PLANNING involves selecting missions and objectives and the

actions to achieve them; it requires decision making, that is,

choosing future courses of action from among alternatives.

PLANNING is a process to determine the objectives that it

desires to achieve in
the future including the actions that need to be taken in order to
achieve
them.
STRATEGIC PLANNING is the overall planning of the
organization that explains the organization general direction and
how it will position itself in the market compared to its
competitors.

TACTICAL PLANNING prepared and implemented by the middle

management level. It explains how an organization will distribute
and use the resources, funds (monetary) as well as the individuals
in the organization in order to achieve the objectives that have
been determined.

-are the action plans through which strategies are executed.

OPERATIONAL PLANNING is the daily planning which is

prepared and implemented by the lower level management who
are also known as the line managers.

MISSION identifies the basic function or task of an enterprise or

agency or any part of it.

STRATEGIES is defined as the determination of the basic long-

term objectives of an enterprise and the adoption of courses of
action and allocation of resources necessary to achieve these
goals.

POLICIES are plan in that they are general statements or

understandings that guide or channel thinking in decision making.
PROCEDURES are plans that establish a required method of
handling future activities.

-They are guides to action rather than to thinking and they detail
the exact manner in which certain activities must be
accomplished.

RULES spell out specific requires actions or nonactions, allowing

no discretion. They are usually the simplest type of plan.

FRAMEWORK OF PLANNING

1. Being aware of Opportunities

2. Establishing Objectives
3. Developing premises
4. Determining alternative courses
5. Evaluating alternative courses
6. Selecting a course
7. Formulating derivative plans
8. Numberizing plans by budgeting

Management by Objectives is a comprehensive managerial

system that integrates many key managerial activities in a
systematic manner and that is consciously directed toward the
effective and efficient achievement of organizational and
individual objectives.

SWOT ANALYSIS is a conceptual framework for a systematic

analysis that facilities matching the external threats and
opportunities with the internal weaknesses and strengths of the
organization.

STRATEGIC PLANNING is the job of line managers, especially

those at the top of the organization. These managers may be
assisted by staff planners, particularly in large companies.

- Can also be thwarted by a compensation system that

rewards short-term results at the expense of the long-term
health of the organization.
Decision is defined as the selection of a course of action from
among alternatives. It is the core of planning.

Bounded Rationality rational action limited because of lack of

information, time, or ability to analyze alternatives in light of a
goal sought.

Programmed decision is applied to structured or routine

problems and reordering of standard inventory items.

Nonprogrammed decision are used for structured, novel, and

ill-defined situations of a nonrecurring nature.

Creativity usually refers to the ability and power to develop new

ideas.

Intuition involves a combination of factors that may seem

contradictory at first.

Brainstorming one of the best-known techniques for facilitating

creativity. The purpose of this approach is to improve problem
solving by finding new and unusual solutions.

ACTION PLANS are tactical or or operational programs and

decisions, major or minor, that take place in various parts of an
organization.

CONTINGENCY PLAN is a planning for possible future

environments which are not expected to occur but which may
occur. These are alternative premises and plans.

SATISFICING DECISION a course of action that is satisfactory or

good enough under the circumstances.