainy season, majority virtually dry out in the
dry season leaving behind series of dry valleys and rapids.
4.6.3 Climate and Vegetation

The district falls within the tropical climate zone. The mean annual rainfall is 1500mm and
ranges from 1,300 to 2,000 mm. The wet period in the district is between March and July
while November to January is dry.
The vegetation is tropical rainforest type. There are two large forest reserves namely; Subri
River Forest Reserve which occupies 375 square kilometres and the Pra Suhyen Forest
Reserve with 204 km2. There are two small ones namely the Ben West Block Forest Reserve
and Ben East Forest Reserve. These forests are the semblance of virgin forest in the district.
4.6.4 Geology and Soils

There are four main categories of rock and soil types which underlie the district namely
Lower Birimian, Dixcove granite, Cape Coast granite and Tarkwaian. More than half of the
soil consists of Cape Coast granitic soils. The district has large deposits of gold, traces of iron
and kaolin.

The population of the district in 1970 was 27,573 and 55,801 in 1984. The total population in
2000 was 122,595 and 2010 is 123,996.
Males form 50.4 percent of the total population (62,470) as against 49.6 percent (61,526) for
females.
Based on the 2000 Population and Housing Census Report, children under fifteen years (0-
14) account for 43.4 percent (53,206) of the population compared with the national figure of
41.3 percent, the economically active population (15-64 years) accounts for 50.6 percent

September 2012
(62,033) as against the national figure of 53.4 percent and the elderly or the aged (65 years
and above) accounts for 6 percent (7,356) of the total population compared to 5.3 percent
of the national figure in 2000.
Settlements with population of 5,000 or more in Ghana are classified as urban while those
below are classified rural. The district is predominantly rural with 88 percent of the
population living in rural areas as against 12 percent in the urban areas.
Daboase and Mpohor are the only settlements in the district which are urbanised.
Settlements such as Ateiku, Adum Banso, Manso, Atobiase and Akyempim have a high
potential of getting urbanised. The population density of the district stands at 53.7 persons
per square kilometre while that of the region is 80.5 persons which is higher.
4.6.6 Economy
Revenue and Expenditure Base
The sources of revenue for the District Assembly could be classified into internal and
external. The internal sources consist of basic rates, property rates, stool lands, fees, fines
and licences. The external sources comprise grants in aid made up of DACF, donor assistance
and funds from NGOs and others. Also included are salaries and wages paid on behalf of the
assembly by the central government. The overview of all revenue for the period 2002 to
2005 is illustrated in table 1.3.
From the total amount of 3,430,630,362, realized in 2002, 79.24 percent came from external
sources. The internal sources accounted for only 20.82 percent. This performance was
repeated in years 2003 and 2004. There were marginal increases in the contributions of the
various revenue heads under external sources between 2003 and 2005. As indicated in the
table above, the DACF remains the major source of revenue.
Whereas it recorded only 37.7 percent in 2002, it had nearly doubled to 66.81 percent by
2005. Inflows from the HIPC fund and VIP, accounted for between 33.24 percent and 41.49
percent in 2002 and 2003 respectively. However, these inflows ceased recording only 27.56
percent and 4.59 percent between 2004 and 2005 respectively.
The pattern of expenditure for the three year period was similar to the pattern of the
revenue base. The expenditure on the various projects being undertaken in the district in
2002 accounted for 82.9 percent of total expenditure. The other expenditure heads
accounted for 17.07 percent. This picture is similar for the periods 2003 to 2005.
4.7 Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis

Sekondi-Takoradi is the administrative capital of the Western Region; it has a land area of
385 square kilometres and is strategically located in the South-Western part of Ghana, about
242 kilometres to the West of Accra, the capital city. It is also approximately 280 kilometres
from the La Cte dlvoire border in the West.

September 2012
The metropolis is of varied topography, with the central area of Takoradi being low lying and
occupied by muddy lagoons interspersed with ridges and hills. The metropolis is bordered to
the west by the Whin River, with its main tributary, the Ayire, joining the Whin lagoon
before entering the sea, while on the east also flows the Pra River.
4.7.2 Geology & Soil

The geology of the metropolis consists of faulted shoals and sandstone of various types
resting on a hard basement of granites, gneiss and schist. The land surface is well watered.
4.7.3 Climate
The project area lies in the most humid part of the country with mean annual rainfall
between 1,200mm and 1,500mm. This region is influenced by the South-West Monsoon and
the North-East Trade Winds (Tropical Continental Air Mass). The warm but moist South-
West Monsoon which originate from the Atlantic Ocean and the warm, dry and dusty
Tropical Continental Air Mass (Harmattan) from the Sahara Desert approach the tropics from
opposite sides of the Equator and flow towards each other into a low pressure belt known as
the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).

The availability of potable water and sanitation facilities and services is crucial for a healthy
human resource. Considering the fact that malaria continue to top the list of top ten
diseases in the project areas, the importance of water and sanitation services cannot be
over emphasised.
Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) formerly Ghana Water and sewerage Corporation is
responsible for the development conservation of potable water in the Metropolis. The scope
of service is now limited to towns with population of 10,000 and above while the lower
areas are taken up by the Community Water and Sanitation Agency.
The daily demand for industrial, commercial, institutional, domestic, fire control as well as
losses stands at 13 million gallons a day. (mgd). The present production level by the Ghana
water Company Limited (GWCL) is 7.0 mgd. The Daboase headwaters, which serve the
Takoradi Township generates 5.0mgd, while the Inchaban Head waters service Sekondi at a
supply level of 2.0 mdg.
The water supply coverage is between 60-65% and it is mainly in the urban areas of
Takoradi, Sekondi and Shama. Supply of water is irregular at most places; however the
quality of water has fairly improved and is largely free from dirt and its salty taste. Repair
works have been undertaken at the headwater and these accounts for the improved
situation.
The production and supply of water in the Metropolis is fraught with constraints, these
include encroachment on land reserves for utility services, frequent power interruption,
illegal connections, unplanned and uncontrolled housing development, frequent damage to
pipes by contractor as well as long service pipeline connections.

September 2012
The collection, transportation and disposal of solid and liquid waste is the sole responsibility
of the Metropolitan Assembly which operates through the Waste Management
Departments. The tonnage of waste generated in the Metropolis has been increasing over
the years as the population increases.
4.7.5 Economy
The Metropolis has a vast revenue base and well established expenditure management
system. The passing of the Internal Audit Agency Act and the Financial Administration
Systems Act have given a lot of impetus to the financial management system of the
Assembly. The Procurement Act has also added to the effective system laid down to ensure
transparency and accountability in the use of public fund.
Expenditure in the Assembly is initiated in a Medium Term Development Plan and Annual
Budget statement which are all discussed at Sub-Committee and General Assembly meetings
before they are passed for payment.
Sekondi - Takoradi is one of the hubs of industrial activity in Ghana. It is the third most
industrialized city in the country. The city can boast of some of the big manufacturing
industries in the country. However commerce continues to be the dominant sector of the
economy. To make the economy more vibrant, various measures are being put in place to
attract investment both local and foreign. They include the expansion of the infrastructure
base of the city.
Another important area is the development of the Export Processing Zone to promote
processing and manufacturing of goods and to encourage the development of commercial
activities.
4.8 Shama District

The Shama District has a land area of about 160 km2 and is located in the South-Western
part of Ghana with Shama as its Capital. It is also approximately 340 km from the La Cte
dlvoire border in the West and about 300 km to the West of Accra, the national capital city.

The relief of the Shama district consists of both gentle and steep hilly lands. The gentle areas
or valleys have slopes ranging between 0 5% and the steep hilly areas have slopes ranging
from 24% to 30%. The general elevation ranges between 10 m to 34 m above sea level. The
water resources are the Anankwari River, the GWCL reservoir/dam and a seasonal tributary
of the Anankwari River.

The Shama District consists mainly of the larger Sekondi Series. The formation consists of
shales, interbedded grit and mudstone with patches of micaceous sandstones. The soil
found in the area is forest ochrosols. The colour of the soil ranges from grey through brown

September 2012
to reddish brown and this is evident along the soil catena from the valley bottom to the
hilltop.
4.8.4 Climatic Conditions

The climate of the area falls mainly within the Wet Semi-Equatorial with two rainfall
maxima. The mean annual rainfall for the past 10 years ranges from 831.2mm to 1505.6mm
with an average mean annual rainfall of 1157.8mm and a mean monthly rainfall of 99.6mm.
The average mean daily minimum and maximum temperatures are 23.30C and 30.20C with a
mean daily temperature of 26.80C. The mean annual temperature is 260C. The highest mean
monthly temperature of about 320C occurs between March and April and the lowest of
about 21.50C in August.
Relative humidity is generally high throughout the year. In the mornings, the mean daily
relative humidity ranges from 93% to 97% and in the afternoons the relative humidity ranges
from 70 to 84%.
The average mean daily duration of bright sunshine is 6 hours. The mean daily wind speed is
3.4 knots with a mean daily range from 2.0 to 4.9 knots.
4.9 Baseline Data Collection
4.9.1 Water Resources Assessment and Hydrology

As part of the ESIA study of the gas pipeline projects in the western region of Ghana, the
consultants carried out a hydrological assessment of the project area from 31st July, 2012 to
3rd August, 2012, with the main aim of
Identifying the major water bodies that lie within the project area and that are
Identifying the various activities on going near or on the respective water bodies, both
Analysing data to establish a standard for comparison during the implementation stages
of the project.
The scope of work for the hydrological study included the following:
The Climatic Environment
The nature and extent of the project area required the selection of two (2no) synoptic
stations which are located along the proposed gas pipelines routes. The description of the
rainfall patterns of the areas and other climatological parameters were done using the mean
data from the Takoradi and Axim stations, and covered the following:

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Mean annual rainfall;

Mean monthly rainfall characteristics;
Number of rainy days and rainfall duration;
Return periods for the 2-year, 5-year, 10-year, 20-year, 50-year and 100-year periods
using the Weibull formula on the Gumbel frequency/ distribution;
Air temperature with daily minimum and maximum temperature and mean daily
temperature and monthly average;
Relative humidity (description of monthly variations); and
The Hydrological Environment
The hydrological assessment encompassed the following:
Identification and direct observations of the surface water catchment and physical state
of relevant streams at selected locations along the proposed gas pipeline routes;
Assessment of surface water flow by the measurement of instantaneous discharges and
use of the area ratio method in relation to the catchment area of the Amansuri, Bangore
and Duobon Rivers. This method assumes comparable geomorphological characteristics
and thus similar runoff generating mechanisms.
Surface Water Quality
Surface water quality assessments were carried out by:
Sampling of surface water at appropriate locations for laboratory analysis of relevant

physicochemical analysis;
Carrying out preliminary water quality field measurement for pH, Conductivity, Salinity
and Temperature.
A detailed description of the water resources and the hydrology of the proposed project
area are presented in Annex 6.
4.9.2 Oceanographic and Aquatic Biological Studies

Methodology
Field observation, sampling and data collection and interviews of residents along the
pipeline route was carried out from 13th 19th May 2012.
Overall twenty six sampling stations, two each (Stations A and B) at thirteen sites were
selected based on potential for local impacts. The selected sampling sites stretch from the
start of the pipeline from the proposed processing plant site at Atuabo to the termination
point at Aboadze near Takoradi in the Western Region. The thirteen sampled sites are a
mixture of marine and freshwater sites with each briefly described below and location
shown in Figure 6:
1. Ayera Pond 1 at Anochie - pond adjacent to a shrine; a local religious and cultural site.

