Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
<INGLS>
INTRODUCCIN.
OBJETIVOS.
CONTENIDOS.
UNIDAD I
UNIDAD II
UNIDAD III
UNIDAD IV
INGLES II
PROGRAMA ANALITICO
UNIDAD 1
UNIDAD 2
UNIDAD 3
3.1 Cohesin
3.1.1 Reconocimiento de elipsis, coordinacin y aposicin.
3.1.2 Referencia contextual.
3.1.3 Sustitucin. Conjuncin.
3.2 Coherencia
3.2.1 Identificacin de relaciones de coherencia tales como:
- Idea principal, ideas secundarias.
- Relaciones cognitivas bsicas: causa-efecto, secuencia
temporal y espacial, condicin, etc.
3.1.2 Reconocimiento de estructuras retricas lgicas:
- definicin, ejemplificacin, clasificacin.
- comparacin, contraste.
UNIDAD 4
Criterios de trabajo
La ctedra har uso de las instalaciones del Laboratorio de Ingls- sito
en Pabelln Central, aula 17- para las fechas de encuentros presenciales
semanales, como lo establece el cronograma de cada carrera.
Criterios de evaluacin.
EVALUACIN
Cronograma de Evaluaciones
Consultas:
BIBLIOGRAFIA
1. A University Grammar of English Quirk - Greenbaund.
2. Core English for General Science, Martin Stares.
3. Elementary Scientific English Practice, G.C. Thornally.
4. English for Careers, Eugene J. Hall.
5. English for computer science, Noma D. Mullen P. Charles Brown.
6. English Grammar Thompson and Martinet.
7. English in Focus, Widdowson y otros.
8. English Language Program Division U.S. Information Agency.
9. First Course in Technical English, Bearwood y otros.
10. Oxford English for Electrincs,Eric H. Glendinning John McEwan.
11. Oxford English for Computing, Keith Boeckner P. Charles Brown.
12. Read in English, Michael Scott, Longman 1982.
13. Short Readings in Science, Dean Curry.
14. Special English Engineering. English Language Series.
15. The English use for Science, R.A. Close.
1. IEEE SPECTRUM.
2. SIEMENS REVIEW
3. Revistas tcnicas
4. Revistas cientficas diversas.
Diccionarios
1. Appletons New Cuyas Dictionary, Arturo Cuys, Prentice Hall.
2. Simons y Schusters. Diccionario Bilinge,
3. Collins, Cobuild, Larousse, Oriente. Dicccionarios Ingls-Espaol,
Espaol Ingls.
4. Diccionario Enciclopdico de Trminos Tcnicos, 3 tomos, Javier
L. Collazo, Ed.McGraw-Hill.
5. Engineers Dictionary, Louis A. Robb, Ed. Continental.
6. IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms. IEEE,
second Edition, John Wiley and Sons.
7. Diccionario Minero, Alejadro Novitzky, UNSJ.
8. Diccionario Geolgico, J. Turner.
9. Glosario de computacin, McGraw-Hill.
10. Dictionary of Amplification, Modulation and Transmission,
Elsevier.
11. Dictionary of Synonyms and Antonyms, M.Nutall.
2. Actividades en Lectura
3. Ejercitacin:
11. Elabora una tabla cuyas columnas sean: tiempo, cientfico, contribucin
a la disciplina.
4. Actividad pos-lectura
Aristotle believed in logic and observation but it would be more than a thousand years before Francis
Bacon would first develop the scientific method of experimentation, which he called a vexation of
nature. Aristotle saw a distinction between "natural motion" and "forced motion", and he believed that
in a hypothetical vacuum, there would be no reason for a body to move naturally toward one point
rather than any other, and so he concluded a body in a vacuum must either stay at rest or else move
indefinitely fast. In this way, Aristotle was the first to approach something similar to the law of inertia.
Galileo would later observe "the resistance of the air exhibits itself in two ways: first by offering
greater impedance to less dense than to very dense bodies, and secondly by offering greater
resistance to a body in rapid motion than to the same body in slow motion".
The experimental scientific method was introduced into mechanics in the 11th century by al-Biruni,
who along with al-Khazini in the 12th century, unified statics and dynamics into the science of
mechanics, and combined the fields of hydrostatics with dynamics to create the field of
hydrodynamics. They also significantly mathematized these disciplines.
Sir Isaac Newton was the first to propose and unify all three laws of motion (the law of inertia, his
second law, and the law of action and reaction), and to prove that these laws govern both everyday
objects and celestial objects. Newton also developed the calculus which is necessary to perform the
mathematical calculations involved in classical mechanics. However it was Gottfried Leibniz who,
independently of Newton, developed a calculus with the notation of the derivative and integral which
are used to this day. Newton's dot notation for time derivatives is retained in classical mechanics.
