1923
This article is about the year 1923.
1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on
Monday (dominical letter G) of the Gregorian calendar,
the 1923rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Do-
mini (AD) designations, the 923rd year of the 2nd mil-
lennium, the 23rd year of the 20th century, and the 4th
year of the 1920s decade. As of the start of 1923, the
Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian cal-
endar, which was relegated that February to use only by
churches after Greece adopted the Gregorian calendar. 1.3 March
1 Events
1.1 January
Main article: January 1923
January 1 The Grouping: All major British railway
companies are grouped into four larger companies,
under terms of the Railways Act 1921.
January 17 Rosewood massacre, a violent,
racially motivated conict in Florida. At least eight
people are killed, and the town of Rosewood is aban-
doned and destroyed.
January 9 Lithuania begins the Klaipda Revolt to
annex the Klaipda Region (Memel Territory).
January 11 Despite strong British protests, troops
from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area to
force Germany to make reparation payments.
January 17 Juan de la Cierva invents the autogyro,
a rotary-winged aircraft with an unpowered rotor.
January 18 Elon College's campus in North Car-
olina is destroyed by a re.
1.2 February
Main article: February 1923
Norman Albert calls the rst live broadcast of an ice
hockey game, the third period of an Ontario Hockey
League Intermediate playo game on the Toronto
station CFCA.[1][2]
February 9 Billy Hughes resigns as Prime Min-
ister of Australia, after the Country Party refuses
to govern in coalition with him as the leader of
the Nationalist Party. Hughes is succeeded by his
Treasurer, Stanley Bruce.
February 23 Albert Einstein visits Barcelona,
Spain, at the invitation of scientist Esteban Terradas
i Illa.
Main article: March 1923
March 1
The USS Connecticut is decommissioned.
Greece adopts the Gregorian calendar.
March 3 This is the cover date of the rst issue of
Time magazine. Retired U.S. Speaker of the House
Joseph G. Cannon appears on the rst cover.
March 6 The Egyptian Feminist Union (Arabic:
) , the rst nationwide
feminist movement in Egypt, was founded at the
home of activist Huda Sha'arawi.[3][4][5]
March 9 Vladimir Lenin suers his third stroke,
which renders him bedridden and unable to speak;
consequently he retires from his position as Chair-
man of the Soviet government.
March 14 Pete Parker calls the play-by-play of the
rst ice hockey game ever broadcast on the radio
in its entirety, between the Regina Capitals and the
Edmonton Eskimos of the Western Canada Hockey
League.[6]
March 28 Regia Aeronautica, the air force of Fas-
cist Italy, is founded.
1.4 April
Main article: April 1923
April 4 Warner Bros. lm studio is formally in-
corporated in the United States as Warner Brothers
Pictures, Inc.
1
2 1 EVENTS
April 6
Louis Armstrong makes his rst recording,
Chimes Blues, with King Oliver's Creole
Jazz Band.
The rst Prefects Board in Southeast Asia
is formed in Victoria Institution, Federated
Malay States.
April 12 Kandersteg International Scout Centre
comes into existence in Switzerland.
April 18
Yankee Stadium opens its doors as the home
park of the New York Yankees baseball team
in The Bronx. 1.6 June
Russian professional sports society club,
Dynamo Moscow founded. Main article: June 1923
April 19
Hjalmar Branting leaves oce as Prime Min-
ister of Sweden, after the Swedish Riksdag has
rejected a government proposal regarding un-
employment benets.
Right-wing academic and jurist Ernst Trygger
becomes Prime Minister of Sweden.
Egyptian Constitution of 1923 adopted, intro-
ducing a parliamentary system of democracy
in the country.[7]
April 23 The Gdynia seaport is inaugurated on the
Polish Corridor.
April 26 Prince Albert, Duke of York (later
George VI, King of the United Kingdom) marries
Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later Queen Elizabeth
The Queen Mother) in Westminster Abbey.
April 28 The original Wembley Stadium opened its
doors for the rst time to the British public staging
the FA Cup Final between Bolton Wanderers and
West Ham Utd.
1.5 May
Main article: May 1923
May 1 Rahula College is established in Ceylon
with the name of Parakramabhahu Vidyalaya.
May 8 Liseberg, an amusement park in
Gothenburg, Sweden, opens.
May 9
Southeastern Michigan receives a record 15
centimetres (5.9 in) of snow after tempera-
tures plummeted from 17 to 1 degrees between
1 and 6 pm on the previous day.[8]
The premiere of Bertolt Brecht's play In the
Jungle (Im Dickicht) at the Residenztheater in
Munich is interrupted by Nazi demonstrators.
May 23 Belgiums Sabena Airlines is created.
May 24 The Irish Civil War ends.
May 26 The rst 24 Hours of Le Mans motor
race is held, and is won by Andr Lagache and Ren
Lonard.
May 27 The Ku Klux Klan in the United States
dees a law requiring publication of its members.
June 9 A military coup in Bulgaria ousts prime
minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski (he is killed June
14).
June 12 William Walton's Faade is performed for
the rst time.
June 13 President Li Yuanhong of China abandons
his residence because a warlord has commanded
forces to surround the mansion and cut o its water
and electric supplies, in order to force him to aban-
don his post.
June 16 The storming of Ayan in Siberia concludes
the Yakut Revolt and the Russian Civil War.
June 18 Mount Etna erupts in Italy, making 60,000
homeless.
June 25 FC Rapid Bucureti is formed on the ini-
tiative of the Grivia railroad workers (rst named
CFR Bucureti).
1.7 July
Main article: July 1923
July 10 Large hailstones kill 23 in Rostov, Soviet
Union.
July 13
The Hollywood Sign is inaugurated in
California (originally reading Hollywood-
land).
American explorer Roy Chapman Andrews
discovers the rst dinosaur eggs near Flaming
Clis, Mongolia.
1.9 September
July 20 Pancho Villa is assassinated at Hidalgo del
Parral, Chihuahua.
July 24 The Treaty of Lausanne, settling the
boundaries of the modern Republic of Turkey, is
signed in Switzerland by Greece, Bulgaria and other
countries that fought in the First World War, bring-
ing an end to the Ottoman Empire after 624 years.
Undated Hyperination in Germany has seen the
number of marks needed to purchase a single Amer-
ican dollar reach 353,000 - more than 200 times the
amount needed at the start of the year.
1.8 August
Main article: August 1923
August 3: Calvin Coolidge is 30th President of the United States
of America.
August 2 President Warren G. Harding, dies of
a heart attack and is succeeded by Vice President
Calvin Coolidge as President of the United States.
August 3 President Calvin Coolidge is sworn in.
August 13
The rst major seagoing ship arrives at Gdynia,
the newly constructed Polish seaport.
Gustav Stresemann is named Chancellor of
Germany and founds a coalition government
for the Weimar Republic, where hyperina-
tion means that more than 4,600,000 marks
3
are now needed to buy a single American dol-
lar.
August 21 Necaxa football club is founded by en-
gineer William H. Frasser.
August 30 Hurricane season begins, with a tropical
storm northeast of the Turks and Caicos Islands.
August 31 The Italian navy occupies Corfu in re-
taliation for the murder of an Italian ocer. The
League of Nations protests and the occupation ends
on September 30.
1.9 September
Main article: September 1923
September 1 The Great Kant earthquake dev-
astates Tokyo and Yokohama, killing an estimated
142,807 people, but according to a Japanese con-
struction research center report in 2005, 105,000
are conrmed dead.
September 4 The United States Navy's rst home-
built rigid airship USS Shenandoah (ZR-1) makes
her rst ight at Naval Air Station Lakehurst (New
Jersey); she contains most of the worlds extracted
reserves of helium at this time.[9]
September 7 At the International Police Confer-
ence in Vienna, the International Criminal Police
Commission (ICPC), better known as Interpol, is set
up.
September 8 Honda Point disaster: Nine
United States Navy destroyers run aground o the
California coast.
September 9 Turkish head of state Mustafa Ke-
mal Atatrk founds the Republican Peoples Party
(CHP).
September 10 The Irish Free State joins the
League of Nations.
September 13 Military coup in Spain: Miguel
Primo de Rivera takes over, setting up a dictatorship.
Trade unions are prohibited for 10 years.
September 17 1923 Berkeley Fire: A major re in
Berkeley, California, erupts, consuming some 640
structures, including 584 homes in the densely built
neighborhoods north of the campus of the University
of California.
September 1826 Newspaper printers strike in
New York City.
September 24 Second storm of the Atlantic hurri-
cane season, a major hurricane north of Hispaniola.
4 1 EVENTS
September 26 In Bavaria, Gustav Ritter von Kahr
takes dictatorial powers.
September 29 The British Mandate for Pales-
tine (1922) comes into eect, ocially creating
the protectorates of Palestine as a homeland for
the Jewish people under British administration and
Transjordan as a separate emirate under Abdullah
I.[10]
September 29 The French Mandate for Syria and
the Lebanon takes eect.
September 30 Kstrin Putsch: Outside Berlin,
Major Ernst von Buchrucker, the leader of the Black
Reichswehr attempts a putsch by seizing several
forts.
1.10 October
Main article: October 1923
1.11 November
Main article: November 1923
Oct.29: Kemal Atatrk.
October 2 After two days of siege, Major
Buchrucker and his men surrender.
October 6 The great powers of World War I with-
draw from Constantinople.
October 13
Ankara replaces Constantinople as the capital
of Turkey.
The rst recorded example of a storm cross-
ing from the Eastern Pacic into the Atlantic,
occurred in Oaxaca.
October 14 Fourth tropical storm of the year,
formed just north of Panama.
October 15 Fifth tropical storm of the year,
formed north of the Leeward Islands.
October 16
A sixth tropical storm develops in the Gulf of
Mexico; a rare occurrence, it consists of four
active tropical storms simultaneously.
Roy and Walt Disney found The Walt Disney
Company.
October 23 Hamburg Uprising: In Germany, the
Communists attempt a "putsch" in Hamburg, which
results in street battles in that city for the next two
days, when it ends unsuccessfully.
October 27 In Germany, General Hans von
Seeckt orders the Reichswehr to dissolve the So-
cial Democratic-Communist government of Sax-
ony, which is refusing to accept the authority of the
Reich government.
October 28 In Persia, Reza Khan becomes Ahmad
Shah Qajar's prime minister.
October 29 Turkey becomes a republic follow-
ing the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. Kemal
Atatrk is elected as rst president.
October 30 smet nn is appointed as the rst
prime minister of Turkey.
November 1 The Finnish ag carrier airline
Finnair is started as Aero oy.
November 8 Beer Hall Putsch: In Munich, Adolf
Hitler leads the Nazis in an unsuccessful attempt
to overthrow the Bavarian government; police and
troops crush the attempt the next day.
November 11 Adolf Hitler is arrested for his lead-
ing role in the Beer Hall Putsch, two days after the
Putsch was crushed by the government. 20 people
died as a result of the associated violence.
November 12 Her Highness Princess Maud of
Fife marries Captain Charles Alexander Carnegie in
Wellington Barracks, London.
 5

