HACON User Manual

The information in this document is subjected to change without notice and should not
be construed as a commitment by Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Scanscot Technology AB

or the Division of Structural Mechanics at Lund University.
Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Scanscot Technology AB and the Division of Structural

Mechanics at Lund University assume no responsibility for any errors that may appear
in this document.
The software described in this document is furnished under license and may be used or
copied only in accordance with the terms of such license.
No part of this document may be reproduced in any form or distributed in any way
without prior written agreement with Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Scanscot Technology
AB and the Division of Structural Mechanics at Lund University.
2000 Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Scanscot Technology AB and the Division of

Structural Mechanics at Lund University.
Printed in Sweden
All Rights Reserved
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
2. INSTALLATION 2-1
2.1 System requirements 2-1
2.2 Installation procedure 2-1
3. STARTING HACON 3-1
4. INTERFACE ELEMENTS 4-1

4.1 Menus 4-3
4.2 Toolbars 4-5
5. PERFORMING A SIMULATION 5-1
5.1 Preprocessing 5-2

5.1.1 Project information 5-2
5.1.2 Geometry 5-3
5.1.2.1 Nodes 5-4
5.1.2.2 Curves 5-6
5.1.2.3 Surfaces 5-8
5.1.3 Materials 5-11
5.1.4 Boundary conditions 5-14
5.1.4.1 Temperature conditions 5-17
5.1.4.2 Heat flow conditions 5-20
5.1.4.3 Pipe flow conditions 5-23
5.1.4.4 Displacement conditions 5-27
5.1.4.5 Loading conditions 5-30
5.1.4.6 Spring conditions 5-33
5.1.5 Input data 5-36
5.1.6 Temperature and maturity from file 5-37
5.2 Calculation 5-39

5.2.1 Settings 5-39
5.2.2 Execute 5-41
5.3 Postprocessing 5-42

5.3.1 Distribution 5-43
5.3.2 History 5-45
5.3.3 Result type 5-48
6. DETERMINATION OF HEAT DEVELOPMENT 6-1
PARAMETERS
6.1 Heat development parameters, time-temperature 6-2
6.2 Heat development parameters, maturity-heat 6-5
6.3 Heat loss parameters from curing box 6-6
Appendix A Project files
Appendix B Material and cement types
Appendix C Example: Tunnel section

1. Introduction Page: 1-1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
HACON is a finite element program for simulations of temperature and stress development in
hardening concrete. With HACON you can estimate the risk of thermally induced cracking,
which greatly reduces the service life of concrete structures. If necessary, HACON can be
used for finding the most effective measures to avoid crack development, thereby avoiding
expensive repair work.
The main characteristics of HACON are:
HACON can handle two dimensional and axi-symmetrical problems. A special technique
makes it possible to perform analyses of structures with heat flow and restraint in different
directions, for example a wall cast on an earlier cast slab.
The finite element model can be extended during the analysis to consider casting stages
performed at different points of time.
Heat exchange with unbound regions is considered using infinite elements.
Heat development of the cement is described as a function of temperature and the degree
of hydration.
The development of material properties during hardening is considered in the stress

analysis.
The constitutive equations take into account elastic, thermal, creep and stress induced
thermal strain as well as crack development and autogeneous shrinkage.
Variations in the environmental temperature and the removal of formwork and insulation
can be taken into consideration.
The temperature or generated heat can be prescribed at specific points to take into
consideration the effect of cooling pipes or heating cables.
Page: 1-2 1. Introduction
Stress/displacement boundary conditions such as springs, external loading and prescribed

displacement can be defined.
A detailed theoretical description of HACON is given in the Theory Manual.
The Hacon manual set consists of two manuals to facilitate learning and using Hacon:
! Users Manual
The Users Manual provides practical instructions on how to use Hacon.
! Theory Manual
The Theory Manual provides a detailed theoretical description of Hacon.
HACON is developed as a joint project between Vattenfall, the Division of Structural

Mechanics at Lund University and Scanscot Technology AB. Scanscot Technology AB has
the exclusive rights to license HACON and is responsible for support and marketing.
2. Installation Page: 2-1
Chapter 2
INSTALLATION
2.1 System requirements
To install HACON you need a PC running Windows 95 or Windows NT 4.0 or a later
operating system. Furthermore you will need a CD-ROM drive and a minimum of 25 MB
available on the hard drive. 64 MB of RAM is recommended.
2.2 Installation procedure

1. Insert the HACON Installation CD-ROM in the CD-ROM drive.
2. The Setup program starts automatically. Follow the instructions in the installation
guide.
If the setup program does not start automatically:
1. Make sure the HACON Installation CD-ROM is correctly loaded in the CD-ROM
drive.
2. From the Start menu, choose Settings, and then choose Control Panel. Double click
on Add/Remove Programs.
3. On the Install/Uninstall tab, click Install. In the Install from Floppy Disk or CD-
ROM dialog box, click Next.
4. Click Browse and choose CD-ROM drive.
5. Open the Disk1 folder and click Setup.exe. Click Finish.
6. Follow the instructions in the separate document HACON License Installation

Guide.
3. Starting HACON Page: 3-1
Chapter 3
STARTING HACON
HACON can be started in two ways:
1. The Hacon installation process adds the program group hacon3 to the Program folder in
the Windows Start menu. Click Hacon 3 to start HACON.
Figure 3.1: Start HACON using the Windows Start menu.
2. Place the mouse pointer on a window of your project directory. Press the right mouse
button and choose to create a HACON document.
Figure 3.2: Create a HACON document

Page: 3-2 3. Starting HACON
Rename the file and doubleclick the icon to start HACON.
Figure 3.3: Start HACON using a HACON document.

4. Interface elements Page: 4-1
Chapter 4
INTERFACE ELEMENTS
The HACON interface consists of the following elements (see Figure 4.1):
A Menu bar with dropdown menus containing all functions in the program.
Toolbars with buttons providing quick access to commonly used functions. The vertical
toolbars on the left side of the main window contain special tools that the user needs to
build the model.
The Canvas where the different sub windows are displayed.
Sub windows where the main steps of the simulation in HACON are performed.
Status bar where the name of the current model is presented.
In this chapter the Menu bar and the toolbars are presented. The sub windows are described
in chapter 5 where the main steps of performing a simulation are presented.
Page: 4-2 4. Interface elements
Toolbars Menu bar containing drop down menus.
Sub window (Geometry). Canvas.
Status bar.
Figure 4.1: Interface elements in HACON.

4.1 Menus
4.1.1 File
The File menu is used for creating, reading and saving projects.
Click to create a new project.
Click to open an existing project.
Click to save current project.
Click to save current project with a new filename.
Click to close current project.
Click to calculate heat development parameters from test results.
Click to print Input file.
Click to exit HACON.
4.1.2 Edit
Click to copy current subwindow to Windows clipboard.
4.1.3 Input
Click to add information about the project.