September 2012
2. Ayera Pond 2 at Anochie- pond had a bloom of green algae with intricate designs
covering water surface.
3. Sandy Beach at Beko - It is a sandy beach with an estimated gentle slope of 300. Both
the upper and lower shores have fine sediment. The upper beach also had crab holes as
well as tiny holes of amphipods and isopods. There was no fishing at the beach; 3 non-
operational beach seine fishing units and some gill nets that together use eight dug-out
canoes were found lying at the mercy of the weather at the beach. Residents indicated
they had not gone fishing since April 2012 (Easter celebrations) due to the presence of
enormous quantities of brown algae Sargassumvulgare in the nearshore waters and at
the beach. While the upper beach was strewn with huge quantities of both dry and wet
Sargassum, the lower shore was dominated by enormous quantities of the bivalve,
Donaxpulcherimus. The upper shore had reasonable quantities of the ghost crab
Ocypoda cursor and gammarid amphipods present. Residents farmed cassava, palm and
coconut supported by petty trading and artisan jobs as a coping strategy in the absence
of their main occupation of fishing.
4. Ebi River at Akasuazo near Ampain Refugee camp river water was dark brown
indicating evidence of nutrient enrichment. Large number of juvenile fishes (Tilapia and
gobids) swam freely in the river. Community abstracted water for drinking and other
domestic purposes. The local drink, Akpeteshie was produced along the banks of the
river using the water in the distillation process.
5. AmansuriRiver - fringed by mangroves with stilt roots; estuarine conditions observed.
6. Ankobra River river near its entrance to the sea was full and overflowing its banks;
estuarine conditions present.
7. Stream at Dadwen - slow flowing water with overhanging shrubs and trees
8. Stream at Abora - in Ghana Rubber plantation; slow flowing with overhanging trees and
shrubs, 3 7 m wide.
9. Stream at Ajumako 1 - small (3 4 m wide) stream
10. Dobunu Stream at Ajumako 2 - small (3 5 m wide) stream; shallow depth (0.7 to 1 m);
abstracted by locals for drinking
11. Stream at Fasin off Aboadze near Oil palm plantation; water is seasonal with
overhanging palm trees; water organically enriched; small circular size (3 -5 m diameter)
12. Whin River at Takoradi fast flowing river, relatively bigger (8 10 m wide) and
overhanged by palm trees; locals abstract for domestic purposes
Sandy Beach at Aboadze flat beach, coarse sand; sand binders e.g. Canavaliarosea on upper
shore; mixed litter and algae Sargassumvulgare on shore; boulders to prevent erosion placed
at the upper shore.
Flora and Fauna Survey
To help assess the overall biological integrity of the aquatic ecosystem of both of marine and
freshwater in the project area, quantitative approach was adopted for all data collection.
Aquatic fauna were sampled, identified and abundance estimated as per standard methods
at all stations. Replicate samples and records were taken of all groups of fauna. All species
were identified using standard identification guides supported by experience of experts.
Where sampling could not be done due to poor accessibility to site, some residents were
interviewed to provide information on vertebrates and other fauna in the area. The

September 2012
interviews were conducted on a one-on-one basis so as to obtain independent views of the

interviewees on potential importance of existing biodiversity. Other relevant observations
were noted and results analysed to help with predictions and mitigation of significant
impacts.
For plants, aquatic macrophytes including flora and overhanging flowering plants were
assessed. The fauna groups assessed were zooplankton, benthos, nekton including fishes
and awfwuchs, and aquatic birds. Some fishermen were identified to fish at the stations
where possible and all catch was examined.
Estimation of amount of Sargassumvulgare
The amount of algae (Sargassumvulgare) strewn at the upper beach was estimated using 1
m2 quadrat. The quadrat was randomly thrown to a location and all Sargassum (both dry
and wet) in it was gathered, clinging sand shaken off, and collected into a pre-weighed
plastic bucket. The weight of Sargassum was determined using a spring balance. This
determination was done in three replicates per site and the average taken.
Macroinvertebrates
Pond sweep net: Five replicates of macroinvertebrate samples were collected at each
sampling point. At stations with sufficient fringe vegetation, sweep net samples were taken
with 10 sweeps of the net (mesh size of 200 m and diameter of 19.5 cm). The contents of
the net were then washed and emptied into 250 ml containers and stained with 10 %
formalin/Rose Bengal mix.
Kayak sample: To sample benthos, three cores per six replicates (three each at lower and
upper shores) were taken at each site with no fringe vegetation. Core samples were taken
with a hand-held Kayak Core Sampler of area 0.00196 m2 and down to 20 cm depth. This
was washed in a sieve of mesh size 500 m and emptied into a container and fixed as with
the sweep net samples. Using a sweep net, macrophyte associated insects were caught,
identified and their abundance determined. All samples were later examined under light
microscope in the laboratory.
Crab census/hole counts: Identification of species and estimates of abundance of the

various species of crabs found at the sites were made using two main strategies. The first
was by inspecting the catch of local people engaged in crab trapping. The second was
counting the number of crab holes within 1m2 quadrat. Three of such quadrat counts were
made per station and the average calculated.
Zooplankton
To estimate zooplankton abundance, 50 litres of water were collected by bucket (5 times x

10 litre buckets) from an area undisturbed by previous sampling and poured through a
plankton net of mesh size 200 microns. Materials collected by the net was washed into 60
ml tubes and treated as the benthos above.

September 2012
Fish survey: Since fishing was impossible at the sites because of the algal bloom, were
interviewed about fish biodiversity and abundance at all three sites. Representative
residents found in the area were interviewed using, picture freshwater fish identification
guides; Schneider (1990) for the coastal sites, and Holden & Reed (1972), for the freshwater
sites to provide information on dynamics of fish biodiversity and exploitation.
The result of the Oceanographic and Biological Aquatic studies has been attached as Annex
7.

September 2012
Figure 6:Location of thirteen sampling stations along pipeline route from Atuabo to Aboadze

September 2012
4.9.3 Geology and Soil Studies

Methodology for field studies
On the basis of the soil types on which the proposed pipelines will traverse, four points were
selected. Soil profile pits measuring 1.0 m x 1.7 m were dug up to 1.7 meters depth. The
soils were identified, described and sampled at two depths of 0-0.5 m and 0.5-1.0 m for
laboratory analysis.
Geology
The pipeline will pass through four geological formations, namely, Lower Birimian rocks,
Granitic rocks (mainly Cape Coast granite), Coastal sand deposits and Amissan deposits (Ahn,
1961).
Table 14: Soil types, geology and locations
PIT Soils Geology Deg Min Sec Location

o o
2D Fredericksburg Coastal sand 2 37'30.5"W, 4 59'58.6"N Eloyin
o o
3D Nzema Lower Birrimian 2 9'33"W, 4 54'30.5"N Dadwen
o o
4D Asuansi Cape Coast granite 1 49'0.2"W, 4 57'54.5"N Whindo
o o
5D Achimfu Ammisan deposit 1 40'38.4"W, 5 0'11.5"N Inchaban
A detailed description of the soil types in the proposed project area is presented in Annex 8.
4.9.4 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Studies

Methodology for the Survey
An assessment of the flora in the proposed project area was conducted through field and
desk studies.
The field survey involved the recording of all species encountered in a sweep of 20 m radius.
A species list, for each location listed in Table 15 below, was generated from the sweep and
also by walking through the vegetation and adding on species not recorded in the 20 m
sweeps.
The abundances of the plant species recorded in the sweeps were subjectively scored as
Dominant, Abundant, Frequent, Occasional or Rare with the prefixes locally and very
where necessary.
The desk survey included reviewing literature on the vegetation of the project area to obtain
information on the condition of the vegetation of the project area prior to the survey. The
literature consulted include Taylor (1960), Hall and Swaine (1981) and Hawthorne (1993).
The botanical nomenclature followed Hutchinson and Dalziel (1954-72). The flora survey
aimed at determining (i) the type of vegetation of the project site (ii) the most commonly

September 2012
occurring plant species and their relative abundances (subjectively determined) and (iii)
whether any species are endangered.
The ecological significance and conservation status of the species encountered were defined
using the ecological guild and star rating system adopted in the Forest of Ghana Geographic
Information Exhibitor manual (Hawthorne, 1993) outlined below.
Ecological guild: species were classified as Pioneer, Non Pioneer Light Demander (NPLD),
Shade Bearer (SB), and Swamp.
Star Rating
Black Star species Species rare internationally and at least uncommon in Ghana;
urgent attention to conservation of populations needed
Gold Star species Fairly rare internationally and/or locally
Blue Star species Widespread internationally but rare in Ghana or vice-versa
Scarlet Star species Common, but under serious pressure from heavy exploitation
Red Star species Common, but under pressure from exploitation
Pink Star species Common and moderately exploited. Also non-abundant species of
high potential value
Green Star species No particular conservation concern, common in Ghana
The proportions of species in the various categories were determined and used in evaluating
the ecological significance of the area. The details of the results for the terrestrial studies
have been presented in Annex 9.

September 2012
Table 15: List of species encountered during field survey
NAME LOCATION REMARKS

Strand vegetation, coastal thicket and grassland, freshwater
o o
Pipeline route, Anokyi- 100km, 25*25m corridor Lat 04 58' 59.4" N, Long 002 25' 58.4" W swamp
o o
Baku Lat 04 58' 14.6" N, Long 002 30' 21.9" W Coconut
o o
Ngalekyi- Centre line for route Lat 04 58' 21.6" N, Long 002 29' 24.9" W Grassland and thicket
o o
Eikwe Lat 04 58' 30.6" N, Long 002 26' 40.6" W Secondary thicket 15m high
Coconut plantation to South Thrust boring point, Horizontal
o o
Sanzule-Krisan Refugee Camp by roadside Lat 04 57' 49.4" N, Long 002 26' 50.3" W drilling direction open cast
o o
Kamblungli- GRIDCO RoW, 400m from Bakanta Lat 04 58' 20.1" N, Long 002 24' 51.4" W Thicket to 5m
o o
GRIDCO RoW Lat 04 57' 08.3" N, Long 002 22' 56.6" W Coconut
o o
Esiama- Centre Line, Built Up Area- Divert line Lat 04 58' 20.1" N, Long 002 24' 51.4" W Secondary forest to 20m, Sacred groove- Amodo Groove
o o
Amanzuri - Centre Line Lat 04 58' 28.3" N, Long 002 25' 49.0" W Secondary thicket forest / coconut plantation
o o
Ankobra mangrove Swamp Lat 04 58' 28.6" N, Long 002 25' 38.0" W
o o
Ankobra Lat 04 54' 32.0" N, Long 002 16' 05.4" W Thicket, Swamp
o o
Ankobra Lat 04 54' 31.7" N, Long 002 16' 06.6" W Rhizophora Swamp
o o
Dadwen Lat 04 54' 32.6" N, Long 002 09' 22.8" W Rubber plantation/forbs
o o
Abura- GRIDCo RoW Lat 04 55' 50.4" N, Long 002 04' 22.9" W Rubber plantation , Oil Palm
o o
Adjumako Lat 04 56' 28.0" N, Long 002 02' 47.8" W Rubber plantation
o o
Adjumako 01- GRIDCo RoW Lat 04 57' 07.0" N, Long 002 01' 03.2" W Rubber plantation, Low thicket
o o
Apimanim Lat 04 57' 53.4" N, Long 001 58' 50.4" W Rubber plantation, Secondary thicket
o o
Fasin, GRIDCo RoW - road side Lat 04 57' 47.0" N, Long 001 58' 47.8" W Farm re-growth

September 2012
4.9.5 Air Quality and Noise Level Assessment

Air Quality Assessment
The main objective of the air quality assessment was to determine the ambient base line
levels of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) and Respirable Dust (PM10). The assessment was
made at the following sites:
(i) Inchaban (N 04o 59I 25.0II W 001o 40I 02.0II) -proposed Takoradi Regulating &
Metering Station; and
(ii) Esiama (N 04o 56I 39.3II W 002o 20I 27.2II) proposed Esiama Distribution Station at
the Maako Future Leaders Preparatory School.
Methodology
The active principle sampling mechanism was employed in which portable motor driven SKC
Hi Volume Dust Samplers were installed at the sampling sites. The equipment was
calibrated in the field prior to use. Background sample was collected for 24 hours on pre-
weighed glass fibre filter. This was re-weighed after the sampling in order to determine the
weight difference. The flow rate of the sampler was set at 5Lmin-1.
Analysis of Dust Samples
The individual samples were gravimetrically analyzed using the formula given below:
TSP/PM10 (gm-3) = W2 W1
Fr x T
TSP - Total Suspended Particulate

PM10 - Respirable Dust
W1 - Weight of glass fibre filter before sampling
W2 - Weight of glass fibre filter after sampling
Fr - Flow Rate (5Lmin-1)
T - Sampling duration in minutes
The results of the air quality assessment has been presented in Annex 10
Noise Level Assessment
Noise levels were determined simultaneously with the dust levels at the same sampling sites
by using Quest 2900 Type A Precision Sound Level Meter, positioned 1.2 meters above
ground. The meter was calibrated prior to monitoring. The data were logged at 3 seconds
interval.
The results of the noise level assessment studies have been presented in Annex 10

September 2012
4.9.6 Socio-economic Studies

The main activities undertaken as part of the Socio-economic studies included: scoping
exercise through a reconnaissance study; literature review (secondary data collection),
primary data collection, collation and analysis and consultations with key stakeholders. A
combination of qualitative and quantitative methods of social research was used to
accomplish the task.
The Reconnaissance Study
The team undertook a reconnaissance trip from the 24th to the 27th of April 2012 to the
project site. The field trip enabled the team to assess the situation on the ground and to
determine issues of relevance to the study and to identify stakeholders in the project. In
addition, the site visit helped the team to identify the potential impacts of the project.
Data Collection
Two main types of data were collected at the district as well as community levels; these
included primary as well as secondary data.
Secondary Data Collection
Secondary data was compiled from project background documents, district assembly
compilations as well as the Internet. Some of the documents include the district assemblies
medium term development plans, material from ghanadistricts.com website and World Bank
policy documents. Some of the documents reviewed are:
Medium-Term Development Plans of the eight districts involved

Ghanadistricts.com website
OP/BP 4.36 Forests
Primary Data Collection
In order to collect the bulk of the primary data for the report, a field trip was undertaken
from the 22nd of May to the 1st of June 2012. Qualitative and quantitative methods of data
collection were used to gather data from the field.
Sampling
As mentioned earlier, the project passes through eight (8) districts; as such in addition to the
district capital one community in each district was selected for data collection. The only
exception was Ellembele District where three communities were selected because of the gas
processing plant that will be located there. Consultations were held with district officials at
each district assembly to gather district socio-economic information and to seek views and