Leonard Euler extended Newton's laws of motion from particles to rigid bodies with two additional
laws.
After Newton there were several re-formulations which progressively allowed a solution to be found to
a far greater number of problems. The first notable re-formulation was in 1788 by Joseph Louis
Lagrange, an Italian-French mathematician. In Lagrangian mechanics the solution is formed through
using the path of least action and it is based on the Calculus of variations. Lagrangian mechanics
was in turn re-formulated in 1833 by William Rowan Hamilton.
The advantage of Hamiltonian mechanics was that its framework allowed for a more in depth look at
the underlying principles of classical mechanics. Most of the framework of Hamiltonian mechanics
can be seen in Quantum mechanics however, the exact meanings of the terms differ due to quantum
effects. Although classical mechanics is largely compatible with other "classical physics" theories
such as classical electrodynamics and thermodynamics, some difficulties were discovered in the late
19th century that could only be resolved by more modern physics. When combined with classical
thermodynamics, classical mechanics leads to the Gibbs paradox in which entropy is not a well-
defined quantity. As experiments reached the atomic level, classical mechanics failed to explain, even
approximately, such basic things as the energy levels and sizes of atoms. The effort at resolving
these problems led to the development of quantum mechanics. Similarly, the different behavior of
classical electromagnetism and classical mechanics under velocity transformations led to the theory
of relativity. By the end of the 20th century, the place of classical mechanics in physics is no longer
that of an independent theory. Along with classical electromagnetism, it has become imbedded in
relativistic quantum mechanics or quantum field theory. It is the non-relativistic, non-quantum
mechanical limit for massive particles. Classical mechanics has also been a source of inspiration for
mathematicians. The realization was made that the phase space in classical mechanics admits a
natural description as a symplectic manifold (indeed a cotangent bundle in most cases of physical
interest), and symplectic topology, which can be thought of as the study of global issues of
Hamiltonian mechanics, has been a fertile area of mathematics research starting in the 1980s.
DESARROLLO DE CONTENIDOS
COHERENCIA Y COHESIN
TIPOS DE COHERENCIA
Certeza: refuerzan las ideas que el autor presenta en el texto; sus nexos
son EVIDENTLY evidentemente, FOR SURE, MOST CERTAINLY seguramente, AS A
FACT, AS A MATTER OF FACT de hecho, OF COURSE, ABSOLUTELY desde luego,
CLEARLY claro, BESIDES adems.
Los Conectores
Son palabras que sirven de nexos al interior de las oraciones y permiten dar
claridad y organizacin a las ideas que se van planteando; estos conectores
son elementos, tales como:
Las Preposiciones: se utilizan de nexo para unir una idea principal con las
ideas que la apoyan y sirven de complemento (a, ante, con, para, por, segn,
sin; de, desde, hacia, etc.)
COORDINANTES
SUBORDINANTES
LA ELIPSIS
LA SUSTITUCIN
LA CORREFERENCIA
MARCADORES DISCURSIVOS
Son las palabras o expresiones que van ubicando las diferentes partes que
componen o en que se organiza un texto. Dentro de los marcadores discursivos
podemos mencionar:
LA PRONOMINALIZACIN
Con respecto a falsos cognados (falsos amigos: parecen decir algo y no es eso,
te acuerdas de LARGE? No es largo sino grande) podemos decir que lo ms
recomendable es ganar en prctica e incrementar el vocabulario. Como no son
tantos en nuestra disciplina puedes consultar clickeando en el hipervnculo:
falsos cognados
First, To start with, In the first place, Firstly, enumeracin o inicio de un listado
Up to now,So far, Far, As previously noted, Now, At this moment, While, Later,
After that, Then, Shortly after that, cronologa de datos
As a consequence, Due to, Due to the fact that, As a result, Because, As,
indicar efecto, resultado, consecuencia
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzhlfbWBuQ8
Slotted Armature
performance in a package that is much more than a
motora self-contained variable-speed motor and
drive unit. The DynaMotor is constructed somewhat
like a universal motor with a pair of opposed salient
poles whose copper windings are connected directly to
the two legs of a single-phase or three-phase line.
b-Cules son las denominaciones y las diferencias de este tipo de motores con
los dems?
* Presente simple
* Futuro simple
* Presente Perfecto
1 What is an dynamotor?
PARTE A
OBJETIVO de APRENDIZAJE: integrar la organizacin, secuencias y
tipologas textuales para leer comprensivamente textos relativos a
Ingeniera Mecnica segn la tipologa propuesta por la Lingstica del
Texto.
