UPSC Civil Services Main 1984 - Mathematics

Calculus
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics
Panjab University
Chandigarh

January 16, 2010

Question 1(a) 1. Show that the function

(
x2 sin2 x1 , x 6= 0
f (x) =
0, x=0

is continuous at 0.

2. tan x is not continuous at x = 2

Solution.

1. Given  > 0, let = , then |x| = |x2 sin2 x1 | |x2 | < , because | sin2 x1 | 1.
Thus |x 0| < =  |f (x) f (0)| < , showing that f (x) is continuous at x = 0.
1
2. Since limx 2 sin x = 1, given  = 2
there exists 1 > 0 such that 0 < |x 2 | < 1
| sin x 1| < 21 sin x > 12 .
Since limx 2 cos x = 0, given any real number G > 0 there exists 2 > 0 such that
0 < |x 2 | < 2 | cos x| < 2G
1
.
Let = min(1 , 2 ). Then > 0 and 0 < |x 2 | < | tan x| > 12 2G = G. This
shows that tan x is not bounded in any neighborhood of 2 , therefore limx 2 tan x does
not exist, so tan x is not continuous at x = 2 .

Note that if limxa f (x) = l, then f (x) is bounded in a neighborhood of a, because given
 > 0, there exists > 0 such that 0 < |x a| < l  < f (x) < l + .

1
Question 1(b) Find the volume of the torus generated by revolving a disc of radius r about
a line at a distance a > r from the center of the circle.

Solution. Let the line be the x-axis, and let the circle have center (0, a). The circles
equation is x2 + (y a)2 = r2
. The upper semicircle is given by f1 (x) = a + r2 x2 , and
the lower one by f2 (x) = a r2 x2 , and the desired volume is given by
Z r
V = (f12 (x) f22 (x)) dx
Zrr
= (f1 (x) f2 (x))(f1 (x) + f2 (x)) dx
r
Z r
= (2 r2 x2 )(2a) dx
r
Z r
= 8a r2 x2 dx
0
Put x = r sin
Z
2
= 8a r cos r cos d
0
Z
2
2
= 8ar cos2 d
0
1 
= 8ar2 = 2 2 ar2
22
We could get the same result by applying Pappus Theorem the volume of a solid of
revolution generated by rotating a plane figure about an external axis is equal to the product
of the area of the figure and the distance traveled by its geometric centroid during revolution.
Thus V = r2 2a = 2 2 ar2 .

Question 1(c) Let f (x, y) = (x + y) sin( x1 + y1 ), when x 6= 0, y 6= 0, and f (x, 0) =

f (0, y) = 0. Examine whether (i) f (x, y) is continuous, and (ii) limx0 f (x, y) for y 6= 0 and
limy0 f (x, y) for x 6= 0 exist.

Solution. (i) Given  > 0, let 1 = 2 = 2 . Then |x| < 1 , |y| < 2 |f (x, y) f (0, 0)| =
|(x + y) sin( x1 + y1 )| |x| + |y| < , as | sin( x1 + y1 )| 1. Thus f (x, y) is continuous at (0, 0).
(ii) Since |x sin( x1 + y1 )| |x|, it follows that limx0 x sin( x1 + y1 ) = 0. Thus if limx0 f (x, y)
exists for y 6= 0, then limx0 y sin( x1 + y1 ) should also exist, for y 6= 0, because y sin( x1 + y1 ) =
(x + y) sin( x1 + y1 ) x sin( x1 + y1 ).
Let g(x) = y sin( x1 + y1 ). Suppose limx0 g(x) = l for y = 2 . Then given  > 0,  < 2 ,
there exists > 0 such that 0 < |x| < |g(x) l| < 2 . Let x1 = 2n 1 1
, x2 = (2n+1) , n large

2
so that |x1 | < , |x2 | < . Now

|g(x1 ) g(x2 )| = |g(x1 ) l + l g(x2 )|

|g(x1 ) l| + |g(x2 ) l| < 
2 2
g(x1 ) = sin(2n + ) =
2
2 2
g(x2 ) = sin((2n + 1) + ) =
2
4
|g(x1 ) g(x2 )| = >

Thus we have a contradiction. Hence limx0 y sin( x1 + y1 ) does not exist for y 6= 0, so
limx0 f (x, y) for y 6= 0 does not exist. Similarly it can be seen that limy0 f (x, y) for x 6= 0
does not exist, by symmetry.
ZZ
Question 2(a) Evaluate xy dx dy over the area given by the boundary y = 0(0 x
3); y = (x 3)2 (2 x 3); y = 1(1 x 2); y = x(0 x 1).

Solution.

The region of integration consists of three

y = (x 3)2
parts
y=x
1. The triangle 4 bounded by
y = 0, x = 1, y = x.
2. The square  bounded by
x = 1, x = 2, y = 0, y = 1. 4  R
3. The region R bounded by O x=1
x = 2, y = 0, y = (x 3)2 , (2 x 3).