September 2012
input from the local government viewpoint; focus group discussions (FGD) were held in each
community selected and socio-economic data was gathered at the household level. The
selected communities are displayed in Table 16.
Table 16: Communities Studied within Project Sites
District District Capital Selected Community Sample Size
Ahanta West District Agona Nkwanta Abura 24
Ellembele District Nkroful Anokyi 20
Asemnda Suazo 14
Atuabo 23
Ellembele Sub-total 57
Jomoro District Half Assini Bonyere 20
Nzema East Municipal Axim Nnuabesa 18
Sekondi-Takoradi Sekondi-Takoradi Mampong 21

Metropolitan Area
Shama District Shama Inchaban 19
Mpohor Wassa East District Daboase Anwunakrom 19
Tarkwa Nsuaem Municipality Tarkwa Tetrem 22
Grand Total 200
Apart from the various district capitals, Abura was selected in the Ahanta West District; in
the Ellembele District Anokyi, Asemnda Suazo and Atuabo were selected whilst in Jomoro
District Bonyere was chosen and Nnuabesa was selected in Nzema East District. The rest
were Mampong in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Area; Inchaban in Shama District;
Anwunakrom in Mpohor Wassa East District as well as Tetrem in the Tarkwa Nsuaem
Municipality.
Official Consultations
Discussions were held with various officials at the district level. The officials included those
at the three district assemblies involved and decentralized agencies such as the
district/municipal/metropolitan health directorates and the Ghana Education Service as well
as local government representatives (assembly members).
Consultations with Other Stakeholders

September 2012
Other stakeholders consulted were traditional leaders, opinion leaders in addition to

separate groups of men, women and youth. When taken together, about one hundred and
ninety-eight (198) individuals were consulted during the data collection exercise for the
official consultations and the focus group discussions. Their names and other details are
available in the report.
Household Survey of Project Areas
The aim was to enumerate twenty (20) household members in every community but due to
none availability of eligible respondents in some communities the sample sizes are less than
the twenty. A total of two hundred (200) household interviews were conducted covering
one hundred (100) men and hundred (100) women using random selection. The survey was
to offer an overview of the socio-economic characteristics of the beneficiary communities.
Data Collation and Analysis
While the collation of qualitative data from the Focus Group Discussions (FGD) was manually
done, that of all the quantitative data was processed with computer programs: Statistical
Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. The collation and analysis focused
on:
Bio-data of individuals affected

Occupations, incomes and profits
Expected impacts and mitigation measures
The details of the socio-economic studies have been presented in Annex 11.

September 2012
5.0 POTENTIAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION
5.1 Introduction
A key activity under the environmental impact assessment study is to clearly indicate the
potential environmental and social issues and concerns, both positive and negative, to be
elicited by the project. The potential impacts as identified from the field reconnaissance
informed the design of the baseline data collection programme and subsequent impact
analysis performed. This part of the study has been greatly facilitated by the earlier
description of the project scope, as well as the extensive stakeholder engagement
programme carried out in the proposed project area.
This section therefore identifies the geographical and socio- economic areas of influence by
the project, and enumerates various government and non-governmental institutions likely
to be interested or affected by the project vis--vis their statutory functions.
The local communities are clearly identified and their potential concerns are highlighted. The
bio-physical environment to be likely impacted is also described including the expected
magnitude of impact.
The environmental and social concerns are raised for the different phases of project life
comprising the preparatory, constructional and operational stages.
5.2 Project Area of influence

The geographical, environmental, socio-economic and institutional influences of the project
are foremost identified and briefly described below.
5.2.1 Geographical Area of Influence

The immediate geographical area of influence of the project is about 111 km long and 35 m
wide of land area (3.85 km2 land area) from the Atuabo site in the Ellembele District to
Aboadze Thermal Power Plant in the Shama District in the Western Region of Ghana. In
addition will be about 25 km long and 50 m wide (0.875 km2 land area) of pipeline from the
processing plant westwards to the Domunli Enclave in the Jomoro District. It is proposed
that from the Distribution Centre at Esiama, the pipeline will go along the RoW of the Ghana
Grid Company electricity pylons. However, the 20 km stretch from the processing plant at
Atuabo to Kamgbunli does not follow any existing right-of-way. Total land area to be cleared
for pipe laying will be about 4.725 km2.
5.2.2 Environmental Media to be influenced

The main environmental media to be impacted are water and land. Thirteen (13no) water
bodies were identified during the study (rivers, streams and lagoons) which are potential
crossing points for the proposed gas pipeline and also fall within seven (7no) main river
catchments, namely the Elonyi, the Amansuri, the Ankobra, the Nyila, the Butre, the Whin
and the Anankwari river systems.
These rivers, streams and lagoons with their tributaries will be the main recipients of any
water impact. The Rivers are very important sources of water to that part of the country and

September 2012
the potential recipients of pollutant load generated from the project during construction
period. Management of raw materials, chemicals, fuels, construction wastes will be required
to ensure that the Rivers/streams and its tributaries as well as soils are not unacceptably
impacted, or that raw materials, chemicals, fuels and waste management practices
contribute to unacceptable soil or groundwater contamination during construction period.
5.2.3 Socio-economic influence

The proposed pipeline project will greatly impact on the socio-economic status of the local
communities, the Metropolitan/Municipal/Districts and indeed the Western Region as a
whole.
The Western Region is one of the deprived regions of the country with low coverage of
social amenities as well as standard of living. It is anticipated that social structures, income
levels and economic wellbeing, infrastructure (roads, education, health) will be significantly
improved in the project areas.
As is common with the advent of any project, it is expected that the gas pipeline project will
create employment opportunities directly and indirectly by stimulating the local economy.
The hospitality industry, light industry, trading and banking are all likely to thrive. Project
benefits are expected to be enjoyed by a broad segment of the society. The catchment area
of the project is varied with people who have skills that cover a broad spectrum of the
competencies needed so apart from the specialized areas dealing directly with oil and gas
there is labor available. The challenge will be how to manage local expectations of
employment.
5.2.4 Institutional and Organisational influence

There are many institutions which will share interest in the proposed project in various
capacities including for promotional, regulatory and monitoring purposes, and which must
be adequately informed and engaged in the entire life of the project. The institutions with
major influence on the project in accordance with their statutory mandates include:
Environmental Protection Agency;

Water Resources Commission;
Energy Commission;
Land Valuation Division of Lands Commission;
Department of Feeder Roads;
Ghana Highway Authority;
Ghana GRID Company Limited;
Jomoro District Assembly;
Ellembele District Assembly;
Nzema East Municipal Assembly;
Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipal Assembly;
Mpohor Wassa East District Assembly;
Ahanta West District Assembly;
Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly; and
Shama District Assembly.

September 2012
5.3 Specific Project Activities of Environmental Concern

The project activities are grouped into three phases as follows:
a) Preparatory phase;
b) Constructional phase; and
c) Operational phase.
5.3.1 Preparatory Activities

The preparatory phase is described by the following sets of activities to be carried out to
execute the project, and which could impact on the biophysical and social environments:
Compilation of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) with associated identification

of environmental and social impacts and development of an Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) to adequately address issues and concerns raised by
Stakeholders, to the satisfaction of the Authorities;
Land acquisition and payment of compensation to land owners or provisions for
resettlement, as necessary;
Geotechnical studies to determine the best areas for the various project components;
and
Survey works (topographical and geotechnical) to determine the sites for the gas
processing plant and its ancillaries.
5.3.2 Constructional Phase Activities

The constructional phase activities to potentially impact on the environment include:
Adherence to the construction phase Environmental Management Plan (EMP);

Land clearing and preparation for construction activities;
Upgrading of local roads to allow transportation of equipment to site;
Provision of construction camp and other housing for workers and management,
including water, sanitation, waste management, power, materials handling and storage,
stormwater management, health care and security facilities;
Transportation of construction materials and equipment to the project site;
Excavation and other preparatory civil works, including use of borrow pits for road and
structural materials;
Construction and commissioning of the gas pipeline and associated infrastructure;
Resettlement of community members, as necessary; and
Decommissioning and rehabilitation of contraction camp and associated construction
activities.
5.3.3 Operational Phase Activities

The operational activities to potentially impact on the environment consist of the following:
Adherence to the operational phase EMP;
Processed gas transportation and marketing;
Social and infrastructure management: and
Pipeline maintenance.

September 2012
5.4 Significant Impacts Determination

Impact significance rating depends on:
Impact magnitude;
Sensitivity and value of the receptor;
Compliance with relevant laws, regulations and standards;
Concerns and views of stakeholders;
Overall worker comfort; and
Likelihood of an occurrence.
Additionally, the impacts significance will be determined based on:
Area of influence: this is to determine whether the impact will affect the local
environment or will extend to other regions.
Duration/persistence of impact: whether it is temporal in nature or permanent.
Reversibility or otherwise: whether the impact is reversible or irreversible in nature.
The impacts are rated according to the following categories:

a) An impact of Low Significance hereafter referred to as a Minor Impact is one where an
effect is experienced, but the impact magnitude is sufficiently small and well within
accepted standards, and/or the receptor is of low sensitivity/value.
b) An impact of Medium Significance hereafter referred to as a Moderate Impact, is one

which is within accepted limits and standards. Moderate impacts may cover a broad
range, from a threshold below which the impact is minor, up to a level that might be just
short of breaching an established (legal) limit.
c) An impact of High Significance hereafter referred to as a Major Impact is one where an

accepted limit or standard may be exceeded, or large magnitude impacts occur to highly
valued/sensitive resources/receptors.
5.5 Impacts Identification on Gas Pipeline ROW
5.5.1 Background
A survey was carried out in order to have good idea of the profile of the proposed ROW and
identify any potential impacts that may arise from the proposed project. The exercise was
carried out by trekking on selected portions of the proposed ROW through access routes.
During the survey exercise it was observed that the proposed ROW mostly passes through
farms. These included coconut and palm plantations, cassava farms, sugarcane farms and so
on. The proposed ROW from an area near the Dadwen community to an area stretching to
about 1km from the Tetrem community in the Tarkwa Nsuaem District traverses the rubber
plantation belonging to the Ghana Rubber Estate Limited (GREL).
It was also observed that possible destruction of structures has been avoided. Discussions
with the project surveyors revealed that structures and cultural sites encountered during

September 2012
surveying have been avoided. It was also noted that the proposed ROW has been diverted at
areas like Inchaban to avoid the Inchaban cemetery.
The proposed ROW will also cross a few roads but this would not affect activities on these
roads as construction methodology to be employed will be by the Horizontal Directional
Drilling (HDD).
ROW trekking and further discussions with the project implementers also revealed that the
proposed ROW will cross three major water bodies, these include the Ebi at Ampain,
Amansuri at Azulenloanu and River Ankobra at Ankobra.
5.5.2 Summary of Observations on ROW

A summary of observations made on the selected areas of the proposed ROW has been
presented in Table 17.
Table 17: Summary of Observations on the ROW
No. Access to Proposed ROW Issue GPS Location
0 l ll
1. Allengezule (from the The ROW crosses the untarred Allengezule-Twenen N 05 01 7.65
Domunli site) road.
0 l ll
W 002 41 47.6
The ROW passes through coconut plantation and
cassava farms
0 l ll
2. Twenen The proposed ROW passes through coconut N 05 00 31.5
plantations, cassava farms
0 l ll
W 002 40 18.6
The Twenen community is about 400m from the
proposed ROW
0 l ll
3. Beyin The proposed area for the ROW is swampy. N 04 59 29.1
The proposed ROW crosses a man made canal 0 l ll

W 001 35 30.6
owned by the Beyin and Nzulezu chiefs. The canal
serves as a means of transportation to and from
the Nzulezu township.
4. Baku The proposed ROW passes through oil palm -

plantations.
0 l ll
5. Nyalekyi The proposed ROW passes through fallow land, N 04 58 21.4
nearby plantation 0 l ll
W 002 29 28.1
0 l ll
6. Sanzule (Krisan Refugee The proposed ROW passes through coconut N 04 58 15.8
Camp) plantation, cassava farms and it is a swampy area. 0 l
W 002 27
ll
The ROW crosses the Alabokazo-Atuabo road at 15.91
Sanzule.
0 l ll
7. Kamgbunli (beginning of The proposed ROW passes through coconut N 04 58 19.5
ROW along the GRIDCo plantation, plantain and cassava farms. 0 l ll
pylons) W 002 24 51.5
The ROW was diverted from a small scale palm

September 2012
kernel processing facility.
The area is swampy.
The Elubo road will be crossed at Kamgbunli.

0 l ll
8. Ampain On the proposed coconut and oil palm plantation is N 04 58 08.5
farm re-growth.
0 l ll
W 002 23 54.7
The Ampain Refugee camp is about 1km from the
proposed ROW.
0 l ll
9. Esiama Fallow land with nearby oil palm plantation, and N 04 56 37.2
the surrounding area sparsely residential. 0 l ll
W 002 20 32.6
Pipeline ROW is to be diverted from the GRIDCo
substation, the Esiama-Nkruful road will be crossed
at Esiama, a few meters from the GRIDCo
substation.
0 l ll
10. Ankobra The proposed ROW passes through oil palm N 04 54 25.4
plantation, forest.
0 l ll
W 002 16 25.1
The neighbouring environment has few residential
facilities.
0 l ll
11. Dadwen The proposed ROW passes through the rubber N 04 54 32.5
plantation and cassava farms.
0 l ll
W 002 09 23.0
The area is swampy.
0 l ll
12. Nduabesa The proposed ROW passes through oil palm N 04 55 27.4
plantation and some cassava farms.
0 l ll
W 002 05 40.6
0 l ll
13. Tetren (Tarkwa) The proposed ROW passes through the rubber N 04 57 52.1
plantation.
0 l ll
W 001 58 49.3
The ROW crosses the Tarkwa road and then it
passes through coconut and oil palm plantations.
The proposed ROW is about 1km from the Tetren

township.
0 l ll
14. Between Kwakutsiakrom The proposed ROW passes through an oil palm N 04 57 55.6
and Whindo plantation. Neighbouring sugarcane farms.
0 l ll
W 001 50 07.3
The area is swampy.
The proposed ROW is about 800m from the

Kwakutsiakrom community.
0 l ll
15. Kansaworado The proposed ROW goes through oil palm N 04 58 34.7
plantations.
0 l ll
W 001 46 36.1
The area is swampy.

September 2012
The ROW meets the proposed valve station at

Kwakutsiakrom.
0 l ll
16. Mampon The proposed ROW passes through oil palm N 04 58 09.5
plantations.
0 l ll
W 001 47 38.8
0 l ll
17. Inchaban The proposed ROW goes through oil palm N 05 00 6.5
plantain/banana plantations.
0 l ll
W 001 40 32.5
The proposed ROW also crosses the Takoradi-Accra
road at Inchaban.
The proposed ROW has been diverted to avoid a

cemetery at Inchaban.
0 l ll
18. Aboadze The proposed ROW crosses the Aboadze road to N 04 58 09.5
the Takoradi Thermal Power Plant.
0 l ll
W 001 47 38.8
The proposed ROW passes through the forest and
few farms.
Photographs of some project-affected-areas (PAAs) have been presented in Annex 5.

Estimated distances from the RoW to the various communities have been presented in Table
18.
Table 18: Distances between Onshore Gas Pipeline Row and towns from Domunli to Aboadze
Name of Town Shortest distance between Comments

ROW and Town (meters)
Bonyere Nkwanta 270 Distance based on preliminary ROW selection

Ndumsuazo 180 Distance based on preliminary ROW selection
Ezinlibo 1,120 Distance based on preliminary ROW selection
Allengezule 680 Distance based on preliminary ROW selection
Agyeza 480 Distance based on preliminary ROW selection
Twenen 100 Distance based on preliminary ROW selection
Kengen 460 Distance based on preliminary ROW selection
Elonyi 280 Distance based on preliminary ROW selection
Ngelekazo 200 Distance based on preliminary ROW selection
Beyin 200 Distance based on preliminary ROW selection
Ekabaku 300 Distance based on preliminary ROW selection
Atuabo 120 Distance based on preliminary ROW selection
Anochie 430 Distance based on final ROW
Baku 320 Distance based on final ROW
Ngalechie 320 Distance based on final ROW
Ngalekpole 460 Distance based on final ROW
Eikwe 680 Distance based on final ROW

September 2012
Name of Town Shortest distance between Comments

ROW and Town (meters)
Krisan 870 Distance based on final ROW

Sanzule 1,100 Distance based on final ROW
Alabokazo 2,200 Distance based on final ROW
Bakanta 2,100 Distance based on final ROW
Nyanzini 850 Distance based on final ROW
Kamgbunli 300 Distance based on final ROW
Ampain 1,200 Distance based on final ROW
Azulenloanu 1,450 Distance based on final ROW
Esiama 50 Distance based on final ROW- At the outskirt of
Essiama
Kikam 630 Distance based on final ROW
Asemko 680 Distance based on final ROW
Bobrama 480 Distance based on final ROW
Asanta 280 Distance based on final ROW
Sawoma 620 Distance based on final ROW
Adukrom 1,300 Distance based on final ROW
Ayisakro 480 Distance based on final ROW
Ndatiem 320 Distance based on final ROW
Awukyere 950 Distance based on final ROW
Dadwen 400 Distance based on final ROW
Kegyina 950 Distance based on final ROW
Anagyi 1,200 Distance based on final ROW
Edelesuazo 1,200 Distance based on final ROW
Nyamebekyere (32) 2,400 Distance based on final ROW
Gyabinkrom 2,600 Distance based on final ROW
Abura 2,600 Distance based on final ROW
Ajumako 2,800 Distance based on final ROW
Adiewoso 2,600 Distance based on final ROW
Tetrem 1,500 Distance based on final ROW
Kyekyewere 2,250 Distance based on final ROW
Kodwokrom 200 Distance based on final ROW
Abudukrom 270 Distance based on final ROW
Esikrom 370 Distance based on final ROW
Pretsea (Camp No.1) 1,800 Distance based on final ROW
Adabokrom 330 Distance based on final ROW
Afropokrom 1,000 Distance based on final ROW
Pretsea 2,300 Distance based on final ROW
Kwekutsiakrom 650 Distance based on final ROW
Hwendo 3,000 Distance based on final ROW
Mampon 380 Distance based on final ROW
Ashiem 380 Distance based on final ROW
Dwomo 200 Distance based on final ROW
Inchaban 340 Distance based on final ROW

September 2012
5.6 Evaluation of Preparatory Phase Impacts

The significant environmental and social issues, which could arise from preparatory phase
activities include:
Land Acquisition and Compensation issues;

Conflict with farmers and residents over affected properties and crops;
Loss of vegetation; and
Occupational health and safety issues.
Land Acquisition and Compensation Issues
The likely significant issues will be land acquisition and compensation for the 35-m width
Right-of-Way (RoW) for the pipe laying, sites demarcated for the temporary camps, pipe
storage fields, distribution centre, valve stations, access roads and regulating & metering
station. It is expected that the project will pay particular attention to livelihood issues. Some
community lands will be taken for the project and thus deny certain persons of portions of
their farmland for growing both food and cash crops.
Lands in the project area belong to families without much legal documentation. In view of
the extended family system in the country where each family member has a claim on a
family land, project should ensure that the right persons are identified and adequately
engaged in the process. Series of consultations must be undertaken to ensure that the
project is not unnecessarily stalled by family conflicts. The impact is local and major.
Conflict with farmers and residents over affected properties and crops
Conflict with farmers and local communities during survey works to identify the Right-of-
Way (RoW) in order to demarcate pipeline routes may arise if adequate consultations are
not carried out. Various communities located along the transmission routes may have both
permanent and temporary structures and farming activities. Livelihood issues may therefore
arise and appropriate compensation need to be paid to people who may have legal right to
the use of the land. This impact is seen as moderately significant and local in nature.
Loss of Vegetation
Seven sites have been demarcated for line pipe storage. The preparation of these sites
which involve the removal of vegetation and site grading will lead to loss of vegetation. Since
the clearance will be limited to the required land areas, the impact is local and minimal.
Occupational Health & Safety Issues
Pre-constructional activities involving workers and movement of equipment are expected to

pose occupational health and safety hazards to workers on site who have been engaged to
ensure the proper storage of the line pipes at the various sites. The movement of the line
pipes from the port of Takoradi to the demarcated sites has been given to a third party
(SDV). The impact is local and moderate.

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5.7 Evaluation of Constructional Phase Impacts

The potential significant environmental issues associated with constructional phase activities
include:
5.7.1 Positive Constructional Impacts

Anticipated positive constructional impacts will be:
Employment opportunities;
Improved local and national economy;
Improved institutional/national revenue; and
Increased development in the project communities.
Employment opportunities
The natural gas pipeline project is expected to employ about 150 people during the
constructional phase as both skilled and unskilled labour. The current profile of the various
communities would suggest that most of the youth can only be taken on as unskilled labour
to undertake manual jobs. During the construction stage, they will therefore provide most of
the casual labour. The local community will be considered in the first instance before
migrants. This is a positive impact of the project and will go to affect the local communities
directly.
Another dimension is the business opportunities that are likely to arise because of the
advent of the project. The communities are likely to attract more investors who may want to
invest in support services for the Oil and Gas industry. Trading activities would increase since
a lot of people would come to the community to work. Women are expected to be the main
beneficiaries of the boom in trading activities as they can expand both the volume of goods
they trade and diversify the number of products they deal in.
The impact is regional and moderate.
Improved local/national economy
The local economy is expected to benefit from regular monthly earnings of workers and
artisans during the 6 months construction period. Their purchasing power will be greatly
enhanced and members of the communities involved will be in a good position to plan their
personal and family lives better. This will in effect contribute significantly to the national
economy. The impact is regional and moderate.
Improved institutional/national revenue
Levies and taxes to be deducted from contractors and workers will accrue to the State. Some
government agencies like the Energy Commission, Water Resources Commission and the
Environmental Protection Agency will charge fees which will increase the revenue base of
these institutions.
For the MMDs through whose territory the proposed project will pass, it hoped that the
economic stimulation the project will create will bring more revenue by helping to expand
the taxation base and thus help improve internally-generated funds.

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The impact is national and moderate.
Increased Development in the Project Communities
The proposed project is expected to bring development to the community: as incomes

increase, people are expected to build new structures and improve upon old ones, using
more durable building materials. Renting of rooms to the workers will also develop as an
avenue for generating income. This will improve the aesthetics of the communities and
encourage entrepreneurs to provide more social infrastructure such as internet cafes, chop
bars or even restaurants as well as other supporting services in health and education.
Availability of social amenities will therefore increase and school children can have easy
access to good education. Standards of living will very likely improve. Even frequent power
outages in the communities are expected to reduce due to the nearness of the Gas
Infrastructure Project. As the communities develop and their roads improve and more
people engage in the transport business, it will help reduce transportation fares. This impact
is moderate and local.
Increase in Population
Population would increase as the project itself employs people from outside and others
migrate into the area in search of opportunities to work. As more people move into the
communities, villages and towns will expand and become eligible for more social
infrastructure as infrastructure such as schools, pipe-borne water and health facilities are
dependent on the size of the beneficiary population.
5.7.2 Negative Constructional Impacts

Negative impacts from the construction of the 135 km stretch of the line pipe will include:
Livelihood issues;
Community structure and security issues;
Loss of vegetation and fauna habitat;
Disposal of construction wastes;
Public safety;
Occupational health and safety issues;
Impact on soil and sediment transport;
Impact to water bodies;
Impact to local fishermen;
Impact to cultural sites;
Sanitation and hygiene issues; and
Dust and noise nuisance.
Livelihood issues
The cultivation of coconut and oil palm in the project area provides economic benefits to the
local communities who are mostly farmers and fishermen. This is a source of income for the
people in the area. Income from this activity is low but it is important to also recognise the

September 2012
social dimension since it affords the local people the opportunity to interact with each other
freely while undergoing their farming activities.
Since farm land will be used affected farmers will lose access to the means of their livelihood
and may be unable to farm. Loss of income will result and lead to low standards of living. It
could also result in shortage of food as the land needed for growing food decreases in size.
Compensation to be paid may be used up within a very short time. The impact is local and
moderate.
Community structure and security issues
The construction and installation of the gas pipeline and its ancillaries will result in the influx
of people to the project areas, particularly the Atuabo, Esiama and its environs. The
migration of people to the area will see all sorts of social miscreants which could affect the
security of these areas. This could lead to increase in social vices such as burglary, armed
robbery and other similar anti-social behavior. The impact is local and moderate.
Loss of Vegetation and fauna habitat
The removal of existing vegetation to pave way for the construction of the pipeline,
distribution centre, valve stations, regulating and metering station and temporary camps as
well as access routes will result in the loss of flora and possibly fauna habitat. Impact to
biodiversity will be local and moderate.
Disposal of Construction Waste
The removal of vegetation, laying of pipelines, servicing and maintenance of vehicles and
equipment during construction will generate some amount of metal scrap, worn tyres and
spent lubricating oil, rubber seals, construction debris, etc which must be disposed of
properly to avoid adverse impact on the environment.
Domestic waste from site workers will tend to increase solid waste generation at the site
which if not handled properly could create insanitary conditions and aesthetic problems.
The impact is major and local in nature.
Public Safety
Public safety may be jeopardized if open trenches are left open without any form of security
or warning signs to ward off farmers in the affected areas.
Traffic on the line pipe storage field to the various sites will increase and may threaten the
lives of local residents who use such routes to their farms as well as workers on site. The
movement of these materials could pose a threat to other road users. The impacts are
moderate and temporal.
Occupational Health and Safety
Occupational health and safety issues associated with the proposed project construction
include:
Exposure of workers to excessive noise, vibrations and dust; and

September 2012
Accidents in the use and handling of equipment and machinery.