November 15 Hyperination in the Weimar
Republic: Hyperination in Germany reaches
its height. One United States dollar is worth
4,200,000,000,000 Papiermark[11] (4.2 trillion on
the short scale). Gustav Stresemann abolishes the
old currency and replaces it with the Rentenmark
at an exchange rate of one Rentenmark to
1,000,000,000,000 (one trillion on the short scale)
Papiermark with eect from November 20.
November 23 Gustav Stresemann's coalition gov-
ernment collapses in Germany.
Marcel Duchamp's artwork The Bride Stripped Bare
by Her Bachelors, Even (La marie mise nu par ses
clibataires, mme or The Large Glass) is completed
in the United States.
Rainbow trout introduced into the upper Firehole
River in Yellowstone National Park, United States.
2 Births
2.1 January

1.12 December

Main article: December 1923

December 1 In Italy, the Gleno Dam on the Gleno

River in the Valle di Scalve in the northern Province
of Bergamo bursts, killing at least 356 people.

December 10 Sigma Alpha Kappa (the rst social

fraternity at a Jesuit college in the United States) is
founded as a fraternal organization until the ban on
social fraternities is lifted.

December 20 BEGGARS Fraternity (the second

social fraternity at a Jesuit college in the United
States) is founded by nine men who have secured
permission to do so from the Pope.

December 21 The NepalBritain Treaty is the rst

to dene the international status of Nepal as an in-
dependent sovereign country.

December 27 The crown prince of Japan survives

an assassination attempt in Tokyo.