1 x 1
y 2 ix 1 1 3
ZZ Z Z Z Z
1
I1 = xy dx dy = xy dy dx = x dx = x dx =
4 x=0 y=0 0 2 0 2 0 8
Z 2 Z 1
x2 i 2 y 2 i 1 3 1
ZZ
3
I2 = xy dx dy = xy dy dx = = =
 x=1 y=0 2 1 2 0 2 2 4
Z 3 Z (x3)2 Z 3
y 2 i(x3)2
ZZ
I3 = xy dx dy = yx dy dy = x dx
R x=2 0 x=2 2 0
1 3 1 0 4 1 h u6 u5 i0
Z Z
4 1  3 1  13
= x(x 3) dx = u (u + 3) du = +3 = =
2 2 2 1 2 6 5 1 2 5 6 60
1 3 13 131
Thus the given integral = I1 + I2 + I3 = + + =
8 4 60 120

3
Question 2(b) If B(p, q) is the Beta function, show that
pB(p, q) = (q 1)B(p + 1, q 1)
where p, q are real, p > 0, q > 1. Hence or otherwise find B(p, n) where n is an integer > 0.
Z 1
Solution. By definition, B(p, q) = xp1 (1 x)q1 dx. Integrating by parts, we get
0
p
1 1
xp
Z
x
B(p, q) = (1 x)q1 + (q 1)(1 x)q2 dx
p 0 0 p
Since p > 0, (q 1) > 0, we get
Z 1
pB(p, q) = (q 1) xp+11 (1 x)(q1)1 dx = (q 1)B(p + 1, q 1)
0

In particular, pB(p, n) = (n 1)B(p + 1, n 1). Repeating this formula, we get

n1
B(p, n) = B(p + 1, n 1)
p
(n 1)(n 2)
= B(p + 2, n 2)
p(p + 1)
(n 1)!
= B(p + n 1, 1)
p(p + 1) . . . (p + n 1)
Z 1
(n 1)!
= xp+n2 (1 x)11 dx
p(p + 1) . . . (p + n 2) 0
(n 1)! (p)(n)
= =
p(p + 1) . . . (p + n 1) (p + n)

x+y (u, v)
Question 2(c) If u = and v = tan1 x + tan1 y, find . Are u and v func-
1 xy (x, y)
tionally related? If so, find the relationship.
Solution.
u (1 xy) 1 (x + y)(y) 1 + y2
= =
x (1 xy)2 (1 xy)2
u (1 xy) 1 (x + y)(x) 1 + x2
= =
y (1 xy)2 (1 xy)2
v 1
=
x 1 + x2
v 1
=
y 1 + y2
 u u 
(u, v)  x y  u v u v
=  x y y x = 0
 v v  =
(x, y) 
x y

4
This shows that u, v are functionally related. Let x = tan , y = tan . Then v = + .
tan + tan
u= = tan( + ) = tan v.
1 tan tan
Alternatively, usingv = tan1 x + tan1 y we write
tan v tan(tan1 y) tan v y
x = tan(v tan1 y) = 1
=
1 + tan v tan(tan y) 1 + y tan v
tan vy
1+y tan v
+y (tan v)(1 + y 2 )
u = tan vy = = tan v
1 y 1+y tan v
1 + y2

as before.

Paper II

Question 3(a) Show that the maximum and minimum values of the function u = x2 +y 2 +xy
where ax2 + by 2 = ab, a > b > 0 are given by 4(u a)(u b) = ab.

Solution. Let F (x, y) = x2 +y 2 +xy +(ax2 +by 2 ab) where is Lagranges undetermined
multiplier. The extreme values are obtained from
F F
= 2x + y + 2ax = 0, = 2y + x + 2by = 0
x y
F F
0 = x +y = 2(x2 + y 2 + xy) + 2(ax2 + by 2 ) = 2u + 2ab
x y
u
Thus = ab . Consequently 2x + y 2ux b
= 0 2x(b u) + yb = 0, and 2y + x 2uy a
=
0 2y(a u) + ax = 0.
Since ax2 + by 2 = ab > 0, (x, y) 6= (0, 0), so the coefficient matrix of the above linear
2(b u) b 
equations must be singular i.e.  = 0 or 4(a u)(b u) ab = 0.
a 2(a u)
Thus the maximum and minimum values are given by 4(a u)(b u) ab = 0.
Note: We can substitute x = b cos t, y = a sin t to make u a function of one variable,
and proceed accordingly.

Question 3(b) Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function

(
x2 tan1 xy y 2 tan1 xy , x 6= 0, y 6= 0
f (x, y) =
0, x=y=0

Also examine if fxy and fyx are equal at (0, 0).

Solution.
1. The function is continuous at (0, 0), because |f (x, y) f (0, 0)| = 0 or 2 (x2 + y 2 ).

5
2. fxy (0, 0) 6= fyx (0, 0). For this we calculate the following:

(a) If (x, y) 6= (0, 0),

 
1 y 2 1 y 1 1
fx (x, y) = 2x tan +x y 2 2 y2 2
x 1+ 2 x
x 1 + xy2 y
y x2 y y3 y
= 2x tan1 2 2
2 2
= 2x tan1 y
x x +y x +y x

(b)
f (h, k) f (0, k) h2 tan1 k
h
k 2 tan1 h
k
fx (0, k) = lim = lim
h0 h h0 h
h
tan1
Now limh0 h tan1 k
h
= 0, limh0 h
k
= 1
k
if = tan1 hk , hk = tan , then
h
tan1
h
= k tan
k

, and tan 1 as 0.
Thus fx (0, k) = k, in particular fx (0, 0) = 0.
(c) By symmetry, fy (x, y) = x 2y tan1 x
y
is x 6= 0, y 6= 0, and fy (h, 0) = h.

fx (0, k) fx (0, 0) k 0
fyx (0, 0) = lim = lim = 1
k0 k k0 k
fy (h, 0) fy (0, 0) h0
fxy (0, 0) = lim = lim =1
h0 h h0 h

Thus fxy (0, 0) 6= fyx (0, 0).

3. The function is differentiable at (0, 0) as both fx (x, y) and fy (x, y) are continuous at
(0, 0). Note that limx0,y0 fx (x, y) = limx0,y0 fy (x, y) = 0 and fx (0, 0) = 0 =
fy (0, 0).