This could jeopardize the project if the necessary measures are not put in place to forestall
any accidents which may occur. The impact is local and major.
Impact on Soil and sediment transport
Most land clearance and construction activities inevitably result in some disturbance to the
soil. Whether through vegetation clearance, earthworks, site grading or through exposure to
ongoing project activities such as vehicle and worker movements, the soil can undergo a
range of impacts including:
soil erosion and sediment release to land and water;
soil mixing, compaction and topsoil loss; and
increased risk of contamination from fuels, oils and waste.
In the construction and installation of pipelines, land and habitat for organisms will be
disturbed through clearance and opening up of previously inaccessible land. The disturbance
of soil can also contribute to later soil erosion.
In most cases, disturbance to soil cannot be altogether avoided and therefore it is important
to manage the potential impacts such that the potential for mitigation and restoration is
maximised. The impact is local and moderate.
Impact to water bodies
The disturbance of shallow-water habitats and beaches as a result of the installation of

pipelines can adversely affect sea turtles, as these areas are commonly utilized by turtles for
feeding or resting. Pipeline landfalls impact a relatively small area of nearshore and coastal
habitat, and natural restoration of nearshore biological communities destroyed or altered by
this action is expected to occur relatively quickly. Therefore, impacts to sea turtles resulting
from the installation of pipeline are expected to be locally adverse over a short time period.
Man-hole construction at the start and end of pipeline beaches should be done quickly and
to disturb only a minimum amount of space in order to reduce impacts on benthic fauna and
flora.
Impact to Local Fishermen
During pipeline installation operations, the area occupied by pipeline laying vessels is
unavailable to commercial fishermen. Typically, fishermen are precluded from a very small
area for several days. In the shallower coastal waters of the shelf pipelines may present an
obstruction to commercial fishing where bottom trawling nets are used. Though the
locations of pipelines are well marked and made available to the public, the potential for
pipelines being damaged by large anchors exists. The impact is moderate and local.

September 2012
Impact to Cultural sites
There could be cultural impacts from the desecration of culturally and religiously important
sites such as the Ayera Shrine at Anochie and the Lower Inchaban Cemetery. Observance of
all rituals and traditions required by the deity will help to offset this threat. The impact is
local and moderate in nature.
Sanitation and Hygiene
Public health and hygiene may be threatened due to the number of people to be employed
on the project. This could be a significant impact if adequate measures are not put in place
in terms of provision of toilet facilities, bathhouses as well as potable water at the project
sites and in the communities to augment the existing ones.
The greatest threat to the survival of the fauna may come from improper waste disposal
within the riparian zone. With expected rise in human population in the project area it is
likely that more stress will be placed on the water bodies especially as a result of increases in
organic waste from the riparian communities. Organic pollution usually will lead to nutrient
enrichment and high BOD levels in the receiving waters and cause structural changes in the
macro-invertebrate fauna, or even loss of species.
The impact is local and moderate.
Dust and Noise Nuisance
The project areas are characteristically quiet rural setting and the implementation of the
project is not expected to intrude on the visual sensibilities of the local people including any
associated noise impacts. The natural background noise levels will be affected from the
movement of machinery and equipment but this will not necessarily be of nuisance to the
community because the houses are not located close to the Project area. The closest is the
Krisan Refugee Camp, which is about 50 m away from the RoW. The handling and transport
of construction material, earth movement and excavation may cause dust pollution but this
is expected to be intermittent and for a short period and thus minor and temporal.
5.8 Operational Phase Impacts

Significant environmental concerns expected from operational phase activities comprise the
following:
5.8.1 Positive Operational Impacts

Positive impacts to result from the operation of the pipeline project include the following:
Improved institutional/national revenue;

Reduced potential for accidents and emissions;
Availability of natural gas for industrial use in Takoradi and beyond;
Improved Institutional & National Revenue

The proposed project is expected to ensure regular and reliable supply of lean natural gas to
the Takoradi Thermal Power Plant, LPG to the proposed VRA plant at Bonyere and other
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areas in the future for the production of electricity and industrial operations. This will ensure
regular income generation to GNGC and BOST who will possibly distribute processed natural
gas to individual companies for their industrial operations. This is a major national impact.
Reduced Potential for Accidents and Emissions
The alternative of using pipelines for transport of the natural gas will be by use of bulk road
vehicles (BRVs). The potential for accidents, danger to the general public and leaks are
therefore reduced. Also vehicular emissions from the bulk road vehicles are eliminated. This
impact is regional and moderate.
Availability of Natural Gas for Industrial Use
The availability of a cheaper and cleaner source of fuel to the Takoradi Thermal Power Plant
and Bonyere will have a significant positive impact on the economic viability of many
industries in the country that depend on electric energy for their operations. Other uses of
natural gas could also be for domestic purpose, transportation, fertilizer production,
production of hydrogen, glass, fabrics, steel, plastics, paint among others. The impact is a
major and national in nature.
5.8.2 Negative Operational Impacts

The anticipated negative impacts include:
Pipeline maintenance;
Water and sanitation issues
Solid waste disposal issues;
Operational Management and Institutional Problems;
Public health and safety concerns;
Occupational health and safety issues; and
Emergency situations.
Pipelines Maintenance
The periodic rehabilitation and maintenance works especially, the removal of damaged parts
of the pipes must be carried out within safety limits to reduce the level of impacts. The
impact is local and moderate.
Water and Sanitation Issues
With regards to water for domestic use, one likely impact of the Project will be pressure on
the existing water supply system especially in the communities served by boreholes.
Sanitation is also likely to be negatively affected because very few households have toilet
facilities while some communities do not even have public toilets. This situation will be
aggravated by any increase in population. The situation with solid waste disposal is only
slightly better but will become worse with any additional population. Most of the people dig
holes to bury the rubbish in their homes and once population density increases such a
practice will be unsustainable. This may lead to an increase in diarrheal infections. The
impact is local and major.
September 2012
Solid Waste Disposal issues
Maintenance works including replacement of pipelines will produce solid waste through
breakup of concrete pavements or pads on pipeline RoWs as well as metals. Excavated spoil
or materials should be handled properly to avert any residual environmental impacts.
The amount of waste produced will be much more limited than during construction, and the
impact is perceived to be low and local in nature.
Operational Management and Institutional Problems

Operational problems may arise from inappropriate tariff setting, poor revenue collection,
poor general system management and illegal connections which should all be looked at to
forestall poor performance of the facilities to be installed. The impact is national and
moderate.
Public Health and Safety Issues
The sections of the pipeline which will remain above the ground will be susceptible to
vandalism and also to accidents which may raise public health and safety concerns.
Emergency measures to manage fire hazards will need to be prepared and instituted to
ensure adequate readiness to all such emergency situations.
The current low traffic regime in a typical rural setting will give way to frequent movements
of various classes of vehicles and heavy duty equipment during maintenance periods. The
movement of these trucks will need to be controlled to safeguard public life and property.
The impact is regional and major.
Occupational Health and Safety Issues
Occupational health and safety issues associated with the proposed project operation
include:
Exposure to emissions from leaking pipelines; and

Exposure to fire risks.
Equipment and machinery handling may also result in injury to workers. The impact is major
and local.
Emergency Situations
Emergency situations may arise from various activities around the pipelines and discharge
points. For instance fires and explosions may have disastrous consequences if no emergency
response plans are in place. Thus, impacts resulting from emergency situations such as fires
and explosions are anticipated and must be planned for to minimise its consequences. This
may lead to loss of life and property and pose health risk to the general environment.
There is a potential for natural hazards and risks including leakages, explosions, blowouts on
pipeline that could negatively affect air quality and contaminate both land and water. The
pipeline could be threatened by localized geotechnical risks that could result in subsidence.
Intense rain lasting many days can flood parts of the pipeline route given the many wetlands
and other aquatic habitats in the vicinity. Historically worldwide, such events are normally
September 2012
few and far between when standard pipes are utilized and integrity of pipelines are well
tested and monitored.
The impact level could be major and irreversible in nature.
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6.0 IMPACT MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT

Mitigation and management measures have been proposed in the ensuing paragraphs based
on the analysis of the environmental consequences of the proposed gas pipeline
construction of the Gas Infrastructure Project. The measures have been provided in Table
19. These mitigation and management measures are expected to reduce all potentially
significant effects of the preferred alternative to less than significant levels.
The general rules followed in designing these measures are:
a) Avoidance of major impacts: major impacts are impacts where an accepted limit or
standard may be exceeded, or large magnitude impacts occur to highly valued/sensitive
resources/receptors.
b) Reduction of major and moderate impacts: moderate impacts are impacts within
accepted limits and standards. Moderate impacts may cover a broad range, from a
threshold below which the impact is minor, up to a level that might be just short of
breaching an established (legal) limit.
c) Minor impacts occur where effects are experienced, but the impact magnitudes are
sufficiently small and well within accepted standards, and/or the receptors are of low
sensitivity/value.
6.1 Forms of Mitigation and Management Measures

The mitigation measures adopted may be placed under three major forms which comprise:
Preventive measures;
Control measures; and
Compensatory measures.
6.1.1 Preventive Measures

These are measures adopted during the design and pre-construction phase. The measures
are aimed at avoiding or minimising potential major impacts at source. Avoiding or reducing
an impact at source is essentially designing the project so that a feature causing an impact
is designed out (e.g. pipeline re-routing) or altered (e.g. reduced working width for pipelines)
or avoided (e.g. community sensitisation programmes to avoid conflicts or confrontations).
6.1.2 Control Measures

These are measures adopted to abate or remedy the impacts occurring during construction
and operation/maintenance phases. Impacts can be abated on site or at receptor end.
Repair or remedy of impacts involves unavoidable damage to a resource, e.g. road during
pipeline construction. In this case repair essentially involves restoration and reinstatement
of damaged portions of road.
6.1.3 Compensatory Measures

Where other mitigation measures are not possible or fully effective, then compensation in
some measure for loss, damage or general intrusion might be appropriate. This will mainly
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be in cash. Monetary compensations will be paid to individuals whose legal properties or

legal occupancy of a place will be affected by the project.
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Table 19: Mitigation and Management Measures Proposed
Impacts Receptor(s) Impact Magnitude Mitigation and Management Measures Proposed
Preparatory Phase
Land acquisition and Land owners Major A compensation action plan will be prepared and implemented. Appropriate compensation
compensation issues from Atuabo, procedures will be followed to ensure that land is properly acquired and appropriate compensation
Asemda Suazo, payments made to Project-Affected-Persons (PAPs). The framework to be followed for compensation
Anochie, Baku, payment has been presented in Annex 12 and a copy of the Standard Form F used by the Land
Ngalechie, Valuation Division is attached.
Ngalekpole, Monetary compensations will be paid to people whose farms or crops will be destroyed due to the
Krisan Sanzule construction and installation of the gas pipeline. GNGC will engage the services of a qualified Valuer
(Refugee Camp), from the Land Valuation Division (LVD) of the Lands Commission to assess the farms and crops to be
Kamgbunli etc affected and evaluate these properties accordingly. Appropriate budgetary allocations will be made to
take care of this issue.
Compensation payment will be made directly to affected farmers and individuals to avoid future
problems from other people purporting to be family members or actual land owners. To facilitate this
therefore, a committee will be formed to ensure that fair compensation are paid and to the right
individuals. The committee will comprise district assembly, land owners, farmers, traditional leaders,
and other opinion leaders in and around the affected communities. Ghana Gas has employed
community representatives in all the affected communities to ensure smooth operations in such
areas.
The Company has engaged staffs who are community relations officers. These have been tasked to
undertake community sensitization programmes which are still ongoing. The terms of reference for
the work include among other things:
-Holding of durbars at the community level to further explain the project and its socio-economic
benefits to the people;
-Facilitate the formation of a consultative group with selected representatives from the communities
September 2012

to meet periodically with GNGC and plan for peaceful co-existence; and
-Build capacity for Community relations work to ensure successful implementation of project.
The programme will help avoid unnecessary tension between misinformed communities (members) and
the GNGC and establish a better rapport between the two interest groups. Individuals who will receive
monetary compensation will be counselled on suitable investments to ensure long-term financial security.
Finally, a very close liaison with all communities along the route will be maintained throughout project life.
This will include initial land rights negotiation that will be done in a fair and transparent manner with in-
built grievance mechanism to address any conflicts.
Conflict with farmers Residents/ Moderate Awareness Creation/Community Sensitisation

and residents over Farmers from
Communities along the proposed transmission main will be informed well in advance by GNGC on the
affected properties and Allengezuli,
project via local FM stations, local authorities (e.g. District, Municipal/Metropolitan Assemblies),
crops Baku, Esiama,
Assemblymen as well as Unit Committee leaders. The activities of the surveyors within the communities
Ankobra,
and through farms will therefore not be excessively intrusive to residents and farmers in the affected
Inchaban etc
areas.
Ghana Gas will embark on community sensitisation and awareness creation programmes to inform the
affected individuals whose legal properties or occupancy of a place will be affected on the provision of
possible compensation for such properties. These measures will minimise the problem of confrontation
and conflicts and will reduce this impact significantly.
Loss of vegetation Terrestrial flora Minor Vegetation clearance to be limited to the required land area.
and fauna like Sites to be allowed to re-vegetate naturally after grading.
oil palm trees,
sugarcane,
rubber
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plantation,
cassava etc
Occupational health & Site Workers Moderate The Project Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) Officers will collaborate with HSE Officers from Sinopec to
safety issues (Sinopec ensure that the contractor, SDV who has been contracted to cart the line pipes to the storage fields
contractors and educates workers on its health and safety policy. Sinopec will also ensure that its workers are made to
subcontractors follow the health and safety policy of the Company. The adoption of a health and safety policy at site will
e.g. SDV) serve as a precautionary measure to prevent/minimize the possibility of accidents and reduce health risks.
Workers will also be provided with the necessary protective gadgets like safety boots, helmets, reflectors
etc and its use enforced.
Sinopec is in consultation with the West African Risk Association (WARA) based in Takoradi for all major
cases. All minor ailments will be referred to the nearest health facility for treatment.
Construction Phase
Livelihood issues Local Moderate Appropriate compensation to be paid to the affected people.
communities
Education on alternative livelihoods to be provided by GNGC.
whose farms are
affected from
Sanzule,
Kamgbunli,
Ampain,
Kwekutsiakfrom,
Kansaworodo
etc
Community structure Local Moderate Community members showed eagerness to have more people move in because population influx will make
and security issues communities, their communities more vibrant. Community social structures appear to be strong with the traditional
Domunli, rulers and opinion leaders being able to mobilize members to take common action and undertake
Esiama, communal projects.
September 2012

Kwekutsiakrom, The relationship between community members and their leaders is characterized by mutual respect which
Inchaban and helps to maintain law and order in the absence of the police. The ethnically diverse populations have
neighbouring continued to co-exist peacefully and are looking forward to the Project to enhance their standards of living.
communities. The project is likely to curb rural-urban migration and even reverse the trend as those who have left the
communities return to take advantage of the project and its indirect effect.
Loss of vegetation and Terrestrial flora Moderate Ghana Gas/Sinopec will ensure that vegetation clearance is limited to the required land area as much as possible. All
fauna habitat and fauna like 111 km (eastwards) and 25 km (westwards) line pipes RoW will not be cleared at a go.
oil palm trees,
All disturbed habitats will be restored to its pre-construction status using a remedial plan that includes monitoring till
sugarcane,
all vegetation re-grows or are replanted.
rubber
plantation, The nearby ridges will serve as alternative habitats for any fauna at the proposed sites. Phasing of development
cassava etc activities will allow some time for mobile fauna to seek refuge in adjacent and similar habitats or establish new ones
nearby.
Disposal of construction Workers Major Domestic/Office Waste

waste (Sinopec and
The Contractor will provide adequate litter bins and placed them at vantage-points to minimize littering of
subcontractors)/
the sites by workers. The contents of these bins would be emptied at an appropriate central point and sent
Local residents
to a designated waste dump site.
from Esiama,
Atuabo, Workers will be sensitized on the need to utilise the waste bins to be provided.
Inchaban,
Kwekutsiakrom, Biomass
Anagye etc
Salvaging of useable biomass by local people can significantly reduce the volumes of waste that has to be
disposed of.
Public safety Local Moderate The following mitigation measures will be implemented by the Contractor to ensure the safety of local
communities/ residents and workers:
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Workers All haulage trucks plying the routes within the project areas will be given a mandatory speed limit of
(Allegenzule, 50km/hr when moving through the communities;
Twenen, Reckless tooting of horns would be an offence within the settlements;
Sanzule, A code of conduct for drivers on the road would be developed and implemented;
Kamgbunli, Community complaints handling arrangements would be instituted; and
Ankobra, Any accidents on the road involving trucks and humans or domestic animals would be investigated
Inchaban etc immediately and corrective actions taken to avert re-occurrence.
Where there are open trenches, security/ warning signs to ward off farmers in the affected areas.
Additionally, alternative haulage routes will be considered where possible.
Occupational health and Workers (GNGC, Major The Project Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) Officers will collaborate with HSE Officers from Sinopec to
safety Sinopec and ensure that the contractor, SDV who has been contracted to cart the line pipes to the storage fields
their educates workers on its health and safety policy. Sinopec will also ensure that its workers are made to
subcontractors) follow the health and safety policy of the Company. The adoption of a health and safety policy at site will
serve as a precautionary measure to prevent/minimize the possibility of accidents and reduce health risks.
Workers will also be provided with the necessary protective gadgets like safety boots, helmets, reflectors
etc and its use enforced.
Sinopec and GNGC are in consultation with the West African Risk Association (WARA) based in Takoradi for
all major cases. All minor ailments will be referred to the nearest health facility for treatment.
Ghana Gas has also contacted the health facility at Eikwe and the VRA Hospital at Aboadze for the
provision of health services to its employees.
Impact on soil and Soil (Lower Moderate The Project Engineers will ensure that sensitive sites with high erosion risk are identified. Such areas shall
sediment transport Inchaban/ water not be included in the RoW as much as possible and will include hill-tops and very steep slopes having
courses gradient of 25% or more. Vegetation of such areas shall be maintained to help control erosion as well as
(Amansuri, ensuring soil stability.
Ankobra and Ebi
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Rivers etc
Impact to water bodies Water courses Moderate Man-hole construction at the start and end of pipeline beaches should be done quickly and to disturb only
(Amansuri, a minimum amount of space in order to reduce impacts on benthic fauna and flora.
Ankobra and Ebi
Rivers) River crossings to be carried out with little disturbance as much as possible to shallow-water habitats.
Impact to local Local Moderate -Floating markers to be used to ward off any people within the pipeline corridor.
fishermen communities
-Regular patrols to ensure that fishermen do not anchor within or near the RoW.
(Ankobra)
-Fishermen to be educated to ensure that commercial fishing activities are carried out outside the 35 m
buffer of the line pipe.
Impact to cultural sites Local Moderate Line pipe RoW to be re-routed to avoid impact to the Ayera Shrine at Anochie and the cemetery and Lower
communities Inchaban.
(Anochie and
Inchaban)
Sanitation and hygiene Workers Moderate The Contractor will provide places of convenience at the site to discourage free-range defecation among
(Sinopec and workers. In addition, field workers will be encouraged to use places of convenience available at nearby
subcontractors) communities. The project will collaborate with the relevant District Assemblies in the provision of
additional toilet facilities and potable water in the affected communities to help prevent health threat.
Waste bins will be provided at appropriate and convenient places to minimize littering of the site. Wash
rooms and changing rooms will also be provided for construction workers at the camps.
Dust and noise nuisance Local Minor Burning of biomass from the site cleared to make way for the line pipe and its ancillaries will not be
communities allowed. Fire will not be used at the site. Most biomass generated will be made available to the local
like Esiama, people as fire wood.
Beyin, Ankobra Speed ramps will be constructed on the affected roads where possible in consultation with the relevant
etc/ Sinopec stakeholders (especially Department of Feeder Roads) to reduce the level of dust on the road.
workers
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Earthworks and other construction activities will be phased out or controlled to reduce noise generation
during construction.
All construction and earthworks will be done during daytime to avoid disturbing the serene nights of the
local communities.
Ear muffs will be provided for workers where necessary and its use enforced.
Operational Phase
Pipeline maintenance Local Moderate Comprehensive Maintenance Programme
communities/
A comprehensive maintenance programme will be put in place to avert any serious breakdowns or pipeline
Workers
failures. The required maintenance for the systems will include among others:
(Allegenzule,
Twenen, Routine equipment maintenance/inspection schedule and record;
Sanzule, Annual equipment inspection and maintenance record;
Kamgbunli, Procedure for pre-arranged repair service;
Ankobra, Procedure for preventive maintenance;
Inchaban etc Regular calibration; and
Emergency procedure for failures.
Major installations such as line pipe and valve replacement among others will be handled using laid down
safety procedures.
Water and sanitation GNGC Workers/ Major GNGC will collaborate with the relevant District Assemblies in the provision of additional toilet facilities
issues local and potable water in the affected communities to help prevent health threat. Waste bins will be provided
communities at appropriate and convenient places to minimize littering of the site.
such as Esiama,
Beyin, Ankobra
etc
Solid waste disposal Workers from Minor All scraps and other solid wastes from pipeline maintenance will be disposed of at the District Assemblys
issues GNGC approved dumpsites or landfill sites or sold out to scrap dealers. Excavated soils will be reused for filling
purposes as much as possible. Contaminated soil will be considered as waste material and disposed of
September 2012

accordingly at approved dumpsites. Topsoil will be removed and stored in separate piles and reinstated
after refilling of trenches (if not contaminated).
Operational General public Moderate The natural gas supply system will be managed through:
management and
Regular maintenance of the pipelines and discharge systems.
institutional problems
Appropriate product pricing.
Ghana Gas will institute measures to sanction people who illegally tamper or vandalise the pipelines.
Public health and safety Public like Major To ensure that incidental and structural or operational failures of the transmission network is reduced, the
issues Esiama, Beyin, following measures will be put in place. GNGC will:
Ankobra Krisan,
ensure correct operation and maintenance of the installed pipelines, including regular inspections and
Inchaban etc
maintenance. These measures will be defined in the operation and maintenance manual of the
company.
minimise emergency response time through the provision of adequate equipment, development of
emergency response procedures and training of staff.
involve the public in leak detection through awareness creation programmes and open a complaint
desk at the various communities (through the community representatives).
ensure timely repair and replacement works on pipelines, pumps and valves and other related areas of
the gas supply system.
ensure that maintenance works are carried out by only certified engineers. The work of these
engineers will be closely monitored by very competent personnel as much as possible.
ensure regular check for illegal connections and take corrective actions.
ensure regular checks of the pipelines to prevent direct public access.
Occupational health and GNGC Workers Major GNGC will ensure that workers handling machinery and equipment are well trained. Such workers will be
safety issues provided with the necessary documentations to serve as reference sources on the dangers and ways of
handling these equipment and machinery. Good housekeeping practices will be an integral part of
operations.
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Management will ensure that workers are supplied with adequate personal protective equipment
including overalls, earplugs and hand gloves and enforce its use.
Emergency situations Public Esiama, Major Ghana Gas will ensure that an emergency response plan is in place and is in line with International Best
Beyin, Ankobra Practice of transmission of natural gas using pipelines to minimise any hazards to humans and the
Krisan, Inchaban environment. Management will ensure regular review of the plan.
etc
The company will ensure that Emergency Fire Response Team is in place to combat any fires, and will liaise
with the Ghana National Fire Service for support when needed.
GNGC will ensure that the likelihood of the loss of natural gas from the system occurring is minimised to
the barest minimum through regular maintenance and monitoring. Procedures will be specified to detect
and contain a leak if it did occur and define methods for clean up and disposal.
Other measures to be undertaken will include:
adherence to relevant design standards for pipe work, meters and discharge points;
regular monthly inspections and maintenance;
leak detection systems;
pipe leakages shall be routinely checked for by means of a pressure sensitive leak detection system
and routine inventory control; and
the delivery pipeline from the regulating and metering station at Inchaban shall be fitted with pressure
sensitive leak detectors.
A spill prevention plan and energy preparedness plan will be drawn up to tackle all eventualities from
natural disasters.
Regular surveillance of the pipeline route, e.g. monthly overflights could be conducted to inspect pipeline
routes for overall pipeline integrity. Routine surveillance will form an integral element of the integrity
monitoring system and will seek to:
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Detect and locate any activity which may interact with the pipeline including unauthorised third party
activity such as unauthorized building and construction work. Valves and alarms shall be incorporated
into the design and construction as part of the operational integrity monitoring.
Locate any local changes or ground conditions which may threaten the pipeline including areas of
ground erosion, movement or subsidence.
Detect any leakage from the pipeline and its facilities.
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7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
7.1 Introduction
Large scale development projects such as the natural gas pipeline project must necessarily
have baseline data and impact monitoring during the construction, and operation. Without
such data, it is impossible to test impact predictions and the success of mitigation measures
provided. Furthermore, the lack of appropriate ecological monitoring, impedes the scientific
progress, in impact prediction and assessment, makes it difficult to learn from experiences.
Environmental monitoring is therefore one of the most important components of an EIA

which is essential for:
ensuring that impacts do not exceed the legal standards;

checking the implementation of mitigation measures in the manner described in the EIA
report; and
providing early warning of potential environmental damages.
Environmental monitoring is an essential component of a post project review phase

following environmental assessment (EA). The monitoring of various environmental
parameters will also help to confirm any predicted impact or otherwise and assess the
effectiveness of the implementation of the mitigation measures outlined.
By way of monitoring, a change in a predicted impact can be reviewed. Where observed
impact levels exceed the expected levels, appropriate mitigation measures will then be
instituted. Monitoring will also identify and confirm any residual impacts, which are normal
with the development of such a project and ensure that these do not escalate to significant
adverse levels.
7.2 Parameters to be Monitored

The environmental parameters to be monitored will be:
Discharge water from hydrotesting;

Pipeline management; and
Public/Worker health and safety.
7.2.1 Discharge Water from Hydrotesting