ORGANIZACIN TEXTUAL
f) Definicin: La informacin que provee el texto explica lo que algo es, tiene o
caracteriza a algn proceso.
http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/Text-Linguistics.htm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/factsheet/en13styl-e3-f-writing-an-informative-text
https://www.mansfieldct.org/Schools/MMS/staff/achane/home_files/Language%20Arts_files/Samples
%20of%20Student%20Writing_files/Informational%20Text.htm
Textos cientficos: Son los que se producen en el contexto de la comunidad cientfica, con la
intencin de presentar o demostrar los avances de la ciencia: la conferencia, la ponencia o la
comunicacin (tipo de texto). Gneros tpicos de este tipo son la tesis doctoral, la memoria de
licenciatura, el artculo cientfico o la geografa cientfica. Pueden emplear un lenguaje cientfico muy
especializado, si se dirigen a expertos de un determinado campo, o bien un lenguaje ms llano y
accesible, si se dirigen a individuos inexpertos con fines divulgativos.
http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/30695_sample.pdf
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/scientific-papers-13815490
Textos administrativos: Son aquellos que se producen como medio de comunicacin entre el
individuo y determinada instruccin, o entre instituciones y los individuos. Gneros administrativos
tpicos son el certificado, el saludo, la instancia o el boletn oficial. Se trata de textos altamente
formalizados, con estructuras rgidas y que frecuentemente tienen una funcin informativa.
http://www.kronotech.com/ST/st.htm
Textos jurdicos: Los textos jurdicos son la sentencia, el recurso o la ley. Son los textos
producidos en el proceso de administracin de justicia.
http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/56-dtenv.pdf
http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/38-dtbt2.pdf
http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/23-lic.pdf
Textos periodsticos: Son aquellos cuya finalidad es informar sobre hechos y temas de inters
general. Estos textos se recogen en la prensa escrita y en la prensa oral. El texto periodstico
aparece en distintos gneros, como la noticia, la crnica, el reportaje, la entrevista y la nota de
opinin.
http://west.stanford.edu/news/mapping-texts-visualizing-historical-american-newspapers
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5194672.stm
Textos literarios: Son todos aquellos en los que se manifiesta la funcin potica y/o literaria , ya
como elemento fundamental (como en la poesa) o secundario (como en determinados textos
histricos o didcticos). Son gneros literarios la poesa, la novela, el cuento o relato, el teatro y el
ensayo literario (incluidos los mitos).
http://eltiempohabitado.wordpress.com/poemas-en-ingles/
http://es.e-stories.org/read-stories.php?&sto=4035
http://es.e-stories.org/read-stories.php?&sto=8142
http://www.english-for-students.com/English-Poems.html
http://100.best-poems.net/
Textos publicitarios: Es un tipo de texto especial, cuya funcin es convencer al lector acerca de
las cualidades de un artculo de consumo, e incitarlo al consumo de dicho artculo. El texto
publicitario fundamental es el anuncio.
http://elsenglish.com/Special-promotions-for-English-courses-in-London,67.html
http://www.dhl.com.ar/en/logistics/industry_sector_solutions/consumer_logistics/specialty_packaging
_and_seasonal_promotions.html
http://www.kaplaninternational.com/promotion/
Textos digitales: Algunos ejemplos de estos tipos de textos podemos encontrarlos en los blog,
SMS, chats, y en las pginas web. Su aparicin va ligada a las nuevas tecnologas, dando lugar a un
nuevo gnero de textos, inexistente en el mundo analgico, que presenta sus propias
caractersticas.
http://www.englishteacherwebsites.com/
http://learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org/en/parents/websites
http://www.pen.org/pen-blog?cat=60&gclid=CjwKEAjw1ZWgBRD-n6ew0oan1xwSJABAbf8pg5BDOF-
dx9EqEGv028_YVNtKcd38pvjE7XWALURKGBoC0Fvw_wcB
Encuentra en internet los diferentes ejemplos en ingls que correspondan a cada tipologa sealada.
NO es preciso ingresar en todos los hipervnculos; simplemente considera las caractersticas de los
textos.
Anota ac tu respuesta:
Ejercitacin
Menciona la organizacin textual que prevalece en los siguientes textos.
Fundamenta tu respuesta.
http://www.history.com/news/history-lists/7-presidential-war-stories
http://www.commercialmotor.com/big-lorry-blog/pump-the-volume-says-biglorryb
http://virdamufida.blogspot.com.ar/2011/06/example-of-narrative-text.html
http://englishjuniorhighschool.blogspot.com.ar/2013/03/example-of-narrative-text-little-girl.html
http://scientext.msh-alpes.fr/scientext-site-en/spip.php?article22
http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2014/09/invasive-cricket-species-takes-over-eastern-u-s-homes?
