Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Paper Format
Always check with your instructor to see if he or she has any different requirements or
specifications for your paper.
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In-Text Citations
APA guidelines require that the writer give credit for ALL information whether it be a
direct quote or a paraphrase. Generally, you are required to give the following
information: author, year of publication, and page number for any direct quote. For
paraphrases, you are only required to give the author and year of publication, though it
is suggested that you also provide the page number. You should use p. (or pp. for
multiple pages) before the page numbers in in-text citations.
If there is no publication date, cite the authors last name followed by a comma and n.d.
(for no date).
Direct Quote with According to Jack Gannon (1988), "The protest provided a
author's name in the wonderful opportunity for those interpreters to assist the deaf
sentence community" (p. 94).
Paraphrase with
Jack Gannon (1988) explained that the DPN protest gave
author's name in the
interpreters a chance to help Gallaudet's deaf community (p. 94).
sentence
If you include the author's name and date of publication as part of the sentence in which
you use a direct quote, you should put the page number in parenthesis after the quote. If
you include the author's name and date as part of a paraphrased sentence, you don't have
to put anything additional in parenthesis. You can, if you chose to, provide the page
number after the paraphrased information, but the page number is not required.
Direct Quote with In 1988, Jack Gannon explained that "the protest provided a
author's name and wonderful opportunity for those interpreters to assist the deaf
date in the sentence community" (p. 94).
Paraphrase with
In 1988, Jack Gannon explained that the DPN protest gave
author's name and
interpreters a chance to help Gallaudet's deaf community (p. 94).
date in the sentence
If you refer to the same text more than once within one paragraph, give the author's
name, date, and page number only the first time you cite the source. After the first time,
just give the author's name and page number (if it is different from the prior page
number). If you cite the same text in two different paragraphs, you need to include the
full reference information in both paragraphs.
If you are using several different works to illustrate one point, you may find it necessary
to cite two or more works written by different authors with different dates. In that
situation, organize the information alphabetically by the authors' last names, and
separate each block of information with a semicolon. Put all the names inside one set of
parenthesis.
Citing several
Several studies (Burna, 1980; Geraldi, 1988; Kesser & Morals,
different works by
1990) indicate that the cure for the common cold is just around the
different authors at
corner.
one time
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Multiple Authors
When a source has two authors, you should give both last names. Within the
parenthetical citation, use & between the authors' names. If you use their names in the
sentence, just write out and between their names.
When a source has three, four or five authors, cite all the authors last names and the
year the first time the reference occurs. For later references to the same source in the
same paragraph, cite only the first authors last name followed by et al. You do not need
the year if it is in the same paragraph as the prior reference. If it is a repeated reference
in a separate paragraph, cite the first author's last name followed by et al. and the year
If a source has 6 or more authors, use the first author's name, et al., the date and page
number.
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For personal communication, you should give the author's full name (first and middle
initials followed by last name), the kind of communication, followed by the date of
communication.
Personal Survivors of the accident gave credit to the team of trained dogs
Communication 1 for their rescue (K.L. Myers, personal interview, April 18, 1994).
Personal "Parental involvement in a child's education is invaluable" (J.
Communication 2 Meyers, TTY conversation, June 14, 1989).
"Parents should always know what their child's homework
Personal
assignments are" (T. Geoffreys, personal email, September 18,
Communication 3
2000).
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If there is a work with no author named, cite the first few words of the title. Use
quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter; italicize the title of a book,
brochure, or report.
Many students become sick their first year of college, as they are
Unsigned Article introduced to entirely different germs ("Test Results," 1982, p.
63).
"Students will hopefully be able to form a bond with their first
Unsigned Book year roommate, as this can be a friendship that lasts them through
life" (College Bound Seniors, 1979, p. 47).
If the author is listed as "Anonymous," cite the word Anonymous followed by a comma
and the date.
Source by Many people who are affected by stress are not even aware of the
Anonymous impact it has on their life (Anonymous, 2000).