Click to start geometry generation.
Click to start material generation.
Click to start generation of boundary conditions.
Click to view input data.
Click to import temperature and maturity data from file.

4.1.4 Topology
This menu is used for editing the geometry definition.
Click to edit the node coordinates.

Click to edit the definition of the curves.
Click to edit the definition of the surfaces.
4.1.5 Calculation
Click to set analysis type, time stepping etc.

Click to start the analysis.
4.1.6 Results
Click to show the results of the current project.
4.1.7 Window
The Window menu is used for arranging the sub windows.
4.1.8 Help
Click to view information about HACON and the licence holder.

4.2 Toolbars
4.2.1 Standard
The Standard toolbar contains the most used functions in the File and Edit menus (see 4.1.1
- 4.1.2).
Click to delete a marked node, curve, surface etc.
Click to copy current subwindow to Windows clipboard.
Click to print input data.
Click to save current project.
Click to open an existing project.
Click to create a new project.
4.2.2 Hacon
The Hacon toolbar contains the most used functions in the Input, Calculation and Result
menus (see 4.1.3, 4.1.5 and 4.1.6).
Click to show results.
Click to execute calculation.
Click to state calculation settings.
Click to view input data.
Click to start definition of boundary conditions.
Click to start definition of materials.
Click to start definition of geometry.

4.2.3 View
The View toolbar is used for controlling the visualisation of the model.
Select to show node numbers.
Select to show curve and surface numbers.
Click to set the grid spacing.
Select to show grid.
Select to activate snap to grid.
Click to zoom the extent.

Select to zoom a user defined region. Place the mouse
pointer in the upper left corner of the region. Hold the
left mouse button down while moving the pointer to the
lower right corner of the region. Release the mouse
button.
Click to zoom out.
Click to zoom in.
Select to pan the model. Place the mouse pointer on the

point to be moved. Press the left mouse button, move
the mouse pointer to the new position and then release
the mouse button.
4.2.4 Coordinates
The Coordinates toolbar shows the coordinates of the mouse pointer.
4.2.5 Results
The Results toolbar is used for controlling the display of the results. This toolbar is shown
only when studying results.
Click to choose result Click to show result history in tabular form.

component to be
Click to show result distribution.
displayed.
Current time step
Click to show result history in diagram form.
Drag to choose current

Click to choose colour or time step.
grey scale contour plot. Click to view next time step.
Click to set plot
properties Click to view previous time
step.
Click to view results at
node marker. Click to set marker
properties.
Click to view history of
mean results inside Click to view history of
rectangle marker. minimum result inside
rectangle marker.
Click to view history of
maximum result inside
rectangle marker.
4.2.6 Geometry
The Geometry toolbar contains the tools you need to define the geometry of the structure.
This toolbar is only shown when the Geometry button in the Hacon toolbar or Geometry in
the Input menu is selected.
Select to make it possible to select nodes, curves or surfaces in the Geometry window.
Select to create nodes
Select to create lines between two node points.
Select to create curves between three node points.
Select to create surfaces.
Select to edit surface properties.
4.2.7 Boundary conditions

The Boundary condition toolbar contains the tools you need to define the boundary
conditions of the structure. This toolbar is only shown when the Boundary condition button
in the Hacon toolbar or Boundary condition in the Input menu is selected.
Select to make it possible to select conditions in the Boundary condition view window.
Click to move selected nodal boundary condition to nearest node.

Select to generate nodal boundary conditions.
Select to generate boundary conditions along curves.
Select to generate surface boundary conditions.
Select to state temperature conditions.
Select to state heat flow conditions.
Select to state pipe flow conditions.
Select to state prescribed displacements.
Select to state external loads.
Select to generate elastic springs.

5. Performing a simulation Page: 5-1
Chapter 5
PERFORMING A SIMULATION
Create a new project by clicking New in the File menu (see 4.1.1) or the New button in the
Standard toolbar (see 4.2.1).
Open an existing project by clicking Open in the File menu or the Open button in the
Standard toolbar.
There are five main steps in creating a simulation in HACON:
1. Define the geometry.

2. Define the materials.
3. Define the boundary conditions.
4. Make calculation settings.
5. Execute calculation.
The rest of this chapter shows how to perform a simulation step by step.
Page: 5-2 5. Performing a simulation
5.1 Preprocessing
5.1.1 Project information

Click Project information in the Input menu (see 4.1.3) to add information about the
project. This information will be printed in the input data presentation (see 5.1.5).
Figure 5.1: Project information window

5.1.2 Geometry
To start the geometry generation, click the Geometry button on the Hacon toolbar or choose
Geometry in the Input menu. The Geometry window and the Geometry toolbar will then
appear (see Figure 5.2).
Click to enable geometry definition.

Geometry toolbar Geometry window
Figure 5.2: Geometry definition.
In HACON the geometry is described by dividing the structure into a number of

superelements. These superelements can easily be refined to a required number of elements.
The superelements are generated in three steps.

1. Node definition
2. Curves definition
3. Surfaces definition
5.1.2.1 Nodes
Press the Node button on the Geometry toolbar. Create nodes by clicking in the Geometry
window. If you have Snap-to-grid activated (see section 4.2.3) the nodes can only be placed
on the defined grid. The coordinates of the cursor are shown in the Coordinate toolbar.
Click to enable node generation. Click in the Geometry window to create nodes.
Figure 5.3: Node generation.
The thick lines represent the coordinate system. The coordinate axis are as follows.
X - horizontal axis, positive direction to the right
Y - vertical axis, positive direction upwards
A node can be removed by clicking the Select Objects button on the Geometry toolbar and
then click on the node to be removed. The node will be marked with a blue circle. Remove the
node by pressing the Delete button on the Standard toolbar (see 4.2.1) or the delete button on
the keyboard. You can move nodes directly in the Geometry window with the mouse by
clicking the Select Objects button and then use the drag and drop technique.
The coordinates can be edited in the Nodes window by choosing Nodes on the Topology
menu, see Figure 5.4.
In the Nodes window you can paste node data from the windows clipboard, see Figure 5.4.
The node data should be organised as follows:
X coordinate 1 [m] Y coordinate 1 [m]

X coordinate 2 [m] Y coordinate 2 [m]

X coordinate n [m] Y coordinate n [m]
Add new node.

Remove marked node.
Paste node data from windows clipboard.
Figure 5.4: Editing node coordinates in the Nodes window.

5.1.2.1 Curves
Then the nodes have to be connected by curves. These curves will later be used to describe
the boundaries of the surfaces.
There are two types of curves:
Lines connecting two nodes. Use this type when a straight surface boundary is required.
Curves connecting three nodes. Use this type when a curved surface boundary is required.
A curve is created by pressing the Create line button or Create curve button on the
Geometry toolbar. Then, in the Geometry window, mark the nodes that should be connected.
Click to enable line generation.

Click to enable curve generation. Click on the nodes to be connected.
Figure 5.5: Curve generation.