December 29 Vladimir K. Zworykin les his rst Paavo Lonkila

patent (in the United States) for television systems.
1.13 Date unknown
Struggling for a foothold in southern China, Sun
Yat-sen decides to ally his Nationalist Kuomintang
party with Comintern and the Communist Party of
China.
JohorSingapore Causeway completed.
Police strike in Australia.
The American Law Institute is established.
The Moderation League of New York becomes part
of the movement for the repeal of Prohibition in the
United States.
January 1
Valentina Cortese, Italian actress
Vulo Radev, Bulgarian lm director (d. 2001)
Romo Sabourin, Canadian World War II spy
(d. 1944)
January 3 Hank Stram, American football coach
and broadcaster (d. 2005)
January 5 Sam Phillips, American record producer
(d. 2003)
January 6 Jacobo Timerman, Argentine writer (d.
1999)
January 7 Hugh Kenner, Canadian literary critic
(d. 2003)
6 2 BIRTHS
January 8
Larry Storch, American actor
Johnny Wardle, English cricketer (d. 1985)
January 11
Paavo Lonkila, Finnish Olympic cross-
country skiier
Ernst Nolte, German historian (d. 2016)
January 12 Ira Hayes, U.S. Marine ag raiser on
Iwo Jima (d. 1955)
January 15 Lee Teng-hui, Taiwanese politician,
4th President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and
the father of Taiwans democracy
January 16
Anthony Hecht, American poet (d. 2004)
Walther Wever, German ghter ace (d. 1945)
January 19 Jean Stapleton, American actress (d.
2013)
January 20
Slim Whitman, American country and western
musician (d. 2013)
Nora Brockstedt, Norwegian singer (d. 2015)
January 22 Diana Douglas, British-born American
actress; mother of actor/producer Michael Douglas
(d. 2015)
January 23
Cot Deal, American major league baseball
player and coach (d. 2013)
Stephanie Kwolek, inventor of "Kevlar bers
(d. 2014)
January 25 Arvid Carlsson, Swedish scientist, re-
cipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
January 26 Anne Jereys, American actress and
singer
January 29 Paddy Chayefsky, American writer (d.
1981)
January 31 Norman Mailer, American writer and
journalist (d. 2007)
2.2 February
February 2
James Dickey, American poet and author (De-
liverance) (d. 1997)
Red Schoendienst, American baseball player
Liz Smith, American gossip columnist
Clem Windsor, Australian rugby union player
and surgeon (d. 2007)
February 3 Edith Barney, American female pro-
fessional baseball player (d. 2010)
February 4
Conrad Bain, Canadian-born actor (d. 2013)
Belisario Betancur, Colombian politician and
the 26th President of Colombia
February 7 George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Hare-
wood and rst grandchild of King George V (d.
2011)
February 8 Urpo Korhonen, Finnish Olympic
cross-country skiier (d. 2009)
February 9 Brendan Behan, Irish author (d. 1964)
February 10
Allie Sherman, American professional football
coach (d. 2015)
Cesare Siepi, Italian opera singer (d. 2010)
February 12 Franco Zerelli, Italian lm and
opera director
February 13
Yfrah Neaman, Lebanese-born violinist (d.
2003)
Chuck Yeager, American test pilot and NASA
ocial
February 16 Samuel Willenberg, Polish-born Is-
raeli sculptor and painter, last surviving member of
the Treblinka extermination camp revolt (d. 2016)
February 17 Jun Fukuda, Japanese lm director
(d. 2000)
February 20 Forbes Burnham, Guyanese politi-
cian, 1st Prime Minister of Guyana and 2nd
President of Guyana (d. 1985)
February 21 Wilbur R. Ingalls, Jr., American ar-
chitect (d. 1997)
February 22 Norman Smith, English singer and
record producer (d. 2008)
February 23
2.4 April 7

Mary Francis Shura, American writer (d. March 12

1991)
Hjalmar Andersen, Norwegian speed-skater
Ioannis Grivas, Greek judge and politician, (d. 2013)
176th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2016)
Wally Schirra, American astronaut (d. 2007)
John van Hengel, American Father of Food
Banking (d. 2005) Mae Young, American wrestler (d. 2014)

February 24 David Soyer, American cellist (d. March 14 Diane Arbus, American photographer
2010) (d. 1971)

February 27 Dexter Gordon, American jazz saxo- March 21

phone player and actor (d. 1990) Merle Keagle, American female professional
February 28 baseball player (d. 1960)
Shri Mataji Nirmala Srivastava, Indian
Jean Carson, American actress (d. 2005) founder of Sahaja Yoga (d. 2011)
Charles Durning, American actor (d. 2012)
March 22 Marcel Marceau, world-renowned
French mime (d. 2007)
2.3 March March 24
March 2 Murray Hamilton, American actor (d. 1986)
Orrin Keepnews, American record producer Michael Legat, English writer (d. 2011)
(d. 2015)
March 25 Wim van Est, Dutch cyclist (d. 2003)
Robert H. Michel, American Republican Party
politician (d. 2017) March 26 Bob Elliott, American comedian (d.
2016)
March 3 Doc Watson, American folk guitarist and
songwriter (d. 2012) March 27 Louis Simpson, Jamaican-born poet (d.
2012)
March 4
March 28 Thad Jones, American jazz musician (d.
Piero D'Inzeo, Italian Olympic show jumping 1986)
rider (d. 2014)
March 29 Geo Duke, British motorcycle racer
Sir Patrick Moore, British astronomer and
(d. 2015)
broadcaster (d. 2012)
March 30 Milton Acorn, Canadian writer (d.
March 6
1986)
Ed McMahon, American television personal-
March 31 Shoshana Damari, Yemenite-Israeli
ity (d. 2009)
singer (d. 2006)
Wes Montgomery, American musician (d.
1968)
2.4 April
March 7 Mahlon Clark, American musician (d.
2007) April 2
March 8 Louk Hulsman, Dutch criminologist (d. Alice Haylett, American professional baseball
2009) player (d. 2004)
March 9 G. Spencer-Brown, British mathematician (d.
2016)
James L. Buckley, American politician and
United States Senator 1971-77 Gloria Henry, American actress
Walter Kohn, Austrian-born physicist, recipi- Johnny Paton, Scottish football player, coach
ent of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2016) and manager (d. 2015)

March 10 Val Logsdon Fitch, American nuclear April 4

physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015) Gene Reynolds, American actor
March 11 Paul Muller, Swiss actor Peter Vaughan, English actor (d. 2016)
8 2 BIRTHS
Aaron Spelling
April 8
George Fisher, American political cartoonist
(d. 2003)
Edward Mulhare, Irish-born American actor
(d. 1997)
April 13 Don Adams, American actor and come-
dian (d. 2005)
April 14 Roberto De Vicenzo, Argentine profes-
sional golfer and winner of the 1967 Open Champi- Anne Baxter
onship
April 15 Douglas Wass, British civil servant (d.
2017)
April 20
Mother Angelica, American nun; founder
of the Eternal Word Television Network
(EWTN) (d. 2016)
Irene Lieblich, Polish-born painter (d. 2008)
April 22
Georey Hattersley-Smith, English/Canadian
geologist and glaciologist (d. 2012)
Bettie Page, American model (d. 2008)
Paula Fox, American writer (d. 2017)
Aaron Spelling, American television producer
and writer (d. 2006)
April 23 Dolph Briscoe, Governor of Texas (d.
2010)
April 25 Albert King, American musician (d.
1992)
April 30
Al Lewis, American actor (The Munsters) (d.
2006)
Francis Tucker, South African Rally Driver (d.
2008)
2.5 May
May 1 Joseph Heller, American novelist (Catch-
22) (d. 1999)
May 2 Patrick Hillery, President of Ireland (d.
2008)
May 3 Ralph Hall, American politician
May 4
Assi Rahbani, Lebanese composer, musician,
conductor, poet and author (d. 1986)
Eric Sykes, English actor (d. 2012)
May 5 Richard Wollheim, English philosopher (d.
2003)
May 7
Anne Baxter, American actress (d. 1985)
Jim Lowe, American singer-songwriter (d.
2016)
May 10 Heydar Aliyev, 3rd President of Azerbai-
jan (19932003) (d. 2003)
2.5 May 9

Henry Kissinger

Heydar Aliyev
May 11 Louise Arnold, American female profes-
sional baseball player (d. 2010)

May 14 Mrinal Sen, Indian lmmaker

May 15

Doris Dowling, American actress (d. 2004)

John Lanchbery, English composer (d. 2003)

May 16 Merton Miller, American economist,

Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2000)

May 18 Hugh Shearer, Prime Minister of Jamaica

(d. 2004)

May 21

Armand Borel, Swiss mathematician (d.

2003)
Dorothy Hewett, Australian writer (d. 2002)
Evelyn Ward, American actress (d. 2012)
Ara Parseghian, American football coach

May 23 Kalidas Shrestha, Nepalese artist (d.

2016)

May 24

Knut Ahnlund, Swedish literary historian and

Horst Tappert writer (d. 2012)
Seijun Suzuki, Japanese lmmaker, actor, and
screenwriter (d. 2017)
10
May 26
James Arness, American actor (d. 2011)
Roy Dotrice, English actor
Horst Tappert, German television actor (d.
2008)
May 27
Alfonso Wong, Hong Kong cartoonist (d.
2017)
Henry Kissinger, United States Secretary of
State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
Sumner Redstone, American businessman
May 28
Gyrgy Ligeti, Hungarian composer (d. 2006)
Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao, Indian (Tel-
ugu) lm actor (d. 1996)
T. M. Thiagarajan, Carnatic musicologist from
Tamil Nadu in Southern India (d. 2007)
May 31
Robert O. Becker, American orthopedic sur-
geon (d. 2008)
Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (d. 2005)
Ellsworth Kelly, American artist (d. 2015)
2.6 June
June 4 Elizabeth Jolley, Australian writer (d.
2007)
June 6 V. C. Andrews, American novelist (d.
1996)
June 7
Jean Baratte, French international footballer
who played as striker, and manager (d. 1986)
Giorgio Belladonna, Italian bridge player, one
of the greatest of all time (d. 1995)
June 9 Gerald Gtting, German politician (d.
2015)
June 10 Robert Maxwell, Slovakian-born media
entrepreneur (d. 1991)
June 12
Herta Elviste, Estonian actress (d. 2015)
Juan Arza, Spanish football forward and man-
ager (d. 2011)
June 15 Johnny Most, American basketball radio
announcer (d. 1993)
2 BIRTHS
June 17
Enrique Angelelli, Argentine bishop (d. 1976)
William G. Adams, ninth mayor of St. Johns
and a member of the Newfoundland and
Labrador House of Assembly (d. 2005)
Anthony Bevilacqua, American cardinal of the
Roman Catholic Church (d. 2012)
June 20 Bjrn Watt-Boolsen, Danish actor (d.
1998)
June 21
Johann Eyfells, Master of Fine Arts
John Oldham,
June 22
Barbara Perry, American actress, singer and
dancer
Felo Ramrez, Cuban-American Spanish lan-
guage radio voice of the Miami Marlins
June 23
Doris Johnson, American politician
John E. Sarno, American medical writers
Makhmut Gareev, Russian general
Joan Ferrando, Spanish basketball player
Jerry Rullo, American professional basketball
player (d. 2016)
Ranasinghe Premadasa, Sri Lanka statesman,
3rd President of Sri Lanka (d. 1993)
Giuseppina Tuissi, Italian Resistance ghter
(d. 1945)
June 24
Ngovan Rajic, Newsreader and playwright
from Quebec
Yves Bonnefoy, French poet and art historian
(d. 2016)
Cesare Romiti, Italian economist
June 25
Doug Everingham, Australian politician and
minister
Stan Clements, English footballer who played
Vatroslav Mimica, Croatian lm director and
screenwriter.
Sam Francis, American painter (d. 1994)
June 26
Ed Bearss, American veteran of World War II
Andreo Ar Merser, Breton Linguist
2.7 July 11

June 27
Mitchell Flint, American lawyer and a veteran
aviator
Gus Zernial, American baseball player and
sports commentator (d. 2011)
June 28 Daniil Khrabrovitsky, Soviet lm director
(d. 1980)
June 29
Alfred Goodwin, senior judge on the United
States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Chou Wen-chung, Chinese-American com-
poser and educator
June 30
Andy Jack, English footballer
Gad Beck, Israeli-German educator, author,
activist, and survivor of the Holocaust (d.
2012)

2.7 July

Harrison Dillard

July 3 Felipe Zetter, Mexican football defender (d.

Wojciech Jaruzelski
July 1 Scotty Bowers, American author
July 2 Wisawa Szymborska, Polish writer, Nobel
Prize laureate (d. 2012)
2013)
July 4
Rudolf Friedrich, Swiss Federal Councilor (d.
2013)
George Mostow, American mathematician,
renowned for his contributions to Lie theory
July 5
Mitsuye Yamada, Japanese American activist,
feminist, essayist, poet, story writer, editor,
and former professor of English.
Hermann Gummel, German pioneer in the
semiconductor industry
July 6 Wojciech Jaruzelski, Polish Commu-
nist politician, 8th Prime Minister of Poland and
President of Poland (d. 2014)
12 2 BIRTHS

