Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
SUBMITTED TO-
PROF. S.SUBBARAO
(FACULTY)
SUBMITTED BY-
SIDDHARTHPANDEY
(ROLL NUMBER-BA0140061)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, I thank the Almighty who gave me the strength to accomplish this project with
sheer hard work and honesty.
I take this opportunity to observe protocol to show my deep gratitude to our revered political
science 3 course professor, PROF. S.SUBBARAO (FACULTY) for his kind gesture in
allotting me such topic as research project, which is full of knowledge and is related to our
future study of the constitution. His timely advice, direction and valuable assistance
tremendously boosted me during the making of this project.
Secondly, all this wouldnt have been possible without my parents and friends who gave their
valuable time for guidance, boosted my confidence and helped me a lot in completing this
project without any drawbacks. Hence I am forever indebted and grateful to them.
Thirdly, I am very much thankful to the staff and administration of TNNLS who provided
valuable sources of information in the form of library and database connections.
The successful creation of this project is due to the background work and co-operation of
many persons. So I once again take this opportunity and privilege to convey my deepest
regards and thanks to all those who was involved directly or indirectly in the making of this
project.
Date:-11-9-16
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
RESEARCH METHODOLGY
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
Through this research project, the researcher intend to discuss in this project is to the failure
of the league of nations in order to investigate how important was the fall of the League of
Nations for the cause of the World War II, and the failures of the League of Nations need to
be considered. I analysed whether the League of Nations actually could be modelled as a
military alliance.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The researcher has used Primary and Secondary resources such as Cases, journals, books,
websites etc., and aims to evaluate, interpret and suggest solution to the illustrative problems
through Doctrinal Method.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
My research methodology requires gathering relevant data from the specified documents and
compiling databases in order to analyze the material and arrive at a more complete
understanding and historical reconstruction of The failure of the league of nations and
determine the collapse of the League of Nations is also considered for one of the causes of
the Second World War due to her inefficiency to establish peace through collective security in
the world.
The aim of the mission is to cover all the rural and urban areas of the country to present this
country as an ideal country before the world. The mission has targeted aims like eliminating the
open defecation, converting insanitary toilets into pour flush toilets, eradicating manual
scavenging, complete disposal and reuse of solid and liquid wastes, bringing behavioural
changes to people and motivate health practices, spreading cleanliness awareness among
people, strengthening the cleanliness systems in the urban and rural areas as well as creating
user friendly environment for all private sectors interested for investing in India for cleanliness
maintenance.
This mission has an interesting theme of inviting nine new people by each and every involved
people in the campaign and continuing this chain until the each and every citizen of India gets
involved in this campaign. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a nationwide cleanliness campaign run by
the government of India and initiated by the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi on 2 nd of October in
2014 on 145th birthday anniversary of the Mahatma Gandhi. This campaign has been launched to
fulfill the aim of cleanliness all over the India. The Prime Minister has requested the people of
India to involve in the Swachh Bharat Mission and promote others to do the same for leading our
country as a best and clean country of the world. This campaign was first initiated by the
Narendra Modi himself by cleaning the road on the way going to launch the campaign.
The campaign of Swachh Bharat is a biggest ever cleanliness drive of the India during the launch
of which around 3 million government employees and students from schools and colleges were
participated. On the day of launch, Prime Minister has nominated the names of nine personalities
of India to initiate the campaign in their own areas and own decided dates as well as promote the
campaign to common public. He also had requested to all nine personalities to invite other nine
people from their own end individually to participate in this event as well as continue this chain of
inviting nine people until the message reach to each and every Indian people.
He also requested that every Indian should take this campaign as a challenge and try his/her
best to make this campaign a successful campaign ever. The chain of nine people is like a
branching of the tree. He requested common people to involve in this event and upload the video
or images of cleanliness over internet on the various social media websites like Facebook,
Twitter, etc so that other people may get promoted and motivated to do the same in their own
area. In this way India can be a clean country.
The Prime Minister of India Mr. Narendra Modi launched this campaign officially
on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi and he himself cleaned the road. About
3 million government employees, school and college students of India
participated in this event and it is considered as Indias biggest ever cleanliness
drive.
1Phukan, S.R. (2014) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Making India Clean & More.
http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/society/swachh-bharat-abhiyan-making-
india-clean-more (2009) Earth 911. Trash Planet: India.
http://www.earth911.com/earth-watch/trash-planet-india/
3 Sharma, Y. (2015) Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan: Government Builds 7.1 Lakh Toilets
in January. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-
17/news/59232518_1_india-open-defecation-swachh-bharat-abh iyan-toilets
launch in October 2014. 31.83 lakhs individual toilets have been built until
January 2015. So far, Karnataka is the best performer by achieving 61% of the
target while Punjab is the worst performer by achieving 5% of the target 4. With
effect from 1 April 1999, the Government of India restructured the
Comprehensive Rural Sanitation Programme and launched the Total Sanitation
Campaign (TSC). To give a fillip to the Total Sanitation Campaign, effective June
2003 the government launched an incentive scheme in the form of an award for
total sanitation coverage, maintenance of a clean environment and open
defecation-free panchayat villages, blocks and districts called Nirmal Gram
Puraskar.
5 Ibid.
The Indo Nepal Doctors Association has launched Swachh Bharat Nepal on 3
January 2015 after getting inspired from the Prime Minister of India. Swasth
Bharat Nepal Abhiyan was launched at the Indo-Nepali border region of Sunauli-
Belihiya, which is the entry to the birthplace of the Buddha, Lumbini, Nepal.
Even though, considering the price challenge there are manufacturers from
Germany, Spain and even the UK who have taken up the challenge and are
redesigning/customizing products to fit the price factor. At the same time, there
are manufacturers, from Italy, USA in particular, who are skeptical and cautious
of their dealings in India owing to price mismatch. On the other hand, the other
challenges faced by the international market is a lack of awareness and
knowledge about cleaning technology among the Indian consumers. In the
present situation where cleaning is not count among the top main concern or is
not exclusively budgeted by Indian companies. So, moving toward the latest
cleaning technology and investment on cleaning is limited. Nonetheless, the
demand for cleaning over the past few years has been steady, the growth in the
Indian clean ing industry has been unpredictable. As a result of which Indian
companies were not in the favor of international tie-ups introduced during this
period. Keeping the dealings in suspension is also having a detrimental effect on
manufacturers who are eagerly awaiting confirmation from prospective Indian
companies. The companies are from France, UK, Denmark and Spain. USA and
the UK, two of the biggest players in cleaning, that have been concentrating
production and distribution to the local market, are now expanding operations
not only to Europe but also to India, China and the Middle East. The other
involving tendencies in India are unfavorable to positive growth in the cleaning
industry are eroding margins, unhealthy competition, thieving and others leading
to a nasty circle of payment problem. Innovations in the cleaning industry have
largely focused on providing solutions to suit local market. Internationally, major
players are redesigning products to suit the specifics of Indian cleaning needs.
The best part when concluding, despite challenges, the cleaning industry as a
whole is looking at India as a potential market and taking intensive steps to grow.
As more and more international companies steps into Indian market, the country
is sprouting as a perfect platform for the cleaning business. Economy Depends
on Cleanliness Undoubtedly, Indian tourism offers a wide array of unique travel
destinations, services, medical aides, and education.
India on the other hand, despite its diversities and vast tourism resources,
managed to receive only seven million tourists (0.64%), which brought home US
$18,397 million in 2013. Even with this miniscule share of the world tourism
industry, tourism generates 6.6% of Indias GDP and 32 million Indians are
directly employed by this sector. But, the India is lagging behind in one very
important aspect called, cleanliness. Lack of adequate sanitation and food safety
leads to cross contamination which causes severe diseases. The Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that between 20% and 50% of
international travelers suffer from diarrhea, due to ingestion of contaminated
(mostly fecal) food or water infected with E coli. India along with other
developing nations is burdened with the stigma of causing diarrhea to travelers,
7
which is ironically called Delhi-belly.
India needs to develop the facilities by revamping public utilities and keeping
them clean, focusing on safe food & water, training cleaning staff and preserving
the environment. This complex task needs to solve one more issue, which is
This vision of a clean India is not alien to us. Many schemes have been made, implemented,
and fell way short of reaching the targets. Swachh Bharat is an extension of the Nirmal
Bharat Abhiyan (NBA), which was operational since 2012 (preceded by Total Sanitation
Campaign and centrally sponsored Rural Sanitation Programme).8
But it is different this time around. Narendra Modi has given this initiative a new lease of life.
The manner in which he has reached out to people and urged them to take up the mantle of
making our country clean is heart-warming and more than welcome. Although it remains to
be seen how well his rhetoric will impact the public participation in this
Swachchhata mission. He has roped in schools, colleges, and government employees to
participate in the inauguration, by cleaning their premises on October 2. Modi, who has
ascertained to set out with a broom himself, has urged the public to take the pledge and
actively participate in the mission.9
As many as 1,34,000 crores have been allocated for building 11.11 crore toilets in the
scheme. The cost of Individual household latrine has been enhanced from Rs. 10,000 to Rs.
12,000. Urban and Rural missions have been made exclusive, and budgetary allocation will
thus be provided separately. Some other policy changes to the NBA have also been
introduced. But the problem with NBA has been at the implementation level, not so much at
the policy level. A report by the UNICEF India and Centre for Budget and Governance
Accountability (CBGA) revealed that only 49 percent of the budget had been utilised
between 1999 and 2011. Poor utilisations of funds, delay in the reach of funds and the lack of
funds have been identified as some of the problems with the whole Nirmal
Bharat campaign.10
9
According to a report by the World Health Organisation, India is ranked the highest when it
comes to the number of people practising open defecation, poor implementation of sanitation
schemes is the reason that India is plagued with health and hygiene issues. Open defecation is
rampant in India.. The percentage reduction is also nominal, and we fall behind countries like
Nigeria, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Ethiopia, and so on. Open defecation does not only
threaten health, hygiene and environment, but the lack of toilets is a roadblock in education
of girls in our country, and a threat to security of women who go out in the open to relieve
themselves. Many female students leave schools when they hit puberty due to the absence of
separate toilets for boys and girls. The evil of manual scavenging still exists in our society
due to the absence of toilets. Inadequate sanitation even has implication on the economy. It
has cost the economy Rs. 2.4 trillion.