A curve can be removed by clicking the Select Objects button on the Geometry toolbar and
then click on the curve to be removed. The colour of the curve will then change from red to
blue. Remove the curve by pressing the Delete button on the Standard toolbar or the delete
button on the keyboard.
The curve definitions can be edited in the Curves window by choosing Curves on the
Topology menu.
In the Curves window you can paste curve data from the windows clipboard. The curve data
should be organised as follows:
First node [curve 1] Second node [curve 1] Third node [only if curve 1 is connecting three
nodes]
First node [curve 2] Second node [curve 2] Third node [only if curve 2 is connecting three
nodes]

First node [curve n] Second node [curve n] Third node [only if curve n is connecting three
nodes]
5.1.2.3 Surfaces
Next step is to define the surfaces of the superelements. A surface is created by pressing the
Create surface button in the Geometry toolbar. Then mark the four curves that describe the
boundaries of the surface. Note that the curves have to be marked in counter clockwise order.
Select curves in the Geometry

Click to enable surface generation.
window to create surfaces.
Figure 5.6: Surface generation.
Surfaces has to be surrounded by curves of the same type, i.e. lines connecting two nodes or
curves connecting three nodes.
When four curves are marked, a dialog box will be shown on the screen (see Figure 5.7). In
this dialog box the type of elements and the number of elements horizontally and vertically
are stated.
HACON includes three types of elements:
Eight node finite elements

Five node, singly infinite elements
Three node, doubly infinite elements
Five and three node elements are used for modelling unbounded regions e.g. the soil
surrounding the concrete structure.
The number of eight node elements in a surface can be stated in both the vertical (rows) and
horizontal direction (columns). The number of five and three node elements is locked to one
in the infinite directions. Note that the number of rows/columns must agree in surfaces with
adjoining boundaries. If not, no rows or columns will be shown in the Geometry window and
the simulation will not run properly.
The finite boundaries in the five and three node elements are marked with grey. The first
curve of the four lines describing an area of five node elements will be the finite edge of the
opposite side of the infinite edge. The two first curves describing an area of three node
elements will be the finite edges. Note that the curve order can be changed using the Rotate
button on the Surface properties dialog box (see Figure 5.8). The Surface properties dialog
is shown when selecting the Surface properties button on the Geometry toolbar.
State number of element rows.

State number of element columns.
Select type of element.
Figure 5.7: New surface dialog box
The general thickness of the model is defined in the Calculation Settings dialog box (see
section 5.2.1.1). If the surface has another thickness, this have to be stated in the Surface
Properties dialog box (see Figure 5.8). The Boundary Conditions (see section 5.1.4) are
stated as the total influence on the structure. Therefore the absolute value of these boundary
conditions is not affected by the chosen thickness.
Select current surface number
Select curves that describe the

boundaries of the current surface.
Rotate the order of the curves stated above.
State the number of element rows in the current surface.
State the number of element columns in the current surface.
Select type of element in current surface.

Mark thickness and state the thickness of the surface if it
differ from the genereal thickness.
Figure 5.8: Surface properties dialog box
The surface definitions can be edited either in the Surface Properties dialog box or by
choosing Surfaces on the Topology menu.
In the Surfaces window you can paste curve data from the windows clipboard. The curve data
should be organised as follows:
Curve nr 1 Curve nr 2 Curve nr 3 Curve nr 4 Rows Columns Nodes [for surface 1]

Curve nr 1 Curve nr 2 Curve nr 3 Curve nr 4 Rows Columns Nodes [for surface 2]

Curve nr 1 Curve nr 2 Curve nr 3 Curve nr 4 Rows Columns Nodes [for surface n]
5.1.3 Materials
To start the material definition, click the Material button on the Hacon toolbar or choose
Material in the Input menu. The Materials window and the Material view window will
then appear (see Figure 5.9).
Click to enable material definition. Click to enable Materials window.
Material view window Materials window
Figure 5.9: Material definition
All the materials needed in the project are defined in the Materials window. Materials can be
defined by the user or picked from the material database. The user can change any property of
a material picked from the database.
The material types in the database are described in Appendix B. If the material is defined by
the user, a cement type has to be choosen, see Figure 5.11. Predefined cement types are also
described in Appendix B. The user can create their own cement types based on test data from
heat development of the actual concrete mix in a curing box, see chapter 6.
The Material view window is used for connecting materials to the surfaces. Mark the
required material in the Materials window and then click on the surface in the Material view
window.
Note that the time of casting is a material property. To be able to simulate casting stages, the
material in each casting stage has to be defined separately.
Another material property is the initial maturity time at casting. This property makes it
possible to add an old casting stage to the model at the same time as the new casting stage and
thereby reduce the time of analysis.
A more detailed description of the material properties is given in the Theory Manual.
Click to add new user defined material (see Figure 5.11).

Click to delete the marked material.
Click to add new material from database (see Figure 5.13).
Click to add marked material to database.
Click to edit the properties of the marked material (see Figure 5.12).
Click to change name of the marked material.
Figure 5.10: Materials window
Figure 5.11: New material dialog box

Click the tabs to define different

material properties
Figure 5.12: Material properties dialog box.
Figure 5.13: Material database window

5.1.4 Boundary conditions

To start the definition of boundary conditions, click the Boundary condition button in the
Hacon toolbar or choose Boundary condition in the Input menu.
Click to enable the Boundary conditions window.
Select to enable definition of boundary conditions Boundary conditions window.
Boundary condition toolbar Boundary conditions view window.
Figure 5.14: Definition of boundary conditions.

Different types of boundary conditions can be defined, both for heat transfer analysis and
stress/displacement analysis.
Heat transfer analysis:

Temperature conditions
Heat flow conditions
Pipe flow conditions
Stress/displacement analysis:
Displacement conditions
Loading conditions
Springs conditions
Boundary conditions can be stated in nodes, along curves and in surfaces (see Figure 5.15).
Select if nodal condition is required.

Select if condition along curves is required.
Select if condition in surfaces is required.
Figure 5.15: State type of boundary condition.

Note that boundary conditions, when presribed in nodes is activated, only can be placed in the
nodes. If the FE-mesh is modified after the nodal boundary conditions are specified, the
boundary conditions are not moved to match the new positions of the FE-mesh. When the
calculation is performed, the program will then move the nodal boundary conditions to the
nearest node in the FE-model. You can move the nodal boundary conditions before the
analysis by marking them and then clicking the Snap to nodes button in the Boundary
condition toolbar.
If you want to define the same (or similar) history (of time) for many boundary conditions, it
is accurate to define the history in, for example, a spread sheet program and then use the
windows clipboard to Paste the function in the History Table Editor (see Figure 5.19, 5.24,
5.29, 5.36, 5.41 and 5.45 respectively).
The history data should be organised as follows:
Time 1 [h] Parameter a Parameter b [if necessary]

Time 2 [h] Parameter a Parameter b [if necessary]

Time n [h] Parameter a Parameter b [if necessary]
5.1.4.1 Temperature conditions
Temperature conditions can be prescribed at nodes, along curves and on surfaces.
Press the Temperature button on the Boundary condition toolbar. Choose if the condition to
be generated acts in nodes, along curves or on surfaces. Add the condition in the
Temperature conditions window. Edit the history and the properties of the condition. Click
on the objects in the Boundary condition view window where the condition is required.
Select to enable definition of boundary conditions. Click to enable Temperature conditions window.
Select to enable definition Temperature conditions Temperature

of temperature conditions. view window. conditions window.
Figure 5.16: Definition of temperature conditions.

Click to add new temperature condition
Click to remove marked temperature condition
Click to edit history of marked temperature

condition (see Figure 5.18)
Click to edit properties of marked
temperature condition (see Figure 5.20).
Click to change name of the marked
temperature condition
Figure 5.17: Temperature conditions window.
Current event.
Click to view previous or next

event.
State current point of time.
Click to change current point

of time.
Click to change temperature
at the current point of time.
State temperature at the

current point of time.
Click to edit events in tabular

form (see Figure 5.19).
Click to confirm changes

Figure 5.18: Temperature history editor. made above.
Click to add new event.

Click to remove the marked event.
Click to insert new event before the marked

event.
Click to paste data from windows clipboard.
Figure 5.19: Temperature history table editor.
Choose type of insulation.
State thermal conductivity if insulation type

Other is chosen above.
State thickness of insulation.
State wind velocity.
State transfer coefficient if the chosen insulation

type is Specified transfer coefficient. If another
type of insulation is chosen, the transfer
coefficient calculated by the program will be
shown here
Figure 5.20: Transfer coefficient window.

5.1.4.2 Heat flow conditions
Heat flow can be prescribed in nodes, along curves and in surfaces. This type of boundary
condition is intended for situations when external electric radiators or heating cables are used.
Press the Heat flow button on the Boundary condition toolbar. Choose if the condition to be
generated acts in nodes, along curves or in surfaces. Add the condition in the Heat flow
conditions window. Edit the history of the condition. Click on the objects in the Boundary
condition view window where the condition is required.
Select to enable definition of boundary conditions Click to enable Heat flow conditions window
Select to enable definition Heat flow conditions Heat flow conditions

of heat flow conditions. view window. window.
Figure 5.21: Definition of heat flow conditions.

Click to add new heat flow condition.
Click to remove marked heat flow condition.
Click to edit history of marked heat flow

condition (see Figure 5.23).

heat flow condition.
Figure 5.22: Heat flow conditions window.
Current event.

event.

of time.
Click to change heat flow at
the current point of time.
State heat flow at the current
point of time.


Figure 5.23: Heat flow history editor. made above.

event.
Figure 5.24: Heat flow history table editor.

5.1.4.3 Pipe flow conditions
Pipe flow conditions can only be defined in nodes. This type of boundary condition is used
for simulation of cooling pipes.
Two types of pipe flow conditions can be generated (see Figure 5.30):
Specified pipe flow
Specified output temperature
Select to start definition of boundary conditions. Click to enable Pipe windows.
Pipe flow conditions

Select to start definition Pipe flow conditions window.
of pipe flow conditions. view window.
Pipe arrangement
window.
Figure 5.25: Definition of pipe flow conditions.

Press the Pipe flow button in the Boundary conditions toolbar. Add the required condition in
the Pipe flow conditions window. Edit the history and the properties of the pipe flow
condition.
The next step is to generate an arrangement of pipes with the properties stated in the Pipe
flow conditions window. Add the arrangement in the Pipe arrangement window. Click in
the Pipe flow conditions view window to create the pipes.
Click to add new pipe condition.
Click to remove marked pipe condition.
Click to edit history of marked pipe

pipe condition (see Figure 5.30).
pipe condition.
Figure 5.26: Pipe conditions window.
Click to add new pipe arrangement.
Click to remove marked pipe arrangement.
Click to state properties of marked pipe arrangement

(see Figure 5.32).
Pipe arrangement.
Figure 5.27: Pipe arrangement window

Current event.

event.

of time.
Click to change input tempera-
ture at the current point of time.
State input temperature at the
Click to change pipe flow (or
output temperature) at the
State pipe flow or output
temperature (depends on pipe
properties settings) at the
Click to confirm changes Click to edit events in tabular
made above. form (see Figure 5.29).
Figure 5.28: Pipe flow history editor.


event.
Click to paste data windows clipboard.
Figure 5.29: Pipe flow history table editor.

State pipe diameter.

Click to calculate new transfer coefficient
(see Figure 5.31).
State transfer coefficient.
State specific heat of cooling liquid.
State type of pipe condition, specified pipe
flow or specified output temperature.
Figure 5.30: Pipe conditions window.
State type of pipe insulation.
State thermal conductivity of insulation.

State thickness of insulation.
Transfer coefficient calculated by the program

from input stated above.
Figure 5.31: Pipe transfer coefficient window.
Window showing the order of pipes

in current pipe arrangement.
Click to move marked
pipe up in pipe order.
Click to move marked

pipe down in pipe order.
State the length of each pipe in the

arrangement.
Figure 5.32: Pipe arrangement properties window.

5.1.4.4 Displacement conditions
Displacement can be prescribed in nodes and along curves.
Press the Displacement button on the Boundary condition toolbar. Choose if the condition
to be generated acts in nodes or along curves. Add the condition in the Displacement
conditions window. Edit the history and the properties of the condition. Click on the objects
in the Boundary condition view window where the condition is required.
Select to enable definition of boundary conditions. Click to enable Displacement conditions window.
Select to enable definition Displacement conditions Displacement

of displacement conditions. view window. conditions window.
Figure 5.33: Definition of displacement conditions.

Click to add new displacement condition
Click to remove marked displacement condition
Click to edit history of marked displacement

condition (see Figure 5.35)
Click to state properties of marked
displacement condition (see Figure 5.37).
displacement condition
Figure 5.34: Displacement conditions window.
Current event.

event.

of time.
Click to change displacement
State displacement at the



made above.
Figure 5.35: Displacement history editor.


event.
Figure 5.36: Displacement history table editor.
State type of prescribed displacement.
Figure 5.37: Displacement properties window.

5.1.4.5 Loading conditions
Loads can be added in nodes and along curves. Note that dead weight of the structure is stated
when defining the material properties.
Press the Loading button on the Boundary condition toolbar. Choose if the load to be
generated acts in nodes or along curves. Add the condition in the Loading conditions
window. Edit the history of the condition. Click on the objects in the Boundary condition
view window where the condition is required.
Select to enable definition of boundary conditions. Click to enable Loading conditions window.
Select to enable definition Loading conditions Loading conditions

of loading conditions. view window. window.
Figure 5.38: Definition of loading conditions.