rss=1
http://www.lifescience.net/news/
http://www.unive.it/media/allegato/download/Lingue/Materiale_didattico_Hanafy/TTS_Italiano_Inglese
/Traduzione_tecn_scientifica_mod1/Lesson_Two_Assignment_Taylor.pdf
http://www.fibaamericas.com/files/informes/official-basketball-rules-2014-draft7-24apr2014.pdf
https://panasonic.ca/PCS/OperatingInstructions/CSC9-12DKK-OI-Eng.pdf
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/amanda-klein/texting-romantic-relationships_b_1821646.html
http://www.teenink.com/opinion/all/article/10102/School-Uniforms/
http://www.sparknotes.com/college/admissions/page21.html
http://www.actstudent.org/writing/sample/one.html
http://www.cambridgelawstudio.co.uk/register-online/legal-english-plus/
http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/food-network-kitchens/lobster-rolls-recipe2.html
http://www.cambridgelawstudio.co.uk/privacy-statement/
http://www.cambridgelawstudio.co.uk/course-dates-prices/
http://www.belajarbahasainggris.us/2012/03/7-contoh-singkat-procedure-text.html
Texto descriptivo: Esta modalidad textual presenta las caractersticas de un objeto de forma
esttica, sin transcurso de tiempo. Los textos descriptivos nos cuentan cmo son los objetos, las
personas, los espacios, las situaciones, los animales, las emociones y los sentimientos.
Texto argumentativo: Se trata del tipo de textos en los que se presentan las razones a favor o en
contra de determinada "posicin" o "tesis", con el fin de convencer al interlocutor a travs de
diferentes argumentos.
Texto expositivo: Un texto expositivo es aquel en el cual se presentan, de forma neutral y objetiva,
determinados hechos o realidades. A diferencia de la argumentacin, mediante el texto expositivo no
se intenta convencer, sino mostrar. Existen dos tipos de textos expositivos:
Textos divulgativos: Es el tipo de texto expositivo que va dirigido a un pblico amplio que
usa informacin poco especfica y lxico formal, es decir no tcnico ni especializado. Lo
encontramos en apuntes, libros de texto, enciclopedias, exmenes, conferencias,
coleccionables, etc. Las caractersticas de los textos divulgativos son:
Informa clara y objetivamente sobre un tema de inters general siempre y cuando est
bien ejemplificado el tema.
Va dirigida a un pblico mayoritario.
Es de fcil comprensin.
Utiliza un vocabulario estndar.
Posee objetividad.
Texto procedimental: Es aquel en el que se presenta de forma neutral y objetiva informacin para
llevar adelante un proceso. Pretende demostrar los modos y elementos precisos para alcanzar un
fin.
Encuentre ejemplos en internet de textos en ingls que cumplan con las caractersticas de las
tipologas mencionadas. Indique la pgina/sitio de procedencia y redacte un breve resumen en
espaol.
Otra forma de resolver este ejercicio es volver sobre los textos anteriores que usaste en la
categorizacin anterior y usarlo segn esta nueva tipologa.
Informe
Electric circuit
This is a general term referring to a system or part of a system of conducting parts and
their interconnections through which an electric current is intended to flow. A circuit is
made up of active and passive elements or parts and their interconnecting conducting
paths. The active elements are the sources of electric energy for the circuit; they may be
batteries, direct current generators, or alternating current generators. The passive
elements are resistors, inductors, and capacitors. The electric circuit is described by a
circuit diagram or map showing the active and passive elements and their connecting
conducting paths. Electric circuits are used to transmit power as in high-voltage power
lines and transformers or in low-voltage distribution circuits in factories and homes: to
convert energy from or to its electric form as in motors, generators, microphones,
loudspeakers, and lamps: to communicate information as in telephone, telegraph, radio,
and television.
El Informe como texto de hechos contiene una estructura, una declaracin, una
oracin con el tema que captura el inters. Puede incluir una breve descripcin del
tema o bien puede incluir la definicin del estado, o la clasificacin o
categorizacin de sub-tipos. Los prrafos comienzan con el tema o una oracin de
apertura. Luego se mencionan los hechos y no las opiniones. La conclusin
resume la informacin presentada, no incluye cualquier nueva informacin. El
lenguaje caracterstico suele ser tcnico, relacionado al tema, es lenguaje formal e
impersonal y usa tiempos presente, y voz pasiva.
A simple machine is a device that changes the direction or amount of a force. They
are the building blocks used to build more complex machines. For example,
wheels, levers, screws, and pulleys are all used in a bicycle.
Simple machines are the most basic mechanisms that use mechanical advantage
(also called leverage) to multiply force. How do they do that? It's actually because
of a concept called work. You know that if you walk 2 miles to school, it's harder
than if you had to walk 1 mile to school. How much effort does each step take? The
effort is however much it takes to move your body. Scientists and engineers call
how much effort you use over a distance 'work'.
A simple machine uses a force to do work on a load. If there was no friction, the
amount of work done on the load is equal to the work done by the applied force.