July 7 Elisabeth Becker, German Nazi war criminal

(d. 1946)
Chandrashekhar, Indian lm actor
Whitney North Seymour, Jr., American ad- July 21
ministrator Rudolph A. Marcus, Canadian chemist, Nobel
Kitty White, American jazz singer (d. 2009) Prize laureate
Walter Brenner, American professor
July 8
July 22
Harrison Dillard, American athlete
Jeanine Collard, French singer Bob Dole, American politician and Presiden-
tial candidate
Ivor Germain, Barbadian professional
light/welterweight boxer The Fabulous Moolah, American professional
wrestler (d. 2007)
Eric Hill, English cricketer (d. 2010)
Mukesh, Indian singer (d. 1976)
July 10 John Bradley, U.S. Navy ag raiser on Iwo
Jima (d. 1994) July 23 Witto Aloma, Cuban Major League Base-
ball player (d. 1997)
July 11
July 25 Estelle Getty, American actress (d. 2008)
Roy Neighbors, American politician
July 28 H. S. S. Lawrence, Indian educator (d.
Richard Pipes, Polish-American academic 2009)
who specializes in Russian history
Olavo Rodrigues Barbosa, Brazilian football July 29 Jim Marshall, founder of Marshall Ampli-
player (d. 2010) cation (d. 2012)

Gilbert Morand, French non-commissioned July 31 Stephanie Kwolek, American chemist

ocer and skier (d. 2008) noted for inventing Kevlar (d. 2014)

July 12 James E. Gunn, American science ction

writer, editor, scholar, and anthologist 2.8 August
July 13
Erich Lessing, Austrian photographer
Alexandre Astruc, French lm critic and di-
rector (d. 2016)
Norma Zimmer, American singer (d. 2011)
July 15 Francisco de Andrade, Portuguese com-
petitive sailor and Olympic medalist
July 16
Mari Evans, African-American poet
Len Okrie, American catcher
Giuseppe Madini, Italian professional football
player
July 18
Michael Medwin, English actor
Jerome H. Lemelson, American inventor (d.
1997)
July 19 Jos Mos, Belgian footballer
July 20
Stanisaw Albinowski, Polish economist and
Shimon Peres
journalist (d. 2005)
2.9 September 13

August 3

Jean Hagen, American actress (d. 1977)

Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria, Pope of the
Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria (d.
2012)

August 5

Sir Michael Kerry, QC, British civil servant,

Procurator General and Treasury Solicitor (d.
2012)
Devan Nair, third President of Singapore (d.
2005)

August 6 Moira Lister, Anglo-South African lm,

stage and television actress (d. 2007)

August 10

Rhonda Fleming, American actress

Fred Ridgway, English cricketer (d. 2015)

August 15 Rose Marie, American actress

August 16 Millr Fernandes, Brazilian cartoonist

and playwright (d. 2012)

Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria August 19 Esmeralda Agoglia, Argentinian balle-

rina (d. 2014)

August 20 Jim Reeves, American country singer

(d. 1964)

August 21 Larry Grayson, English comedian and

game show host (d. 1995)

August 22 Carolina Slim, American Piedmont

blues singer and guitarist (d. 1953)

August 23 Henry F. Warner, American soldier,

Medal of Honor (d. 1944)

August 24 Arthur Jensen, American educational

psychologist (d. 2012)

August 26 Wolfgang Sawallisch, German conduc-

tor and pianist (d. 2013)

August 27 Hun Neang, father of Cambodian

Prime Minister Hun Sen (d. 2013)

August 29

Sir Richard Attenborough, English actor and

Rhonda Fleming
August 2 Shimon Peres, 8th Prime Minister of Is-
rael, 9th President of Israel, recipient of the Nobel
Peace Prize (d. 2016)
lm director (d. 2014)
Marmaduke Hussey, Baron Hussey of North
Bradley, chairman of the BBC (d. 2006)
August 30 Giacomo Rondinella, Italian singer and
actor (d. 2015)
14 2 BIRTHS

Kenneth Thomson, Canadian businessman

and art collector (d. 2006)

September 2 Ramn Valds, Mexican actor (d.

1988)

September 3

Glen Bell, American entrepreneur and founder

of Taco Bell (d. 2010)
Mort Walker, American cartoonist, creator of
Beetle Bailey

September 4 Ram Kishore Shukla, Indian politi-

cian (d. 2003)

September 6 King Peter II of Yugoslavia (d. 1970)

September 7

Madeleine Dring, British composer and ac-

tress (d. 1977)
Peter Lawford, English actor (d. 1984)
Lee Kuan Yew
September 9

Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, American virolo-

gist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology
or Medicine (d. 2008)
Cli Robertson, American actor (d. 2011)

September 11 Vasilije Mokranjac, Serbian com-

poser (d. 1984)

September 16 Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of

Singapore (d. 2015)

September 17 Hank Williams, American country

musician (d. 1953)

September 18 Queen Anne of Romania, born

Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, French-born
queen consort (d. 2016)

September 20 Geraldine Clinton Little, Northern

Ireland-born poet (d. 1997)

September 22 Dannie Abse, Welsh poet (d. 2014)

Anne of Romania
September 24 Li Yuan-tsu, Taiwanese politician
(d. 2017)
2.9 September September 26 Dev Anand, Indian actor, lm pro-
ducer, writer and director (d. 2011)
September 1
September 30 Donald Swann, Welsh composer (d.
Rocky Marciano, American boxer (d. 1969) 1994)
2.10 October 15

Charlton Heston

Roy Lichtenstein

Edward Oliver LeBlanc, Dominican politician

(d. 2004)
Stanisaw Skrowaczewski, Polish-born orches-
tral conductor (d. 2017)

October 4 Charlton Heston, American actor, best

known for his role in The Ten Commandments (d.
2008)

October 5

Albert Gumundsson, Icelandic football

player and politician (d. 1994)
Glynis Johns, South African-born Welsh ac-
tress
Ricardo Lavi, Argentine actor (d. 2010)

October 6 Yasar Kemal, Turkish writer (d. 2015)

October 7 Irma Grese, German Nazi concentra-

tion camp guard, war criminal (executed 1945)

October 10
Glynis Johns
James Jabby Jabara, American aviator, the
rst American jet ghter ace (d. 1966)
2.10 October Murray Walker, British motor racing com-
mentator
October 2 Eugenio Cruz Vargas, Chilean poet and
painter (d. 2014) October 13 Faas Wilkes, Dutch football (soccer)
player (d. 2006)

October 3 October 15 Italo Calvino, Italian writer (d. 1985)

16 2 BIRTHS

October 17 Charles McClendon, American Hall

of Fame college football coach (d. 2001)

October 20 Otfried Preuler, German childrens

books author (d. 2013)

October 23 Frank Sutton, American actor (d.

1974)

October 24

Sir Robin Day, British political broadcaster (d.

2000)
Denise Levertov, British-born American poet
(d. 1997)

October 25 J. Esmonde Barry, Canadian health-

care activist and political commentator (d. 2007)

October 27 Roy Lichtenstein, American pop artist

(d. 1997)

October 29

Carl Djerassi, American chemist (d. 2015)

Gerda van der Kade-Koudijs, Dutch athlete (d.
2015)

2.11 November
Alan Shepard

Vicco von Blow

November 1

Victoria de los ngeles, Catalan soprano (d.