Click to add new loading condition.
Click to remove marked loading condition.
Click to edit history of marked loading


loading condition.
Figure 5.39: Loading conditions window.
Current event.

event.
of time.
Click to change horizontal load
State horizontal load at the
Click to change vertical load
State vertical load at the
made above.
Figure 5.40: Loading history editor.

event.
Figure 5.41: Loading history table editor.

5.1.4.6 Spring conditions
HACON includes the possibility to simulate elastic spring in nodes and along curves.
Press the Spring button on the Boundary condition toolbar. Choose if the condition to be
generated acts in nodes or along curves. Add the condition in the Spring conditions window.
Edit the history and the properties of the condition. Click on the objects in the Boundary
condition view window where the condition is required.
Select to start definition of boundary conditions Click to enable Spring conditions list window.
Select to start definition Spring conditions Spring conditions

of spring conditions. view window. list window.
Figure 5.42: Definition of spring conditions.

Click to add new spring condition.
Click to remove marked spring condition.
Click to edit history of marked spring

spring condition (see Figure 5.46).
spring condition.
Figure 5.43: Spring conditions window.
Current event.

event.
of time.
Click to change horizontal displace-
ment at the current point of time.
State horizontal displacement
Click to change vertical displace-
ment at the current point of time.
State vertical displacement at
the current point of time.
made above.
Figure 5.44: Spring conditions editor.


event.
Figure 5.45: Spring history table editor.
State horizontal spring stiffness.

State vertical spring stiffness.
Figure 5.46: Spring properties window.

5.1.5 Input data

A complete input presentation can be received by clicking the Input data button on the
Hacon toolbar or Input data on the Input menu. A print out of the input data can be obtained
by clicking the Print button on the Standard toolbar.
Click to show input data.
Click to print out input data. Input data window.
Figure 5.47: Input data presentation

5.1.6 Temperature and maturity from file

HACON includes a technique that makes it possible to perform analyses of structures with
heat flow and restraint in different directions. The simulation actually consists of two different
simulations (se Figure 5.48):
Simulation of temperature development in the cross section of the structure

Simulation of stress development in the elevation of the structure.
The results from the temperature simulation are used as input to the stress simulation. A
mean-value-processor will calculate the mean temperature and maturity over the cross section
at each time step. These mean values will be used in the stress simulation.
Temperature simulation Stress simulation
Figure 5.48: Geometry for temperature and stress calculation with input
of temperature and maturity from file.
To make this type of simulation work properly, the height and position in the Y-direction of
the surfaces influenced by temperature and/or maturity, and the number of rows in each such
surface, have to be the same in both the temperature and the stress simulation.
When making the stress simulation, Click Temperature and maturity from file on the Input
menu. State the filename of the temperature simulation in the dialog box (see Figure 5.49).
Figure 5.49: Temperature and maturity from file dialog box.
Note that the simulation type (see 5.2.1 Calculation settings) should be set as follows:
In the temperature simulation:

Simulation of temperature and maturity
No calculation of displacement and stresses (if not interested in stresses in the cross
section)
In the stress simulation:

Input of temperature and maturity
Calculation of displacement and stresses
5.2 Calculation
5.2.1 Settings
Before starting the analysis some calculation settings must be made. This is done by clicking
the Calculation settings button on the Hacon toolbar or Settings on the Calculation menu.
The Calculation settings Dialog box (see Figure 5.50) contains two tabs:
General: Information about analysis type, memory settings etc.

Time step: Information about the time increments.
5.2.1.1 General
Click to start defining general Choose type of analysis

calculation settings. (only affects stress simulations).
Choose how to simulate

temperature and maturity.
Choose if displacements and
stresses is required.
State the maximum

memory allowed to be
used in the different parts
of the analysis.
State the general
thickness of the structure.
Figure 5.50: General calculation settings
The Input of temperature and maturity option is used when making an analysis of a
structure with heat flow and restraint in different directions (see 5.1.6). Then choose
Simulation of temperature and maturity in the temperature analyses and Input of
temperature and maturity in the stress simulation.
5.2.1.2 Time step
Simulation of the property development in young concrete requires short time increments. As
the concrete gets older, the property development and the need for short increments decreases.
In HACON, an analysis can be divided into a number of intervals. For each interval the length
of the time steps and the increment for storage of results can be stated. Note that the length of
the increment for storage must be a multiple of the time step.
Click to start defining time steps. State reference time for the
simulation.
Current interval of the total number

of intervals.
Start time for current interval.
State end time for current interval.

State length of each time step in the
current interval
State how often results should be
written to disk (has to be a multiple
of Time step).
Number of time steps in current
interval.
Click to change current interval.
State number of intervals.
Figure 5.51: Time step settings

5.2.2 Execute
A simulation is started either by clicking the Execute calculation button on the Hacon
toolbar or by choosing Execute from the Calculation menu. When the calculation is running,
a window (see Figure 5.52) will display information about how the calculation is proceeding.
Note that the time left will increase when casting stages are added during the calculation.
Gauge showing how the analysis is proceeding.

Number of current step.
Time used.
Approximation of time left.
Click to cancel the calculation.
Click to resume the calculation after it has been paused.

Click to pause the calculation.
Figure 5.52: Window showing how the calculation is proceeding.

5.3 Postprocessing
The results can be shown either by pushing the Show results button on the Hacon toolbar or
by choosing Show results from the Results menu. The Results toolbar and the Result
window will then appear on the screen.
Click to view results.
Results toolbar Result window
Figure 5.53: Result presentation.
There are two main possibilities to study results from a simulation:

Distribution at a specific point of time, presented in form of contour or vector plots, see
5.3.1.
History in a specific point or region, presented in diagram or table form, see 5.3.2.
The result component to be studied is choosen in the Result type drop list on the Results
toolbar, see 5.3.3.
Contour, vector and diagram plots can be copied to Windows clipboard by clicking the Copy
button on the Standard toolbar (see 4.2.1). Results in tabular form can be copied to Windows
clipboard by clicking the Copy button on the Result History Table window (see Figure
5.57).
The Results toolbar is presented in section 4.2.5.
5.3.1 Distribution
To view result distribution, click the Distribution button on the Results toolbar. The
properties of the plot can be stated by clicking the Properties button on the same toolbar.
Click to view result distribution.
Click to set plot properties. Drag to change time step.
Figure 5.54: Results window showing contour plot of temperature distribution.

Figure 5.55: Results window showing vector plot of principal stresses.

5.3.2 History
To view result history, click the History button on the Results toolbar.
The following results can be plotted in diagram form:

Result history in the node marked with a cross (see Figure 5.54).
History of mean results in the region marked with a rectangle
History of maximum results in the region marked with a rectangle
History of minimum results in the region marked with a rectangle
Click to view result history in diagram form.

Click to view history in marked node.
Click to view history of mean result in marked region.
Click to view history of maximum result in marked region.
Click to view history of minimum result in marked region.
Figure 5.56: Results window showing temperature history.

Click to view result history in tabular form.
Result history table
Click to copy table to Windows clipboard.
Figure 5.57: Results history in diagram and tabular form.

The position of the node marker and the rectangle marker can be changed by clicking the
Cursor properties button on the Results toolbar.
State coordinates for cross marker or

upper left corner of rectangle marker.
State coordinates for lower right corner

of rectangle marker.
Click to move marker.
Figure 5.58: Change position of marker.

5.3.3 Result type

To choose the result component to be presented in the Result window, click the Result type
drop list on the Results toolbar, see Figure 5.59.
Figure 5.59: Result type drop list.
Table 5.1 presents a summary of the result types/components that can be presented in
HACON. In the following the different result types are described.
Result type Component Unit Presentation

Distribution History
Temperature Temperature C x x
Mean temperature C x
Maximum temperature C x
Minimum temperature C x
Maturity h x x
Degree of hydration % x x
Pipe Pipe flow kg/s x

Input temperature C x
Output temperature C x
Displacement X-displacement m x x
Y- displacement m x x
Heatloss W/m x
Reactions X-reactions N x
Y-reactions N x
Stress Maximum principal stress MPa x x

Minimum principal stress MPa x
Stresses in plane MPa x
Normal stress in X-direction MPa x
Normal stress in Y-direction MPa x
Normal stress in Z-direction MPa x
Shear stress MPa x
Tensile strength MPa x x
Compressive strength MPa x x
Stress-Strength ratio % x x
Table 5.1: Summary of result types.

5.3.1.1 Temperature
Description: The temperature distribution in the structure is presented. In the Plot

properties window, see Figure 5.60, the following parameters can be set:
! Toggle between colour distribution and contour plot in the distribution
window.
! Set the maximum and minimum values of the legend or choose to let
these values be calculated automatically.
! State the number of contour lines to be presented.
! Choose between different temperature presentations in the history
window (temperature in a point or mean, maximum and minimum
temperature respectively in a region). This can also be done in the
Results toolbar, see 5.3.
Unit: C
Presentation: Distribution (see 5.3.1) and History (see 5.3.2)
Figure 5.60: Plot properties window, result type temperature.
5.3.1.2 Maturity
Description: The equivalent maturity time, which facilitates the comparsion of hydration
processes during different thermal conditions, is presented. For a detailed
description see section 2.2 in the Theory Manual. In the Plot properties
window the maximum and minimum values of the legend can be set or
choosed to be calculated automatically.
Unit: h
5.3.1.3 Degree of hydration
Description: After casting, the stength of the concrete develops during the hydration
process, which consists of several simultaneous chemical reactions. The
degree of hydration is a measure of how far this reactions have developed.
For a detailed description see section 2.2 in the Theory Manual. In the Plot
properties window the maximum and minimum values of the legend can be
set or choosed to be calculated automatically.
Unit: %
5.3.1.4 Pipe
Description: The pipe flow for each pipe can be presented in two ways:
! Pipe flow, which present the flow of the cooling medium in the pipe.
! Input and the output temperature, which present the temperature of the
cooling medium at the beginning and the end of the pipe respectively.
Choose pipe and result information to be presented in the Plot properties
window, see Figure 5.61.
Unit: Pipe flow, kg/s
Input and output temperature, C
Presentation: History (see 5.3.2)
Figure 5.61: Plot properties window, result type pipe.
5.3.1.5 Displacements
Description: The displacement of the structure is presented. In the distribution window

the displaced structure and the original shape of the structure are shown
simultaneously. Choose scale factor in the Plot properties window, see
Figure 5.62 .The history window present the displacement i the X- or Y-
directions. Choose direction in the Plot properties window, see Figure 5.62.
Unit: m
Figure 5.62: Plot properties window, result type displacement.
5.3.1.6 Heatloss
Description: Heat loss on the relevant boundaries of the structure is presented.

Unit: W/m
5.3.1.7 Reactions
Description: Reactions in the spring (support) conditions boundaries are presented.

Choose between reactions in X- or Y-direction in the Plot properties
window.
Unit: N
5.3.1.8 Stress
Description: The stress distribution in the structure is presented. In the distribution

window the following components can be viewed:
! Maximum principal stress.
! Stresses in plane.
In the history window the following components can be viewed:
! Minimum principal stress.
! Normal stress in X-direction.
! Normal stress in Y-direction.
! Normal stress in Z-direction.
! Shear stress.
The result component to be shown is choosen in the Plot properties
window, see Figure 5.63.
Unit: MPa
Figure 5.63: Plot properties window, result type stress.
5.3.1.9 Tensile strength
Description: The tensile strength of the concrete is presented. In the Plot properties
window the maximum and minimum values of the legend can be set or
choosed to be calculated automatically.
Unit: MPa
5.3.1.10 Compressive strength
Description: The compressive strength of the concrete is presented. In the Plot

properties window the maximum and minimum values of the legend can be
set or choosed to be calculated automatically.
Unit: MPa
5.3.1.11 Stress-Strength ratio
Description: The maximum (tensile) principal stress in the structure is compared with the
actual tensile concrete strength. In the Plot properties window the
maximum and minimum values of the legend can be set or choosed to be
calculated automatically.
Unit: %
6. Determination of heat development parameters Page: 6-1
Chapter 6
DETERMINATION OF HEAT
DEVELOPMENT PARAMETERS
HACON includes various types of concrete and cement, see section 5.1.3. If the actual
concrete/cement do not match with the predefined materials provided in the database, the heat
development parameters can be determined in the Create heat development parameters
module.
The heat development parameters are calculated according to Appendix B in the Theory
manual.
Input data to this module are test data from heat development of the actual concrete mix in a
curing box. The test data required are either time-temperature data or maturity-heat data.
Furthermore, when the time-temperature data is used, the mass density and specific heat of
the concrete as well as the cement content has to be specified. In addition to this the heat loss
of the curing box has to be specified, which can be separately calculated in the module.
There are three calculation types available:
1. Heat development parameters, time-temperature.

2. Heat development parameters, maturity-heat.
3. Heat loss parameter from curing box.
Open the Create heat development parameters module by clicking Create cement type
in the File menu and then choose calculation type.
The rest of this chapter shows how to perform the three available calculation types step by
step.
Page: 6-2 6. Determination of heat development parameters
6.1. Heat development parameters, time-temperature
After you have choosen the calculation type (see figure 6.1) you have to choose which
parameters to be calculated, see figure 6.2. The parameters you choose to not calculate have
to be specified in the next step. Click next.
In the next input box, specify the cement properties, curing box and, if necessary, heat
development parameters. See figure 6.3. Then go to the next input box.
Specify the file names that include the relevant time-temperature data from the test results.
The files should be organised as follows (see figure 6.4):
Time 1 [seconds] Temp. in concrete 1 [C] Environmental temp. 1 [C]


Time n [seconds] Temp. in concrete n [C] Environmental temp. n [C]
Click next.
The calculated heat development parameters are presented. You can export the parameters to
the cement type database by clicking the Add to CEMPROPT file button, see figure 6.5.
This file (cement type) is then available in the New material input box, see figure 5.10.
Figure 6.1: Choose calculation type.