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Secondary Sources
If you are reading one source, and it refers to something from another source, you need
to reflect that in your in-text citations. For example, if you read a book by Greenwood,
and Greenwood referred to a study by Breen (but you did not read Breen's study
yourself), then you need to cite your source as follows:
(Note: On your reference page, you only need to reference the work that you actually
read).
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For in text web citations, follow the author/year format, if the author and date are
available. For quotations, give page numbers or paragraph numbers (where there are no
page numbers). Use either or para. as an abbreviation for paragraph. If page or
paragraph numbers are not available, they can be omitted from the in-text citation.
Electronic Sources -- "Allergies may be caused by dust, dust mites, pollen, or mold"
direct quote (1) (Kendal, 2000, 4).
Electronic Sources -- "Allergies may be caused by dust, dust mites, pollen, or mold"
direct quote (2) (Kendal, 2000, para. 4).
Electronic Sources -- People with allergies are usually affected by dust, pollen, or mold
paraphrase (Kendal, 2000).
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If your quote is more than 40 words, indent 5 spaces on a separate line and then begin
the quote. Continue the double space rule. Do not use quotation marks.
Gallaudet University received a lot of publicity during the 1988 DPN Rallies.
It was a time when deaf people learned about the strength of their community.
According to Jack Gannon (1989):
The student protest that shut down Gallaudet University the week of March
6-13, 1988, accomplished far more than just the selection of the world's first
deaf university president. It proved, convincingly, that deaf people could band
together effectively for a common cause and succeed. The protest experiences
taught deaf people about the needs and values of being more assertive. (p. 15)
It also reaffirmed that the deaf population has a voice worth listening to, and
that they will fight to be heard by Gallaudet's Board of Trustees.
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Reference Format
You can check for more information about listing references on pages 215-282 in the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Fifth Edition, 2001). To
see an example of an APA style reference page, visit our APA Style Sample References.
When writing authors' names, use the author's last name, first initial, and
middle initial, if any.
If there is more than one author, use an ampersand (&) before the last
author's name.
Place date of publication in parenthesis after the name information (If
there is no available date, put n.d. in parenthesis after the name
information).
For book and article titles, capitalize only the first word of the title, and
the first word after a colon.
Italicize the title of longer works, like books, magazines, newspapers,
periodicals or journals that contain the cited articles.
Include volume numbers as part of the title. (If you cannot italicize, use
underlines.)
Do not underline, italicize, or put quotes around titles of shorter works,
like article titles.
Do not abbreviate publication months; write out the full month name.
Use the abbreviation p. or pp. before newspaper page numbers only. Do
not use p. or pp. before page numbers for magazines, journals, or books.
List all pages used, even if they are not continuous (32, 46-47).
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author
(year of publication)
title of the book
publication information (place of publication: publisher).
Each of the four parts ends with a period followed by a space. The second line (and
subsequent lines) of each entry is indented 5 spaces. (Also you can use the "hanging
indent" feature in your word-processing software.)
author.
(date of publication). -- most magazine and newspaper articles, you should use
the year followed by a comma and the month. If it is a daily publication, you
should also include the day.
title of the article.
publication information. -- (generally the periodical title, volume number, and
page number). The volume number should be a part of the periodical title. Use
pp. or p. before the page numbers for newspaper and encyclopedia articles only.
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Electronic Sources
The rules surrounding electronic media are still developing. You should check with your
professor to be sure he/she will accept the following format. APA format currently
requires that you make a "retrieval statement" that identifies the date of retrieval and the
source (DIALOG, WESTLAW, Electric Library), followed by the name of the specific
database used and any other information that is necessary to find the article. For World
Wide Web sites, you should give the current URL address that points to the website.
For most articles from electronic sources, there are six main parts to the reference:
author -- write the last name followed by a comma, then the first and middle
initials each followed by a period
(date of publication) -- for most electronic sources, this should be the date it was
made available on the internet, including year, month and day (if available)
title of the article.
title of book, magazine, newspaper, periodical or journal (if applicable)
publication information -- this generally includes the city of publication and
publisher
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For most nonprint media, there are six main parts to the reference: