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EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 1 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 2

2.1 What is Particle?


2. Equilibrium of Particles The tensions in the cables supporting the person and the large
engineering structure can be found using the concepts in Statics
2.1 What is a Particle? of Particle.

2.2 Forces on a Particle and Equilibrium


Equations
2.3 Free Body Diagram
2.4 Procedures for Problem Solving

EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 3 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 4

Many engineering problem can be solved by considering


equilibrium of a particle.

The crane is lifting a load. To For a spool of given


decide if the straps holding the weight, how would you
load to the crane hook will fail, find the forces in cables
you need to know the force in the AB and AC? If designing a
straps. How could you find the spreader bar like this one,
forces? you need to know the
forces to make sure the
rigging doesnt fail.
Straps
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 5 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 6

Particle: A body which may be assumed to occupy a single point in space.


The forces acting on the body are concurrent. The shape and dimension
of the body are not important.
Rigid Body: Combination of large amount of particles occupying fixed
position with respect to each other. The forces acting on the body are not
concurrent. The shape and dimension of the body are important.
The objective for the statics of particle is to investigate the effects of
forces on particles:
replacing multiple forces acting on a particle with a single equivalent
or resultant force,
relations between forces acting on a particle that is in a state of
equilibrium.
For a given force exerted on the boats towing pendant, what are the The focus on study of particles is restricted to analyses in which the size
forces in the bridle cables? What size of cable must you use? and shape of the bodies is not significant so that all forces may be
assumed to be applied at a single point.

EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 7 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 8

2.2 Forces on a Particle & Equilibrium Equations Forces passing through a single point (or particle) are called concurrent
The large structure such as Eiffel Tower can be replaced by a single forces.
point (or a particle) with all forces acting on it. The resultant force may be obtained by polygon rule (graphically) or by
the addition of scalar component of forces.
n
y
y n Rx Fx ,i
F2 F2 R Fi R Rx2 R y2 i 1
2D
Fn i 1 n
Fn R y Fy ,i 3D
F1 F1 i 1
n
y
Rz Fz ,i
o y
F2 R
x i 1
x Fn
z
z F1 R Rx2 R y2 Rz2
o o
Eiffel Tower Eiffel Tower as a particle x x
z z
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 9 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 10

If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the particle is said to be in


equilibrium. Reading Quiz
n 1) When a particle is in equilibrium, the sum of forces acting on it
Rx Fx ,i 0 equals ___ . (Choose the most appropriate answer)
i 1
n n A) A constant B) A positive number C) Zero
R Fi 0 R y Fy ,i 0 D) A negative number E) An integer
i 1 i 1

n
Rz Fz ,i 0 2) For a frictionless pulley and cable, tensions in the cable (T1 and T2)
i 1 are related as _____ .

With 3 equations, 3 unknowns may be solved (3D). A) T1 > T2


However, only 2 equations are available for 2D. B) T1 = T2
The concept of equilibrium will be used not to solve for the resultant, C) T1 < T2
which is zero, but to solve for the required forces that act on the particle T1
and maintain its equilibrium. D) T1 = T2 sin
T2

EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 11 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 12

2.3 Free Body Diagram


Drawing Free Body Diagram
A free-body diagram (FBD) is a sketch of an object or a
connected group of objects, modeled as a single particle/rigid 1. Identify the body from structure that will be isolated.
body that is completely isolated from its environment or
2. Isolate the body by cutting through the structure such that
surrounding bodies and represents the interactions of its
environment by appropriate external forces (and moments). the body can be removed from the surroundings.
3. Draw sketch of the removed body and include its relative
Drawing FBD can be learned only by practice. If a correct dimensions and angles for convenience.
free-body is drawn, then the balance of forces can be carried
out in a very systematic manner. 4. Draw all forces (external, internal, self-weight, reactions)
acting on body and label them.
No equilibrium problem should be solved without first drawing 5. Choose an appropriate coordinate system.
FBD, so as to count on all the forces and couple moments acting
on the free-body.
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 13 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 14

External and Internal Forces Construct a FBD for the object shown
W

To calculate the tensile forces in


W the cables, consider a free body
diagram of the joint A as shown
T3
y W
in Fig. (b). B B
T3 C R C
R
W: External forces R R
T1 , T2 and T3are internal forces A A N
x A 3R/2
A 3R
T1 T2 P
T1 T2 2R cos

(a) A uniform bar resting on a (b) Free-body diagram of AB


semi-circular hole

W
(a) W
(b)

EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 15 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 16

Two smooth pipes, each weighting W, are supported by the forks of tractor as
Construct a 3D FBD for the object shown shown in the Figure. Draw FBDs for each pipe and for both pipes.
A 450-N load is suspended from the hook shown in Fig. (a). The load is supported Effect of B
R acting on A
by two cables and a spring having a stiffness 8 kN/m. 30o
A

Pipe B Effect of sloped blade


acting on A o
30
Pipe A 30o
T
F Effect of sloped fork
30o W acting on A
Effect of gravity
acting on A

FBD of pipe A
B

B A
The weight of a body is an external
force and its effect is shown as a 30o
single resultant force acting W P
(a) Spring-cable system to support (b) Free body diagram of spring-cable 30o 30o
vertically down through the bodys 30o 30o
450 N load. Cable AD lies in x-y plane system. The connection at A is chosen center of gravity. R T
W P F
and cable AC lies in x-z plane. for the equilibrium analysis. W
FBD of pipe B FBD of both pipes
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 17 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 18

Concept Questions Attention Quiz 1

Select the correct FBD of particle A.