2005)
Gordon R. Dickson, Canadian author (d.
2001)

November 2 Cesare Rubini, Italian basketball

Nadine Gordimer
player and coach (d. 2011)

November 3 Toms Cardinal Fiaich, Irish Ro-

man Catholic prelate (d. 1990) November 5
2.12 December 17

Rudolf Augstein, German journalist, founder

and part-owner of German magazine Der
Spiegel (d. 2002)
Kay Lionikas, Greek-American female pro-
fessional baseball player (d. 1978)
November 8 Jack Kilby, American electrical en-
gineer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d.
2005)
November 12 Vicco von Blow, German actor (d.
2011)
November 13 Linda Christian, Mexican lm ac-
tress (d. 2011)
November 14
Cleyde Yconis, Brazilian actress (d. 2013)
Misael Pastrana Borrero, 23rd President of
Colombia (d. 1997)
November 17 Aristides Maria Pereira, President
of Cape Verde (d. 2011)
November 18 Alan Shepard, rst American astro-
naut, fth person to walk on the moon (d. 1998) Maria Callas
November 20 Nadine Gordimer, South African
writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014)
November 22 Arthur Hiller, Canadian lm direc-
tor (d. 2016)
November 23
Billy Haughton, American harness driver and
trainer (d. 1986)
Julien J. LeBourgeois, American vice admiral
(d. 2012)
Gloria Whelan, American poet, short story
writer, and novelist
November 25 Mauno Koivisto, 2-Time Prime
Minister of Finland and 9th President of Finland
November 26 Pat Phoenix, English actress (d.
1986)

2.12 December
December 1 Stanseld Turner, American admiral
and Director of Central Intelligence
December 2 Maria Callas, Greek soprano (d. Ted Knight
1977)
December 3 Abe Pollin, American sports owner (d. 2009)
Dede Allen, American lm editor (Bonnie
and Clyde) (d. 2010) December 5 Eleanor Dapkus, American female
Moyra Fraser, British actress (d. 2009) professional baseball player (d. 2011)
18 3 DEATHS

TL Osborn, American televangelist, singer and

author (d. 2013)
James Stockdale, U.S. Navy admiral and vice
presidential candidate (d. 2005)

December 24 George Patton IV, American general

(d. 2004)

December 25

Sonya Olschanezky, World War II heroine (d.

1944)
Satyananda Saraswati, Founder of Satyananda
Yoga and Bihar Yoga (d. 2009)
Ren Girard, French-American historian (d.
2015)

December 27 Lucas Mangope, President of Bo-

phuthatswana Bantustan

December 29 Dina Merrill, American actress,

heiress, socialite, and philanthropist

Bob Barker
3 Deaths

December 7 Ted Knight, American actor (d.

3.1 JanuaryJune
1986)

December 5 Philip Slier, Dutch Jewish typesetter

(d. 1943)

December 11 Betsy Blair, American lm actress

(d. 2009)

December 12 Bob Barker, American game show

host (The Price Is Right)

December 13

Philip Warren Anderson, American physicist,

Nobel Prize laureate
Larry Doby, baseball player (d. 2003)
Antoni Tpies, Catalan painter (d. 2012)

December 14

Gerard Reve, Dutch writer (d. 2006)

Sully Boyar, American actor (d. 2001)

December 15 Freeman Dyson, English-born

physicist

December 17 Jaroslav Pelikan, American histo- King Constantine I of Greece

rian (d. 2006)

December 19 Gordon Jackson, Scottish actor (d. January 1 Willie Keeler, American baseball player
1990) and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1872)

December 23 January 3 Jaroslav Haek, Czech writer (b. 1883)

3.1 JanuaryJune 19

Sarah Bernhardt

Alexandre Ribot

Madre Teresa Nuzzo

Wilhelm Rntgen
January 9
Katherine Manseld, British novelist (b.
1888)
Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters,
British couple hanged for murder (Thompson
b. 1893)
January 11 Constantine I of Greece, King of
Greece (b. 1868)
January 12 Herbert Silberer, Austrian psychoana-
lyst (b. 1882)
January 13 Alexandre Ribot, French statesman, 4-
Time Prime Minister of France (b. 1842)
20
Charles de Freycinet
January 18 Wallace Reid, American actor (b.
1891)
January 23 Max Nordau, Hungarian author,
philosopher, and Zionist leader (b. 1849)
January 31 Eligiusz Niewiadomski, Polish artist,
political activist and assassin (executed) (b. 1869)
February 1 Ernst Troeltsch, German theologian (b.
1865).
February 3 Count Kuroki Tamemoto, Japanese
general (b. 1844)
February 4 Prince Fushimi Sadanaru (b. 1858)
February 5 Count Erich Kielmansegg, former
Prime Minister of Austria (b. 1847)
February 10 Wilhelm Rntgen, German physicist,
Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1845)
February 21 Prince Miguel, Duke of Viseu (b.
1878)
February 23 Thophile Delcass, French states-
man (b. 1852)
February 24 Edward W. Morley, American physi-
cists and chemist (b. 1838)
March 6 Joseph McDermott, American actor (b.
1878)
3 DEATHS
March 8 Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Dutch
physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1837)
March 26 Sarah Bernhardt, French actress (b.
1844)
March 27 Sir James Dewar, British chemist (b.
1842)
March 28 Michel-Joseph Maunoury, French gen-
eral (b. 1847)
April 1 Prince Naruhisa Kitashirakawa (b. 1887)
April 4 John Venn, British mathematician (b.
1834)
April 5 George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon,
British nancier of Egyptian excavations (b. 1866)
April 17 Madre Teresa Nuzzo, Maltese Roman
Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1851)
April 23 Princess Louise of Prussia, Grand
Duchess of Baden (b. 1838)
April 24 William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-
Weimar-Eisenach (b. 1876)
May 10 Charles de Freycinet, French statesman,
4-time Prime Minister of France (b. 1828)
May 17 Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg (b.
1852)
May 21
Hans Goldschmidt, German chemist (b. 1861)
Charles Kent, British actor (b. 1852)
May 29 Albert Deullin, French ying ace of World
War I (b. 1890)
June 9 Princess Helena of the United Kingdom,
third daughter of Queen Victoria (b. 1846)
June 10 Pierre Loti, French writer and naval ocer
(b. 1850)
June 14 Isabelle Bogelot, French philanthropist (b.
1838)
June 18 Hristo Smirnenski, Bulgarian poet (b.
1898)
June 24 Edith Sdergran, Finnish author (b. 1892)
3.2 JulyDecember 21

Charles Dupuy

Kato Tomosaburo

Warren G. Harding

3.2 JulyDecember

July 10 Albert Chevalier, British music hall come- Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca
dian (b. 1861)

July 20 Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (as- July 23 Charles Dupuy, French statesman, 3-Time
sassinated) (b. 1878) Prime Minister of France (b. 1851)
22 3 DEATHS

August 10 Joaqun Sorolla, Spanish painter (b.