Simple machines are often used to increase the amount of the output force. But
there is a trade-off, the more force is increased, the less distance is covered. The
ratio of the output to the input force is called the mechanical advantage.
Comprendes sus elementos y caractersticas? Qu dice el texto?
Procedimiento
Experiment Abstract:
Lightweight pith balls can help to show electrostatic attraction and
repulsion.
A pith ball is a very small, lightweight object that picks up electric charge
quite well. A charged pith ball works well to show the Coulomb
force between two charged objects.
Procedure:
1. Charge the glass rod first with the silk cloth.
2. Then touch both pith balls with the rod.
3. Check the two balls reaction.
4. Next, charge the ebonite rod with the fur.
5. Bring the rod close to the balls.
6. Check the positively-charged balls reaction to the rod.
Touching the positively-charged rod to two pith balls gave the balls each a
small positive charge. Since like charges repel, the pith balls repelled one
another. Positive charge was transferred to the pith balls. The charged pith
balls repelled one another.
If an ebonite rod were rubbed with fur, the rod rubbed some electrons off the
fur. The rod thus became negatively charged and attracted the positively-
charged pith balls.
1) Divideand conquer. First off, skim the text you are going to
summarize and divide it into sections. Focus on any headings and
subheadings. Also look at any bold-faced terms and make sure you
understand them before you read.
2) Read. Now that youve prepared, go ahead and read the selection.
Read straight through. At this point, you dont need to stop to look up
anything that gives you troublejust get a feel for the authors tone,
style, and main idea.
4) One sentence at a time. You should now have a firm grasp on the
text you will be summarizing. In steps 13, you divided the piece into
sections and located the authors main ideas and points. Now write down
the main idea of each section in one well-developed sentence. Make sure
that what you include in your sentences are key points, not minor
details.
6) Ready to write. At this point, your first draft is virtually done. You
can use the thesis statement as the introductory sentence of your
summary, and your other sentences can make up the body. Make sure
that they are in order. Add some transition words
(then, however, also, moreover) that help with the overall structure and
flow of the summary. And once you are actually putting pen to paper (or
fingers to keys!), remember these tips:
7) Check for accuracy. Reread your summary and make certain that
you have accurately represented the authors ideas and key points.
Make sure that you have correctly cited anything directly quoted from
the text. Also check to make sure that your text does not contain your
own commentary on the piece.
8) Revise. Once you are certain that your summary is accurate, you
should (as with any piece of writing) revise it for style, grammar, and
punctuation. If you have time, give your summary to someone else to
read. This person should be able to understand the main text based on
your summary alone. If he or she does not, you may have focused too
much on one area of the piece and not enough on the authors main
idea.
Resuma el texto que figura a continuacin, provea un ttulo y enumere sus pasos:
The head gasket is found between the engine block and the cylinder head or heads in a V-type engine.
The gasket functions as a seal that prevents the combustion process from leaking into the coolant
passages that surround each cylinder. In many cases it seals oil passages from coolant passages so the
fluids do not mix.
The price for an independent mechanic to replace a head gasket can be high due to the time-consuming
labor involved, so, it is essential to know why you need to replace the head gasket. Have a professional
ASE certified Master Auto Technician inspect your vehicle to conclusively determine whether or not your
car needs to have the head gasket replaced. The purpose of this article is to help you learn how to install
a head gasket to save money.
Obtain a service manual for your car's make and model. It will include step by step procedures with
images that explain how to replace your head gasket(s). It will also list any special tools that you may
need.
Drain all of the oil and coolant from your engine. Remove the parts that are on top of the head
gasket. Refer to your car's service manual for specifics, but in most cases this involves removing the
exhaust manifold, the intake manifold, valve cover and drive belts. On many engines, you will need to
remove the timing belt or timing chain. Be sure to study the timing belt/chain alignment procedures and
be sure you clearly see the alignment marks before you disassemble the timing components.
Catalog each part as it is removed. Either take pictures or write down each part to help you
remember where everything goes once you're done.
The gasket will be a thin piece of sealing material that can be seen once you remove the head.
Check the block to be sure no warping has occurred and send the head or heads to an
automotive machine shop to be pressure tested. If the pressure test reveals no cracks, have the
machine shop resurface the head(s). Don't ever re-install a cylinder head that has not been professionally
re-surfaced.
Check the service manual for the head bolt specifications to see if the bolts need to be replaced
whenever the head gasket is replaced.
Clean the surface of the head and block. Do not scratch or remove any metal from either, as this may
prevent the head gasket from sealing.
Clean the bolt holes that tighten the head to the block.
Fit the head gasket onto the block. Use gasket sealant when specified by the manufacturer, and only
use the directed amount in the particular places. Deviating from the manufacturer's recommendations
can cause damage to the internal parts of the engine.