5. CONCLUSION
Why did the League of Nations ultimately fail to achieve widespread disarmament, its most
fundamental goal? The previous explanations have included, among others, the absence of
the United States, failure to resolve the inherent problems between France and Great Britain
and France and Germany respectively, as well as smaller failures incurred in the handling of
the disarmament process. As I have argued in this paper, all of these explanations have merit,
yet the list is hardly conclusive. In fact, the international environment was not very conducive
for breakthroughs in the disarmament sphere due to the uncertain economic environment
(which lacked the basis for international cooperation), the so-called weak states (in addition
to French and British policy divisions) were not as constructive in the negotiations as is often
depicted, and domestic economic interest groups were often hostile to any significant arms
production and trade limitations. Thus, the member states tended to pursue their own
interests, which were not the same for each state nor were the means that they were ready to
use to achieve their aims.
I would argue that the failure of the League of Nations had two important dimensions:
The failure to provide adequate security guarantees for its members (like an alliance),
thus encouraging more aggressive policies by authoritarian states and leading to an
arms race;
10
The failure of this organization to achieve the disarmament goals it set out in the
1920s and 1930s (i.e., the imposition of military spending constraints).
If the League failed to provide pure public good in military deterrence, is this the reason why
this organization failed? I would maintain that the answer is yes. Even though the League was
not de jure meant to be a military alliance, its foundations would suggest this as a de facto
goal of the organization. And as an alliance, it failed to provide adequate security guarantees
for its members. Thus the individual countries pursued their own military spending and naval
strategies, undermining the viability of the League from the very beginning. When we add the
unsettled international economic and political system, various shocks to it (for example, the
Great Depression), and the broadly different (often opposing) negotiation stances of the
various states, this organization was doomed to fail. Its impotence in the 1930s when faced
with numerous crises and challenges was merely the outcome of its failure to become a
credible alliance.
SUGGESTIONS
The League of Nations did not function as a pure public-good alliance. Nor did it provide
adequate security guarantees for its members, which was amply displayed by the statistical
tests. This would indicate some type of a mix of pure and impure public good characteristics
for the military spending of these countries as a whole.
This failure meant for the military spending decision-making of the member nations. The
foreign policy environment under the superficially strong League of Nations in the 1920s did
not provide encouragement for meaningful spending cuts.
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books reffered
Articles
Johnathan Haslam, E.H. Carrs Search or Meaning, 1892-1982, in Michael Cox
(ed.), E.H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal, (Houndmills, 2000),
Barros, J. (1993). The League of Nations and Disarmament. Encyclopedia of Arms
Control and Disarmament. R. D. Burns. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons.
Krause, K. (1992). Arms and the state: patterns of military production and trade.
Cambridge; New York, Cambridge University Press.
Scott, G. (1973). The rise and fall of the League of Nations. London, Hutchinson.
Steiner, Z. (1993). The League of Nations and the Quest for Security. The Quest for
Stability. Problems of West European Security 19181957.
R. Ahmann, A. M. Birke and M. Howard. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Stromberg,
R. N. (1956). "The Idea of Collective Security."
Official Documents:
League of Nation, Assembly Documents (1923): A. 20. 1923, IX. Statistical Enquiry
into National Armaments. Part I. Peace-Time Military, Naval & Air Forces. A. 20.
League of Nations, Armaments Year-Books (19241940). 1st Edition. A. 37. 1924.
X; (1940 Edition) C. 228. M. 155. 1939. IX.
League of Nations, Council Documents (1924): C. 708. 1924 .IX: Arbitration, Security,
and Reduction of Armaments. Extracts from the Debates of the Fifth Assembly.
League of Nations, Assembly Documents (1931): A. 51. 1931. IX: September 11.
Reduction of Armaments
League of Nations, Council Documents (1924): C. 708. 1924 .IX: Arbitration, Security,
and Reduction of Armaments. Extracts from the Debates of the Fifth Assembly.
League of Nations, Council Documents (1931): C. 774. M. 369. 1931. IX: October 29.
Voluntary Armaments Truce.
Web sources
uahsibhistory.wikispaces.com
forum.axishistory.com
www.huffingtonpost.com
https://www.britannica.com
www.aljazeera.com
www.freedomhouse.org
www.hrw.org
articles.cnn.com
www.nytimes.com
undp.org
.