1863)

August 23 Henry C. Mustin, American naval avi-

ation pioneer (b. 1874)

August 24 Kat Tomosabur, Imperial Japanese

naval ocer, 21st Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1861)

August 27 Edward Hill, American painter (b.

1843)

September 9 Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca,

Brazilian soldier and politician, 8th President of
Brazil (b. 1855)

September 17 Stefanos Dragoumis, 92nd Prime

Minister of Greece (b. 1842)

September 23

Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares, Indian

Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1836)
Carl L. Boeckmann, Norwegian-American
artist (b. 1867)
Saint Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares
John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Black-
burn, British politician and editor (b. 1838)

October 28

Theodor Reuss, German occultist (b. 1855)

Stojan Proti, Serbian statesman, former
Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (b. 1857)

October 30 Andrew Bonar Law, Prime Minister

of the United Kingdom (b. 1858)

November 9 (among those killed in Munich Beer

Hall Putsch):

Oskar Krner, businessman (b. 1875)

Karl Laforce, student (b. 1904)
Ludwig Maximilian Erwin von Scheubner-
Richter, diplomat and revolutionary (b. 1884)

November 14 Prince Ernest Augustus, 3rd Duke

of Cumberland and Teviotdale (b. 1845)

November 15 Mohammad Yaqub Khan, former

Emir of Afghanistan (b. 1849)

November 30 Martha Manseld, American actress

Gustave Eiel (b. 1899)

December 2 Toms Bretn, Spanish composer (b.

July 30 Charles Hawtrey, British actor (b. 1858) 1850)

December 8 John William Brodie-Innes, British

August 2 Warren G. Harding, 29th President of member of Golden Dawn (b. 1848)
the United States (b. 1865)
December 12 Raymond Radiguet, French author
August 9 Victor II, Duke of Ratibor (b. 1847) (b. 1903)
 23

December 13 Thophile Steinlen, Swiss painter 5 References

(b. 1859)
[1] Albert, Norman (February 9, 1923). Conacher Scored
December 22 Georg Luger, German rearms de- Six for North Toronto. Toronto Star. p. 12.
signer (b. 1849)
[2] Kitchen, Paul (2008). Win, Lose or Wrangle: The Inside
December 25 William Ludwig, Irish opera singer Story of the Old Ottawa Senators - 1883-1935. Manotick
(b. 1847) Ontario: Penumbra Press. p. 246.

[3] Mariz Tadros (1824 March 1999). Unity in diversity.

December 27
Al Ahram Weekly (421). Retrieved 30 September 2014.
Gustave Eiel, French engineer and architect [4] Earl L. Sullivan (1 January 1986). Women in Egyptian
(Eiel Tower) (b. 1832) Public Life. Syracuse University Press. p. 172. ISBN
Llus Domnech i Montaner, Spanish architect 978-0-8156-2354-0. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
(b. 1850) [5] Nadje S. Al Ali. Womens Movements in the Mid-
dle East: Case Studies of Egypt and Turkey (Report).
December 28 Frank Hayes, American actor (b. SOAS. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
1871)
[6] Hooper, Albert W. Bert"". The History of Canadian
Broadcasting. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
3.3 Date unknown [7] Constitutional history at a glance. Al-Ahram Weekly On-
line. 39 March 2005. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
Edmund William Berridge, British medical doctor
(b. 1843) [8] National Weather Service. Crh.noaa.gov. Retrieved
2013-08-25.
Dorila Antommarchi, Colombian poet (b. 1850s)
[9] Named and commissioned October 10. Hayward, John T.
(August 1978). Comment and Discussion. United States
Naval Institute Proceedings.
4 Nobel Prizes [10] Palestine Royal Commission Report, Presented by the Sec-
retary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command
of His Majesty. Cmd. 5479. London: His Majestys Sta-
tionery Oce. July 1937.

[11] Tonge, Stephen. Weimar Germany 1919-1933. A Web

of English History. Retrieved 2012-03-14.