Place the head onto the block with the head gasket in place.
Set the timing belt or chain back to the proper alignment marks by carefully rotating the camshaft
and crankshaft. Check to see if the engine is an interference type of engine. If so, there is a very
specific method to rotate and set up the camshaft to crankshaft timing so you don't damage or bend the
valves! If equipped, install the distributor so it is properly timed with the number one cylinder. If
applicable, adjust the valve clearance to proper specification.
Fill the engine with new oil, replace the oil filter and fill the cooling system with new factory
specified coolant. When you start the engine, be sure to let the engine idle with the heater on full blast.
This is so the cooling system has a chance to bleed out any air bubbles. Some engines require a specific
cooling system bleeding procedure, be sure to check for that.
En los textos ledos anteriormente debemos descubrir
secuencias textuales de listado, clasificacin, causa/
consecuencia, secuenciacin o cronologa, definicin y
contraste, ejemplificacin. Puedes hacerlo? Si no encuentras
ejemplos, para insertar, explicar y traducir en la siguiente grfica
ahora, puedes continuar con los siguientes textos y resolver el
problema a travs de la informacin que ellos te brinden .
Recuerda que debes insertar la informacin
en castellano como hipervnculo que remita
a documento. Este ser copiado y enviado
como prctico a claplagne@unsj.edu.ar
Classes of levers
These cases are described by the mnemonic "fre 123" where the
fulcrum is in the middle for the 1st class lever, the resistance is in
the middle for the 2nd class lever, and the effort is in the middle
for the 3rd class lever. Another way to remember this is the
mnemomic for what is in the middle. First order, Fulcrum in the
middle; second order, Load (Resistance) in the middle; third order,
Effort in the middle. The mnemomic is Levers FLEx.
PARTE B
Relato
Singer Motors Limited was a British motor vehicle manufacturer, founded by George
Singer in 1874 as a bicycle manufacturer in Coventry, England. From 1901 the company also manufactured cars.
Singer was the first motor manufacturer to make a small economy car that was a replica of a large car, showing a
small car was a practical proposition. With a four-cylinder ten horsepower engine the Singer 10 (see picture below)
was launched at the 1912 Motor Show. William Rootes, Singer apprentice and consummate car-salesman,
contracted to sell the entire first year's supply. It became a best-seller. Ultimately Singer's business was acquired by
Rootes Group in 1956, which continued the brand until 1970.
Explicacin
Exposicin
DC
motors deliver high performance and efficiency
for electric motorcycles
Compared with brushed dc motors, brushless types have the further advantage of
producing less electrical noise.
Today there are several factors behind an increasing demand for dc motors. For
example, cars are being offered with more powered devices, plus designers are
seeking to improve the performance of the equipment they design, which often
entails upgrading from an ac motor to a dc motor. In particular, coreless (ironless)
dc motors have low inertia so are useful where high accelerations are required.
Alternatively two motors can be coupled together to drive a single output shaft,
thereby increasing the power available.
To illustrate the motors' capability, the LEM 130 model 95s has a rated power of
3.02 kW, rated torque of 4.35 Nm and rated speed of 6624 rpm. Peak efficiency
is 87 per cent. For more demanding applications, the LEM 200 model D135 has
a rated power of 14.39 kW, rated torque of 36.4 Nm and rated speed of 3780
rpm. Peak efficiency for this model is 90 per cent.
La exposicin se caracteriza por el objetivo de disuadir
o persudir al lector en favor de algn tema. Tiene una
presentacin, una idea en cada prrafo, una sentencia
asegurando una verdad/idea en cada uno. Los
argumentos se dan en orden progresivo mediante la
secuencia de ideas y al finalizar se concluye con la
misma idea del comienzo sin informacin nueva. El
lenguaje se caracteriza por el uso de verbos modales,
adverbios de certeza o modo y frases conectoras de
refuerzo a la idea central que se expone.
Discusin
In the end, there is a market for both AC and DC, and there are clearly
advantages and disadvantages to both. What do you think? What is your
motor drive preference?
Puedes darte cuenta de cules son los elementos que se deben tener en cuenta
para la categorizacin de un texto, segn este enfoque?
Brevemente diremos que son su propsito social, sus caractersticas lxico
gramaticales y su estructura esquemtica, como lo pudiste observar en los ejemplos
anteriores.
Si la Gramtica Funcional enlaza los patrones del lenguaje con las cosas que se
pueden lograr mediante su uso, debemos observar para qu, cmo y con qu
elementos un texto logra ser lo que es; o sea a que tipo pertenece. Dicho de otro
modo, si el lenguaje representa la experiencia humana, la gramtica del lenguaje
mostrara tres categoras generales para dicha representacin. Las categoras aludidas
son participantes (grupos nominales), procesos (verbos) y circunstancias (adverbios o
adverbiales).