Figure 6.2: Choose parameters to be calculated.
Figure 6.3: Specify input parameters.

Figure 6.4: Specify input filenames.
Click to add to cement

type database.
Figure 6.5: Heat development parameters are presented.

6.2. Heat development parameters, maturity-heat
After you have choosen the calculation type (see figure 6.1) you have to choose which
parameters to be calculated, see figure 6.2. The parameters you choose to not calculate have
to be specified in the next step. Click next.
In the next input box, if necessary, specify the heat development parameters. Then go to the
next input box.
Specify the file name that include the relevant maturity-heat data from the test results. The file
should be organised as follows (see figure 6.6):
Maturity 1 [seconds] Heat developed 1 [J/kg]

Maturity 2 [seconds] Heat developed 2 [J/kg]

Maturity n [seconds] Heat developed n [J/kg]
Click next.
The calculated heat development parameters are presented. You can export the parameters to
file by clicking the Add to CEMPROPT file button, see figure 6.5. This file (cement type) is
then available in the New material input box, see figure 5.10.
Figure 6.6: Specify input filename.

6.3. Heat loss parameter from curing box
After you have choosen the calculation type (see figure 6.1) you have to specify the cement
properties. Then click next.
Specify the file names that include the relevant time-temperature data from the test results.
The files should be organised as follows (see figure 6.4):


Time n [seconds] Temp. in concrete n [C] Environmental temp. n [C]
Click next.
The calculated heat loss coefficient is presented, see figure 6.7.
Figure 6.7: Heat loss coefficient for curing box is presented.

Appendix A Page: A-1
Appendix A
PROJECT FILES
Hacon creates the following project files:
*.h3 Model database created in the preprocessing phase. This is the main project file
and includes a complete description of the model. This is the only project file
needed to execute a calculation in Hacon.
*.dat Input file generated by Hacon when the simulation is executed.
*.lst Text file with input description generated when the simulation is executed. This
file can be printed, see 5.1.5.
*.out Result database created when the simulation is executed. This file is used when
postprocessing.
*.dtm File created when the Temperature and maturity from file option is choosed
from the Input menu. This file includes the mean temperature and maturity for
the modell choosen.
Appendix B Page: B-1
Appendix B
MATERIAL AND CEMENT TYPES

MATERIAL TYPES
HACON includes several predefined material types. They are listed in Table B.1 below.
Material type Description Typical parameters *

Compressive Tensile Elastic Cement
strength strength modulus content
fc0 ft0 E0 -
BRO94 - Concrete Concrete according to the Swedish 53.0 MPa 4.23 MPa 38.6 GPa 410 kg/m3
Bridge Code, BRO94.
K25 Concrete according to Swedish 25.0 MPa 2.56 MPa 28.5 GPa 250 kg/m3
Concrete Regulations.
Rock Simulation of ground. 50.3 MPa 4.09 MPa 50.0 GPa -
Silt - Clay Simulation of ground. Compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic
modulus has to be stated by the user.
Moraine - Gravel Simulation of ground. Compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic
modulus has to be stated by the user.
Cellular plastic Simulation of, for example, frost Compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic
insulation. modulus has to be stated by the user.
Table B.1: Summary of material types.

* = for description of the parameters see Theory manual
Page: B-2 Appendix B
CEMENT TYPES
HACON includes several predefined cement types. They are listed in Table B.2 below.
Cement type Typical parameters *

Quantity of heat Material parameters obtained experimentally
developed at complete
hydration
Wc0 [J/kg] t-1 [h] Lambda-1 Kappa-1 Theta-0 [K] Kappa-0
Ordinary Portland 500 000 5.52 1.900 1.07 4 600 0.39

Cement
Rapid hardening 500 000 47.4 0.379 0.862 4 600 0.39

Portland
Degerhamn Std P 465 000 13 1.300 0.8 5 400 0.48
Table B.2: Summary of cement types.

* = for description of the parameters see Theory manual
Appendix C Page: C-1
Appendix C
EXAMPLE: TUNNEL SECTION

HACON includes the example files Tunnel_tranverse.h3 and Tunnel_longitudinal.h3.
It is an example of the control of the risk for formation of cracks in walls and roof slab of a
tunnel section cast on a previous casted bottom slab. The design prerequisites for the example
are presented in the next section.
Cracks in both the transverse and the longitudinal direction of the tunnel are checked
according to the procedure explained in section 5.1.6 Temperature and maturity from file.
This includes two analysis,
1. Simulation of temperature and stress development in the transverse direction (cross

section) of the structure, see figure C.1. For this simulation the model database file
Tunnel_tranverse.h3 is used.
2. Simulation of stress development in the longitudinal direction (elevation) of the structure,
see figure C.2. For this simulation the model database file Tunnel_longitudinal.h3 is used.
The results from the first simulation are used as input to the second simulation. When making
the second simulation, click Temperature and maturity from file on the Input menu and
choose the Tunnel_transverse.out file in the dialog box.
Note that the simulation type (see 5.2.1 Calculation settings) should be set as follows:
In the first simulation (Tunnel_tranverse.h3):

Simulation of temperature and maturity.
Calculation of displacement and stresses.
In the second simulation (Tunnel_longitudinal.h3):

Input of temperature and maturity.
Calculation of displacement and stresses.
Because of symmetry only half of the structure is modelled. This holds for both the transverse
and the longitudinal direction.
Page: C-2 Appendix C
t3 u2 u3
New casting stage
t2 H
Earlier casted
bottom slab u1
t1
Excavated rock Packed gravel Construction joint C.2
Figure C.1: Section in the transverse direction.
Figure C.2: Elevation in the longitudinal direction.