Physics Robert Andrews Millikan

Chemistry Fritz Pregl

Physiology or Medicine Frederick Grant Banting,

John James Rickard Macleod

Literature William Butler Yeats

24 6 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

6.1 Text
1923 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923?oldid=769243959 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Kpjas, Derek Ross, Mav, Bryan Derksen,
Clasqm, Andre Engels, Danny, XJaM, Gianfranco, Deb, Ray Van De Walker, SimonP, Ktsquare, Sara Parks Ricker, Camembert, Bernfarr,
Mrwojo, Jazz77, Llywrch, Vera Cruz, TakuyaMurata, Skysmith, Minesweeper, Blimpguy, Card~enwiki, Looxix~enwiki, Ahoerstemeier,
Docu, Muriel Gottrop~enwiki, Rlandmann, Big iron, Hectorthebat, John K, Gh, Popsracer, RodC, Viz, Viajero, Astrotrain, Philopp,
Cjrother, Warofdreams, Jusjih, Camerong, Francs2000, Caius2ga, RadicalBender, Dimadick, Robbot, NightCrawler, Pigsonthewing,
Smallweed, Rholton, Hemanshu, Ktotam, Anthony, Jor, Cyrius, Oobopshark, Smjg, Ike~enwiki, ScudLee, DO'Neil, BillyH, JillandJack,
Bobblewik, Edcolins, MusiCitizen, Alexf, Bgbot, Marcschulz, MacGyverMagic, Rdsmith4, Roisterer, Psychojosh13, Icairns, Sam Hocevar,
Sayeth, Ajvanari, Sam, Fg2, Medic, Canterbury Tail, Ta bu shi da yu, EugeneZelenko, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Narsil,
Guanabot2, Mani1, CanisRufus, Livajo, Kross, Brisis~enwiki, Art LaPella, Krin, Bastique, Dystopos, Zarateman, Ejrrjs, Destry, Slambo,
Rje, SPUI, Friviere, Jumbuck, DarkCorners, Eixo, Mick Knapton, Ricky81682, JoaoRicardo, Ksnow, Velella, Max rspct, Jobe6, LFaraone,
Ianblair23, RCMF0203, Ghirlandajo, BadSeed, Gret, Woohookitty, PatGallacher, Bratsche, Chochopk, Ardfern, Tabletop, Canadian
Paul, RodineiSilveira, Marudubshinki, RichardWeiss, Graham87, Yuriybrisk, BD2412, SABENA, Ev, FlaBot, Stanislaw Albinowski, Paul
foord, Say, Darranc, Chobot, Noble Skuld the Legend Killer, Wavelength, A.S. Brown, RussBot, DBD, Chamdarae, CambridgeBay-
Weather, ExRat, Renata3, Zephalis, AjaxSmack, Homagetocatalonia, Lt-wiki-bot, Spawn Man, Arthur Rubin, Rms125a@hotmail.com,
David Justin, Canley, Kingstonjr, Rhyddfrydol, Kungfuadam, RG2, GrinBot~enwiki, Yvwv, KnightRider~enwiki, Burnwelk, Stalfur,
SmackBot, Elonka, Ryan Reeder, Argyll Lassie, KocjoBot~enwiki, MediaMangler, Gilliam, Hmains, Betacommand, MPD01605, Chris the
speller, MalafayaBot, SchftyThree, Akanemoto, Agent0042, Colonies Chris, GoodDay, Skoglund, Jgp3553, Greenshed, SundarBot, Pep-
sidrinka, -Stamps95, Zdravko mk, DMacks, Ugur Basak Bot~enwiki, Will Beback, SashatoBot, Euchiasmus, J 1982, Bobom, Jehar, Slakr,
Dicklyon, Waggers, Jrt989, Jkaharper, Magnato~enwiki, Waihung, Overlordneo, Prufrock765, Thricecube, DGFS6691, Zarex, Waevfer,
Gran2, Porterhse, MrFish, Username387, Jcsrauch, Pete Davis, RandomOrca2, Thijs!bot, Wikid77, Missvain, Ronald W Wise, Agent-
Peppermint, CharlotteWebb, Ludde23, Dawnseeker2000, Escarbot, Histrydude, AntiVandalBot, Ownlyanangel, Fayenatic london, Biro-
Zombie, CrappyAssassin, JAnDbot, Jazzfan, Andonic, Rothorpe, VoABot II, Ling.Nut, Robby, Doug Coldwell, Donutdude143, Nashoo,
Tommieboi, Pkrecker, BMRR, Rodan44, CalendarWatcher, Lilac Soul, Koplimek, Numbo3, LordAnubisBOT, McSly, NewEnglandYan-
kee, Jmcw37, Shoessss, MadMax120, Juliancolton, Jevansen, DorganBot, Idioma-bot, WWGB, Izzy007, Caspian blue, VolkovBot, One
Night In Hackney, Deva mca, Cbj77, Kyle the bot, Stanb90, Aesopos, Caelon, Mike Cline, TXiKiBoT, Cosmic Latte, The monkey one,
Prithvin 88, Rei-bot, Someguy1221, Seraphim, LeaveSleaves, E-romance, Sapphic, Budhajeewa, AlleborgoBot, James McStub, EmxBot,
Yngvarr, Italianlover07, SieBot, Accounting4Taste, Ttonyb1, WereSpielChequers, BotMultichill, Belle Equipe, SE7, Keilana, Sterry2607,
Yerpo, Twh66, Jonipoon, Brand35, Faithlessthewonderboy, ClueBot, PipepBot, Ralphierce, Alexcaudill7, Justinpbarry, Alexbot, Gulmam-
mad, 09frma, Jay794, CowboySpartan, Elizium23, Uksharma3, TruthIsStrangerThanFiction, DerBorg, DumZiBoT, Camboxer, XLinkBot,
PseudoBot, FrankPalmerWhite, Beach drifter, Addbot, Wikimichael22, Ianotriathlete, Mr Hall of England, CarsracBot, Chzz, Favonian,
An--egyptian--girl, Mdnavman, Numbo3-bot, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Bebek101, KamikazeBot, TorontonianOn-
lines, Tempodivalse, Marlight, Rubinbot, Jim1138, JackieBot, Kingpin13, Materialscientist, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Timir2, Mae-
stroso simplo, Pizzamaniac09, Sir Stanley, J04n, GrouchoBot, Andres arg, Krinek, Nedim Ardoa, GhalyBot, FrescoBot, Sidna, Twinsdude,
Ubub92, SuperJew, DrilBot, Tussin92, Just a guy from the KP, Mellagon, Ian Dury, Trappist the monk, Comnenus, Qzm, Lotje, Wkerry,
DARTHGALE, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Jim Michael, TuHan-Bot, Werieth, ZroBot, Yapobrad, Tiganusi, ErratumMan, Ofcdead-
beat, ChuispastonBot, ClueBot NG, Frietjes, Krin5292, WNYY98, Vagobot, JHobson2, Marc.faucher, Coinkid1, BattyBot, Miszatomic,
Pragmocialist, Mogism, Makecat-bot, Bananapeel89, Beerest355, Alekol, Monochrome Monitor, Cajun Justice, SovanDara, Allanstaker,
Acagastya, Historiadormundo, PraiseTheAlmightyHelixFossil, Wynstol, Michael0986, Cac930, Radosaw Winiewski, CHE, Kawakji,
Marintosalla, Googgoollman7777, TJJJJMAXXX3333, Danielsalinas00, LarinoBabis, I2padams and Anonymous: 327

6.2 Images
File:Aaron_Spelling_TWA_ad_photo.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Aaron_Spelling_TWA_
ad_photo.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: eBay item ad Original artist: Trans World Airlines
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License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Gage using CommonsHelper.
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Original artist: Notman Studio, Boston. Restoration by User:Adam Cuerden
6.2 Images 25

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cense: Public domain Contributors: ebay Original artist: 20th Century Fox studios
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(Life time: .)
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cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches
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Contributors: Cropped by Ranveig from http://www.defenselink.mil/photos/newsphoto.aspx?newsphotoid=3963. Original artist: Robert
D. Ward
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26 6 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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Photographer: David Monniaux (2005, 2006, 2007)
Original artist:
Design of the medal: The Nobel Foundation. Sculptor and engraver: Erik Lindberg (1902).
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title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
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artist: ?
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This image comes from the Google-hosted LIFE Photo Archive where it is available under the lename 6b3da250c6b5560f. Original
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3.0 Contributors: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roy_Lichtenstein_(1967).jpg Original artist: Eric Koch / Anefo
File:Sarah_Bernhardt_by_Paul_Nadar_(crop).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Sarah_Bernhardt_
by_Paul_Nadar_%28crop%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://cache2.artprintimages.com/p/LRG/27/2703/9XDND00Z/
art-print/paul-nadar-portrait-of-actress-sarah-bernhardt-c-1878.jpg
Original artist: Paul Nadar (1856-1939)

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utors: Own work (Original text: I created this work entirely by myself.) Original artist: Alanofski (talk) Daughters of the sacred heart
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