30 A
40
1000 N 1000 N
1000 N
100 N
(A) (B) (C)

1) Assuming you know the geometry of the ropes, you cannot determine the F1 F2
forces in the cables in which system above? A) A B)
30 40
2) Why? 100 N
A
A) The weight is too heavy. F1 F2
F
B) The cables are too thin. C) D) 30 40
30
A
C) There are more unknowns than equations. A
D) There are too few cables for a 1000 N weight. 100 N 100 N

EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 19 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 20

Attention Quiz 2 Example 2.1 Draw the free body diagram of a moving trolley
system as shown in the figure.
Using this FBD of point C, the sum of F2
forces in the x-direction ( Fx) is ___ .
20 N 50
Use a sign convention of + . C Idealized Model
A) F2 sin 50 20 = 0 F1 x x
B) F2 cos 50 20 = 0
C) F2 sin 50 F1 = 0
D) F2 cos 50 + 20 = 0
P

Start with sketching the idealized model.


EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 21 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 22

Solution. Example 2.2 The figure below shows a floating crane in operation.
Isolate the trolley system from the supporting beam. Draw a free body diagram of the crane boom. Assume frictionless
pulley.
x x x x
Since the problem is
symmetrical, the
two reaction forces
Ry Ry will be the same.
Crane boom
P P
On the supporting beam, the reaction forces point in the
opposite direction.

Ry Ry

www.shipspotting.com

EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 23 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 24

Solution. Free body diagram for the crane boom.


T1
Idealized Model T1
Since the pulleys are frictionless, cable
forces will remain the same after going
through pulleys. T1 T1
T2
Axial force P acts on the supporting
brace member (2-force member). T2

From the idealized model, we can start by isolating the load Finally, the reaction forces of the T1 T2 T1
and the cables attached to the lifted weight. pinned connection. Ry
T2 T1

The magnitude of T1 and T2 depends on the


Rx
location of the loads C.G.

W W
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 25 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 26

Example 2.3 Draw a free body diagram of the crane boom and Solution.
main body of the mobile crane. Use the idealized model given and Idealized Model Crane boom FBD
assume a frictionless pulley.
T1

Wcrane W Ry T2
T1
Idealized Model
Rx
N
Crane main body FBD
Load to cable FBD T1 Ry
T2
T1
Wcrane Rx

W
N

EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 27 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 28

Example 2.4 A car is making turn with a constant speed. Draw the Solution.
free body diagram of the car. R (Turn radius)

Additional Information e
1
The turning road is not horizontal. In
e = super elevation
road design, the gentle slope is called Top View Section View
super elevation.
It helps to overcome the centrifugal Isolate the car and identify all acting forces,
force for a moving car. W mg
Wv 2
The super elevation design is based on Centrifugal Force
the cars free body diagram, assuming gR
a constant design turning speed. W
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 29 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 30

2.4 Procedures for Problem Solving Example 2.5 In a ship-unloading operation, a 3500-N automobile is
1. Particle in Equilibrium supported by a cable. A rope is tied to the cable and pulled to center
Under coplanar forces (2D), there are two independent relations among these
forces Fx 0 , Fy 0 the automobile over its intended position. What is the tension in the
Use these to determine 2 unknowns such as magnitude and direction of 1 force rope?
or magnitude of 2 forces.
If more than 2 unknowns, then 1 or more additional relations must be provided.
2. Drawing FBD
First step in solution process. It is a key to solve the problems. No problem can
be solved without drawing FBD correctly.
Diagram shows particle & all forces (know & unknown) acting on it.
Indicate dimensions or angles (convenience).
3. Case 1: If only 3 forces are involved
Best to draw these forces in tip-to-tail fashion to form a force triangle.
Triangle can be solved by trigonometry.
4. Case 2: If more than 3 forces are involved
Best to use an analytic approach.
Select x and y axes and resolve each force in x and y components.
Apply equations of equilibrium to obtain 2 unknowns

EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 31 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 32

Example 2.6 Determine the tension developed in each cord


Solution:
required for equilibrium of the 20 kg lamp.
Construct a FBD for the particle at A.
Since only 3 forces act on the FBD, Solution: Draw FBD at point D.
we draw a force triangle to express Applying the scalar equilibrium of
that it is in equilibrium. equation at D, we get
Using the Law of Sines, we have
Fy 0 : FDE sin 30o 20(9.81) 0
TAB T 3500 N Fx 0 : FDE cos 30o FCD 0
AC
sin 120 sin 2 sin 58
3500 N y Solving the above equations, we obtain
TAB 3570 N FDE
TAC 144 N FCD
FDE 392 N and FCD 340 N
30
D x