Ghana Gas will develop a comprehensive programme to ensure the safety of the natural gas
transmission pipeline system. The Company will utilize hydrostatic pressure testing to verify
the status, strength and safety of the transmission pipelines.
Hydrostatic testing has long been used to determine and verify pipeline integrity. Several
types of information can be obtained through this verification process.
When a pipeline is designed to operate at a certain maximum operating pressure (MOP), it

must be tested to ensure that it is structurally sound and can withstand the internal pressure
before being put into service. Generally, gas pipelines are hydrotested by filling the test
section of pipe with water and pumping the pressure up to a value that is higher than
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maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) and holding the pressure for a period of
four to eight hours.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B 31.8 specifies the test pressure factors
for pipelines operating at hoop stress of 30% of Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS).
This code also limits the maximum hoop stress permitted during tests for various class
locations if the test medium is air or gas. There are different factors associated with different
pipeline class and division locations. For example, the hydrotest pressure for a class 3 or 4
location is 1.4 times the MOP. The magnitude of test pressure for class 1 division 1 gas
pipeline transportation is usually limited to 125% of the design pressure, if the design
pressure is known. The allowed stress in the pipe material is limited to 72% of SMYS. In some
cases it is extended to 80% of SMYS. The position of Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety
Administration (PHMSA) is similar. Thus, a pipeline designed to operate continuously at
1,000 psig will be hydrostatically tested to a minimum pressure of 1,250 psig.
The hydrostatic pressure testing processes have been outlined below.
a) The pipeline will be filled with water and this water will contain an environmentally safe
coloured dye to aid in determining the location of a defect, in the event of a leak.
b) The water inside the pipeline is pumped up to a pressure much higher than the normal
operating pressure of the pipeline while transporting natural gas. This high pressure will
be held for at least 8 hours.
c) During this test, which will likely occur during the late evening and early morning hours,
representatives from GNGC/Sinopec will be conducting visual inspections along the
pipeline route.
d) In the event of a sudden leak of water from the pipeline, the pressure will be reduced
rapidly and the coloured water should rise to the surface quickly.
e) In the event of a small leak of water from the pipeline; the pressure will be reduced
slowly and the coloured water may not immediately reach the surface. To locate the
leak, the GNGC/Sinopec will excavate the pipeline at determined locations for further
investigation and testing protocols.
f) In the event that defects in the pipeline are identified, repairs will be made as soon as
possible and the testing will continue until the pressure remains stable for at least 8
hours.
g) Following the successful completion of the hydrostatic test procedures, the water will be
removed from the pipeline. The pipeline will then be refilled with natural gas for
transmission to the various customers.
Ghana Gas is committed to safe operation of its pipelines and ensuring the efficient and
reliable transportation of processed natural gas to its prospective customers. The Company
is very much committed to ensuring public safety and protecting the environment in which it
operates.
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Ghana Gas will monitor the effluent from the hydrostatic testing. The objective of the
monitoring is to ensure that the quality of the discharge water is within the EPA effluent
quality standards.
GNGC will schedule a regular sampling programme during the release of the wastewater to
test for suspended solids in particular, and to guide in the final disposal of the wastewater.
Pre-treatment will be carried out where the quality is not within the EPA recommended
values for effluent discharges into water bodies.
7.2.2 Pipeline Management

The risks of pollution are small and as the pipeline system will be buried within a ROW, there
will be negligible nuisance associated with its operation. Pipeline integrity is vital for
operational reasons and management of the operational phase. Pipeline pressure will be
monitored at the pipeline manifold (valve) end.
Pipeline Management Plan
The objectives of the pipeline management plan are to:
Secure the pipeline routes from encroachers;

Ensure accessibility of the lines to GNGC maintenance staff; and
Detect early leakages for repairs and to assure good quality natural gas.
GNGC will put in place a scheduled pipeline inspection programme for its pipeline routes.
The programme will aim at inspecting all its operational pipelines every quarter. This
scheduled programme will identify encroachers on the RoW, illegal occupants and leakages
for quick repairs.
In addition, GNGC will liaise regularly with the Town & Country Planning and Department of
Feeder Roads to prevent the release of pipeline routes for commercial business enterprises.
The collaboration with other road reservation users especially the Road Agencies will be
intensified in order to avoid the construction of roads over pipeline routes. GNGC will
furnish the road agencies with drawings of the pipeline routes along all roads so that those
earmarked for reconstruction will not affect the pipeline routes.
Provisional Emergency Response Action
The proposed emergency response plan for pipeline is designed to address any potential
accident from the operational phase as a result of pipeline burst leading to the release of
large volumes of natural gas to the environment.
Emergency situations of this sort will be managed by the Maintenance Unit of GNGC. The
Unit will operate a 24hour call service.
The Head of the Maintenance Unit after review of the situation will if need be, declare an
emergency in consultation with the Lead HSE Officer, and with the approval of the Chief
Executive Officer. After declaration of an emergency, the following organisations will be
notified immediately:
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West Africa Risk Association (WARA);

National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO); and
Ghana National Fire Service (GNFS).
The general public will be encouraged to report any such accidental pipeline burst to the
Unit through the following telephone lines:
0302-964 002-9
Ghana Gas will prepare a more comprehensive emergency response plan during operation
of the gas pipeline. However, detailed provisional emergency response plan is presented in
Annex 13.
7.2.3 Public/Worker Safety and Health Issues

The health of workers and the rate of accidents/incidents would be recorded and analysed
with regard to the type of illness/injury, frequency of illness/injury, and the likely source of
the sickness/injury. The monitoring of the health of workers and accident rates will confirm
how effective workers use their personal protective gears and equipment made available to
them.
Responsibility
GNGC and Sinopec will be responsible for monitoring the health of workers and the rates of
accidents. Reported illness as well as accident records would be documented, presented and
reviewed at Management meetings.
GNGC will engage security personnel who will man each community where the pipeline is
traversing to ward off or arrest any trespassers. Additionally, there will be installation of
CCTV cameras along the pipeline RoW and will be monitored from a control room to ensure
that pipelines are well protected from saboteurs.
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8.0 PROVISIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
8.1 Introduction
A Provisional Environmental Management Plan (PEMP) for the project is included in this EIA
Report in accordance with the Environmental Assessment Regulations 1999, LI 1652. The
aim of the Plan is to act as a guiding manual with respect to the mitigation and monitoring of
the adverse impacts as well as baseline parameters from the project during construction,
operation and maintenance of the facilities. An estimated environmental budget for the
PEMP is also included in this report.
8.2 Objectives of the PEMP

The implementation of the PEMP will be to meet the following objectives:
1. Provide the platform to accommodate changes and uncertainties during project

implementation;
Manage actual impacts during project implementation phase;
Ensure proper implementation of project permitting conditions;
Ensure satisfactory environmental performance; and
Serve as a source of background information for future projects.
8.3 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

The actual Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be prepared eighteen (18) months
after project implementation. The proposed content for the actual EMP will have the
following main headings:
a) Executive Summary
b) Introduction
Background
Staffing/employee levels
Site and external neighbourhood/community environment including adjacent land
uses and activities
Effluent parameters (if any) that do not meet EPA guidelines, receiving media (where
applicable)
Methods of disposal of hazardous waste and obsolete chemicals
Major environmental challenges of the operation that needs to be addressed
Public complaints, if any
Management commitment to address the significant issues
c) Policy on Environment, Health and Safety
Environmental Policy
o Policy statement
o Policy objectives and targets
o Legal/regulatory requirements
Occupational Health and Safety Policy
o Policy statement
o Legal/regulatory requirements
d) Impact Identification
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Description of gas transmission activities

Resource use and potential releases into environmental media (Air, Water and Land)
e) Current Environmental Management Practices and Impact Assessment
Raw Material Management (handling, storage and loss control etc)
Gaseous emissions management
Effluent management
Solid waste management
Waste oil management
Storm water/run-off management
Water Management
Energy Management
Chemical and obsolete chemicals management
f) Evaluation of Environmental Performance in terms of compliance with previous EMP
commitments and Environmental Permit Conditions
g) Environmental Action Plan
h) Occupational Health and Safety Action Plan
i) Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan/Contingency Plan
j) Program to meet Requirements
Environmental Management Strategy
Environmental quality and performance monitoring plan, including annual
environmental audit, annual environmental report and quarterly environmental
monitoring report
Data collection, documentation and archiving
k) Cost/benefits of implementation of Environmental Management Plan
Economic benefits
Social benefits
Environmental benefits
l) Conclusion
8.4 Environmental, Occupational Health & Safety Policy

Ghana Gas has an Environmental, Health and Safety Policy document prepared for use. The
Company will ensure that workers who will be engaged to operate and maintain the natural
gas pipeline are educated on the contents of the policy documents.
The Contractor, Sinopec will develop an environmental, health and safety policy in
compliance with the laws of the country, and in accordance with relevant international
Guidelines. The policy document will be reviewed and accepted by Ghana Gas before
commencement of the project. The policy statement will include the following:
A commitment to comply with applicable environmental laws, regulations, by-laws and

all other relevant standards.
The obligation to manage the pollution and ecological degradation, as well as the
degradation of heritage and cultural resources.
The need to work towards continual improvement of the environment in which it

operates.
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Requirement to communicate with interested and affected people of the project.
Measures to ensure the safety of employees and the general public throughout the
construction period.
The policy document will be disseminated to all employees of Sinopec and any other third
parties who may be engaged on any aspects of the gas pipeline project.
8.4.1 Objectives and Targets

The Contractor will be required to establish detailed environmental objectives and targets to
meet the commitments included in its environmental policy, the environmental
specifications included in the design and construction of the project, and all legislative
obligations and requirements.
8.5 Programme to Meet Requirements

Measures to be instituted to meet the above objectives include:
Management structuring;
Workers information and training programmes;
Public and community participation;
Audits and Reviews; and
Environmental Management budgeting.
8.5.1 Management Structuring

GNGC and the project Contractor will constitute an environmental, occupational health and
safety committee comprising Management and field supervisory staff from both ends to
design strategies to address impacts from constructional and operational activities.
To ensure commitment from both sides, the HSE Managers will serve as Environmental Co-
ordinators (EC) for the committee.
Responsibility of Environmental Committee
The functions of the committee will include:
Responsibility for implementing the environmental and safety policies of GNGC and
Sinopec with regard to construction of the proposed project;
Liaise with the general public and affected communities on all such matters of
environmental concern affecting all stakeholders;
Work closely with the various managers and field workers to co-ordinate all activities
with bearing on the environment and occupational health and safety;
Process and manage environmental data that will be generated with time to be
presented in a friendly way to ensure easy consumption and appreciation by both
management, other stakeholders and the general public; and
Consult with Management to decide the role of Consultants/Experts and other third
parties required to assist in the implementation of the environmental management and
monitoring programmes.
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The two Environmental Co-ordinators will be responsible for the implementation of the
action plans during the construction phase.
During the operational phase however, Ghana Gas will take full responsibility over the
environmental management and monitoring programmes.
During the operational phase however, GNGC will take full responsibility over the
environmental management and monitoring programmes. The Company has engaged the
services of five (5) Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) Officers for the Gas Infrastructure
Project. Their roles will not be limited to:
The HSE Officers will be responsible for supporting Ghana Gas environmental, health
and safety programmes at project sites.
The Officers will serve as technical experts and as required, programme managers.
HSE Officers will coordinate all environmental, safety and health compliance
programmes at the sites.
The incumbents will be required to conduct environmental safety and health inspections
to ensure compliance with applicable standards and prevailing professional practices,
provide HSE training for employees, investigate HSE incidents to ensure that action is
taken to correct deficiencies or violations of standards, investigate employee complaints
and suggestions regarding hazardous conditions, maintain site HSE records, managing
support contracts, and interface with local regulatory officials.
Investigate complaints about food safety and make sure that shops, restaurants and
food processors follow health regulations.
Monitor and control water, air and noise pollution and collect water samples for
analysis.
Initiate and conduct environmental health impact or risk assessments.
Design and conduct health education programs or public information campaigns.
Prepare policy documents and guidelines relating to environmental health matters.
Manage programs to control public health and environmental issues associated with
major public events.
Respond to disasters and emergency situations where public health is at risk.
Maintain records, prepare statistics, write reports, and give evidence in cases where
health or environmental regulations have been violated.
8.5.2 Information/Awareness Creation Programmes

The objective of the environmental management plan will best be achieved if every worker
is adequately informed on the effects of the various construction and operational activities
on the local environment in particular and on workers/public health and safety.
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Management of GNGC is aware that a well-informed and trained staff will contribute
immensely towards environmental management through the judicious use of resources,
appropriate disposal of wastes and the prevention of accidents that might damage
equipment, personnel and the general environment.
The Contractor and its Workers
The Contractor will disseminate its environmental, health and safety policy document to all
workers. The policy document will be made available or accessible to all employees including
casual or sub-contract workers. The various field supervisors will be tasked to ensure that all
workers adhere to the environmental and safety policy of Sinopec.
Circulars and early morning meetings for task assignments will form the main means of
communicating all issues on environment, health and safety of workers and the public and
assignments to supervisors and workers in general. Periodic practical training programmes
will be organised for workers who use equipment and earth moving machines like
excavators and bulldozers to prevent or minimise the occurrence of accidents on the job.
GNGC and its Staff
Management will make available all operational manuals including its policy document on
environment, health and safety to relevant staff and organise short courses for staff where
necessary to ensure the proper use of all equipment.
Environmental, occupational health and safety issues will form part of all agenda for
management meetings, seminars and workshops for all categories of workers.
GNGC will produce handouts on environmental and safety issues for all supervisory level
staff relating to their respective areas of work.
8.5.3 Public Participation