Esquema de categoras
Los diferentes tipos textuales -cada uno con sus diferentes elementos gramaticales y
de significado- hacen uso de estas categoras de modos distintos, puesto que todos
emplean la experiencia humana y sus acciones.
Informe-Gnero fctico
Ejercicio integrador:
c-Sabe usted si hay diferencias entre este tipo y las compuestas? Cules son
las diferencias de su tipo?
d- Ahora puede leer el texto y contestar Las respuestas a las tres preguntas
anteriores se encuentran en el texto? Si es as, indique las lneas en que se
encuentran dichas respuestas.
Pronombres relativos:
Conectores:
Adjetivosa demostrativos:
* Presente simple
* Futuro simple
* Presente Perfecto
Simple machine
Lever, Wheel and axle, Pulley, Inclined plane, Wedge AND Screw
A simple machine uses a single applied force to do work against a single load
force. Ignoring friction losses, the work done on the load is equal to the work
done by the applied force. The machine can increase the amount of the output
force, at the cost of a proportional decrease in the distance moved by the load.
The ratio of the output to the applied force is called the mechanical advantage.
History
During the Renaissance the dynamics of the Mechanical Powers, as the simple
machines were called, began to be studied from the standpoint of how far they
could lift a load, in addition to the force they could apply, leading eventually to
the new concept of mechanical work. In 1586 Flemish engineer Simon Stevin
derived the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane, and it was included
with the other simple machines. The complete dynamic theory of simple
machines was worked out by Italian scientist Galileo Galilei in 1600 in Le
Meccaniche (On Mechanics), in which he showed the underlying mathematical
similarity of the machines. He was the first to understand that simple machines
do not create energy, only transform it.
Although each machine works differently mechanically, the way they function is
similar mathematically. In each machine, a force F, is applied to the device at
one point, and it does work moving a load, F, at another point. Although some
machines only change the direction of the force, such as a stationary pulley,
most machines multiply (or divide) the magnitude of the force by a factor, the
mechanical advantage that can be calculated from the machine's geometry
and friction.
The power output equals the velocity of the load v, multiplied by the load force
P. Similarly the power input from the applied force is equal to the velocity of the
input point v, multiplied by the applied force P. Therefore the mechanical
advantage of a frictionless machine is equal to the velocity ratio, the ratio of
input velocity to output velocity.
The velocity ratio of the machine is also equal to the ratio of the distance the
output point moves to the corresponding distance the input point moves. This
can be calculated from the geometry of the machine. For example, the velocity
ratio of the lever is equal to the ratio of its lever arms.
In the screw, which uses rotational motion, the input force should be replaced
by the torque, and the velocity by the angular velocity the shaft is turned.
Energy losses and efficiency
All real machines have friction, which causes some of the input power to be
dissipated as heat. If P is the power lost to friction, from conservation of
energy
Compound machines
Because the output force of each machine is the input of the next. Thus, the
mechanical advantage of the compound machine is equal to the product of the
mechanical advantages of the series of simple machines that form it. Similarly,
the efficiency of a compound machine is also the product of the efficiencies of
the series of simple machines that form it.
Self-locking machines
The screw's self-locking property is the reason for its wide use in threaded
fasteners like bolts and wood screws. In many simple machines, if the load
force F out on the machine is high enough in relation to the input force Fin, the
machine will move backwards, with the load force doing work on the input
force. So these machines can be used in either direction, with the driving force
applied to either input point. For example, if the load force on a lever is high
enough, the lever will move backwards, moving the input arm backwards
against the input force. These are called "reversible", "non-locking" or
"overhauling" machines, and the backward motion is called "overhauling".
However in some machines, if the frictional forces are high enough, no amount
of load force can move it backwards, even if the input force is zero. This is
called a "self-locking", "nonreversible", or "non-overhauling" machine. These
machines can only be set in motion by a force at the input, and when the input
force is removed will remain motionless, "locked" by friction at whatever
position they were left. Self-locking occurs mainly in the screw, inclined plane,
and wedge. The most common example is a screw. In most screws, applying
torque to the shaft can cause it to turn, moving the shaft linearly to do work
against a load, but no amount of axial load force against the shaft will cause it
to turn backwards.
A wedge can be driven into a block of wood by force on the end, such as from
hitting it with a sledge hammer, forcing the sides apart, but no amount of
compression force from the wood walls will cause it to pop back out of the
block. A machine will be self-locking if and only if its efficiency is below 50%.
Whether a machine is self-locking depends on both the friction forces
(coefficient of static friction) between its parts, and the distance ratio din/dout
(ideal mechanical advantage). If both the friction and ideal mechanical
advantage are high enough, it will self-lock.