3500 N
W = 20 (9.81) N
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 33 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 34

Draw FBD at point C. Example 2.7 Determine the mass of each of the two cylinders if
they cause a sag of s 0.5 m when suspended from the rings at A
y and B. Note that s = 0 when the cylinders are removed.
FAC

4 5 FCD =340 N
3
C x
FBC
45

Applying the equilibrium of equation at C, we get


Fx 0 : 340 FBC sin 45o FAC (3 / 5) 0

Fy 0 : FAC ( 4 / 5) FBC cos 45o 0


Solving the above equations, we get;

FBC 275 N and FAC 243 N

EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 35 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 36

Solution: Since the spring system is symmetric, we only consider Example 2.8 A 100 kg tank is to be lifted using a rope and pulley
the FBD at point A. Next, we compute the tension in AC, using system as shown below. You are given one 2-meter rope to be
the given geometry. attached to two lifting points. Decide which lifting points to use in
order to minimize the rope force (A-B or C-D). Also, determine the
The tension in AC is given by
magnitude of the rope force. (assume a frictionless pulley)
TAC 100 N/m( 2.828 2.5) 32.84 N
The pulley is located
Equilibrium condition at point A exactly above the tanks
C.G.
Fy 0 : 32.84 sin 45o m(9.81) 0
m 2.37 kg 0.3 m
D
0.3 m A B
y 2m
TAC C
45o TAB 2.5 m 2m
A x 1.5 m 2.828 m
45o
0.6 m 0.6 m
2m
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 37 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 38

Solution:
Solution strategy
Fx 0 : T cos left T cos right 0
Note that for a frictionless pulley, the rope forces on either side are W

equal. Therefore, by applying Fx 0 we will prove that the angle Fy 0 : W T sin left T sin right 0
must be the same on both sides.
W Next, we can apply Fy 0 to obtain the Solving the equations, we obtain
relationship between T and .

right
left right
T=? left
W
T
We can obtain for each lifting configurations T T 2 sin
and check their corresponding T.
Free body diagram

T T
Free body diagram

EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 39 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 40

Example 2.9 If the total length of cable ABC is 2.5 meters,


For lifting points A-B, determine x and tension in the cable when the system is in

equilibrium. Neglect the pulley dimension and assume a
0 .6
arccos 53.13
o frictionless pulley.
1
(100)( 9.81) A B 1.5 m
T 613.1 N 0.6 m 0.6 m
2 sin 53.13o C
0.3 m
A x
For lifting points C-D,
B

0 .3
arccos 72.54
o

1
(100)( 9.81) C 0.3 m 0.3 m D
T 514.2 N
2 sin 72.54 o 25 kg
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 41 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 42

Solution: Frictionless pulley, draw FBD at point B. To determine x,


y
F
T 1.5-2x 1.5 m
+ x 0 left right T
left right C
( 25)( 9.81)
+ F y 0 T
2 sin
B x 0.3 m A x

B
Total length of cable ABC is 2.5 meters, 25 kg

x (1.5 x) 1.5 m 1.5-x 1.5-x
2.5
cos cos
0.3 m A x C
1.5
cos B
2.5 53.13

53.13 25 kg
0 .3
tan 53.13 o
1.333
( 25)(9.81) 1. 5 2 x
Therefore, T 153.3 153 N
2 sin 53.13o x 0.638 m
25 kg

EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 43 EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 44

Example 2.10 A 450 N load is suspended from the block shown Solution: The stretch of the spring can be determined once the force
in the Figure. If the load is supported by two cables and a spring in the spring is determined.
having a stiffness k = 8 kN/m, determine the force in the cables Draw FBD. The connection at A is chosen for the
and the stretch of the spring for equilibrium. Cable AD lies in x-y equilibrium analysis since the cables forces are concurrent at this
plane and cable AC lies in x-z plane. point. The FBD is shown in the figure below.
Equation of equilibrium. By inspection, each force can easily
resolved into its x, y, z components, and hence the 3 scalar equations
can be used. Considering components
directed along each positive axis as
positive, we have

F x 0 FD sin 30o ( 4 / 5) FC 0 (1)

F y 0 FD cos 30o FB 0 (2)

F z 0 (3 / 5) FC 450 N 0 (3)
EG1109M (Part 1) Chap 2 - 45

Solving Eq. (3) for FC then Eq. (1) for FD and finally Eq. (2) for FB ,
we get
FC 750 N 0.75 kN
FD 1200 N 1.2 kN
FB 1039.2 N 1.04 kN

The stretch of the spring is therefore


FB ks AB
1.0392 kN (8 kN/m) s AB
s AB 0.130 m

Since the results for all cable forces are


positive, each cable is in tension.

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