The Offices of the Project Manager for both GNGC and the Contractor will welcome any
complaints, constructive suggestions and advice on environmental and safety issues of
concern during the implementation of the project.
Aggrieved individuals or communities will make or submit all complaints or concerns to their
respective Assemblymen or Traditional Authorities for onward submission to GNGC Office
for redress.
8.5.4 Annual Environmental Audits and Reviews

GNGC will undertake annual environmental/safety audits on its pipelines for transmission of
natural gas. This is will be useful for finding the areas of the operation that impact the most
on the environment. It is also an effective risk management tool for checking how effectively
the Companys operation acts in accordance with environmental regulations.
The audit will assess the nature and extent of harm to the environment caused by the
activities, waste or noise from the operation. The audit will be used as a tool to help:
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assess how Ghana Gas can manage or improve the condition of the environment;
prioritise what actions can be taken to reduce impact on the environment; and
demonstrate accountability to third parties such as government, customers and

shareholders.
GNGC will ensure that the environmental audits are independent, objective, credible and
transparent in order to be successful. The audits will also be regular and ongoing, and
conducted against a benchmark or initial assessment, generally detailed in the
environmental management plan.
The monitoring programme will also provide relevant information for effective
environmental auditing and reviews. These will underpin the periodic update of the
environmental management plan.
8.5.5 Provisional Environmental Management and Monitoring Budget

The environmental management and monitoring programmes earmarked for
implementation require detailed cost analysis to determine the actual budget needed.
Certain cost elements such as pipeline management costs will form part of the operational
cost and therefore have not been included. Initial cost estimates provided in Table 20
indicate that over Thirty Thousand and Five Hundred Ghana Cedis (GH 30,500) will be
needed annually for the programme.
Table 20: Environmental Management Budget
Costs
Activity Programme Issues
(GH)/year
Provision of personal protective gears 6,000
Environmental Worker Health and Safety

Environmental awareness and training 5,000
Monitoring and
programmes
Auditing
Annual environmental Performance of pipelines and storage
audit tanks operations 4,000
Preparation of To EPA, In line with LI 1652 (18 months
Environmental after project completion and thereafter 10,000
Documentation
Management Plan every three years
and Reporting
Annual Environmental
To EPA, In line with LI 1652 5,500
Report
Total GH 30,500
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9.0 DECOMMISSIONING PLAN
9.1 Introduction
Circumstances may arise in the near future (depending on the economic climate) when gas
pipelines and its ancillaries may need to be de-commissioned. It could be because of
technological obsolescence, or due to various regulatory, taxation or cost pressures, or even
due to pressures from third parties. Such a situation may also arise due to a buy-out, or due
to change in the market geography. In all these cases, there is a need to decommission an
existing gas pipeline. The fixed assets need to be utilized for alternate products or simply
disposed off to recover part of the investment made over the years. Alternatively, they can
be relocated to a new place, to set up a new facility, which may be geographically, even
several thousands of miles away.
The various approaches to be adopted have been presented below.
9.2 Work Camp Facilities and Equipment

The project proposes to construct two (2) work camps each measuring 200 m X 200 m along
the pipeline route. The work camp facilities after the pipeline construction will be
dismantled and relocated for reuse at other new project sites. Waste generated during the
process will be disposed of at approved Metropolitan/Municipal/District Assembly waste
dumpsites.
Bulldozer, hydraulic excavator, pumps, generator, vehicles and other equipment and
machinery used for the project will be relocated to new or other project sites in the country
and managed by the contractor.
9.3 Pipelines, Valve and Metering Stations
9.3.1 Pipelines
The 111 km onshore Lean Phase Gas Pipeline and the 25 km Liquefied Petroleum Gas
pipeline are designed to operate for 50 years, although it may be extended subject to close
monitoring. The decommissioning programme will be developed during the operational
phase. It is possible that the technological options and preferred methods for
decommissioning of the onshore pipelines will be different in 50 years time. The status of
the pipeline at the time of decommissioning will also influence the methods to be selected
for the decommissioning programme.
GNGC will ensure that decommissioning activities are carried out according to prevailing
international, regional and national legislation and regulations and best practices regarding
environmental and other potential impacts. Before any decommission activity is undertaken,
the company will carry out extensive consultation with all relevant stakeholders.
The 111 km 20-onshore lean gas pipeline from the Gas processing plant (at Amansuri River
enclave) to the Volta River Authority (VRA) power plant in Aboadze near Takoradi and the 25
km Liquefied Petroleum Gas pipeline from the processing plant to Domunli near Bonyere,
when it has reached the end of its service life, will be internally cleaned, purged of natural
September 2012
gas, isolated from interconnections with other pipelines, and sealed without removing the
pipe from underground (abandoned in place). If required by the regulations in force at the
end of the project lifetime or by the local communities or stakeholders, then the pipeline
will be removed and disposed of according to a management plan to be developed and
approved nearer the time. However, it may be presumed that the impacts of disinterring an
empty gas pipeline would be higher than leaving it in place.
Pipeline Right-of-Way (RoW)
Upon abandonment of the pipelines, in part or in whole, the RoWs associated with the
abandoned facilities will be returned to the landowners/land management agencies
according to the specific lease agreements with the landowners/land managing agencies.
9.3.2 Valve and Metering Stations

The aboveground pipeline at the valve and metering stations would be completely removed,
including all related aboveground equipment and foundations, and the station sites restored
to their original condition as closely as possible.
However, before any such decision is made, the Ghana National Gas Company will inform
and make its programme available to relevant stakeholders including the EPA, and the
various District/Municipal/ Metropolitan Assemblies and a formal decommissioning plan be
developed at the appropriate point in time.
9.4 Decommissioning and Reclamation Impacts

The onshore lean phase gas pipeline, the LPG pipeline and related project facilities will be
removed after their useful life. Following decommissioning, the affected areas would be
restored to approximate its original condition or to some standard that results in stable
environmental conditions. Decommissioning and reclamation of the onshore natural gas
pipelines will result in impacts during removal of aboveground project facilities, re-
contouring and re-vegetation of disturbed areas and these have to be managed well during
the decommissioning. Some of the anticipated impacts have been enumerated below. These
will however be elaborated in the decommissioning plan.
9.4.1 Noise
Intermittent high noise levels expected to be generated primarily by construction equipment
and vehicular traffic.
9.4.2 Air Quality

Emissions generated by activities during the decommissioning/reclamation phase include
vehicle emissions and dust from many sources such as land clearing, structure removal,
cement mixing, backfilling, dumping, reclamation of disturbed areas (grading, seeding,
planting), and truck and equipment traffic.
9.4.3 Ecological Resources

Minimal impacts to ecological resources from decommissioning and reclamation activities
are expected.
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9.4.4 Waste Management

Significant quantities of solid waste would be generated during the decommissioning and
dismantling of the pipelines and its ancillaries. Much of the solid material can be recycled by
selling it as scraps to scrap dealers or used for other project. Other nonhazardous waste
could be sent to Metropolitan/Municipal/District Assembly permitted disposal facilities.
9.4.5 Worker/Public Health and Safety

Potential impacts to worker and public health and safety during decommissioning and
reclamation are anticipated from to earthmoving, use of large equipment, dismantling of
industrial components, and transportation of overweight and oversized materials.
9.4.6 Land Use

Land use pattern is expected to reverse as the land will be given back to original owners for
farming and other useful ventures.
9.4.7 Socio-economic impacts

Direct impacts would include the creation of new jobs for workers during decommissioning
and reclamation activities and the associated income and taxes paid. Indirect impacts are
those impacts that would occur as a result of the new economic development and would
include things such as new jobs at businesses that support the workforce or that provide
project materials, and associated income and taxes.
9.4.8 Impacts to Soils

The removal of pipelines and other ancillary structures could result in impacts to soils.
Surface disturbance, heavy equipment traffic, and changes to surface runoff patterns could
cause soil erosion. Soil erosion impacts include soil nutrient loss and reduced water quality
in nearby surface water bodies.
9.4.9 Traffic impacts

Short-term increases in the use of local roadways would occur during decommissioning and
reclamation. Overweight and oversized loads could cause temporary disruptions to local
traffic.
9.4.10 Visual Intrusion

Decommissioning activities such as re-contouring, grading and planting will create a visual
contrast that will persist for sometime before re-vegetation begin to grow.
9.4.11 Impacts to Surface Water Resources

During the decommissioning/reclamation phase, water would be used to control dust from
road traffic, pipelines, or pumping stations. Water could be trucked in from off-site or
obtained from local groundwater wells or nearby surface water bodies, depending on
availability. Water quality could be affected by activities that cause soil erosion, weathering
of newly exposed soils causing leaching and oxidation that can release chemicals into the
water, discharges of waste or sanitary water, spills of residual product remaining in the
pipeline, and herbicide application or spills.
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10.0 CONCLUSION
Ghana National Gas Company is fully aware of its responsibility to the general environment
in which it operates, and also through the Environmental Protection Agency Act 1994, Act
490 and the Environmental Assessment Regulations 1999, LI 1652. In keeping with these
laws, the major potential environmental and socio-economic issues and impacts associated
with the proposed construction of secondary natural gas transmission pipelines in the
industrial area of Tema have been identified and assessed.
The immense positive impacts expected from the project notwithstanding, all identified
potential negative impacts on the environment during the construction and operation
phases have been fully assessed and confirmed in the ESIA with provision for appropriate
mitigation measures for the identified impacts.
Mitigation and management measures for the adverse impacts have been proposed at the
design, planning and implementation stages in order to minimise such significant effects. A
monitoring programme to be carried out and a provisional environmental management plan
has been provided to help detect changes arising from the predicted adverse impacts.
The implementation of the proposed project will improve the socio-economic life of the
people who will be engaged during the construction stage as well as boost the economy of
Ghana. The benefits to be derived from the project are immense. It is expected that reliable
natural gas for power plants and industry will be ensured for the next 25 years and beyond.
Therefore there is assurance from all stakeholders to help ensure that this project is
implemented to the benefit of the people of Ghana and with little or no damage to the
environment.
September 2012
11.0 REFERENCES
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September 2012
ANNEXES
September 2012

Ghana Gas Pipeline EIA Report Draft

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Environmental & Social Impact

No. Name Position Qualification Contribution to Report

Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project i

Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project ii

Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project iv

2.5.5 Trenching and Padding ................................................................................................. 39

Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project v

4.3.7 Water and Sanitation .................................................................................................... 65

Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project vi

5.2.3 Socio-economic influence .............................................................................................. 88

9.4 Decommissioning and Reclamation Impacts ...................................................................... 127

Figure 5: Map of Western Region showing Project Districts ........................................................... 61

Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project ix

Legal Framework of the Project

Ghana Investment Promotion Centre Act 1994, Act 478

Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project x

The Fisheries Commission Act 1993, Act 457

Terms of Reference for the ESIA Study and Reporting

Aim/purpose of the ESIA Study

Scope of work for the ESIA Study

Approach and Methodology for the ESIA Study

The approach and methodology adopted for the study included:

Review of available literature including project information;

Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xi

Field inspections and trekking;

Benefits of the Project

The benefits to be derived from the project include:

The proposed project will involve the following specific activities:

Construction of an onshore 111 km 20 outside diameter dry gas pipeline eastwards of

The need for the Project

Transportation of Natural Gas

Pipeline Routing Options

Minimum total pipeline length;

a) Lower capital cost.

Environmental & Social Baseline Information

The proposed project traverses eight (8) metropolis/municipality/districts in the Western

Water Resources Assessment and Hydrology

Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xv

Collecting relevant hydrological data, particularly at the potential crossing points to

Oceanography and Aquatic Biological Studies

The coast is open to south-westerly to south-south-easterly long swells induced by fetches in

Geology and Soils

Terrestrial Flora and Fauna Studies

Air Quality and Noise Assessment

(i) The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, 1992

(ii) Lands Development (Protection of Purchasers) Act 1960, Act 2

(iii) The Farm Lands (Protection ) Act 1962, Act 107

(iv) Administration of Lands Act, 1962, Act 123

(v) Conveyancing Decree, 1973, NRCD 175

(vi) Local Government Act, 1993, Act 462

(vii) State Proceedings Act, 1998, Act 555

Draft EIS. Onshore Pipeline Component of the Gas Infrastructure Project xx

Potential Impacts and Mitigation & Management Measures

Project area of influence

Positive Impacts from Project

Improved Local and National Economy

Increased Development in the Project Communities

The proposed project is expected to catalyze development in the local communities: as

Reduced Potential for Accidents and Emissions

Negative Impacts from Project

Impacts Receptor(s) Impact Mitigation and Management Measures Proposed

Impacts Receptor(s) Impact Mitigation and Management Measures Proposed