Kinematic chains
Simple machines are elementary examples of kinematic chains that are used to
model mechanical systems ranging from the steam engine to robot
manipulators. The bearings that form the fulcrum of a lever and that allow the
wheel and axle and pulleys to rotate are examples of a kinematic pair called a
hinged joint. Similarly, the flat surface of an inclined plane and wedge are
examples of the kinematic pair called a sliding joint. The screw is usually
identified as its own kinematic pair called a helical joint. Two levers, or cranks,
are combined into a planar four-bar linkage by attaching a link that connects
the output of one crank to the input of another. Additional links can be attached
to form a six-bar linkage or in series to form a robot.
Classification of machines
This realization shows that it is the joints, or the connections that provide
movement, that are the primary elements of a machine. Starting with four
types of joints, the revolute joint, sliding joint, cam joint and gear joint, and
related connections such as cables and belts, it is possible to understand a
machine as an assembly of solid parts that connect these joints.
References
Asimov, Isaac (1988), Understanding Physics, New York, New York, USA: Barnes
& Noble, p. 88, ISBN 0-88029-251-2.
Prater, Edward L. (1994), Basic machines, U.S. Navy Naval Education and
Training Professional Development and Technology Center, NAVEDTRA 14037.
U.S. Navy Bureau of Naval Personnel (1971), Basic machines and how they
work, Dover Publications.
Strizhak, Viktor; Igor Penkov; Toivo Pappel (2004). "Evolution of design, use,
and strength calculations of screw threads and threaded joints". HMM2004
International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms. Kluwer
Academic publishers. p. 245. ISBN 1-4020-2203-4. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
Stephen, Donald; Lowell Cardwell (2001). Wheels, clocks, and rockets: a history
of technology. USA: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 8587. ISBN 0-393-32175-4.
Armstrong-Hlouvry, Brian (1991). Control of machines with friction. USA:
Springer. p. 10. ISBN 0-7923-9133-0.
Simmons, Ron; Cindy Barden (2008). Discover! Work & Machines. USA: Milliken
Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 1429109475.
Gujral, I.S. (2005). Engineering Mechanics. Firewall Media. pp. 378380. ISBN
8170086361.
Uicker, Jr., John J.; Pennock, Gordon R.; Shigley, Joseph E. (2003), Theory of
Machines and Mechanisms (third ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN
978-0-19-515598-3
Gujral, I.S. (2005). Engineering Mechanics. Firewall Media. p. 382. ISBN 81-
7008-636-1.
Hartenberg, R.S. & J. Denavit (1964) Kinematic synthesis of linkages, New York:
McGraw-Hill, online link from Cornell University.
Enviar a claplagne@unsj.edu.ar
CURSO B- LEARNING INGLS II
Contenidos:
Anlisis de macro estructura en Clasificaciones por tipologa. Anlisis de Micro y
Macro estructura del texto: formulacin de hiptesis de trabajo y resolucin de
problemas cognitivos. Estrategias para la interpretacin y la transferencia de
informacin en esquemas, tablas, grficas, resmenes y sinopsis o esquemas
de contenido.
TABLAS
Como mtodos de tabulacin de la informacin, destacamos la
importancia de las tablas fundamentalmente, por ser necesarias en la
graficacin de informacin.
Existen diferentes tipos de tablas que permitirn visualizar grficamente
al texto. Sus componentes son variables y dependern de la tipologa del
texto que se grafica. Frecuencias y valores o caractersticas en relacin
al total de la informacin proporcionada por el texto suelen ser las
columnas que guan su diseo.
GRFICOS
Los grficos se usan para representar series de informacin siendo sus
ejes las frecuencias y las escalas. Los diferentes tipos son:
Grfico de barras simples: Se usa fundamentalmente en la
representacin de series cronolgicas o histricas.
Grfico circular, o pastel: Se usa fundamentalmente para
representar distribuciones de frecuencias relativas que plantea la
informacin
Histograma: Usado en medicina, tiene poca importancia en
nuestra especialidad, representa la distribucin de variables
provista por el texto.
Polgono de frecuencias: Se usa para representar distribuciones de
frecuencias de variables cuantitativas continuas. Su nombre deriva
del uso de segmentos rectos puesto que no emplea barras.
Grfico aritmtico simple: Representa series cronolgicas,
consecutivas con valores oscilantes.
http://www.monografias.com/trabajos82/elaboracion-y-aplicacion-graficas-analisis-
estadisticos/elaboracion-y-aplicacion-graficas-analisis-estadisticos2.shtml#ixzz3C7dDCKb3
DEFINA su tema.
LOCALICE informacin
SELECCIONE informacin
ORGANICE la informacin
PRESENTE su informacin
EVALUE su trabajo
controle texto tesis y respuestas en
conclusiones.
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