C.1
DESIGN PREREQUISITES
General
A concrete tunnel section is analysed to minimise the risk for thermally induced cracking in
the hardening concrete, se figure C.1 and C.2. The tunnel is built on packed gravel on
excavated rock. We study the construction stage of casting the walls and roof slab on the
previous casted bottom slab. To avoid cracks we take the following precautions:
! Heating and insulation of the bottom slab.
! Cooling of the walls and part of the roof slab.
! Cover of the top of the roof slab with plastic.
A time shedule of the construction is presented in table C.1.
Time (h)
-120 -108 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 480
Casting Casting
of bottom slab of walls and roof slab
Analysis of structure
Heating of bottom slab with heat cables
Insulation of bottom slab
Cooling of walls/roof with cooling pipes
Formwork walls
Formwork roof slab
Cover of roof slab with plastic
Table C.1: Time shedule of the construction.
Geometry:
The size of the structure is presented in figure C.1, C.2 and in table C.2. The geometry input
of the structure are made in the Geometry window according to the instructions in section
5.1.2.
The walls and roof slab is devided into several superelements to make it possible to simulate
the time of casting, see Materials.
Size Comment
H 6.7 m The section is symmetrical according to the vertical axis.
B 14.8 m See figure C.1 and C.2.
L 15.0 m
t1 0.9 m
t2 0.9 m
t3 0.7 m
u1 0.7 m
u2 1.5 m
u3 0.5 m
Table C.2: Geometry of the structure.
Foundation:
The tunnel section is founded on 0.5 m packed gravel on excavated rock. The geometry input
of the foundation are made in the Geometry window according to the instructions in section
5.1.2. Note that the rock is simulated by three and five node infinite elements.
The material input for the foundation are made in the Material view window by choose
materials from HACONs material database, see section 5.1.3. The materials moraine-gravel
and rock are choosen respectively. Note that for gravel the user has to state the tensile and
compressive strength and the elastic modulus.
Materials:
The material of the structure are choosen from HACONs material database and are presented
in table C.3. See section 5.1.3 for description of how to input the material properties of the
structure in the Material view window.
Construction conditions:
Pipe flow and heat flow conditions according to the construction of the structure are presented
in table C.4. The pipe flow and heat flow conditions input of the structure are made in the
Pipe flow conditions view and Heat flow conditions view windows respectively according
to the instructions in section 5.1.4.2 and 5.1.4.3.
Temperature conditions according to the construction of the structure are presented in table
C.5. See section 5.1.4.1 for description of how to input the temperature conditions in the
Temperature conditions view window for the structure.
RESULTS
Because we want to avoid cracks in concrete, the concrete tensile strength must be bigger than
the actual principal tensile stress at all times in the structure. This is easiest checked in the
Stress-Strength ratio Result window, see section 5.3.
HACON includes the result files Tunnel_tranverse.out and Tunnel_longitudinal.out.

Material Material in database Comment

Bottom slab: BRO94-Concrete* The Initial maturity time of casting is set to
Old concrete 120 h to simulate that the bottom slab was casted
1 week ago.
Wall (part 1): BRO94-Concrete* To simulate different time of casting the Time of
Concrete t=49.5 casting is set to 49.5 h, 52.5 h, 55.5 h and 58.5 h
for the different parts respectively.
Wall (part 2): BRO94-Concrete*
Concrete t=52.5
Wall (part 3): BRO94-Concrete*

Concrete t=55.5
Roof slab (part 4): BRO94-Concrete*

Concrete t=58.5
* = Concrete according to the Swedish Bridge Code, BRO94.
Table C.3: Materials of the structure.
Condition Description Comment

Cooling pipes. For the first 3 days the newly casted After 3 days the pipe flow of the
structure is cooled with cooling pipes cooling liquid is decreased slowly
of steel, = 25 mm. The cooling for 4 hours, which is simulated by
liquid (water) has input temperature of increasing the output temperature
9 C and output temperature of 11 C. lineary from 11 to 22 C.
Heat cables. 2 days before casting of the walls To make the heating more effective,
begins, the bottom slab is heated with the bottom slab is insulated with
heating cables. The heating is mineral wool.
continued for 96 h.
Table C.4: Pipe flow and heat flow conditions.
Condition Description Comment

Environmental temperature. Maximum day temperature: The environmental
16 C. temperature is described in
Minimum day temperature: the history editor, see figure
10 C. 5.18.
Foundation and bottom slab 13 C. Temperature of casting is

temperature at start of heating set to 13 C.
the slab.
Casting temperature of fresh 10 C. Temperature of casting is

concrete. set to 10 C.
Wind. The wind velocity that The wind velocity is stated in

influence the structure is set the Transfer coefficient
to 5 m/s. window, see figure 5.20.
Insulation of the bottom slab. Under the first part of the The temperature boundary
analysis, the bottom slab is condition for the bottom slab
insulated with 15 cm mineral is combined of two parts,
wool. insulation for the first 48 h
after the start of the casting
and air for the rest of the time.
Formwork, walls. The formwork for the walls is The temperature boundary
removed after 3 days. condition for the walls is
combined of two parts,
formwork for the first 72 h
Formwork, roof slab. The formwork for the roof The temperature boundary
slab is removed after 5 days. condition for the bottom of
the roof slab is combined of
two parts, formwork for the
first 120 h after the start of the
casting and air for the rest of
the time.
Cover of the top of the roof The top of the roof slab is The temperature boundary
slab. covered with plastic for the condition for the top of the
first 2 days after casting. roof slab is combined of two
parts, cover for the first 48 h
Table C.5: Temperature conditions.

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The information in this document is subjected to change without notice and should not

be construed as a commitment by Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Scanscot Technology AB

Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Scanscot Technology AB and the Division of Structural

2000 Vattenfall Utveckling AB, Scanscot Technology AB and the Division of

3. STARTING HACON 3-1

4. INTERFACE ELEMENTS 4-1

5. PERFORMING A SIMULATION 5-1

5.1 Preprocessing 5-2

5.2 Calculation 5-39

5.3 Postprocessing 5-42

Appendix A Project files

Appendix B Material and cement types

Appendix C Example: Tunnel section

The main characteristics of HACON are:

Heat exchange with unbound regions is considered using infinite elements.

The development of material properties during hardening is considered in the stress

Stress/displacement boundary conditions such as springs, external loading and prescribed

A detailed theoretical description of HACON is given in the Theory Manual.

HACON is developed as a joint project between Vattenfall, the Division of Structural

2.2 Installation procedure

If the setup program does not start automatically:

4. Click Browse and choose CD-ROM drive.

5. Open the Disk1 folder and click Setup.exe. Click Finish.

6. Follow the instructions in the separate document HACON License Installation

Figure 3.1: Start HACON using the Windows Start menu.

Figure 3.2: Create a HACON document

Rename the file and doubleclick the icon to start HACON.

Figure 3.3: Start HACON using a HACON document.

Toolbars Menu bar containing drop down menus.

Sub window (Geometry). Canvas.

Figure 4.1: Interface elements in HACON.

Click to copy current subwindow to Windows clipboard.

Click to add information about the project.

Click to import temperature and maturity data from file.

Click to edit the node coordinates.

Click to set analysis type, time stepping etc.

Click to show the results of the current project.

Click to view information about HACON and the licence holder.

Click to delete a marked node, curve, surface etc.

Click to copy current subwindow to Windows clipboard.

Click to print input data.

Click to save current project.

Click to open an existing project.

Click to create a new project.

Click to show results.

Click to execute calculation.

Click to state calculation settings.

Click to view input data.

Click to start definition of boundary conditions.

Click to start definition of materials.

Click to start definition of geometry.

Select to show node numbers.

Select to show curve and surface numbers.

Click to set the grid spacing.

Select to show grid.

Select to activate snap to grid.

Click to zoom the extent.

Select to pan the model. Place the mouse pointer on the

Click to choose result Click to show result history in tabular form.

Drag to choose current

Select to create nodes

Select to create lines between two node points.

Select to create curves between three node points.